Document Clusters Visualization

"}, {"title": "", "text": "x3, y3) { p.beginShape(PConstants.TRIANGLES); p.vertex(x1, y1, 0); p.vertex(x2, y2, 0); p.vertex(x3, y3, 0); p.endShape(); }; /** * A quad is a quadrilateral, a four sided polygon. It is similar to a rectangle, but the angles between its * edges are not constrained to ninety degrees. The first pair of parameters (x1,y1) sets the first vertex * and the subsequent pairs should proceed clockwise or counter-clockwise around the defined shape. * * @param {float | int} x1 x-coordinate of the first corner * @param {float | int} y1 y-coordinate of the first corner * @param {float | int} x2 x-coordinate of the second corner * @param {float | int} y2 y-coordinate of the second corner * @param {float | int} x3 x-coordinate of the third corner * @param {float | int} y3 y-coordinate of the third corner * @param {float | int} x4 x-coordinate of the fourth corner * @param {float | int} y4 y-coordinate of the fourth corner */ p.quad = function(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4) { p.beginShape(PConstants.QUADS); p.vertex(x1, y1, 0); p.vertex(x2, y2, 0); p.vertex(x3, y3, 0); p.vertex(x4, y4, 0); p.endShape(); }; var roundedRect$2d = function(x, y, width, height, tl, tr, br, bl) { if (bl === undef) { tr = tl; br = tl; bl = tl; } var halfWidth = width / 2, halfHeight = height / 2; if (tl > halfWidth || tl > halfHeight) { tl = Math.min(halfWidth, halfHeight); } if (tr > halfWidth || tr > halfHeight) { tr = Math.min(halfWidth, halfHeight); } if (br > halfWidth ||"}, {"title": "", "text": "*whatever makes it rational* to believe to degree 50% that the event will occur, if known. - Lewis now proposes two candidates for chance-makers: *symmetries* and *frequencies*. ### What are symmetries? - Third paragraph of page 476, > Suppose a drunkard is wandering through a maze of T-junctions, and > at each junction we can find nothing that looks like a relevant > difference between the case that he turns left an the case that he > turns right. We could well understand if rational credence had to > treat the cases alike, for the lack of relevant difference. If the > symmetry is something that would, if known, constrain credence, > then it is suitable to serve as a chance-maker. ### Problems for symmetries 1. There is no reason to think that we have symmetries to underlie the chance phenomena that we think there are. > It would be nice to think that each tritium atom contains a tiny > drunkard in a maze of symmetrical T-junctions. 2. Symmetries are only defeasible constrainers of rational credence. Therefore, they can only be *defeasible chance-makers*. > The symmetry of the T-junctions would no longer require 50-50 > division of credence if we also knew that, despite this symmetry, > the drunkard turns right nine times out of ten. ### What are frequencies? Frequencies : A pattern in the spatiotemporal arrangement of qualities. - You can pretty easily intuit how these patterns could constraint rational credence. - Frequencies will not be a useful answer if we can't distinguish"}, {"title": "", "text": "= query.getDirectedResult(a, b); Optional directedBToA = query.getDirectedResult(b, a); S1ChordAngle undirectedAB = query.getDistance(a, b); assertTrue(directedAToB.isPresent()); assertTrue(directedBToA.isPresent()); assertFalse(undirectedAB.isInfinity()); assertDoubleEquals(directedAToB.get().distance().degrees(), expectedAToB.degrees()); assertEquals(directedAToB.get().targetPoint(), aPoints.get(0)); assertDoubleEquals(directedBToA.get().distance().degrees(), expectedBToA.degrees()); assertEquals(directedBToA.get().targetPoint(), bPoints.get(0)); assertExactly(undirectedAB.degrees(), expectedAB.degrees()); } /** Test involving partially overlapping polygons. */ public void testOverlappingPolygons() { // The first polygon is a triangle. Its first two vertices are inside the quadrangle b (defined // below), and the last vertex is outside of b. S2ShapeIndex a = new S2ShapeIndex(); a.add(S2TextFormat.makeLaxPolygonOrDie(\"1:1, 1:2, 3.5:1.5\")); // The other polygon is a quadrangle. S2ShapeIndex b = new S2ShapeIndex(); b.add(S2TextFormat.makeLaxPolygonOrDie(\"0:0, 0:3, 3:3, 3:0\")); // The first query does not include the interiors. S2HausdorffDistanceQuery query1 = S2HausdorffDistanceQuery.builder().setIncludeInteriors(false).build(); Optional aToB1 = query1.getDirectedResult(a, b); // The second query has includeInteriors set to true. S2HausdorffDistanceQuery query2 = S2HausdorffDistanceQuery.builder().setIncludeInteriors(true).build(); Optional aToB2 = query2.getDirectedResult(a, b); // Error tolerance to account for the difference between the northern edge of the quadrangle, // which is a geodesic line, and the parallel lat=3 connecting the vertices of that edge. final double kEpsilon = 3.0e-3; // The directed Hausdorff distance from the first query is achieved on the vertex of the // triangle that is inside the quadrangle, and is approximately 1 degree away from the nearest // edge of the quadrangle. S2Point expectedTargetPoint1 = S2LatLng.fromDegrees(1, 2).toPoint(); // The directed Hausdorff distance from the second query is achieved on the last vertex of the // triangle that is outside the quadrangle, and is about 0.5 degrees away from the nearest edge // of the quadrangle. S2Point expectedTargetPoint2 = S2LatLng.fromDegrees(3.5, 1.5).toPoint(); assertTrue(aToB1.isPresent()); assertDoubleNear(aToB1.get().distance().degrees(), 1, kEpsilon); assertEquals(expectedTargetPoint1, aToB1.get().targetPoint()); assertTrue(aToB2.isPresent()); assertDoubleNear(aToB2.get().distance().degrees(), 0.5, kEpsilon);"}, {"title": "", "text": "is effective through all 24 keys and, most important, tunable by ear without an electronic tuning device. It is based on the synchronicity between the fifth F\u2013C and the third F\u2013A (c. 3 beats per second) and between the fifth C\u2013G and the third C\u2013E (c. 2 beats per second). Such a system is reminiscent of Herbert Anton Kellner's 1977 temperament and even more, among the others, the temperament of Arp Schnitger's 1688 Organ of St. Ludgeri in Norden and the temperament later described by Carlo Gervasoni in his La scuola della musica (Piacenza, 1800). Such a system with all its major thirds more or less sharp is confirmed by Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg's report about the way a famous student of Bach's, Johann Philipp Kirnberger, was taught to tune in his lessons with Bach. It allows all 24 keys to be played through without changing tuning nor unpleasant intervals, but with varying degrees of difference-the temperament being unequal, and the keys not all sounding the same. Compared to Werckmeister III, the other 24 keys-circulating temperament, Bach's tuning is much more differentiated with its 8 (instead of Werckmeister's 4) different kinds of major thirds. The manuscript Bach P415 in the Berlin State Library is the only known copy of the WTC to show this drawing which represents, a bit cryptically in Bach's spirit, the purpose for which the masterpiece was written and its solution at the same time. Not surprisingly, since this is most probably the working copy that Johann Sebastian Bach used in his classes. Content"}, {"title": "", "text": "with his work placed a strain on their relationship. Disenchanted with the loveless union, Koht entered several extramarital friendships in the following decade, often pen friends. During the Second World War, there were rumors about a romantic relationship with his secretary Unni Diesen. After 1945 the relationship to Karen regrew in strength. Education Koht graduated with a cand.philol. degree from the Royal Frederick University in 1896. He studied history with geography as a minor subject until 1895; his main history teacher was Gustav Storm. The next examination was in different languages, both classical and modern. Koht had the choice between Ancient Greek and Classical Latin or Norwegian and German (including Norse); he chose the Norwegian and German. In 1895, after finishing his history studies, he spent three months in the Mediterranean, travelling with three ships, the first from Norway to Venice, the second from Venice to Constantinople, the third back to Norway. He studied German literature during this travels. In December 1896 Koht was finally examined by Sophus Bugge and earned his degree. He was one of just three students to be examined in Norwegian and German in late 1896, and had been the only candidate in history the previous year. A break from the studies came in the second half of 1892. After his father's death, he could not afford to attend university that semester. He worked briefly as a private tutor in the Skien district, and was paid to write in the newspaper Varden. On returning to his studies he worked as a Kristiania"}, {"title": "", "text": "until the early twentieth century. Chapters First Part First Chapter: The Utility of Composing This Work Second Chapter: The Reason for Writing the Book Third Chapter: The Manner and Method the Book is Written Second Part First Chapter: The Creation of Spirits and the Degrees of Knowledge Second Chapter: The World Of Dominion Third Chapter: The Different Realms of Kingship and Dominion Fourth Chapter: The Creation of the Human Frame Fifth Chapter: The Attachment of the Spirit to the Frame Third Part First Chapter: The Veils That Cover the Human Spirit Second Chapter: The Wise Purpose for Attachment of the Spirit to the Frame Third Chapter: The Need for Prophets Fourth Chapter: The Abrogation of Previous Religions Fifth Chapter: The Cultivation of the Human Frame Sixth Chapter: The Refinement of the Soul Seventh Chapter: The Purification of the Heart Eight Chapter: The Adornment of the Spirit Ninth Chapter: The Need for a Shaikh Tenth Chapter: The Conditions and Attributes of the Shaikh Eleventh Chapter: The Conditions, Attributes, and Customs of the Mor\u012bd Twelfth Chapter: The Need for Zekr Thirteenth Chapter: The Method of Zekr Fourteenth Chapter: The Transmission of Zekr Fifteenth Chapter: The Need for Seclusion Sixteenth Chapter: Visions Deriving from the Unseen Seventeenth Chapter: The Witnessing of Lights Eighteenth Chapter: Manifestation of the Divine Essence Twentieth Chapter: Attaining to the Divine Presence Fourth Part First Chapter: The Return of the Oppressive Soul Second Chapter: The Return of the Inspired Soul Third Chapter: The Return of the Foremost Soul Fourth Chapter: The Return of the Most"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Calculations page_title: Calculations | RadPivotGrid for ASP.NET AJAX Documentation description: Calculations slug: pivotgrid/totals/calculations tags: calculations published: True position: 2 --- # Calculations ## RadPivotGrid can apply different calculations on your data. Instead of presenting the whole Total number you can show other information - for example, what percentage of the GrandTotal is the value in particular cell. Total Calculations are applied through the **TotalFormat** property collection exposed on their **PivotGridAggregateField** class. **TotalFormat** features the following properties: * **TotalFunction** \u2013 what type of calculation should be applied to the aggregate values * **GroupName** \u2013 if any, which group the calculations should be performed against. For example, the DifferenceFrom operation will calculate the difference between the current aggregate value and the aggregate value for the specified group * **Axis** \u2013 which axis the calculations should be carried out against. For instance, the DifferenceFrom operation requires a group to be specified but this group can be present both on the Rows and Columns axis. * **Level** \u2013sets which field to apply the calculation on - for example if you have three RowGroupFields, the first one will have level 0, second one - level 1 and the third one - level 2. ## Calculations There are several predefined calculations that you can use. To explain each of them we will use the RadPivotGrid below and we will apply the calculations on it to show how they will modify the view of RadPivotGrid: ![pivotgrid-totals-calculations 1](images/pivotgrid-totals-calculations_1.png) * **DifferenceFrom** - instead of showing Totals in the cells you can show how items"}, {"title": "", "text": "__author__ = 'Miha Jenko' import json import numpy from sklearn.cluster import KMeans def projects_backed_per_user(users): counts = {} nr_of_projects = 0 for uid, projects in users.items(): # how many projects did the user back? projects_supported = len(projects) # figure out the number of projects in total last_project = numpy.amax(projects) # count them if last_project > nr_of_projects: nr_of_projects = last_project if projects_supported in counts: counts[projects_supported] += 1 else: counts[projects_supported] = 1 total_backs = len(users) print('Projects backed\\t\\tBackers\\t\\t%') print('===========================================') for p_backed in range(len(counts)): backed_key = p_backed + 1 print('{}\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t{}\\t\\t{:.1f}%' .format(backed_key, counts[backed_key], counts[backed_key] * 100 / total_backs)) def two_backed_followup(users): # filter: only those that backed two two = {} for uid, projects in users.items(): if len(projects) == 2: two[uid] = projects # when was the next one? next_one = [] for uid, projects in two.items(): first, second = projects next_one.append(second - first) print('\\nUsers that backed two projects:') print('Next backed project (avg): {:.2f}'.format(numpy.average(next_one))) def three_backed_followup(users): # filter: only those that backed two two = {} for uid, projects in users.items(): if len(projects) == 3: two[uid] = projects # when was the next one? next_one = [] next_two_after_first = [] next_two_after_second = [] for uid, projects in two.items(): first, second, third = projects next_one.append(second - first) next_two_after_first.append(third - first) next_two_after_second.append(third - second) print('\\nUsers that backed three projects:') print('Next backed project (avg): {:.2f}'.format(numpy.average(next_one))) print('Next backed project (avg): {:.2f}'.format( numpy.average(next_two_after_second)) ) print('Difference between first and third (avg): {:.2f}'.format( numpy.average(next_two_after_first)) ) def two_backed_clusters(users): two = [] for uid, projects in users.items(): if len(projects) == 2: two.append(projects) km = KMeans(n_clusters=2, n_jobs=3) km.fit(two) # First cluster means f1"}, {"title": "", "text": "The James B. Garrison Bridge are two automobile bridges spanning the Pee Dee River/Lake Tillery, between Stanly and Montgomery Counties. The bridges carry NC 24/NC 27/NC 73. History Swift Island Ferry Bridge I The first bridge was opened on December 28, 1922, entirely in reinforced concrete; it was in length and in width. The bridge consisted of three arches and was built at a cost of approximately $186 thousand, it replaced the Swift's Island Ferry service, which the bridge was named after. In 1926, Carolina Power & Light began construction of the Tillery Hydroelectric Plant; the dam built in conjunction with the plant would establish a new lake (Lake Tillery), but would also submerge the bridge. As a result, Carolina Power & Light funded the construction of a new bridge that was overseen by the state. When the new bridge opened in 1927, the original bridge was closed and slated to be razed. In what became known as the \"Battle of Swift Island Bridge,\" the US Army made several different attempts to destroy the bridge: first by overloading with weight, second by aerial bombing and third by artillery. The fourth attempt was finally successful after placing of explosives, placed at the bases of the structure, detonating the bridge. In 1928 the lake formed, submerging what little remained of the first bridge. Swift Island Ferry Bridge II The second and current westbound bridge opened in 1927, replacing the first Swift Island Ferry Bridge. Built entirely in reinforced concrete; the bridge consist of four arches, at long and"}, {"title": "", "text": "ml D5W (5% dextrose) and infused over 1\u20132 minutes, max 2g per dose, given for pulseless torsades de pointes (a type of ventricular tachycardia) Arrhythmias PALS providers should be able to identify and treat different types of abnormal pediatric heart rhythms including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and cardiac arrest rhythms (discussed above). In defining heart rates that are too slow or too fast, it is important to understand the ranges of pediatric heart rates by age. Normal ranges of pediatric heart rates change with age, with heart rates being faster closer to birth and slower closer to adulthood. Bradyarrythmias Bradycardia is defined as a slow heart rate for a child's age. Bradycardia associated with signs of shock (altered mental status, hypotension, etc.) can be an early warning sign for cardiac arrest. Signs of bradycardia include fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and lightheadedness. Possible causes of bradycardia include hypoxia, hypothermia, and certain medications. Types of bradyarrhythmias sinus bradycardia: normal rhythm, slow rate atrioventricular block first degree: prolonged PR interval (> 0.20 seconds) second degree mobitz type I (wenckebach): progressive lengthening of PR interval then dropped beat (p wave with no QRS) mobitz type II: equal PR intervals with intermittent dropped beats (p wave with no QRS) third degree: complete dissociation between p wave and QRS complex, atria and ventricles are beating independent of one another Management Providers should follow the AHA's Pediatric Bradycardia With a Pulse Algorithm. As always, provides need to support airway, breathing, and circulation and begin CPR if needed. Bradyarrythmias with signs of shock can be treated with"}, {"title": "", "text": "long secondError = errors.get(1).getTime().getTime(); long thirdError = errors.get(2).getTime().getTime(); // time difference between first and second should be at least 3 seconds long diff = secondError - firstError; assertTrue(diff > 3000); // time difference between second and third should be at least 6 seconds diff = thirdError - secondError; assertTrue(diff > 6000); } @Test public void testCustomIncrementingRequestRetrySpecialValues() throws InterruptedException { CountDownAsyncJobListener countDownListener = configureListener(2); CommandContext ctxCMD = new CommandContext(); ctxCMD.setData(\"businessKey\", UUID.randomUUID().toString()); ctxCMD.setData(\"retryDelay\", \"-1ms, 1m 80s\"); ctxCMD.setData(\"retries\", 2); executorService.scheduleRequest(\"org.jbpm.executor.ThrowExceptionCommand\", ctxCMD); countDownListener.waitTillCompleted(); List errors = executorService.getAllErrors(new QueryContext()); // 2 executions in total 1(regular) + 1(retry) assertEquals(2, errors.size()); long firstError = errors.get(0).getTime().getTime(); long secondError = errors.get(1).getTime().getTime(); // Time difference between first and second shouldn't be bigger than 4 seconds as executor has 3 second interval and // should start executing second command immediately. long diff = secondError - firstError; assertTrue(diff < 4000); List allRequests = executorService.getAllRequests(new QueryContext()); assertEquals(1, allRequests.size()); // Future execution is planned to be started 2 minutes and 20 seconds after last fail. // Time difference vary because of test thread sleeping for 10 seconds. diff = allRequests.get(0).getTime().getTime() - Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis(); assertTrue(diff < 140000); assertTrue(diff > 130000); executorService.clearAllRequests(); } @Test public void cancelRequestWithSearchByCommandTest() throws InterruptedException { CommandContext ctxCMD = new CommandContext(); String businessKey = UUID.randomUUID().toString(); ctxCMD.setData(\"businessKey\", businessKey); Long requestId = executorService.scheduleRequest(\"org.jbpm.executor.test.CustomCommand\", ctxCMD); List requests = executorService.getRequestsByCommand(\"org.jbpm.executor.test.CustomCommand\", new QueryContext()); assertNotNull(requests); assertEquals(1, requests.size()); assertEquals(requestId, requests.get(0).getId()); // cancel the task immediately executorService.cancelRequest(requestId); List cancelledRequests = executorService.getCancelledRequests(new QueryContext()); assertEquals(1, cancelledRequests.size()); } @Test public void executorPagingTest() throws InterruptedException { CommandContext ctxCMD = new CommandContext(); String businessKey = UUID.randomUUID().toString(); ctxCMD.setData(\"businessKey\", businessKey); Long requestId1 = executorService.scheduleRequest(\"org.jbpm.executor.test.CustomCommand\","}, {"title": "", "text": "import ast import utils import json # third-party modules import pandas as pd class DB(object): def __init__(self): self._groups = utils.SafeDict() #: Plane data as calculated by :func:`iago.Analyser.Analyser.dynamic_plane` self.planes = utils.annotated_data_frame({ 'run': ('Run', None), 'frame': ('Frame number', None), 'name': ('Plane name', None), 'normal_x': ('Normal vector: x component', None), 'normal_y': ('Normal vector: y component', None), 'normal_z': ('Normal vector: z component', None), 'support_x': ('Support point: x component', 'angstrom'), 'support_y': ('Support point: y component', 'angstrom'), 'support_z': ('Support point: z component', 'angstrom'), }) #: Atom-atom distance data as calculated by :func:`iago.Analyser.Analyser.dynamic_distance` self.distances = utils.annotated_data_frame({ 'run': ('Run', None), 'frame': ('Frame number', None), 'name': ('Distance set name', None), 'atom1': ('First atom index', None), 'atom2': ('Second atom index', None), 'dist': ('Distance', 'angstrom') }) #: Atom-plane distance data as calculated by :func:`iago.Analyser.Analyser.dynamic_distance` self.planedistances = utils.annotated_data_frame({ 'run': ('Run', None), 'frame': ('Frame number', None), 'name': ('Distance set name', None), 'plane': ('Plane name', None), 'atom1': ('First atom index', None), 'dist': ('Distance', 'angstrom') }) self.energies = utils.annotated_data_frame({ 'run': ('Run', None), 'frame': ('Frame number', None), 'total': ('Total energy', 'hartree'), 'conserved': ('Conserved quantity', 'hartree'), 'coreself': ('Core-Self energy', 'hartree'), 'corehamiltonian': ('Core Hamiltonian', 'hartree'), 'hartree': ('Hartree energy', 'hartree'), 'xc': ('Exchange-Correlation energy', 'hartree'), 'hfx': ('Hartree-Fock Exchange energy', 'hartree'), 'dispersion': ('Dispersion energy', 'hartree'), 'potential': ('Potential energy', 'hartree'), 'kinetic': ('Kinetic energy', 'hartree'), 'drift': ('Energy drift per atom', 'kelvin') }) self.cells = utils.annotated_data_frame({ 'run': ('Run', None), 'frame': ('Frame number', None), 'a': ('First cell length', 'angstrom'), 'b': ('Second cell length', 'angstrom'), 'c': ('Third cell length', 'angstrom'), 'alpha': ('First cell angle', 'degrees'), 'beta': ('Second cell angle', 'degrees'), 'gamma': ('Third cell angle', 'degrees'), 'volume': ('Cell volume', 'angstrom**3'), }) self.ensembles ="}, {"title": "", "text": "plane, in degrees clockwise from north. Dip direction is indicated by the \"right hand rule\". dip : array The dip of the plane, in degrees downward from horizontal. \"\"\" return geographic2pole(*xyz2stereonet(x, y, z)) def angular_distance(first, second, bidirectional=True): \"\"\" Calculate the angular distance between two linear features or elementwise angular distance between two sets of linear features. (Note: a linear feature in this context is a point on a stereonet represented by a single latitude and longitude.) Parameters ---------- first : (lon, lat) 2xN array-like or sequence of two numbers The longitudes and latitudes of the first measurements in radians. second : (lon, lat) 2xN array-like or sequence of two numbers The longitudes and latitudes of the second measurements in radians. bidirectional : boolean If True, only \"inner\" angles will be returned. In other words, all angles returned by this function will be in the range [0, pi/2] (0 to 90 in degrees). Otherwise, ``first`` and ``second`` will be treated as vectors going from the origin outwards instead of bidirectional infinite lines. Therefore, with ``bidirectional=False``, angles returned by this function will be in the range [0, pi] (zero to 180 degrees). Returns ------- dist : array The elementwise angular distance between each pair of measurements in (lon1, lat1) and (lon2, lat2). Examples -------- Calculate the angle between two lines specified as a plunge/bearing >>> angle = angular_distance(line(30, 270), line(40, 90)) >>> np.degrees(angle) array([ 70.]) Let's do the same, but change the \"bidirectional\" argument: >>> first, second = line(30, 270), line(40, 90) >>> angle = angular_distance(first, second, bidirectional=False)"}, {"title": "", "text": "plane, in degrees clockwise from north. Dip direction is indicated by the \"right hand rule\". dip : array The dip of the plane, in degrees downward from horizontal. \"\"\" return geographic2pole(*xyz2stereonet(x, y, z)) def angular_distance(first, second, bidirectional=True): \"\"\" Calculate the angular distance between two linear features or elementwise angular distance between two sets of linear features. (Note: a linear feature in this context is a point on a stereonet represented by a single latitude and longitude.) Parameters ---------- first : (lon, lat) 2xN array-like or sequence of two numbers The longitudes and latitudes of the first measurements in radians. second : (lon, lat) 2xN array-like or sequence of two numbers The longitudes and latitudes of the second measurements in radians. bidirectional : boolean If True, only \"inner\" angles will be returned. In other words, all angles returned by this function will be in the range [0, pi/2] (0 to 90 in degrees). Otherwise, ``first`` and ``second`` will be treated as vectors going from the origin outwards instead of bidirectional infinite lines. Therefore, with ``bidirectional=False``, angles returned by this function will be in the range [0, pi] (zero to 180 degrees). Returns ------- dist : array The elementwise angular distance between each pair of measurements in (lon1, lat1) and (lon2, lat2). Examples -------- Calculate the angle between two lines specified as a plunge/bearing >>> angle = angular_distance(line(30, 270), line(40, 90)) >>> np.degrees(angle) array([ 70.]) Let's do the same, but change the \"bidirectional\" argument: >>> first, second = line(30, 270), line(40, 90) >>> angle = angular_distance(first, second, bidirectional=False)"}, {"title": "", "text": "''' ## License The code here is Licensed under The MIT License (MIT) . Please review the LICENSE.md file or (here)[https://github.com/DexterInd/Raspbian_For_Robots/blob/master/LICENSE.md] for more information Copyright (C) 2016 Dexter Industries ''' from __future__ import print_function from __future__ import division from builtins import input # angle(channel, degrees) will set a servo position to roughly the degrees you specify. However # each servo is different, so if it's calibrated for one servo, it won't be the same for others. # # angle_microseconds(channel, us) will set servo's pulse width in microseconds. Setting this to 0 # will disable the servo (let it float). 1500 is about center, and the range will depend on the servo. # Typically about 750 to 2250 is safe. If you set it to a number outside of the servo range, the servo # will try to fight it's mechanical stops, leaing to hot or burned out servos and increased battery load. # If this is acting differently between different PivotPi boards, try adjusting the calibation frequency # when you initialize the controller (i.e. when you call \"pivotpi = PivotPi.servo(0x40, 60)\"). # # led(channel, percent) will set the LED brightness in percent (0-100). Using a floating point # percent value will increase the precision if necessary (e.g. 21.2 or 0.075). The PWM scale is 12-bit + 1 # so the 0-100 percent range is divided into 4096 values (about 0.025% per value). # Initialise the PivotPi servo controller with the right address (0x40 if both switches are low), and the frequency # that it's actually running"}, {"title": "", "text": "480); | // then use it | paper.arrow(10, 10, 30, 30, 5).attr({fill: \"#f00\"}); | paper.mystuff.arrow(); | paper.mystuff.star(); \\*/ R.fn = paperproto = Paper.prototype = R.prototype; R._id = 0; R._oid = 0; /*\\ * Raphael.is [ method ] ** * Handfull replacement for `typeof` operator. > Parameters - o (\u2026) any object or primitive - type (string) name of the type, i.e. \u201cstring\u201d, \u201cfunction\u201d, \u201cnumber\u201d, etc. = (boolean) is given value is of given type \\*/ R.is = function (o, type) { type = lowerCase.call(type); if (type == \"finite\") { return !isnan[has](+o); } if (type == \"array\") { return o instanceof Array; } return (type == \"null\" && o === null) || (type == typeof o && o !== null) || (type == \"object\" && o === Object(o)) || (type == \"array\" && Array.isArray && Array.isArray(o)) || objectToString.call(o).slice(8, -1).toLowerCase() == type; }; function clone(obj) { if (Object(obj) !== obj) { return obj; } var res = new obj.constructor; for (var key in obj) if (obj[has](key)) { res[key] = clone(obj[key]); } return res; } /*\\ * Raphael.angle [ method ] ** * Returns angle between two or three points > Parameters - x1 (number) x coord of first point - y1 (number) y coord of first point - x2 (number) x coord of second point - y2 (number) y coord of second point - x3 (number) #optional x coord of third point - y3 (number) #optional y coord of third point = (number) angle in degrees. \\*/ R.angle = function (x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3) { if"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"On stage that first night with the Banshees, I was blown away by how powerful I felt playing that kind of music. It was so different to what we were doing with the Cure. Before that, I'd wanted us to be like the Buzzcocks or Elvis Costello; the punk Beatles. Being a Banshee really changed my attitude to what I was doing.\" The Cure's third single, \"Jumping Someone Else's Train\", was released in early October 1979. Soon afterwards, Dempsey was dropped from the band because of his cold reception to material Smith had written for the upcoming album. Dempsey joined the Associates, while Simon Gallup (bass) and Matthieu Hartley (keyboards) from the Magspies joined the Cure. The Associates toured as support band for the Cure and the Passions on the Future Pastimes Tour of England between November and December\u2014all three bands were on the Fiction Records roster\u2014with the new Cure line-up already performing a number of new songs for the projected second album. Meanwhile, a spin-off band comprising Smith, Tolhurst, Dempsey, Gallup, Hartley, and Thompson, with backing vocals from assorted family and friends and lead vocals provided by their local postman Frankie Bell, released a 7-inch single in December under the name of Cult Hero. 1980\u20131982: Early gothic phase Due to the band's lack of creative control on the first album, Smith exerted a greater influence on the recording of the Cure's second album Seventeen Seconds, which he co-produced with Mike Hedges. The album was released in 1980 and reached number 20 on the UK charts."}, {"title": "", "text": "transformer (TI) is provided with an auxiliary winding (W3) for biasing the pair of amplifiers (AMPA, AMPB). A DC bias voltage (VB) is supplied to a tap (XT) on the auxiliary winding (W3) whose ends are DC coupled to the input transistors (QA, QB) of the pair of amplifiers (AMPA, AMPB). Abstract: A high-power, high-fidelity tube amplifier which includes a plurality of output tubes connected in parallel with individual current sinks and a plurality of parasitic suppression components. Each current sink is electrically coupled to its corresponding output tube such that the output impedance of the current sink decreases as the grid current of the corresponding output tube increases. Abstract: A phase inverter includes first, second, third and fourth terminals, a first coupling circuit coupled between the first and second terminals, a second coupling circuit coupled between the second and third terminals, a third coupling circuit coupled between the third and fourth terminals, and a fourth coupling circuit coupled between the first and fourth terminals. The first to fourth terminals and the first to fourth coupling circuits are arranged into a ring. The first coupling circuit is of a type different from a type of the fourth coupling circuit. The second and third coupling circuits are identical in type. Two output signals having a phase difference of 180.degree. are drawn from the second and fourth terminal when an input terminal is applied to the first terminal, and an output signal is drawn from the first terminal when two input signals having a phase difference of 180.degree."}, {"title": "", "text": "James Burns (9 June 1789 \u2013 6 September 1871), was a shipowner born in Glasgow Family Burns was the third son of the Revd Dr John Burns (1744\u20131839), minister of the Barony parish of Glasgow, and his wife, Elizabeth, n\u00e9e Stevenson. His eldest brother, Dr John Burns FRS, became the first professor of surgery in the University of Glasgow, and his second brother, Allan Burns, became physician to the empress of Russia at St Petersburg. Burns was married twice: first, to Margaret Smith and, second, to Margaret Shortridge, who predeceased him. With Margaret Shortridge he had one son, John Burns, who inherited his estates and became chairman of the Cunard Line. Shipping Unlike his older brothers, James Burns turned to commerce, and was joined by his younger brother, Sir George Burns, 1st Baronet (1795\u20131890), in 1818, setting up as J. & G. Burns, general merchants in Glasgow. After six years, the two brothers moved into shipping, joining with Hugh Mathie of Liverpool to establish a small shipping line of six sailing vessels plying between the two ports. The Clyde was then the leading waterway for steam navigation; within a year James and George Burns had ordered their first steamer, and they quickly replaced all their sail ships by steamboats. While George was mainly interested in the technical aspects of the ships, it was James who was the chief commercial influence in the business, supervising the day-to-day transactions, the negotiation of cargoes and contracts. The Mathie connection with Liverpool was replaced in 1830 by a new arrangement"}, {"title": "", "text": "functions that take two arguments as input _binary_mathfunctions = { 'atan2': 'Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to' + 'polar coordinates (r, theta).', 'hypot': 'Computes `sqrt(a^2^ + b^2^)` without intermediate overflow or underflow.', 'pow': 'Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.', } _window_functions = { 'rowNumber': \"\"\".. note:: Deprecated in 1.6, use row_number instead.\"\"\", 'row_number': \"\"\"returns a sequential number starting at 1 within a window partition.\"\"\", 'denseRank': \"\"\".. note:: Deprecated in 1.6, use dense_rank instead.\"\"\", 'dense_rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition, without any gaps. The difference between rank and denseRank is that denseRank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using denseRank and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second place and that the next person came in third.\"\"\", 'rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition. The difference between rank and denseRank is that denseRank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using denseRank and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second place and that the next person came in third. This is equivalent to the RANK function in SQL.\"\"\", 'cumeDist': \"\"\".. note:: Deprecated in 1.6, use cume_dist instead.\"\"\", 'cume_dist': \"\"\"returns the cumulative distribution of values within a window partition, i.e. the fraction of rows"}, {"title": "", "text": "Five Hundred Years After). The Baron of Magister Valley, an additional Paarfi novel, is modeled after Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo. The two series are finally brought together in the thirteenth novel in the Vlad series, Tiassa, which can also be viewed as the sixth novel in the Khaavren series. Tiassa comprises what are in effect three related novellas, each told in a different style and connected by a common theme. The first section reads like the first three novels in the series, with first-person narration by Vlad but including Khaavren's son, Piro; the second section has a different viewpoint character in each of its chapters; and the third section is narrated by Paarfi in the style of the earlier Khaavren Romances, with Khaavren as the viewpoint character and interacting with Vlad. Short stories Most of Brust's short stories are set in shared universes. These include Emma Bull's and Will Shetterly's Liavek, Robert Asprin's Thieves' World, Neil Gaiman's Sandman and Terri Windling's Borderland Series. Style and literary theory Brust was a founding member of a Minnesota-based writers' group called The Scribblies, which included Emma Bull, Pamela Dean, Will Shetterly, Nate Bucklin, Kara Dalkey, and Patricia Wrede. He also was a founding member of the Pre-Joycean Fellowship. He has rejected a distinction between science fiction and fantasy, stating that no belief in such a distinction can withstand an encounter with the writing of Roger Zelazny. Writing style There is a certain amount of variation in the writing style amongst the Taltos novels, as well as between"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"\"\" Compute angular separation in the sky using haversine Note: decimal points on constants made 0 difference in `%timeit` execution time The Meeus algorithm is about 9.5% faster than Astropy/Vicenty on my PC, and gives virtually identical result within double precision arithmetic limitations \"\"\" try: from astropy.coordinates.angle_utilities import angular_separation except ImportError: pass from .mathfun import asin, cos, degrees, radians, sqrt __all__ = [\"anglesep\", \"anglesep_meeus\", \"haversine\"] def anglesep_meeus(lon0: float, lat0: float, lon1: float, lat1: float, deg: bool = True) -> float: \"\"\" Parameters ---------- lon0 : float longitude of first point lat0 : float latitude of first point lon1 : float longitude of second point lat1 : float latitude of second point deg : bool, optional degrees input/output (False: radians in/out) Returns ------- sep_rad : float angular separation Meeus p. 109 from \"Astronomical Algorithms\" by Jean Meeus Ch. 16 p. 111 (16.5) gives angular distance in degrees between two rightAscension,Declination points in the sky. Neglecting atmospheric effects, of course. Meeus haversine method is stable all the way to exactly 0 deg. either the arrays must be the same size, or one of them must be a scalar \"\"\" if deg: lon0 = radians(lon0) lat0 = radians(lat0) lon1 = radians(lon1) lat1 = radians(lat1) sep_rad = 2 * asin( sqrt(haversine(lat0 - lat1) + cos(lat0) * cos(lat1) * haversine(lon0 - lon1)) ) return degrees(sep_rad) if deg else sep_rad def anglesep(lon0: float, lat0: float, lon1: float, lat1: float, deg: bool = True) -> float: \"\"\" Parameters ---------- lon0 : float longitude of first point lat0 : float latitude of first point"}, {"title": "", "text": "equivalent angle ' + 'measured in radians.', } _functions_2_2 = { 'to_date': 'Converts a string date into a DateType using the (optionally) specified format.', 'to_timestamp': 'Converts a string timestamp into a timestamp type using the ' + '(optionally) specified format.', } # math functions that take two arguments as input _binary_mathfunctions = { 'atan2': 'Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to' + 'polar coordinates (r, theta).', 'hypot': 'Computes ``sqrt(a^2 + b^2)`` without intermediate overflow or underflow.', 'pow': 'Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.', } _window_functions = { 'row_number': \"\"\"returns a sequential number starting at 1 within a window partition.\"\"\", 'dense_rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition, without any gaps. The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second place and that the next person came in third. Rank would give me sequential numbers, making the person that came in third place (after the ties) would register as coming in fifth. This is equivalent to the DENSE_RANK function in SQL.\"\"\", 'rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition. The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank and had three"}, {"title": "", "text": "equivalent angle ' + 'measured in radians.', } _functions_2_2 = { 'to_date': 'Converts a string date into a DateType using the (optionally) specified format.', 'to_timestamp': 'Converts a string timestamp into a timestamp type using the ' + '(optionally) specified format.', } # math functions that take two arguments as input _binary_mathfunctions = { 'atan2': 'Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to' + 'polar coordinates (r, theta).', 'hypot': 'Computes ``sqrt(a^2 + b^2)`` without intermediate overflow or underflow.', 'pow': 'Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.', } _window_functions = { 'row_number': \"\"\"returns a sequential number starting at 1 within a window partition.\"\"\", 'dense_rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition, without any gaps. The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second place and that the next person came in third. Rank would give me sequential numbers, making the person that came in third place (after the ties) would register as coming in fifth. This is equivalent to the DENSE_RANK function in SQL.\"\"\", 'rank': \"\"\"returns the rank of rows within a window partition. The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank and had three"}, {"title": "", "text": "This article provides a grammar sketch of Basque grammar. Basque is the language of the Basque people of the Basque Country or Euskal Herria, which borders the Bay of Biscay in Western Europe. Noun phrases The Basque noun phrase is structured quite differently from those in most Indo-European languages. Articles, determiners and quantifiers Determiners and quantifiers play a central role in Basque noun phrase structure. Articles are best treated as a subset of the determiners. Genitive and adjectival constructions Adjectives Number Pronouns and adverbs Personal pronouns Personal pronouns differentiate three persons and two numbers. Zu must once have been the second-person plural pronoun but is now only the polite singular, having partially displaced the original second-person singular pronoun hi, now a markedly familiar form of address. Zuek represents a repluralised derivative of zu and is now the only second-person plural pronoun. The function of third-person personal pronouns may be filled by any of the demonstrative pronouns or their emphatic counterparts in ber-. Besides these ordinary personal pronouns, there are emphatic (or intensive) ones, whose forms vary considerably between dialects: the first-person singular is neu, nerau, neroni or nihaur. Demonstrative pronouns The demonstrative determiners (see above) may be used pronominally (as indeed can all the determiners except for the articles). There are also emphatic (intensive) demonstrative pronouns beginning with ber-. It has often been noted that in traditional usage (but less so among modern speakers), there is often an explicit correlation between the three degrees of proximity in the demonstrative forms and the grammatical persons, such that"}, {"title": "", "text": "A double degree program, sometimes called a dual degree, combined degree, conjoint degree, joint degree or double graduation program, involves a student working for two university degrees at the same time \u2014either at the same institution or at different institutions, sometimes in different countries. The two degrees might be in the same subject area, or in two different subjects. Examples Undergraduate Brunei \u2013 Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University Provide a double degree for Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) and Bachelor of Sharia Law (BSL) France \u2013 Canada: Dual bachelor's degree between Sciences Po and the University of British Columbia For the first two years of their undergraduate studies students attend one of Sciences Po's three regional campuses. Their final two years of study can be matriculated at the Faculty of Arts (Bachelor of Arts option) or the Sauder School of Business (Bachelor of Commerce option). Double degree leading to a Bachelor of Arts from Sciences Po and either a second Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of British Columbia. Indonesia \u2013 Universitas Indonesia & University of Newcastle upon Tyne Universitas Indonesia is among the first universities in Indonesia to offer a double degree program. This was early introduced into their Faculty of Medicine through the 3+1 scheme. Students will receive a degree from Universitas Indonesia (for the Bachelor of Medicine) and another from University of Newcastle upon Tyne (for the Master of Research) together with the Medical Doctor (M.D.) earned during the professional phase held subsequently after completing their times abroad. Considered"}, {"title": "", "text": "number of neighborhoods, and is likely due in part to the limits of three-space. % Analogy These representations additionally lend themselves well to visualization and sonification. Scatterplots reveal some surprising behavior, as in Figure \\ref{fig:asdr}, where an attack-decay-sustain-release (ADSR) envelope is made apparent by following the evolution of sounds through space. % Acoustic ``analogy'' serves as an interesting test of semantic organization, where the resultant vector between two points is applied to a third. Finally, sound trajectories are sonified via concatenative synthesis, providing audible insight into the learned embeddings. \\begin{figure}[!t] \\vskip -0.35in \\begin{center} \\centerline{\\includegraphics[width=3.1in]{inst-pitch-d2_adsr.pdf}} \\vskip -0.2in \\caption{An embedding where random samples (grayscale) show pitch height from low (black) to high (white) and four sounds are shown from start (cirlces) to end (triangles): trumpet (blue), trombone (green), tenor saxophone (red) and clarinet (magenta).} \\label{fig:asdr} \\end{center} \\vskip -0.25in \\end{figure} \\section{Summary} % Here's what we did A range of acoustic embeddings are learned using a convolutional neural network optimized to preserve different neighborhood relationships between instrument sounds in 3-space. % Here's what we found The learned embeddings demonstrate a useful degree of semantic organization, indicated by performance on retrieval tasks and notable multimedia examples. % Here's where we're going In doing so, we hope to further motivate the role of sound visualization in music discovery, how deep networks can help address this challenge, and the potential this area holds for future exploration. % Novel interactions with sound and music. \\bibliography{example_paper} \\bibliographystyle{icml2016} \\end{document}"}, {"title": "", "text": "left.compareTo(right) >= 0); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s <= %s\", left, right), left == null || right == null ? null : left.compareTo(right) <= 0); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s || %s\", left, right), left == null || right == null ? null : left + right); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s is distinct from %s\", left, right), !Objects.equals(left, right)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"nullif(%s, %s)\", left, right), nullIf(left, right)); } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } private static Object nullIf(Object left, Object right) { if (left == null) { return null; } if (right == null) { return left; } if (left instanceof Double || right instanceof Double) { if (((Number) left).doubleValue() == ((Number) right).doubleValue()) { return null; } return ((Number) left).doubleValue(); } else if (left.equals(right)) { return null; } return left; } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsLongLong() throws Exception { for (Long first : longLefts) { for (Long second : longLefts) { for (Long third : longRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first && first <= third); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsLongDouble() throws Exception { for (Long first : longLefts) { for (Double second : doubleLefts) { for (Long third : longRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first && first <= third); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsDoubleDouble() throws Exception { for (Double first : doubleLefts) { for (Double second : doubleLefts) { for (Long third :"}, {"title": "", "text": "Since the first publication in 1916, there have been four additional revised editions of the Stanford\u2013Binet Intelligence Scales, the first of which was developed by Lewis Terman. Over twenty years later, Maud Merrill was accepted into Stanford's education program shortly before Terman became the head of the psychology department. She completed both her master's degree and Ph.D. under Terman and quickly became a colleague of his as they started the revisions of the second edition together. There were 3,200 examinees, aged one and a half to eighteen years, ranging in different geographic regions as well as socioeconomic levels in attempts to comprise a broader normative sample (Roid & Barram, 2004). This edition incorporated more objectified scoring methods, while placing less emphasis on recall memory and including a greater range of nonverbal abilities (Roid & Barram, 2004) compared to the 1916 edition. When Terman died in 1956, the revisions for the third edition were well underway, and Merrill was able to publish the final revision in 1960 (Roid & Barram, 2004). The use of deviation IQ made its first appearance in third edition, however the use of the mental age scale and ratio IQ were not eliminated. Terman and Merrill attempted to calculate IQs with a uniform standard deviation while still maintaining the use of the mental age scale by including a formula in the manual to convert the ratio IQs with means varying between age ranges and nonuniform standard deviations to IQs with a mean of 100 and a uniform standard deviation of 16. However, it"}, {"title": "", "text": "and created the second verse of the song from that point. The liner notes of Seeger's Songs of Struggle and Protest, 1930\u201350 tell a different story of the song's creation; they state that Guthrie wrote the song while airborne on a flight into Pittsburgh. While looking out the window at the smoky skies, he quickly jotted down the lyrics. Lyrics and themes The song's verses alternate between ones that speak of the environmental problems of Pittsburgh and ones that speak of its labor problems. The first verse refers to Pittsburgh as a \"smoky ol' town\", and the third complains that the speaker does nothing more than \"cough and choke\" because of the steel industry's output. The smoke was an ever-present part of life in Pittsburgh at the time of the song's writing; steel mills on the banks of the city's three rivers made the sky glow red and continually released smoke. Modern environmentalist reviewers of the song believe that the pollution-oriented verses show that the song was written to protest the environmental conditions in which workers were forced to live. The second and fourth verses focus on the labor disputes that the city was experiencing at the time. The second verse uses a pun on the name of Jones and Laughlin Steel to ask what the company stole from its workers (\"What did Jones and Laughlin steal?\"), while the fourth and final verse ends with the statement that all of the mill workers are \"joining up with the CIO.\" Recordings and adaptations The song has been"}, {"title": "", "text": "obvious as far as I know. E.G. a polynomial of 6th degree can fit all points, polynomial of 7th degree ...., all polynomial of higher degree than 6 can have an appropriate choice of coefficients so that all the given points lie on the polynomial. A: Those aren't series, they are starts of sequences. As always when given the start of a sequence, it can continue in any way so there's infinitely many formulas that will describe give a sequence that starts with the given numbers. We can only try to find a simple formula and hope that was what was though of. Those sequences are well-known, so a lot of people will be able to just give the formulas you have. If we assume that they might be generated from polynomials of a degree, we can calculate the differences between consecutive elements. For the first sequence this gives: $$ 2,3,4,5 $$ and if we iterate: $$ 1,1,1 $$ So after two steps we got a constant sequence, so it's a second degree polynomial $an^2+bn+c$. If you do the same with the second sequence, you'll find it takes three steps until you get a constant sequence so the values comes from a third degree polynomial $an^3+bn^2+cn+d$. The coefficients can be derived from the differences, or you can plug in a few of the known values and get a set of equations for the coefficients. A: $S = 1 + 4 +10 + 20 + 35 \\cdots + a_{n-1} + a_n \\cdots - 1$ $S = 1"}, {"title": "", "text": "a second azimuthal direction substantially different from the first azimuthal direction; and sequentially actuate the steering pads of a third one of the RSS modules to operatively urge the third one of the RSS modules in a third azimuthal direction substantially different from the second azimuthal direction. The second azimuthal direction may be substantially opposite the first azimuthal direction, and the third azimuthal direction may be substantially similar to the first azimuthal direction. The first and third azimuthal directions may each be angularly offset from the second azimuthal direction by an amount ranging between about 175 degrees and about 185 degrees. The method may further comprise operating the controller to control the valves of the RSS modules to, simultaneously: actuate the steering pads of the first one of the RSS modules to operatively centralize the first one of the RSS modules within the wellbore; actuate the steering pads of the second one of the RSS modules to operatively centralize the second one of the RSS modules within the wellbore; and sequentially actuate the steering pads of the third one of the RSS modules to operatively urge the third one of the RSS modules in an azimuthal direction away from a longitudinal axis of the first and second ones of the RSS modules. The method may further comprise, prior to conveying at least a portion of the apparatus within the wellbore, coupling the RSS modules in series between the drill string and the drill bit. The method may further comprise, prior to conveying at least a portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "M^{1}$ for ``stars''. We have placed all these terms in quotation marks because they are subject to three different definition systems that are not wholly self-consistent. By one definition system, planets, brown dwarfs, and stars are divided by mass at $13\\,M_{\\rm J}$ and $0.08\\,M_\\odot$. By a second they are divided at deuterium and hydrogen burning. And in a third system they are divided by formation mechanism: in-disk formation for planets, gravitational collapse for stars, and [either or both] for brown dwarfs. The first definition has the advantage that mass is something that can in principle be measured. The second system is valuable because it permits a veneer of physical motivation on what is actually an arbitrary boundary. In fact, no plausible mechanism has ever been advanced as to how either deuterium burning or hydrogen burning can have any impact on the mass function of the objects being formed. In particular, hydrogen burning commences in very low mass stars long after they have become isolated from their sources of mass accretion. The third definition speaks to a central scientific question about these various types of objects: where do they come from? Unfortunately, for field objects, there is precious little observational evidence that bears on this question. Up until now, the key input from observations is statistical: far from the boundaries, planets and stars follow divergent power laws, which almost certainly reflect different formation mechanisms \\citep{grether06}. However, near the boundary, in particular in the brown dwarf desert and on its margins, there is no present way to map"}, {"title": "", "text": "{ $recurrence_string = \"Every Friday through Sunday\"; } else if ($recurrence_string == \"Every Wednesday, Thursday, Friday & Saturday\") { $recurrence_string = \"Every Wednesday through Saturday\"; } else if ($recurrence_string == \"Every Thursday, Friday & Saturday\") { $recurrence_string = \"Every Thursday through Saturday\"; } return $recurrence_string; } function formatSpecialRecurrence() { // DO NOT USE THIS FUNCTION ON ITS OWN... it is called from ->getDateRangeStringWithRecurrence() // This function tries to deal with a few special instances... it calls ->formatRecurrence() when needed $event_recurrence = Recurrence::FindForEvent($this->id); $firstrecurrence_mod = \"\"; $firstrecurrence_day = \"\"; $recurrence_string = \"\"; $counter = 1; $countupto = count($event_recurrence); $daysofweek = array(\"Sunday\",\"Monday\",\"Tuesday\",\"Wednesday\",\"Thursday\",\"Friday\",\"Saturday\"); $recurrence_def = array(\"Every\",\"First\",\"Second\",\"Third\",\"Fourth\",\"Last\"); if (substr($this->getDateStart(\"date\"),0,5) == \"01/01\" && substr($this->getDateEnd(\"date\"),0,5) == \"12/31\") { // This date range encompasses the entire year return $recurrence_string = \"All Year\"; } else { // Ok, start the recurrence checking if ($countupto == \"7\") { return $recurrence_string = \"All Week\"; } else if ($countupto == \"6\") { $first_event_recurrence = array_shift($event_recurrence); if ($first_event_recurrence->modifier == 0) { // Try to figure out which day this event is NOT on $recur_array = array(); // Turn the recurrence object into an array... foreach ($event_recurrence as $recurrence) { array_push($recur_array, $recurrence->day); } // Get the difference between the two $difference = array_difference($recur_array, $daysofweek); // What we have is in an array, so a foreach gets it out foreach ($difference as $theday) { $recurrence_string = \"Every day but $theday\"; } } else { // Not an \"Every\" instance, so use the normal recurrence function return $recurrence_string = $this->formatRecurrence(); } } else if ($countupto == \"2\") { foreach ($event_recurrence as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is a conduction block between the atria and ventricles. The presence of second-degree AV block is diagnosed when one or more (but not all) of the atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles due to impaired conduction. It is classified as a block of the AV node and is categorized in between first-degree (slowed conduction) and third degree blocks (complete block). Signs and symptoms Most people with Wenckebach (Type I Mobitz) do not show symptoms. However, those that do usually display one or more of the following: Light-headedness Dizziness Syncope (fainting) Types There are two non-distinct types of second-degree AV block, called Type 1 and Type 2. In both types, a P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex; but, in Type 1, there are increasing delays in each cycle before the omission, whereas, in Type 2, there is no such pattern. Type 1 second-degree heart block is considered a more benign entity than type 2 second-degree heart block with type 1 not having structural changes found on histology. Both types are named after Woldemar Mobitz. Type I is also named for Karel Frederik Wenckebach, and type II is also named for John Hay. Type 1 (Mobitz I/Wenckebach) Type 1 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach periodicity, is almost always a disease of the AV node. Wenckebach published a paper in 1906 on progressively lengthening PR intervals that was later classified as Type"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111, is the last of Ludwig van Beethoven's piano sonatas. The work was written between 1821 and 1822. Like other late period sonatas, it contains fugal elements. It was dedicated to his friend, pupil, and patron, Archduke Rudolf. The sonata consists of only two contrasting movements. The second movement is marked as an arietta with variations. Thomas Mann called it \"farewell to the sonata form\". The work entered the repertoire of leading pianists only in the second half of the 19th century. Rhythmically visionary and technically demanding, it is one of the most discussed of Beethoven's works. History Beethoven conceived of the plan for his final three piano sonatas (Op. 109, 110 and 111) during the summer of 1820, while he worked on his Missa solemnis. Although the work was only seriously outlined by 1819, the famous first theme of the allegro ed appassionato was found in a draft book dating from 1801 to 1802, contemporary to his Second Symphony. Moreover, the study of these draft books implies that Beethoven initially had plans for a sonata in three movements, quite different from that which we know: it is only thereafter that the initial theme of the first movement became that of the String Quartet No. 13, and that what should have been used as the theme with the adagio\u2014a slow melody in A\u2014was abandoned. Only the motif planned for the third movement, the famous theme mentioned above, was preserved to become that of the first movement. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "digital valve, and the third valve may be a third digital valve. The RSS may comprise a controller operable to control the first, second, and third valves. The controller may be operable to control the first, second, and third valves to, simultaneously: sequentially actuate the first steering members to operatively urge the first section in a first azimuthal direction; sequentially actuate the second steering members to operatively urge the second section in a second azimuthal direction substantially different from the first azimuthal direction; and sequentially actuate the third steering members to operatively urge the third section in a third azimuthal direction substantially different from the second azimuthal direction. The second azimuthal direction may be substantially opposite the first azimuthal direction, and the third azimuthal direction may be substantially similar to the first azimuthal direction. The first and third azimuthal directions may each be angularly offset from the second azimuthal direction by an amount ranging between about 175 degrees and about 185 degrees. The controller may be further operable to control the first, second, and third valves to, simultaneously: actuate the first steering members to operatively centralize the first section within the wellbore; actuate the second steering members to operatively centralize the second section within the wellbore; and sequentially actuate the third steering members to operatively urge the third section away from a longitudinal axis of the first and second sections. The RSS may comprise: a first flexible component flexibly coupling the first and second sections; and a second flexible component flexibly coupling the second and third"}, {"title": "", "text": "Distinguishing relationships with the same degree of kinship (e.g., uncle-nephew and grandfather-grandson) is generally difficult in forensic genetics by using the commonly employed short tandem repeat loci. In this study, we developed a new method for discerning such relationships between two individuals by examining the number of chromosomal shared segments estimated from high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We computationally generated second-degree kinships (i.e., uncle-nephew and grandfather-grandson) and third-degree kinships (i.e., first cousins and great-grandfather-great-grandson) for 174,254 autosomal SNPs considering the effect of linkage disequilibrium and recombination for each SNP. We investigated shared chromosomal segments between two individuals that were estimated based on identity by state regions. We then counted the number of segments in each pair. Based on our results, the number of shared chromosomal segments in collateral relationships was larger than that in lineal relationships with both the second-degree and third-degree kinships. This was probably caused by differences involving chromosomal transitions and recombination between relationships. As we probabilistically evaluated the relationships between simulated pairs based on the number of shared segments using logistic regression, we could determine accurate relationships in >90% of second-degree relatives and >70% of third-degree relatives, using a probability criterion for the relationship \u22650.9. Furthermore, we could judge the true relationships of actual sample pairs from volunteers, as well as simulated data. Therefore, this method can be useful for discerning relationships between two individuals with the same degree of kinship."}, {"title": "", "text": "and furnace (temperature and gas) conditions. There are six main stages that sintering processes can be grouped in which may overlap with one another: 1 initial bonding among particles, 2) neck growth, 3) pore channel closure, 4) pore rounding, 5) densification or pore shrinkage, and 6) pore coarsening. The main mechanisms present in these stages are evaporation, condensation, grain boundaries, volume diffusion, and plastic deformation. Most sintering furnaces contain three zones with three different properties that help to carry out the six steps above. The first zone, commonly coined the burn-off or purge stage, is designed to combust air, burn any contaminants such as lubricant or binders, and slowly raise the temperature of the compact materials. If the temperature of the compact parts is raised too quickly, the air in the pores will be at a very high internal pressure which could lead to expansion or fracture of the part. The second zone, known as the high-temperature stage, is used to produce solid-state diffusion and particle bonding. The material is seeking to lower its surface energy and does so by moving toward the points of contact between particles. The contact points become larger and eventually a solid mass with small pores is created. The third zone, also called the cooling period, is used to cool down the parts while still in a controlled atmosphere. This is an important zone as it prevents oxidation from immediate contact with the air or a phenomenon known as rapid cooling. All of the three stages must be carried out in"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be more vibrant and \"bonkers\" than any other fantasy show. In a 2013 interview, Moffat said that he had worked out a rough idea for how his first series as showrunner would work if David Tennant had decided to remain as the Tenth Doctor. Its premise would have been similar to the beginning of \"The Eleventh Hour\" as broadcast: Moffat wrote six episodes for the series; the rest were written by others, since he believed that Doctor Who benefited from different voices. According to Moffat, he primarily supplied the other episode concepts and had a \"pretty good idea\" of what would happen in each episode. He knew the guest writers \"to some degree\", and called his meetings with them \"quite joyous\". Matthew Graham, co-creator of Life on Mars and writer of the second series episode \"Fear Her\", did not write his planned episode because he did not believe he would have enough time. Moffat later contacted him and asked him to write a two-part episode for the next series (\"The Rebel Flesh\" and \"The Almost People\"). In the first episode, Moffat intended to introduce the Eleventh Doctor and establish his new identity; the second was intended to demonstrate the Doctor's need for a companion and Amy's importance to him. For the third episode, he asked Mark Gatiss to write an episode about \"Churchill versus the Daleks\". Moffat wanted to incorporate the popular Daleks into the new series, and considered redesigning them. Gatiss, Moffat and the production team worked together to create large, more-colourful Daleks, similar"}, {"title": "", "text": "filter may be implemented by a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter. Accordingly, all such changes, substitutions and alterations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. logic coupled to the first, second, and third mixers and the first, second, and third delay lines and operable to detect substantially simultaneous data transitions in at least two of the first, second, and third baseband signals, and generating a reconstucted signal having a data transition in response thereto. a transition flip-flop coupled to the majority logic module and operable to generate a data transition in the reconstructed signal in response to a transition detection output from the majority logic module. 3. The RFID circuit of claim 1, wherein the hybrid is operable to generate 0 degree, 120 degree, and 240 degree phase-shifted RF carrier signals. 4. The RFID circuit of claim 1, wherein the hybrid is operable to generate 0 degree, 60 degree, and 120 degree phase-shifted RF carrier signals. 5. The RFID circuit of claim 1, wherein the hybrid is operable to generate three phase-shifted RF carrier signals where the phase difference between any two have a minimum difference of 0 to 180 degrees. 6. The RFID circuit of claim 1, further comprising first, second, and third amplifiers respectively coupled to the first, second, and third mixers and operable to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: \"my happiness and sadness\" vs. \"my happiness and my sadness\" I forgo my happiness and sadness all the time. I forgo my happiness and my sadness all the time. How are the two sentences different? And what do they connote? A: Frederick Douglass wrote three autobiographies: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), My Bondage and My Freedom (1855), and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881). The second and third titles seem relevant to the OP's question because they appear to go in opposite directions: Douglass could have titled his second autobiography My Bondage and Freedom, an he could have titled the third one The Life and the Times of Frederick Douglass. But he didn't. Why? To reach a satisfactory answer to that question, it seems to me, we need to consider two questions: (1) Does My Bondage and My Freedom differ in meaning from My Bondage and Freedom, and does Life and Times of Frederick Douglass differ in meaning from The Life and the Times of Frederick Douglass? (2) If the two options in each pair do differ in meaning, what about their difference in each case led Douglass to choose the option he did? To my mind, the chief distinctions between My Bondage and My Freedom and My Bondage and Freedom involve the degree of separation between the two things (bondage and freedom) and the emphasis on each thing's belonging distinctly to Douglass. For Douglass, of course, bondage and freedom were separate chapters in his life\u2014first life under"}, {"title": "", "text": "exp, res) exp = []string{\"Three\", \"things\", \"are\", \"outlined\", \"1\", \"first\", \"2\", \"second\", \"3\", \"third\"} res = d.Words(text4) checkSentences(t, exp, res) } func checkSentences(t *testing.T, exp, res []string) { if len(exp) != len(res) { t.Fatalf(\"Number of sentences differ from expected: %d - %d\\n\", len(res), len(exp)) } for i, s := range exp { if s != res[i] { t.Fatalf(\"Expected sentence '%s', got '%s'\\n\", s, res[i]) } } } var ( text1 = ` First sentence. Second sentence ` text2 = `First sentence. ` text3 = `Then he said: \" do not feed the sharks\"` text4 = `Three things are outlined: 1) first; 2) second; 3) third` bigText = `The contribution of cloud computing and mobile computing technologies lead to the newly emerging mobile cloud com- puting paradigm. Three major approaches have been pro- posed for mobile cloud applications: 1) extending the access to cloud services to mobile devices; 2) enabling mobile de- vices to work collaboratively as cloud resource providers; 3) augmenting the execution of mobile applications on portable devices using cloud resources. In this paper, we focus on the third approach in supporting mobile data stream applica- tions. More specifically, we study how to optimize the com- putation partitioning of a data stream application between mobile and cloud to achieve maximum speed/throughput in processing the streaming data. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work to study the partitioning problem for mobile data stream applica- tions, where the optimization is placed on achieving high throughput of processing the streaming data rather than minimizing"}, {"title": "", "text": "degrees rotated about the z-axis from the neuroscience/NIFTI coordinate system. To transform between DICOM and NIFTI, you just have to negate the x- and y-coordinates. The DICOM attribute (0020,0037) \"Image Orientation (Patient)\" gives the orientation of the x- and y-axes of the image data in terms of 2 3-vectors. The first vector is a unit vector along the x-axis, and the second is along the y-axis. If the (0020,0037) attribute is extracted into the value (xa,xb,xc,ya,yb,yc), then the first two columns of the R matrix would be [ -xa -ya ] [ -xb -yb ] [ xc yc ] The negations are because DICOM's x- and y-axes are reversed relative to NIFTI's. The third column of the R matrix gives the direction of displacement (relative to the subject) along the slice-wise direction. This orientation is not encoded in the DICOM standard in a simple way; DICOM is mostly concerned with 2D images. The third column of R will be either the cross-product of the first 2 columns or its negative. It is possible to infer the sign of the 3rd column by examining the coordinates in DICOM attribute (0020,0032) \"Image Position (Patient)\" for successive slices. However, this method occasionally fails for reasons that I (RW Cox) do not understand. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* [qs]form_code value: */ /* x,y,z coordinate system refers to: */ /*-----------------------*/ /*---------------------------------------*/ /*! \\defgroup NIFTI1_XFORM_CODES \\brief nifti1 xform codes to describe the \"standard\" coordinate system @{ */ /*! Arbitrary coordinates (Method 1). */ #define NIFTI_XFORM_UNKNOWN 0 /*! Scanner-based anatomical coordinates */ #define NIFTI_XFORM_SCANNER_ANAT 1 /*!"}, {"title": "", "text": "and compares two types of cooperative agreements that combine Intellectual Property: patent pools and copyright collectives\". Since each protection mechanism has its own protection duration, criteria and purpose, Dr. Gallini questions \"what are those differences and specific circumstances that would require a different (e.g., more or less restrictive) approach toward patent pools and collectives?\". To answer the question she \"evaluate[s] antitrust policy in three environments in which owners of the intellectual property: (1) are vertically integrated into the downstream (product) market; (2) face competition in the upstream (input) market and (3) own downstream products that do not require a license on the pooled IP but compete with products that do\". Dr. Gallini's paper found that even though there were different antitrust concerns between patent pools and collectives, \"the welfare consequences and... recommended antitrust treatment is surprisingly uniform\". In the first environment, patent pools and copyright collectives continue to be efficient for some members that are vertically integrated if they are welfare-enhancing when there is the absence of vertical integration. Second, competition between firm in the \"upstream market is mitigated if members retain the right to license separately outside of the pool or collective\". Finally, in the third environment, pools and collectives become welfare enhancing when they face downstream market competition, \"even if some members have ownership stake in those competing products\". \"Intellectual Property: When is it the Best Incentive System?\" (2002) Nancy Gallini and Suzanne Scotchmer review the \"economic reasoning that supports patent and other intellectual property over the alternatives\". Currently the argument against intellectual property"}, {"title": "", "text": "the projected Super Djinn would have adopted the newer Turbomeca Palouste IV engine alongside other changes for greater power and endurance than the original production model. Rotorcraft using tip jets Cold tip jets The compressed air in cold tip jets generally exited at quite high temperatures due to compression-heating effects, but they are referred to as \"cold\" jets to differentiate them from jets that burn fuel to heat the air for greater thrust; similar to the difference between the \"cold\" and \"hot\" exhausts on the Harrier \"jump jet\", which uses \"cold\" air heated to several hundred degrees by compression inside the low-pressure compressor of the Pegasus engine.) Avimech Dragonfly DF-1 - American hydrogen peroxide powered helicopter Dornier Do 32 - German ultra-light tip-jet helicopter, first flown on 29 June 1962: 4 built. Dornier Do 132 - German tip-jet helicopter project, cancelled in 1969. Fiat 7002 - Italian tip-jet helicopter, first flew in 1961, only one built. Percival P.74 - used second compressors to blend turbine exhaust with more air for efflux at wingtips. Engines never produced sufficient power and so it never flew. Further progress with the design using more powerful engines was cancelled. Sud-Ouest Ariel - French tip-jet powered helicopter, first flown in 1947; three prototypes built. Sud-Ouest Djinn - French tip-jet powered helicopter, first flown in 1953; 178 built. VFW-Fokker H3 - German tip-jet compound helicopter; two built and flown. Hot tip jets Doblhoff WNF 342 - German WWII helicopter with tip-jet rotor propulsion. Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter - First flew in 1955. Four built"}, {"title": "", "text": "? null : left.compareTo(right) >= 0); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s <= %s\", left, right), BOOLEAN, left == null || right == null ? null : left.compareTo(right) <= 0); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s || %s\", left, right), VARCHAR, left == null || right == null ? null : left + right); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s is distinct from %s\", left, right), BOOLEAN, !Objects.equals(left, right)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"nullif(%s, %s)\", left, right), varcharType(left), nullIf(left, right)); } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } private static VarcharType varcharType(String... values) { return varcharType(Arrays.asList(values)); } private static VarcharType varcharType(List values) { if (values.stream().anyMatch(Objects::isNull)) { return VARCHAR; } return createVarcharType(values.stream().mapToInt(String::length).max().getAsInt()); } private static Object nullIf(Object left, Object right) { if (left == null) { return null; } if (right == null) { return left; } if (left.equals(right)) { return null; } if ((left instanceof Double || right instanceof Double) && ((Number) left).doubleValue() == ((Number) right).doubleValue()) { return null; } return left; } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsLongLong() throws Exception { for (Integer first : intLefts) { for (Integer second : intLefts) { for (Integer third : intRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first && first <= third); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsLongDouble() throws Exception { for (Integer first : intLefts) { for (Double second : doubleLefts) { for (Integer third : intRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first && first <= third); }"}, {"title": "", "text": "7% of all first-degree students who graduated in the academic year 1995/96 achieved first class honours; by 2008/09 this had risen to 14%. Between 1995 and 2011, the proportion of upper second class honours awarded for first degree courses increased from 40.42% to 48.38%, whilst lower second class honours dropped from 34.97% to 28.9%. The number of third class honours, \"ordinary\" (i.e. pass), and unclassified awards dropped substantially during the same period. During this time, the total number of first degrees awarded in the UK increased by 56%, from 212,000 to 331,000. Grade inflation in UK universities appears to be caused by administrators wishing to improve their league table standings, a desire to attract non-European students who can be charged full fees, academics who fear receiving unfavourable course evaluations from students, the breakdown of the external examiner system, and a growing indifference towards academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Note: The doubling of institutions and quadrupling of student numbers, following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, makes any direct comparison of pre and post 1995 awards non trivial, if not meaningless. Source: , Source: Sunday Times Good University Guide, 1983\u20134 (1st Ed), 1984\u20135 (2nd Ed), 2006, 2008, 2012 Source: Higher Education Statistics AgencyUniversities' Statistical Record, 1972/73-1993/94 : Undergraduate Records UK first degrees by awards from 1993/4 to 2018/19 UK first degrees by classification from 1993/4 to 2018/19 In France Between 2005 and 2016 the proportion of students receiving an honor in the general baccalaur\u00e9at doubled. In India In CBSE, a 95 per cent aggregate is 21 times"}, {"title": "", "text": "The angulation of lower third molars is compared in two groups of radiographs of children aged 10.1--13.0 years, one group showing lower second deciduous molars present, the other showing mesial migration of lower first permanent molars and impaction of second premolars following early extraction of lower second deciduous molars. The lower third molar crypts are significantly less tilted in the group where deciduous molars had been removed, the difference between the means of the two groups being 12.5 degrees (p less than 0.001). The findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that early mesial migration improves the orientation of third molar crypts by enabling them to develop further forward. There is some evidence that the mean angle of tilt may be reduced by about 20 degrees when mesial migration occurs before third molar crypts begin to form."}, {"title": "", "text": "} } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsDoubleDouble() throws Exception { for (Double first : doubleLefts) { for (Double second : doubleLefts) { for (Integer third : intRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first && first <= third); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsString() throws Exception { for (String first : stringLefts) { for (String second : stringLefts) { for (String third : stringRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second.compareTo(first) <= 0 && first.compareTo(third) <= 0); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testCast() throws Exception { for (Boolean value : booleanValues) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as boolean)\", value), BOOLEAN, value == null ? null : (value ? true : false)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as integer)\", value), INTEGER, value == null ? null : (value ? 1 : 0)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as bigint)\", value), BIGINT, value == null ? null : (value ? 1L : 0L)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as double)\", value), DOUBLE, value == null ? null : (value ? 1.0 : 0.0)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as varchar)\", value), VARCHAR, value == null ? null : (value ? \"true\" : \"false\")); } for (Integer value : intLefts) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as boolean)\", value), BOOLEAN, value == null ? null : (value != 0L ? true : false)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as integer)\", value), INTEGER, value == null ? null : value); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Despondence () is one of the Major sins in Islam. Disappointment and its derivatives are repeated six times in the Quran. In some sources it is written that there is a difference between disappointment and despair () and that despondency is tougher than despair. Difference between disappointment and despair Disappointment literally means hopelessness of good. Some philologists have said that there is a difference between disappointment and despair and have written that despondency is tougher than despair. In a Hadith of Ali al-Ridha is came that the despair is the second major sin and the Disappointment is the third major sin and they are different. In the some sources in the difference between these two words are came despair is the internal feel in the person's heart. When this inner sense increases to a degree whereby its effect becomes manifest outwardly and seem obvious to the others, it is named Disappointment. Disappointment in Quran Disappointment and its derivatives came six times in Quran. For example, when the angels gave the good news to Abraham about birth of his child in his old age, asked him not despondent. In another verse, Allah says: \"O creatures of God, those of you who have acted against your own interests should not be disheartened of the mercy of God. Surely God forgives all sins. He is all-forgiving and all-merciful.\" Another verses about this word are the 36th verse of Ar-Rum, 49th of Fussilat, and 28th verse of Ash-Shura. References Islamic terminology Sin"}, {"title": "", "text": "In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understanding the first. When it is relatively symmetric, it is characterized as \"mutual\". It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum. Intelligibility Factors An individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two languages are not very closely related. Advanced speakers of a second language typically aim for intelligibility, especially in situations where they work in their second language and the necessity of being understood is high. However, many groups of languages are partly mutually intelligible, i.e. most speakers of one language find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding in the related language(s). Often the two languages are genetically related, and they are likely to be similar to each other in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other features. Intelligibility among languages can vary between individuals or groups within a language population according to their knowledge of various registers and vocabulary in their own language, their exposure to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Saturn A-1, studied in 1959, was projected to be the first version of Saturn I and was to be used if necessary before the S-IV liquid hydrogen second stage became available. The first stage, proposed for the Juno V rocket, but finally used for the first Saturn rocket, would propel the Saturn A-1 into space, with the first stage of a Titan I missile continuing the flight and finally, a Centaur C high-energy double-engine third stage could perform a small burn to send a payload into its final orbit, or it can perform a big burn to take a payload out of Earth orbit to other planets. This rocket never flew, but all stages of the Saturn A-1 were used on different launch vehicles. Today, they are all retired. Saturn (rocket family) Cancelled space launch vehicles"}, {"title": "", "text": "second 1, etc. There could be 256 symbolic constants with the same value in the enumeration. \"\"\" return idaapi.op_enum(ea, n, enumid, serial) def OpStroffEx(ea, n, strid, delta): \"\"\" Convert operand to an offset in a structure @param ea: linear address @param n: number of operand - 0 - the first operand - 1 - the second, third and all other operands - -1 - all operands @param strid: id of a structure type @param delta: struct offset delta. usually 0. denotes the difference between the structure base and the pointer into the structure. \"\"\" path = idaapi.tid_array(1) path[0] = strid return idaapi.op_stroff(ea, n, path.cast(), 1, delta) def OpStkvar(ea, n): \"\"\" Convert operand to a stack variable @param ea: linear address @param n: number of operand - 0 - the first operand - 1 - the second, third and all other operands - -1 - all operands \"\"\" return idaapi.op_stkvar(ea, n) def OpHigh(ea, n, target): \"\"\" Convert operand to a high offset High offset is the upper 16bits of an offset. This type is used by TMS320C6 processors (and probably by other RISC processors too) @param ea: linear address @param n: number of operand - 0 - the first operand - 1 - the second, third and all other operands - -1 - all operands @param target: the full value (all 32bits) of the offset \"\"\" return idaapi.op_offset(ea, n, idaapi.REF_HIGH16, target) def MakeVar(ea): \"\"\" Mark the location as \"variable\" @param ea: address to mark @return: None @note: All that IDA does is to mark the location as"}, {"title": "", "text": "a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering\". Technical drawings Types The two types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection. This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface. Two-dimensional representation Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen. Three-dimensional representation In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible. Views Multiview Multiview is a type of orthographic projection. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side. Section While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object. Auxiliary Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of"}, {"title": "", "text": "The men's ISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistol was one of the thirteen shooting events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The last Olympic competition on the non-circular target, and the first to feature final shooting, it was won by Latvian Afanasijs Kuzmins after a perfect 300 in the first stage, 298 in the second, and two perfect 50 series in the final, thus not allowing Ralf Schumann and John McNally to eliminate his one-point pre-final lead. It was the first gold medal for the Soviet Union in the event. Schumann comfortably won the silver while McNally fell back during the final with a 47 and a 46, finishing seventh and giving way to a third-place tie between Zolt\u00e1n Kov\u00e1cs and Alberto Sevieri, resolved in Kov\u00e1cs's favour on grounds of higher final score. The bronze was Hungary's first rapid fire pistol since 1952. There were 32 competitors from 23 nations. Each nation had been limited to two shooters since the 1952 Games. Background This was the 18th appearance of what had been standardised in 1948 as the men's ISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistol event, the only event on the 2020 programme that traces back to 1896. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1904 and 1928 (when no shooting events were held) and 1908; it was nominally open to women from 1968 to 1980, although very few women participated these years. The first five events were quite different, with some level of consistency finally beginning with the 1932 event\u2014which, though it had differences"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the first azimuthal direction; and sequentially actuate the steering pads of a third one of the RSS modules to operatively urge the third one of the RSS modules in a third azimuthal direction substantially different from the second azimuthal direction. The second azimuthal direction may be substantially opposite the first azimuthal direction, and the third azimuthal direction may be substantially similar to the first azimuthal direction. The first and third azimuthal directions may be each angularly offset from the second azimuthal direction by an amount ranging between about 175 degrees and about 185 degrees. The controller may be further operable to control the valves of the RSS modules to, simultaneously: actuate the steering pads of the first one of the RSS modules to operatively centralize the first one of the RSS modules within the wellbore; actuate the steering pads of the second one of the RSS modules to operatively centralize the second one of the RSS modules within the wellbore; and sequentially actuate the steering pads of the third one of the RSS modules to operatively urge the third one of the RSS modules away from a longitudinal axis of the first and second ones of the RSS modules. The apparatus may further comprise: a first flexible component flexibly coupling first and second ones of the RSS modules; and a second flexible component flexibly coupling the second one of the RSS modules and a third one of the RSS modules. The apparatus may further comprise: a first joint disposed between first and second ones of"}, {"title": "", "text": "opposition to deeper levels where searching investigation is encouraged\", perhaps leading to larger field of view with a larger region of validity. is a deepening of the sense of common humanity between self and other, a sense of shared strengths and flaws. Like the second principle, this third principle is the opposite of what is usual in a debate, the usual perception being that the other is different in an inferior way, such as more \"stupid or rigid or dishonest or ruthless\". Instead of emphasizing the uniqueness of the flaws of the other, \"one seeks within oneself the clearly perceived shortcomings of the opponent\", and instead of emphasizing the uniqueness of one's own strengths (such as intelligence, honesty, and conscientiousness), one asks how the other shares such qualities to some degree. Rapoport considered this \"assumption of similarity\" to be \"the psychological set [or mindset] conducive to conflict resolution\". An obstacle that prevents people from making the assumption of similarity is the notion \"that such an assumption is evidence of [a debater's] professional incompetence\". But that notion is counterproductive, Rapoport argued, because the assumption of similarity, together with the other two principles, is likely to remove obstacles to cooperation and to successful debate outcomes. Rapoport said: \"The outcome depends on the occurrence of one crucial insight: we are all in the same boat.\" Dennett's version Daniel Dennett's version of Rapoport's rules, which Dennett considered to be \"somewhat more portable and versatile\", is: \"You should attempt to re-express your target's position so clearly, vividly, and fairly that your"}, {"title": "", "text": ": longLefts) { for (BigDecimal second : decimalMiddle) { for (Long third : longRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second.compareTo(new BigDecimal(first)) <= 0 && first <= third); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testTernaryOperatorsDecimalDouble() throws Exception { for (BigDecimal first : decimalLefts) { for (Double second : doubleMiddle) { for (BigDecimal third : decimalRights) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"%s between %s and %s\", first, second, third), BOOLEAN, first == null || second == null || third == null ? null : second <= first.doubleValue() && first.compareTo(third) <= 0); } } } Futures.allAsList(futures).get(); } @Test public void testCast() throws Exception { for (Boolean value : booleanValues) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as boolean)\", value), BOOLEAN, value == null ? null : (value ? true : false)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as integer)\", value), INTEGER, value == null ? null : (value ? 1 : 0)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as bigint)\", value), BIGINT, value == null ? null : (value ? 1L : 0L)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as double)\", value), DOUBLE, value == null ? null : (value ? 1.0 : 0.0)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as varchar)\", value), VARCHAR, value == null ? null : (value ? \"true\" : \"false\")); } for (Integer value : intLefts) { assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as boolean)\", value), BOOLEAN, value == null ? null : (value != 0L ? true : false)); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as integer)\", value), INTEGER, value == null ? null : value); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as bigint)\", value), BIGINT, value == null ? null : (long) value); assertExecute(generateExpression(\"cast(%s as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Concordia discordantium canonum in which he argues that sodomy is the worst of all the sexual sins because it involves using the member in an unnatural way. 1164 \u2013 The English monk Aelred of Rievaulx writes his De spiritali amicitia, giving love between persons of the same gender a profound expression. 1179 \u2013 The Third Lateran Council of Rome issues a decree for the excommunication of sodomites. 13th century 1232 \u2013 Pope Gregory IX starts the Inquisition in the Italian City-States. Some cities called for banishment and/or amputation as punishments for 1st- and 2nd-offending sodomites and burning for the 3rd or habitual offenders. 1260 \u2013 In the Kingdom of France, first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their member, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well. 1265 \u2013 Thomas Aquinas argues that sodomy is second only to bestiality in the ranking of sins of lust. 1283 \u2013 The Coutumes de Beauvaisis dictats that convicted sodomites should not only be burned but also that their property would be forfeited. 14th century 1308\u201314 \u2013 Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all Templars on charges of heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these charges are only a pretext to seize the riches of the order. Order leaders are sentenced to death and burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 by Notre Dame. 1321 \u2013 Dante's Inferno places sodomites in the Seventh Circle. 1327 \u2013 The deposed King Edward II of England is killed, allegedly by forcing"}, {"title": "", "text": "security\" is the scientific study of the relationships between community and security. It addresses the questions what understanding of security does society create and conversely, what society does security establish. In other words, sociology of security is the study of mutual interactions between security and the society that result in developing or production and reproduction of security in the society. The answer to the question \"what is the Sociology of Security?\" can be discussed from two viewpoints. The first says that the Sociology of Security addresses the \"understanding of security\", so it asks: What kind of understanding of security does the society provide? Based on what elements does society formulate the security? How does society organize the stable and fragile society? How much does the society want to institutionalize the security? How do distinctions and differences between security and insecurity form and reproduce in society? On the other hand, because the aim of Sociology of Security is to study mutual interaction between society and security, the second viewpoint asks: What kind of society does the security form? What are the benefits and barriers of security for the society? What type of interactions does security provide in different environments (urban / rural\u2026) in various situations (parties / union...) in different groups (family / friends...)? How does security use social forces such as classes of society? What restrictions or barriers does security form for society? See also Critical security studies References External links Doingips website Security studies Paris School (security) International relations theory Methods in sociology"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Big Bang). They are therefore tightly linked to the formation of the first structures in the universe and can provide valuable information about the early evolution of the universe. The first stellar generations are different from solar metallicity (Z \u2299 ) stars due to their low metal content or absence of it. First, very low-Z stars are more compact due to lower opacity. Second, metal free stars burn hydrogen in a core, which is denser and hotter. This implies that the transition between core hydrogen and helium burning is much shorter and smoother. Furthermore, hydrogen burns via the ppchain in shell burning. These differences make the metal free (first) stars different from the second or later generation stars! (Ekstr\u00f6m & Meynet 2007). Third, mass loss is metallicity dependent (at least for radiation-driven winds) and therefore mass loss is expected to become very small at very low metallicity. Finally, the initial mass function of the first stellar generations is expected to be top heavy below a certain threshold (Bromm & Loeb 2003). Mass loss is expected to be very small. What could change this expectation? An additional mechanism or the chemical enrichment of the envelope of the star are two possible ways to increase mass loss at very low Z. Models of metal free stars including the effect of rotation (Ekstr\u00f6m et al. 2005) show that stars may lose up to 10 % of their initial mass due to the star rotating at its critical limit (also called break-up limit). The mass loss due to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "flown. The insert motor was considered the fourth stage and was incorporated into the satellite payload in the same manner as the Martlet 4. One of the most notable differences between the Martlet 4 and the GLO-1B was the elimination of the Attitude Control Module between the second and third stages. A dedicated Attitude Control Module was eliminated by modifying the flight profile of the GLO-1B vehicle. The Martlet 4 vehicle used the Attitude Control Module to insure the pitch and yaw of the vehicle was within set parameters prior to the ignition of the second and third stages. With the GLO-1B this was simplified by modifying the mission sequence which made it necessary to provide attitude control for the third stage only. The first stage of the GLO-1B was unguided and, in the same manner as the Martlet 4, relied on both spin stabilization and the fixed geometry of the barrel to insure a predictable flight path prior to first stage ignition. The Martlet 4 flight profile specified a delay between the first stage burnout and second stage ignition during which the Attitude Control Module was activated to insure the vehicles orientation was correct prior to the second stage burn. The GLO-1B eliminated this delay and the need to re-orient the vehicle by igniting the second stage immediately after first stage burn out and separation, which allowed the second stage to share the first stage's orientation. A simplified attitude control system was incorporated into the satellite payload and was used to correct the vehicle's attitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "can accept the following properties. Defaults are listed in parentheses. All of these properties are animatable. x0 (50) The x value of the first point. y0 (10) The y value of the first point. x1 (200) The x value of the second point. y1 (100) The y value of the second point. x2 (0) The x value of the third point. y2 (100) The y value of the third point. x3 (150) The x value of the fourth point. y3 (10) The y value of the fourth point. showPoints (false) Whether the control points of the curve will be drawn. ### Circle A circle object is created with: glc.renderList.addCircle(properties); This draws a circle. Because circles are drawn using the arc command in HTML5, this object also draws arcs by setting the start and end angles. ![](images/2.3.gif) In addition to the standard style properties described in the next section, this method can accept the following properties. Defaults are listed in parentheses. All of these properties are animatable. x (100) The x position of the circle. y (100) The y position of the circle. radius (50) The radius of the circle. startAngle (0) The start angle of the arc. (degrees) endAngle (360) The end angle of the arc. (degrees) rotation (0) The rotation of the circle. (degrees). stroke (false) Whether the object will be stroked. fill (true) Whether the object will be filled. drawFromCenter (false) If true, starts and ends the drawing at the center of the circle rather than points on the radius. scaleX (1) The"}, {"title": "", "text": "of percentiles that are used most often in practice.
  • Typically, we will be concerned with the quartiles of the data -- these are defined as follows:
    1. $Q_1$ -- the first quartile is equal to $P_{25}$. This separates the data such that approximately $25\\%$ of samples lie below this value.
    2. $Q_2$ -- the second quartile is equal to $P_{50}$ or the median. This separates the data such that approximately $50\\%$ of samples lie below this value.
    3. $Q_3$ -- the third quartile is equal to $P_{75}$. This separates the data such that approximately $75\\%$ of samples lie below this value.
  • We note that the quartiles thus separate the data into $25\\%$ chunks -- between each quartile lies approximately one quarter of the data.
  • For the same reasons discussed earlier, different ways of computing the percentiles (and the approximations in this) can lead to different values for the quartiles.
  • Small differences can be found using different software on the same data, depending on how and what rules are used.
  • ======================================================== ### Quartiles continued
    • We will define some additional statistics that describe the center and the variation in the data using quartiles:
      1. Interqartile Range (IQR) -- this is defined as $Q_3 - Q_1$ and describes the scale at which the data operates.
        • Specifically, this measures the width of the inner $50\\%$ of the data.
        • Discuss with a neighbor: does the IQR seem resistant to outliers? Why?
          • Consider a sample data set $0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1000$.
          • "}, {"title": "", "text": "of the Milvian Bridge. Second Degree \u2013 Priest-Mason (or Installed Eusebius) On election to serve as Viceroy (the second in command of a Conclave), a member must be admitted to the second degree, by which ceremony he becomes a Venerable Priest-Mason, or an Installed Eusebius. This ceremony is performed in a \u2018College\u2019 of Priests-Mason. A College is the name for any assembly of members of the Order\u2019s second degree. The ceremony is highly spiritual in nature, and incorporates more overtly religious symbolism and ritual. Having received this degree the Installed Eusebius or Priest-Mason is entitled to serve as Viceroy in his own, or any other, Conclave or College. In general this degree may only be conferred on those elected to serve as Viceroy of a Conclave, although exceptions are possible by dispensation. Third Degree \u2013 Prince-Mason On election to serve as Sovereign (the leader of a Conclave), a member must be admitted to the third degree, by which ceremony he becomes a Perfect Prince-Mason. The ceremony is performed in a \u2018Senate\u2019 of Princes-Mason. A Senate is the name for any assembly of members of the Order\u2019s third degree. Having received this degree the Prince-Mason is entitled to serve as Sovereign in his own, or any other, Conclave or Senate. Except by dispensation, this degree is only ever conferred on those elected as Sovereign. As with all masonic degrees, it may only be conferred on a person once - therefore a person becoming Sovereign for a second time, or in a different Conclave, would be appointed and"}, {"title": "", "text": "The 1998 Safari Rally (formally the 46th Safari Rally Kenya) was held between 28 February and 2 March 1998. It was the first World Rally Championship victory for Richard Burns and his co-driver Robert Reid after his teammate Tommi M\u00e4kinen and fellow Briton Colin McRae both retired. Report WRC A total of 49 cars gathered in Nairobi for the Safari Rally of 1998. The young Briton, 27-year-old Richard Burns, won stage 1. But his more experienced teammate, Tommi M\u00e4kinen, snatched the lead in stage 2. He was determined to win for the second time, as 1996's winner. But his hopes were dashed after his timing belt broke, causing him to retire. Burns retained the lead as a result, held it to the end, and won his first WRC rally in his career. It was the Ford Escorts of the Finns Juha Kankkunen and Ari Vatanen, both previous Safari Rally winners, who completed the podium in second and third respectively. PWRC Luis Climent, in a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo III, had his first victory of the year. Manfred Stohl finished behind him in second, and the Kenyan Paul Bailey completed the podium. Results Source: Independent WRC archive References External links Official website of the World Rally Championship 1998 Safari Rally at Rallye-info Safari Rally Safari 1998 in Kenyan sport"}, {"title": "", "text": ".hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}}

            git-status(1) Manual Page

            NAME

            git-status - Show the working tree status

            SYNOPSIS

            git status [<options>…​] [--] [<pathspec>…​]

            DESCRIPTION

            Displays paths that have differences between the index file and the current HEAD commit, paths that have differences between the working tree and the index file, and paths in the working tree that are not tracked by Git (and are not ignored by gitignore(5)). The first are what you would commit by running git commit; the second and third are what you could commit by running git add before running git commit.

            OPTIONS

            -s
            --short

            Give the output in the short-format.

            -b
            --branch

            Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.

            --porcelain

            Give the output in an easy-to-parse format for scripts. This is similar to the short output, but will remain stable across Git versions and regardless of user configuration. See below for details.

            --long

            Give the output in the long-format. This is the default.

            -v
            --verbose

            In addition to the names of files that have been changed, also show the textual changes that are staged to be committed (i.e., like the output of git diff --cached). If -v is specified twice, then also show the"}, {"title": "", "text": "& Andy, under the maenad's spell, recall nothing of the incident - Tara is the only non-supernatural present with any recollection of the events (she was hidden and thus did not fall under the maenad's spell). Bill and Eric burn the house, and Eric glamours Tara so that she will not be able to remember what happened at the sex party. See also Characters of The Southern Vampire Mysteries Characters of True Blood True Blood Television adaptation Living Dead in Dallas has been adapted by HBO into a television series called True Blood. Its storyline forms the basis of True Blood's second season. Its first episode aired on June 14, 2009. Although the main characters and story lines are the same, there are a number of differences between the book and the series: In the series, Jason joins the Fellowship of the Sun, forming a major story arc that is very different from his minor role in the novel. In the book, Jason stays in Bon Temps, dating a girl called Liz Barrett. Lafayette Reynolds is not killed, but rather Miss Jeanette (a character exclusive to the series) is found murdered. Instead, Eric takes Lafayette prisoner for dealing V and to question about Eddie's disappearance. Lafayette is held in the basement of Fangtasia. In the series, Eric's maker is Godric, to whom Eric maintains a deep bond of loyalty and devotion. Godric, while still like Godfrey (see above) a self-tortured renouncer who wishes to meet the sun, is not portrayed as an evil child killer but"}, {"title": "", "text": "definition\">\u00b6

            Reads in SiteCollection from a string.

            get_angle(i, j, k)[source]\u00b6

            Returns angle specified by three sites.

            Parameters:
            • i (int) \u2013 Index of first site.
            • j (int) \u2013 Index of second site.
            • k (int) \u2013 Index of third site.
            Returns:

            (float) Angle in degrees.

            get_dihedral(i, j, k, l)[source]\u00b6

            Returns dihedral angle specified by four sites.

            Parameters:
            • i (int) \u2013 Index of first site
            • j (int) \u2013 Index of second site
            • k (int) \u2013 Index of third site
            • l (int) \u2013 Index of fourth site
            Returns:

            (float) Dihedral angle in degrees.

            get_distance(i, j)[source]\u00b6

            Returns distance between sites at index i and j.

            ``` In the example above, the first cell has a default span of 6, the second 4, and the third 2. However, at tablet sizes, the first cell becomes 8 columns wide instead, and the second 6 columns wide. At phone sizes, the third cell becomes 4 columns wide. ### Max width MDC layout grids take up the parent element space by"}, {"title": "", "text": ".name(\"Compute scores\"); } /** * This is the first of three operations implementing a self-join to generate * the full neighbor pairing for each vertex. The number of neighbor pairs * is (n choose 2) which is quadratic in the vertex degree. *

            * The third operation, {@link GenerateGroupPairs}, processes groups of size * {@link #groupSize} and emits {@code O(groupSize * deg(vertex))} pairs. *

            * This input to the third operation is still quadratic in the vertex degree. * Two prior operations, {@link GenerateGroupSpans} and {@link GenerateGroups}, * each emit datasets linear in the vertex degree, with a forced rebalance * in between. {@link GenerateGroupSpans} first annotates each edge with the * number of groups and {@link GenerateGroups} emits each edge into each group. * * @param ID type */ @ForwardedFields(\"0->1; 1->2\") private static class GenerateGroupSpans implements GroupReduceFunction>, Tuple4> { private final int groupSize; private IntValue groupSpansValue = new IntValue(); private Tuple4 output = new Tuple4<>(groupSpansValue, null, null, new IntValue()); public GenerateGroupSpans(int groupSize) { this.groupSize = groupSize; } @Override public void reduce(Iterable>> values, Collector> out) throws Exception { int groupCount = 0; int groupSpans = 1; groupSpansValue.setValue(groupSpans); for (Edge> edge : values) { long degree = edge.f2.f1.getValue(); if (degree > Integer.MAX_VALUE) { throw new RuntimeException(\"Degree overflows IntValue\"); } // group span, u, v, d(v) output.f1 = edge.f0; output.f2 = edge.f1; output.f3.setValue((int)degree); out.collect(output); if (++groupCount == groupSize) { groupCount = 0; groupSpansValue.setValue(++groupSpans); } } } } /** *"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the Academy of Bordeaux and the ACSE, the institute has set up a social diversification program through an integrated preparation system in 24 secondary schools in the region of Aquitaine in order to promote access to the establishment of pupils from less favored social categories. This program, entitled \"Sciences Po Bordeaux, I Can Because I Want It!\" 1,183 high school students in Aquitaine benefited from this program between 2006 and 2013, 965 has been admitted to the entrance tests and 103 were admitted. Because of this initiative, 30% of its students has received a scholarship of Tertiary Education, highest rate among the 9 Institutes of Political Studies in France. The First Cycle: The Bachelor of Political Studies The first cycle is equivalent to a bachelor's degree in political studies. The objective of the first cycle is to expose students to disciplines in which they are based on (law, political science, history, economics, international relations, sociology, geography), the acquisition of working methods of Sciences Po and the strengthening two foreign languages besides French. Each year consists of 60 ECTS credits: The first year is a year of initial training and acquisition of working methods The second year consists of a year of compulsory exchange, in the form of a year of study or an internship. Sciences Po Bordeaux has more than 250 academic partner universities in Europe and the rest of the world. Students are also allowed to pursue their studies in France, in a different institution. The third year is a year of consolidation and"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Side Effect --- > int a = 0; a = a++; So, what the value of **a** ? ### What's the Side Effect Accessing a volatile object, modifying an object, modifying a file, or calling a function that does any of thoseoperations are all side effects, which are changes in the state of the execution environment. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 \u300aISO/IEC 9899:201x\u300b \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a changes\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f int num = 0; \uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf num \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a side effect\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06 num \u8d4b\u503c 0 \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a side effect\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u73af\u5883\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u6ca1\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6761\u8bed\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053 num \u7684\u503c\u4e3a 0 \u4e86\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a Sequence Point\u3002 ### What's the Sequence Point The following are the sequence points described in 5.1.2.3: * Between the evaluations of the function designator and actual arguments in a function call and the actual call. (6.5.2.2). * Between the evaluations of the first and second operands of the following operators: logical AND && (6.5.13); logical OR || (6.5.14); comma , (6.5.17). * Between the evaluations of the first operand of the conditional ? : operator and whichever of the second and third operands is evaluated (6.5.15). * The end of a full declarator: declarators (6.7.6); * Between the evaluation of a full expression and the next full expression to be evaluated. The following are full expressions: an initializer that is not part of a compound literal (7.7.9); the expression in an expression statement (6.8.3); the controlling expression of a selection statement (if or switch) (6.8.4); the controlling expression of a while or do statement (6.8.5); each of the (optional) expressions of a for statement (6.8.5.3); the (optional) expression in a return statement (6.8.6.4). * Immediately"}, {"title": "", "text": "Maternal iodine deficiency can compromise the thyroid status of the mother, fetus and newborn child. Therefore, it is important to assess the iodine excretion level of groups of pregnant women. In this study we aimed to determine iodine intake in pregnancy using a recently reported automated kinetic method for urinary iodine determination. Urinary iodine measurements of 123 pregnant women (18 first, 28 second and 77 third trimester) were carried out using a new automated kinetic assay based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction at 37 degrees C and its kinetic measurement at 340 nm in a random-access automated analyzer after ammonium persulfate digestion at 95 degrees C in a water bath with +/-0.1 degree C precision. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software. Whole group, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester urinary iodine concentrations (mean+/-SD) in pregnant women were 1.13+/-0.81, 1.08+/-0.71, 0.86+/-0.58 and 1.27+/-0.87 micromol/L, respectively. The urinary iodine concentration significantly increased with gestational age (p<0.05). We found that our study group was mildly iodine-deficient according to WHO criteria. Furthermore, the pregnant women were found to be mildly iodine-deficient in the first and third trimesters and moderately so in the second trimester. The only statistical difference was between second and third trimester values (p<0.05). Even though the increased iodine deficiency in the second trimester is not useful for early detection of iodine deficiency in pregnancy, the severity of this deficiency in the second trimester may lead to important effects on thyroid metabolism for both mother and fetus. Our study suggests that the iodine excretion of pregnant"}, {"title": "", "text": "/** * Gets the shortest angle between `angle1` and `angle2`. * * Both angles must be in the range -180 to 180, which is the same clamped * range that `sprite.angle` uses, so you can pass in two sprite angles to * this method and get the shortest angle back between the two of them. * * The angle returned will be in the same range. If the returned angle is * greater than 0 then it's a counter-clockwise rotation, if < 0 then it's * a clockwise rotation. * * @function Phaser.Math.Angle.ShortestBetween * @since 3.0.0 * * @param {number} angle1 - The first angle in the range -180 to 180. * @param {number} angle2 - The second angle in the range -180 to 180. * * @return {number} The shortest angle, in degrees. If greater than zero it's a counter-clockwise rotation. */ var ShortestBetween = function (angle1, angle2) { var difference = angle2 - angle1; if (difference === 0) { return 0; } var times = Math.floor((difference - (-180)) / 360); return difference - (times * 360); }; module.exports = ShortestBetween;"}, {"title": "", "text": "API solves X! Let's talk about the history of the problem, how the API solves it, and next steps for you to use this new API. I've seen (and given) so many programming talks that jump directly into the technical details \u2013 bypassing the context of _why_ what the audience is about to hear is important. There isn't just one way to structure a talk, but it's important that I structure it somehow. Jumping directly to details is a really easy way to lose my audience before I've even gotten to the third slide. I generally structure my talks in this format: - A story relevant to my message. - The agenda, usually three points. - Those three points. - Conclusion, which ties back to the story at the beginning. Sometimes I have only two points, and sometimes four (if one is small). The points are essentially the answer to \"what the audience needs to hear\" from the focus step. Even talks about programming need structure. ## Design So, design. This is the part that people usually skip directly to, but design is useless without a profile, focus, and structure. Actually, no \u2013 design can be _worse than useless_ without sufficient forethought. Designing slides first can actually _harm_ the ability to convey a message, by distracting the audience. Just like there's a difference between what I want to say and what the audience needs to hear, there is a difference between the slides I want to make and the slides that will actually help my talk."}, {"title": "", "text": "Body weights of 396 first and 205 second lactation cows in the first, second, third, and fourth generations of the dairy cattle crossbreeding project at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station were studied. Body weights were taken regularly on each animal during the first 9 mo of each lactation with the first weight being taken 3 to 4 days after parturition and subsequent weights at intervals of 30 days thereafter. Among least-squares means there was a decrease in body weight during the first 1 or 2 mo of lactation and a steady increase thereafter in all breed groups for both first and second lactations. There were differences between cows as well as between months for all breed groups in each generation for both lactations. Sums of squares for months were partitioned into linear, quadratic, and cubic components. A third degree polynomial was fitted for each breed group within each generation and separately for each lactation showing the changes in body weights."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Relationship between pressure and temperature https://youtu.be/JzuamK0AyC4 According to this clip\u2019s experiment, if the temperature of the third bottle increases, which raises the pressure, the water from the second bottle will then rise and could flow to the third bottle if the temperature is high enough. Can anyone explain to me why that is? A: Its more about creating vacuum than temperature difference. The same can be done using vacuum pipe. Let us number the bottles first in the order they are arranged from left to right as 1, 2 and 3. In the beginning , the pressure at both the ends of the tube connecting $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ became equal and that's why the height of the liquid was stable. $P_{o} + (density \\; of \\; liquid)gh = P_{air}+ (density \\; of \\; liquid)gh$ In the clip it is shown that when the burning candle is kept inside the $3^{rd}$ bottle , the oxygen of the third bottle is being used up and after sometime in the third bottle there is no air or it is vaccum (although there may be some sort of nitrogen gas I think , correct me if I am wrong here). Now due to this vacuum or lesser air, the air from the $2^{nd}$ bottle goes to the third bottle and due to this, the amount of air in the second bottle is reduced. Now due to this reduction there is a reduction in the pressure acting on the fluid from the air i.e. $P_{air} $ in the above equation"}, {"title": "", "text": "variable pair, the results may not be as expected:: $template = 'Hello, {firstname} {lastname} ({degrees}{degree} {/degrees})'; $data = array( 'degree' => 'Mr', 'firstname' => 'John', 'lastname' => 'Doe', 'degrees' => array( array('degree' => 'BSc'), array('degree' => 'PhD') ) ); $this->parser->parse_string($template, $data); Result: Hello, John Doe (Mr Mr ) View Fragments ============== You do not have to use variable pairs to get the effect of iteration in your views. It is possible to use a view fragment for what would be inside a variable pair, and to control the iteration in your controller instead of in the view. An example with the iteration controlled in the view:: $template = '

            '; $data = array( 'menuitems' => array( array('title' => 'First Link', 'link' => '/first'), array('title' => 'Second Link', 'link' => '/second'), ) ); $this->parser->parse_string($template, $data); Result: - First Link - Second Link An example with the iteration controlled in the controller, using a view fragment:: $temp = ''; $template1 = '
          • {title}
          • '; $data1 = array( array('title' => 'First Link', 'link' => '/first'), array('title' => 'Second Link', 'link' => '/second'), ); foreach ($data1 as $menuitem) { $temp .= $this->parser->parse_string($template1, $menuitem, TRUE); } $template = '
              {menuitems}
            '; $data = array( 'menuitems' => $temp ); $this->parser->parse_string($template, $data); Result: - First Link - Second Link *************** Class Reference *************** .. class:: CI_Parser .. method:: parse($template, $data[, $return = FALSE]) :param string $template: Path to view file :param array $data: Variable data :param bool $return: Whether to only return the parsed template :returns: Parsed template string :rtype: string Parses a template"}, {"title": "", "text": "a star. Most of them played under an alias so that their parishioners wouldn't know what they were up to on those long weekends in London.\" Wayte's alias was \"W.H.C.\" Wayte played in a number of tournaments in Britain between 1861 and 1893. In 1868, he finished second with 6.5 of 9 possible points, behind Rev. Thorold (8.5 points) at the 4th Counties Chess Association Congress in York. In 1871, he again finished second with 6.5 of 9 possible points, behind Arthur Skipworth (7 points), at the 3rd British Chess Association Challenge Cup in Malvern. In 1872, he finished third in the first-class section at the 8th Counties Chess Association Congress in Malvern with 10.5 of 14 possible points, behind Revs. Ranken (12 points) and Thorold (11.5 points). In 1873, he finished second with 7 of 9 possible points, behind Skipworth (8 points) at the 9th Counties Chess Association Congress in Bristol. In 1876, Wayte scored 9 of 12 possible points, tying for 2nd\u20134th, with James Minchin and Rev. Owen, behind Amos Burn (11 points). In 1877, he defeated Minchin in a match held in London (11 wins, 1 draw, 7 losses). At London 1878, he won the Loewenthal Cup, scoring an undefeated 13 of 14 possible points in the double round robin event. At London 1879, he again won the Loewenthal Cup, scoring 9 of 12 possible points in a triple round robin format. With his chess career advancing, Wayte left his professor position at the University College London in 1879. In 1881, he finished"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the spectrum And that's it. In practice the first point is often not used when classifying a supernova and instead an alternate spectroscopic characteristic is used: 1. Silicon lines are present in the spectrum Other supernova classes have different spectral lines in their spectra. Despite the fact that this classification scheme is not based on what the supernova really *is*, it so happens that Type Ia supernovae are physically quite different from other kinds of supernova, which are collectively referred to as core-collapse supernovae. Although there are many open questions about core-collapse supernovae, the basic picture is that core collapse supernovae occur when massive stars (at least 8 $$M_{\\odot}$$ or so) run out of nuclear fuel to burn at the end of their lives. Type Ia supernovae are a completely different kind of phenomenon. What we do know from the spectroscopic properties and the shape of the light curve is that Type Ia supernovae are exploding white dwarfs. Most white dwarfs are made principally of carbon and oxygen, and if the density of the white dwarf gets large enough, the carbon and oxgyen can be made to undergo a runaway thermonuclear reaction. In this reaction, the carbon and oxygen of the white dwarf burns all the way to $$^{56}$$Ni, which is an unstable isotope with a half-life of 9 days. The $$^{56}$$Ni then decays to $$^{56}$$Co, which is also unstable with a half-life of 114 days. The $$^{56}$$Co then decays to $$^{56}$$Fe, which is stable. It is the radioactive decay of nickel and cobalt that"}, {"title": "", "text": "President following the creation of the EU was Jacques Delors, who briefly continued his previous EEC tenure before handing over to Jacques Santer in 1994. The first pillar was the only one established according to then-innovative principles of supranationalism. The pillar structure of the EU allowed the areas of European co-operation to be increased without leaders handing a large amount of power to supranational institutions. The pillar system segregated the EU. What were formerly the competencies of the EEC fell within the European Communities pillar. Justice and Home Affairs was introduced as a new pillar while European Political Cooperation became the second pillar (the Common Foreign and Security Policy). The Communities institutions became the institutions of the EU but the roles of the institutions between the pillars are different. The commission, Parliament and Court of Justice are largely cut out of activities in the second and third pillars, with the Council dominating proceedings. This is reflected in the names of the institutions, the council is formally the \"Council of the European Union\" while the commission is formally the \"Commission of the European Communities\". This allowed the new areas to be based on intergovernmentalism (unanimous agreement between governments) rather than majority voting and independent institutions according to supranational democracy. However, after the Treaty of Maastricht, Parliament gained a much bigger role. Maastricht brought in the codecision procedure, which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters. Hence, with the greater powers of the supranational institutions and the operation of Qualified Majority Voting in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: >- An Interesting Demonstration of the Difference between RecyclerView layoutPosition and adapterPosition date: 2018-07-25 14:31:32 tags: [android, dev] --- No. The title of this article is quite misleading, but I could not thinks of a better one that remains concise. A view's position in a RecyclerView's layout is definitely different from its position in the adapter attached to it. But we're addressing another subtile topic: the difference between [RecyclerView.ViewHolder](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView.ViewHolder)'s [`getLayoutPosition`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView.ViewHolder#getlayoutposition) method and its [`getAdapterPosition`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView.ViewHolder.html#getAdapterPosition()) method. ## Motivations Quoting from the Android documentation of `RecyclerView.ViewHolder#getAdapterPosition()` method > Note that this might be different than the getLayoutPosition() if there are pending adapter updates but a new layout pass has not happened yet. \"Fine, now it's clear to me that this method is different from RecyclerView's `getLayoutPosition()` method. \", that's what occurred to me the first time I read that doc. That being thought, I would still ponder about which between the two to choose from, when required to find a RecyclerView child view's position given a reference to that view. And my solution has eventually become \"using neither of the two\", because there's a third solution, namely to rely on `LayoutManager`'s [`getPosition`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView.LayoutManager#getposition) method. It's worth noting that no magic is going on here, as its implementation is simply redirecting to `getLayoutPosition()`: ```java public int getPosition(View view) { return ((RecyclerView.LayoutParams) view.getLayoutParams()).getViewLayoutPosition(); } ``` I thought it was no big deal until the following happened. ## The messed-up margins The symptom, in one line, is that RecyclerView item decorations are messed up after child items got swapped. Here's what"}, {"title": "", "text": "showBoolDiff :: Bool -> Text -> Text showBoolDiff True what = mconcat [\"column is \", what, \" in database, even though it shouldn't be\"] showBoolDiff False what = mconcat [\"column is not \", what, \" in database, even though it should be\"] -- | Get a description of the table by the given name currently in the database. describeTable :: MonadSelda m => TableName -> m TableInfo describeTable tbl = withBackend (liftIO . flip getTableInfo tbl) -- | Check the given table for consistency with the current database, returning -- a description of all inconsistencies found. -- The table schema itself is not validated beforehand. diffTable :: MonadSelda m => Table a -> m TableDiff diffTable tbl = do dbInfos <- describeTable (tableName tbl) return $ diffColumns (tableInfo tbl) dbInfos -- | Compute the difference between the two given tables. -- The first table is considered to be the schema, and the second the database. diffTables :: Table a -> Table b -> TableDiff diffTables schema db = diffColumns (tableInfo schema) (tableInfo db) -- | Compute the difference between the columns of two tables. -- The first table is considered to be the schema, and the second the database. diffColumns :: TableInfo -> TableInfo -> TableDiff diffColumns inschema indb = case ( zipWith diffColumn infos dbInfos , map colName infos \\\\ map colName dbInfos , map colName dbInfos \\\\ map colName infos , tableUniqueGroups inschema \\\\ tableUniqueGroups indb , tableUniqueGroups indb \\\\ tableUniqueGroups inschema , tablePrimaryKey inschema \\\\ tablePrimaryKey indb , tablePrimaryKey indb \\\\ tablePrimaryKey inschema)"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Third Division Football Tournament for the 2007 season in the Maldives started on November 12, 2011. Maabaidhoo Sports Club went on to win the tournament without losing a single game. Stadiums The Football Association of Maldives decides to play the matches of this year's tournament in two different stadiums; FAM No: 1 Turf ground and Henveiru Stadium. Tournament format The 26 teams are divided into 6 groups in the first round. The team which tops the each group will be qualified to the second round. The 6 teams qualified to the second round again will be divided into 2 groups of 3 teams in each group. The winner of each group will play in the final of the tournament. Final External links Match day news (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Club Campo to second round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Maabaidhoo top the group by beating Muiveyo (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Eydhafushi knocked out by Maabaidhoo in the first round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Thimarafushi the first team to advance to second round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Kimbidhoo to second round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online 8 Degree to second round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online KudaHenveiru chances narrowed to advance to second round (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online Male' FC & Gaamagu wins last match (Dhivehi) at Haveeru Online References Maldivian Third Division Football Tournament seasons 3"}, {"title": "", "text": "them, but failed to agree. In June 1647, a troop of cavalry under Cornet George Joyce seized the King from Parliament's imprisonment. With the King now present, Cromwell was eager to find out what conditions the King would acquiesce to if his authority was restored. The King appeared to be willing to compromise, so Cromwell employed his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, to draw up proposals for a constitutional settlement. Proposals were drafted multiple times with different changes until finally the \"Heads of Proposals\" pleased Cromwell in principle and allowed for further negotiations. It was designed to check the powers of the executive, to set up regularly elected parliaments, and to restore a non-compulsory Episcopalian settlement. Many in the army, such as the Levellers led by John Lilburne, thought this was not enough and demanded full political equality for all men, leading to tense debates in Putney during the autumn of 1647 between Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton on the one hand, and Levellers like Colonel Rainsborough on the other. The Putney Debates broke up without reaching a resolution. Second Civil War The failure to conclude a political agreement with the King led eventually to the outbreak of the Second English Civil War in 1648, when the King tried to regain power by force of arms. Cromwell first put down a Royalist uprising in south Wales led by Rowland Laugharne, winning back Chepstow Castle on 25 May and six days later forcing the surrender of Tenby. The castle at Carmarthen was destroyed by burning; the much stronger castle at"}, {"title": "", "text": "word can consist of only a single vowel. An example is the verb stem /i-/, which means 'say.' Some of the longest roots are five or six syllables, like /mamantakarman/, which means 'land crab.' Yimas has predictable rules with regard to syllabification. In the middle of a word, if a consonant is between two vowels, the syllable boundary precedes the consonant: (V.CV). If two consonants are between two vowels, the syllable boundary falls between the consonants: (VC1.C2V). However, if C1 is a stop and C2 is /r/, the syllable boundary precedes C1: (V.C1C2V). Whenever three consonants are between two vowels, the syllable boundary comes after the first consonant: (VC1.C2C3V). Stress In Yimas, the primary accent lies in general on the first syllable of a word. In words with more than three syllables, the third syllable carries secondary stress. Below are some examples (where \u00b4 represents primary stress, and ` represents secondary stress): If the first syllable contains an epenthetic vowel but the second does not, then the second syllable is stressed. When the first as well as the second syllable contain epenthetic vowels, then the stress lies on the first syllable. Below are more examples, including words with stress on epenthetic vowels: The genitive suffix -na, which is used on personal pronouns, takes primary stress: ama-na-kn 'mine'. Stress is never the distinguishing factor between two words; i.e., two words cannot differ in meaning if they only differ in which syllable carries stress (as opposed to English, which distinguishes between the noun 'd\u00e9sert' and the verb 'des\u00e9rt')."}, {"title": "", "text": "According to the European Hypertension Guidelines regarding office blood pressure measurements (OBPMs), the mean between second/third or third/fourth OBPM should be taken if the first two readings differ by \u226410 or >10 mmHg, respectively. Our aim was to explore the value of the fourth OBPM and determine whether a simplified OBPM procedure is feasible without loss of quality. In this cross-sectional study, four standard OBPMs were taken. The mean of the second/third OBPM (S2S3/D2D3) and third/fourth OBPM (S3S4/D3D4) for systolic/diastolic values was calculated. Correlation, agreement, and differences regarding BP classification were explored for the entire cohort and subsets with a difference between the first/second OBPM (S1S2/D1D2) \u226410 and >10 mmHg. Overall (n = 802) and for the subsets with an S1S2 (n = 596) and D1D2 (n = 742) difference \u226410 mmHg, S3S4/D3D4 was in median 0.5 mmHg lower than S2S3/D2D3, respectively (p < .0005 for all). In participants with an S1S2 (n = 206) and D1D2 (n = 60) difference >10 mmHg, S3S4/D3D4 differed numerically from S2S3/D2D3, respectively (p > .1 for all). Overall and for all subsets with an S1S2/D1D2 difference \u226410/>10 mmHg, less subjects were numerically classified as hypertensive with S3S4/D3D4 than with S2S3/D2D3 (p > .04), but BP reclassification occurred in both directions in 1.0%-10.0%, depending on the cohort. In conclusion, the third/fourth OBPM results in lower BP values than the second/third measurement, regardless of the difference between first/second OBPM, whereby BP reclassifications occurred in both directions. Therefore, the cutoff of >10 versus \u226410mmHg difference between first/second OBPM to implement a fourth"}, {"title": "", "text": "access Graphene's stateful methods, you need to use Websockets. - What is the meaning of `a.b.c` numbers? The first number specifies the *space*. Space 1 is for protocol objects, 2 is for implementation objects. Protocol space objects can appear on the wire, for example in the binary form of transactions. Implementation space objects cannot appear on the wire and solely exist for implementation purposes, such as optimization or internal bookkeeping. The second number specifies the *type*. The type of the object determines what fields it has. For a complete list of type ID's, see `enum object_type` and `enum impl_object_type` in [types.hpp](https://github.com/bitshares/bitshares-2/blob/bitshares/libraries/chain/include/graphene/chain/protocol/types.hpp). The third number specifies the *instance*. The instance of the object is different for each individual object. - The answer to the previous question was really confusing. Can you make it clearer? All account ID's are of the form `1.2.x`. If you were the 9735th account to be registered, your account's ID will be `1.2.9735`. Account `0` is special (it's the \"committee account,\" which is controlled by the committee members and has a few abilities and restrictions other accounts do not). All asset ID's are of the form `1.3.x`. If you were the 29th asset to be registered, your asset's ID will be `1.3.29`. Asset `0` is special (it's BTS, which is considered the \"core asset\"). The first and second number together identify the kind of thing you're talking about (`1.2` for accounts, `1.3` for assets). The third number identifies the particular thing. - How do I get the `network_add_nodes` command to work? Why is"}, {"title": "", "text": "on this drunken man. What think you, if he were convey'd to bed, Wrapp'd in sweet clothes, rings put upon his fingers, A most delicious banquet by his bed, And brave attendants near him when he wakes, Would not the beggar then forget himself? First Huntsman Believe me, lord, I think he cannot choose. Second Huntsman It would seem strange unto him when he waked. Lord Even as a flattering dream or worthless fancy. Then take him up and manage well the jest: Carry him gently to my fairest chamber And hang it round with all my wanton pictures: Balm his foul head in warm distilled waters And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet: Procure me music ready when he wakes, To make a dulcet and a heavenly sound; And if he chance to speak, be ready straight And with a low submissive reverence Say 'What is it your honour will command?' Let one attend him with a silver basin Full of rose-water and bestrew'd with flowers, Another bear the ewer, the third a diaper, And say 'Will't please your lordship cool your hands?' Some one be ready with a costly suit And ask him what apparel he will wear; Another tell him of his hounds and horse, And that his lady mourns at his disease: Persuade him that he hath been lunatic; And when he says he is, say that he dreams, For he is nothing but a mighty lord. This do and do it kindly, gentle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Heimkehr (The Homecoming). In Schwanengesang, this song stands at the end of the Heine songs, although Heine's order is different and it has been argued that the sequence works better dramatically when the songs are performed in their order of appearance in the Buch der Lieder. This song's context requires some background in the Doppelg%C3%A4nger mythology to parse. Seeing one's own Doppelg\u00e4nger in this mythology implies that you are dead, so the middle of the piece reaches a peak as the singer realizes that the stranger is their Doppelg\u00e4nger. Immediately afterwards the piece becomes very quiet as the singer internally comes to terms with the reality that they did not, in fact, return from the war. Music \"Der Doppelg\u00e4nger\" is through-composed; each stanza's setting is different, but not altogether different: the song is a kind of passacaglia on the theme of the first four bars of the piano part. This ambiguous harmonic progression is made of chords that lack one note, leaving it unclear what the harmony is. The first chord lacks a third, so could be B major or B minor. The second has only the interval of a third, so it is unclear whether it is the first inversion of a D-sharp minor chord or the second inversion of F-sharp major. This ambiguity is only resolved with the entry of the voice, when the harmony of B minor with its dominant, F-sharp major, is established. The piano part, consisting almost entirely of block chords that gradually become denser, dominates the song and does much"}, {"title": "", "text": "The parish was canonically erected in 1832 and, after the first half of the nineteenth century saw the growth of a small hamlet around the church, became a parish municipality in 1855. The Saint-Mathieu Church burned and was rebuilt twice (in 1817 and 1895); the third one still stands. Meanwhile, on 28 December 1848, the portion of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad linking Montreal to Saint-Hyacinthe opened, passing about south of the church. A station was built, and a second hamlet, Bel\u0153il-Station, soon grew around it. This second hamlet attracted upper-class vacationers from Montreal, who built summer homes along the Richelieu river with views of the mountain. The railway bridge between Bel\u0153il-Station and Mont-Saint-Hilaire was, in 1864, the site of the worst train disaster in the history of Canada when a passenger train plunged off the open bridge into the Richelieu river, killing 99. In 1878, industrialization began in Bel\u0153il when the Hamilton Powder Company established an explosives factory a little to the south of Bel\u0153il-Station, in what would eventually become McMasterville. In 1903, the two hamlets (around the Church and Bel\u0153il-Station), dissatisfied with the aqueduct service in the parish municipality of Saint-Mathieu-de-Bel\u0153il, requested and were granted permission to become the village of Bel\u0153il, whose population reached nearly 700 inhabitants in 1911. By 1914, the village had grown further, sufficiently so to become the ville (city) of Bel\u0153il. Over these early years, the city developed its aqueduct and electricity networks. The city remained largely isolated from Montreal, except by train, owing to poorly organized road"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ethar El-Katatney is a Saudi Arabian-born Egyptian journalist. Early life and education Born in Saudi Arabia, raised in Egypt, and educated in Western schools, El-Katatney has an undergraduate business degree from the American University in Cairo where she was editor-in-chief of the student newspaper. As an undergraduate, she was selected as one of six students to blog on the AUC Website., and during her commencement she gave the graduation speech and was nominated for the Parent's Association cup. El-Katatney graduated in June 2011 with two graduate degrees from the same university, an MBA and an MA in television and digital journalism. Career In 2006, El-Katatney travelled to England with Amr Khaled, the popular Egyptian televangelist, for a three-week youth training program. She later joined him in an Islamic talk show called Human Insights that aired Ramadan 2006, and was a participant in his reality TV show Steklovata which aired in 2010. She was eliminated in the semi-final episode, and was ranked third. Her investigative piece Dangerous Blood on Hepatitis C in Egypt won second place in a program held by the International Center for Journalists in 2008, while her story The Business of Islam won the Economics and Business award in the CNN MultiChoice African Journalist of the Year 2009 award, making her the first Egyptian to win one of the prestigious awards. In addition, her story Identity Crisis 101 was the winner of the Anna Lindh Mediterranean Journalist Award in 2009. El-Katatney travels all over the world for conferences promoting dialogue between different religions and"}, {"title": "", "text": "along with AV disassociation. What is the diagnosis? What is the diagnosis of the fatal rhythm in this ECG with erratic waves of variable morphology? Which of the following is false regarding this ECG? What is the most common cause of the ECG in this picture that has a delayed AV node conduction? In this ECG we note a prolonged PR interval prior to the block and that there is a P wave without a QRS complex. What is the diagnosis? What is the arrow pointing to in this ECG? What type of AV block is seen in this ECG? What's the different between Mobitz type I second degree AV block and Mobitz type II? What kind of AV block is seen in this ECG? What is the ECG criteria seen in a third degree AV block? What is the most common cause of a first degree AV block and a Mobitz type I second degree AV block? What is the most common cause of a third degree AV block and a Mobitz type II second degree AV block? What kind of AV block is pictured in this ECG? Is this a right or a left bundle branch block? No P waves (no fibrillation/ flutter waves), normal QRS appearance seen in the ECG is consistent with which arrhythmia? Which electrolyte abnormality could be the casue of this abnormal ECG? Which AV block is associated with this ECG where there are more conducted P waves than non conducted P waves? Which arrhythmias are associatedw ith hypokalemia? What"}, {"title": "", "text": "to compensate for this difference due to the delayed burn in the first LOI maneuver; the additional required delta-V for the second LOI was 34 m/s when the delayed burn interval increased to 10 min. Based on this analysis, the tolerance in the delayed burn interval can be investigated for the KPLO program, and a contingency plan can be prepared for a potential delayed burn for the first LOI maneuver. ## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) under a contract with the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) through the \u201cDevelopment of Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter and Key Technologies for the Second Stage Lunar Exploration\u201d project (No. SR17026). ## Figure Geometry of the nominal and delayed LOI maneuver burns. Captured lunar orbit after LOI maneuvers (green line: first captured lunar orbit, white line: second captured lunar orbit, purple line: third captured lunar orbit). Timing of the two numerical simulation cases compared to the nominal case. Captured lunar orbit with a delayed LOI burn (green line: nominal first captured lunar orbit, white line: premature first captured lunar orbit, yellow line: delayed first captured lunar orbit). Difference in the semimajor axis between the desired and delayed lunar orbits. Difference in the eccentricity between the desired and delayed lunar orbits. Difference in the inclination between the desired and delayed lunar orbits. Difference in the RAAN between the desired and delayed lunar orbits. Difference in the AOP between the desired and delayed lunar orbits. Difference in the orbit period between the desired and delayed lunar"}, {"title": "", "text": "it would be interesting to set a story in a world where the \"dark lord\" triumphed and the \"prophesied hero\" failed. His second idea, originally unrelated, was to tell a heist story in a fantasy setting, an idea inspired by the Ocean's film series. The idea for the titular mist came while he was driving through mist in Idaho, which he combined with his memories of having once seen Washington National Cathedral lit from the inside. He originally developed feruchemy and allomancy for separate stories before deciding to bring them together in one story. Sanderson began work on Mistborn: The Final Empire while trying to get his earlier novel Elantris published. After writing two early iterations of Mistborn, he shifted his focus to his Stormlight Archive series, but chose to delay its publication in favor of completing the Mistborn series, which he thought would serve as a better follow-up to Elantris. Publication and future The original trilogy published by Sanderson was the first in what he used to call a \"trilogy of trilogies.\" Sanderson planned to publish multiple trilogies all set on the fictional planet Scadrial but in different eras: the second trilogy was to be set in an urban setting, featuring modern technology, and the third trilogy was to be a science fiction series, set in the far future. However, this structure changed with the release of The Alloy of Law, which began a new series set between the first trilogy and the planned second trilogy. After some confusion, Sanderson decided to refer to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of second and third year courses from the bachelor's degree) in order for the student to attain the requirements equivalent to a student who studied towards an undergraduate degree. Singapore The graduate diploma is an academic or vocational qualification; as an academic qualification it is often taken after a bachelor's degree although sometimes only a foundation degree is required. It is usually awarded by a university or a graduate school and usually takes two terms of study to complete. It is also possible for academic graduate diploma holders to progress to a master's degree on an accelerated pathway compared to first embarking on a 3- or 4-year degree program. To ensure that the graduate diploma qualification is recognised, the awarding body must be registered with the Singapore Ministry of Education, like SUSS, NUS, JCU, SIPMM, etc. The graduate diploma is generally a professional conversion qualification to reskill a graduate with new specialised skills, for instance the GDipPsy - Graduate Diploma in Psychology is aimed at offering specialised skills in psychology. See also postgraduate diploma. The graduate diploma is offered at different levels by different institutions. The National University of Singapore requires study at master's level, but the graduate diplomas at the Singapore University of Social Sciences are UK (i.e. bachelor's-level) graduate diplomas awarded by the University of London and similarly the Ngee Ann - Adelaide Education Centre offers Australian graduate diplomas (i.e. Australian honours degree level) awarded by the University of Adelaide. The Graduate Diploma of Singapore Raffles Music College is a post-foundation degree qualification rather"}, {"title": "", "text": "sequentially to operatively urge (924) a second RSS section in a second azimuthal direction substantially different from the first azimuthal direction (such as the azimuthal direction 150 shown in FIG. 6); and actuating the steering pads of a third RSS section sequentially to operatively urge (926) a third RSS section in a third azimuthal direction substantially different from the second azimuthal direction. The second azimuthal direction may be substantially opposite the first azimuthal direction, and the third azimuthal direction may be substantially similar to the first azimuthal direction. For example, the first and third azimuthal directions may each be angularly offset from the second azimuthal direction by an amount ranging between about 175 degrees and about 185 degrees. The method (900) may further comprise operating (930) the controller to control the rotational valves of the RSS modules to, simultaneously: actuate the steering pads of the first RSS section to operatively centralize (932) the first RSS section within the wellbore; actuate the steering pads of the second RSS section to operatively centralize (934) the second RSS section within the wellbore; and sequentially actuate the steering pads of the third RSS section to steer (936) the RSS with the third RSS section by urging the third RSS section in an azimuthal direction away from a longitudinal axis of the first and second RSS modules. FIG. 10 is a schematic view of at least a portion of apparatus according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The apparatus is or comprises a processing system 1300 that may"}, {"title": "", "text": "@param Normal1 Second normalized vector. * @param ParallelCosineThreshold Normals are parallel if absolute value of dot product (cosine of angle between them) is greater than or equal to this. For example: cos(1.0 degrees). * @return true if vectors are nearly parallel, false otherwise. */ static bool Parallel(const FVector& Normal1, const FVector& Normal2, float ParallelCosineThreshold = THRESH_NORMALS_ARE_PARALLEL); /** * See if two normal vectors are coincident (nearly parallel and point in the same direction). * * @param Normal1 First normalized vector. * @param Normal2 Second normalized vector. * @param ParallelCosineThreshold Normals are coincident if dot product (cosine of angle between them) is greater than or equal to this. For example: cos(1.0 degrees). * @return true if vectors are coincident (nearly parallel and point in the same direction), false otherwise. */ static bool Coincident(const FVector& Normal1, const FVector& Normal2, float ParallelCosineThreshold = THRESH_NORMALS_ARE_PARALLEL); /** * See if two normal vectors are nearly orthogonal (perpendicular), meaning the angle between them is close to 90 degrees. * * @param Normal1 First normalized vector. * @param Normal2 Second normalized vector. * @param OrthogonalCosineThreshold Normals are orthogonal if absolute value of dot product (cosine of angle between them) is less than or equal to this. For example: cos(89.0 degrees). * @return true if vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular), false otherwise. */ static bool Orthogonal(const FVector& Normal1, const FVector& Normal2, float OrthogonalCosineThreshold = THRESH_NORMALS_ARE_ORTHOGONAL); /** * See if two planes are coplanar. They are coplanar if the normals are nearly parallel and the planes include the same set of points. * * @param Base1"}, {"title": "", "text": "occasional drops sets. This has been my most effective and efficient means to achieve gains and build mass. When it comes to sets, I typically perform 2 working sets and an additional 1 to 2 warm-up sets. If I have truly gone to failure during the first and second sets, the third set is usually much weaker and tends to have an unintended impact of reducing my motivation. So that third set usually doesn't happen for me! Remember, the key here is to get stronger over 8 to 10 reps, not to have the endurance to run high repetitions for 3, 4, or even 5 sets! If you can max out on a rep range of 8 to 10 reps for more than 5 sets, you are not reaching failure in those first few sets and/or you could be resting for too long between sets. Increase your weight, lower your rep count, and watch the clock. Try to rest somewhere between 45 seconds and 1 minute and 15 seconds between sets, no longer. Feeling \"the burn\" in your muscles over the duration of a long set will not necessarily cause efficient muscle growth. Attempting to max-out every rep within a set or lifting insanely heavy weights to the point your whole body is shaking and the capillaries in your eyes begin to burst will not help much either. What WILL help: understanding that muscle growth is stimulated from resistance exercises and a combination of mechanical tension and fatigue induced metabolic stress and to some degree, muscle"}, {"title": "", "text": "carried out was maintained (between 20,000 and 25,000 PCR and between 7,000 and 10,000 antigen ones), with the health authority reporting on 7 September 5,327 new infections in the last 24 hours, after 21,856 PCR tests and 8,760 antigen tests were processed, while in the previous three days over 8,000 infections were reported on average, thus signaling a decreasing trend. Daily deaths also dropped, going down to 203 that day and going back to levels reached one or two months prior. On 10 September, Health Minister Fernando Ruiz made an analysis of the situation of the pandemic in the country six months after its onset. According to Ruiz, the pandemic had developed in the country in a similar way to that of the rest of the world, and identified four moments according to the degree of affectation of the different cities of the country. A first moment, with a very quick, high and severe impact was experienced in Leticia, with affectation in said city being more similar to the situation in Brazil, and later a second moment in coastal cities such as Barranquilla, Cartagena, Buenaventura and Tumaco, as well as Quibd\u00f3. The third wave, which was being experienced at the moment, involved peaks in the main cities such as Bogot\u00e1, Medell\u00edn, and Cali, while a fourth wave was being expected in middle cities such as Bucaramanga, C\u00facuta, Popay\u00e1n, Pasto and others with a slower growth of cases such as Manizales in which positive cases were already starting to spike. Finally, there would be a last moment"}, {"title": "", "text": "Elantris was published by Tor Books on April 21, 2005, to generally positive reviews. This was followed in 2006 by Mistborn: The Final Empire, the first book in his Mistborn fantasy trilogy, in which \"allomancers\"\u2014people with the ability to 'burn' metals and alloys after ingesting them\u2014gain enhanced senses and control over powerful supernatural forces. He published the second book of the Mistborn series The Well of Ascension in 2007. Later that year, Sanderson published the children's novel Alcatraz Versus the Evil Librarians, about a boy named Alcatraz with a talent for breaking things. Alcatraz confronts a group of evil librarians who are bent on taking over the world. The first of his \"laws of magic\" were first published in 2007, with the second and third published in 2012 and 2013 (respectively). In 2008, the third and final book in the Mistborn trilogy was published, titled The Hero of Ages, as well as the second book in the Alcatraz series, titled Alcatraz Versus the Scrivener's Bones. That same year, he started the podcast Writing Excuses with Howard Tayler and Dan Wells. The Wheel of Time Sanderson rose to prominence in late 2007 when Harriet McDougal, the wife and editor of author Robert Jordan, chose Sanderson to complete the final books in Jordan's epic fantasy series The Wheel of Time after Jordan's death. McDougal asked Sanderson to finish the series after being deeply impressed by his first Mistborn novel, The Final Empire. Tor Books made the announcement on December 7, 2007. After reviewing what was necessary to complete"}, {"title": "", "text": "seconds after liftoff from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre. Boosters shutdown 2 minutes and 7 seconds after liftoff, separation from the first stage one second latter. First stage shutdown takes place at 1 minutes 25 seconds into the flight. The separation between the first and second stage takes place at 1 minute 26 seconds, following fairing separation at T+3 minutes 35 seconds. Stage 2 main engine shutdown occurs 326 seconds into the flight, following by the shutdown of the vernier engines 15 seconds later. The separation between the second and the third stage and the ignition of the third stage takes place one second after the shutdown of the vernier engines of the second stage. The first burn of the third stage will last for 4 minutes and 44 seconds. After the end of the first burn of the third stage follows a coast phase that ends at T+20 minutes and 58 seconds with the third stage initiating its second burn. This will have a 179 seconds duration. After the end of the second burn of the third stage, the launcher initiates a 20 second velocity adjustment maneuver. Spacecraft separation usually takes place at T+25 minutes 38 seconds after launch. Equipped with two launch pads (LC2 and LC3), the centre has a dedicated railway and highway lead directly to the launch site. The Command and Control Centre is located seven kilometers south-west of the launch pad, providing flight and safety control during launch rehearsal and launch. The CZ-3B launch pad is located at 28.25 deg. N"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: What are the differences between burning a DVD when offered either MP4 480p and DVD ISO? I'm using an iMac and once I've completed the burn onto a DVD, I would like to make it as easy as possible for people to view the DVD with most computers. I am given a choice of downloading my images and music with either MP4 480p and DVD ISO. What are the differences?Also, is there a difference in quality between the two? A: You want DVD ISO. A \"proper\" DVD uses MPEG2 - so MP4 will not be playable on \"DVD only\" players, where a DVD ISO will. I don't believe you can make a call as to which will provide better performance. MP4 will typically make much smaller files (or better quality video) for the same file size, although 480p is not a very big standard. That said, if you don't have that much content you can proabably get similar quality images out of each format, ie if you have way less then 1 disks worth of information at ISO DVD quality and you increase the bit rate (if its an option), you can land up with just as high a quality output - the only disadvantage will be working with larger files and thus longer disk burn times. I'm only about 90% sure, but there probably won't be any difference in audio quality - although to some degree it depends on how the audio is encoded. I Believe both MP4 and DVD can use AAC audio,"}, {"title": "", "text": "first outside perimeter 170 and the second outside perimeter 188 are the same as the disk 60 illustrated in FIGS. 4-7. The third hollow projection 230 interlocks with the cavity 226 of an adjacent disk in only one orientation. For example, the third hollow projection 230 is oriented with its apexes 222 offset from the apexes 184 of the first segment 168 and the apexes 198 of the second segment 186 by, for example, approximately thirty degrees. When the third hollow projection 230 of the disk 160 interlocks with a cavity 226 of an adjacent disk 160, the adjacent disk 160 is offset by the same degree of offset between the apexes 222 of the third hollow projection 230 and the apexes 184 of the first segment 168. Thus, the offset of the apexes 222 of the third hollow projection 230 compared to the apexes 184 of the first segment 168 determines the degree of offset between the apexes 184 of adjacent disks. When the apexes 222 of the third hollow projection 230 are rotated by thirty degrees as compared to the apexes 184 of the first segment 168, the disk 160 will interlock or nest with an adjacent disk 160 such that the apexes 184 of adjacent disks are offset by thirty degrees. Other embodiments can have different offsets, for example, approximately forty-five degrees. The disk 160 is used in a roller assembly configuration where adjacent disks are offset from each other, for example as described in FIGS. 8-12 and roller assembly 38. With reference"}, {"title": "", "text": "interest in earlier times, Vivette's grandmother Vivette (17), Rose's goddaughter, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri's second love interest Patron Marc, Rose's brother, a Rh\u00f4ne sailor Mitifio (30), a Gardian Synopsis The Overture (\u2116 1) begins with five different orchestrations of the March of the Kings, and concludes with the first of several quotations in the score of L\u2019Innocent\u2019s theme, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri\u2019s theme. Act 1 Tableau 1: The farm at Le Castelet In Scene 1, Francet Mama\u00ef tells Balthazar of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri\u2019s passion for a girl from Arles. Both agree that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri would be better off marrying a local girl, such as Vivette Renauld. L\u2019Innocent, whose theme dominates the first m\u00e9lodrame (\u2116 2) and the next two numbers, wants Balthazar to finish his story in which a wolf attacks a goat. The next m\u00e9lodrame (\u2116 3) links the first and second scenes of the play, as Balthazar, continues telling the wolf story to l\u2019Innocent. The third m\u00e9lodrame (\u2116 4) accompanies an exchange between Vivette, Rose Mama\u00ef\u2019s god-daughter, and Balthazar, where the shepherd says he thinks something is stirring in l\u2019Innocent\u2019s mind. After a gay offstage chorus, a m\u00e9lodrame (\u2116 5), introduces the theme of Mitifio, who reveals that the Arl\u00e9sienne has been his mistress for two years. In the m\u00e9lodrame and final chorus (\u2116 6), Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri is about to go off to Arles, but Francet tells him what Mitifio said. The chorus bursts in with a reprise of \"Grand soleil de la Provence\", and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ri\u2019s theme accompanies his collapse by the well. Act 2 Tableau 1: At the \u00c9tang de Vaccar\u00e8s The"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.023634357377886772, -0.137141615152359, -0.12188001722097397, -0.11634442955255508, 0.015912987291812897, -0.08853534609079361, -0.12682878971099854, -0.10149883478879929, -0.14176306128501892, -0.0924653485417366, -0.10727962851524353, -0.10727962851524353, -0.14294572174549103, -0.12626762688159943, -0.12626762688159943, -0.11838631331920624, -0.14829134941101074, -0.15070182085037231, -0.09653203189373016, -0.12550146877765656, -0.14026136696338654, -0.11035635322332382, -0.12297031283378601, -0.12827634811401367, -0.09722555428743362, -0.11721616983413696, -0.11721616983413696, -0.1338033825159073, -0.13626772165298462, -0.15575836598873138, -0.08824001252651215, -0.11691465973854065, -0.10971945524215698, -0.12299789488315582, -0.1395568996667862, -0.12365680187940598, -0.12365662306547165, -0.11797384172677994, -0.07510479539632797, -0.06737635284662247, -0.1462370604276657, 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A first degree burn is considered a burn. It seems like he is saying something like the word slavery carries connotations that do not apply to having to eat and the other examples. And yes, if you were in a conversation with someone with third degree burns and you had first degree and you kept making them equivalent, rough day for both us, each burned, you would be trivializing their experience. But if you just got a little color, iow nothing a doctor would call even a first degree burn, it would be even more ridiculous. We use words to deliniate things. It's floppy, and often we can't come up with neat categories and even the burn scales have some grey areas. But if I run at you on the street pointing finger going bang bang and run past you, I didn't try to kill you, even if it was a bit scary. Or is your argument that there are ONLY differences in degree and never in kind and it would be irrational to ever say something was not in a category. Like if you went under a bright incandescent bulb you were burned, because perhaps one cell had its temperature raised to some extent? by Serendipper \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 9:22 pm Karpel Tunnel wrote: Getting a little color in your cheeks is not a burn. A first degree burn is considered a burn. It seems like he is saying something like the word slavery carries connotations that do not apply"}, {"title": "", "text": "and so on. First-degree burns are minor, and 5th\u00b0 burns are often catastrophic. These degrees include: First-degree \u2013 A minor first-degree burn injury only affects the skin\u2019s outer layer, like a mild sunburn, blister, or other heat exposure. Typically, victims with first-degree burns rarely have long-term damage to the affected area. Second-degree \u2013 A moderate second-degree burn injury typically damages the skin's dermis (underlying) layers, appearing swollen, red, wet, or shiny. At this stage, the burn will likely blister and hurt when touched. Superficial second-degree burns typically damage the dermis layer and do not cause scarring. Deep partial-thickness second-degree burns are more severe, causing permanent skin color changes Third-degree \u2013 This full-thickness burn injury usually destroys the skin\u2019s two upper layers, causing the skin to appear yellow, white, brown, or black. Usually, third-degree burns have only minimal pain because the nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree \u2013 Burn specialists identify fourth-degree burns as the most severe life-threatening burn, destroying every skin layer, and killing tissue, tendons, muscles, and bone. Fifth-degree \u2013 Typically, a fifth-degree burn injury surpasses fourth-degree burns when the ligaments and muscle layers have burned away, leaving charred bone, destroying skin and muscle, and loss of function. Every burn degree can worsen over time as the injury spreads. The injury can also cause significant complications, where joint and bone problems arise, or infection begins to develop. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), specific society segments are more at risk of suffering a burn injury than others. Contributing factors to a burn could include:"}, {"title": "", "text": "the seriousness of the burn on the skin; in other words, the severity of the damage, which the burn has one the skin. We have the First-Degree burn as the most minor, and the last one, the third-degree being the most severe. \u2022 First-Degree burn: a skin, which is nonblistered and red as well. \u2022 Second-Degree: you tend to experience the presence of blisters and a few thickening of the skin. \u2022 Third-Degree burn: a thickness, which is widespread; and this thickness has an appearance that\u2019s leathery and white. And to add to this, there exists fourth-degree burn, this type of burn has the whole symptoms of A third-degree burn, which means that it acts like the third-degree burn. But, the difference is, fourth-degree burn goes deep \u2014 beyond the skin \u2014 into bones as well as tendons. Burns consists of several causes, let\u2019s take a look at them. Know this, the cause of a burn doesn\u2019t determine the type of burn; what determines it is, how long that liquid or fire remains in contact with the skin. Looking at scalding, this very one can lead to the cause of the whole three degrees; want to know what it depends on? well, it depends on the level of hotness of the liquid and also, how long it touches the skin. If you encounter electrical or chemical burns, it\u2019s advisable that you, without hesitation, visit your doctor \u2014 because these burns have the ability to affect inside your body, even if the damage on the skin is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns & Weight Loss What Is the Difference Between a 2nd & 3rd Degree Burn? How Long Does It Take to Heal a Second Degree Burn? How to Treat Friction Burn How to Treat Cigarette Burns How to Treat an Oven Burn Why High Levels of Potassium in Burn Patients? By Helen Messina Burns require specific emergency care and continuous treatment. Preference is given to fluid hydration, swelling and its complications, establishing and maintaining an airway, nutritional supplements, a catheter for monitoring urine output, X-rays and possible skin grafts. Burns damage the skin, which protects the body from fluid loss and infection, and can result in renal failure, life-threatening infections, shock and death. Fluid loss alters the balance of potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and water, requiring constant replacement and monitoring. Types of Burns Burns result from exposure to heat from fire or liquids, electricity, chemicals and radiation. Categories of burns are first-degree, second-degree and third-degree. First-degree burns damage the epidermis or outer layer of tissue and result in redness and pain. Second-degree burns damage epidermal and dermal tissue, the second layer of skin, and result in redness, pain and blisters. Third-degree burns damage skin down to the nerves, muscles, tendons and possibly bones, leaving a charred appearance with no pain as a result of nerve damage. With minor burns, treatment can occur at home, in the doctor's office and the emergency room based on the size of the burned areas of the body affected. The care for second-degree and third-degree burns requires emergency room care and"}, {"title": "", "text": "saying a burn that is less than third degree is not a burn? by Karpel Tunnel \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 4:09 pm Serendipper wrote: Getting a little color in your cheeks is not a burn. A first degree burn is considered a burn. It seems like he is saying something like the word slavery carries connotations that do not apply to having to eat and the other examples. And yes, if you were in a conversation with someone with third degree burns and you had first degree and you kept making them equivalent, rough day for both us, each burned, you would be trivializing their experience. But if you just got a little color, iow nothing a doctor would call even a first degree burn, it would be even more ridiculous. We use words to deliniate things. It's floppy, and often we can't come up with neat categories and even the burn scales have some grey areas. But if I run at you on the street pointing finger going bang bang and run past you, I didn't try to kill you, even if it was a bit scary. Or is your argument that there are ONLY differences in degree and never in kind and it would be irrational to ever say something was not in a category. Like if you went under a bright incandescent bulb you were burned, because perhaps one cell had its temperature raised to some extent? by Serendipper \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 9:22 pm Karpel Tunnel wrote: Getting a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn or corrosion according to depth or degree, as follows: * First degree (erythema) * Second degree (blistering) * Third degree (full-thickness involvement) ## First Degree Damage from first-degree burns is limited to the outer layer of the epidermis, with erythema and increased tenderness. First-degree burns have good capillary refill and do not represent significant injury in terms of fluid replacement needs. ## Second Degree Second-degree burns represent a partial-thickness injury to the dermis, which may be either superficial or deep. Deep second-degree burns heal much more slowly than first-degree burns and are prone to developing infection. The end result of second-degree burns may be hypertrophic scarring. ## Third Degree In third-degree burns, the dermal barrier is lost, and the presence of necrotic tissue creates fluid volume loss with systemic effects on capillaries well away from the burn site. In addition, the burn site establishes an ideal culture medium for infection, which may be life threatening. Blood supply is the critical factor in healing of third-degree burns. Areas rich in blood supply, such as hair follicles and sweat glands, have a better chance for reepithelialization. Deep third-degree burns are characterized by an underlying necrosis with thrombosed vessels. Codes for burns of this depth are assigned only on the basis of a specific diagnosis made by the physician. # Sequencing of Codes for Burns/Corrosions and Related Conditions When burns and corrosions of the same anatomical site and on the same side are of different degrees (depth), they are classified to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded"}, {"title": "", "text": "prevent such harm from occurring to others in the future. To learn how we can protect your interests after a serious accident or injury, call (816) 253-8606. Your initial consultation is free and confidential. How Burns Are Classified By Severity There are four classifications of burn severity, including: First degree burns \u2013 First degree burns are the mildest type of burn and typically result in light epidermal damage and redness, but do not blister the skin. Second degree burns \u2013 Second degree burns cause damage to both the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the lower layer (dermis). Second-degree burns usually result in swelling and blistering, as well as redness at the site and pain. Third degree burns \u2013 These burns involve extensive damage to both the outer and lower layer of skin, as well as damage to the underlying tissue and bone. Third degree burns often result in white or blackened skin and severe pain. Fourth degree burns \u2013 Fourth degree burns are the most severe type of burn and are usually fatal. They extend through the skin and into muscle and bone. The amount of the body which ends up being burned also dictates the severity and how doctors will go about treatment. A minor burn means that less than 10% of the body is burned in an adult, and less than 5% for a young or elderly person. A major burn is more than 20% of the body in an adult, and 10-20% for a young or elderly person. Common Causes of Burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "you're just, your skin is more frail and you don't have good circulation. Interviewer: So is a burn from a heating pad a third degree, is a third degree burn a third degree burn, whether it's from a flame or a heating pad? Brad Wiggens: Sure, yeah, I mean a third degree burn is a third degree burn. So a first degree burn would be a sunburn, a second degree burn would be when you get significant blistering from touching something hot, not blisters that you get from a sunburn, and a third degree burn would be burning all the way through all the layers of your skin, down past your dermal layers and down into subcutaneous tissues. So a third degree burn is a third degree burn no matter which way you got it. Whether it was from the glass front fireplace, whether it was from a heating pad, it's pretty difficult to get to that point with a heating pad because of the heat they do put out, however, because it's on an elderly person we see of danger with that, where you actually have such significant amount of damage, you have a deeper injury, they don't have the good circulation that they need to heal that injury, so it actually ends up being a deeper second to a third degree burn and lends itself to needing to have a skin graft, which lends itself to a hospital stay within our intensive care unit, and really longer outcomes. Interviewer: So it's the kind of"}, {"title": "", "text": "percent of admissions to burn centers are male patients, while just over 30 percent of admissions to burn centers are female patients; 43 percent of burn center admissions result from severe burn injuries caused by fire, while about 34 percent result from scald accidents; and Nearly three-quarters of all severe burn injuries occur in the home, while about 8 percent are occupational, 5 percent occur on the road or highway (in auto accident fires), and about 5 percent occur in recreational settings. TYPES OF BURN INJURIES The CDC explains that there are three different types of burn injuries: First-degree burns: these burns affect the top layer of the skin, and they are often red and painful to touch. In most cases, first-degree burns can heal properly with home treatment, but it is important to seek medical attention in cases where there are first-degree burns over large areas of the body, or cases where a very old or very young person has suffered the burn. Sunburns are a type of first-degree burn. Second-degree burns: this type of burn injury affects the first two layers of the skin, or epidermis. In addition to pain and redness, second-degree burns often result in blisters and some loss of skin. It is extremely important to seek medical attention for second-degree burns and to take steps to prevent the victim from going into shock. Third-degree burns: these are the most serious type of burn injury because they \u201cpenetrate the entire thickness of the skin and permanently destroy tissue.\u201d Anyone with a third-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "expected. As with first-degree burns, seconddegree burns will heal on their own with appropriate care, leaving little scarring. Since both the epidermis and dermis are injured in a second-degree burn, it is known as a deep partialthickness or partial-thickness burn. Third-degree burns damage all layers of the skin and in severe cases can injure underlying structures such as muscle and bone. Burns of this type leave charred, blackened, and/or dry, pearly white areas (photos 77 and ). The patient may suffer severe pain. However, this pain is probably the result of nearby second-degree burns, as the nerve endings are often destroyed in third-degree burns. Third-degree burns heal poorly since the regenerative powers of the tissues have been lost. If left to its own resources, the burn usually will scar over from the edges where viable tissue still exists. Skin grafting is required to bring about proper healing of the burn. Thirddegree burns are also defined as full-thickness burns, as they extend throughout all dermal layers and possibly to the subcutaneous layers, muscle, and bone. Photos 77 and 78: Third-degree burns to the foot and arm. Note the blackened and pearly white areas. Some emergency health care providers have moved away from the use of first through third degree as measures of burn depth, replacing these measures with categorizations of either superficial or deep burn. Should the PHCP hear of a burn referred to as superficial, he can expect to find a burn that is reddened, swollen, and tender. A deep burn is one that is surrounded"}, {"title": "", "text": "al. (2017). Predicting and managing sepsis in burn patients: Current perspectives. Management of burns. (2007). https://www.who.int/surgery/publications/Burns_management.pdf Moore, R. A., et al. (2020). Rule of nines. Nielson, C. B., et al. (2017). Burns: Pathophysiology of systemic complications and current management. Pencle, F. J., et al. (2020). First degree burn. Santi, G. D., et al. (2019). The use of Epiprotect, an advanced wound dressing, to heal paediatric patients with burns: A pilot study. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giancarlo_Delli_Santi2/publication/333101773_The_use_of_EpiprotectR_an_advanced_wound_dressing_to_heal_paediatric_patients_with_burns_A_pilot_study/links/5ce6ddf2a6fdccc9ddca5819/The-use-of-EpiprotectR-an-advanced-wound-dressing-to-heal-paediatric-patients-with-burns-A-pilot-study.pdf Schaefer, T. J., et al. (2020). Burn resuscitation and management. Tetanus. (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/index.html Third-degree burns. (n.d.). https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns Understanding a burn injury. (2018). https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets/Understanding_Burn_Injury Warby, R., et al. (2020). Burn classification. Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (ASCVD): Are people receiving appropriate treatment? What to know about burns Burns are categorized into different types, depending on severity. These include first, second, and third-degree burns. Learn about identification and\u2026 What is a first degree burn? A first degree burn is one that only affects the top layer of the skin. First degree burns have various causes, including sunburn and contact with a\u2026 What to do for boiling water burns Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD Boiling water burns, or scalds, can be mild to severe. In this article, learn how to identify the severity and perform first aid for the burn. We also\u2026 Second-degree burn: Everything you need to know Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects the epidermis and dermis, or the outer and second layers of skin. In this\u2026 What to know about chemical burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "al. (2017). Predicting and managing sepsis in burn patients: Current perspectives. Management of burns. (2007). https://www.who.int/surgery/publications/Burns_management.pdf Moore, R. A., et al. (2020). Rule of nines. Nielson, C. B., et al. (2017). Burns: Pathophysiology of systemic complications and current management. Pencle, F. J., et al. (2020). First degree burn. Santi, G. D., et al. (2019). The use of Epiprotect, an advanced wound dressing, to heal paediatric patients with burns: A pilot study. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giancarlo_Delli_Santi2/publication/333101773_The_use_of_EpiprotectR_an_advanced_wound_dressing_to_heal_paediatric_patients_with_burns_A_pilot_study/links/5ce6ddf2a6fdccc9ddca5819/The-use-of-EpiprotectR-an-advanced-wound-dressing-to-heal-paediatric-patients-with-burns-A-pilot-study.pdf Schaefer, T. J., et al. (2020). Burn resuscitation and management. Tetanus. (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/index.html Third-degree burns. (n.d.). https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns Understanding a burn injury. (2018). https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets/Understanding_Burn_Injury Warby, R., et al. (2020). Burn classification. Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (ASCVD): Are people receiving appropriate treatment? What to know about burns Burns are categorized into different types, depending on severity. These include first, second, and third-degree burns. Learn about identification and\u2026 What is a first degree burn? A first degree burn is one that only affects the top layer of the skin. First degree burns have various causes, including sunburn and contact with a\u2026 What to do for boiling water burns Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD Boiling water burns, or scalds, can be mild to severe. In this article, learn how to identify the severity and perform first aid for the burn. We also\u2026 Second-degree burn: Everything you need to know Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects the epidermis and dermis, or the outer and second layers of skin. In this\u2026 What to know about chemical burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "Furthermore, burn injuries often have complications including infection, organ malfunction, electrolyte imbalance, and respiratory issues. First-Degree Burns: These are superficial burns that damage only the first layer of skin. First-degree burns are mild, resulting in redness and pain, and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medication and skin care products, such as aloe vera cream. Second-Degree Burns: This type of burn damages the first two layers of skin. These burns can be superficial or deep, depending on the severity of the burn. Second-degree burns result in pain, redness, swelling, and blistering, and can be treated with antibiotic creams prescribed by a doctor. Third-Degree Burns: These burns affect all the layers of skin and the tissue under it. These burns are severe and require medical treatment. White, blackened, or charred skin may result from these burns. Third-degree burns are treated with skin grafting or synthetic skin. Intravenous fluids and antibiotics might also be necessary. Fourth-Degree Burns: The most severe variety, fourth-degree burns penetrate the bone, muscles, and ligaments. This type of burn requires medical treatment similar to that of third-degree burns. Two types of burns are common in the workplace: heat burns and chemical burns. Heat burns occur when the skin comes in contact with a surface or a substance of high temperature. Heat burns can be caused by flames, hot surfaces, hot liquids, or steam. Faulty wiring, improper gas connections, combustibles that are not stored correctly, and sparks from machinery all present burn risks. Workers in laboratory, manufacturing, and medical fields are especially prone to chemical"}, {"title": "", "text": "What to know about third degree burns Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH \u2014 By Louise Morales-Brown on February 15, 2021 Third degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are a type of burn that destroys the skin and may damage the underlying tissue. They are more severe than first or second degree burns and always require skin grafts. Third degree burns are a serious injury requiring immediate medical help. Unlike less severe burns, which can be very painful, full-thickness burns may not hurt. This is because the burn may damage nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensing pain. In addition, the burn site may appear waxy or leathery A person with a third degree burn will require hospitalization. Treatment will vary depending on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. If an individual suspects they have a third degree burn, they should seek immediate medical attention. Without treatment, these burns and resulting complications can be fatal. In this article, learn more about third degree burns, including the symptoms, treatment, and when to speak with a doctor. Third degree burns are a severe type of burn that extends through every layer of skin. This type of burn can destroy: the epidermis, the outer layer of skin the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis the hypodermis in some cases, which is the subcutaneous tissue and the innermost layer of skin Doctors categorize burns according to the damage they cause to the skin and surrounding tissue. Types of burns include: First degree burn: Also known as superficial"}, {"title": "", "text": "What to know about third degree burns Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH \u2014 By Louise Morales-Brown on February 15, 2021 Third degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are a type of burn that destroys the skin and may damage the underlying tissue. They are more severe than first or second degree burns and always require skin grafts. Third degree burns are a serious injury requiring immediate medical help. Unlike less severe burns, which can be very painful, full-thickness burns may not hurt. This is because the burn may damage nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensing pain. In addition, the burn site may appear waxy or leathery A person with a third degree burn will require hospitalization. Treatment will vary depending on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. If an individual suspects they have a third degree burn, they should seek immediate medical attention. Without treatment, these burns and resulting complications can be fatal. In this article, learn more about third degree burns, including the symptoms, treatment, and when to speak with a doctor. Third degree burns are a severe type of burn that extends through every layer of skin. This type of burn can destroy: the epidermis, the outer layer of skin the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis the hypodermis in some cases, which is the subcutaneous tissue and the innermost layer of skin Doctors categorize burns according to the damage they cause to the skin and surrounding tissue. Types of burns include: First degree burn: Also known as superficial"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be painful, because the skin is rich with nerve endings, and the burn usually damages those nerve endings \u2013 firing up the nerves and sending pain signals to the brain. The burn victim may feel sharp pain, tingling or stinging. In the most severe cases, a burn injury can result in wrongful death. Serious burns, along with amputations and paralysis, are catastrophic injuries that usually occur suddenly and without warning. For more information, click the link to see my FREE report on catastrophic injuries. My law office once represented a woman who suffered severe burns when a gas station mechanic opened her car\u2019s radiator while she stood nearby. Hot radiator fluid shot up and burned her upper body. The burn left her with scarring. Thus, burn injuries can also lead to emotional distress and psychological suffering due to scarring and physical deformity. First Degree Burn \u2013 A first degree burn usually appears red and affects the outer layer of the skin. Such burns affect the surface of the skin, and may cause pain and swelling. A common example of a first degree burn is a mild sunburn. Second Degree Burn - In a second degree burn the first layer of skin has burned through to the next layer of skin. Skin suffering from a second degree burn may not perspire or grow hair. Blisters develop and the skin can take on a deep red appearance. Third Degree Burn - A third degree burn destroys both the first (epidermis) and second (dermis) layer of skin and"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface. Though they are the most minor type of burn, these injuries can still be painful. However, they rarely result in complications that require serious medical attention and only require basic first aid. Signs of a first-degree burn include swelling and red coloration. Second-degree burns extend past the first layer of skin. These burns commonly cause blistering. This is the body\u2019s attempt to heal the injury and protect the lower layers of skins. Care for these burns does not always require professional medical care. However, if the burn is large enough, a trip to the hospital may be necessary. Third-degree burns are severe medical emergencies and require intensive treatment to heal. Third-degree burns cause damage to every layer of the skin and damage nerve ending and tissues underneath the skin. This serious injury makes the skin stiff and hard with dark or white coloration. Fourth-degree burns are similar to third-degree burns, but they represent an even more dangerous level of injury. With this type of burn, the damage may extend past the skin and into the muscles and bone. This burn may cause so much damage that healing is not a possibility. Fourth-degree burns often require amputation. Even if a victim fully recovers, the damaged skin usually does not heal back to its original appearance. Burn scars are notorious for causing physical and emotional trauma. Physically, burn scars can produce tighter skin and limit physical movement. Emotionally, some burn victims suffer a heartbreaking amount of shame due to the embarrassment of regarding visible scars. In severe"}, {"title": "", "text": "don\u2019t always know the basics of each type of burn. Knowing how to identify types of burns can help a person understand the seriousness of their injury. First-degree burns mean that only the first layer of skin has been injured.While they can be painful, these burns often only need minimal treatment, including wound cleaning and bandaging. Second-degree burns are like first-degree burns except they extend beyond the first layer of skin. A second-degree burn can be serious enough to require medical attention. However, they can usually heal without surgery or extensive treatment. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries. These burns can extend past a person\u2019s skin, causing damage to their muscles and bones. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns always require immediate medical attention. Third- and fourth-degree burn symptoms include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters To learn more about burn injuries, visit Medlineplus.gov Burn Injury Treatment After a burn, cooling the wound with water can help relieve pain temporarily. However, if a burn is severe, it should receive attention from a medical professional. Some burn injuries won\u2019t heal favorably on their own and will require surgical procedures, including one called a skin graft. Skin Grafts for burn injuries Skin grafts help a burn survivor\u2019s wounds heal in a way that\u2019s less restrictive. The process is often done by taking skin from a healthy area and placing it over the parts of a person\u2019s body that are burned. Skin grafts are a breakthrough for burn injuries as they allow"}, {"title": "", "text": "mild burn, burn moderate and severe sun burn. Slight burn Less than 10% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns. Less than 5% of the body surface of a child or elderly with 2nd degree burns. Less than 2% of the body surface burn 3rd degree. Moderate burn 1. 10 to 20% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns. 2. 5 to 10% of the body surface of a child or elderly with 2nd degree burns. 3. 2 to 5% of the body surface burn 3rd degree. Burn grave a. Over 20% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns b. More than 10% of the body surface of a child or elderly 2nd degree burns c. More than 5% of the body surface burn 3rd grade d. High-voltage electrical burns e. Burns proven respiratory tract by inhalation of hot air f. Significant burns to the face, eyes, ears, genitals or joints g. Other serious injuries associated with sunburn, and traumas such as fractures. First care Each type of burn requires a special and specific care, depending on the causative agent, the extent and depth of the injury, but overall, the first aid care, and if necessary the victim is directed to a patient post or hospital care. The first and primary care for all the next steps to do exactly happen then, when a normal wound contains half 60,000 to 80,000 bacteria per gram of tissue, and in the first 48 hours proliferate at"}, {"title": "", "text": "is burned, there is an massive shift of fluids within the body. For cases where the burn area is greater than 20% of the body, fluid resuscitation is a necessity and should be done through IVs during the first 24 hours. Patients need to receive large volumes of liquid because so much body fluid is being sucked into the burn wounds. There are many variables to burns. They range from superficial to life-threatening. They can damage epidermis, dermis, blood vessels, tendons, muscles, and bones with varying degrees of pain depending on amount of nerve damage. First Degree Burns \u2013 These burns are superficial, like a mild sunburn, affecting the outer layer of skin. The epidermis gets red, may be painful for a few days, the skin may even peel. There is no blistering. Second Degree Burns \u2013 These burns go down through most, if not all, of the layers of the epidermis. It will potentially reach the topmost layer of dermis. Fluid will accumulate between the epidermis and the dermis, forming blisters. These burns can be nasty, with an increased potential for infection. Third Degree Burns \u2013 These burns go so deep that they destroy all of the tissue through the dermis, reaching into the fatty tissue layer. In some cases, tendons, muscles, and ligaments are compromised. (When the burn reaches muscle and bone, some people refer to it as a 4th degree burn.) When burns look white, they are a deep 3rd degree burn and need medical attention. All 3rd degree burns require medical attention."}, {"title": "", "text": "1st Degree Burns \u2013 1st degree burns are the ones which affect only the epidermis i.e. the outer layer of the skin. Such burns are considered minor in nature; however, they do cause pain and a reddening of the affected part of the skin. 1. Superficial partial-thickness burns \u2013 These are restricted to the first and second layers of the skin. 2. Deep partial-thickness burns \u2013 These affect deeper layers of the skin. 3rd Degree Burns \u2013 A very severe type of burn, 3rd degree burns penetrate through each layer of the skin and even affect the tissues underneath. Because the nerve endings in and around the injured area get completely destroyed, 3rd degree burns are often painless. The injured area starts to appear white or even charred black. 4th Degree Burns \u2013 These burns go beyond the skin to injure muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and even bones. 4th degree burns will always require immediate medical attention. There could be many causes of burns and these could be as common as intense sunlight or as specific as exposure to certain chemicals. Open fire or flames(dry heat), steam or hot fluids(wet heat), hot surfaces, electrical shocks and even extreme friction against an abrasive surface - all of these can inflict a burn injury. Red Skin \u2013 Reddening of skin is characteristic of 1st and 2nd degree burns. Pain \u2013 Pain marks 1st and 2nd degree burns. 3rd degree burns may not cause the sensation of pain. Blisters \u2013 Blistered skin makes the injury likely to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "the wounded area by removing dead tissue and foreign objects) and skin grafts. Never try to treat fourth degree burns on your own by using ice or cool water. Note: The classification of burns by degree is split into two theories. Some authorities use only three degrees of severity while others use four. On the three degree scale, burns that reach as deep as the muscle and bone are classified as third degree burns. The distinctions between first and second degree burns are the same under both systems. If you have been diagnosed with a third degree burn, it is helpful to find out whether your medical provider uses the three or four degree classification. This distinction will help you determine the extent of the damage to the subcutaneous tissues that have been damaged along with the skin. In addition to the 3 or 4 degrees used to label the severity of the injury, burns may also be categorized based on how they occurred. Chemical burns, sometimes referred to as caustic burns, are caused by contact with an irritant such as an acid or base. The caustic substance is usually an industrial or household cleaner, but natural substances like spicy peppers can cause burns as well. Chemical burns can cause a reaction with the skin or internally, if swallowed or inhaled. Internal burns can cause permanent damage to the internal organs and require immediate treatment. Chemical burns are commonly caused by car battery acid, bleach, ammonia, teeth whitening products, pool chlorination products and fireworks. They can"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to the skin or other body parts that is caused by extreme heat, flame, contact with heated objects, or chemicals. Medically, the depth of a burn is categorized as first, second, or third degree depending upon its severity. Signs and symptoms of a burn depend upon the degree of severity. First-degree burns are similar to a sunburn and cause skin redness, peeling, mild to moderate pain, and tenderness. Blistering may occur. Second-degree burns have more severe symptoms and signs, including a greater degree of blistering and more intense pain. In third-degree burns, there is loss of color of the skin as it turns white. Loss of sensation is an associated symptom with third-degree burns. Exposure to the sun, radiation, heat, flames, or electrical or chemical contact can cause a burn."}, {"title": "", "text": "by contact with fire, boiling liquids, or other sources of extreme heat Light burns are caused by sunlight or ultraviolet light Chemical burns are caused by exposure to acid, alkali, or exposure to other chemicals Radiation burns are caused by exposure to nuclear radiation Each of these types of burns can vary in the level of damage they cause depending on the temperature, substance, and length of exposure. Burns are commonly categorized according to degree, such as: First-degree burns: These burns are the least damaging and only affect the outer layer of skin. First-degree burns are characterized by redness and minor inflammation. They can often be treated with cold water, burn cream, and antiseptic. Second-degree burns: A second-degree burn indicates that both the top layer of skin (the epidermis) and the second layer of skin (the dermis) have been burned. These burns often lead to blistering and will typically appear dry with a whitish coloring. Depending upon the depth of the burn, a skin graft may be necessary. Third-degree burns: A third-degree burn damages all layers of the skin and can also damage organs and bones. These burns are often characterized by charred skin and a white or black dry wound. Skin grafting will most likely be required. Common causes of burn injuries Today, there are safety features in place to prevent the spread of fires, like smoke alarms and sprinkler systems. We\u2019re also lucky to have firefighters who risk their lives to protect others in harm\u2019s way. Unfortunately, burn injuries and deaths still occur. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "How do you classify burn injuries? At one time, this was a fairly simple question to answer, but the classification of burns is changing and a new system is gradually being adopted. This has made conversations about burns more complicated since you need to be sure that everyone concerned is using the same system and terms. This article will cover the basics and discuss terminology that you might face when handling your next burn injury case. skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. \u2022 Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. \u2022 Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed. For many years, healthcare providers have also added a fourth-degree category. Using this system, third-degree burns are limited to those that extend down through the epidermis and dermis into the subcutaneous tissue, and fourth-degree describes the burns that extend down into the underlying muscles, tendons and ligaments. Recently, a new system has come into use. This new system completely abandons the old use of degrees and describes the injuries based specifically by the depth of the burn. The traditional classification of burns is being replaced by the designations of superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness and full thickness. Of course, these designations refer to"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns, these are the most common type. This burn damages the outermost layer of skin and typically heals on its own within 1 week. A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. They may also damage the underlying tissue and always require a skin graft. Fourth degree burn: This type of burn extends into fat. Fifth degree burn: This burn type extends into muscle. Sixth degree burn: This type of burn extends to the bone. Third degree burns will typically result from contact or exposure to the following: flash from an explosive blast chemicals such as acids scalding liquids contact with an extremely hot object for an extended period Any severe burn will typically be apparent and will require treatment at the hospital. Common symptoms of full-thickness burns may lead to: skin discoloration, which can include the skin becoming: skin appearing a lack of pain due to damage to nerve endings Severe burns can also result in potentially fatal complications. For example, the body may go into shock. Normally, the body produces an inflammatory response to protect itself from injury, infection, or other threats. However, in some cases, such as with severe burns, the body may overreact, and the inflammatory response may cause more harm. Shock typically causes damage because the extreme inflammatory response results in"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns, these are the most common type. This burn damages the outermost layer of skin and typically heals on its own within 1 week. A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. They may also damage the underlying tissue and always require a skin graft. Fourth degree burn: This type of burn extends into fat. Fifth degree burn: This burn type extends into muscle. Sixth degree burn: This type of burn extends to the bone. Third degree burns will typically result from contact or exposure to the following: flash from an explosive blast chemicals such as acids scalding liquids contact with an extremely hot object for an extended period Any severe burn will typically be apparent and will require treatment at the hospital. Common symptoms of full-thickness burns may lead to: skin discoloration, which can include the skin becoming: skin appearing a lack of pain due to damage to nerve endings Severe burns can also result in potentially fatal complications. For example, the body may go into shock. Normally, the body produces an inflammatory response to protect itself from injury, infection, or other threats. However, in some cases, such as with severe burns, the body may overreact, and the inflammatory response may cause more harm. Shock typically causes damage because the extreme inflammatory response results in"}, {"title": "", "text": "percent or more of the body surface or a burn involving the eyes, face, hands, feet, or genitals. More severe burns that penetrate into deeper tissue require specialized emergency medical care, cosmetic surgery, and intensive long-term rehabilitation at a burn center such as the University of Alabama Birmingham Hospital Burn Center or the University of South Alabama Burn Center in Mobile, which takes burn patients from throughout the state of Alabama. Here is how burns are categorized: First degree burns, also known as superficial burns, affect the outer layer of skin called the epidermis. Mild sunburn, which includes painful reddened skin, is a common type of 1st-degree burn. It usually does not cause long-term tissue damage. Second-degree burns, which are also referred to as partial-thickness burns, cause damage to the epidermis as well as part of the underlying layer of tissue known as the dermis. The site of the burn is red, blistered, and swollen. Deep second degree burns can cause scarring. Third-degree burns, also called full-thickness burns, involve damage to the skin and underlying tissue. The site of the burn may appear charred or waxy. A person who has suffered third-degree burns may have difficulty breathing. Treatment of full-thickness burns may require skin grafts because the layer of skin is destroyed. They may be permanently scarred or disfigured and require cosmetic surgery to repair scar damage and damage to joints affecting by scarring. Third-degree burns may be fatal if they cover a large area of the body and aren\u2019t treated promptly. Fourth-degree burns extend deeper"}, {"title": "", "text": "The skin is the human body\u2019s largest organ. Burn injuries involve different kinds of damage to skin and possibly other parts of a person\u2019s body, depending on the severity. Thermal Burns \u2014 These burns involve contact with hot objects, fire, hot liquid, or steam. Chemical Burns \u2014 Also referred to as alkali burns, these occur as a result of contact with acidic substances. Electrical Burns \u2014 Contact with an electrical current causes these types of burns. Radiation Burns \u2014 These burns are caused by exposure to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, or thermal radiation. Friction Burns \u2014 These types of burns involve skin rubbing against a rough surface. First-Degree Burns \u2014 Superficial burn involving only the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). The most common example of a first-degree burn is sunburn. Most first-degree burn injuries usually heal in a few days. Second-Degree Burns \u2014 A second-degree burn involves damage to the epidermis as well as the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis. Blistering could result and some second-degree burns can involve skin grafts, a procedure where skin is transplanted from another area of the body. Third-Degree Burns \u2014 A full thickness burn in which both layers of skin are damaged or destroyed with damage extending into sweat glands and underlying tissue. Third-degree burns always require skin grafting, but additional surgery could also be required. Additional classifications are used for other burn injuries that are often far more catastrophic. Fourth-degree burns extend into the fat, fifth-degree burns extend into the muscle, and sixth-degree burns extend into the"}, {"title": "", "text": "body surface. You must also seek treatment if the face, hands, feet, major joints or groin/buttocks are burned. Typically, burn injuries are classified into four categories in accordance to their severity. I is important to identify the different types of burns in order to obtain the appropriate medical care. First degree: This is the least serious type of burn. It only affects the most outer layer of the skin known as the epidermis, causing slight swelling, redness and peeling. Typically, this type of burn can be treated at home with cool water, ointment and a bandage. Second degree: This burn is more serious than a first degree, as it affects the epidermis and the dermis, the second layer of the skin. It can cause blistering, swelling,pain and can damage body functions. While small second degree burns can be treated at home, a burn larger than the size of a baseball should receive immeidate medical attention. Third degree: A third degree burn is considered a major burn because it destroys the epidermis, dermis and can cause damage to the nervous system. It will cause the skin to become white, charred, stiff or waxy and requires immediate medical care. Fourth degree: This is the most severe type of burn. When a fourth degree burn occurs, all layers of the skin are destroyed including nerves, tissue and muscles. Similar to a third degree burn, this type of injury requires immediate medical attention and care. From a legal perspective, you want to seek that treatment immediately so that you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "muscles, and nerves. Generally, burn injuries are classified based on severity. The four main types of burn injuries are: First-degree burns. These types of burns damage only the outer layer of skin. First-degree burns are mild and may heal quickly without any secondary complications. Second-degree burns. Second-degree burns damage both the outer and middle layers of skin, often causing blistering and infection. These types of burns are often treated in the emergency room, but, in some cases, they may require inpatient hospitalization. Third\u2013degree burns. Third-degree burns involve damage to the outer and inner layers of skin. These burns often cause serious secondary health complications for survivors and may necessitate amputation of severely burned finger, toes, or limbs. Treatment may involve skin grafts and prolonged hospitalization. In many cases, permanent disfigurement results. Fourth-degree burns. This is the most serious type of burn and involves damage to the muscle, tendons, and bones. Depending on the circumstances, fourth-degree burns can result in loss of limb, extensive disfigurement, disability, and/or wrongful death. The severity of a burn injury has a direct impact on the financial and psychological costs to victims and their families. Second, third, and fourth-degree burns are more likely to cause disfigurement, amputations and other complications. These may severely reduce the quality of life and require extensive medical care. What are the Possible Consequences of Burn Injuries? Burn injuries are financially and emotionally costly because they can lead to multiple secondary complications. Many individuals with severe burns will require skin grafts, psychological therapy, and rehabilitation. Common secondary complications"}, {"title": "", "text": "called \u201cpartial thickness\u201d burns, they are often separated into two categories of superficial or deep, although both types generally heal on their own. Second-degree deep burns are generally white and dry and can cause scarring. Third Degree Burn Third-degree burns are the most serious and can cause death or permanent scarring, disfigurements, and disabilities. These burns are deep enough to damage muscles and other soft tissues under the dermis layer of the skin. They may appear charred or leather-like, and may be black, brown, red, or yellow. Due to the number of nerve endings that are damaged, the third-degree burns are sometimes not as painful immediately as more superficial burns. Fourth Degree Burn Fourth-degree burns are the most life-threatening and generally go deep enough to damage the bone. In these cases, the skin cannot be recovered, and the burned arms or legs are amputated. Obviously, the highest results are for damage incurred by third and fourth-degree burns. In addition to fires, burns can occur as a result of hot liquids or scalds. There was a famous case of personal injury of a woman who was burned for coffee at a McDonald\u2019s restaurant. For this reason, from a legal rather than a medical point of view, burns are also classified by their origin: Minor burns are the result of some kind of light, such as sunlight, tanning bed, etc. Chemical burns come from exposition of dangerous substances. Radiation burns come from exposition of some type of radiation, such as nuclear. Thermal burns are the most common, as"}, {"title": "", "text": "First degree burns are considered superficial burns. First degree burns affect the top layer of skin and typically do not require extensive medical treatment to heal. Although first degree burns are not life-threatening they may result in scars, chronic pain, and emotional trauma. First degree burns may be caused by chemical exposure, fire, electrical exposure, or a number of other causes. Victims suffering from a first-degree burn may suffer additional complications such as infection or fever. These conditions can cause the need for additional medical treatment and recuperation time."}, {"title": "", "text": "burns: These are superficial burns that only affect the outer layer of skin or the epidermis, and becomes very red and is painful. Sunburns are the most common of first degree burns. Second degree burns: Affects the epidermis and the outermost layer of skin below it, called the dermis. The dermis contains blood capillaries, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sweat glands. These burns are typically pink or red in color when pressed. Deep second degree burns are dry and whitish in color, don\u2019t blanch when pressure is applied and may leave thick scars. Third degree: A very serious type of burn that destroys all layers of skin and can extend into subcutaneous tissue. The injured area will appear charred, white or black, and leather-like. Because extensive nerve damage occurs, victims tend to feel less physical pain at the burn site. Skin grafting or the use of synthetic skin may be necessary. Fourth degree: The most severe type of burn injury, as muscle, fat, tendons and even bones are typically damaged in addition to all layers of skin being destroyed. Amputation of the area may be imperative and extensive skin grafts are usually needed. Victims will often suffer from some degree of impairment. Workplace accidents Burns can occur as a result of defective machinery, exposed or faulty wiring, hot equipment, steam, toxic chemicals, flammable items and more. Liability could fall on the employer for ignoring safety regulations, a coworker for acting negligently, or possibly the manufacturer of defective machinery. Hot liquids A hotel could be liable if"}, {"title": "", "text": "might impact the rest of their life. First-degree burn injuries are more common and less serious than other types of burn injuries. While they can be painful, first-degree burns only require minor treatment and bandaging. Second-degree burns occur when an injury extends beyond the first layer of skin. They might require a medical assessment to decide if they require more care than a bandage. Importantly, those with second degree burns should avoid using topical treatments until consulting with a doctor. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries and require urgent medical care. These burns go through multiple layers of skin and can even damage a person\u2019s muscles and bones. Accident survivors with these burns often need surgery. Signs of a third- and fourth-degree burn include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters An in-depth guide to burn injuries can be found at Medlineplus.gov. How Burn Injuries Are Treated If a person suspects they have sustained burn injuries, they need to get medical attention as soon as possible. Cooling a burn with water is only a temporary solution that can assist with pain. Burn injuries require extensive medical care and can be excruciating for those suffering from them. Despite this, advances in medical technology mean that burn survivors have a better chance than ever for recovery. Research and advancements in medical technology mean those with burns can live a less restrictive lifestyle after recovering from their injuries. Skin grafting helps burned skin heal by taking tissue from an unaffected portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "serious that they are often fatal. A first-degree burn injury is one that only affects the outermost layer of skin called the epidermis. While these burns hurt, they usually heal within a few days or a week, and don\u2019t leave permanent scarring or harm. Second-degree burns, on the other hand, require medical intervention as these burns affect both the epidermis the dermis (the first two layers of skin). Second-degree burns may lead to blistering, are extremely painful, and can leave permanent scarring. Third-degree burns are particularly tragic, as these burns reach below the skin to the layer of fat, even burning nerve endings in many cases, making these burns much more severe, but often less painful than second-degree burns. Third-degree burns are often associated with other complications, such as difficulty breathing and damage to the lungs due to smoke inhalation. The Effects of a Burn Injury A burn injury is extremely serious, and can have lasting effects on a patient\u2019s life. One of the most psychologically challenging parts of such an experience is that it can be very disfiguring. In addition to serious scarring, which may require multiple plastic surgeries to improve, a person who has suffered a serious burn injury may also be at risk of infection and sepsis, low blood volume, dangerously low body temperature, respiratory complications, and bone and joint problems. If a burn is very serious, it may mean that a limb must be amputated. In addition to being physically painful, these injuries are often expensive to treat. The individual may not"}, {"title": "", "text": "serious that they are often fatal. A first-degree burn injury is one that only affects the outermost layer of skin called the epidermis. While these burns hurt, they usually heal within a few days or a week, and don\u2019t leave permanent scarring or harm. Second-degree burns, on the other hand, require medical intervention as these burns affect both the epidermis the dermis (the first two layers of skin). Second-degree burns may lead to blistering, are extremely painful, and can leave permanent scarring. Third-degree burns are particularly tragic, as these burns reach below the skin to the layer of fat, even burning nerve endings in many cases, making these burns much more severe, but often less painful than second-degree burns. Third-degree burns are often associated with other complications, such as difficulty breathing and damage to the lungs due to smoke inhalation. The Effects of a Burn Injury A burn injury is extremely serious, and can have lasting effects on a patient\u2019s life. One of the most psychologically challenging parts of such an experience is that it can be very disfiguring. In addition to serious scarring, which may require multiple plastic surgeries to improve, a person who has suffered a serious burn injury may also be at risk of infection and sepsis, low blood volume, dangerously low body temperature, respiratory complications, and bone and joint problems. If a burn is very serious, it may mean that a limb must be amputated. In addition to being physically painful, these injuries are often expensive to treat. The individual may not"}, {"title": "", "text": "these are the result of a person coming in contact with either a direct current or an alternating current. Electrical burns occur when a person touches an electrical wire or socket, falls into electrified water, or is struck by lightening. Thermal Burns \u2013 these types of burns are the result of a person making contact with a flame, boiling water, steam or other boiling liquid. They can occur due to touching hot objects, such as tools, engines, pipes, or motors. Sunburn, or extended exposure to the sun, is another type of thermal burn. Depending on the type of burn a worker experiences, the burn can result in skin damage and internal injuries. Other complications from burns can occur. If a person suffers an electrical burn complications can be shock or cardiac arrest. Many people that suffer burns in the workplace end up needing extensive medical treatment. They may need rehabilitation and mental and emotional counseling. Burn injuries may mean that a worker misses a substantial amount of work, or they may need partial or total disability. First Degree \u2013 this is considered the least serious as this affects only the outer layer of skin. They result in redness, pain and discomfort. The treatment for first degree burns are minor. Second Degree \u2013 these are similar to first degree burns but they affect both the first and second layers of skin. There is also redness, pain and discomfort but will often result in blisters and maybe some scarring. Third Degree \u2013 these types of burns go past"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "with no conscience, who use ingredients that cause skin burns, in order to make money off the poor. The efforts of the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Health are unable to protect people from those unknown beauty products. This report has been completed with support from ARIJ \u2013 Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism www.arij.net First degree burns: This is the mildest form of burns whose effects are limited to the outer layer of the skin only. The symptoms are redness as well as pain on touching the skin, with a possible inflammation. Examples: sun burns, primary burns, resulting from exposure to hot vapor, and primary burns when touching hot liquids. Second degree burns:This affects internal skin veins, so its affect go deeper than the outer layer of the skin. These burns are more extreme in the pain they cause and result in ulcers as well as inflammation. Examples: touching hot metal such as an iron, a stove or being exposed to strong chemical substance. Other examples include spilled hot water on the skin as well as some severe sun burns. Third degree burns: These are the most dangerous types. The outer as well as the inner skin are severely affected. The skin might turn dark brown or black or it could turn white/ off-white. These burns cause inflammations, permanent ulcers. However, they do not cause any pain because of the loss of nerve sensation. This type of burns calls for the patient\u2019s immediate transfer to a hospital. If not treated straightaway, it could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "result in redness of the skin and some immediate pain that lessens with time. Second-degree burns are more serious and extend into the outer epidermis layer and the lower layer of skin (the dermis). You might receive a second-degree burn from accidentally pouring boiling water onto your body or touching a hot clothes iron. In addition to pain and redness, most second-degree burns cause blistering and swelling. Third-degree burns are among the most severe burns. They burn all the way through the epidermis and dermis skin layers and damage the tissue underneath. Skin may turn white or blackened and charred and it may go numb if nerves were damaged. Most severe burn injuries that result in lawsuits, such as those from fires or electrical shocks, are third-degree burns. Some medical professionals also use additional categories \u2013 up to the sixth degree \u2013 to indicate injuries that burn down into ligaments, tendons, muscles, bones, or internal organs. Third-degree burns and worse, especially if they cover a significant percentage of the body, can lead to a range of complications and may require extended hospitalization and skin-graft surgeries. If the burn damages muscle and other interior tissue, patients may require physical therapy to regain range of motion. Because of extensive nerve damage, burns at these levels can cause chronic pain. Ongoing Complications from Burn Injuries Burns don\u2019t always heal quickly or uniformly. While each patient may experience a different outcome, some common complications result from many burn injury cases. These complications can include: Infection. This includes skin infections from"}, {"title": "", "text": "that each year, approximately 500,000 burn injuries occur. Other statistics reveal that approximately 300 children die each year due to fires that occur in residential homes. Not all burns, however, are exactly the same. Instead, there are several types of ways in which a person can be burned, including: Chemical burns: Burns of this nature are caused by acid or chemical explosions. Light burns: A person can experience these types of burns by coming into contact with either sunlight or ultraviolet light. Radiation burns: Exposure to nuclear radiation can cause burns of this nature. Thermal burns: These burns are caused by contact with extreme heat including fire, hot liquids, and steam. No matter the cause type of burn, medical professionals further divide these injuries by severity based on a three-class system. Ranging from least to most serious, the three categories of burns include the following: First-degree burns: In these injuries, only the top layer of a person\u2019s skin is damaged. Burns of this nature frequently result in inflammation and redness. Fortunately, first degree burns often heal within the course of a week. Second-degree burns: Burns of this nature extend past a person\u2019s top layer of skin and are frequently characterized by red and blistered skin. Many times, second-degree burns take several weeks to heal. Third-degree burns: These burns are the most serious and extend through every layer of skin and can damage internal organs as well as bones. In many cases, third-degree burns result in substantial nerve damage and in some cases can even result in"}, {"title": "", "text": "transfers these resources to the injured areas. If the burn does not heal quickly, the inflammatory response may consume the body's resources, exhaust the patient, cause organ failure and, ultimately, death. Once healed, however, there may be lasting functional and aesthetic consequences due to scarring or retraction. This is the case with hypertrophic and keloid scars; thickened areas of scar tissue that limit the mobility of joints, retraction of the eyelids, microstomia, and others. Burns are graded depending on their severity and they also look different: First-degree burns: painful and with reddening of the skin (erythema), but the skin is not broken. Superficial second-degree burns: very painful due to blisters with red and watery skin underneath. Deep second-degree burns: may or may not include blistering, and appear dry and whitish. May also be less painful. Third-degree burns: look like scar tissue, leathery appearance, dry, sunken and dark in colour. In this case, there is no sensitivity to pain. Who do burns affect? Burns are a common, serious and debilitating traumatic injury that mainly results from accidents in the workplace, the home or traffic accidents. The Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine estimates that three out of every thousand people a year suffer burns requiring medical attention. Primary care centres (CAPs) deal with most cases, but 15-20% will require admission to hospital. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment must be carried out by highly specialised professionals as this is not a common pathology. Typical treatment Depending on the degree of the burn, treatment may be: First-degree: hydrating"}, {"title": "", "text": "Our today topic is burn treatment we will discuss first degree burns second degree and third degree burns and treatments of burn. Burn is the damage caused by a warm substance in a body tissue, a chemical, an electrical or a sun light. Burns may also occur as a result of exposure to hot fluid or steam. It is the deepest deep layer of the skin, that is, the burns that damage the epidermis. They are burns that damage the plate beneath the epidermis. They are the deepest and most severe burns. Deeply all layers and textures are destroyed. First, make sure that the person who is damaged and the others are not at greater risk. If the clothes of the person are burning, they must be wrapped in a non-synthetic blanket, peg or rug, and they must roll on the floor to extinguish the flames. If the person does not respond to your conversation or if you do not respond when you lightly shrug your shoulders, you are losing consciousness. Check the airways and breathing. Heart massage may be needed. Lay the patient on a rug so that the burning part does not touch the floor. Do not interfere with cold water on large burns. This can put the patient in shock. In small burns, the burned area should be chilled with cold water until the skin reaches normal temperature (20 minutes for thermal burns, 20 minutes for chemical burns, 30 minutes for bitburns). If this is not possible, cold water can be printed on"}, {"title": "", "text": "The skin is the primary protection of humans from the surroundings. And so, it is the first to be affected by the numerous stimuli and other irritants that the body encounters every second of the day. Unfortunately, it is almost always exposed to potential dangers. The most common form of injury that the skin can contract is the burn. The burn is any damage to your tissues, more commonly the skin, that can be caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or even radiation. When the skin is subjected to this, the first thing to do is to stay calm and do the proper first aid before calling professional attention, if necessary. Step 1: Assess the affected area for the extent of the burn. Burns are classified into three degrees, and your first aid solutions will be based on the degree of the burn. The first degree burn is the mildest form that affects only the topmost layer of the skin. The skin would be dry, reddish, a bit painful, and with only minor swelling. On the other hand, the second degree burn involves the skin tissues beneath the topmost layer. The skin would have blisters, appears redder, and and sometimes would even break open. This is quite painful. The most serious of all is the third degree burn, which involves all the layers of the skin, the muscles beneath it, and sometimes, even the bones. The injured may feel little pain or even numb in the area because of severe nerve damage. The skin will be dry"}, {"title": "", "text": "and radium vary from redness of the skin to dermatitis, with shedding of hair (epilation) and pigmentation of surrounding skin. Curling ulcer is seen in burn patient. Degrees of Burns Dupuytren recognised six degrees of burns but they were merged into three groups by Wilson. 1. Epidermal (First and Second degree Dupuytren): Usually a blister (vesicle or bulla) is formed which is covered by white, avascular epidermis, bordered by red, hyperaemic skin. These burns are very painful. Repair is complete without scar formation. 2. Dermo-epidermal (Third and Fourth degree Dupuytren): Whole thickness of skin is destroyed. Skin and subcutaneous tissue is affected. In Dermo-epidermal, pain and shock are greater than in first degrees burns (most painful). 3. Deep (Fifth and Sixth degree Dupuytren): In this, there is gross destruction not only of the skin and subcutaneous tissue but also of muscles and even bone. Nerve endings are also destroyed and as such, the burns are relatively painless. The extent of the surface The estimation of the surface area of the body involved is worked out by the \u2018rule of nine by Wallace. 9% for head and each upper limb, 9% for front of each lower limb, 9% for back of each lower limb, 9% for front of chest, 9% for back of chest, 9% for front of abdomen, 9% for back of abdomen i.e. 99% of the body. Remaining 1% for external genitalia. Involvement of 50% of burn proves fatal, even of first degree. Causes of death in burns (i) Primary (neurogenic) shock due to pain,"}, {"title": "", "text": "If your burn injury requires additional assessment by a burn specialist, a consultation will be made to the Burn and Frostbite Center at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado. The Burn and Frostbite Center has been the Rocky Mountain region\u2019s premier burn care destination since 1976, and verified by the American Burn Association as a center of excellence since 1998. For physicians: to refer a patient to us, please call our DocLine at 1-844-285-4555 at any time. Electricity, chemicals, steam, very hot water, and fire can all cause serious burns. The care you receive for burns will depend on the type and severity of your injury. Many burns can be treated in an outpatient setting. If a burn needs inpatient treatment, it should be done in a burn center. Very severe burns need treatment in a burn center. You may be most familiar with the traditional burn classification of first, second, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are usually mild. They affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). The skin is likely to be red, and there may be some pain and swelling. Most sunburns are first-degree burns. Second-degree burns injure the second layer (dermis) of skin. The skin will be intensely red and may develop blisters. These burns are often very painful. Third-degree burns involve all the layers of skin. Fat, nerves, muscles, and even bone may be burned. The skin may be charred black or appear very white. Pain is likely to be severe. If nerves are damaged, no pain may be felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "A basic understanding of burn wound treatment can facilitate the healing of all four types of burns and reduce pain. Severity fo burn can range from minor to major. \u00a9 Shutterstock. One of the most common household injuries, especially among children is \u201cburn\u201d. A burn not only causes a burning sensation but also causes severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die. Depending on the cause and degree of injury most people can recover from burns without serious health consequences. To prevent complications and death more serious burns require immediate emergency medical care. However, depending on the severity of your burn the treatments can range from simple to extensive. A basic understanding of burn wound treatment can facilitate the healing of all four types of burns and reduce pain. Specifically, burns are damage caused to one or multiple layers of flesh and skin by external sources such as chemicals, heat, etc. Severity fo burn can range from minor to major. First-Degree or superficial burns: This kind of burns are identified by redness, minor swelling, pain, and an absence of blistering. Second-Degree burns: This type of burns produce a slight thickness of the skin. It may include blistering, which indicates damage has been done to the underlying layers of skin. Third-Degree Burns: These burns are commonly accompanied by numbness due to full damage to the surrounding nerves and dermis. Fourth-degree burns: They have extended past the skin layers and into the flesh, causing irreparable damage and charring. How to treat burn wound at home?"}, {"title": "", "text": "and potentially longer. In a full thickness second-degree burn, the skin can appear to be red or white but will usually appear to be dry. This is because a full thickness second-degree burn involves the destruction of the entire outer layer of skin and most of the top layers underlying the epidermis. These burns often require extensive medical treatment and skin grafting to heal. Third-degree burns are a very serious injury and should be treated by a medical professional. Third-degree burn entails the complete destruction of all the layers of the skin and extends deep into the tissue below the skin. In these burns, the skin can appear black or white but will be very dry. However, there is often very little pain in these types of injuries due to the extensive damage to the nerves. These injuries normally require skin grafting and will often result in severe scarring. Fourth-degree burns are types of burns that are by far the most serious and will often result in severe impairment and disability. Fourth-degree burns involve burns to the deeper tissues such as the muscle, tendons, and bones. In these cases, you should seek prompt medical treatment. Surprisingly, one of the most common lifelong results of burn injuries sustained in a fire is brain injury. Cerebral hypoxia is a condition in which oxygen is cut off from the brain, causing brain cells to die. In these cases, a person can die or suffer severe life-long impairments. Who is Liable for Burns? If you have been in an accident"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are a type of injury to the skin or flesh that occurs when skin is exposed to excessive levels of heat, electricity, radiation, friction, ultraviolet light, or chemicals. Minor burns can often be treated quite easily, but severe burns may necessitate specialized treatment available at burn centres and involve serious medical procedures such as skin grafts. Burns are categorized into three degrees depending on severity. First degree burns are the least serious type of burns that occur when a burn is limited to only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. Second degrees occur when the epidermis has been completely burned through and the dermis, the second layer of skin, has also been burned. Third degree burns are the most serious types of burns and describe a situation where a burn has penetrated all layers of the skin, and may even have reached the muscle, fat, or bone. Formedica Self-Adhesive Dressing Flexible and Comfortably Secure, 2\" x 3'3\""}, {"title": "", "text": "immediately blanch (turn whitish in color when you touch it), emergency medical treatment is recommended. Skin grafts may be required to protect areas where the damage is deep or covers large portions of the body. Third degree burns destroy every layer of the skin. The damage extends into the subcutaneous (below the skin) levels and exposes fat, or adipose, tissue. The pain may be mild to nonexistent due to severe nerve damage. Like the most severe second-degree burns, third-degree burns are referred to as full thickness burns. Unlike a first or second degree burns, third degree burns cannot be healed by running water. Do not try to self treat a third degree burn! Immediate medical treatment is required. Medical professionals recommend keeping the injured area raised above your heart while you wait for treatment and preventing clothing or anything else from sticking to the burned area. Third degree burns can cause the skin to turn yellow to white in color and look like hardened wax or dark brown to black in color and appear charred depending on the cause of the burn. The skin will not blanch and may feel like leather when touched. Fourth degree burns involve destruction of every layer of the skin and the underlying muscle, fat tissue, tendons and bone. From the outside, fourth degree burns look the same as third-degree burns, except bones, ligaments and other internal systems will likely be visible. They are generally treated the same as third degree burns and require emergency treatment such as debridement (cleaning of"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns are usually caused by: ... Some first-degree burns, such as extensive sunburns, also cause restlessness, headaches, and fever. First-degree burns are usually caused by: ... Get medical treatment for widespread first-degree burns. Rockets red glare: amputation, 3rd degree burns, loss of sight, loss of hearing \u2026 sound like battlefield injuries, or maybe a car crash?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Free Books / Reference / The Encyclopaedia Britannica / This section is from \"The Encyclopaedia Britannica\". Also available from Amazon: Great Books of the Western World (60 Volumes). Burns And Scalds. A burn is the effect of dry heat applied to some part of the human body, a scald being the result of moist heat. Clinically there is no distinction between the two, and their classification and treatment are identical. In Dupuytren's classification, now most generally accepted, burns are divided into six classes according to the severest part of the lesion. Burns of the first degree are characterized by severe pain, redness of the skin, a certain amount of swelling that soon passes, and later exfoliation of the skin. Burns of the second degree show vesicles (small blisters) scattered over the inflamed area, and containing a clear, yellowish fluid. Beneath the vesicle the highly sensitive papillae of the skin are exposed. Burns of this degree leave no scar, but often produce a permanent discoloration. In burns of the third degree, there is a partial destruction of the true skin, leaving sloughs of a yellowish or black colour. The pain is at first intense, but passes off on about the second day to return again at the end of a week, when the sloughs separate, exposing the sensitive nerve filaments of the underlying skin. This results in a slightly depressed cicatrix, which happily, however, shows but slight tendency to contraction. Burns of the fourth degree, which follow the prolonged application of any form of intense heat, involve"}, {"title": "", "text": "dry, moderately painful, and involve only minor damage to the epidermis; they may slough the next day, but heal quickly without scar. Anyone who has turned lobster-red after exposure to the summer sun has experienced a first-degree burn. Second-degree burns are red, wet, and blistered; they are painful and vary both in their damage to the dermis and their ability to heal without thick scars. They can, however, heal in two to three weeks without skin grafting. Many a slipped pot-holder has resulted in a second-degree hand burn. Third-degree burns are leathery, dry, lack sensation, and have a charred or waxy appearance. They involve complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, along with the latter's blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves \u2014 a so-called \"full thickness burn.\" Unless a third-degree burn is small enough to heal by the skin's contraction over the devitalized area (less than an inch in diameter), skin grafting is always necessary to resurface the wound. Fortunately, most of us will never experience a third-degree burn. Fourth-degree burns involve not only full-thickness destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also underlying structures like fascia, muscle, or bone. Difficult as it is to imagine burning bone, it can and does occur, particularly where bones are small and near the skin's surface, as with fingers. Because devitalized bone (like devitalized soft tissue) must be surgically removed, fourth-degree hand burns may necessitate finger, or even entire hand, amputations. Several Station fire victims can attest to this. Surprisingly, second-degree burns are far more painful"}, {"title": "", "text": "color in your cheeks is not a burn. A first degree burn is considered a burn. It seems like he is saying something like the word slavery carries connotations that do not apply to having to eat and the other examples. And yes, if you were in a conversation with someone with third degree burns and you had first degree and you kept making them equivalent, I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. Slavery is slavery regardless of the degree of slavery and burns are burns regardless of the degree of burn. Like sky blue is blue, but less blue than navy blue, but it's still blue. by phyllo \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 9:29 pm I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. You're putting all sorts of things into the category of 'slavery' which don't belong there. Serendipper wrote: I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. Slavery is slavery regardless of the degree of slavery and burns are burns regardless of the degree of burn. Like sky blue is blue, but less blue than navy blue, but it's still blue. Sure, the degree of something can remove it from a category. This can be within scientific categories and within everyday speech, and some of my examples were examples of this. I included when one is exposed to heat, which is what causes burns, but it is not a burn. The degree of the effects"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns occur when skin is exposed to heat, sun, radiation, chemical, or due to coming in contact with a live circuit. The degree of burn, the after-effects and the remedies vary depending on the source of burn. The degree of burn and the location decides the kind of burn treatment and first-aid it may need. While some kinds of burns may need minor medical intervention, palliative care, emergency surgery or a combination of all; deep seated burns can result in life-threatening complications. Such burns affecting a major part of the body may need immediate medical intervention. People may also require medical care at specialized burn centers and prolonged medical treatments of various kinds. These include not only healing the burnt body parts but also, at times, reconstruction of minor organs or even plastic surgery. Burns are classified in three degrees. A first-degree burn is usually a minor burn affecting only the outer layer of skin and normally causes redness and pain. The second-degree burn affects epidermis and dermis, the first two layers of skin and may develop in swelling, blisters and at times scarring. A third-degree burn reaches the fat beneath the skin and may look brown, black or white. It is likely to destroy nerves and cause numbing. So what causes burns and how can we prevent them? Exposure to sunlight is the most primary source of burn, commonly referred to as sunburns. Prolonged exposure to the sun without sunscreen can at times result in severe burns, especially on the exposed areas of the body"}, {"title": "", "text": "In addition, the location of the burn is a major issue with the patient in option B. The burns are on the head and neck and front and back of the torso. Therefore, with head and neck burns always think about respiratory issues because the airway can become compromised due to swelling or an inhalation injury. And with torso burns that are on the front and back, the patient is at risk for circumferential burns that can lead to further respiratory compromise. The other options have burns that are isolated. 5. The _____________ layer of the skin helps regulate our body temperature. The answer is C. This layer contains fatty tissue, veins, arteries, nerves and helps insulate the muscles, bones, organs and helps REGULATE our body temperature. The answer is B. These are the classic characteristics of a 2nd degree (partial-thickness) burn. The answer is C. This is a 3rd degree to 4th degree burn (full-thickness) and the nerves that detect pain are destroyed. The patient would have no feeling or experiences an extreme decrease sensation to pain. 8. A 58 year old female patient has superficial partial-thickness burns to the anterior head and neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right arm, posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg, and back of the left leg. Using the Rule of Nines, calculate the total body surface area percentage that is burned? The answer is A. Anterior head and neck (4.5%), front and back of the left arm (9%), front of"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn the skin for some time and can be absorbed into the body to damage internal organs, depending on the type of chemical. Other patient injuries: For the patient who has suffered from an explosion, the possibility of internal bleeding must not be overlooked while treating the burn. Underlying injures must always be sought out. Once the determining factors have been evaluated, the burn can be categorized as follows, using American Burn Association parameters. It should be remembered that it may take a little time for the full extent of the burn injury to manifest itself.What is taken for second-degree burn at the scene may develop into a third-degree burn at a later date. Major Burns: 1. Second-degree burns involving > 25 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns involving > 10 percent of total body surface 3. Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury, fractures, or those involving critical areas such as face, hands, feet, and perineum 4. 4. High-voltage electrical burns 5. Lesser burns in patients with significant preexisting disease Moderate Burns: 1. Second-degree burns involving 15 to 25 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns involving 2 to 10 percent of total body surface 3. Areas above not involving face, hands, feet, perineum Minor Burns: 1. Second-degree burns < 15 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns < 2 percent of total body surface EMERGENCY CARE FOR THE BURNED PATIENT The PHCP's initial three goals in rendering care to the burned patient are to remove the victim from the source of"}, {"title": "", "text": "most serious, as they damage the deepest layers of skin and tissue. Third degree burns can lead to nerve damage and may require skin grafts. Third degree burns are the most serious burns, but that does not mean first and second degree burns do not require immediate attention. You should always seek medical attention in an effort to avoid long-lasting negative impacts. Class action settlement on behalf of consumers against Epson America, Inc. for installation of a \u201csmart chip\u201d in its printers that shut down when there was still a substantial amount of ink left on the cartridge. Degrees of burns Signs and symptoms of a burn injury vary based on the degree of the burn. The most common signs of a burn injury include swelling, blistering and scarring. In the worst cases, death can result. Burn injuries also commonly lead to infections because of the damage done to the top protective layers of skin. Just as signs and symptoms vary based on the degree of the burn, so too, do treatment options for varying types of burns. For mild burns, over-the-counter creams can be used to treat any pain, swelling and potential infections. For more severe burns, cleaning and skin grafting may be required. These can be lengthy, painful and expensive processes. Complications of burn injuries Burns are considered catastrophic injuries because they can lead to serious, life-altering conditions and disfigurement. People who suffer burn injuries to the face and neck may struggle with finding work or even going out in public. Severe scarring of"}, {"title": "", "text": "SHEET: First aid in and around the Home\u2019, retrieved 6 September 2011, . Burns are injuries to the skin caused by heat from flames, liquids, radiation, chemicals or electrical devices. The severity of a burn is determined by its depth, the age of the patient, the particular sites on the body burnt (hands, feet, face, genitals and joints are the most complicated) and the total surface area of the burns. While minor burns usually cause nothing more than temporary shock and mild discomfort, severe or widespread burns can be physically destructive, permanently debilitating and even fatal. Types of burns Burns can be classified by the depth of tissue they injure. The names for various types of burns have changed over the years.Superficial burn \u2013 previously known as first-degree burns, these are minor burns which affect only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. They may become red, inflamed and painful, but generally heal within 10 days with no scarring. Partial thickness \u2013 these burns (formerly second-degree) damage the middle layer of skin called the dermis. The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis so the severity of these burns can vary depending on their depth. Often red and/or white in colour with blisters, partial thickness burns can take several weeks to heal and often leave scarring. Deep full thickness \u2013 burns which penetrate the entire width of the skin, down through the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, are classified as full thickness, or third-degree. When the hypodermis is injured, other elements contained within this layer, such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "may lack these features. The depth of the wound determines how well it will heal. Most wounds do not penetrate completely through all the layers of the skin (partial thickness) and will heal eventually. If the skin has been destroyed (full thickness) over large areas, such as in severe burns, it can\u2019t grow back properly. The healing of large wounds may be complicated by other factors. Infection can slow the healing process or even lead to further tissue destruction. Additionally, as a wound heals, the edges are drawn together by a process called contracture. On a small scale, the process of contracture helps close small cuts and injuries to skin. But when it occurs in a large wound, particularly those over joints or mobile areas (neck, shoulder, elbows, hand, etc.), this tightening of the newly healing skin can limit or even freeze movement of the affected area. First-degree burns affect the outer layer of skin, which is called the epidermis. They are moist, red in color and cause pain, redness and swelling. First-degree burns are partial-thickness burns because of their depth. They will heal spontaneously. A sunburn is an example of a first-degree burn. Second-degree burns are also partial-thickness burns. The second-degree burn is a serious burn that causes destruction of tissue layers deep into the skin. Second-degree burns involve destruction of both the outer and the underlying layers of skin. It effects all of the epidermal layers and extends into the dermis. These burns are classified as either superficial or deep. Superficial burns effect the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the skin and cause redness, swelling, and discomfort. Second Degree Burns Second degree burns affect the first and second layers of skin. Second degree burns cause skin to be red, white or splotchy, and the skin can blister or appear moist. Third Degree Burns Third degree burns affect both layers of skin, the fat layer below them, and nerves, causing skin to take on a waxy, leathery, or charred appearance. Fourth Degree Burns The fourth degree burn classification is not always used, but when it is, it refers to the loss of muscle and even bone. In some cases, a fourth-degree burn is so severe that the person loses a limb. Chemical Burns People can also suffer from chemical burns from alkalis and acids in the smoke from a fire or explosion. These chemicals can damage the skin, eyes, larynx, lungs, and other areas. As with thermal burns, these injuries can be fatal. When chemicals are a possible source or contributing factor in an explosion, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) usually sends a team to investigate. This was done for the Didion Mill explosion in Cambria, Wisconsin, the Loy Lange Box Company blast, and the Husky Energy oil refinery explosion in Superior, WI, where CSB investigators determined that the blast originated in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Complications From Burn Injuries Complications include infections (sepsis and tetanus), scarring, hypovolemia (blood loss), hypothermia (low body temperature), nerve damage, breathing problems, bone or joint problems, shock, and death. The damage to internal organs, like the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the area of burn expressed as a percent of total body surface. The body is divided into anatomical parts and assigned certain percentages (Ill. 108). Once the burned areas' corresponding percentages have been added, the PHCP will have an estimate of the extent of body surface involved in the burn. Illustration 106: Pathology of the burn. Illustration 107: Pathology of the burn. Illustration 108: Percentages are assigned to anatomical parts, giving an estimate of the extent of body surface involved in the burn. Determining the Depth of the Burn Burns have long been characterized as first, second, or third degree, based on the depth of tissue damage and tissue response to the burn (Ill.109).First-degree burns are considered a superficial injury because only the epidermis is affected. Burns of this degree will cause reddening of the skin, and in the worst cases, some swelling may develop. The burn will be painful, but with minor care it will heal on its own without scarring. Since the epidermis is the only layer of skin involved in a first-degree burn, this type of burn is also known as a superficial partial-thickness burn or partial-thickness burn. Illustration 109: Depth of the burn injury as characterized by degree. In a second-degree burn, the epidermis has been burned through and the dermal layer has suffered injury.The burn does not pass through the dermal or second layer of skin. The patient will exhibit severe pain, and the skin will be blistered, reddened, and mottled in appearance. A large amount of swelling is to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns can be about the most painful injuries a person can have, I know because I\u2019ve been there. No words are adequate to describe that kind of pain. On that pain scale of one to ten, burn injuries can reach hit about 10,000. It\u2019s simply surreal. No amount of morphine or Demerol is adequate to overcome it. We see burn injuries most often in natural gas or gasoline explosions, but there are many ways burn injuries can occur even chemical burns. Fortunately here in Atlanta we have a superb Grady Hospital Burn Unit. If a loved one has a serious burn injury anywhere within a 100-150 mile radius of Atlanta, your first response should be take them to Grady. If you were in scouts as a kid you probably learned about first, second, and third degree burns. First degree burns make the skin red, involve swelling and are painful for a short time. Usually they are pretty minor unless they cover a huge area of the body. Second degree burns go through the second layer of skin. If they\u2019re less than about three inches in diameter and not involved in hands, face, groin, or buttocks, that can be minor. But, if a second degree burn covers a large portion of the body or those areas I just mentioned it can be major and even life threatening if it involves the throat or lungs. A full thickness second degree burn may require extensive skin graphs and scarring. Third degree burns involve all the layers of the skin"}, {"title": "", "text": "from significant improvements in prostheses and the ability of the amputee to operate these devices. Catastrophic Injury Type - Severe Burns Catastrophic or severe burns can occur as a result of industrial or workplace accidents and road accidents where spilt fuel, oil or other flammable material is ignited as a result of the vehicle collision. Burns are commonly defined as being tissue damage that is caused by heat, exposure to radiation, chemicals or electrical currents. The severity of a burn injury can vary significantly and can depend on how deep the tissue damage is, how extensive the area of the burns are and what parts of the body are burnt. Second degree burns are burns that affect both the epidermis and the dermis or second layer of skin. These burns can cause swelling and skin discoloration. Second degree burns can cause extreme pain which is often intensified by significant blistering of the skin. Second degree burns often cause scarring. Third degree burns penetrate through to the fat layer beneath the skin and can leave affected areas looking black, brown or white in appearance. The affected area may also look leathery. Third degree burns often destroy nerves and can cause numbness. Catastrophic burns can sometimes cause a range of complications including bacterial infection, respiratory problems and bone and joint problems where scar tissue causes shortening, tightening or contraction of the skin, muscles or tendons."}, {"title": "", "text": "affect only the outer layer of the epidermis. These types of burns usually result in redness and irritation, but do not break the skin or cause blistering. Second-degree burns affect both the epidermis and dermis. Skin is usually swollen, bright red, and may even look wet or shiny. Blisters are common, and the entire area is painful to touch. Third-degree burns destroy two entire layers of skin. Instead of a red color, skin may appear black, yellow, brown, or white. There is little pain with third-degree burns because nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and deepest burns, destroying every layer of skin and, sometimes, even muscles, tendons, or bone. As such, they are considered potentially life-threatening. Burns can also be classified as minor, moderate, or major depending on their overall size. Minor burns are described as covering less than 10 percent of an adult\u2019s body, while moderate burns may cover roughly ten-to-twenty percent. Major (or severe) burns are categorized as those which cover more than 20 percent of an adult\u2019s body, or more than 10 percent in children. The most common types of burn injuries are thermal (heat-related), such as those caused by hot surfaces, fire, steam, or scalding liquid. However, victims can also suffer from chemical burns, electrical burns, or even friction burns. Burns resulting from negligence can also occur in a number of situations such as workplace accidents, car wrecks, structure fires\u2014and can even be caused by defective equipment or intentional acts. In order to recover compensation for your"}, {"title": "", "text": "allowed to walk. They should still seek emergency help, but should be transported without walking if at all possible. Burns are injuries caused by extreme temperatures. Minor burns can be caused by the sun, a campfire, hot steam, or any object that is heated to a high temperature. First degree burns are the least serious, generally exhibiting tenderness, pain, and redness. Second degree burns are more serious and usually look slightly bumped out, almost like a bruise. They are also red and hurt when touched. Third degree burns are very serious and range from red to black, depending on severity. These burns usually bubble up, filling with fluid or remove the skin entirely. These burns hurt immensely and may require surgery to replace the skin lost. Large burns can also expose the body to outside temperatures, causing hypo- or hyperthermia. Minor burns will go away with time, but to decrease discomfort, they can be left alone, wrapped in gauze, cooled, moisturized (usually with aloe vera), and kept away from extreme temperatures. In the case of sun burns, it may be advisable to avoid the sun while healing. Serious burns are much harder to treat and will usually require emergency services. If a burn is large enough to potentially cause hypo- or hyperthermia, then it should be kept dry and covered at room temperature. Smaller burns may be wrapped in gauze soaked in saline to help cool and alleviate pain. Deformity is the fancy word in medicine that refers to an unnatural bend, cavity, or location of"}, {"title": "", "text": "skin. Burns due to X-ray and radium vary from redness of the skin to dermatitis, with shedding of hair and epidermis and pigmentation of the surrounding skin. Severe exposure may produce burns with erythema, blistering or dermatitis, or ulceration with delayed healing and ill-formed scars. Fingernails may show degenerative changes and wart-like growths. Infra-red rays may cause necrosis of the skin. Burns caused by ultraviolet rays (the sun or mercury vapour lamp) produce erythema or acute eczematous dermatitis. Burns from corrosive substances show ulcerated patches and are usually free from blisters\u2019 hair is not singed and red line of demarcation is absent. They show distinct coloration and are usually uniform in character. Strong acids produce dark leathery burns upon the skin. Strong alkalis cause the skin to slough and leave moist, slimy, grayish areas. Hydrofluoric acid and bromine cause necrosis of the skin and tissues. Electrical burns. Degree of Burns: Dupuytren divided burns into six degrees, but they were merged into three degrees by Wilson . The precise depth of a burn can be measured by a high frequency ultrasound device. Epidermal: (first and second degree Dupuytren). Dermo-epidermal: (third and fourth degrees Dupuytren). Deep: (fifth and sixth degrees, Dupuytren): In this, there is a gross destruction not only of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also muscles and bones are destroyed, and as such the burns are relatively painless. The appearances are similar to those of the second degree, but in a more severe form. The burnt part is completely charred. Effects: The effects depend on:"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface area, and that a child\u2019s hand is about 1 percent 12). Note: Diagrams to assess the extent of burns. (A) The \u201crule of nines\u201d divides the body into areas of 9 or 18 percent of total body area. (B) The Lund-Browder classification is more accurate in estimating burn size, especially in children. First-degree burns involve only the epidermis; like a sunburn, they are erythematous, painful, and dry (Figure 3). They are most often the result of severe ultraviolet exposure or minor thermal injury. First-degree burns usually heal in five to 10 days 14). Deep second-degree burns involve the deeper layers of the dermis (i.e., reticular dermis). They appear white and do not blanch (Figures 6 and 7). These burns do not heal in less than three weeks and often result in scarring and contractures 15). Third-degree burns destroy all skin layers, including underlying subcutaneous fat. Heal by contraction from wound edges and scar deposition (no epithelium left in middle of wound) over a protracted time course and subject to the following clinical sequelae if not grafted: severe scarring, wound infection and fragile repair prone to recurrent episodes of breakdown. Need specialized care to attain definitive wound closure via autologous skin grafting. When surface area of full thickness injury is extensive, special techniques are employed to expand skin grafts in order to achieve maximum wound coverage 16). Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 17). Need specialized care (skin grafting alone is generally not sufficient). Stop the burning process as"}, {"title": "", "text": "is essential. Electrical burn injuries occur when an electric current from an external source runs through the body. The electric current causes the body to burn in several areas, including the current\u2019s points of entry and exit on the skin, as well as the muscles and tissue through which the current passes. Damage to the bones, blood vessels and nerves can also occur, and a fatal heart attack may also result if the electrical current passes through the center of the body. The most common type of burn injury, a thermal burn injury, occurs as a result of residential fires, automobile accidents, matches, gasoline, heaters or electrical malfunctions. Injuries from fire or hot objects include: flame burns, deep burns that penetrate thick areas of skin and muscle; hot liquid burns, deep burns caused by liquids such as coffee, hot grease, soup or hot water; and flash injuries, which are burns to exposed skin that are usually caused by explosions. Burn injuries are classified as first-, second- or third-degree burns. First-degree burn injuries affect the outer layer of skin, or epidermis. These are superficial burns that usually cause redness, swelling and pain. Sunburn is an example of a first-degree burn; while painful, it will usually heal on its own and not cause permanent damage. Second-degree burns are serious injuries that cause damage to several layers of the skin, going beyond the epidermis to the layer below, which is called the dermis. Classified as either superficial or deep, second-degree burns can affect the outer part of the dermis"}, {"title": "", "text": "caused by an explosion. Military bomb tests have documented temperatures of up to 2,480 \u00b0C (4,500 \u00b0F). While capable of inflicting severe to catastrophic burns and causing secondary fires, thermal wave effects are considered very limited in range compared to shock and fragmentation. This rule has been challenged, however, by military development of thermobaric weapons, which employ a combination of negative shock wave effects and extreme temperature to incinerate objects within the blast radius. This would be fatal to humans, as bomb tests have proven. 1st degree (superficial) burns. First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. 2nd degree (partial thickness) burns. Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. 3rd degree (full thickness) burns. The injury extends to all layers of the skin. 4th Degree: Damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. 5th Degree: Organs are burnt. A victim\u2019s chance of survival close to zero and life afterwards is worthless. 6th Degree: A 6th degree burns leave a charred skeleton. 7th Degree: Cremation ashes. Fragmentation and thrown debris Edit The result of a 2003 car bombing in Iraq. Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 have killed thousands of people, mostly Iraqi civilians, and arguably constitute a new phenomenon in the history of warfare. Suicide bombings have been used as a tactic in other armed struggles, but their frequency and lethality in Iraq is unprecedented. Even a relatively small blast can cause a over-pressure shock wave, burns and shrapnel. A US Marine places a M18 Claymore mine. Secondary"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn affects the first and second layer of skin (the dermis), and can cause pain, red and white splotchy skin, and swelling around the injury. A second-degree burn may also appear moist or wet and can blister, which may result in scarring. Third-Degree Burn: A severe classification of a burn injury. This type of burn affects both layers of skin, the layer of fat underneath, and the nerves around the injured area, and can cause severe pain, and leathery, waxy, wet, or black skin around the injury. Many third-degree burns are caused by large fires, so injured victims may also be suffering from smoke inhalation. Fourth-Degree Burn: The most severe classification of a burn injury. This type of burn affects both layers of skin, the layer of fat underneath, muscles, tendons, and bone. The injured area frequently appears charred or black, and often needs to be amputated in order to prevent the spread of infection. How Else Can A Serious Burn Affect Me? Hypothermia: Burns that damage a significant percentage of your skin severely limits your body\u2019s ability to properly regulate your internal temperature. Scarring: Scar tissue may form as your burn injury heals, and that new tissue can result in the permanent destruction of sweat glands, inhibit your ability to move the affected area, and potentially pull your joints out of their intended position. Infection: Infection poses a risk to burn injury victims, no matter the severity of the burn. Without proper care and treatment, it could easily lead to sepsis and put you at"}, {"title": "", "text": "skin will often appear to be moist. A third degree burn is where all the skin layers have been penetrated and the nerve endings destroyed so that pain may not be felt. A fourth degree burn extends down to muscle and/or bone. Apart from emergency medical care, serious burns often require hospitalization and even surgery and skin grafting. If you are not happy with the progress of the healing process, you may want to see a burn specialist for further advice."}, {"title": "", "text": "A description of the three phases of burn care and treatment. Information about burn treatments. Information about burn severity \u2013 first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree. An FAQ of common legal questions. By BVR Team|2016-12-05T15:09:22+00:00December 5th, 2016|News|Comments Off on At Least 36 Dead in Oakland Warehouse Fire During Concert"}, {"title": "", "text": "legs will not get hot enough to burn skin. That is why the actions to walk on fire did not make a person on fire. But it\u2019s not easy to do and it takes a certain expertise. Burns itself will occur if the body is exposed to a substance which is a high temperature and one of the main causes of accidents are exposed to flame burns. First-degree burns, the damage to the epidermal layer which is marked by mild swelling in the area, skin redness and abrasion. Second-degree burns, which covers damage to the epidermis and some dermis (deeper skin layer), arising from pain, infection and sometimes dehydration. Third-degree burns, the damage covers all layers of the dermis, the layer of muscle and bone as well as infection."}, {"title": "", "text": "different chambers of the human heart. The role of the right ventricle is to assist in pumping oxygen-depleted blood into the lungs of the body. ollo / E+ / Getty Images A patient comes in with a \"full-thickness\" burn. Which degree of burn is it? Zero-degree burn First-degree burn Second-degree burn Third-degree burn While all burns can potentially be serious, a third-degree burn can be horrible. Characteristics of a third-degree burn include black, brown or yellow skin, destroyed nerve endings and multiple layers of skin will be destroyed. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately how many nurses are working in the USA? Around 1.5 million Just shy of 3 million About 200,000 Over 10 million Nursing is a very common job and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are around 2.95 million registered nurses working in the USA. Most work in the states of California, Texas, New York and Florida. David Sacks / The Image Bank / Getty Images If a patient asks a nurse a question that they don't know the answer to, what should they do? Say they will find out and report back Just ignore it Tell them to look it up If a nurse is asked a question that they don't know the answer to, it is a good idea for them to say they don't know, but will find out. Asking around the unit can often get them the answer they need to report back to the patient. Moyo Studio / E+ / Getty Images What is"}, {"title": "", "text": "While the NFPA has fire prevention tips and strategies it is a sad reality that people are often injured or die when they are involved in a fire. When you ask about fire injuries many people automatically and exclusively turn to burns. While burns are a very common injury, there are other injuries that can be just as severe and have an equally detrimental impact on a persons\u2019 life. There are two types of burns from fires: flash burns and burns from flames. Flash burns result from a sudden intense heat, which usually result from some form of explosion. Generally, people who have sustained flash burns can be treated as an outpatient and do not require extensive medical care. On the other hand, those who suffer burns from flames may incur extensive damage depending on the severity of the burn. There are four widely accepted burn types, which are separated by degrees. First-degree burns affect only the top layer of skin, which is known as the epidermis. In these burn types the skin is usually red and painful, however, this burn is usually equivalent to a sunburn and the healing process normally does not take longer than 3-5 days. Second-degree burns can be classified as either partial or full thickness burns and are more severe than first degree burns. In a partial thickness burn, there can be a blister that involved the entire skin and upper layers of the skin known as the dermis. The healing process for these burns can take anywhere from 10-21 days"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. Emergency treatment for third-degree and some second-degree burns may include a blood transfusion and/or extra fluids to help maintain blood pressure. Grafting\u2014placing healthy skin on top of the burn wound\u2014might help promote new skin growth. Severe burns can lead to widespread inflammation, organ failure, and shock. This sometimes-deadly response can arise a week or two after the initial burn. But doctors can\u2019t tell beforehand which patients might develop this extreme reaction. You can care for most minor burns at home. If the burn is red and painful with mild swelling or little blistering, then it\u2019s a first-degree or minor second-degree burn. See a doctor if the burn is dark red and looks glossy with a lot of blistering. These are signs of a deep second-degree burn. Get immediate treatment if the burned skin is dry and leathery, perhaps with white, brown, or black patches. These are signs of third-degree burn. Burns can become infected with bacteria or other germs if protective layers of skin are lost. Burns can also lead to painful inflammation, as your immune system shifts into gear. the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis \u2013 the deeper layer of fat and tissue. Full thickness burn \u2013 where all three layers of skin (the epidermis, dermis and subcutis) are damaged; the skin is often burnt away and the tissue underneath may appear pale or blackened, while the remaining skin will be dry and white, brown or black with no blisters,"}, {"title": "", "text": "more serious the injury. Injuries to the high-cervical nerves (C1-C4) are more serious than injuries to low-cervical nerves (C5-C7), often causing difficulty breathing or controlling bowel or bladder movements. Injuries to the vertebrae in the upper back (T1-T5) are more serious than injuries to the vertebrae in the middle of the back (T6-T12), with T1-T5 injuries possibly requiring a wheelchair while T6-T12 injury victims can usually walk again with braces. Injuries to the lumbar nerves (L1-L5) can also result in wheelchair use in some cases, but many are able to walk with braces. Burn injuries \u2014 Burn injuries are most commonly thermal burns resulting from contact with fire, hot objects, hot liquid, or steam, but some burns are electrical burns stemming from contact with electrical currents. Other kinds of burn injuries can also include radiation burns involving exposure to thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, or ultraviolet light (UV rays); chemical burns (also called alkali burns) resulting from contact with acidic substances; and friction burns stemming from rubbing skin against a rough surface. Burn injuries are most commonly classified into one of three degrees: First-degree burns involving superficial burns of only the epidermis, or the outer layer of the skin, that often heal within days; second-degree burns involving damage to the epidermis and the layer beneath it, the dermis; and third-degree burns which are full thickness burns involving damage or destruction to both layers of skin and extending into underlying tissues and sweat glands. Other possible but much less common burn injuries include fourth-degree burns extending into the"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissue, which includes fat) is called a full thickness injury (formerly called a third degree burn). Burns that damage muscles underneath the subcutaneous skin layer are described as full thickness burns with injury to the underlying muscle (sometimes formerly called fourth degree burns). Superficial burns normally heal within 5 to 7 days. A common type of superficial burn is a sunburn. Because the top layer of skin (the epidermis) is thin (about the thickness of a piece of paper), it is easily replaced. Even when skin is not injured, the skin completely replaces the epidermis every 45 to 75 days. Healing from a superficial burn usually occurs without scarring, although there may be some permanent discoloration. The dermis is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. As a result, the seriousness of a partial thickness (or dermal) burn depends on how much of the dermis has been injured. A deep and large partial thickness burn will usually be treated with skin grafting. Partial thickness burns usually leave scars. A full thickness burn destroys tissue in all three layers of skin, resulting in the loss of not only the skin but also the hair follicles, sweat glands, and the region where new skin cells are formed. For these reasons, full thickness burns require skin grafts. Fourth degree burns extend through the skin into underlying tissues - ligaments and muscle. These are often life-threatening. Although the treating physician usually makes a quick assessment of the burn degree on initial inspection, further analysis can cause a reassessment. Different"}, {"title": "", "text": "dangerous, even for those who work around them. Others who are unfamiliar with the dangers face a higher risk of electrocution. A variety of scenarios can lead to electrical burns such as defective electronic devices like hairdryers, curling irons, and cell phones. Poor or old electrical wiring can also cause fires and pose a risk for anyone nearby who comes in contact. Traffic Accidents Another common source of burns is motor vehicle accidents. Car accidents, truck accidents, and motorcycle accidents can all lead to fires, and sometimes dangerous explosions depending on the force of impact. Radiation burns are far less frequent than other types of burns, but they do happen. Aside from a catastrophe at a nuclear power plant, the average person is typically only exposed to radiation as part of medical treatment. Radiation is used for x-rays and other diagnostic imaging and cancer patients also receive radiation treatment to shrink tumors. When medical providers improperly administer treatment, severe internal burn injuries can occur. Types of Burn Injuries Medical professionals who help burn victims need language to evaluate burns, so they can provide the proper diagnosis and treatment. Types of burns are categorized by degree. Here is a broad overview of each type of burn: First-degree burns are minor burns that cause damage to the top layer of skin, called the epidermis. Unless a first-degree burn covers a large portion of the body, first aid treatment is typically enough to treat the burn so it heals completely. Second-degree burns refer to burns that go through the"}, {"title": "", "text": "redness and scarring as it heals. If you think you have received a burn that is more severe than a first-degree burn, you should go immediately to an accident and emergency room. Second-degree burns involve damage to the epidermis and the tissues below. Third-degree burns are known as full thickness burns. These are burns that have damaged all of the layers of the skin down to the dermis beneath. The treatment of these burns should be carried out by and in consultation with a trained professional. How a burn is treated depends very much on where it is and the extent of the burn. For severe facial burns, the first step is usually cleaning and debriding the wound. This involves removing the dead tissue that could become infected and ensuring that no dirt or other matter is left inside. If infections look like they are forming, the patient will be given antibiotics, either as topical ointments/creams or an intravenous solution. In many cases, patients will be given a tetanus shot. Pain relief and intravenous fluids are usually applied to promote healing, reduce harmful inflammation, and control pain. For severe burns, there is often very little that can be done to save the tissue that has been damaged. In order to prevent infection, the dead tissue is removed. While skin does have remarkable abilities to heal itself, it cannot replace itself very well. Severe facial burns will form thick scars. For patients in this situation, usually the only available option is skin grafting. Skin grafting is the"}, {"title": "", "text": "contact with hot items, and prolonged exposure time in the sun. A second degree burn burns through two layers of your skin. If your second degree is wider than three inches, you should call your doctor for medical help. Third degree burns \u2013 are the most serious of the three and require immediate medical attention. These occur when extended exposure to a very hot object burns through all three layers of your skin, sometimes causing muscle, fat, and bone damage. They will look leathery and have a white or black appearance on the skin. Third degree burns are major burns and require treatment from a doctor as soon as possible. Burns can be caused by fires, electrical shock, exposure to chemicals, or from scalding liquids. The American Burn Association compiled data from admissions to burn centers between 2005 to 2014. Fortunately, they also found patients- 67 percent male and 32 percent female- had a 96.8 percent survival rate. Seventy-three percent of the fire incidents happened at home, followed by work with eight percent and the street or highway (car fires) at five percent. Serious burn injuries are sometimes manageable through wound care, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and surgical procedures. If an adult suffers a burn injury that covers more than 15% of his/her body, doctors will most likely treat the victim with intravenous fluids. This treatment is especially important during the 24 hours following the initial injury. Inhalation burn injuries may require more fluids. Wound care involves keeping the injury dry and covered. Exposed burns are subject"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Burn Victim of the dermis remain , but this healing process requ ires much time. This increased time with an open wound potentiates chances for infection. Another problem that occurs when deep second-degree burns are allowed to heal on the ir own is the inc reased amounts of scar tissue in the wound . Due to these problems, second-degree burns may be skin grafted to facilitate healing. Th ird-degree burns destroy all of the ep idermis and dermis. The burn wound initially appears dry and leathery. There is no pain in the wound as the nerve fibers have been destroyed during the injury, Very small third-degree burns can heal without skin grafts , but generally PATHOLOGY OF THE BURN WOUND third-degree burns must be grafted to heal. Partial-thickness wounds involve the epidermis and varying levels of the derm is. Therefore, firstand second-degree burns are partial-thickness injuries. Full-th ickness wounds are third-degree burns as they involve both layers of skin ."}, {"title": "", "text": "3). Third-degree (most serious) burns damage or destroy the entire thickness of the skin, permanently destroying it and the tissue that\u2019s underneath. This burn reaches into the fat layer beneath the skin (see Figure 4). Burned areas may be charred black or white. The skin may look waxy or leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, causing numbness. A person with this type of burn may also have difficulty breathing or experience smoke inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning. Third-degree burns usually require skin grafts for wound closure. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 5). The skin\u2019s three anatomic layers (i.e., epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue) have functions that are lost after burn injuries. The epidermis is a barrier to bacteria and moisture loss. After a burn injury, local wound care and fluid management are required. The dermis provides elasticity and protection from mechanical trauma, and it contains blood vessels that supply all skin layers. When the skin is damaged, epidermal cells regenerate from cells deep within the dermal appendages, which is why deep dermal injury causes significant scarring and permanent skin damage 6). Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin\u2019s protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissues and organs not receiving enough oxygen. Several organs, such as the lungs, heart, and brain, are particularly susceptible to damage by \u201cburn shock.\u201d Infection is another major concern with third degree burns. The severe damage to the skin makes the body more susceptible to pathogens. Burns can also weaken the immune system, meaning the body is less capable of fighting off infection. In particular, acquiring pneumonia and sepsis infections are common and potentially fatal complications. A doctor can usually diagnose the severity of a burn by examining the affected area. They may also ask questions about the cause of the burn, any other injuries, and whether the person has any other medical conditions. The doctor may determine the severity of the burn by accounting for: the patient\u2019s age the percentage of total body surface area burned (TBSA) using the rule of nines the type of burn which body parts are involved A doctor may classify a severe burn under the following criteria: more than 10% TBSA in children or older adults more than 20% TBSA in adults more than 5% third degree significant burns to the: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), any third degree burn requires immediate hospitalization and treatment. Individuals with this type of burn usually receive treatment at a special burn unit. Following a third degree burn, people should immediately try to arrange medical assistance. While waiting for emergency care, a person can ensure an individual with a third degree burn: is out of harm\u2019s way is breathing has restrictive items"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissues and organs not receiving enough oxygen. Several organs, such as the lungs, heart, and brain, are particularly susceptible to damage by \u201cburn shock.\u201d Infection is another major concern with third degree burns. The severe damage to the skin makes the body more susceptible to pathogens. Burns can also weaken the immune system, meaning the body is less capable of fighting off infection. In particular, acquiring pneumonia and sepsis infections are common and potentially fatal complications. A doctor can usually diagnose the severity of a burn by examining the affected area. They may also ask questions about the cause of the burn, any other injuries, and whether the person has any other medical conditions. The doctor may determine the severity of the burn by accounting for: the patient\u2019s age the percentage of total body surface area burned (TBSA) using the rule of nines the type of burn which body parts are involved A doctor may classify a severe burn under the following criteria: more than 10% TBSA in children or older adults more than 20% TBSA in adults more than 5% third degree significant burns to the: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), any third degree burn requires immediate hospitalization and treatment. Individuals with this type of burn usually receive treatment at a special burn unit. Following a third degree burn, people should immediately try to arrange medical assistance. While waiting for emergency care, a person can ensure an individual with a third degree burn: is out of harm\u2019s way is breathing has restrictive items"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree involve the destruction of nerves, causing a loss of feeling and no pain. Third degree burns have a leathery, charred or white appearance. While burns can exceed these levels into the fourth degree, most of the public and medical community does not typically use this term. Fourth degree burns extend beyond the skin and cause damage to the underlying tendons and bones. Fifth and sixth burn degrees also exist but they are not considered survivable. Permanent Scarring Due to a Burn Injury If a burn injury victim is fortunate, the physical harm caused will not permanently damage their muscles, nerves, and other deep tissues. Irreversible scarring is likely to still occur, however, in any sort of accident that causes a burn injury. Given enough time, the scar tissue will no longer be sensitive to heat and touch but the victim is not fully recovered. They may experience a lowered self-esteem or diminished value of their own looks and identity. The result is physical scarring that leads to mental scarring as well. Any compensation earned through a lawsuit must keep these damages in mind, which are sometimes called nominal damages. Treatments for Burn Injury Victims When a burn injury can be improved through medical treatments and medicine, it is often a costly process that may take months to finalize. An effective yet expensive option for people who have suffered third or fourth degree burns is skin grafting, which will use their own skin from unaffected body parts and apply it to the burn for gradual healing"}, {"title": "", "text": "it to heal and may leave a scar. The last type of burn is third degree burns which are full-thickness burns. These burns tear down all layers of skin. It can go through the underlying fat, muscle, bone and nerve structures. The symptoms of the burns are brown or black with the essential tissues showing white. Third degree burns are considered as being a serious condition. One type of burn injury is from radiation. Ultraviolet light and nuclear radiation are causes of radiation burns. When absorbing too much Ultraviolet light, it can result into a burn injury. UV burns can come from tanning beds, too much exposure to X-rays, radiation therapy and too much sunlight. Treatment can include pain control medication to surgery. Do you think you have a radiation burn? Things Every Firefighter Should Know.."}, {"title": "", "text": "extrem NEC (Approximate Flag) A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. There are three types of burns: First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.799D Next Code: T23"}, {"title": "", "text": "to having to eat and the other examples. And yes, if you were in a conversation with someone with third degree burns and you had first degree and you kept making them equivalent, I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. Slavery is slavery regardless of the degree of slavery and burns are burns regardless of the degree of burn. Like sky blue is blue, but less blue than navy blue, but it's still blue. by phyllo \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 9:29 pm I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. You're putting all sorts of things into the category of 'slavery' which don't belong there. Serendipper wrote: I'm just saying that the degree of something doesn't remove it from the category. Slavery is slavery regardless of the degree of slavery and burns are burns regardless of the degree of burn. Like sky blue is blue, but less blue than navy blue, but it's still blue. Sure, the degree of something can remove it from a category. This can be within scientific categories and within everyday speech, and some of my examples were examples of this. I included when one is exposed to heat, which is what causes burns, but it is not a burn. The degree of the effects of the heat, if low enough, no longer qualify it, in medicine, as a burn. Further you have the assumption of your conclusion in your argument. Eating is, for you, some degree of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the depth of the skin affected by the burn. For now, the change in systems is still in progress, so during the transition you will notice a blend of terminology. Some experts may refer to first-degree, second-degree, third-degree and full thickness burns. Some may use a combination of terms such as first-degree/superficial, second-degree/partial thickness, third-degree/deep partial thickness and fourth-degree/full thickness. The variations can become confusing, so it is good to be versed in all the terms and systems discussed above. One of the most common nursing negligence issues we are called upon to illustrate is the development or progression of pressure sores (sometimes know as bed sores or decubitus ulcers). Pressure sores are areas of injured skin and tissue usually caused by sitting or lying in one position for too long. This often happens if you use a wheelchair or you are bedridden, even for a short period of time (for example, after surgery or an injury). When a change in position doesn't occur often enough and the blood supply gets too low, a sore may form. The constant pressure against the skin reduces the blood supply to that area, and the affected tissue dies. \u2022 Stage I: A reddened area on the skin that, when pressed, is \"non-blanchable\" (does not turn white). This indicates that a pressure ulcer is starting to develop. \u2022 Stage II: The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated. \u2022 Stage III: The skin breakdown now looks like a crater where"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn (Sister Machine Gun album) Burn (Havok album) Kerosene (disambiguation) III (Crystal Castles album) A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues, caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When the injury extends into some of the underlying layers, it is described as a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The treatment required depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help relieve pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged exposure may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and edema. The most common complications of burns involve infection. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Burn Burn is the third studio album by industrial rock band Sister Machine Gun. Burn has two hidden tracks on the CD release. The first is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-degree burns usually require hospitalization, the duration of which will vary according to the seriousness of the injury. Intravenous fluids are often provided to the patient to help replace the significant amount of fluid lost through the burned area and antibiotics are usually administered to fend off infection. Injuries are also typically cleaned and then wrapped in sterile bandages, which are changed periodically. In some cases, burn victims may be placed in an oxygen-rich, high-pressure room known as a hyperbaric chamber. Despite the best possible treatment, however, the damage to the skin is so extensive from a third-degree burn that the affected areas will never return to their normal state. Instead, scar tissue will eventually begin to form and cover the burned area unless a skin graft is performed. Skin grafts in which tissue from other parts of the patient\u2019s body are transplanted to the injury are typically permanent, but those in which the skin comes from another person or a donor animal are usually a temporary means of protecting the damaged area during the long, slow healing process."}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injuries are considered a problem in health care. Burn injuries are in the top five as the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. There are over 200 special burn care units in the United States. Statistics on burn injuries confirm that at least 50% of all burn accidents could have been avoided. There is one out of every 13 fire deaths in the United States that was caused by a child setting a fire. One-third of children preschool age has died by playing with fire. There are 2.4 million burn injuries that are reported per year in the United States. There are around 10,000 pediatric burn injuries yearly in the United States. Around 650,000 of the injuries are treated by medical professionals and about 75,000 are hospitalized. Out of the people that are hospitalized, there are 20,000 who have major burns. There are 8,000 to 12,000 who die from these burns. Burns are categorized into first, second, and third degrees. The first degree burns which are superficial burns are caused on the top layer of skin. Symptoms of the first degree burn are redness in the skin. The burn can be painful and dry. It takes about around a week for the first degree burn to heal on its own. The next burn is the second degree burns which are partial-thickness burns. This type of burn goes under a few layers of skin. The symptoms of this burn are redness, and blisters that appear. It usually takes three to four weeks for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are one of the most devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious burn injury require immediate specialised care in order to minimise the infection rates and mortality. Getting admitted early in a specialised burns unit after a burn injury is very necessary as the burn wounds get infected very fast if not taken proper care immediately. DESUN Hospital's Burn Unit is the only dedicated Tertiary Level Burns Unit in Siliguri, India. This Burn Unit provides patients and their families with the highest level of specialised burn Care. We are dedicated to providing comprehensive burn care in a nurturing, compassionate, personal and hygienic environment. First Degree Burns - Involves epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). These types of burns heal without scarring, as for example extreme Sunburn. Second Degree (Superficial) Burns - This involves epidermis and superficial part of dermis (The sensitive connective tissue layer of the skin located below the epidermis).These types of burns usually heal with intensive care and frequent aseptic dressings in Burns Unit within 3 weeks with some scarring. Second Degree (Deep) Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. Third Degree Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. We incorporate a team approach to caring for burn patients and their families. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is an injury to the tissue of the body, typically the skin. Burns can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Most burns only affect the uppermost layers of skin, but depending on the depth of the burn, underlying tissues can also be affected. Traditionally, burns are characterized by degree, with first degree being least severe and third degree being most. However, a more precise classification system referring to the thickness or depth of the wound is now more commonly used. For the sake of this article, burns will be described by thickness. For a comparison of the two classification systems, see the table below. When the epidermis and dermis are both destroyed and the burn extends down into the subcutaneous tissue, including fat, muscles and even bones, this is referred to as a full-thickness burn (third- and fourth degree burn). For full-thickness burns, generally the skin will either be white, black, brown, charred, or leathery in appearance. Often eschar (dry, black necrotic tissue) will form around the wound. Since nerve endings are destroyed along with the dermis, these wounds are typically painless. However, most full-thickness wounds are surrounded by wounds of various thicknesses, so these areas may still be painful. Infection: One of the main functions of the skin is to act as a barrier against outside infection. However, this physical barrier is broken with partial or full thickness wounds. With severe burns, hard, avascular eschar forms, providing an environment prone to microbial growth. In addition, eschar makes it more difficult for antibodies"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the dermis and extends down to about 3/4 of the dermis. It requires 3-4 weeks of treatment, sometimes including even escharotomy and skin grafting, and leaves severe scars, with high possibilities of developing into hypertrophic scars. Skin grafting should sometimes be considered for children, at the finger joints or other joint areas. Inappropriate treatments, including drying up of early burns, dressing which prevents circulation, or measures liable to infection, may worsen the burn to a third degree burn. \u2462 Third degree burn, or full-thickness burn (Figure 3): This type of burn affects more than 3/4 of the dermis and makes the skin look pale like beeswax, brown, or black, with a dry leathery texture and even the development of thrombi in some cases. External stimulus does not trigger pain or any sensation. Recovery takes from weeks to months since most of the pilosebaceous organs, which are essential for external wound recovery, are damaged, preventing epithelialization from the lower layers of the skin. The recovery time can be shortened by performing skin grafts. Narrow wounds and wound contractions can recover in some cases via slow epithelialization, but skin grafting or skin flaps are more beneficial in terms of both aesthetics and functionality. \u2460 Minor burn: A second degree burn accounting for up to 10% of TBSA in children and up to 15% in adults, or a third degree burn accounting for up to 2% of TBSA regardless of age. \u2461 Moderate burn: A second degree burn accounting for 10-20% of TBSA in children and 15-25% in"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the body into areas that each represent 9% of the TBS. The head"}, {"title": "", "text": "or destroy the nerves in the affected area and create a charred or blackened appearance. Third-degree burns need emergency care and may require surgeries to clean the wound and graft new skin. Some scales also include fourth-degree burns, which affects the muscles, tendons, and bones beneath the skin. The most serious burns can lead to amputations of the dead limbs. Burns can have serious complications. The most common is infection, or sepsis. Even with prolonged hospital stays and medical supervision, burn injuries can become infected and require additional surgeries or even amputation. Other life-threatening complications can include respiratory problems from smoke inhalation or burned airways, hypothermia from losing protective layers of skin, or major scar tissue development that can impair movement and even pull joints out of their sockets. Some victims do not survive their burn injuries or subsequent complications. Aside from having three (or four) degrees, burn injuries also come in different types. The most common type is a thermal burn. Thermal burns stem from contact with hot or scalding objects, such as fire, steam, or heated metal. Other kinds of burns include chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. Chemical burns come from contact with harsh acid or base chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, or lime. Chemical burns can dissolve the skin tissues, bleach or darken the skin, cause burning sensations, affecting breathing, and cause tissue necrosis (death). Electrical burns can occur due to live electrical wires, electric components, or bolts of lightning. Electrical burns may not show any outward signs, yet cause significant"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"BSA.\" YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 12 April 2019. . A physician or healthcare professional should be consulted whenever first or second degree burns cover more than 15 percent of a person's body surface area (BSA) or third degree burns involve more than 2 percent of a victim's BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering 15 percent to 25 percent of an adult's body or 10 percent to 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on 2 percent to 10 percent BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering more than 25 percent of an adult's body or more than 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on more than 10 percent BSA. Also, a person with burns covering more than 12 percent BSA is likely to go into shock; this condition may be prevented by laying the person flat and elevating the feet about 12 inches (30 cm). These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering less than 15 percent of an adult's body or less than 10 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on less than 2 percent BSA."}, {"title": "", "text": "to search for their nearest burn center in the United States. Treatment for third degree burns continues after a person leaves the hospital. While the recovery period differs for everyone, people commonly report feeling pain, fatigue, and itching. People will still require wound care, which involves cleansing and dressing the wounds. This may require a nurse or doctor, or for the person with burns to learn how to clean and dress wounds. A friend or family member could also assist. Individuals may require rehabilitation and counseling to help with their ability to perform daily tasks, with any potential issues communicating, and improve their mental health. The healing time of a burn injury depends on the: burn extent burn depth location of the burn person\u2019s age presence of other injuries or conditions Due to medical advances, people are now capable of recovering from burn injuries that were previously fatal. However, individuals will often have permanent impairments and scarring. Third degree burns are deep, severe burns that completely damage the skin. Causes can include exposure to flames, explosions, or strong chemicals. People with third degree burns need immediate medical attention from a special burn unit. This can help prevent serious complications such as infection or shock. Last medically reviewed on February 15, 2021 Burns. (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/Factsheet_Burns.aspx Burns and scalds. (2020). https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/burns-scalds/ Find a burn center. (n.d.). https://ameriburn.site-ym.com/search/custom.asp?id=925 Liodaki, E., et al. (2015). Epidemiology of pneumonia in a burn care unit: The influence of inhalation trauma on pneumonia and of pneumonia on burn mortality. Lopez, O. N., et"}, {"title": "", "text": "to search for their nearest burn center in the United States. Treatment for third degree burns continues after a person leaves the hospital. While the recovery period differs for everyone, people commonly report feeling pain, fatigue, and itching. People will still require wound care, which involves cleansing and dressing the wounds. This may require a nurse or doctor, or for the person with burns to learn how to clean and dress wounds. A friend or family member could also assist. Individuals may require rehabilitation and counseling to help with their ability to perform daily tasks, with any potential issues communicating, and improve their mental health. The healing time of a burn injury depends on the: burn extent burn depth location of the burn person\u2019s age presence of other injuries or conditions Due to medical advances, people are now capable of recovering from burn injuries that were previously fatal. However, individuals will often have permanent impairments and scarring. Third degree burns are deep, severe burns that completely damage the skin. Causes can include exposure to flames, explosions, or strong chemicals. People with third degree burns need immediate medical attention from a special burn unit. This can help prevent serious complications such as infection or shock. Last medically reviewed on February 15, 2021 Burns. (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/Factsheet_Burns.aspx Burns and scalds. (2020). https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/burns-scalds/ Find a burn center. (n.d.). https://ameriburn.site-ym.com/search/custom.asp?id=925 Liodaki, E., et al. (2015). Epidemiology of pneumonia in a burn care unit: The influence of inhalation trauma on pneumonia and of pneumonia on burn mortality. Lopez, O. N., et"}, {"title": "", "text": "three categories: **First degree:** The skin surface is red (erythema); only the surface epithelium is involved. **Second degree:** The skin blisters and edema is present. Blisters beneath or within the epidermis are called **bullae**. There is destruction of the deep layers of the epidermis and the upper layers of the dermis (Fig. 20\u201310). **Figure 20\u201310**. Second-degree burns. Burned bodies often have a very high preservative demand because of kidney failure. **Third degree:** The tissues are charred. The epidermis, the dermis, and epidermal derivatives such as hair follicles and glandular inclusions are destroyed. Many victims of second-degree burns will have lived for a period between the injury and their death. The blistering of second-degree burns is rarely seen. These blisters are opened, drained, and treated long before the death. It is the systemic effects of kidney failure and generalized edema that must concern the embalmer. These bodies have a very high preservative demand. Circulation may be very difficult to establish. Very strong or waterless arterial solutions are needed to prepare these bodies. Dye is added to trace the distribution of solution. Multipoint injection, if the body has not been autopsied, is often needed. A major objective is creating dry clean skin for cosmetic work which includes: 1. Remove all loose skin before arterial injection using a good sharp razor (on visible areas). 2. Apply surface cavity (or phenol) compresses or paint the visible areas with autopsy gel. These gels can be painted over damaged skin areas that will not be viewed. (It is not necessary to clean"}, {"title": "", "text": "in which the entire epidermis and variable portions of the dermis are destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the skin\u2019s outer layer. Second-degree burns reach the dermis, or lower skin layer, and can cause damage to nerves, hair follicles, blood vessels, connective tissues, and sweat glands. Third-degree burns are the most dangerous, as they can penetrate skin, fat, muscles, bones, and tendons. They often result in open wounds that can easily become infected. Burns affecting less than ten percent of the total body surface area of adults or less than five percent for children and seniors are considered minor burns. Burns impacting between ten and 20 percent for adults and between five and ten percent for children and seniors are deemed moderate. Major burns are those covering more than 20 percent of adults and more than ten percent of children and seniors. Thermal Burns Thermal burns occur when an external source of heat, such as a flame, hot surface, or steam, comes into contact with the body. Thermal burns often cause blisters and may leave the skin looking either white or charred. They also can destroy skin, nerve endings, tissue, muscles, bones, and tendons. Chemical Burns Chemical, or caustic, burns can happen when acids, bases, or other irritants make contact with someone\u2019s skin, eyes, or lungs. Chemical burns may lead to vision loss, charred skin, numbness and pain, headaches, seizures, and cardiac arrest. Electrical Burns Electrical burns can be deceiving \u2013 they may not look severe on the outside, but they can cause serious internal damage. Contact with live wires can leave a mark on the skin, and the currents running through the body"}, {"title": "", "text": "outermost part of the dermis, which causes pain, is hypersensitive to touch, and usually causes blisters and redness. Deep burns cause damage to the deepest layers of the dermis. They appear like the superficial burns but usually are dry and white. These burns are usually painful, may take three to four weeks to heal, and may result in thick scarring. These burns are usually caused by contact with hot liquid and flames. The burned area looks like blisters and the skin is often cherry red or pink. Second-degree burns are usually treated without surgery but sometimes need skin grafting. The most serious of all burns are third-degree burns, in which all the layers of skin are destroyed. Sometimes third-degree burns also affect underlying tissue. They extend deeper into the skin and destroy all of the epidermis and dermal layers, extending to the subcutaneous layers. This turns the skin brown or black, gives it a leathery appearance, and often causes the skin to separate from the surrounding tissue. The nerve endings are destroyed from the burn and therefore these burns usually are not painful. Third-degree burns are typically caused by contact with hot liquid, flame or electricity. After being burned, the skin appears white, pearly or leathery. The skin must be replaced either through transplantation or grafting. Treating third-degree burns usually involves debridement, which is the removal of dead skin, and surgical skin grafting. Chemical burns are tissue damage caused by exposure to a strong acid or alkali such as phenol, creosol, mustard gas or phosphorus. Chemical"}, {"title": "", "text": "the tendons to slide back and forth in an effort for the toes to move. A burn to the top of the foot therefore could cause adhesions which may end up restricting motion of the tendons and limit the ability to ambulate. This is also apparent in the ankle joint where once again the skin is very thin and a burn injury could impair the movement of the tendons around the ankle. The bottom of the foot is somewhat different in that the skin particularly around the heels is thick and there is much more fat on the bottom of the foot to aid in shock absorption when ambulating. This \"extra\" fat is tightly attached to the skin on the bottom of the foot. This set up allows the bottom of the foot to better absorb the shearing forces which occur when walking. Thus, destruction of the skin and closely attached fat on the bottom of the foot would make the ability to walk very difficult if this structure was destroyed. Burns may be classified based on the degree of severity. First Degree-superficial, painful burn that often appears as erythematous (redness) but without blisters. Generally will heal without scarring or discoloration. Second Degree-partial thickness (partial skin layer destruction), painful burn associated with blisters and erythema. Third Degree-full thickness (full skin layer destruction), painless burn which may have a waxy, white or necrotic (death of tissue) appearance. Will often heal with a scar or require skin grafting. Fourth Degree-full thickness, painless burn involving muscle and possibly bone."}, {"title": "", "text": "Of How (4:26) All Have Some (4:41) Fox Tail (4:05) RISE (5:33) Hartland Quay (4:27) Do You Think You're Right (4:47) Ona (3:10) Some Kinda Love (4:18) Equal Rights (6:48) \u2191 Roots & Traditional Album of the Year - Solo category at the Juno Awards This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Rise_(Annabelle_Chvostek_album) A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues, caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When the injury extends into some of the underlying layers, it is described as a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The treatment required depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help relieve pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged exposure may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and edema. The most"}, {"title": "", "text": "Never Too Late to Give: If you understand the importance of Photojournalism\u2026think FOVEA. During the holiday season think about charitable contributions in keeping art, music and photography alive in your community. It\u2019s important in raising the bar for humanity. So ya want to be a Wildfire Photographer\u2026Do you! THIS IS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW TO SURVIVE! DO NOT BE STUPID AND PUT YOURSELF AND OTHERS AT RISK! Avoid locations that are downward from the fire. For radiant heat only, the distance of separation between the firefighter and the flames must be at least four times the maximum flame height. This distance must be maintained on all sides, if the fire has the ability to burn completely around the safety zone. Remove person from heat source, extinguish with water. First Degree \u2013 Affected skin\u2019s outer layer. Redness, mild swelling, tenderness, mild to moderate pain. Second Degree \u2013 Extends through entire outer layer and into inner layer of skin. Blisters, swelling, weeping of fluids and severe pain. Third Degree \u2013 Extends through all skin layers and into underlying fat, muscle, bone, Discoloration (charred white or cherry red), leathery, parchment-like, dry appearance. Pain is absent. Cut away burned clothing. DO NOT cut away clothing stuck to burned skin. Apply cool, clear water over burned area. DO NOT soak person or use cold water and ice packs. This encourages hypothermia. Cover burned area with sterile dressing, moisten with saline solution, and apply dry dressing on top. For severe burns or burns covering large area of body-wrap in clean, sterile"}, {"title": "", "text": "accounting for 80 % of cases [ 2 ]. Scald burns (which are caused by heated liquids or steam) account for the majority of pediatric burn injuries [ 3 , 4 ]. Most of these data come from hospitalization studies, thus representing more severe burn injuries. However, of the over one million burn injuries that occur in the USA annually, the majority are minor burns and can be managed on an outpatient basis. Burns have a wide range of severity, with the most severe associated with an increased risk in morbidity and mortality. Populations especially vulnerable to infections, delayed healing, and increased morbidity from burns include diabetics and immunocompromised populations. Children with burn wounds should be evaluated for the possibility of child abuse. Burns can be grouped into three categories depending on severity. Superficial or epidermal (first degree) burns involve only the epidermis. Partial thickness (second degree) burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. The degree of damage to the dermis further classifies burns as superficial partial thickness, or deep partial thickness where blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles may be involved. Full thickness (third degree) burns involve the entirety of the epidermis and dermis, and may include involvement of bones and muscles. The term fourth degree is sometimes used to describe the most severe burns that extend into bone, muscles, and joints. Genital Lesions: Molluscum Contagiosum and Warts Tags: Top 50 Dermatology Case Studies for Primary Care Jun 29, 2017 | Posted by admin in Uncategorized | Comments Off on Thermal Scald Burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "liquids, and starting a fire could lead to a scalding injury, burn, or inhalation injuries when inhaling smoke. Medical science generally identifies burns in three categories including: First-degree burn injury where only the outer layer of skin\u2019s damage, like radiation burns, steam burns, and sunburns, and minimal pain levels Second-degree burn injury that damages the skin\u2019s surface and under layers Third-degree burn injury damaging or destroying the skin\u2019s deepest layers and underlying tissue Nearly immediately, a burn can begin to blister, swell, and scar that damaged tissue. If the burn is extensive, the victim may experience shock or death. In time, burn injuries may cause skin tightness Burn victims are highly susceptible to infection due to the damage to the skin\u2019s protective barriers. Treatment is often extensive. Skin injury burn damages require antibiotic medications and intravenous-administered nutrition and fluids. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a burned area covering more than 25% of the victim\u2019s body surface area requires immediate IV (intravenous) fluids to ensure they maintain the total body water required for survival. Burn specialists know that an injured patient with burns exceeding 30% of their body could be fatal. However, recent medical technology advancements have lowered the death rate in patients suffering burns over half of their bodies. Even people with burns over 90% of their body surface can often survive with permanent scars and impairments. In the moments following a burn patient entering an emergency room, the nurse would begin the resuscitative medical team\u2019s burn management. The nursing team must focus"}, {"title": "", "text": "can snowball into septic shock and organ failure. Another potential complication of major burns is fluid loss through the damaged skin, which can lead to kidney failure. Basically, burns introduce all kinds of bad. Skin grafts to treat burns \u2014 which Veera receives under the care of Dr. Nealon in the comic-book issue \"Rachel\" \u2014 are critical, then, because they can be used to reduce the concentration of bacteria in the burn wounds and to help the body retain fluids. NEALON She was badly burned in the fire. Luckily, we had an ample source for skin grafts. _(Orphan Black #5 \"Rachel\")_ Newer technologies allow us the possibility of taking skin cells from the burn patient to grow new skin cells in sheets in a lab, or even the use of synthetic skins, but back when Veera was burned, her skin graft would have been harvested from a person using a tool called a dermatome, which can remove a layer of skin. The thickness of the skin depends on the needs of the person receiving the graft. You might have heard skin burn severity described in terms of _degrees_ ; it's more accurate to think in terms of _depth_. First-degree burns are superficial and only affect the topmost layer of skin, called the epidermis. The burned skin might peel after a day or so, but it won't blister. Second-degree burns, also known as partial-thickness burns, do blister, and the damage affects the epidermis and part of the dermis, the layer below. Third-degree burns, or full-thickness burns, extend"}, {"title": "", "text": "epidermis, into other layers of the skin causing blisters. Sometimes second-degree burns require skin grafting. Yet, even without a graft, burn victims need extra time to heal from a second-degree burn. Third-degree burns extend through the epidermis and dermis and almost always require surgery. These serious burn injuries burn victims who suffer third-degree burns face excruciating pain and can expect weeks or months of recovery. Permanent scars and nerve damage are common with third-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns, fifth-degree burns, and sixth-degree burns are grouped together into a category of catastrophic severe burn injuries. These burns extend into the fat and muscle layers of the body and sometimes expose the skeletal system. Catastrophic burns not only damage tissue, but they impact organs and other body functions. Additionally, those who suffer catastrophic burns have a high risk of infection, and if lucky enough to survive, typically must remain in a coma until they heal because their body is in shock. Aftermath of a Burn Injury The physical and emotional aftermath of a burn takes a toll on victims and their families. In addition to pain and discomfort burn victims also sometimes cope with the following: Permanent scarring. Severe burns leave permanent scars and disfigurement that can be humiliating for burn victims depending on their location. Infection. When a burn permeates through the skin and creates an open wound, burn victims risk serious infection, such as tetanus, a bacterial infection that impacts the brain and nervous system. Shock. Severe burns interfere with body processes and prevent organs from getting"}, {"title": "", "text": "and creases. Moderate swelling. Grade 3 \u2013 Larger sections of skin peeling, greater than 1.5 cm diameter, not confined to the skin folds. Severe swelling. Grade 4 \u2013 Full thickness skin necrosis and/or ulcerations. The necrosis extends into the dermis\u2014living tissue that makes up the internal layer of skin which contains blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures. Pronounced clusters of blood vessels (often spidery in appearance). Radiation burns appear similar to thermal burns. First degree burns will appear as dry, red skin. The victim may be in moderate pain and the site of the burn may itch. Second degree burns will appear as moist, red skin with small or large blisters. The skin will often begin to slough off in small pieces. Victims will be in moderate to severe pain. Unlike thermal burns, symptoms of radiation burns may not present immediately upon exposure to the radiation source. The delay can range from a few hours to several weeks. Radiation recall is a specific type of delayed reaction where symptoms appear at the site of previous radiation exposure after exposure to another chemotherapy agent. The greatest danger from radiation burns is the potential to cause damage to the cellular structure which can potentially lead to cell mutation and cancer. Even minor radiation burns can cause serious complications over time. Victims of radiation burns are at an increased risk of experiencing additional radiation burns in the future and should take increased precautions. The burned area needs to be kept clean without causing additional"}, {"title": "", "text": "protects the nerve cells. Fascia, tendons, and ligaments make up the body's \u201cconnectors.\u201d These connector tissues are all made of collagen but help to join different parts of the body. The ligaments join bone to bone, tendons link muscle to bone, and fascia protects muscle and separates internal organs of the body. Bone tissue plays protective roles, serves as a structure, and aids in movement (Huckfeldt et al., 2015).[6] Burns can result in minor damages or can lead to a dangerous emergency, depending on the concentration of the heat, the expanse of tissues burned, and how long the skin had been exposed to the heat. A lot of individuals suffer from infirmities and deformities as a result of burns (Van Hasselt, 2008).[7] When categorizing the thickness of a burn, a system of classification that is mostly adapted involves assigning a degree to the injury, from first degree through fourth degree (Reed and Pomerantz, 2005).[8] A superficial or first-degree burn is a painful damage, typically confined to the epidermis. Thus, it involves only the top layer of the skin (Hettiaratchy and Dziewulski, 2004).[9] Usually, first-degree burns are not severe and affect only the superficial epidermis. They are hardly reported to hospitals for treatment/management (Reed and Pomerantz, 2005).[8] Another type is a superficial partial-thickness burn, which may also be classified as a first or second degree. This kind of injury mostly spreads into the epidermis, and perhaps the papillary layer of dermis, and normally heals without leaving scars. It is usually painful with the skin becoming pink (Mertens"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their initial presentation than are third-degree; this is because nerves remain intact in second-degree, but are completely destroyed in third-degree burns. For this reason, Station fire victims stumbling around the club's parking lot with blistered faces and limbs were initially in greater pain than their more seriously burned counterparts. Third-degree burn victims would eventually, however, far surpass their less-seriously burned friends in lifetime scarring and disability. Because different areas of the skin conduct heat differently, location of the body areas exposed to heat may determine whether full-thickness burns result. The outermost layer of epidermis is an excellent insulator from heat; therefore, where it is thickest, as on the soles and palms, full-thickness burns are rare. Backs of hands, by contrast, are much more susceptible to irreversible burn injury requiring skin grafts. Shake hands with several of the more seriously burned Station fire victims: you'll often find their palms to be original equipment, and the backs of their hands, retreads. The majority of Station fire fatalities did not succumb to their burns, however, but rather to inhalation injury. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in building fires. It occurs not only because of _what_ is inhaled, but because of the _temperature_ of what is inhaled. Either factor can kill, even in the absence of skin burns. Reports of fire injuries commonly speak of \"smoke inhalation.\" What we call smoke is actually a suspension of visible particles in air and toxic gases. The types of toxic gases produced depend upon the fuel being burned"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the texture of the skin may also be leathery or waxy. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 7). Burn depth and size are important factors in determining whether a burn can be classified as minor, and are crucial in dictating the initial steps of burn assessment and management 8). Superficial burns can often be managed on an outpatient basis, whereas full-thickness burns must be evaluated by a specialist for possible excision and grafting. Determination of burn depth can be complicated by the conversion of burns to a higher burn category within the first several days. Conversion occurs when the damaged skin continues to spread and burn depth increases because of thermal injury that did not fully present on initial assessment; therefore, frequent evaluation and reassessment are necessary for all categories of burns 9). Burn size is determined by estimating the percentage of the patient\u2019s body surface area that is covered by partial-thickness and full-thickness burns (Figure 9) 11). First-degree burns are not incorporated into formal estimations of burn size. The Lund-Browder classification can be used for initial assessment of burn size in adults or children. The \u201crule of nines\u201d diagram is helpful for rapid assessment of burn size, but this method is less accurate than the Lund-Browder classification, especially in children. The hand is often used to measure small burn areas; it correlates to 1 percent of total body surface area. Studies have shown that the adult hand is closer to 0.8 percent of total body"}, {"title": "", "text": "and clothing near, but not on, the wound removed People can also cover the area with a sterile bandage, attempt to separate fingers and toes if burned, and, if possible, elevate the burned area above the heart. The treatment a person receives will depend on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. The cause of the burn and a person\u2019s health will also determine which treatment they receive. Treatment for third degree burns may include: Surgery: Third degree burns typically require multiple surgeries to remove burned tissue from the burn site. Skin graft: As third degree burns do not heal by themselves, a skin graft is often necessary. A doctor may use a combination of natural skin grafts, artificial skin products, or laboratory-grown skin. Intravenous fluids: Some people may receive extra fluids to maintain their blood pressure and prevent shock. Medication: A person will likely receive several different medications, such as antibiotics and pain medication, to prevent infection and ease pain. Tetanus shot: As tetanus bacteria are more likely to trigger infections through burn wounds, a person may receive a tetanus shot to prevent this. Third degree burns are serious and require immediate medical attention. Without treatment, they can be fatal. The WHO estimate that burns cause roughly 180,000 deaths every year, while non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity. Children and older adults are particularly at risk. Research suggests that after car accidents and drowning, burns are the most frequent cause of childhood death. The American Burn Association provide resources allowing people"}, {"title": "", "text": "and clothing near, but not on, the wound removed People can also cover the area with a sterile bandage, attempt to separate fingers and toes if burned, and, if possible, elevate the burned area above the heart. The treatment a person receives will depend on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. The cause of the burn and a person\u2019s health will also determine which treatment they receive. Treatment for third degree burns may include: Surgery: Third degree burns typically require multiple surgeries to remove burned tissue from the burn site. Skin graft: As third degree burns do not heal by themselves, a skin graft is often necessary. A doctor may use a combination of natural skin grafts, artificial skin products, or laboratory-grown skin. Intravenous fluids: Some people may receive extra fluids to maintain their blood pressure and prevent shock. Medication: A person will likely receive several different medications, such as antibiotics and pain medication, to prevent infection and ease pain. Tetanus shot: As tetanus bacteria are more likely to trigger infections through burn wounds, a person may receive a tetanus shot to prevent this. Third degree burns are serious and require immediate medical attention. Without treatment, they can be fatal. The WHO estimate that burns cause roughly 180,000 deaths every year, while non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity. Children and older adults are particularly at risk. Research suggests that after car accidents and drowning, burns are the most frequent cause of childhood death. The American Burn Association provide resources allowing people"}, {"title": "", "text": "The seriousness of a burn injury depends on how deep the injury is and how much of the body has been burned. It is common for a person with a large burn injury to have burns of different depths. The deepest injury is usually at the center of a burned area. Medical technology now has tests to determine the depth of a burn injury, but an experienced burn specialist\u2019s examination continues to be the most reliable way of evaluating the depth of burns. Damage to the pulmonary system is a common and potentially dangerous condition that afflicts some burn victims. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in burn victims. Flash burns often harm the face but rarely involve the airway. The skin has several layers (see diagram). The deeper the burn injury is, the greater the number of layers that are damaged. Sweat glands and the roots of hair follicles are in the deeper layers and will be destroyed with a deep burn. Deep injuries heal more slowly, are more difficult to treat, and are more likely to have complications than superficial injuries. The names given to burn injuries of various depths have changed in recent decades. Injury to the top layer of skin (the epidermis) is now called a superficial burn (formerly called a first degree burn). Injury to the second layer of skin (the dermis) is now called a partial thickness or dermal injury (formerly called a second degree burn). An injury that extends down to the third layer (the subcutaneous"}, {"title": "", "text": "around three days. When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful. Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. Often there is no pain and the burn area is stiff. Healing typically does not occur on its own. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part. Burns are generally preventable. Treatment depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, due to capillary fluid leakage and tissue swelling. The most common complications of burns involve infection. Tetanus toxoid should be given if not up to date. In 2013, fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million"}, {"title": "", "text": "situations\u0007\b\u0005\b\uff0cis hesitant to try new things\u4ee5\u53caBut when that comfort zone is not around her\u0006\b\uff0cshe is shy and nervous.\u0006\b\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5Kelly\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6162\u70ed\u578b\u7684\u4eba\b\u0007\u0006\u0005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u0007\u0007\u0005\b\u0006\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6bb5\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9002\u5e94\u0007\uff0c\u6545\u9009D\u0006\u3002 3.D \u3010\u89e3\u6790\u3011\u8003\u67e5\u6587\u7ae0\u7ec6\u8282\u7406\u89e3\u0005\b\b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6587\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e94\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684It was because she was afraid of something and conquered that fear with confidence and a fire I hadn\u2019t seen before\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u516d\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684 I felt like I won that day\b\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e86\u0007\uff0c\u6545\u9009D\u0007\u3002 4.A \u3010\u89e3\u6790\u3011\u63a8\u7406\u5224\u65ad\u9898\b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u53e5when that comfort zone is not around her, she is shy and nervous.\u548c\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u53e5It was because she was afraid of something and conquered that fear with confidence and a fire I hadn\u2019t seen before.\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5Kelly\u6709\u70b9\u5bb3\u7f9e\b\u0007\u0007\u0006\uff0c\u53c8\u610f\u5fd7\u575a\u5b9a\u0007\u0006\b\u3002\u6545\u9009A\u0007\b\u0007\u3002 \u4e8c\u0006\u3001\u6559\u6750\u4e0e\u8bed\u6cd5\u586b\u7a7a \u6839\u636e\u6559\u6750\u8bfe\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\b\b\u0007\u0006\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u767d\u5904\u586b\u51651\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u6216\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5f62\u5f0f\b\u0007\u0007\u3002 There are three types of burns. They are called first, second or third degree burns, 1. (depend) on which layers of the skin 2. (burn)\uff0e First degree burns affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious and should feel 3. (good) within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for 4. moment. Second degree burns affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These burns are serious 5. take a few weeks 6. (heal)\uff0eExamples include severe sunburn and burns 7. (cause) by hot liquids. Third degree burns affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs 8. the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, 9. (burn) clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe 10. (injure) and the victim must go to hospital at once. \u7b54\u6848\uff1a1.depending 2.are burned 3.better 4.a 5.and 6\uff0eto heal 7.caused 8.under 9.burning 10\uff0eInjuries \u4e09\b\b\u0007\u0006\u0006\u3001\u5b8c\u5f62\u586b\u7a7a\b\u0006\b\u0007\u0007\u3002 When your child is supposed to be doing"}, {"title": "", "text": "is very small. For deep partial-thickness burns, tissue may undergo spontaneous epithelialization from the few viable epithelial appendages at this deepest layer of dermis and heal within 3-6 weeks (if no infection arises). Because these burns have less capacity for re-epithelializing, a greater potential for hypertrophic scar formation exists. In deep partial-thickness burns, treatment with topical antimicrobial dressings is necessary to prevent infection as the burn wound heals. Contraction across joints, with resulting limitation in range of motion, is a common sequela. Splash scalds often cause second-degree burns. Third-degree burns Third-degree burns are full-thickness burns that destroy both epidermis and dermis. The capillary network of the dermis is completely destroyed. Burned skin has a white or leathery appearance with underlying clotted vessels and is anesthetic. Unless a third-degree burn is small enough to heal by contraction (< 1 cm), skin grafting always is necessary to resurface the injured area. Immersion scalds, flame burns, and chemical and high-voltage electrical injuries cause third-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns Fourth-degree burns cause full-thickness destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, with involvement of the underlying fascia, muscle, bone, or other structures. These injuries require extensive d\u00e9bridement and complex reconstruction of specialized tissues and invariably result in prolonged disability. Fourth-degree burns result from prolonged exposure to the usual causes of third-degree burns. Burn size Accurate assessment of initial burn injuries is important to guide subsequent burn wound treatment. If it is anticipated that a burn wound will take longer than 21 days to heal spontaneously, surgical d\u00e9bridement and grafting are required to"}, {"title": "", "text": "et al., 1997).[10] According to Temu-Justin et al. (2008),[1] in the second-degree burns the skin is light, red and blistery, swollen to some extent with moistly discharge and severe pain. For a deep partial thickness burns, tissue damage encompasses the epidermis, papillary dermis, and reticular dermis. The portion of dermis might still be undamaged, which may provide some amount of protection through the healing process. The color of the skin is red to pale pink (Bessy, 2007).[11] According to Huckfeldt (2013),[12] if the majority of the dermis is injured, this damage could lead to scarring which might lead to functional and motor problems, particularly if the damage involves a joint area. Sterling, Heimbach and Gibran (2010)[13] explained full-thickness or a third-degree burn to include the epidermis, the two layers of dermis across the basement membrane into subcutaneous tissue. Here, the immediate region of damage differs in deepness, causing changes in skin color which could range from a dark waxy red to waxy white or black (Mertens et al., 1997).[10] According to Temu-Justin et al. (2008),[1] this kind of injury causes nerves and blood vessels damages. The initial pain may be little or there may have no sensation, dependent on which nerve tissue is damaged. The burn area is yellow, cherry red and becomes dry and leathery (Mazzeo et al., 2014).[14] Even after appropriate treatment and care, scarring is very common (Huckfeldt, 2013).[12] In fourth degree or deep full-thickness burns, there is a lot of tissue damage. The damages outspread the covers of the skin and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "after compression or not at all. These burns will heal in 21\u201328 days or longer, depending on the depth of burn, by reepithelialization from hair follicles and keratinocytes in sweat glands. Nevertheless, deep partial-thickness burns may require skin grafting to facilitate healing. The longer the wound takes to heal, the worse the scarring will be. Right hand showing superficial partial-thickness burn; the typically occurring blister has been removed. Superficial partial-thickness burn has a wet, pink, and moist appearance. Left hand showing deep partial-thickness burn, typically with mottled pink or white areas. Full-thickness (third-degree) burns are burns that extend through the dermis down to the subcutaneous tissue. They are characterized by a firm leathery eschar that is painless and yellow, grey, white, or cherry red in color (Figs. 48-3 and 48-4). The eschar is insensitive to pinprick but may be sensitive to pressure on palpation. No epidermal or dermal appendages remain, and these wounds must heal by reepithelialization from the wound edges by contraction, which takes a protracted time. Full-thickness burns require excision and skin grafting with autograft skin so that they can heal in a timely fashion. Left hand showing full-thickness burn. Grey, yellow, and cherry-red areas can be defined as full-thickness burns. Fourth-degree burns involve other tissues beneath the skin, such as muscle, tendon, and bone. They have a charred appearance that usually results from high-voltage electrical injury or from prolonged duration of contact with fire or an object such as a hot muffler. Determination of Burn Size The most commonly used method of determining"}, {"title": "", "text": "by reddened skin and blistered/swollen in the center. In the most serious cases of a deep burn, the affected skin will be charred and/or pearly white (Chart 3 ). Chart 3: Characteristics of burn wounds. Determining Burn Severity Burn severity is categorized as major, moderate, or minor. Classification of burn severity serves to establish the order of care, type of care, and how and when to transport the patient. In cases of quick transport, it gives receiving emergency department personnel information upon which to base a response. Assigning a burn patient to one of the severity categories is dependent upon evaluation of the following determining factors: 1. Degree and extent of the burn 2. Body regions burned 3. Source of the burn 4. Other injuries the patient has suffered Degree and extent: Using the criteria of first-, second-, and third-degree burns along with the Rule of Nines, a vital measurement of injury sever ity is determined. Body regions burned: Burns to the face can result in the loss of the airway and damage to the eyes. Burns to the hands, feet, and joints are of concern due to scarring, loss of movement, and, most critically, the infliction of circumferential burns with a developing constricting eschar. Burns to the buttocks, groin, and medial thigh are more susceptible to infection (Ill.110) Illustration 110: Shaded areas represent body regions that, once burned, can easily lead to complications. Source of the burn: A \"minor\" chemical burn may be potentially more life-endanger ing than a comparable thermal burn. Chemical residue may"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree burns, the quicker a person is hospitalized and the burn treated, the lower the incidence of cellulitis (infection), the shorter the hospital stay, less chance of grafting and less development of scarring. In very severe burn cases where loss of pedal function occurs, reconstruction of the foot and ankle may be necessary. If there has been extensive damage to the skin, then skin grafting will be necessary. In cases where there is deeper damage and a skin graft alone will not suffice, muscle flaps may be required as they will allow for better covering of the exposed areas. Severe burns of this nature also end up causing damage to the tendons, vascular and nerve structures in the foot. In general, they cause contracture (shrinking) of these structures, so the course of therapy in these cases is to make sure there is adequate circulation getting into the foot and in many instances surgery on the tendons in an effort to lengthen them is necessary in order to give the foot better function. Finally, think all burns are heat induced? Take a look at the picture to the right. This first degree burn is the result of over icing an area of the foot for an acute episode of plantar fasciitis. This burn would be treated in the same manner as any other first degree burn. The lesson learned here is to never over ice an area in an effort to reduce pain and swelling. I believe in using ice for a musculo-skeletal injury only during the"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to your body\u2019s tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. Each year in the United States, about a half-million people seek medical attention for burns and 40,000 are hospitalized 3) and approximately 4,000 people die each year from fire and burn injuries 4). Burns can be caused by scalding from hot liquids or cooking oils, contact with flames, or from overexposure to the sun. Burn also can be electrical (e.g., when a child bites an electrical cord) or chemical (e.g., resulting from swallowing or spilling bleach on your skin). Household burns lead to nearly 7 of 10 admissions to burn centers. The good news is that the number of deaths from severe burns has dropped by more than half over the past 4 decades, in large part because of treatments developed through research. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin (the epidermis). It may cause redness, swelling and pain. It usually heals with first-aid measures within several days to a week. Sunburn is a classic example. Second-degree burns: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin (dermis). It may cause red, white or splotchy skin, pain, and swelling. And the wound often looks wet or moist. Blisters may develop, and pain can be severe. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring (see Figure"}, {"title": "", "text": "{07116} carbon monoxide after-effects on globus pallidus In CHRONIC TOXICITY (i.e., that home heater is defective), the family complains of headache and malaise. Since carbon monoxide accumulates over time, symptoms do not vanish simply from leaving the house. It takes a clever physician to make the diagnosis, and ultimately save the family from brain damage / death. * Future pathologists only: Brown (chocolate) blood / brown livor mortis is seen in methemoglobinemia, usually due to poisoning (notably nitrates -- the \"Eleven Blue Men\" case is famous), less often drug allergies or hereditary deficiency of the enzyme that keeps hemoglobin reduced. Methemoglobin will not give up its oxygen to the tisues. INJURY DUE TO FIRE {24922} burn Deep Burn, Histopathology Text and photomicrographs. Nice. Human Pathology Digital Image Gallery Nanking, 1937 SURFACE BURNS FIRST DEGREE: The outer epidermis is damaged. The dermal vessels probably dilate, but there are no blisters. SECOND DEGREE: Living cells are killed in the epidermis. There will be a blister. THIRD DEGREE: No more epidermis. FOURTH DEGREE: Charred through. Today, it's more meaningful to talk about PARTIAL THICKNESS and FULL THICKNESS burns. In the latter, all the skin adnexal structures (hair follicles, sweat glands) are gone from the region of the burn, meaning you will need a skin graft to re-epithelialize it. Fatal burns, \"necklacing\" African political punishment Burning tire is placed around neck You'll learn the \"rule of 9's\" for estimating surface area burned. Complications of burns include: hyperkalemia, from disruption of red cells and other cells by the heat; shock and"}, {"title": "", "text": "This article is about the injury. For other uses, see Burn (disambiguation). Classification and external resources Second-degree burn of the hand A burn is a type of injury to flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation or friction.[1][2][3] Most burns affect only the skin (epidermal tissue and dermis). Rarely, deeper tissues, such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels can also be injured. Burns may be treated with first aid, in an out-of-hospital setting, or may require more specialised treatment such as those available at specialised burn centers. Managing burn injuries properly is important because they are common, painful and can result in disfiguring and disabling scarring, amputation of affected parts or death in severe cases. Complications such as shock, infection, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, electrolyte imbalance and respiratory distress may occur. The treatment of burns may include the removal of dead tissue (debridement), applying dressings to the wound, fluid resuscitation, administering antibiotics and skin grafting. While large burns can be fatal, modern treatments developed in the last 60 years have significantly improved the prognosis of such burns, especially in children and young adults.[4][5] In the United States, approximately 4 out of every 100 people with injuries from burns will succumb to their injuries. The majority of these fatalities occur either at the scene or enroute to hospital.[6] 1 Classification 1.1 By depth 1.2 By severity 1.2.1 Major 1.2.2 Moderate 1.2.3 Minor 1.3 By surface area 2 Cause 2.1 Chemical 2.2 Electrical 2.3 Radiation 2.4 Scalding 3 Pathophysiology 4.1 Intravenous fluids 4.2 Wound care 4.3 Antibiotics"}, {"title": "", "text": "Injury to the skin, and sometimes other organs, from contact with heat, radiation, electricity or chemicals. The risk of damage is greatest with infants and young children. 1st-degree burns are limited to the upper skin layer. They produce redness, tenderness, pain, swelling and slight fever. 2nd-degree burns affect deeper skin layers. Symptoms are more severe and usually include blisters. 3rd-degree burns involve all skin layers. Skin is white (appears cooked), and there may be no pain in the initial stages. Rise in skin temperature from heat sources, such as fire, steam or electricity. Open flame and hot liquid are most common causes. Tissue injury caused by chemicals or radiation, including sunlight. Lightning strikes can cause internal burns with minimal external signs. Stress, carelessness, smoking in bed or excess alcohol consumption, all of which make accidents more likely. Occupations involving exposure to heat or radiation, such as firefighting, police work or defense-factory work. Hot water heaters set too high. Fireproof your home. Install smoke alarms, plan emergency exits and have regular fire drills. Wear protective gear and observe safety precautions around heat or radiation. Don't touch uncovered electric wires. Teach children safety rules for matches, fires, electrical outlets, cords and stoves. Discard extension cords with a pronged plug on one end and a bulb socket on the other. These are hazardous. If you have small children, put safety caps on unused outlets. Discard frayed cords. Most persons recover if the extent of burns (including 3rd-degree burns) is limited to 50% of the body surface. For less-severe burns,"}, {"title": "", "text": "emotionally and physically. Treatment provided in this stage begins before discharge by explaining and preparing the patient and family for the difficulties anticipated after discharge. Outpatient counseling, social skill training and support groups play a role in recovery. Family and friends\u2019 support and the patient\u2019s willingness to engage himself/ herself in society play an important role in recovery. Posted in: Medical and Psychological Consequences of Burns: Long Term Rehabilitation CONTACT US OR SHARE YOUR STORY OF SURVIVAL SEARCH BURN INJURY RESOURCE CENTER Search on Burn Injury Resource Center Third Degree Burns (124) Smoke Inhalation Injury (70) Having a Burn Injury Lawyer (59) Fire Prevention and Safety (55) Survivors Stories (28) I Suffered A Burn Injury, Do I Have A Case? (26) Burn Camps (25) Second Degree Burns (23) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning (20) Skin Graft (16) Severe Burns and Skin Flaps and Grafts Burns Affecting Pregnant Women (Part II) Burns Affecting Pregnant Women (Part I) Carbon Monoxide Survivor 15 Maiden Ln #1400 (212) ANSWERS info@212answers.com 25 Roslyn Rd 2nd Floor (516) PIATTYS Copyright \u00a9 2015 \u2013 2020, Kramer & Pollack"}, {"title": "", "text": "Kristy Maracle Posted Date Jun 2, 2022, 5:19 AM Unread Burns can be caused by friction, cold, head, radiation, chemical or electrical sources and inv Kristy Maracle Burns can be caused by friction, cold, head, radiation, chemical or electrical sources and involve tissue destruction due to energy transfer however, different burn injuries cause different physiological and pathological responses. Thermal burns result when the skin makes contact with fire/flames, hot objects, and scalding. Frostbite may also cause a thermal burn by indirect cellular injury from crystallization of water in tissue, ischemia, and reperfusion, leading to skin necrosis and deep tissue injury. Contact with heat/flames is the most common cause of thermal burns and can be localized or systemic. These types of burns can be classified in one of five categories including superficial or first degree, which involves the epidermis only, superficial partial thickness burn or second degree A, which is painful with weeping and requires wound care but not surgery, deep partial thickness or second degree B, which is less painful due to partial destruction of pain receptors and drier and requires surgery and will leave scarring, full thickness or third degree, which extends through full dermis and is not painful due to nerve damage and requires surgery, and forth degree, which involves muscle and bones and is often blackened, leading to loss of burned part of the body (Jeschke et al, 2020). Chemical burns are less prevalent than thermal burns and occur equally at home and at work, usually in industrialized settings. This type of burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "rich. If women make it to 50, they are just getting started. If a woman reaches her 50th birthday without cancer or heart disease, she can expect to see 92. How bad is that burn? There are 3 classifications of burns. a) First degree burn only involves the outer layer of skin. b) Second degree burn involves several layers of the skin tha become blistered. c) Third degree burn is all layers of the skin,underlying tissue and organs. Nerves are damaged and sometimes destoyed. In early times various body parts were used as tools and guides, hence the word \"feet,\" or \"the rule of thumb.\" Identical twins develop when one egg separates then is fertilized, fraternal twins are 2 separate eggs, and siamese twins is one egg that began to separate but was fertilized before the completion of the egg division. How are identical twins different? One twin is always born healthier and bigger then the other because of the unbalanced distribution of nutrients during pregnancy. Some identical twins are actual mirror images of each other, e.g. one will be right-handed the other left or one is near sighted the other far sighted etc. The amount of blood a person must have. A human can bleed to death in a minute or less. A loss of 1 quart of blood or more will lead to shock or even death. What is the most contagious disease? The most contagious disease is the common cold and the most non-contagious disease is gingivitis. What kind of cancer is that?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third degree burns are burns that causes injury to all layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue), it may also damage the muscles and bones. These burns are serious and may result in extensive scarring as well as other injuries and limitations. Third degree burns are vulnerable for many complications, some of which are due to the burn injury itself while others are due to the reaction of the body during treatment and healing process. The skin act as the main barrier against infection and when this is lost, the body becomes susceptible for infection by variable pathogens. Infection is one of the most common complications of burn injuries and the risk is more with third degree burns due to the depth of the burn and the wide area involved. When infection is severe, septicemia and septic shock may result due to the spread of infection to the blood stream which is a serious condition that may lead to multi-organ failure and death therefore, urgent treatment is needed. Hypovolemia is defined as a decrease in the volume of blood or fluids in the body. When the blood vessels are damaged as a result of a burn injury, their permeability to fluid increase leading to excessive fluid loss leading to a decrease in the blood volume of the patient. In addition, one of the functions of skin is to act as an insulation barrier to regulate the insensible fluid loss from the body, when this is lost in burn injury, the rate fluid loss and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Extent of injury (depth of burn) is a result of intensity and duration of exposure. 1st degree involves superficial layers of epidermis. 2nd degree involves varying amounts of epidermis (with blister formation) and part of the dermis. 3rd degree involves destruction of all skin elements (full thickness) with coagulation of subdermal plexus. Prognosis is worse for severe burns. Consider child abuse or neglect when dealing with hot water burns in children; abuse accounts for 15% of pediatric burns. Special concerns are sharply demarcated wounds, immersion injuries, and suspect stories. Involve child welfare services early. Predominant gender: males account for 70%. House fires cause 75% of deaths. Increase in burns from the illegal production of methamphetamines. Patients can present with a combination of chemical burn, thermal burn, and explosion injury. Open flame and hot liquid are the most common causes of burns (heat usually \u226545\u00b0C): flame burns more common in adults; scald burns are more common in children. Young children and older adults with thin skin are more susceptible to injury. Lack of smoke detectors: Lacking or nonfunctioning smoke alarms are implicated in 63% of residential fires. Home safety education should be a key mechanism for injury prevention. Families educated on home safety were more likely to have safe hot water temperatures. Safety education results in more families having functioning smoke alarms and increased use of fireguards. Stephens, Mark B., et al., editors. \"Burns.\" 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 27th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116098/all/Burns. Burns. In:"}, {"title": "", "text": "signs of neglect or abuse.[40] Bride burning, a form of domestic violence, occurs in some cultures, such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate dowry.[41][42] In Pakistan, acid burns represent 13% of intentional burns, and are frequently related to domestic violence.[40] Self-immolation (setting oneself on fire) is also used as a form of protest in various parts of the world.[18] Pathophysiology[edit] Three degrees of burns At temperatures greater than 44 \u00b0C (111 \u00b0F), proteins begin losing their three-dimensional shape and start breaking down.[43] This results in cell and tissue damage.[2] Many of the direct health effects of a burn are secondary to disruption in the normal functioning of the skin.[2] They include disruption of the skin's sensation, ability to prevent water loss through evaporation, and ability to control body temperature.[2] Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.[2] In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area), there is a significant inflammatory response.[44] This results in increased leakage of fluid from the capillaries,[15] and subsequent tissue edema.[2] This causes overall blood volume loss, with the remaining blood suffering significant plasma loss, making the blood more concentrated.[2] Poor blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract may result in kidney failure and stomach ulcers.[45] Increased levels of catecholamines and cortisol can cause a hypermetabolic state that can last for years.[44] This is associated with increased cardiac"}, {"title": "", "text": "of your eye. But in spite of your diligence, his curiosity and lightning-quick moves manage to pull a saucepan of hot soup off the stove and onto his lower face and chest. The area is bright red immediately, and you soon see several blisters on his neck. You also notice that his lips are rapidly swelling since some of the soup caught him there. You realize that he has a significant burn, one that needs medical attention. How should you handle this scary situation? This scenario is our opportunity to talk about burns. These injuries are common in children, particularly scalds from hot liquids. Many parents remember from first-aid classes that we commonly classify burns in increasing order of severity as first-, second-, or third-degree burns. Physicians now generally speak of _superficial_ , _partial_ _thickness_ , and _full_ _thickness_ burns, although you will still hear the earlier terms frequently. The newer classification makes sense because it describes the skin injury: just the top (superficial), into the dermal layer (partial thickness), or entirely through the skin (full thickness). How we manage burns depends on the severity of the burn and its location. Burns such as the one in this scenario are typically of mixed type. For example, they may be superficial in some places and partial thickness in others. This child already shows evidence of that, with some areas being only red (superficial) but others having blisters (partial thickness). Another important point is that, particularly for more severe burns, it may be difficult to classify the burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "in some cases. Burn injuries do have three other degrees, although they are not as common and people rarely survive the higher-graded burn injuries. A fourth-degree burn extends into the fat, a fifth-degree burn extends into the muscle, and a sixth-degree burn extends into the bone. You do not want to delay in contacting an attorney if you\u2019ve been badly burned in an accident caused by negligence. Important evidence will need to be preserved to prove that another party was responsible for the harm you suffered. Delaying too long could result in the loss of key evidence that makes it more difficult to prove another party\u2019s negligence. How is burn size calculated? Total body surface area (BSA) affected by a burn is usually calculated with the Wallace rule of nines (more commonly known simply as the Rule of Nines), a chart of the human body that has percentage values assigned to areas of the body for adults and children. A doctor wanting to estimate the BSA affected simply adds up the corresponding values, and the name Rule of Nines comes from most body parts having 9 percent BSA damage. The only exceptions to the 9 percent designation are the leg and the entire back (18 percent each) as well the groin (1 percent). What is a skin graft? A skin graft is quite simply a skin transplant. The name of the type of skin graft being performed is derived from the source of donor skin. An autologous or autograph is donor skin taken from a different"}, {"title": "", "text": "bien souvent, la br\u00fblure sera qualifi\u00e9e de \u00ab second degr\u00e9 interm\u00e9diaire \u00bb et c'est l'\u00e9volution (sur 7 \u00e0 ) qui permettra de faire un diagnostic plus pr\u00e9cis. Ce diagnostic est d'autant plus complexe que des zones de profondeur de br\u00fblure variable peuvent coexister sur la m\u00eame br\u00fblure. Sch\u00e9matiquement, dans une br\u00fblure du second degr\u00e9 superficiel, la peau se r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e8rera d'elle-m\u00eame en l'absence de surinfection, tandis que le second degr\u00e9 profond se distingue par une impossibilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration : atteinte vasculaire, destruction des cellules souches \u00e9pidermiques\u2026 Le second degr\u00e9 profond impose une greffe de peau. Un signe classiquement employ\u00e9 est l'hypoesth\u00e9sie : en cas de perte de sensibilit\u00e9 (zone br\u00fbl\u00e9e paradoxalement indolore), la br\u00fblure est probablement profonde. Cependant, ce signe, bien que pratique dans l'urgence, manque de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 comme de sensibilit\u00e9 et ne permet donc pas d'orienter r\u00e9ellement la prise en charge. Br\u00fblures du troisi\u00e8me degr\u00e9 Ce sont les br\u00fblures les plus graves. Elles d\u00e9truisent toute la peau (derme et \u00e9piderme). La peau endommag\u00e9e prend alors une coloration blanche, brune ou noire. Ces r\u00e9gions deviennent insensibles, s\u00e8ches et sujettes aux infections. Dans ce cas, il n'y a aucune possibilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'elle-m\u00eame pour la peau car toutes les cellules cutan\u00e9es sont absentes. La greffe de peau est alors indispensable \u00e0 la survie du bless\u00e9 en cas de l\u00e9sion \u00e9tendue. Br\u00fblures du quatri\u00e8me degr\u00e9 ou \u00ab carbonisation \u00bb La br\u00fblure est si profonde qu'elle atteint les structures sous-cutan\u00e9es, telles que les os et les muscles. Cette situation est critique et ne peut \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e que par une intervention"}, {"title": "", "text": "skin. http://files.mothhelah.com/img/bzm86506.bmp 3- Burns of third degree: the whole skin thickness is burned and perhaps the injury may reach the muscles or the bone. The skin loses elasticity and becomes rough and dry. In this case, the injured person do not feel much pain, as nerve endings have been damaged almost completely due to burning http://files.mothhelah.com/img/puh86506.bmp The Quran states ; \u201cThose who reject our signs, We shall cast into the fire; as often as their skins are roasted through. We shall change them for fresh skins, that they may taste the punishment; for Allah is Exalted in power; Wise.\u201d ( 4:56) Allah did not say \u201cas often as their skins are burned\u201d, as burning could be partial, but He rather said: \u201cas often as their skins are roasted through\u201d, i.e., totally burned with all nerves of sensation and pain. So, He the Almighty associated between the sensation of pain and the skin when roasted and burned totally, thus losing its structure and function. When sensation of pain is lost, a new fully composed and functional skin is replaced, where the nerve ending responsible for the painful sensation of heat and burn perform and function to make the unbeliever taste the punishment of being burned with fire over and over again read what is written in the wikipedia about that http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn Subdermal Fifth degree Complete destruction of Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous fat, and underlying tissue and possibly fascia, bone, or muscle Hard, leather-like eschar, purple fluid, no sensation -insensate http://www.islamicmedicine.org/medmi...eseng.htm#pain 14- Dyspnea in the upper layers of sky"}, {"title": "", "text": "Fullthickness burns appear white, waxy or leathery with no bleeding or demonstrable capillary refill. They are the most severe, are painless and place the patient at high risk of severe fluid loss and infection.P 18 When destruction of underlying structures such as tendons, nerves, muscles, bone and fascia occurs the burn may be referred to as fourth degree.P 18 The physiological functions of the skin are well known and greatly appreciated. Loss of the integrity of the skin, as occurs in burn injury, compromises the integument's function to protect the body from infection, regulate body temperature and prevent body fluid loss via a barrier mechanism.P 18 P The sequelae that follow a burn injury are logically related to loss of these functions as well as systemic responses following cytokine release in burns greater than 30% total body surface area. These responses alter the cardiovascular system, manifest as increased tissue permeability and decreased myocardial contractility; the respiratory system seen as bronchoconstriction and ARDS; metabolic changes with an increase basal metabolic rate evident; and immunologic compromise.P 23 Local responses can be described using the 3 zones of a burn as described by Jackson in 1947. The first of these is the area of maximum damage termed the zone of coagulation where irreversible tissue loss occurs. The surrounding tissue, the zone of stasis, is characterized by decreased tissue perfusion where additional insults such as hypoperfusion or infection can cause complete tissue loss. Finally, the outer zone of hyperemia surrounds the injury where tissue perfusion is increased. This outermost zone"}, {"title": "", "text": "extends down to the third layer (subcutaneous). Skin with a third-degree burn may appear white or black and leathery on the surface. Oddly, deep third degree burns sometimes do not cause any pain. This happens when the damage is so extensive that the nerves have been completely destroyed. However, the area around the burn may be extremely painful. A third degree burn is the most severe type of burn and the pain may cause breathing problems and increased pulse rate and leave terrible scarring. Proper care of burns is vital, because burns can be quite painful and leave disfiguring and disabling scarring. Burns can be complicated by shock, infection, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, electrolyte imbalance and respiratory distress. Large burns can be fatal, but modern treatments, improved the treatment of such burns, especially in children and young adults. Burn injury victims may be prescribed pressure garments to wear. Pressure garments are used to minimize scar formation. Compression garments are fitted to the special needs of each burn victim, and customarily worn at least 23 hours a day, but removing for washing or bathing. However the duration of pressure garment therapy may vary, and last one year or more. Exercise is important to keep muscles and joints moving freely and comfortably, with full ranges of motion. Often, patients are encouraged to begin moving their limbs as soon as the surgical procedures have been completed and skin grafts have taken. While exercise at this stage might be painful, it is vital in preserving normal range of motion. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "back down the leg via a motor nerve (4). This causes the muscles in the leg to contract and pull the toe away from the source of injury (6). At the same time, the dorsal horn sends another impulse up the spinal cord to the brain. During this trip, the impulse travels between nerve cells. When the impulse reaches a nerve ending (7), the nerve releases chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, which carry the message to the adjacent nerve. When the impulse reaches the brain (8), it is analyzed and processed as an unpleasant physical and emotional sensation. Types of burns The Ayat under discussion mentions the burning of the skin. The severity of a burn depends on its depth, its extent, and the age of the victim. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, and third degree. First-degree burns cause redness and pain (e.g., sunburn). Second-degree burns are marked by blisters (e.g., scald by hot liquid). In third-degree burns, both the epidermis and dermis (external and internal parts of the skin) are destroyed, and underlying tissue may also be damaged. Further burn in the skin would damage the pain receptors and hence the person would not feel pain. Word Analysis: Quran rightly mentions this \u2018extreme\u2019 stage for the change of skin. The Arabic word used is \u0646\u0636\u062c\u062a which indicates the burning to the extreme stage. Ibn e Faris says that its basic meaning includes burning something to the last stage. Hence, not only the Quran told humans that sensation is due to the pain receptors"}, {"title": "", "text": "Deeper layer (reticular) dermis Dry, white, non-blanching, loss of all epidermal appendages Minimal 3\u20136 weeks, with scars III\u00b0 Flame, electrical, chemical, blast, self-immolation Full skin thickness with extension into subcutaneous tissues Leathery, dry, white or red with visibly thrombosed vessels No Does not heal by primary intention, requires skin graft IV\u00b0 Mostly prolonged flame exposure Involves tendon, muscle, or bone Skeletonizing of tissue, charring No Extensive reconstructive, limb salvage versus amputation Description of clinical characteristics of burn wounds of various depths. Accurate determination of burn wound depth is crucial for guiding clinical management (Table 1) [9, 44]. Some superficially limited burns may heal with local treatment alone, while deeper burns are more likely to require operative intervention. Although various tools are available to assist in this assessment [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49], burn depth is usually determined during BPE through visual inspection by an experienced practitioner who then goes on to classify his or her findings in accordance to pre-established \u201cdegrees of injury severity\u201d outlined below: Superficial\u2014commonly referred to as \u201cfirst degree\u201d\u2014burns are generally limited to the epidermis. The burned skin is characterized by the presence of blanching erythema that tends to appear dry (without blistering) and is very tender on exam due to the proximity of sensory nerve endings. Common examples include sunburns or mild scalding from hot water [50]. Management of these burns is directed at reducing further injury, pain control, and provision of comfort measures. Within the first hour, exposing the injury to cool water or applying a cold compress can help"}, {"title": "", "text": "has blisters across her face, extensive burns on her shoulder, and eye injuries because she was wearing glasses. Click here to read more. Image: The Sun Online Pressure Cooker Accident Survivor Uses Make-Up Skills to Help Acid Attack Victims April 2018 \u2014 A make-up artist who suffered 2nd-degree burns on her face after a pressure cooker accident is using her skills to help scarred survivors of acid attacks. Click here to read more. (Image: BBC / Facebook) A businesswoman who starred on TV shows such as The Apprentice suffered disfiguring burns when a pressure cooker exploded and sprayed her with scalding-hot lentils. Click here to read more. What is a Burn? Pressure cookers can cause severe scalds, burns, and tissue damage. Hot liquids and steam can cause scalds, which are clouds of boiling-hot water vapor. Scalds and steam explosions are extremely dangerous because they can burn large sections of skin. Scalds are not usually very deep, but they are extremely painful because they damage the nerve endings in the skin. Types of Burn Injuries There are three levels of burn injuries: First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Symptoms & Complications of Burns Minor burn injuries can cause symptoms like swelling, blistering, and scarring. The more severe burns, such as 2nd- and 3rd-degree burns, are more likely to cause a whole-body reaction called shock. Shock can lead to death as a"}, {"title": "", "text": "911. Critical damage to all layers of the skin as well as charring of muscle and bone make fourth degree burns extremely dangerous. Victims of fourth degree burns experience numbness, caused by shock and nerve damage. For fourth degree burns, call 911."}, {"title": "", "text": "underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.449D Next Code: T22.45"}, {"title": "", "text": "How Bad Is My Burn? Some burns are minor injuries you can treat at home. Others cause lasting damage to your skin, muscles, and bones and require long-term medical care. The type of burn you have depends on what caused it, as well as how severely your skin has been hurt. Friction burns. When a hard object rubs off some of your skin, you have what\u2019s called a friction burn. It\u2019s both an abrasion (scrape) and a heat burn. These are common in motorcycle and bike accidents. Carpet burn is another type of friction burn. Cold burns. Also called \u201cfrostbite,\u201d cold burns cause damage to your skin by freezing it. You can get frostbite by being outside in freezing temperatures. It can also happen when your skin comes into direct contact with something very cold for a prolonged period of time. Thermal burns. Touching a very hot object raises the temperature of your skin to the point that your skin cells start dying. Very hot metals, scalding liquids, and flames all cause thermal burns. Steam can, too. Radiation burns. Sunburn is a type of radiation burn. Other sources of radiation, like X-rays or radiation therapy to treat cancer, can also cause these. Chemical burns. Strong acids, solvents or detergents that touch your skin can cause it to burn. Electrical burns. If you come into contact with an electrical current, you can get this type of burn. Doctors group burns into different categories based on how deeply your skin has been harmed. These are called \u201cdegrees.\u201d You"}, {"title": "", "text": "muscle layers beneath the skin. 'What are fourth degree burns?' I asked. 'Fourth degree burns damage the bone,' he told me. 'The surgeons couldn't save her left arm.' I bent down to put my coffee on the floor and found I didn't want to straighten up again. So I stayed there, elbows on knees, looking at the floor tiles. Then a hand touched down lightly on my shoulder. 'Laura, given the severity of her injuries, she's not doing too badly.' The hand lifted away again. 'The flames were extinguished pretty quickly, which meant the damage to her respiratory system wasn't great. She should be breathing on her own again quite soon. The biggest challenges now are getting her wounds to heal.' 'Will they?' I asked, spotting a beautiful tortoiseshell-coloured feather on the sleeve of his sweater. 'The more superficial burns should heal by themselves,' he said. 'The epidermis is pretty clever at replenishing itself. The deeper ones will require a skin graft from a donor site elsewhere on the body. Are you sure you want to hear all this?' I nodded. Strangely, it was helping. Bell was drinking coffee as though it wasn't scalding hot and foul. 'The difficulty is that because so much of Bryony's skin was damaged, there isn't much they can harvest to use as grafts,' he said. 'They've created a donor site on the small of her back and they've used it to graft over the worst wounds, which were on her left shoulder. So far, they're taking quite well.' 'So that's"}, {"title": "", "text": "underwent 42 surgeries and had to have every inch of his burned skin scraped off. As he was leaving for good, much of the staff was in tears as they wished Derek farewell with a pot-luck dinner of homemade dishes, including some of Derek\u2019s favorites. At about 10 a.m. the next day, Derek sat in a chair flashing a victorious smile during a news conference. He rose briefly to speak to a room full of reporters. What he said that day should serve as an inspiration for anyone who is severely burned, or who suffers some other physical or emotional trauma and hardship in life: \u201cThere are times when you\u2019re going to be down and you\u2019re going to think that there\u2019s nothing in you that can keep on going, But if you have faith and you believe you\u2019re not alone, then you\u2019ll come out on top.\u201d Posted in: How to Encourage Others, Surviving a Burn Injury and Third Degree Burns Updated: June 15, 2015 2:53 pm CONTACT US OR SHARE YOUR STORY OF SURVIVAL SEARCH BURN INJURY RESOURCE CENTER Third Degree Burns (124) Smoke Inhalation Injury (70) Having a Burn Injury Lawyer (59) Fire Prevention and Safety (55) Survivors Stories (28) I Suffered A Burn Injury, Do I Have A Case? (26) Burn Camps (25) Second Degree Burns (23) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning (20) Skin Graft (16) Severe Burns and Skin Flaps and Grafts Burns Affecting Pregnant Women (Part II) Burns Affecting Pregnant Women (Part I) Carbon Monoxide Survivor 15 Maiden Ln #1400 (212) ANSWERS info@212answers.com"}, {"title": "", "text": "accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary....more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help him or her heal and grow....more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below....more A Simple Way to Keep the Flu Away in Disease Prevention You can avoid the flu this season by taking one simple step: Get"}, {"title": "", "text": "Know About Keloid Scars Keloids are smooth, hard growths that can form when scar tissue grows excessively. They can be much larger than the original wound. Keloids aren't\u2026 What\u2019s the Best Treatment for Psoriasis Scars? Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI If you have psoriasis scars, many treatment options are available to help reduce their appearance. We'll detail five of them for you. What Burns Cause Scars and How Are Burn Scars Treated? Second- and third-degree burns can cause scars. Treatment options depend on the severity of your burn. Learn more. Medically reviewed by Modern Weng, DO A first-degree burn is an injury that affects the first layer of your skin. First-degree burns are one of the mildest forms of skin injuries. The human digestive system is the means by which tissues and organs receive nutrients to function. The system breaks down food, extracts nutrients\u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "philosophy of care towards patients is to remain humble, keep them informed, and always be transparent,\u201d Dr. Jones said. A little more than six months into his recovery, Mahoney\u2019s surgeries are now behind him. He is currently undergoing physical therapy to regain the full function of his hand. It is almost back to normal, except for a weakened grip and a lack of sensation in his thumb due to the nerve damage suffered from the burns. He understands his hand will be sensitive for a while but believes it will be good as new in no time, all thanks to the amazing work of Dr. Jones. \u201cI would just thank him [Dr. Jones] again for being so approachable,\u201d Mahoney said. \u201cShe [Mahoney\u2019s wife] still thinks he\u2019s the greatest physician she\u2019s ever met just for my hand. But he did so much.\u201d Mechanisms of thermal burns include scalds, contact burns, electrical burns, chemical burns, radiation burns, and burns caused by fire. They can range anywhere from first-degree burns to fourth-degree burns. They can be life-threatening depending on the severity and the potential development of complications, such as the onset of infection. If you suffer a thermal burn, do not put ice on it. Instead, cover the injury with a towel soaked in room temperature water and find help at your nearest burn center. For information about thermal burns, burn degrees, burn center locations, contact information and more, please visit Thermal Burns \u2013 Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America (burncenters.com). Share on Facebook Share on LinkedIn Share on"}, {"title": "", "text": "doubt, call 'em out. How Bad Is That Burn? Whether it's from a barbecue, an oven, the sun or a curling iron like this, everybody gets burned at some point. By far, most burns don't need to be treated at a burn center or get skin grafts, but they can certainly get that bad. Burn severity is based on how much skin is damaged. The measurement is done by the depth of the burn combined with the surface area affected. It's a complicated assessment process to determine whether burns are critical or not. It can be simpler to decide whether a burn needs to be seen by a professional at all. Most small first-degree burns, and sometimes even second-degree burns, don't need a healthcare provider. On the other hand, any burn that appears very deep should be professionally evaluated. Some burns require immediate attention and you should call 911 immediately: Burns to the face Burns that circle all the way around the hands or feet Burns to the genitals Second-degree burns covering an area larger than one whole arm or about the size of the back Bruised More Than Your Ego? Bruises range from minor inconveniences to severely incapacitating. Discoloration is the most noticeable aspect, but that's only part of a bruise. They also cause swelling and might lead to a loss of function in severe enough cases. The trick to avoiding bruises (besides avoiding injury in the first place) is to treat any injury with RICE as soon as you get hurt. Most bruises can"}, {"title": "", "text": "Select from on-line school degrees in a few of at present\u2019s most in-demand fields including health care, data administration, enterprise administration, and environmental studies. Even higher, many applications will let you specialize, honing in on matters that notably inspire you. You may additionally obtain school credit for work expertise, letting you bounce-start your degree and bypass learning materials you already know. An infection is the main cause of death to burn patients. Prior to now folks burned as badly as Scott at all times died. This was as a result of burn surgeons might only take away as much damaged skin as they\u2019d new-growth pores and skin to use to graft the world that was eliminated. Somebody burned over eighty five% of their physique would take months to cowl with new skin, by then the infections caused by the useless burned skin killed them. The much less severe first-degree burn happens when the outer layer of skin is burned however not right through. First and second degree burns could be handled as minor burns, so long as they\u2019re smaller than three inches in diameter and don\u2019t occur on the face, palms, toes, groin or buttocks or on a major joint. Burns that meet these standards should be treated as major and want medical attention. Going to School is Your Finest Unemployment Insurance coverage: Most of us know that after 2008 there have been many individuals out of labor. Unemployment charges in most areas of the nation have been very excessive and most of us have known"}, {"title": "", "text": "include hands, feet, genitalia, and the respiratory system. Estimates of irregular burns can be made using the size of the palm surface of the patient's hand, which is about 1 percent of the body surface area. The depth of burn refers to how deep the damage goes. This can be difficult to estimate, particularly where different areas are burned to various degrees. **Superficial Burns:** The skin integrity is not disrupted. Capillaries and nerves are intact. Inflammation occurs normally with redness, pain, and warmth. This is the typical sunburn. **Partial-Thickness Burns:** The skin surface is damaged, but the injury is limited to outer layers. Capillaries are damaged, but deeper skin blood vessels and nerves are intact, allowing inflammation to produce blisters. There is fluid loss, redness, warmth, and pain. **Full-Thickness Burns:** The full thickness of skin is damaged. Capillaries, blood vessels, and nerves are destroyed. Normal inflammation cannot occur, thus blisters do not develop. The burned area may appear charred black or gray. The area may not be painful due to loss of nerves. Small full-thickness burns may appear to be less serious because of this. As with other injury, look first for potentially life-threatening problems. These will usually come in the form of volume shock and/or respiratory distress. Highrisk burns are those that are likely to involve significant anticipated problems due to the potential for critical body system involvement, pain, infection, or scar formation. **HIGH-RISK BURNS** **Any respiratory system involvement:** Burned respiratory passages will develop the same inflammation, blisters, and fluid loss that are seen on"}, {"title": "", "text": "severe. Not only are all layers of the victim\u2019s skin damaged, but also the underlying fatty tissue, muscle and bone. Severe burn injuries will need surgery, such as skin grafting, and other extensive medical care. Even with treatment, victims may suffer permanent scarring and disfigurement. Victims with third and fourth-degree burns should seek immediate medical attention from a team of doctors that specialize in burn treatments. Doing so may reduce scarring, as well as the risks for other serious complications. What Complications Do Burn Victims Face? In addition to dealing with severe pain and a lot of medical care, victims may have to deal with permanent scarring and disfigurement. There may also be severe secondary medical complications, such as: Bacterial infection \u2013 A potentially life-threatening condition if it enters the bloodstream and leads to sepsis Hypervolemia \u2013 When a victim suffers low blood volume. Respiratory problems \u2013 A common complication after inhaling hot air, smoke or toxic chemicals. Hypothermia \u2013 This is very common after a burn that covers a large area of skin, as it interrupts the body\u2019s natural ability to self-regulate body temperature. Ridged areas of skin due to an overgrowth of keloid scar tissue Bone and joint issues \u2013 Severe burns leave damaged and scarred tissue, which causes muscles and tendons to shorten and become tight. This can reduce mobility and cause other issues. How Are Burn Injuries From Car Accidents Treated? Time is critical with a severe burn injury. The most severe (third and fourth-degree burns) need to be cleaned and debrided"}, {"title": "", "text": "heat, chemicals, radiation or electricity. Thermal burns are caused by a myriad of heat sources. It could be flash heat, such as an explosion of natural gas, gasoline, propane or other flammable liquids. It could also result from flames in house fires, auto accidents and ignition from improper use of flammable liquids. Scalds, too, would be in this category and are caused by contact with hot liquids, such as water, oil, grease or tar. Consider that most coffee when first brewed reaches 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Contact with water at 140 degrees Fahrenheit for three seconds will create a deep burn. Chemical burns, meanwhile, are typically caused by acids or alkali substances, often in industrial accidents. One may also suffer chemical burns through inhalation of toxic fumes, steam or smoke. Electrical burns also often result from industrial accidents, resulting from contact with damaged electrical cords, electrical outlets or high-voltage wires. In addition to causing thermal injury to the skin, electrical burns may also result in severe internal injuries. Radiological burns are those caused by X-rays or in radiation therapy often used in cancer treatments. Sunburns and tanning bed burns also fall into this category. Specifically, radiation burns are caused by gamma, beta or alpha radiation. In some cases, decontamination may be necessary to halt injury. Burns are generally classified by severity. Those categories are: First-degree burns. These are superficial wounds resulting in damage to the first layer of skin and resulting in redness, swelling and minor pain. These generally heal on their own and don\u2019t cause permanent"}, {"title": "", "text": "products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary....more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help him or her heal and grow....more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below....more A Simple Way to Keep the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injuries are definitely one of the most agonizing. Burn injury survivors typically endure some of the most disastrous and deforming injuries imaginable. In addition to the physical pain and suffering, those injured in a burn accident many times also suffer intense psychological and emotional scars in the aftermath of disability and disfigurement. These types of injuries often require a very long recovery period due to melted skin, damaged tissue and severe nerve damage. Catastrophic burn injury survivors will incur mounting medical expenses that often persist for many years and may not be covered fully by insurance. In partial thickness burns, blisters will likely be present and involve the entire epidermis (outer layer of the skin) and dermis (the thick under layer of the skin containing the nerve endings and hair follicles). These burns are red and wet in appearance and will be very painful. These heal without skin grafting but some minimal scarring can result. In full thickness burns, the epidermis is ravaged and most of the dermis is affected. These burns require surgical removal of burned tissue and skin grafting is performed to begin the healing process. By far the most serious of these injuries, third degree burns always require immediate medical attention. All layers of the skin are destroyed and fat, muscle and even bone may be affected in such burns. Burned areas can be either black or white in appearance and may look dry and leathery in texture. Because of the extensive damage to subcutaneous tissue, pain may not be felt in"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroy nerves, which leaves the victim feeling numbness instead of pain. Skin may look stiff, waxy, white, leathery or tan after a third-degree burn. Fourth-degree burn. When trauma from a burn extends to muscles, tendons and bones it is considered a fourth-degree burn. Skin may be charred or blackened and, because nerve damage is extensive, a victim who survives may feel no pain. Third- and fourth-degree burns or less-severe burns that cover the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks or a major joint are medical emergencies, the Mayo Clinic says. Less-severe burns require medical treatment if they have not healed after several weeks, or if the victim experiences an increase in pain, swelling or redness, or a discharge in the burned area. A severe burn injury causes disfigurement and requires a lengthy recovery, which may include multiple, painful skin graft surgeries. A severely burned crash victim may die from infection or other complications even with the best hospital treatment. Inhaling hot air or smoke in the aftermath of a car crash can burn airways and cause breathing problems. Damage to the lungs from smoke inhalation can cause respiratory failure. Vehicle Standards Should Curb Car Fire Injuries Since the 1970s, standards for the design and manufacture of automobile fuel systems have required gas tanks to withstand the impact of most collisions and not lose integrity or spill enough fuel to contribute to a fire. Similar standards regulate the design and construction of radiators and their ability to contain hot water in a crash, as well as the design"}, {"title": "", "text": "white, and there could be less pain due to the extensive nerve damage. Emergency medical care is always necessary with third-degree burns as is plastic surgery and skin grafts in many cases. Fourth Degree Burns are the most severe burn injuries. Burns have black or charred appearance and are often life-threatening. There could be loss of limbs, permanent loss of dexterity, and the need for extensive surgeries and follow-up medical care. In addition to skin contact burn injuries, smoke inhalation and internal injuries are other common results of fire-related incidents. In many cases, smoke inhalation can cause death. Other internal injuries can occur if someone inhales toxic chemicals or fumes, which can burn the lungs or throat. A majority of burns and burn injury cases result from exposure to flames and their extreme heat. This isn\u2019t the only way to receive a burn injury, however. A chemical burn might occur from the toxic exposure to a variety of dangerous compounds. These are different from other types of burn injuries because a heat source isn\u2019t necessary for danger to be present. Toxic substances that could cause chemical burns include sulfuric acid, lye, hydrochloric acid, and silver nitrate. An electrical burn injury could be caused by defective electrical products, defective wiring, or problem outlets. Approximately 1,000 people in the U.S. die each year from electrical burns. A strong current can not only burn the skin, but it can also damage internal organs and tissues. If your skin comes into contact with a hot liquid or even hot steam,"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns (Bull & Jackson, 1952). The greatest fluid shift occurs within the first 8 to 12 hours after the burn. If the prehospital assessment reveals the presence of hypovolemia, evaluate the patient for other injuries that may be contributing to the fluid loss. EMS personnel can categorize burns by the depth of damage created. First-degree burns damage only the outer epidermal layer of skin. Second-degree burns extend through the epidermal layer and into the dermis. Third-degree burns extend through the epidermal and dermal layers. Another classification system uses the terms partial or full thickness. Partial thickness would include the first- and second-degree burns, while a full thickness injury refers to a third degree burn. After ensuring that the offending liquid is no longer continuing the burning process, you should quickly evaluate the patient\u2019s airway, breathing, circulatory and neurological status. Pay special attention to any respiratory noise such as stridor, which indicates a narrowing of the patient\u2019s upper airway. A very rare complication of scalding in the pediatric group is the development of respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation despite the absence of inhalation injury or other injury directly to lung tissue (Bj\u00f6rk & Svensson, 1993; Desai, Nichols, & Herndon, 1987; Guzel, Aksu, Aylan\u00e7, Duran, & Karasalihoglu, 2009; Hudson, Jones, & Rode, 1994; Rocourt et al, 2011; Zak et al., 1999). Although the exact mechanism that produces this failure is still undefined, some researchers suggest fluid over administration (Zak et al., 1999) or activation of a systemic inflammatory response (Rocourt et al., 2011). This complication appears more likely"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their highest warfighting posture. Sailors career and professional development as an Aviation Sea Warrior. validate the training by conducting walk-thru\u2019s and board testing each Sailor. professional development of every enlisted Sailor assigned. This page intentionally left blank, placeholder for local development. variety of techniques can mean the difference between life and death. The fundamental elements of First Aid can be categorized into eight main areas. elevation, pressure points, and use of a tourniquet as a last resort. Burns, the three classifications of burns are First, Second, and Third degree. Produces redness, warmth and mild pain. severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed. Causes red, blistered skin and severe pain. has a break in the skin with possible bone protrusion. efforts, and the skin turning a bluish color. and lungs. The skin is cool, moist, and clammy and the pupils are dilated. dilation, and a weak, rapid pulse. Hypothermia, Superficial and Deep frostbite. semi-rigid, and the arms and legs may feel stiff. layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower. tissues after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower. (such as a ruptured appendix) and meningitis. Anaphylactic shock. A type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. until normal heart function is restored. gasping, and individual victim characteristics influence these. published by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Red Cross (ARC). coordinated actions referred to as the survival chain. decisions by providing the best baseline of knowledge and experience available. requires constant review for new hazards or"}, {"title": "", "text": "spill and immersion scalds. TABLE 48-1Definition of Burn Types, Zones, and Depth of Injury TABLE 48-1 Definition of Burn Types, Zones, and Depth of Injury Zones of injury Burn depth Fire Flash Zone of coagulation First degree (superficial) Scald Liquid Zone of stasis Superficial second degree (superficial partial thickness) \u2013 Spill \u2013 Immersion Grease Zone of hyperemia Deep second degree (deep partial thickness) Steam Third degree (full thickness) Contact Fourth degree (deep organ involvement) Flame, scald, and contact burns cause cellular damage primarily by the transfer of energy that induces coagulative necrosis. On the other hand, direct damage to cellular membranes is the cause of injury in chemical and electrical burns. The skin generally provides a barrier to limit transfer of heat energy to underlying tissues; however, after the source of burn is removed, the response of local tissues can lead to further injury. The necrotic area of a burn is termed the \u201czone of coagulation.\u201d The area immediately surrounding the necrotic zone has a moderate degree of injury that initially causes a decrease in tissue perfusion. This area is termed the \u201czone of stasis\u201d and, depending on the environment of the wound, can progress to coagulative necrosis if local blood flow is not maintained. Thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, is present in high concentrations in burn wounds, and local application of thromboxane inhibitors has been shown to improve blood flow and may decrease this zone of stasis.13,14 Antioxidants15,16 and inhibition of neutrophil-mediated processes17 may also improve blood flow, preserve this tissue, and affect the depth"}, {"title": "", "text": "you're just, your skin is more frail and you don't have good circulation. Interviewer: So is a burn from a heating pad a third degree, is a third degree burn a third degree burn, whether it's from a flame or a heating pad? Brad Wiggens: Sure, yeah, I mean a third degree burn is a third degree burn. So a first degree burn would be a sunburn, a second degree burn would be when you get significant blistering from touching something hot, not blisters that you get from a sunburn, and a third degree burn would be burning all the way through all the layers of your skin, down past your dermal layers and down into subcutaneous tissues. So a third degree burn is a third degree burn no matter which way you got it. Whether it was from the glass front fireplace, whether it was from a heating pad, it's pretty difficult to get to that point with a heating pad because of the heat they do put out, however, because it's on an elderly person we see of danger with that, where you actually have such significant amount of damage, you have a deeper injury, they don't have the good circulation that they need to heal that injury, so it actually ends up being a deeper second to a third degree burn and lends itself to needing to have a skin graft, which lends itself to a hospital stay within our intensive care unit, and really longer outcomes. Interviewer: So it's the kind of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and so on. First-degree burns are minor, and 5th\u00b0 burns are often catastrophic. These degrees include: First-degree \u2013 A minor first-degree burn injury only affects the skin\u2019s outer layer, like a mild sunburn, blister, or other heat exposure. Typically, victims with first-degree burns rarely have long-term damage to the affected area. Second-degree \u2013 A moderate second-degree burn injury typically damages the skin's dermis (underlying) layers, appearing swollen, red, wet, or shiny. At this stage, the burn will likely blister and hurt when touched. Superficial second-degree burns typically damage the dermis layer and do not cause scarring. Deep partial-thickness second-degree burns are more severe, causing permanent skin color changes Third-degree \u2013 This full-thickness burn injury usually destroys the skin\u2019s two upper layers, causing the skin to appear yellow, white, brown, or black. Usually, third-degree burns have only minimal pain because the nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree \u2013 Burn specialists identify fourth-degree burns as the most severe life-threatening burn, destroying every skin layer, and killing tissue, tendons, muscles, and bone. Fifth-degree \u2013 Typically, a fifth-degree burn injury surpasses fourth-degree burns when the ligaments and muscle layers have burned away, leaving charred bone, destroying skin and muscle, and loss of function. Every burn degree can worsen over time as the injury spreads. The injury can also cause significant complications, where joint and bone problems arise, or infection begins to develop. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), specific society segments are more at risk of suffering a burn injury than others. Contributing factors to a burn could include:"}, {"title": "", "text": "and so on. First-degree burns are minor, and 5th\u00b0 burns are often catastrophic. These degrees include: First-degree \u2013 A minor first-degree burn injury only affects the skin\u2019s outer layer, like a mild sunburn, blister, or other heat exposure. Typically, victims with first-degree burns rarely have long-term damage to the affected area. Second-degree \u2013 A moderate second-degree burn injury typically damages the skin's dermis (underlying) layers, appearing swollen, red, wet, or shiny. At this stage, the burn will likely blister and hurt when touched. Superficial second-degree burns typically damage the dermis layer and do not cause scarring. Deep partial-thickness second-degree burns are more severe, causing permanent skin color changes Third-degree \u2013 This full-thickness burn injury usually destroys the skin\u2019s two upper layers, causing the skin to appear yellow, white, brown, or black. Usually, third-degree burns have only minimal pain because the nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree \u2013 Burn specialists identify fourth-degree burns as the most severe life-threatening burn, destroying every skin layer, and killing tissue, tendons, muscles, and bone. Fifth-degree \u2013 Typically, a fifth-degree burn injury surpasses fourth-degree burns when the ligaments and muscle layers have burned away, leaving charred bone, destroying skin and muscle, and loss of function. Every burn degree can worsen over time as the injury spreads. The injury can also cause significant complications, where joint and bone problems arise, or infection begins to develop. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), specific society segments are more at risk of suffering a burn injury than others. Contributing factors to a burn could include:"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to the skin or other body parts that is caused by extreme heat, flame, contact with heated objects, or chemicals. Medically, the depth of a burn is categorized as first, second, or third degree depending upon its severity. Signs and symptoms of a burn depend upon the degree of severity. First-degree burns are similar to a sunburn and cause skin redness, peeling, mild to moderate pain, and tenderness. Blistering may occur. Second-degree burns have more severe symptoms and signs, including a greater degree of blistering and more intense pain. In third-degree burns, there is loss of color of the skin as it turns white. Loss of sensation is an associated symptom with third-degree burns. Exposure to the sun, radiation, heat, flames, or electrical or chemical contact can cause a burn."}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to the skin or other body parts that is caused by extreme heat, flame, contact with heated objects, or chemicals. Medically, the depth of a burn is categorized as first, second, or third degree depending upon its severity. Signs and symptoms of a burn depend upon the degree of severity. First-degree burns are similar to a sunburn and cause skin redness, peeling, mild to moderate pain, and tenderness. Blistering may occur. Second-degree burns have more severe symptoms and signs, including a greater degree of blistering and more intense pain. In third-degree burns, there is loss of color of the skin as it turns white. Loss of sensation is an associated symptom with third-degree burns. Exposure to the sun, radiation, heat, flames, or electrical or chemical contact can cause a burn."}, {"title": "", "text": "the seriousness of the burn on the skin; in other words, the severity of the damage, which the burn has one the skin. We have the First-Degree burn as the most minor, and the last one, the third-degree being the most severe. \u2022 First-Degree burn: a skin, which is nonblistered and red as well. \u2022 Second-Degree: you tend to experience the presence of blisters and a few thickening of the skin. \u2022 Third-Degree burn: a thickness, which is widespread; and this thickness has an appearance that\u2019s leathery and white. And to add to this, there exists fourth-degree burn, this type of burn has the whole symptoms of A third-degree burn, which means that it acts like the third-degree burn. But, the difference is, fourth-degree burn goes deep \u2014 beyond the skin \u2014 into bones as well as tendons. Burns consists of several causes, let\u2019s take a look at them. Know this, the cause of a burn doesn\u2019t determine the type of burn; what determines it is, how long that liquid or fire remains in contact with the skin. Looking at scalding, this very one can lead to the cause of the whole three degrees; want to know what it depends on? well, it depends on the level of hotness of the liquid and also, how long it touches the skin. If you encounter electrical or chemical burns, it\u2019s advisable that you, without hesitation, visit your doctor \u2014 because these burns have the ability to affect inside your body, even if the damage on the skin is"}, {"title": "", "text": "expected. As with first-degree burns, seconddegree burns will heal on their own with appropriate care, leaving little scarring. Since both the epidermis and dermis are injured in a second-degree burn, it is known as a deep partialthickness or partial-thickness burn. Third-degree burns damage all layers of the skin and in severe cases can injure underlying structures such as muscle and bone. Burns of this type leave charred, blackened, and/or dry, pearly white areas (photos 77 and ). The patient may suffer severe pain. However, this pain is probably the result of nearby second-degree burns, as the nerve endings are often destroyed in third-degree burns. Third-degree burns heal poorly since the regenerative powers of the tissues have been lost. If left to its own resources, the burn usually will scar over from the edges where viable tissue still exists. Skin grafting is required to bring about proper healing of the burn. Thirddegree burns are also defined as full-thickness burns, as they extend throughout all dermal layers and possibly to the subcutaneous layers, muscle, and bone. Photos 77 and 78: Third-degree burns to the foot and arm. Note the blackened and pearly white areas. Some emergency health care providers have moved away from the use of first through third degree as measures of burn depth, replacing these measures with categorizations of either superficial or deep burn. Should the PHCP hear of a burn referred to as superficial, he can expect to find a burn that is reddened, swollen, and tender. A deep burn is one that is surrounded"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns & Weight Loss What Is the Difference Between a 2nd & 3rd Degree Burn? How Long Does It Take to Heal a Second Degree Burn? How to Treat Friction Burn How to Treat Cigarette Burns How to Treat an Oven Burn Why High Levels of Potassium in Burn Patients? By Helen Messina Burns require specific emergency care and continuous treatment. Preference is given to fluid hydration, swelling and its complications, establishing and maintaining an airway, nutritional supplements, a catheter for monitoring urine output, X-rays and possible skin grafts. Burns damage the skin, which protects the body from fluid loss and infection, and can result in renal failure, life-threatening infections, shock and death. Fluid loss alters the balance of potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and water, requiring constant replacement and monitoring. Types of Burns Burns result from exposure to heat from fire or liquids, electricity, chemicals and radiation. Categories of burns are first-degree, second-degree and third-degree. First-degree burns damage the epidermis or outer layer of tissue and result in redness and pain. Second-degree burns damage epidermal and dermal tissue, the second layer of skin, and result in redness, pain and blisters. Third-degree burns damage skin down to the nerves, muscles, tendons and possibly bones, leaving a charred appearance with no pain as a result of nerve damage. With minor burns, treatment can occur at home, in the doctor's office and the emergency room based on the size of the burned areas of the body affected. The care for second-degree and third-degree burns requires emergency room care and"}, {"title": "", "text": "serious that they are often fatal. A first-degree burn injury is one that only affects the outermost layer of skin called the epidermis. While these burns hurt, they usually heal within a few days or a week, and don\u2019t leave permanent scarring or harm. Second-degree burns, on the other hand, require medical intervention as these burns affect both the epidermis the dermis (the first two layers of skin). Second-degree burns may lead to blistering, are extremely painful, and can leave permanent scarring. Third-degree burns are particularly tragic, as these burns reach below the skin to the layer of fat, even burning nerve endings in many cases, making these burns much more severe, but often less painful than second-degree burns. Third-degree burns are often associated with other complications, such as difficulty breathing and damage to the lungs due to smoke inhalation. The Effects of a Burn Injury A burn injury is extremely serious, and can have lasting effects on a patient\u2019s life. One of the most psychologically challenging parts of such an experience is that it can be very disfiguring. In addition to serious scarring, which may require multiple plastic surgeries to improve, a person who has suffered a serious burn injury may also be at risk of infection and sepsis, low blood volume, dangerously low body temperature, respiratory complications, and bone and joint problems. If a burn is very serious, it may mean that a limb must be amputated. In addition to being physically painful, these injuries are often expensive to treat. The individual may not"}, {"title": "", "text": "What to know about third degree burns Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH \u2014 By Louise Morales-Brown on February 15, 2021 Third degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are a type of burn that destroys the skin and may damage the underlying tissue. They are more severe than first or second degree burns and always require skin grafts. Third degree burns are a serious injury requiring immediate medical help. Unlike less severe burns, which can be very painful, full-thickness burns may not hurt. This is because the burn may damage nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensing pain. In addition, the burn site may appear waxy or leathery A person with a third degree burn will require hospitalization. Treatment will vary depending on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. If an individual suspects they have a third degree burn, they should seek immediate medical attention. Without treatment, these burns and resulting complications can be fatal. In this article, learn more about third degree burns, including the symptoms, treatment, and when to speak with a doctor. Third degree burns are a severe type of burn that extends through every layer of skin. This type of burn can destroy: the epidermis, the outer layer of skin the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis the hypodermis in some cases, which is the subcutaneous tissue and the innermost layer of skin Doctors categorize burns according to the damage they cause to the skin and surrounding tissue. Types of burns include: First degree burn: Also known as superficial"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn or corrosion according to depth or degree, as follows: * First degree (erythema) * Second degree (blistering) * Third degree (full-thickness involvement) ## First Degree Damage from first-degree burns is limited to the outer layer of the epidermis, with erythema and increased tenderness. First-degree burns have good capillary refill and do not represent significant injury in terms of fluid replacement needs. ## Second Degree Second-degree burns represent a partial-thickness injury to the dermis, which may be either superficial or deep. Deep second-degree burns heal much more slowly than first-degree burns and are prone to developing infection. The end result of second-degree burns may be hypertrophic scarring. ## Third Degree In third-degree burns, the dermal barrier is lost, and the presence of necrotic tissue creates fluid volume loss with systemic effects on capillaries well away from the burn site. In addition, the burn site establishes an ideal culture medium for infection, which may be life threatening. Blood supply is the critical factor in healing of third-degree burns. Areas rich in blood supply, such as hair follicles and sweat glands, have a better chance for reepithelialization. Deep third-degree burns are characterized by an underlying necrosis with thrombosed vessels. Codes for burns of this depth are assigned only on the basis of a specific diagnosis made by the physician. # Sequencing of Codes for Burns/Corrosions and Related Conditions When burns and corrosions of the same anatomical site and on the same side are of different degrees (depth), they are classified to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded"}, {"title": "", "text": "Furthermore, burn injuries often have complications including infection, organ malfunction, electrolyte imbalance, and respiratory issues. First-Degree Burns: These are superficial burns that damage only the first layer of skin. First-degree burns are mild, resulting in redness and pain, and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medication and skin care products, such as aloe vera cream. Second-Degree Burns: This type of burn damages the first two layers of skin. These burns can be superficial or deep, depending on the severity of the burn. Second-degree burns result in pain, redness, swelling, and blistering, and can be treated with antibiotic creams prescribed by a doctor. Third-Degree Burns: These burns affect all the layers of skin and the tissue under it. These burns are severe and require medical treatment. White, blackened, or charred skin may result from these burns. Third-degree burns are treated with skin grafting or synthetic skin. Intravenous fluids and antibiotics might also be necessary. Fourth-Degree Burns: The most severe variety, fourth-degree burns penetrate the bone, muscles, and ligaments. This type of burn requires medical treatment similar to that of third-degree burns. Two types of burns are common in the workplace: heat burns and chemical burns. Heat burns occur when the skin comes in contact with a surface or a substance of high temperature. Heat burns can be caused by flames, hot surfaces, hot liquids, or steam. Faulty wiring, improper gas connections, combustibles that are not stored correctly, and sparks from machinery all present burn risks. Workers in laboratory, manufacturing, and medical fields are especially prone to chemical"}, {"title": "", "text": "don\u2019t always know the basics of each type of burn. Knowing how to identify types of burns can help a person understand the seriousness of their injury. First-degree burns mean that only the first layer of skin has been injured.While they can be painful, these burns often only need minimal treatment, including wound cleaning and bandaging. Second-degree burns are like first-degree burns except they extend beyond the first layer of skin. A second-degree burn can be serious enough to require medical attention. However, they can usually heal without surgery or extensive treatment. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries. These burns can extend past a person\u2019s skin, causing damage to their muscles and bones. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns always require immediate medical attention. Third- and fourth-degree burn symptoms include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters To learn more about burn injuries, visit Medlineplus.gov Burn Injury Treatment After a burn, cooling the wound with water can help relieve pain temporarily. However, if a burn is severe, it should receive attention from a medical professional. Some burn injuries won\u2019t heal favorably on their own and will require surgical procedures, including one called a skin graft. Skin Grafts for burn injuries Skin grafts help a burn survivor\u2019s wounds heal in a way that\u2019s less restrictive. The process is often done by taking skin from a healthy area and placing it over the parts of a person\u2019s body that are burned. Skin grafts are a breakthrough for burn injuries as they allow"}, {"title": "", "text": "might impact the rest of their life. First-degree burn injuries are more common and less serious than other types of burn injuries. While they can be painful, first-degree burns only require minor treatment and bandaging. Second-degree burns occur when an injury extends beyond the first layer of skin. They might require a medical assessment to decide if they require more care than a bandage. Importantly, those with second degree burns should avoid using topical treatments until consulting with a doctor. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries and require urgent medical care. These burns go through multiple layers of skin and can even damage a person\u2019s muscles and bones. Accident survivors with these burns often need surgery. Signs of a third- and fourth-degree burn include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters An in-depth guide to burn injuries can be found at Medlineplus.gov. How Burn Injuries Are Treated If a person suspects they have sustained burn injuries, they need to get medical attention as soon as possible. Cooling a burn with water is only a temporary solution that can assist with pain. Burn injuries require extensive medical care and can be excruciating for those suffering from them. Despite this, advances in medical technology mean that burn survivors have a better chance than ever for recovery. Research and advancements in medical technology mean those with burns can live a less restrictive lifestyle after recovering from their injuries. Skin grafting helps burned skin heal by taking tissue from an unaffected portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "might impact the rest of their life. First-degree burn injuries are more common and less serious than other types of burn injuries. While they can be painful, first-degree burns only require minor treatment and bandaging. Second-degree burns occur when an injury extends beyond the first layer of skin. They might require a medical assessment to decide if they require more care than a bandage. Importantly, those with second degree burns should avoid using topical treatments until consulting with a doctor. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries and require urgent medical care. These burns go through multiple layers of skin and can even damage a person\u2019s muscles and bones. Accident survivors with these burns often need surgery. Signs of a third- and fourth-degree burn include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters An in-depth guide to burn injuries can be found at Medlineplus.gov. How Burn Injuries Are Treated If a person suspects they have sustained burn injuries, they need to get medical attention as soon as possible. Cooling a burn with water is only a temporary solution that can assist with pain. Burn injuries require extensive medical care and can be excruciating for those suffering from them. Despite this, advances in medical technology mean that burn survivors have a better chance than ever for recovery. Research and advancements in medical technology mean those with burns can live a less restrictive lifestyle after recovering from their injuries. Skin grafting helps burned skin heal by taking tissue from an unaffected portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "Our today topic is burn treatment we will discuss first degree burns second degree and third degree burns and treatments of burn. Burn is the damage caused by a warm substance in a body tissue, a chemical, an electrical or a sun light. Burns may also occur as a result of exposure to hot fluid or steam. It is the deepest deep layer of the skin, that is, the burns that damage the epidermis. They are burns that damage the plate beneath the epidermis. They are the deepest and most severe burns. Deeply all layers and textures are destroyed. First, make sure that the person who is damaged and the others are not at greater risk. If the clothes of the person are burning, they must be wrapped in a non-synthetic blanket, peg or rug, and they must roll on the floor to extinguish the flames. If the person does not respond to your conversation or if you do not respond when you lightly shrug your shoulders, you are losing consciousness. Check the airways and breathing. Heart massage may be needed. Lay the patient on a rug so that the burning part does not touch the floor. Do not interfere with cold water on large burns. This can put the patient in shock. In small burns, the burned area should be chilled with cold water until the skin reaches normal temperature (20 minutes for thermal burns, 20 minutes for chemical burns, 30 minutes for bitburns). If this is not possible, cold water can be printed on"}, {"title": "", "text": "prevent such harm from occurring to others in the future. To learn how we can protect your interests after a serious accident or injury, call (816) 253-8606. Your initial consultation is free and confidential. How Burns Are Classified By Severity There are four classifications of burn severity, including: First degree burns \u2013 First degree burns are the mildest type of burn and typically result in light epidermal damage and redness, but do not blister the skin. Second degree burns \u2013 Second degree burns cause damage to both the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the lower layer (dermis). Second-degree burns usually result in swelling and blistering, as well as redness at the site and pain. Third degree burns \u2013 These burns involve extensive damage to both the outer and lower layer of skin, as well as damage to the underlying tissue and bone. Third degree burns often result in white or blackened skin and severe pain. Fourth degree burns \u2013 Fourth degree burns are the most severe type of burn and are usually fatal. They extend through the skin and into muscle and bone. The amount of the body which ends up being burned also dictates the severity and how doctors will go about treatment. A minor burn means that less than 10% of the body is burned in an adult, and less than 5% for a young or elderly person. A major burn is more than 20% of the body in an adult, and 10-20% for a young or elderly person. Common Causes of Burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "skin will often appear to be moist. A third degree burn is where all the skin layers have been penetrated and the nerve endings destroyed so that pain may not be felt. A fourth degree burn extends down to muscle and/or bone. Apart from emergency medical care, serious burns often require hospitalization and even surgery and skin grafting. If you are not happy with the progress of the healing process, you may want to see a burn specialist for further advice."}, {"title": "", "text": "contact with hot items, and prolonged exposure time in the sun. A second degree burn burns through two layers of your skin. If your second degree is wider than three inches, you should call your doctor for medical help. Third degree burns \u2013 are the most serious of the three and require immediate medical attention. These occur when extended exposure to a very hot object burns through all three layers of your skin, sometimes causing muscle, fat, and bone damage. They will look leathery and have a white or black appearance on the skin. Third degree burns are major burns and require treatment from a doctor as soon as possible. Burns can be caused by fires, electrical shock, exposure to chemicals, or from scalding liquids. The American Burn Association compiled data from admissions to burn centers between 2005 to 2014. Fortunately, they also found patients- 67 percent male and 32 percent female- had a 96.8 percent survival rate. Seventy-three percent of the fire incidents happened at home, followed by work with eight percent and the street or highway (car fires) at five percent. Serious burn injuries are sometimes manageable through wound care, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and surgical procedures. If an adult suffers a burn injury that covers more than 15% of his/her body, doctors will most likely treat the victim with intravenous fluids. This treatment is especially important during the 24 hours following the initial injury. Inhalation burn injuries may require more fluids. Wound care involves keeping the injury dry and covered. Exposed burns are subject"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface. Though they are the most minor type of burn, these injuries can still be painful. However, they rarely result in complications that require serious medical attention and only require basic first aid. Signs of a first-degree burn include swelling and red coloration. Second-degree burns extend past the first layer of skin. These burns commonly cause blistering. This is the body\u2019s attempt to heal the injury and protect the lower layers of skins. Care for these burns does not always require professional medical care. However, if the burn is large enough, a trip to the hospital may be necessary. Third-degree burns are severe medical emergencies and require intensive treatment to heal. Third-degree burns cause damage to every layer of the skin and damage nerve ending and tissues underneath the skin. This serious injury makes the skin stiff and hard with dark or white coloration. Fourth-degree burns are similar to third-degree burns, but they represent an even more dangerous level of injury. With this type of burn, the damage may extend past the skin and into the muscles and bone. This burn may cause so much damage that healing is not a possibility. Fourth-degree burns often require amputation. Even if a victim fully recovers, the damaged skin usually does not heal back to its original appearance. Burn scars are notorious for causing physical and emotional trauma. Physically, burn scars can produce tighter skin and limit physical movement. Emotionally, some burn victims suffer a heartbreaking amount of shame due to the embarrassment of regarding visible scars. In severe"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface. Though they are the most minor type of burn, these injuries can still be painful. However, they rarely result in complications that require serious medical attention and only require basic first aid. Signs of a first-degree burn include swelling and red coloration. Second-degree burns extend past the first layer of skin. These burns commonly cause blistering. This is the body\u2019s attempt to heal the injury and protect the lower layers of skins. Care for these burns does not always require professional medical care. However, if the burn is large enough, a trip to the hospital may be necessary. Third-degree burns are severe medical emergencies and require intensive treatment to heal. Third-degree burns cause damage to every layer of the skin and damage nerve ending and tissues underneath the skin. This serious injury makes the skin stiff and hard with dark or white coloration. Fourth-degree burns are similar to third-degree burns, but they represent an even more dangerous level of injury. With this type of burn, the damage may extend past the skin and into the muscles and bone. This burn may cause so much damage that healing is not a possibility. Fourth-degree burns often require amputation. Even if a victim fully recovers, the damaged skin usually does not heal back to its original appearance. Burn scars are notorious for causing physical and emotional trauma. Physically, burn scars can produce tighter skin and limit physical movement. Emotionally, some burn victims suffer a heartbreaking amount of shame due to the embarrassment of regarding visible scars. In severe"}, {"title": "", "text": "body surface. You must also seek treatment if the face, hands, feet, major joints or groin/buttocks are burned. Typically, burn injuries are classified into four categories in accordance to their severity. I is important to identify the different types of burns in order to obtain the appropriate medical care. First degree: This is the least serious type of burn. It only affects the most outer layer of the skin known as the epidermis, causing slight swelling, redness and peeling. Typically, this type of burn can be treated at home with cool water, ointment and a bandage. Second degree: This burn is more serious than a first degree, as it affects the epidermis and the dermis, the second layer of the skin. It can cause blistering, swelling,pain and can damage body functions. While small second degree burns can be treated at home, a burn larger than the size of a baseball should receive immeidate medical attention. Third degree: A third degree burn is considered a major burn because it destroys the epidermis, dermis and can cause damage to the nervous system. It will cause the skin to become white, charred, stiff or waxy and requires immediate medical care. Fourth degree: This is the most severe type of burn. When a fourth degree burn occurs, all layers of the skin are destroyed including nerves, tissue and muscles. Similar to a third degree burn, this type of injury requires immediate medical attention and care. From a legal perspective, you want to seek that treatment immediately so that you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "it to heal and may leave a scar. The last type of burn is third degree burns which are full-thickness burns. These burns tear down all layers of skin. It can go through the underlying fat, muscle, bone and nerve structures. The symptoms of the burns are brown or black with the essential tissues showing white. Third degree burns are considered as being a serious condition. One type of burn injury is from radiation. Ultraviolet light and nuclear radiation are causes of radiation burns. When absorbing too much Ultraviolet light, it can result into a burn injury. UV burns can come from tanning beds, too much exposure to X-rays, radiation therapy and too much sunlight. Treatment can include pain control medication to surgery. Do you think you have a radiation burn? Things Every Firefighter Should Know.."}, {"title": "", "text": "The Burn Victim of the dermis remain , but this healing process requ ires much time. This increased time with an open wound potentiates chances for infection. Another problem that occurs when deep second-degree burns are allowed to heal on the ir own is the inc reased amounts of scar tissue in the wound . Due to these problems, second-degree burns may be skin grafted to facilitate healing. Th ird-degree burns destroy all of the ep idermis and dermis. The burn wound initially appears dry and leathery. There is no pain in the wound as the nerve fibers have been destroyed during the injury, Very small third-degree burns can heal without skin grafts , but generally PATHOLOGY OF THE BURN WOUND third-degree burns must be grafted to heal. Partial-thickness wounds involve the epidermis and varying levels of the derm is. Therefore, firstand second-degree burns are partial-thickness injuries. Full-th ickness wounds are third-degree burns as they involve both layers of skin ."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the skin and cause redness, swelling, and discomfort. Second Degree Burns Second degree burns affect the first and second layers of skin. Second degree burns cause skin to be red, white or splotchy, and the skin can blister or appear moist. Third Degree Burns Third degree burns affect both layers of skin, the fat layer below them, and nerves, causing skin to take on a waxy, leathery, or charred appearance. Fourth Degree Burns The fourth degree burn classification is not always used, but when it is, it refers to the loss of muscle and even bone. In some cases, a fourth-degree burn is so severe that the person loses a limb. Chemical Burns People can also suffer from chemical burns from alkalis and acids in the smoke from a fire or explosion. These chemicals can damage the skin, eyes, larynx, lungs, and other areas. As with thermal burns, these injuries can be fatal. When chemicals are a possible source or contributing factor in an explosion, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) usually sends a team to investigate. This was done for the Didion Mill explosion in Cambria, Wisconsin, the Loy Lange Box Company blast, and the Husky Energy oil refinery explosion in Superior, WI, where CSB investigators determined that the blast originated in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Complications From Burn Injuries Complications include infections (sepsis and tetanus), scarring, hypovolemia (blood loss), hypothermia (low body temperature), nerve damage, breathing problems, bone or joint problems, shock, and death. The damage to internal organs, like the"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn the skin for some time and can be absorbed into the body to damage internal organs, depending on the type of chemical. Other patient injuries: For the patient who has suffered from an explosion, the possibility of internal bleeding must not be overlooked while treating the burn. Underlying injures must always be sought out. Once the determining factors have been evaluated, the burn can be categorized as follows, using American Burn Association parameters. It should be remembered that it may take a little time for the full extent of the burn injury to manifest itself.What is taken for second-degree burn at the scene may develop into a third-degree burn at a later date. Major Burns: 1. Second-degree burns involving > 25 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns involving > 10 percent of total body surface 3. Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury, fractures, or those involving critical areas such as face, hands, feet, and perineum 4. 4. High-voltage electrical burns 5. Lesser burns in patients with significant preexisting disease Moderate Burns: 1. Second-degree burns involving 15 to 25 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns involving 2 to 10 percent of total body surface 3. Areas above not involving face, hands, feet, perineum Minor Burns: 1. Second-degree burns < 15 percent of total body surface 2. Third-degree burns < 2 percent of total body surface EMERGENCY CARE FOR THE BURNED PATIENT The PHCP's initial three goals in rendering care to the burned patient are to remove the victim from the source of"}, {"title": "", "text": "dry, moderately painful, and involve only minor damage to the epidermis; they may slough the next day, but heal quickly without scar. Anyone who has turned lobster-red after exposure to the summer sun has experienced a first-degree burn. Second-degree burns are red, wet, and blistered; they are painful and vary both in their damage to the dermis and their ability to heal without thick scars. They can, however, heal in two to three weeks without skin grafting. Many a slipped pot-holder has resulted in a second-degree hand burn. Third-degree burns are leathery, dry, lack sensation, and have a charred or waxy appearance. They involve complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, along with the latter's blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves \u2014 a so-called \"full thickness burn.\" Unless a third-degree burn is small enough to heal by the skin's contraction over the devitalized area (less than an inch in diameter), skin grafting is always necessary to resurface the wound. Fortunately, most of us will never experience a third-degree burn. Fourth-degree burns involve not only full-thickness destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also underlying structures like fascia, muscle, or bone. Difficult as it is to imagine burning bone, it can and does occur, particularly where bones are small and near the skin's surface, as with fingers. Because devitalized bone (like devitalized soft tissue) must be surgically removed, fourth-degree hand burns may necessitate finger, or even entire hand, amputations. Several Station fire victims can attest to this. Surprisingly, second-degree burns are far more painful"}, {"title": "", "text": "result in redness of the skin and some immediate pain that lessens with time. Second-degree burns are more serious and extend into the outer epidermis layer and the lower layer of skin (the dermis). You might receive a second-degree burn from accidentally pouring boiling water onto your body or touching a hot clothes iron. In addition to pain and redness, most second-degree burns cause blistering and swelling. Third-degree burns are among the most severe burns. They burn all the way through the epidermis and dermis skin layers and damage the tissue underneath. Skin may turn white or blackened and charred and it may go numb if nerves were damaged. Most severe burn injuries that result in lawsuits, such as those from fires or electrical shocks, are third-degree burns. Some medical professionals also use additional categories \u2013 up to the sixth degree \u2013 to indicate injuries that burn down into ligaments, tendons, muscles, bones, or internal organs. Third-degree burns and worse, especially if they cover a significant percentage of the body, can lead to a range of complications and may require extended hospitalization and skin-graft surgeries. If the burn damages muscle and other interior tissue, patients may require physical therapy to regain range of motion. Because of extensive nerve damage, burns at these levels can cause chronic pain. Ongoing Complications from Burn Injuries Burns don\u2019t always heal quickly or uniformly. While each patient may experience a different outcome, some common complications result from many burn injury cases. These complications can include: Infection. This includes skin infections from"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns are usually caused by: ... Some first-degree burns, such as extensive sunburns, also cause restlessness, headaches, and fever. First-degree burns are usually caused by: ... Get medical treatment for widespread first-degree burns. Rockets red glare: amputation, 3rd degree burns, loss of sight, loss of hearing \u2026 sound like battlefield injuries, or maybe a car crash?"}, {"title": "", "text": "PART 5 OUT 5: This article discusses skin injuries of burns, scarring, and decubitus ulcers starting with a description of the condition and following up with massage considerations and a look at evidence-based practice. Please check previous blogs for bacterial infections, fungal infections, viral infections, and inflammatory infections. Skin can be injured by burns, surgical procedures, diseases, and sustained external pressure over bony prominences. Massage has been found to produce positive effects on several skin injuries with precautions applied. Burns: A burn is an injury that may cause damage to the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, or organs underneath. There are four degrees of burns based on the depth of tissue damage A first-degree burn, also called a superficial partial thickness burn, damages only the epidermis. An example of a first-degree burn is mild sunburn. A second-degree burn, also called a deep partial-thickness burn, is deeper and more severe than first-degree burns and involves both the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. A third-degree burn, also called a full-thickness burn, destroying the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and associated glands and possibly extending into the subcutaneous tissue and underlying soft tissue. A fourth-degree burn is a full-thickness burn that extends down to the muscle or bone. Massage Therapy and Burns: Avoid massage over the burned area until it has completely healed. Healing time depends on many factors, such as degree of severity, which ranges from several weeks to several months. Once healed, massage and scar tissue mobilization is permissible. Massage was found to reduce itching (1, 2), pain"}, {"title": "", "text": "First degree burns are considered superficial burns. First degree burns affect the top layer of skin and typically do not require extensive medical treatment to heal. Although first degree burns are not life-threatening they may result in scars, chronic pain, and emotional trauma. First degree burns may be caused by chemical exposure, fire, electrical exposure, or a number of other causes. Victims suffering from a first-degree burn may suffer additional complications such as infection or fever. These conditions can cause the need for additional medical treatment and recuperation time."}, {"title": "", "text": "by contact with fire, boiling liquids, or other sources of extreme heat Light burns are caused by sunlight or ultraviolet light Chemical burns are caused by exposure to acid, alkali, or exposure to other chemicals Radiation burns are caused by exposure to nuclear radiation Each of these types of burns can vary in the level of damage they cause depending on the temperature, substance, and length of exposure. Burns are commonly categorized according to degree, such as: First-degree burns: These burns are the least damaging and only affect the outer layer of skin. First-degree burns are characterized by redness and minor inflammation. They can often be treated with cold water, burn cream, and antiseptic. Second-degree burns: A second-degree burn indicates that both the top layer of skin (the epidermis) and the second layer of skin (the dermis) have been burned. These burns often lead to blistering and will typically appear dry with a whitish coloring. Depending upon the depth of the burn, a skin graft may be necessary. Third-degree burns: A third-degree burn damages all layers of the skin and can also damage organs and bones. These burns are often characterized by charred skin and a white or black dry wound. Skin grafting will most likely be required. Common causes of burn injuries Today, there are safety features in place to prevent the spread of fires, like smoke alarms and sprinkler systems. We\u2019re also lucky to have firefighters who risk their lives to protect others in harm\u2019s way. Unfortunately, burn injuries and deaths still occur. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "Of How (4:26) All Have Some (4:41) Fox Tail (4:05) RISE (5:33) Hartland Quay (4:27) Do You Think You're Right (4:47) Ona (3:10) Some Kinda Love (4:18) Equal Rights (6:48) \u2191 Roots & Traditional Album of the Year - Solo category at the Juno Awards This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Rise_(Annabelle_Chvostek_album) A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues, caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When the injury extends into some of the underlying layers, it is described as a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The treatment required depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help relieve pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged exposure may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and edema. The most"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn affects the first and second layer of skin (the dermis), and can cause pain, red and white splotchy skin, and swelling around the injury. A second-degree burn may also appear moist or wet and can blister, which may result in scarring. Third-Degree Burn: A severe classification of a burn injury. This type of burn affects both layers of skin, the layer of fat underneath, and the nerves around the injured area, and can cause severe pain, and leathery, waxy, wet, or black skin around the injury. Many third-degree burns are caused by large fires, so injured victims may also be suffering from smoke inhalation. Fourth-Degree Burn: The most severe classification of a burn injury. This type of burn affects both layers of skin, the layer of fat underneath, muscles, tendons, and bone. The injured area frequently appears charred or black, and often needs to be amputated in order to prevent the spread of infection. How Else Can A Serious Burn Affect Me? Hypothermia: Burns that damage a significant percentage of your skin severely limits your body\u2019s ability to properly regulate your internal temperature. Scarring: Scar tissue may form as your burn injury heals, and that new tissue can result in the permanent destruction of sweat glands, inhibit your ability to move the affected area, and potentially pull your joints out of their intended position. Infection: Infection poses a risk to burn injury victims, no matter the severity of the burn. Without proper care and treatment, it could easily lead to sepsis and put you at"}, {"title": "", "text": "saying a burn that is less than third degree is not a burn? by Karpel Tunnel \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 4:09 pm Serendipper wrote: Getting a little color in your cheeks is not a burn. A first degree burn is considered a burn. It seems like he is saying something like the word slavery carries connotations that do not apply to having to eat and the other examples. And yes, if you were in a conversation with someone with third degree burns and you had first degree and you kept making them equivalent, rough day for both us, each burned, you would be trivializing their experience. But if you just got a little color, iow nothing a doctor would call even a first degree burn, it would be even more ridiculous. We use words to deliniate things. It's floppy, and often we can't come up with neat categories and even the burn scales have some grey areas. But if I run at you on the street pointing finger going bang bang and run past you, I didn't try to kill you, even if it was a bit scary. Or is your argument that there are ONLY differences in degree and never in kind and it would be irrational to ever say something was not in a category. Like if you went under a bright incandescent bulb you were burned, because perhaps one cell had its temperature raised to some extent? by Serendipper \u00bb Sat Sep 15, 2018 9:22 pm Karpel Tunnel wrote: Getting a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "and potentially longer. In a full thickness second-degree burn, the skin can appear to be red or white but will usually appear to be dry. This is because a full thickness second-degree burn involves the destruction of the entire outer layer of skin and most of the top layers underlying the epidermis. These burns often require extensive medical treatment and skin grafting to heal. Third-degree burns are a very serious injury and should be treated by a medical professional. Third-degree burn entails the complete destruction of all the layers of the skin and extends deep into the tissue below the skin. In these burns, the skin can appear black or white but will be very dry. However, there is often very little pain in these types of injuries due to the extensive damage to the nerves. These injuries normally require skin grafting and will often result in severe scarring. Fourth-degree burns are types of burns that are by far the most serious and will often result in severe impairment and disability. Fourth-degree burns involve burns to the deeper tissues such as the muscle, tendons, and bones. In these cases, you should seek prompt medical treatment. Surprisingly, one of the most common lifelong results of burn injuries sustained in a fire is brain injury. Cerebral hypoxia is a condition in which oxygen is cut off from the brain, causing brain cells to die. In these cases, a person can die or suffer severe life-long impairments. Who is Liable for Burns? If you have been in an accident"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns can be about the most painful injuries a person can have, I know because I\u2019ve been there. No words are adequate to describe that kind of pain. On that pain scale of one to ten, burn injuries can reach hit about 10,000. It\u2019s simply surreal. No amount of morphine or Demerol is adequate to overcome it. We see burn injuries most often in natural gas or gasoline explosions, but there are many ways burn injuries can occur even chemical burns. Fortunately here in Atlanta we have a superb Grady Hospital Burn Unit. If a loved one has a serious burn injury anywhere within a 100-150 mile radius of Atlanta, your first response should be take them to Grady. If you were in scouts as a kid you probably learned about first, second, and third degree burns. First degree burns make the skin red, involve swelling and are painful for a short time. Usually they are pretty minor unless they cover a huge area of the body. Second degree burns go through the second layer of skin. If they\u2019re less than about three inches in diameter and not involved in hands, face, groin, or buttocks, that can be minor. But, if a second degree burn covers a large portion of the body or those areas I just mentioned it can be major and even life threatening if it involves the throat or lungs. A full thickness second degree burn may require extensive skin graphs and scarring. Third degree burns involve all the layers of the skin"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns can be about the most painful injuries a person can have, I know because I\u2019ve been there. No words are adequate to describe that kind of pain. On that pain scale of one to ten, burn injuries can reach hit about 10,000. It\u2019s simply surreal. No amount of morphine or Demerol is adequate to overcome it. We see burn injuries most often in natural gas or gasoline explosions, but there are many ways burn injuries can occur even chemical burns. Fortunately here in Atlanta we have a superb Grady Hospital Burn Unit. If a loved one has a serious burn injury anywhere within a 100-150 mile radius of Atlanta, your first response should be take them to Grady. If you were in scouts as a kid you probably learned about first, second, and third degree burns. First degree burns make the skin red, involve swelling and are painful for a short time. Usually they are pretty minor unless they cover a huge area of the body. Second degree burns go through the second layer of skin. If they\u2019re less than about three inches in diameter and not involved in hands, face, groin, or buttocks, that can be minor. But, if a second degree burn covers a large portion of the body or those areas I just mentioned it can be major and even life threatening if it involves the throat or lungs. A full thickness second degree burn may require extensive skin graphs and scarring. Third degree burns involve all the layers of the skin"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are a type of injury to the skin or flesh that occurs when skin is exposed to excessive levels of heat, electricity, radiation, friction, ultraviolet light, or chemicals. Minor burns can often be treated quite easily, but severe burns may necessitate specialized treatment available at burn centres and involve serious medical procedures such as skin grafts. Burns are categorized into three degrees depending on severity. First degree burns are the least serious type of burns that occur when a burn is limited to only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. Second degrees occur when the epidermis has been completely burned through and the dermis, the second layer of skin, has also been burned. Third degree burns are the most serious types of burns and describe a situation where a burn has penetrated all layers of the skin, and may even have reached the muscle, fat, or bone. Formedica Self-Adhesive Dressing Flexible and Comfortably Secure, 2\" x 3'3\""}, {"title": "", "text": "Free Books / Reference / The Encyclopaedia Britannica / This section is from \"The Encyclopaedia Britannica\". Also available from Amazon: Great Books of the Western World (60 Volumes). Burns And Scalds. A burn is the effect of dry heat applied to some part of the human body, a scald being the result of moist heat. Clinically there is no distinction between the two, and their classification and treatment are identical. In Dupuytren's classification, now most generally accepted, burns are divided into six classes according to the severest part of the lesion. Burns of the first degree are characterized by severe pain, redness of the skin, a certain amount of swelling that soon passes, and later exfoliation of the skin. Burns of the second degree show vesicles (small blisters) scattered over the inflamed area, and containing a clear, yellowish fluid. Beneath the vesicle the highly sensitive papillae of the skin are exposed. Burns of this degree leave no scar, but often produce a permanent discoloration. In burns of the third degree, there is a partial destruction of the true skin, leaving sloughs of a yellowish or black colour. The pain is at first intense, but passes off on about the second day to return again at the end of a week, when the sloughs separate, exposing the sensitive nerve filaments of the underlying skin. This results in a slightly depressed cicatrix, which happily, however, shows but slight tendency to contraction. Burns of the fourth degree, which follow the prolonged application of any form of intense heat, involve"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns, these are the most common type. This burn damages the outermost layer of skin and typically heals on its own within 1 week. A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. They may also damage the underlying tissue and always require a skin graft. Fourth degree burn: This type of burn extends into fat. Fifth degree burn: This burn type extends into muscle. Sixth degree burn: This type of burn extends to the bone. Third degree burns will typically result from contact or exposure to the following: flash from an explosive blast chemicals such as acids scalding liquids contact with an extremely hot object for an extended period Any severe burn will typically be apparent and will require treatment at the hospital. Common symptoms of full-thickness burns may lead to: skin discoloration, which can include the skin becoming: skin appearing a lack of pain due to damage to nerve endings Severe burns can also result in potentially fatal complications. For example, the body may go into shock. Normally, the body produces an inflammatory response to protect itself from injury, infection, or other threats. However, in some cases, such as with severe burns, the body may overreact, and the inflammatory response may cause more harm. Shock typically causes damage because the extreme inflammatory response results in"}, {"title": "", "text": "If your burn injury requires additional assessment by a burn specialist, a consultation will be made to the Burn and Frostbite Center at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado. The Burn and Frostbite Center has been the Rocky Mountain region\u2019s premier burn care destination since 1976, and verified by the American Burn Association as a center of excellence since 1998. For physicians: to refer a patient to us, please call our DocLine at 1-844-285-4555 at any time. Electricity, chemicals, steam, very hot water, and fire can all cause serious burns. The care you receive for burns will depend on the type and severity of your injury. Many burns can be treated in an outpatient setting. If a burn needs inpatient treatment, it should be done in a burn center. Very severe burns need treatment in a burn center. You may be most familiar with the traditional burn classification of first, second, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are usually mild. They affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). The skin is likely to be red, and there may be some pain and swelling. Most sunburns are first-degree burns. Second-degree burns injure the second layer (dermis) of skin. The skin will be intensely red and may develop blisters. These burns are often very painful. Third-degree burns involve all the layers of skin. Fat, nerves, muscles, and even bone may be burned. The skin may be charred black or appear very white. Pain is likely to be severe. If nerves are damaged, no pain may be felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "the first and second layers of skin. Second degree burns cause skin to be red, white or splotchy, and the skin can blister or appear moist. Third degree burns affect both layers of skin, the fat layer below them, and nerves, causing skin to take on a waxy, leathery, or charred appearance. The fourth degree burn classification is not always used, but when it is, it refers to the loss of muscle and even bone. In some cases, a fourth-degree burn is so severe that the person loses a limb. People can also suffer from chemical burns from alkalis and acids in the smoke from a fire or explosion. These chemicals can damage the skin, eyes, larynx, lungs, and other areas. As with thermal burns, these injuries can be fatal. When chemicals are a possible source or contributing factor in an explosion, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) usually sends a team to investigate. This was done for the Didion Mill explosion in Cambria, Wisconsin, the Loy Lange Box Company blast, and the Husky Energy oil refinery explosion in Superior, WI, where CSB investigators determined that the blast originated in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Complications include infections (sepsis and tetanus), scarring, hypovolemia (blood loss), hypothermia (low body temperature), nerve damage, breathing problems, bone or joint problems, shock, and death. The damage to internal organs, like the lungs, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and brain can be permanent. Household appliances powered by natural gas such as generators, water heaters, central heating and cooling systems, ranges and stoves,"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their initial presentation than are third-degree; this is because nerves remain intact in second-degree, but are completely destroyed in third-degree burns. For this reason, Station fire victims stumbling around the club's parking lot with blistered faces and limbs were initially in greater pain than their more seriously burned counterparts. Third-degree burn victims would eventually, however, far surpass their less-seriously burned friends in lifetime scarring and disability. Because different areas of the skin conduct heat differently, location of the body areas exposed to heat may determine whether full-thickness burns result. The outermost layer of epidermis is an excellent insulator from heat; therefore, where it is thickest, as on the soles and palms, full-thickness burns are rare. Backs of hands, by contrast, are much more susceptible to irreversible burn injury requiring skin grafts. Shake hands with several of the more seriously burned Station fire victims: you'll often find their palms to be original equipment, and the backs of their hands, retreads. The majority of Station fire fatalities did not succumb to their burns, however, but rather to inhalation injury. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in building fires. It occurs not only because of _what_ is inhaled, but because of the _temperature_ of what is inhaled. Either factor can kill, even in the absence of skin burns. Reports of fire injuries commonly speak of \"smoke inhalation.\" What we call smoke is actually a suspension of visible particles in air and toxic gases. The types of toxic gases produced depend upon the fuel being burned"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-degree burns usually require hospitalization, the duration of which will vary according to the seriousness of the injury. Intravenous fluids are often provided to the patient to help replace the significant amount of fluid lost through the burned area and antibiotics are usually administered to fend off infection. Injuries are also typically cleaned and then wrapped in sterile bandages, which are changed periodically. In some cases, burn victims may be placed in an oxygen-rich, high-pressure room known as a hyperbaric chamber. Despite the best possible treatment, however, the damage to the skin is so extensive from a third-degree burn that the affected areas will never return to their normal state. Instead, scar tissue will eventually begin to form and cover the burned area unless a skin graft is performed. Skin grafts in which tissue from other parts of the patient\u2019s body are transplanted to the injury are typically permanent, but those in which the skin comes from another person or a donor animal are usually a temporary means of protecting the damaged area during the long, slow healing process."}, {"title": "", "text": "epidermis, into other layers of the skin causing blisters. Sometimes second-degree burns require skin grafting. Yet, even without a graft, burn victims need extra time to heal from a second-degree burn. Third-degree burns extend through the epidermis and dermis and almost always require surgery. These serious burn injuries burn victims who suffer third-degree burns face excruciating pain and can expect weeks or months of recovery. Permanent scars and nerve damage are common with third-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns, fifth-degree burns, and sixth-degree burns are grouped together into a category of catastrophic severe burn injuries. These burns extend into the fat and muscle layers of the body and sometimes expose the skeletal system. Catastrophic burns not only damage tissue, but they impact organs and other body functions. Additionally, those who suffer catastrophic burns have a high risk of infection, and if lucky enough to survive, typically must remain in a coma until they heal because their body is in shock. Aftermath of a Burn Injury The physical and emotional aftermath of a burn takes a toll on victims and their families. In addition to pain and discomfort burn victims also sometimes cope with the following: Permanent scarring. Severe burns leave permanent scars and disfigurement that can be humiliating for burn victims depending on their location. Infection. When a burn permeates through the skin and creates an open wound, burn victims risk serious infection, such as tetanus, a bacterial infection that impacts the brain and nervous system. Shock. Severe burns interfere with body processes and prevent organs from getting"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the body into areas that each represent 9% of the TBS. The head"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissues and organs not receiving enough oxygen. Several organs, such as the lungs, heart, and brain, are particularly susceptible to damage by \u201cburn shock.\u201d Infection is another major concern with third degree burns. The severe damage to the skin makes the body more susceptible to pathogens. Burns can also weaken the immune system, meaning the body is less capable of fighting off infection. In particular, acquiring pneumonia and sepsis infections are common and potentially fatal complications. A doctor can usually diagnose the severity of a burn by examining the affected area. They may also ask questions about the cause of the burn, any other injuries, and whether the person has any other medical conditions. The doctor may determine the severity of the burn by accounting for: the patient\u2019s age the percentage of total body surface area burned (TBSA) using the rule of nines the type of burn which body parts are involved A doctor may classify a severe burn under the following criteria: more than 10% TBSA in children or older adults more than 20% TBSA in adults more than 5% third degree significant burns to the: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), any third degree burn requires immediate hospitalization and treatment. Individuals with this type of burn usually receive treatment at a special burn unit. Following a third degree burn, people should immediately try to arrange medical assistance. While waiting for emergency care, a person can ensure an individual with a third degree burn: is out of harm\u2019s way is breathing has restrictive items"}, {"title": "", "text": "mild burn, burn moderate and severe sun burn. Slight burn Less than 10% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns. Less than 5% of the body surface of a child or elderly with 2nd degree burns. Less than 2% of the body surface burn 3rd degree. Moderate burn 1. 10 to 20% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns. 2. 5 to 10% of the body surface of a child or elderly with 2nd degree burns. 3. 2 to 5% of the body surface burn 3rd degree. Burn grave a. Over 20% of the body surface of an adult with 2nd degree burns b. More than 10% of the body surface of a child or elderly 2nd degree burns c. More than 5% of the body surface burn 3rd grade d. High-voltage electrical burns e. Burns proven respiratory tract by inhalation of hot air f. Significant burns to the face, eyes, ears, genitals or joints g. Other serious injuries associated with sunburn, and traumas such as fractures. First care Each type of burn requires a special and specific care, depending on the causative agent, the extent and depth of the injury, but overall, the first aid care, and if necessary the victim is directed to a patient post or hospital care. The first and primary care for all the next steps to do exactly happen then, when a normal wound contains half 60,000 to 80,000 bacteria per gram of tissue, and in the first 48 hours proliferate at"}, {"title": "", "text": "percent or more of the body surface or a burn involving the eyes, face, hands, feet, or genitals. More severe burns that penetrate into deeper tissue require specialized emergency medical care, cosmetic surgery, and intensive long-term rehabilitation at a burn center such as the University of Alabama Birmingham Hospital Burn Center or the University of South Alabama Burn Center in Mobile, which takes burn patients from throughout the state of Alabama. Here is how burns are categorized: First degree burns, also known as superficial burns, affect the outer layer of skin called the epidermis. Mild sunburn, which includes painful reddened skin, is a common type of 1st-degree burn. It usually does not cause long-term tissue damage. Second-degree burns, which are also referred to as partial-thickness burns, cause damage to the epidermis as well as part of the underlying layer of tissue known as the dermis. The site of the burn is red, blistered, and swollen. Deep second degree burns can cause scarring. Third-degree burns, also called full-thickness burns, involve damage to the skin and underlying tissue. The site of the burn may appear charred or waxy. A person who has suffered third-degree burns may have difficulty breathing. Treatment of full-thickness burns may require skin grafts because the layer of skin is destroyed. They may be permanently scarred or disfigured and require cosmetic surgery to repair scar damage and damage to joints affecting by scarring. Third-degree burns may be fatal if they cover a large area of the body and aren\u2019t treated promptly. Fourth-degree burns extend deeper"}, {"title": "", "text": "percent or more of the body surface or a burn involving the eyes, face, hands, feet, or genitals. More severe burns that penetrate into deeper tissue require specialized emergency medical care, cosmetic surgery, and intensive long-term rehabilitation at a burn center such as the University of Alabama Birmingham Hospital Burn Center or the University of South Alabama Burn Center in Mobile, which takes burn patients from throughout the state of Alabama. Here is how burns are categorized: First degree burns, also known as superficial burns, affect the outer layer of skin called the epidermis. Mild sunburn, which includes painful reddened skin, is a common type of 1st-degree burn. It usually does not cause long-term tissue damage. Second-degree burns, which are also referred to as partial-thickness burns, cause damage to the epidermis as well as part of the underlying layer of tissue known as the dermis. The site of the burn is red, blistered, and swollen. Deep second degree burns can cause scarring. Third-degree burns, also called full-thickness burns, involve damage to the skin and underlying tissue. The site of the burn may appear charred or waxy. A person who has suffered third-degree burns may have difficulty breathing. Treatment of full-thickness burns may require skin grafts because the layer of skin is destroyed. They may be permanently scarred or disfigured and require cosmetic surgery to repair scar damage and damage to joints affecting by scarring. Third-degree burns may be fatal if they cover a large area of the body and aren\u2019t treated promptly. Fourth-degree burns extend deeper"}, {"title": "", "text": "As confirmed by over a decade of research, massage therapy\u2019s ability to support emotional and physical health offers great therapeutic benefit to burn survivors. Whether caused by excessive heat, electricity or corrosive chemicals, severe burns can cause enormous physical and emotional pain. Aside from the patient\u2019s experience, treating and rehabilitating tissue that has suffered a third-degree burn is one of the toughest challenges the medical community faces. Although some recoil at the thought of having their burns touched and many people fear touching burned skin, research has consistently shown that massage therapy plays a valuable therapeutic role in burn rehabilitation. First-Degree \u2013 Causing pain and redness, this type of burn only affects the epidermis. Second-Degree \u2013 Causing pain, redness and blisters that may ooze, this type of burn extends below the epidermis to the dermis. Third-Degree \u2013 This severe type of burn involves all layers of the skin and may also damage the underlying bones, muscles and tendons. The burn site appears pale, charred or leathery and there is generally no sensation in the area because the nerve endings are destroyed. Burn treatment depends upon the extent of tissue damage, the burn\u2019s cause and the presence of infection. In order to reduce the risk of infection, dehydration and other potentially serious complications, all burns surpassing first-degree require immediate medical attention. Third-degree burns generally require hospital admittance where the affected area can be kept clean, dead tissue removed and skin grafts performed. The process of burn rehabilitation may take many years and can be accompanied by a"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"BSA.\" YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 12 April 2019. . A physician or healthcare professional should be consulted whenever first or second degree burns cover more than 15 percent of a person's body surface area (BSA) or third degree burns involve more than 2 percent of a victim's BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering 15 percent to 25 percent of an adult's body or 10 percent to 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on 2 percent to 10 percent BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering more than 25 percent of an adult's body or more than 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on more than 10 percent BSA. Also, a person with burns covering more than 12 percent BSA is likely to go into shock; this condition may be prevented by laying the person flat and elevating the feet about 12 inches (30 cm). These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering less than 15 percent of an adult's body or less than 10 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on less than 2 percent BSA."}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is an injury to the tissue of the body, typically the skin. Burns can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Most burns only affect the uppermost layers of skin, but depending on the depth of the burn, underlying tissues can also be affected. Traditionally, burns are characterized by degree, with first degree being least severe and third degree being most. However, a more precise classification system referring to the thickness or depth of the wound is now more commonly used. For the sake of this article, burns will be described by thickness. For a comparison of the two classification systems, see the table below. When the epidermis and dermis are both destroyed and the burn extends down into the subcutaneous tissue, including fat, muscles and even bones, this is referred to as a full-thickness burn (third- and fourth degree burn). For full-thickness burns, generally the skin will either be white, black, brown, charred, or leathery in appearance. Often eschar (dry, black necrotic tissue) will form around the wound. Since nerve endings are destroyed along with the dermis, these wounds are typically painless. However, most full-thickness wounds are surrounded by wounds of various thicknesses, so these areas may still be painful. Infection: One of the main functions of the skin is to act as a barrier against outside infection. However, this physical barrier is broken with partial or full thickness wounds. With severe burns, hard, avascular eschar forms, providing an environment prone to microbial growth. In addition, eschar makes it more difficult for antibodies"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is an injury to the tissue of the body, typically the skin. Burns can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Most burns only affect the uppermost layers of skin, but depending on the depth of the burn, underlying tissues can also be affected. Traditionally, burns are characterized by degree, with first degree being least severe and third degree being most. However, a more precise classification system referring to the thickness or depth of the wound is now more commonly used. For the sake of this article, burns will be described by thickness. For a comparison of the two classification systems, see the table below. When the epidermis and dermis are both destroyed and the burn extends down into the subcutaneous tissue, including fat, muscles and even bones, this is referred to as a full-thickness burn (third- and fourth degree burn). For full-thickness burns, generally the skin will either be white, black, brown, charred, or leathery in appearance. Often eschar (dry, black necrotic tissue) will form around the wound. Since nerve endings are destroyed along with the dermis, these wounds are typically painless. However, most full-thickness wounds are surrounded by wounds of various thicknesses, so these areas may still be painful. Infection: One of the main functions of the skin is to act as a barrier against outside infection. However, this physical barrier is broken with partial or full thickness wounds. With severe burns, hard, avascular eschar forms, providing an environment prone to microbial growth. In addition, eschar makes it more difficult for antibodies"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the texture of the skin may also be leathery or waxy. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 7). Burn depth and size are important factors in determining whether a burn can be classified as minor, and are crucial in dictating the initial steps of burn assessment and management 8). Superficial burns can often be managed on an outpatient basis, whereas full-thickness burns must be evaluated by a specialist for possible excision and grafting. Determination of burn depth can be complicated by the conversion of burns to a higher burn category within the first several days. Conversion occurs when the damaged skin continues to spread and burn depth increases because of thermal injury that did not fully present on initial assessment; therefore, frequent evaluation and reassessment are necessary for all categories of burns 9). Burn size is determined by estimating the percentage of the patient\u2019s body surface area that is covered by partial-thickness and full-thickness burns (Figure 9) 11). First-degree burns are not incorporated into formal estimations of burn size. The Lund-Browder classification can be used for initial assessment of burn size in adults or children. The \u201crule of nines\u201d diagram is helpful for rapid assessment of burn size, but this method is less accurate than the Lund-Browder classification, especially in children. The hand is often used to measure small burn areas; it correlates to 1 percent of total body surface area. Studies have shown that the adult hand is closer to 0.8 percent of total body"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the texture of the skin may also be leathery or waxy. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 7). Burn depth and size are important factors in determining whether a burn can be classified as minor, and are crucial in dictating the initial steps of burn assessment and management 8). Superficial burns can often be managed on an outpatient basis, whereas full-thickness burns must be evaluated by a specialist for possible excision and grafting. Determination of burn depth can be complicated by the conversion of burns to a higher burn category within the first several days. Conversion occurs when the damaged skin continues to spread and burn depth increases because of thermal injury that did not fully present on initial assessment; therefore, frequent evaluation and reassessment are necessary for all categories of burns 9). Burn size is determined by estimating the percentage of the patient\u2019s body surface area that is covered by partial-thickness and full-thickness burns (Figure 9) 11). First-degree burns are not incorporated into formal estimations of burn size. The Lund-Browder classification can be used for initial assessment of burn size in adults or children. The \u201crule of nines\u201d diagram is helpful for rapid assessment of burn size, but this method is less accurate than the Lund-Browder classification, especially in children. The hand is often used to measure small burn areas; it correlates to 1 percent of total body surface area. Studies have shown that the adult hand is closer to 0.8 percent of total body"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree involve the destruction of nerves, causing a loss of feeling and no pain. Third degree burns have a leathery, charred or white appearance. While burns can exceed these levels into the fourth degree, most of the public and medical community does not typically use this term. Fourth degree burns extend beyond the skin and cause damage to the underlying tendons and bones. Fifth and sixth burn degrees also exist but they are not considered survivable. Permanent Scarring Due to a Burn Injury If a burn injury victim is fortunate, the physical harm caused will not permanently damage their muscles, nerves, and other deep tissues. Irreversible scarring is likely to still occur, however, in any sort of accident that causes a burn injury. Given enough time, the scar tissue will no longer be sensitive to heat and touch but the victim is not fully recovered. They may experience a lowered self-esteem or diminished value of their own looks and identity. The result is physical scarring that leads to mental scarring as well. Any compensation earned through a lawsuit must keep these damages in mind, which are sometimes called nominal damages. Treatments for Burn Injury Victims When a burn injury can be improved through medical treatments and medicine, it is often a costly process that may take months to finalize. An effective yet expensive option for people who have suffered third or fourth degree burns is skin grafting, which will use their own skin from unaffected body parts and apply it to the burn for gradual healing"}, {"title": "", "text": "While the NFPA has fire prevention tips and strategies it is a sad reality that people are often injured or die when they are involved in a fire. When you ask about fire injuries many people automatically and exclusively turn to burns. While burns are a very common injury, there are other injuries that can be just as severe and have an equally detrimental impact on a persons\u2019 life. There are two types of burns from fires: flash burns and burns from flames. Flash burns result from a sudden intense heat, which usually result from some form of explosion. Generally, people who have sustained flash burns can be treated as an outpatient and do not require extensive medical care. On the other hand, those who suffer burns from flames may incur extensive damage depending on the severity of the burn. There are four widely accepted burn types, which are separated by degrees. First-degree burns affect only the top layer of skin, which is known as the epidermis. In these burn types the skin is usually red and painful, however, this burn is usually equivalent to a sunburn and the healing process normally does not take longer than 3-5 days. Second-degree burns can be classified as either partial or full thickness burns and are more severe than first degree burns. In a partial thickness burn, there can be a blister that involved the entire skin and upper layers of the skin known as the dermis. The healing process for these burns can take anywhere from 10-21 days"}, {"title": "", "text": "is very small. For deep partial-thickness burns, tissue may undergo spontaneous epithelialization from the few viable epithelial appendages at this deepest layer of dermis and heal within 3-6 weeks (if no infection arises). Because these burns have less capacity for re-epithelializing, a greater potential for hypertrophic scar formation exists. In deep partial-thickness burns, treatment with topical antimicrobial dressings is necessary to prevent infection as the burn wound heals. Contraction across joints, with resulting limitation in range of motion, is a common sequela. Splash scalds often cause second-degree burns. Third-degree burns Third-degree burns are full-thickness burns that destroy both epidermis and dermis. The capillary network of the dermis is completely destroyed. Burned skin has a white or leathery appearance with underlying clotted vessels and is anesthetic. Unless a third-degree burn is small enough to heal by contraction (< 1 cm), skin grafting always is necessary to resurface the injured area. Immersion scalds, flame burns, and chemical and high-voltage electrical injuries cause third-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns Fourth-degree burns cause full-thickness destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, with involvement of the underlying fascia, muscle, bone, or other structures. These injuries require extensive d\u00e9bridement and complex reconstruction of specialized tissues and invariably result in prolonged disability. Fourth-degree burns result from prolonged exposure to the usual causes of third-degree burns. Burn size Accurate assessment of initial burn injuries is important to guide subsequent burn wound treatment. If it is anticipated that a burn wound will take longer than 21 days to heal spontaneously, surgical d\u00e9bridement and grafting are required to"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. Emergency treatment for third-degree and some second-degree burns may include a blood transfusion and/or extra fluids to help maintain blood pressure. Grafting\u2014placing healthy skin on top of the burn wound\u2014might help promote new skin growth. Severe burns can lead to widespread inflammation, organ failure, and shock. This sometimes-deadly response can arise a week or two after the initial burn. But doctors can\u2019t tell beforehand which patients might develop this extreme reaction. You can care for most minor burns at home. If the burn is red and painful with mild swelling or little blistering, then it\u2019s a first-degree or minor second-degree burn. See a doctor if the burn is dark red and looks glossy with a lot of blistering. These are signs of a deep second-degree burn. Get immediate treatment if the burned skin is dry and leathery, perhaps with white, brown, or black patches. These are signs of third-degree burn. Burns can become infected with bacteria or other germs if protective layers of skin are lost. Burns can also lead to painful inflammation, as your immune system shifts into gear. the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis \u2013 the deeper layer of fat and tissue. Full thickness burn \u2013 where all three layers of skin (the epidermis, dermis and subcutis) are damaged; the skin is often burnt away and the tissue underneath may appear pale or blackened, while the remaining skin will be dry and white, brown or black with no blisters,"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. Emergency treatment for third-degree and some second-degree burns may include a blood transfusion and/or extra fluids to help maintain blood pressure. Grafting\u2014placing healthy skin on top of the burn wound\u2014might help promote new skin growth. Severe burns can lead to widespread inflammation, organ failure, and shock. This sometimes-deadly response can arise a week or two after the initial burn. But doctors can\u2019t tell beforehand which patients might develop this extreme reaction. You can care for most minor burns at home. If the burn is red and painful with mild swelling or little blistering, then it\u2019s a first-degree or minor second-degree burn. See a doctor if the burn is dark red and looks glossy with a lot of blistering. These are signs of a deep second-degree burn. Get immediate treatment if the burned skin is dry and leathery, perhaps with white, brown, or black patches. These are signs of third-degree burn. Burns can become infected with bacteria or other germs if protective layers of skin are lost. Burns can also lead to painful inflammation, as your immune system shifts into gear. the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis \u2013 the deeper layer of fat and tissue. Full thickness burn \u2013 where all three layers of skin (the epidermis, dermis and subcutis) are damaged; the skin is often burnt away and the tissue underneath may appear pale or blackened, while the remaining skin will be dry and white, brown or black with no blisters,"}, {"title": "", "text": "How do you classify burn injuries? At one time, this was a fairly simple question to answer, but the classification of burns is changing and a new system is gradually being adopted. This has made conversations about burns more complicated since you need to be sure that everyone concerned is using the same system and terms. This article will cover the basics and discuss terminology that you might face when handling your next burn injury case. skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. \u2022 Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. \u2022 Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed. For many years, healthcare providers have also added a fourth-degree category. Using this system, third-degree burns are limited to those that extend down through the epidermis and dermis into the subcutaneous tissue, and fourth-degree describes the burns that extend down into the underlying muscles, tendons and ligaments. Recently, a new system has come into use. This new system completely abandons the old use of degrees and describes the injuries based specifically by the depth of the burn. The traditional classification of burns is being replaced by the designations of superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness and full thickness. Of course, these designations refer to"}, {"title": "", "text": "The seriousness of a burn injury depends on how deep the injury is and how much of the body has been burned. It is common for a person with a large burn injury to have burns of different depths. The deepest injury is usually at the center of a burned area. Medical technology now has tests to determine the depth of a burn injury, but an experienced burn specialist\u2019s examination continues to be the most reliable way of evaluating the depth of burns. Damage to the pulmonary system is a common and potentially dangerous condition that afflicts some burn victims. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in burn victims. Flash burns often harm the face but rarely involve the airway. The skin has several layers (see diagram). The deeper the burn injury is, the greater the number of layers that are damaged. Sweat glands and the roots of hair follicles are in the deeper layers and will be destroyed with a deep burn. Deep injuries heal more slowly, are more difficult to treat, and are more likely to have complications than superficial injuries. The names given to burn injuries of various depths have changed in recent decades. Injury to the top layer of skin (the epidermis) is now called a superficial burn (formerly called a first degree burn). Injury to the second layer of skin (the dermis) is now called a partial thickness or dermal injury (formerly called a second degree burn). An injury that extends down to the third layer (the subcutaneous"}, {"title": "", "text": "3). Third-degree (most serious) burns damage or destroy the entire thickness of the skin, permanently destroying it and the tissue that\u2019s underneath. This burn reaches into the fat layer beneath the skin (see Figure 4). Burned areas may be charred black or white. The skin may look waxy or leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, causing numbness. A person with this type of burn may also have difficulty breathing or experience smoke inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning. Third-degree burns usually require skin grafts for wound closure. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 5). The skin\u2019s three anatomic layers (i.e., epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue) have functions that are lost after burn injuries. The epidermis is a barrier to bacteria and moisture loss. After a burn injury, local wound care and fluid management are required. The dermis provides elasticity and protection from mechanical trauma, and it contains blood vessels that supply all skin layers. When the skin is damaged, epidermal cells regenerate from cells deep within the dermal appendages, which is why deep dermal injury causes significant scarring and permanent skin damage 6). Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin\u2019s protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to"}, {"title": "", "text": "3). Third-degree (most serious) burns damage or destroy the entire thickness of the skin, permanently destroying it and the tissue that\u2019s underneath. This burn reaches into the fat layer beneath the skin (see Figure 4). Burned areas may be charred black or white. The skin may look waxy or leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, causing numbness. A person with this type of burn may also have difficulty breathing or experience smoke inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning. Third-degree burns usually require skin grafts for wound closure. Fourth-Degree Burns: Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 5). The skin\u2019s three anatomic layers (i.e., epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue) have functions that are lost after burn injuries. The epidermis is a barrier to bacteria and moisture loss. After a burn injury, local wound care and fluid management are required. The dermis provides elasticity and protection from mechanical trauma, and it contains blood vessels that supply all skin layers. When the skin is damaged, epidermal cells regenerate from cells deep within the dermal appendages, which is why deep dermal injury causes significant scarring and permanent skin damage 6). Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin\u2019s protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to"}, {"title": "", "text": "to search for their nearest burn center in the United States. Treatment for third degree burns continues after a person leaves the hospital. While the recovery period differs for everyone, people commonly report feeling pain, fatigue, and itching. People will still require wound care, which involves cleansing and dressing the wounds. This may require a nurse or doctor, or for the person with burns to learn how to clean and dress wounds. A friend or family member could also assist. Individuals may require rehabilitation and counseling to help with their ability to perform daily tasks, with any potential issues communicating, and improve their mental health. The healing time of a burn injury depends on the: burn extent burn depth location of the burn person\u2019s age presence of other injuries or conditions Due to medical advances, people are now capable of recovering from burn injuries that were previously fatal. However, individuals will often have permanent impairments and scarring. Third degree burns are deep, severe burns that completely damage the skin. Causes can include exposure to flames, explosions, or strong chemicals. People with third degree burns need immediate medical attention from a special burn unit. This can help prevent serious complications such as infection or shock. Last medically reviewed on February 15, 2021 Burns. (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/Factsheet_Burns.aspx Burns and scalds. (2020). https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/burns-scalds/ Find a burn center. (n.d.). https://ameriburn.site-ym.com/search/custom.asp?id=925 Liodaki, E., et al. (2015). Epidemiology of pneumonia in a burn care unit: The influence of inhalation trauma on pneumonia and of pneumonia on burn mortality. Lopez, O. N., et"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn (Sister Machine Gun album) Burn (Havok album) Kerosene (disambiguation) III (Crystal Castles album) A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues, caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When the injury extends into some of the underlying layers, it is described as a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The treatment required depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help relieve pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged exposure may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and edema. The most common complications of burns involve infection. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Burn Burn is the third studio album by industrial rock band Sister Machine Gun. Burn has two hidden tracks on the CD release. The first is"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns: These are superficial burns that only affect the outer layer of skin or the epidermis, and becomes very red and is painful. Sunburns are the most common of first degree burns. Second degree burns: Affects the epidermis and the outermost layer of skin below it, called the dermis. The dermis contains blood capillaries, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sweat glands. These burns are typically pink or red in color when pressed. Deep second degree burns are dry and whitish in color, don\u2019t blanch when pressure is applied and may leave thick scars. Third degree: A very serious type of burn that destroys all layers of skin and can extend into subcutaneous tissue. The injured area will appear charred, white or black, and leather-like. Because extensive nerve damage occurs, victims tend to feel less physical pain at the burn site. Skin grafting or the use of synthetic skin may be necessary. Fourth degree: The most severe type of burn injury, as muscle, fat, tendons and even bones are typically damaged in addition to all layers of skin being destroyed. Amputation of the area may be imperative and extensive skin grafts are usually needed. Victims will often suffer from some degree of impairment. Workplace accidents Burns can occur as a result of defective machinery, exposed or faulty wiring, hot equipment, steam, toxic chemicals, flammable items and more. Liability could fall on the employer for ignoring safety regulations, a coworker for acting negligently, or possibly the manufacturer of defective machinery. Hot liquids A hotel could be liable if"}, {"title": "", "text": "most serious, as they damage the deepest layers of skin and tissue. Third degree burns can lead to nerve damage and may require skin grafts. Third degree burns are the most serious burns, but that does not mean first and second degree burns do not require immediate attention. You should always seek medical attention in an effort to avoid long-lasting negative impacts. Class action settlement on behalf of consumers against Epson America, Inc. for installation of a \u201csmart chip\u201d in its printers that shut down when there was still a substantial amount of ink left on the cartridge. Degrees of burns Signs and symptoms of a burn injury vary based on the degree of the burn. The most common signs of a burn injury include swelling, blistering and scarring. In the worst cases, death can result. Burn injuries also commonly lead to infections because of the damage done to the top protective layers of skin. Just as signs and symptoms vary based on the degree of the burn, so too, do treatment options for varying types of burns. For mild burns, over-the-counter creams can be used to treat any pain, swelling and potential infections. For more severe burns, cleaning and skin grafting may be required. These can be lengthy, painful and expensive processes. Complications of burn injuries Burns are considered catastrophic injuries because they can lead to serious, life-altering conditions and disfigurement. People who suffer burn injuries to the face and neck may struggle with finding work or even going out in public. Severe scarring of"}, {"title": "", "text": "back down the leg via a motor nerve (4). This causes the muscles in the leg to contract and pull the toe away from the source of injury (6). At the same time, the dorsal horn sends another impulse up the spinal cord to the brain. During this trip, the impulse travels between nerve cells. When the impulse reaches a nerve ending (7), the nerve releases chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, which carry the message to the adjacent nerve. When the impulse reaches the brain (8), it is analyzed and processed as an unpleasant physical and emotional sensation. Types of burns The Ayat under discussion mentions the burning of the skin. The severity of a burn depends on its depth, its extent, and the age of the victim. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, and third degree. First-degree burns cause redness and pain (e.g., sunburn). Second-degree burns are marked by blisters (e.g., scald by hot liquid). In third-degree burns, both the epidermis and dermis (external and internal parts of the skin) are destroyed, and underlying tissue may also be damaged. Further burn in the skin would damage the pain receptors and hence the person would not feel pain. Word Analysis: Quran rightly mentions this \u2018extreme\u2019 stage for the change of skin. The Arabic word used is \u0646\u0636\u062c\u062a which indicates the burning to the extreme stage. Ibn e Faris says that its basic meaning includes burning something to the last stage. Hence, not only the Quran told humans that sensation is due to the pain receptors"}, {"title": "", "text": "most serious, as they damage the deepest layers of skin and tissue. Third degree burns can lead to nerve damage and may require skin grafts. Third degree burns are the most serious burns, but that does not mean first and second degree burns do not require immediate attention. You should always seek medical attention in an effort to avoid long-lasting negative impacts. Class action settlement on behalf of consumers against Epson America, Inc. for installation of a \u201csmart chip\u201d in its printers that shut down when there was still a substantial amount of ink left on the cartridge. Degrees of burns Signs and symptoms of a burn injury vary based on the degree of the burn. The most common signs of a burn injury include swelling, blistering and scarring. In the worst cases, death can result. Burn injuries also commonly lead to infections because of the damage done to the top protective layers of skin. Just as signs and symptoms vary based on the degree of the burn, so too, do treatment options for varying types of burns. For mild burns, over-the-counter creams can be used to treat any pain, swelling and potential infections. For more severe burns, cleaning and skin grafting may be required. These can be lengthy, painful and expensive processes. Complications of burn injuries Burns are considered catastrophic injuries because they can lead to serious, life-altering conditions and disfigurement. People who suffer burn injuries to the face and neck may struggle with finding work or even going out in public. Severe scarring of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the area of burn expressed as a percent of total body surface. The body is divided into anatomical parts and assigned certain percentages (Ill. 108). Once the burned areas' corresponding percentages have been added, the PHCP will have an estimate of the extent of body surface involved in the burn. Illustration 106: Pathology of the burn. Illustration 107: Pathology of the burn. Illustration 108: Percentages are assigned to anatomical parts, giving an estimate of the extent of body surface involved in the burn. Determining the Depth of the Burn Burns have long been characterized as first, second, or third degree, based on the depth of tissue damage and tissue response to the burn (Ill.109).First-degree burns are considered a superficial injury because only the epidermis is affected. Burns of this degree will cause reddening of the skin, and in the worst cases, some swelling may develop. The burn will be painful, but with minor care it will heal on its own without scarring. Since the epidermis is the only layer of skin involved in a first-degree burn, this type of burn is also known as a superficial partial-thickness burn or partial-thickness burn. Illustration 109: Depth of the burn injury as characterized by degree. In a second-degree burn, the epidermis has been burned through and the dermal layer has suffered injury.The burn does not pass through the dermal or second layer of skin. The patient will exhibit severe pain, and the skin will be blistered, reddened, and mottled in appearance. A large amount of swelling is to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "that each year, approximately 500,000 burn injuries occur. Other statistics reveal that approximately 300 children die each year due to fires that occur in residential homes. Not all burns, however, are exactly the same. Instead, there are several types of ways in which a person can be burned, including: Chemical burns: Burns of this nature are caused by acid or chemical explosions. Light burns: A person can experience these types of burns by coming into contact with either sunlight or ultraviolet light. Radiation burns: Exposure to nuclear radiation can cause burns of this nature. Thermal burns: These burns are caused by contact with extreme heat including fire, hot liquids, and steam. No matter the cause type of burn, medical professionals further divide these injuries by severity based on a three-class system. Ranging from least to most serious, the three categories of burns include the following: First-degree burns: In these injuries, only the top layer of a person\u2019s skin is damaged. Burns of this nature frequently result in inflammation and redness. Fortunately, first degree burns often heal within the course of a week. Second-degree burns: Burns of this nature extend past a person\u2019s top layer of skin and are frequently characterized by red and blistered skin. Many times, second-degree burns take several weeks to heal. Third-degree burns: These burns are the most serious and extend through every layer of skin and can damage internal organs as well as bones. In many cases, third-degree burns result in substantial nerve damage and in some cases can even result in"}, {"title": "", "text": "that each year, approximately 500,000 burn injuries occur. Other statistics reveal that approximately 300 children die each year due to fires that occur in residential homes. Not all burns, however, are exactly the same. Instead, there are several types of ways in which a person can be burned, including: Chemical burns: Burns of this nature are caused by acid or chemical explosions. Light burns: A person can experience these types of burns by coming into contact with either sunlight or ultraviolet light. Radiation burns: Exposure to nuclear radiation can cause burns of this nature. Thermal burns: These burns are caused by contact with extreme heat including fire, hot liquids, and steam. No matter the cause type of burn, medical professionals further divide these injuries by severity based on a three-class system. Ranging from least to most serious, the three categories of burns include the following: First-degree burns: In these injuries, only the top layer of a person\u2019s skin is damaged. Burns of this nature frequently result in inflammation and redness. Fortunately, first degree burns often heal within the course of a week. Second-degree burns: Burns of this nature extend past a person\u2019s top layer of skin and are frequently characterized by red and blistered skin. Many times, second-degree burns take several weeks to heal. Third-degree burns: These burns are the most serious and extend through every layer of skin and can damage internal organs as well as bones. In many cases, third-degree burns result in substantial nerve damage and in some cases can even result in"}, {"title": "", "text": "affect only the outer layer of the epidermis. These types of burns usually result in redness and irritation, but do not break the skin or cause blistering. Second-degree burns affect both the epidermis and dermis. Skin is usually swollen, bright red, and may even look wet or shiny. Blisters are common, and the entire area is painful to touch. Third-degree burns destroy two entire layers of skin. Instead of a red color, skin may appear black, yellow, brown, or white. There is little pain with third-degree burns because nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and deepest burns, destroying every layer of skin and, sometimes, even muscles, tendons, or bone. As such, they are considered potentially life-threatening. Burns can also be classified as minor, moderate, or major depending on their overall size. Minor burns are described as covering less than 10 percent of an adult\u2019s body, while moderate burns may cover roughly ten-to-twenty percent. Major (or severe) burns are categorized as those which cover more than 20 percent of an adult\u2019s body, or more than 10 percent in children. The most common types of burn injuries are thermal (heat-related), such as those caused by hot surfaces, fire, steam, or scalding liquid. However, victims can also suffer from chemical burns, electrical burns, or even friction burns. Burns resulting from negligence can also occur in a number of situations such as workplace accidents, car wrecks, structure fires\u2014and can even be caused by defective equipment or intentional acts. In order to recover compensation for your"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are one of the most devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious burn injury require immediate specialised care in order to minimise the infection rates and mortality. Getting admitted early in a specialised burns unit after a burn injury is very necessary as the burn wounds get infected very fast if not taken proper care immediately. DESUN Hospital's Burn Unit is the only dedicated Tertiary Level Burns Unit in Siliguri, India. This Burn Unit provides patients and their families with the highest level of specialised burn Care. We are dedicated to providing comprehensive burn care in a nurturing, compassionate, personal and hygienic environment. First Degree Burns - Involves epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). These types of burns heal without scarring, as for example extreme Sunburn. Second Degree (Superficial) Burns - This involves epidermis and superficial part of dermis (The sensitive connective tissue layer of the skin located below the epidermis).These types of burns usually heal with intensive care and frequent aseptic dressings in Burns Unit within 3 weeks with some scarring. Second Degree (Deep) Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. Third Degree Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. We incorporate a team approach to caring for burn patients and their families. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are one of the most devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious burn injury require immediate specialised care in order to minimise the infection rates and mortality. Getting admitted early in a specialised burns unit after a burn injury is very necessary as the burn wounds get infected very fast if not taken proper care immediately. DESUN Hospital's Burn Unit is the only dedicated Tertiary Level Burns Unit in Siliguri, India. This Burn Unit provides patients and their families with the highest level of specialised burn Care. We are dedicated to providing comprehensive burn care in a nurturing, compassionate, personal and hygienic environment. First Degree Burns - Involves epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). These types of burns heal without scarring, as for example extreme Sunburn. Second Degree (Superficial) Burns - This involves epidermis and superficial part of dermis (The sensitive connective tissue layer of the skin located below the epidermis).These types of burns usually heal with intensive care and frequent aseptic dressings in Burns Unit within 3 weeks with some scarring. Second Degree (Deep) Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. Third Degree Burns - this involves epidermis and deep dermis. These types of burns take long time to heal with appreciable scarring. These types of burns generally require Skin Grafting in specialised Burns Unit. We incorporate a team approach to caring for burn patients and their families. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "the skin\u2019s outer layer. Second-degree burns reach the dermis, or lower skin layer, and can cause damage to nerves, hair follicles, blood vessels, connective tissues, and sweat glands. Third-degree burns are the most dangerous, as they can penetrate skin, fat, muscles, bones, and tendons. They often result in open wounds that can easily become infected. Burns affecting less than ten percent of the total body surface area of adults or less than five percent for children and seniors are considered minor burns. Burns impacting between ten and 20 percent for adults and between five and ten percent for children and seniors are deemed moderate. Major burns are those covering more than 20 percent of adults and more than ten percent of children and seniors. Thermal Burns Thermal burns occur when an external source of heat, such as a flame, hot surface, or steam, comes into contact with the body. Thermal burns often cause blisters and may leave the skin looking either white or charred. They also can destroy skin, nerve endings, tissue, muscles, bones, and tendons. Chemical Burns Chemical, or caustic, burns can happen when acids, bases, or other irritants make contact with someone\u2019s skin, eyes, or lungs. Chemical burns may lead to vision loss, charred skin, numbness and pain, headaches, seizures, and cardiac arrest. Electrical Burns Electrical burns can be deceiving \u2013 they may not look severe on the outside, but they can cause serious internal damage. Contact with live wires can leave a mark on the skin, and the currents running through the body"}, {"title": "", "text": "legs will not get hot enough to burn skin. That is why the actions to walk on fire did not make a person on fire. But it\u2019s not easy to do and it takes a certain expertise. Burns itself will occur if the body is exposed to a substance which is a high temperature and one of the main causes of accidents are exposed to flame burns. First-degree burns, the damage to the epidermal layer which is marked by mild swelling in the area, skin redness and abrasion. Second-degree burns, which covers damage to the epidermis and some dermis (deeper skin layer), arising from pain, infection and sometimes dehydration. Third-degree burns, the damage covers all layers of the dermis, the layer of muscle and bone as well as infection."}, {"title": "", "text": "legs will not get hot enough to burn skin. That is why the actions to walk on fire did not make a person on fire. But it\u2019s not easy to do and it takes a certain expertise. Burns itself will occur if the body is exposed to a substance which is a high temperature and one of the main causes of accidents are exposed to flame burns. First-degree burns, the damage to the epidermal layer which is marked by mild swelling in the area, skin redness and abrasion. Second-degree burns, which covers damage to the epidermis and some dermis (deeper skin layer), arising from pain, infection and sometimes dehydration. Third-degree burns, the damage covers all layers of the dermis, the layer of muscle and bone as well as infection."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below. ...more A Simple Way to Keep the Flu Away in Disease Prevention You can prevent the flu this season by taking 1 simple step: Get a flu shot....more Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) in Immunizations Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are serious illnesses. A combination vaccine is given to babies and children to provide protection against all 3 diseases. ...more Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine in Immunizations The MMR vaccine is given in 2 doses--at 12 to 15"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below. ...more A Simple Way to Keep the Flu Away in Disease Prevention You can prevent the flu this season by taking 1 simple step: Get a flu shot....more Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) in Immunizations Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are serious illnesses. A combination vaccine is given to babies and children to provide protection against all 3 diseases. ...more Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine in Immunizations The MMR vaccine is given in 2 doses--at 12 to 15"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third degree burns are burns that causes injury to all layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue), it may also damage the muscles and bones. These burns are serious and may result in extensive scarring as well as other injuries and limitations. Third degree burns are vulnerable for many complications, some of which are due to the burn injury itself while others are due to the reaction of the body during treatment and healing process. The skin act as the main barrier against infection and when this is lost, the body becomes susceptible for infection by variable pathogens. Infection is one of the most common complications of burn injuries and the risk is more with third degree burns due to the depth of the burn and the wide area involved. When infection is severe, septicemia and septic shock may result due to the spread of infection to the blood stream which is a serious condition that may lead to multi-organ failure and death therefore, urgent treatment is needed. Hypovolemia is defined as a decrease in the volume of blood or fluids in the body. When the blood vessels are damaged as a result of a burn injury, their permeability to fluid increase leading to excessive fluid loss leading to a decrease in the blood volume of the patient. In addition, one of the functions of skin is to act as an insulation barrier to regulate the insensible fluid loss from the body, when this is lost in burn injury, the rate fluid loss and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third degree burns are burns that causes injury to all layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue), it may also damage the muscles and bones. These burns are serious and may result in extensive scarring as well as other injuries and limitations. Third degree burns are vulnerable for many complications, some of which are due to the burn injury itself while others are due to the reaction of the body during treatment and healing process. The skin act as the main barrier against infection and when this is lost, the body becomes susceptible for infection by variable pathogens. Infection is one of the most common complications of burn injuries and the risk is more with third degree burns due to the depth of the burn and the wide area involved. When infection is severe, septicemia and septic shock may result due to the spread of infection to the blood stream which is a serious condition that may lead to multi-organ failure and death therefore, urgent treatment is needed. Hypovolemia is defined as a decrease in the volume of blood or fluids in the body. When the blood vessels are damaged as a result of a burn injury, their permeability to fluid increase leading to excessive fluid loss leading to a decrease in the blood volume of the patient. In addition, one of the functions of skin is to act as an insulation barrier to regulate the insensible fluid loss from the body, when this is lost in burn injury, the rate fluid loss and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injuries are considered a problem in health care. Burn injuries are in the top five as the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. There are over 200 special burn care units in the United States. Statistics on burn injuries confirm that at least 50% of all burn accidents could have been avoided. There is one out of every 13 fire deaths in the United States that was caused by a child setting a fire. One-third of children preschool age has died by playing with fire. There are 2.4 million burn injuries that are reported per year in the United States. There are around 10,000 pediatric burn injuries yearly in the United States. Around 650,000 of the injuries are treated by medical professionals and about 75,000 are hospitalized. Out of the people that are hospitalized, there are 20,000 who have major burns. There are 8,000 to 12,000 who die from these burns. Burns are categorized into first, second, and third degrees. The first degree burns which are superficial burns are caused on the top layer of skin. Symptoms of the first degree burn are redness in the skin. The burn can be painful and dry. It takes about around a week for the first degree burn to heal on its own. The next burn is the second degree burns which are partial-thickness burns. This type of burn goes under a few layers of skin. The symptoms of this burn are redness, and blisters that appear. It usually takes three to four weeks for"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to your body\u2019s tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. Each year in the United States, about a half-million people seek medical attention for burns and 40,000 are hospitalized 3) and approximately 4,000 people die each year from fire and burn injuries 4). Burns can be caused by scalding from hot liquids or cooking oils, contact with flames, or from overexposure to the sun. Burn also can be electrical (e.g., when a child bites an electrical cord) or chemical (e.g., resulting from swallowing or spilling bleach on your skin). Household burns lead to nearly 7 of 10 admissions to burn centers. The good news is that the number of deaths from severe burns has dropped by more than half over the past 4 decades, in large part because of treatments developed through research. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin (the epidermis). It may cause redness, swelling and pain. It usually heals with first-aid measures within several days to a week. Sunburn is a classic example. Second-degree burns: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin (dermis). It may cause red, white or splotchy skin, pain, and swelling. And the wound often looks wet or moist. Blisters may develop, and pain can be severe. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring (see Figure"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to your body\u2019s tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. Each year in the United States, about a half-million people seek medical attention for burns and 40,000 are hospitalized 3) and approximately 4,000 people die each year from fire and burn injuries 4). Burns can be caused by scalding from hot liquids or cooking oils, contact with flames, or from overexposure to the sun. Burn also can be electrical (e.g., when a child bites an electrical cord) or chemical (e.g., resulting from swallowing or spilling bleach on your skin). Household burns lead to nearly 7 of 10 admissions to burn centers. The good news is that the number of deaths from severe burns has dropped by more than half over the past 4 decades, in large part because of treatments developed through research. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin (the epidermis). It may cause redness, swelling and pain. It usually heals with first-aid measures within several days to a week. Sunburn is a classic example. Second-degree burns: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin (dermis). It may cause red, white or splotchy skin, pain, and swelling. And the wound often looks wet or moist. Blisters may develop, and pain can be severe. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring (see Figure"}, {"title": "", "text": "these are the result of a person coming in contact with either a direct current or an alternating current. Electrical burns occur when a person touches an electrical wire or socket, falls into electrified water, or is struck by lightening. Thermal Burns \u2013 these types of burns are the result of a person making contact with a flame, boiling water, steam or other boiling liquid. They can occur due to touching hot objects, such as tools, engines, pipes, or motors. Sunburn, or extended exposure to the sun, is another type of thermal burn. Depending on the type of burn a worker experiences, the burn can result in skin damage and internal injuries. Other complications from burns can occur. If a person suffers an electrical burn complications can be shock or cardiac arrest. Many people that suffer burns in the workplace end up needing extensive medical treatment. They may need rehabilitation and mental and emotional counseling. Burn injuries may mean that a worker misses a substantial amount of work, or they may need partial or total disability. First Degree \u2013 this is considered the least serious as this affects only the outer layer of skin. They result in redness, pain and discomfort. The treatment for first degree burns are minor. Second Degree \u2013 these are similar to first degree burns but they affect both the first and second layers of skin. There is also redness, pain and discomfort but will often result in blisters and maybe some scarring. Third Degree \u2013 these types of burns go past"}, {"title": "", "text": "or destroy the nerves in the affected area and create a charred or blackened appearance. Third-degree burns need emergency care and may require surgeries to clean the wound and graft new skin. Some scales also include fourth-degree burns, which affects the muscles, tendons, and bones beneath the skin. The most serious burns can lead to amputations of the dead limbs. Burns can have serious complications. The most common is infection, or sepsis. Even with prolonged hospital stays and medical supervision, burn injuries can become infected and require additional surgeries or even amputation. Other life-threatening complications can include respiratory problems from smoke inhalation or burned airways, hypothermia from losing protective layers of skin, or major scar tissue development that can impair movement and even pull joints out of their sockets. Some victims do not survive their burn injuries or subsequent complications. Aside from having three (or four) degrees, burn injuries also come in different types. The most common type is a thermal burn. Thermal burns stem from contact with hot or scalding objects, such as fire, steam, or heated metal. Other kinds of burns include chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. Chemical burns come from contact with harsh acid or base chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, or lime. Chemical burns can dissolve the skin tissues, bleach or darken the skin, cause burning sensations, affecting breathing, and cause tissue necrosis (death). Electrical burns can occur due to live electrical wires, electric components, or bolts of lightning. Electrical burns may not show any outward signs, yet cause significant"}, {"title": "", "text": "from significant improvements in prostheses and the ability of the amputee to operate these devices. Catastrophic Injury Type - Severe Burns Catastrophic or severe burns can occur as a result of industrial or workplace accidents and road accidents where spilt fuel, oil or other flammable material is ignited as a result of the vehicle collision. Burns are commonly defined as being tissue damage that is caused by heat, exposure to radiation, chemicals or electrical currents. The severity of a burn injury can vary significantly and can depend on how deep the tissue damage is, how extensive the area of the burns are and what parts of the body are burnt. Second degree burns are burns that affect both the epidermis and the dermis or second layer of skin. These burns can cause swelling and skin discoloration. Second degree burns can cause extreme pain which is often intensified by significant blistering of the skin. Second degree burns often cause scarring. Third degree burns penetrate through to the fat layer beneath the skin and can leave affected areas looking black, brown or white in appearance. The affected area may also look leathery. Third degree burns often destroy nerves and can cause numbness. Catastrophic burns can sometimes cause a range of complications including bacterial infection, respiratory problems and bone and joint problems where scar tissue causes shortening, tightening or contraction of the skin, muscles or tendons."}, {"title": "", "text": "from significant improvements in prostheses and the ability of the amputee to operate these devices. Catastrophic Injury Type - Severe Burns Catastrophic or severe burns can occur as a result of industrial or workplace accidents and road accidents where spilt fuel, oil or other flammable material is ignited as a result of the vehicle collision. Burns are commonly defined as being tissue damage that is caused by heat, exposure to radiation, chemicals or electrical currents. The severity of a burn injury can vary significantly and can depend on how deep the tissue damage is, how extensive the area of the burns are and what parts of the body are burnt. Second degree burns are burns that affect both the epidermis and the dermis or second layer of skin. These burns can cause swelling and skin discoloration. Second degree burns can cause extreme pain which is often intensified by significant blistering of the skin. Second degree burns often cause scarring. Third degree burns penetrate through to the fat layer beneath the skin and can leave affected areas looking black, brown or white in appearance. The affected area may also look leathery. Third degree burns often destroy nerves and can cause numbness. Catastrophic burns can sometimes cause a range of complications including bacterial infection, respiratory problems and bone and joint problems where scar tissue causes shortening, tightening or contraction of the skin, muscles or tendons."}, {"title": "", "text": "allowed to walk. They should still seek emergency help, but should be transported without walking if at all possible. Burns are injuries caused by extreme temperatures. Minor burns can be caused by the sun, a campfire, hot steam, or any object that is heated to a high temperature. First degree burns are the least serious, generally exhibiting tenderness, pain, and redness. Second degree burns are more serious and usually look slightly bumped out, almost like a bruise. They are also red and hurt when touched. Third degree burns are very serious and range from red to black, depending on severity. These burns usually bubble up, filling with fluid or remove the skin entirely. These burns hurt immensely and may require surgery to replace the skin lost. Large burns can also expose the body to outside temperatures, causing hypo- or hyperthermia. Minor burns will go away with time, but to decrease discomfort, they can be left alone, wrapped in gauze, cooled, moisturized (usually with aloe vera), and kept away from extreme temperatures. In the case of sun burns, it may be advisable to avoid the sun while healing. Serious burns are much harder to treat and will usually require emergency services. If a burn is large enough to potentially cause hypo- or hyperthermia, then it should be kept dry and covered at room temperature. Smaller burns may be wrapped in gauze soaked in saline to help cool and alleviate pain. Deformity is the fancy word in medicine that refers to an unnatural bend, cavity, or location of"}, {"title": "", "text": "liquids, and starting a fire could lead to a scalding injury, burn, or inhalation injuries when inhaling smoke. Medical science generally identifies burns in three categories including: First-degree burn injury where only the outer layer of skin\u2019s damage, like radiation burns, steam burns, and sunburns, and minimal pain levels Second-degree burn injury that damages the skin\u2019s surface and under layers Third-degree burn injury damaging or destroying the skin\u2019s deepest layers and underlying tissue Nearly immediately, a burn can begin to blister, swell, and scar that damaged tissue. If the burn is extensive, the victim may experience shock or death. In time, burn injuries may cause skin tightness Burn victims are highly susceptible to infection due to the damage to the skin\u2019s protective barriers. Treatment is often extensive. Skin injury burn damages require antibiotic medications and intravenous-administered nutrition and fluids. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a burned area covering more than 25% of the victim\u2019s body surface area requires immediate IV (intravenous) fluids to ensure they maintain the total body water required for survival. Burn specialists know that an injured patient with burns exceeding 30% of their body could be fatal. However, recent medical technology advancements have lowered the death rate in patients suffering burns over half of their bodies. Even people with burns over 90% of their body surface can often survive with permanent scars and impairments. In the moments following a burn patient entering an emergency room, the nurse would begin the resuscitative medical team\u2019s burn management. The nursing team must focus"}, {"title": "", "text": "liquids, and starting a fire could lead to a scalding injury, burn, or inhalation injuries when inhaling smoke. Medical science generally identifies burns in three categories including: First-degree burn injury where only the outer layer of skin\u2019s damage, like radiation burns, steam burns, and sunburns, and minimal pain levels Second-degree burn injury that damages the skin\u2019s surface and under layers Third-degree burn injury damaging or destroying the skin\u2019s deepest layers and underlying tissue Nearly immediately, a burn can begin to blister, swell, and scar that damaged tissue. If the burn is extensive, the victim may experience shock or death. In time, burn injuries may cause skin tightness Burn victims are highly susceptible to infection due to the damage to the skin\u2019s protective barriers. Treatment is often extensive. Skin injury burn damages require antibiotic medications and intravenous-administered nutrition and fluids. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a burned area covering more than 25% of the victim\u2019s body surface area requires immediate IV (intravenous) fluids to ensure they maintain the total body water required for survival. Burn specialists know that an injured patient with burns exceeding 30% of their body could be fatal. However, recent medical technology advancements have lowered the death rate in patients suffering burns over half of their bodies. Even people with burns over 90% of their body surface can often survive with permanent scars and impairments. In the moments following a burn patient entering an emergency room, the nurse would begin the resuscitative medical team\u2019s burn management. The nursing team must focus"}, {"title": "", "text": "the depth of the skin affected by the burn. For now, the change in systems is still in progress, so during the transition you will notice a blend of terminology. Some experts may refer to first-degree, second-degree, third-degree and full thickness burns. Some may use a combination of terms such as first-degree/superficial, second-degree/partial thickness, third-degree/deep partial thickness and fourth-degree/full thickness. The variations can become confusing, so it is good to be versed in all the terms and systems discussed above. One of the most common nursing negligence issues we are called upon to illustrate is the development or progression of pressure sores (sometimes know as bed sores or decubitus ulcers). Pressure sores are areas of injured skin and tissue usually caused by sitting or lying in one position for too long. This often happens if you use a wheelchair or you are bedridden, even for a short period of time (for example, after surgery or an injury). When a change in position doesn't occur often enough and the blood supply gets too low, a sore may form. The constant pressure against the skin reduces the blood supply to that area, and the affected tissue dies. \u2022 Stage I: A reddened area on the skin that, when pressed, is \"non-blanchable\" (does not turn white). This indicates that a pressure ulcer is starting to develop. \u2022 Stage II: The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated. \u2022 Stage III: The skin breakdown now looks like a crater where"}, {"title": "", "text": "body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help him or her heal and grow....more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below....more A Simple Way to Keep the Flu Away in Disease Prevention You can avoid the flu this season by taking one simple step: Get a flu shot....more Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) in Immunizations Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are serious illnesses. A combination vaccine is given to babies and children to provide protection against all 3 diseases. ...more Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) in Immunizations The MMR vaccine is given in two doses - at 12 to 15 months and at 4 to 6 years, or at least one"}, {"title": "", "text": "redness and scarring as it heals. If you think you have received a burn that is more severe than a first-degree burn, you should go immediately to an accident and emergency room. Second-degree burns involve damage to the epidermis and the tissues below. Third-degree burns are known as full thickness burns. These are burns that have damaged all of the layers of the skin down to the dermis beneath. The treatment of these burns should be carried out by and in consultation with a trained professional. How a burn is treated depends very much on where it is and the extent of the burn. For severe facial burns, the first step is usually cleaning and debriding the wound. This involves removing the dead tissue that could become infected and ensuring that no dirt or other matter is left inside. If infections look like they are forming, the patient will be given antibiotics, either as topical ointments/creams or an intravenous solution. In many cases, patients will be given a tetanus shot. Pain relief and intravenous fluids are usually applied to promote healing, reduce harmful inflammation, and control pain. For severe burns, there is often very little that can be done to save the tissue that has been damaged. In order to prevent infection, the dead tissue is removed. While skin does have remarkable abilities to heal itself, it cannot replace itself very well. Severe facial burns will form thick scars. For patients in this situation, usually the only available option is skin grafting. Skin grafting is the"}, {"title": "", "text": "in which the entire epidermis and variable portions of the dermis are destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the"}, {"title": "", "text": "in which the entire epidermis and variable portions of the dermis are destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissue, which includes fat) is called a full thickness injury (formerly called a third degree burn). Burns that damage muscles underneath the subcutaneous skin layer are described as full thickness burns with injury to the underlying muscle (sometimes formerly called fourth degree burns). Superficial burns normally heal within 5 to 7 days. A common type of superficial burn is a sunburn. Because the top layer of skin (the epidermis) is thin (about the thickness of a piece of paper), it is easily replaced. Even when skin is not injured, the skin completely replaces the epidermis every 45 to 75 days. Healing from a superficial burn usually occurs without scarring, although there may be some permanent discoloration. The dermis is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. As a result, the seriousness of a partial thickness (or dermal) burn depends on how much of the dermis has been injured. A deep and large partial thickness burn will usually be treated with skin grafting. Partial thickness burns usually leave scars. A full thickness burn destroys tissue in all three layers of skin, resulting in the loss of not only the skin but also the hair follicles, sweat glands, and the region where new skin cells are formed. For these reasons, full thickness burns require skin grafts. Fourth degree burns extend through the skin into underlying tissues - ligaments and muscle. These are often life-threatening. Although the treating physician usually makes a quick assessment of the burn degree on initial inspection, further analysis can cause a reassessment. Different"}, {"title": "", "text": "extrem NEC (Approximate Flag) A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. There are three types of burns: First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.799D Next Code: T23"}, {"title": "", "text": "extrem NEC (Approximate Flag) A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. There are three types of burns: First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.799D Next Code: T23"}, {"title": "", "text": "by reddened skin and blistered/swollen in the center. In the most serious cases of a deep burn, the affected skin will be charred and/or pearly white (Chart 3 ). Chart 3: Characteristics of burn wounds. Determining Burn Severity Burn severity is categorized as major, moderate, or minor. Classification of burn severity serves to establish the order of care, type of care, and how and when to transport the patient. In cases of quick transport, it gives receiving emergency department personnel information upon which to base a response. Assigning a burn patient to one of the severity categories is dependent upon evaluation of the following determining factors: 1. Degree and extent of the burn 2. Body regions burned 3. Source of the burn 4. Other injuries the patient has suffered Degree and extent: Using the criteria of first-, second-, and third-degree burns along with the Rule of Nines, a vital measurement of injury sever ity is determined. Body regions burned: Burns to the face can result in the loss of the airway and damage to the eyes. Burns to the hands, feet, and joints are of concern due to scarring, loss of movement, and, most critically, the infliction of circumferential burns with a developing constricting eschar. Burns to the buttocks, groin, and medial thigh are more susceptible to infection (Ill.110) Illustration 110: Shaded areas represent body regions that, once burned, can easily lead to complications. Source of the burn: A \"minor\" chemical burn may be potentially more life-endanger ing than a comparable thermal burn. Chemical residue may"}, {"title": "", "text": "different chambers of the human heart. The role of the right ventricle is to assist in pumping oxygen-depleted blood into the lungs of the body. ollo / E+ / Getty Images A patient comes in with a \"full-thickness\" burn. Which degree of burn is it? Zero-degree burn First-degree burn Second-degree burn Third-degree burn While all burns can potentially be serious, a third-degree burn can be horrible. Characteristics of a third-degree burn include black, brown or yellow skin, destroyed nerve endings and multiple layers of skin will be destroyed. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately how many nurses are working in the USA? Around 1.5 million Just shy of 3 million About 200,000 Over 10 million Nursing is a very common job and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are around 2.95 million registered nurses working in the USA. Most work in the states of California, Texas, New York and Florida. David Sacks / The Image Bank / Getty Images If a patient asks a nurse a question that they don't know the answer to, what should they do? Say they will find out and report back Just ignore it Tell them to look it up If a nurse is asked a question that they don't know the answer to, it is a good idea for them to say they don't know, but will find out. Asking around the unit can often get them the answer they need to report back to the patient. Moyo Studio / E+ / Getty Images What is"}, {"title": "", "text": "different chambers of the human heart. The role of the right ventricle is to assist in pumping oxygen-depleted blood into the lungs of the body. ollo / E+ / Getty Images A patient comes in with a \"full-thickness\" burn. Which degree of burn is it? Zero-degree burn First-degree burn Second-degree burn Third-degree burn While all burns can potentially be serious, a third-degree burn can be horrible. Characteristics of a third-degree burn include black, brown or yellow skin, destroyed nerve endings and multiple layers of skin will be destroyed. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately how many nurses are working in the USA? Around 1.5 million Just shy of 3 million About 200,000 Over 10 million Nursing is a very common job and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are around 2.95 million registered nurses working in the USA. Most work in the states of California, Texas, New York and Florida. David Sacks / The Image Bank / Getty Images If a patient asks a nurse a question that they don't know the answer to, what should they do? Say they will find out and report back Just ignore it Tell them to look it up If a nurse is asked a question that they don't know the answer to, it is a good idea for them to say they don't know, but will find out. Asking around the unit can often get them the answer they need to report back to the patient. Moyo Studio / E+ / Getty Images What is"}, {"title": "", "text": "heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help him or her heal and grow....more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at some point during the healing process. ...more Teaching Kids to Wash Their Hands in Disease Prevention How can you get your kids into the handwashing habit? We've got a few tips for you below....more A Simple Way to Keep the Flu Away in Disease Prevention You can avoid the flu this season by taking one simple step: Get a flu shot....more Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) in Immunizations Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are serious illnesses. A combination vaccine is given to babies and children to provide protection against all 3 diseases. ...more Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) in Immunizations The MMR vaccine is given in two doses - at 12 to 15 months and at 4 to 6 years, or at least one month after the first dose. ...more Weight Management and Adolescents"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface area, and that a child\u2019s hand is about 1 percent 12). Note: Diagrams to assess the extent of burns. (A) The \u201crule of nines\u201d divides the body into areas of 9 or 18 percent of total body area. (B) The Lund-Browder classification is more accurate in estimating burn size, especially in children. First-degree burns involve only the epidermis; like a sunburn, they are erythematous, painful, and dry (Figure 3). They are most often the result of severe ultraviolet exposure or minor thermal injury. First-degree burns usually heal in five to 10 days 14). Deep second-degree burns involve the deeper layers of the dermis (i.e., reticular dermis). They appear white and do not blanch (Figures 6 and 7). These burns do not heal in less than three weeks and often result in scarring and contractures 15). Third-degree burns destroy all skin layers, including underlying subcutaneous fat. Heal by contraction from wound edges and scar deposition (no epithelium left in middle of wound) over a protracted time course and subject to the following clinical sequelae if not grafted: severe scarring, wound infection and fragile repair prone to recurrent episodes of breakdown. Need specialized care to attain definitive wound closure via autologous skin grafting. When surface area of full thickness injury is extensive, special techniques are employed to expand skin grafts in order to achieve maximum wound coverage 16). Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 17). Need specialized care (skin grafting alone is generally not sufficient). Stop the burning process as"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface area, and that a child\u2019s hand is about 1 percent 12). Note: Diagrams to assess the extent of burns. (A) The \u201crule of nines\u201d divides the body into areas of 9 or 18 percent of total body area. (B) The Lund-Browder classification is more accurate in estimating burn size, especially in children. First-degree burns involve only the epidermis; like a sunburn, they are erythematous, painful, and dry (Figure 3). They are most often the result of severe ultraviolet exposure or minor thermal injury. First-degree burns usually heal in five to 10 days 14). Deep second-degree burns involve the deeper layers of the dermis (i.e., reticular dermis). They appear white and do not blanch (Figures 6 and 7). These burns do not heal in less than three weeks and often result in scarring and contractures 15). Third-degree burns destroy all skin layers, including underlying subcutaneous fat. Heal by contraction from wound edges and scar deposition (no epithelium left in middle of wound) over a protracted time course and subject to the following clinical sequelae if not grafted: severe scarring, wound infection and fragile repair prone to recurrent episodes of breakdown. Need specialized care to attain definitive wound closure via autologous skin grafting. When surface area of full thickness injury is extensive, special techniques are employed to expand skin grafts in order to achieve maximum wound coverage 16). Fourth-degree burns destroy all skin layers and extend into muscle, tendon, or bone 17). Need specialized care (skin grafting alone is generally not sufficient). Stop the burning process as"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroy nerves, which leaves the victim feeling numbness instead of pain. Skin may look stiff, waxy, white, leathery or tan after a third-degree burn. Fourth-degree burn. When trauma from a burn extends to muscles, tendons and bones it is considered a fourth-degree burn. Skin may be charred or blackened and, because nerve damage is extensive, a victim who survives may feel no pain. Third- and fourth-degree burns or less-severe burns that cover the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks or a major joint are medical emergencies, the Mayo Clinic says. Less-severe burns require medical treatment if they have not healed after several weeks, or if the victim experiences an increase in pain, swelling or redness, or a discharge in the burned area. A severe burn injury causes disfigurement and requires a lengthy recovery, which may include multiple, painful skin graft surgeries. A severely burned crash victim may die from infection or other complications even with the best hospital treatment. Inhaling hot air or smoke in the aftermath of a car crash can burn airways and cause breathing problems. Damage to the lungs from smoke inhalation can cause respiratory failure. Vehicle Standards Should Curb Car Fire Injuries Since the 1970s, standards for the design and manufacture of automobile fuel systems have required gas tanks to withstand the impact of most collisions and not lose integrity or spill enough fuel to contribute to a fire. Similar standards regulate the design and construction of radiators and their ability to contain hot water in a crash, as well as the design"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroy nerves, which leaves the victim feeling numbness instead of pain. Skin may look stiff, waxy, white, leathery or tan after a third-degree burn. Fourth-degree burn. When trauma from a burn extends to muscles, tendons and bones it is considered a fourth-degree burn. Skin may be charred or blackened and, because nerve damage is extensive, a victim who survives may feel no pain. Third- and fourth-degree burns or less-severe burns that cover the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks or a major joint are medical emergencies, the Mayo Clinic says. Less-severe burns require medical treatment if they have not healed after several weeks, or if the victim experiences an increase in pain, swelling or redness, or a discharge in the burned area. A severe burn injury causes disfigurement and requires a lengthy recovery, which may include multiple, painful skin graft surgeries. A severely burned crash victim may die from infection or other complications even with the best hospital treatment. Inhaling hot air or smoke in the aftermath of a car crash can burn airways and cause breathing problems. Damage to the lungs from smoke inhalation can cause respiratory failure. Vehicle Standards Should Curb Car Fire Injuries Since the 1970s, standards for the design and manufacture of automobile fuel systems have required gas tanks to withstand the impact of most collisions and not lose integrity or spill enough fuel to contribute to a fire. Similar standards regulate the design and construction of radiators and their ability to contain hot water in a crash, as well as the design"}, {"title": "", "text": "underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.449D Next Code: T22.45"}, {"title": "", "text": "underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Burns (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia) Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia) Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia) Previous Code: T22.449D Next Code: T22.45"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Extent of injury (depth of burn) is a result of intensity and duration of exposure. 1st degree involves superficial layers of epidermis. 2nd degree involves varying amounts of epidermis (with blister formation) and part of the dermis. 3rd degree involves destruction of all skin elements (full thickness) with coagulation of subdermal plexus. Prognosis is worse for severe burns. Consider child abuse or neglect when dealing with hot water burns in children; abuse accounts for 15% of pediatric burns. Special concerns are sharply demarcated wounds, immersion injuries, and suspect stories. Involve child welfare services early. Predominant gender: males account for 70%. House fires cause 75% of deaths. Increase in burns from the illegal production of methamphetamines. Patients can present with a combination of chemical burn, thermal burn, and explosion injury. Open flame and hot liquid are the most common causes of burns (heat usually \u226545\u00b0C): flame burns more common in adults; scald burns are more common in children. Young children and older adults with thin skin are more susceptible to injury. Lack of smoke detectors: Lacking or nonfunctioning smoke alarms are implicated in 63% of residential fires. Home safety education should be a key mechanism for injury prevention. Families educated on home safety were more likely to have safe hot water temperatures. Safety education results in more families having functioning smoke alarms and increased use of fireguards. Stephens, Mark B., et al., editors. \"Burns.\" 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 27th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116098/all/Burns. Burns. In:"}, {"title": "", "text": "transfers these resources to the injured areas. If the burn does not heal quickly, the inflammatory response may consume the body's resources, exhaust the patient, cause organ failure and, ultimately, death. Once healed, however, there may be lasting functional and aesthetic consequences due to scarring or retraction. This is the case with hypertrophic and keloid scars; thickened areas of scar tissue that limit the mobility of joints, retraction of the eyelids, microstomia, and others. Burns are graded depending on their severity and they also look different: First-degree burns: painful and with reddening of the skin (erythema), but the skin is not broken. Superficial second-degree burns: very painful due to blisters with red and watery skin underneath. Deep second-degree burns: may or may not include blistering, and appear dry and whitish. May also be less painful. Third-degree burns: look like scar tissue, leathery appearance, dry, sunken and dark in colour. In this case, there is no sensitivity to pain. Who do burns affect? Burns are a common, serious and debilitating traumatic injury that mainly results from accidents in the workplace, the home or traffic accidents. The Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine estimates that three out of every thousand people a year suffer burns requiring medical attention. Primary care centres (CAPs) deal with most cases, but 15-20% will require admission to hospital. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment must be carried out by highly specialised professionals as this is not a common pathology. Typical treatment Depending on the degree of the burn, treatment may be: First-degree: hydrating"}, {"title": "", "text": "dangerous, even for those who work around them. Others who are unfamiliar with the dangers face a higher risk of electrocution. A variety of scenarios can lead to electrical burns such as defective electronic devices like hairdryers, curling irons, and cell phones. Poor or old electrical wiring can also cause fires and pose a risk for anyone nearby who comes in contact. Traffic Accidents Another common source of burns is motor vehicle accidents. Car accidents, truck accidents, and motorcycle accidents can all lead to fires, and sometimes dangerous explosions depending on the force of impact. Radiation burns are far less frequent than other types of burns, but they do happen. Aside from a catastrophe at a nuclear power plant, the average person is typically only exposed to radiation as part of medical treatment. Radiation is used for x-rays and other diagnostic imaging and cancer patients also receive radiation treatment to shrink tumors. When medical providers improperly administer treatment, severe internal burn injuries can occur. Types of Burn Injuries Medical professionals who help burn victims need language to evaluate burns, so they can provide the proper diagnosis and treatment. Types of burns are categorized by degree. Here is a broad overview of each type of burn: First-degree burns are minor burns that cause damage to the top layer of skin, called the epidermis. Unless a first-degree burn covers a large portion of the body, first aid treatment is typically enough to treat the burn so it heals completely. Second-degree burns refer to burns that go through the"}, {"title": "", "text": "carpal tunnel surgery, Mahoney had a nerve block in his arm that numbed him from his left shoulder down to the fingertips of his left hand. During the ring removal, he couldn\u2019t feel how hot the water was that dripped on his hand, so it wasn\u2019t until he got home later that day that he noticed the burns covering his hand. \u201cI had blisters about an inch high on my whole hand,\u201d Mahoney said. \u201cThat\u2019s how I ended up at the burn center.\u201d He was referred to Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America (BRCA) after it was established the severity of his burns required treatment at a specialized burn center. \u201cHe had full-thickness or third-degree burns primarily to the palmar aspect of his hand,\u201d Burn Medical Director of BRCA Virginia Dr. Samuel Jones said. \u201cWe told him we would have to take him to surgery, and it would be a series of operations.\u201d While third-degree burns usually present as dry and tight skin that is brown, waxy or pearly white, the burn can first appear as second-degree with blistering and evolve into third-degree over time. Third-degree burns are medical emergencies and require debridement surgery and skin graft placements to help heal and protect the wound bed. Along with that, burn patients are at a higher risk for infection, loss of function, scarring and amputation. Though Mahoney didn\u2019t experience many of these complications, he did have one pre-existing condition that made the recovery process a little more complicated. \u201cAt the time of presentation, it was going to"}, {"title": "", "text": "carpal tunnel surgery, Mahoney had a nerve block in his arm that numbed him from his left shoulder down to the fingertips of his left hand. During the ring removal, he couldn\u2019t feel how hot the water was that dripped on his hand, so it wasn\u2019t until he got home later that day that he noticed the burns covering his hand. \u201cI had blisters about an inch high on my whole hand,\u201d Mahoney said. \u201cThat\u2019s how I ended up at the burn center.\u201d He was referred to Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America (BRCA) after it was established the severity of his burns required treatment at a specialized burn center. \u201cHe had full-thickness or third-degree burns primarily to the palmar aspect of his hand,\u201d Burn Medical Director of BRCA Virginia Dr. Samuel Jones said. \u201cWe told him we would have to take him to surgery, and it would be a series of operations.\u201d While third-degree burns usually present as dry and tight skin that is brown, waxy or pearly white, the burn can first appear as second-degree with blistering and evolve into third-degree over time. Third-degree burns are medical emergencies and require debridement surgery and skin graft placements to help heal and protect the wound bed. Along with that, burn patients are at a higher risk for infection, loss of function, scarring and amputation. Though Mahoney didn\u2019t experience many of these complications, he did have one pre-existing condition that made the recovery process a little more complicated. \u201cAt the time of presentation, it was going to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns & Weight Loss What Is the Difference Between a 2nd & 3rd Degree Burn? How Long Does It Take to Heal a Second Degree Burn? How to Treat Friction Burn How to Treat Cigarette Burns How to Treat an Oven Burn Why High Levels of Potassium in Burn Patients? By Helen Messina Burns require specific emergency care and continuous treatment. Preference is given to fluid hydration, swelling and its complications, establishing and maintaining an airway, nutritional supplements, a catheter for monitoring urine output, X-rays and possible skin grafts. Burns damage the skin, which protects the body from fluid loss and infection, and can result in renal failure, life-threatening infections, shock and death. Fluid loss alters the balance of potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and water, requiring constant replacement and monitoring. Types of Burns Burns result from exposure to heat from fire or liquids, electricity, chemicals and radiation. Categories of burns are first-degree, second-degree and third-degree. First-degree burns damage the epidermis or outer layer of tissue and result in redness and pain. Second-degree burns damage epidermal and dermal tissue, the second layer of skin, and result in redness, pain and blisters. Third-degree burns damage skin down to the nerves, muscles, tendons and possibly bones, leaving a charred appearance with no pain as a result of nerve damage. With minor burns, treatment can occur at home, in the doctor's office and the emergency room based on the size of the burned areas of the body affected. The care for second-degree and third-degree burns requires emergency room care and"}, {"title": "", "text": "the seriousness of the burn on the skin; in other words, the severity of the damage, which the burn has one the skin. We have the First-Degree burn as the most minor, and the last one, the third-degree being the most severe. \u2022 First-Degree burn: a skin, which is nonblistered and red as well. \u2022 Second-Degree: you tend to experience the presence of blisters and a few thickening of the skin. \u2022 Third-Degree burn: a thickness, which is widespread; and this thickness has an appearance that\u2019s leathery and white. And to add to this, there exists fourth-degree burn, this type of burn has the whole symptoms of A third-degree burn, which means that it acts like the third-degree burn. But, the difference is, fourth-degree burn goes deep \u2014 beyond the skin \u2014 into bones as well as tendons. Burns consists of several causes, let\u2019s take a look at them. Know this, the cause of a burn doesn\u2019t determine the type of burn; what determines it is, how long that liquid or fire remains in contact with the skin. Looking at scalding, this very one can lead to the cause of the whole three degrees; want to know what it depends on? well, it depends on the level of hotness of the liquid and also, how long it touches the skin. If you encounter electrical or chemical burns, it\u2019s advisable that you, without hesitation, visit your doctor \u2014 because these burns have the ability to affect inside your body, even if the damage on the skin is"}, {"title": "", "text": "al. (2017). Predicting and managing sepsis in burn patients: Current perspectives. Management of burns. (2007). https://www.who.int/surgery/publications/Burns_management.pdf Moore, R. A., et al. (2020). Rule of nines. Nielson, C. B., et al. (2017). Burns: Pathophysiology of systemic complications and current management. Pencle, F. J., et al. (2020). First degree burn. Santi, G. D., et al. (2019). The use of Epiprotect, an advanced wound dressing, to heal paediatric patients with burns: A pilot study. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giancarlo_Delli_Santi2/publication/333101773_The_use_of_EpiprotectR_an_advanced_wound_dressing_to_heal_paediatric_patients_with_burns_A_pilot_study/links/5ce6ddf2a6fdccc9ddca5819/The-use-of-EpiprotectR-an-advanced-wound-dressing-to-heal-paediatric-patients-with-burns-A-pilot-study.pdf Schaefer, T. J., et al. (2020). Burn resuscitation and management. Tetanus. (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/index.html Third-degree burns. (n.d.). https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns Understanding a burn injury. (2018). https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets/Understanding_Burn_Injury Warby, R., et al. (2020). Burn classification. Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (ASCVD): Are people receiving appropriate treatment? What to know about burns Burns are categorized into different types, depending on severity. These include first, second, and third-degree burns. Learn about identification and\u2026 What is a first degree burn? A first degree burn is one that only affects the top layer of the skin. First degree burns have various causes, including sunburn and contact with a\u2026 What to do for boiling water burns Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD Boiling water burns, or scalds, can be mild to severe. In this article, learn how to identify the severity and perform first aid for the burn. We also\u2026 Second-degree burn: Everything you need to know Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects the epidermis and dermis, or the outer and second layers of skin. In this\u2026 What to know about chemical burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "al. (2017). Predicting and managing sepsis in burn patients: Current perspectives. Management of burns. (2007). https://www.who.int/surgery/publications/Burns_management.pdf Moore, R. A., et al. (2020). Rule of nines. Nielson, C. B., et al. (2017). Burns: Pathophysiology of systemic complications and current management. Pencle, F. J., et al. (2020). First degree burn. Santi, G. D., et al. (2019). The use of Epiprotect, an advanced wound dressing, to heal paediatric patients with burns: A pilot study. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giancarlo_Delli_Santi2/publication/333101773_The_use_of_EpiprotectR_an_advanced_wound_dressing_to_heal_paediatric_patients_with_burns_A_pilot_study/links/5ce6ddf2a6fdccc9ddca5819/The-use-of-EpiprotectR-an-advanced-wound-dressing-to-heal-paediatric-patients-with-burns-A-pilot-study.pdf Schaefer, T. J., et al. (2020). Burn resuscitation and management. Tetanus. (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/index.html Third-degree burns. (n.d.). https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns Understanding a burn injury. (2018). https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets/Understanding_Burn_Injury Warby, R., et al. (2020). Burn classification. Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (ASCVD): Are people receiving appropriate treatment? What to know about burns Burns are categorized into different types, depending on severity. These include first, second, and third-degree burns. Learn about identification and\u2026 What is a first degree burn? A first degree burn is one that only affects the top layer of the skin. First degree burns have various causes, including sunburn and contact with a\u2026 What to do for boiling water burns Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD Boiling water burns, or scalds, can be mild to severe. In this article, learn how to identify the severity and perform first aid for the burn. We also\u2026 Second-degree burn: Everything you need to know Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects the epidermis and dermis, or the outer and second layers of skin. In this\u2026 What to know about chemical burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "body surface. You must also seek treatment if the face, hands, feet, major joints or groin/buttocks are burned. Typically, burn injuries are classified into four categories in accordance to their severity. I is important to identify the different types of burns in order to obtain the appropriate medical care. First degree: This is the least serious type of burn. It only affects the most outer layer of the skin known as the epidermis, causing slight swelling, redness and peeling. Typically, this type of burn can be treated at home with cool water, ointment and a bandage. Second degree: This burn is more serious than a first degree, as it affects the epidermis and the dermis, the second layer of the skin. It can cause blistering, swelling,pain and can damage body functions. While small second degree burns can be treated at home, a burn larger than the size of a baseball should receive immeidate medical attention. Third degree: A third degree burn is considered a major burn because it destroys the epidermis, dermis and can cause damage to the nervous system. It will cause the skin to become white, charred, stiff or waxy and requires immediate medical care. Fourth degree: This is the most severe type of burn. When a fourth degree burn occurs, all layers of the skin are destroyed including nerves, tissue and muscles. Similar to a third degree burn, this type of injury requires immediate medical attention and care. From a legal perspective, you want to seek that treatment immediately so that you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "The skin is the human body\u2019s largest organ. Burn injuries involve different kinds of damage to skin and possibly other parts of a person\u2019s body, depending on the severity. Thermal Burns \u2014 These burns involve contact with hot objects, fire, hot liquid, or steam. Chemical Burns \u2014 Also referred to as alkali burns, these occur as a result of contact with acidic substances. Electrical Burns \u2014 Contact with an electrical current causes these types of burns. Radiation Burns \u2014 These burns are caused by exposure to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, or thermal radiation. Friction Burns \u2014 These types of burns involve skin rubbing against a rough surface. First-Degree Burns \u2014 Superficial burn involving only the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). The most common example of a first-degree burn is sunburn. Most first-degree burn injuries usually heal in a few days. Second-Degree Burns \u2014 A second-degree burn involves damage to the epidermis as well as the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis. Blistering could result and some second-degree burns can involve skin grafts, a procedure where skin is transplanted from another area of the body. Third-Degree Burns \u2014 A full thickness burn in which both layers of skin are damaged or destroyed with damage extending into sweat glands and underlying tissue. Third-degree burns always require skin grafting, but additional surgery could also be required. Additional classifications are used for other burn injuries that are often far more catastrophic. Fourth-degree burns extend into the fat, fifth-degree burns extend into the muscle, and sixth-degree burns extend into the"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn or corrosion according to depth or degree, as follows: * First degree (erythema) * Second degree (blistering) * Third degree (full-thickness involvement) ## First Degree Damage from first-degree burns is limited to the outer layer of the epidermis, with erythema and increased tenderness. First-degree burns have good capillary refill and do not represent significant injury in terms of fluid replacement needs. ## Second Degree Second-degree burns represent a partial-thickness injury to the dermis, which may be either superficial or deep. Deep second-degree burns heal much more slowly than first-degree burns and are prone to developing infection. The end result of second-degree burns may be hypertrophic scarring. ## Third Degree In third-degree burns, the dermal barrier is lost, and the presence of necrotic tissue creates fluid volume loss with systemic effects on capillaries well away from the burn site. In addition, the burn site establishes an ideal culture medium for infection, which may be life threatening. Blood supply is the critical factor in healing of third-degree burns. Areas rich in blood supply, such as hair follicles and sweat glands, have a better chance for reepithelialization. Deep third-degree burns are characterized by an underlying necrosis with thrombosed vessels. Codes for burns of this depth are assigned only on the basis of a specific diagnosis made by the physician. # Sequencing of Codes for Burns/Corrosions and Related Conditions When burns and corrosions of the same anatomical site and on the same side are of different degrees (depth), they are classified to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"BSA.\" YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 12 April 2019. . A physician or healthcare professional should be consulted whenever first or second degree burns cover more than 15 percent of a person's body surface area (BSA) or third degree burns involve more than 2 percent of a victim's BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering 15 percent to 25 percent of an adult's body or 10 percent to 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on 2 percent to 10 percent BSA. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering more than 25 percent of an adult's body or more than 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on more than 10 percent BSA. Also, a person with burns covering more than 12 percent BSA is likely to go into shock; this condition may be prevented by laying the person flat and elevating the feet about 12 inches (30 cm). These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering less than 15 percent of an adult's body or less than 10 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on less than 2 percent BSA."}, {"title": "", "text": "Florida is a wonderful place to ride a motorcycle. The beaches, palm trees and warm weather make this a great state to hit the open road. However, actually physically hitting the road because a negligent driver caused an accident is another story. Scraping against the pavement during an accident can result in severe abrasions commonly known as road rash. Road rash is a term that refers to the skin abrasions that occur when someone hits pavement or other surfaces, and skin scrapes across it. It is common in motorcycle accidents, especially if the rider wasn\u2019t wearing protective clothing or if the accident was particularly severe. Some people think of road rash as a minor abrasion injury, and it can be. But in other cases, it causes devastating trauma. Road rash can cause injuries similar to burns. Its severity is even classified in much the same way as burns. What are the different severities of road rash? Road rash is classified as first-, second- or third-degree injuries like burns. A first-degree road rash injury is minor and does not require much treatment other than cleaning it, if it requires any treatment at all. Second-degree burns penetrate deeper into the skin and may require a thorough cleaning to remove any debris from the wound. It also may require application of an antibiotic ointment as well as a bandage to protect the skin as it heals. A third-degree burn is the most serious and involves injury of the entire layer of skin. It may require skin grafting to replace"}, {"title": "", "text": "percent of admissions to burn centers are male patients, while just over 30 percent of admissions to burn centers are female patients; 43 percent of burn center admissions result from severe burn injuries caused by fire, while about 34 percent result from scald accidents; and Nearly three-quarters of all severe burn injuries occur in the home, while about 8 percent are occupational, 5 percent occur on the road or highway (in auto accident fires), and about 5 percent occur in recreational settings. TYPES OF BURN INJURIES The CDC explains that there are three different types of burn injuries: First-degree burns: these burns affect the top layer of the skin, and they are often red and painful to touch. In most cases, first-degree burns can heal properly with home treatment, but it is important to seek medical attention in cases where there are first-degree burns over large areas of the body, or cases where a very old or very young person has suffered the burn. Sunburns are a type of first-degree burn. Second-degree burns: this type of burn injury affects the first two layers of the skin, or epidermis. In addition to pain and redness, second-degree burns often result in blisters and some loss of skin. It is extremely important to seek medical attention for second-degree burns and to take steps to prevent the victim from going into shock. Third-degree burns: these are the most serious type of burn injury because they \u201cpenetrate the entire thickness of the skin and permanently destroy tissue.\u201d Anyone with a third-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be painful, because the skin is rich with nerve endings, and the burn usually damages those nerve endings \u2013 firing up the nerves and sending pain signals to the brain. The burn victim may feel sharp pain, tingling or stinging. In the most severe cases, a burn injury can result in wrongful death. Serious burns, along with amputations and paralysis, are catastrophic injuries that usually occur suddenly and without warning. For more information, click the link to see my FREE report on catastrophic injuries. My law office once represented a woman who suffered severe burns when a gas station mechanic opened her car\u2019s radiator while she stood nearby. Hot radiator fluid shot up and burned her upper body. The burn left her with scarring. Thus, burn injuries can also lead to emotional distress and psychological suffering due to scarring and physical deformity. First Degree Burn \u2013 A first degree burn usually appears red and affects the outer layer of the skin. Such burns affect the surface of the skin, and may cause pain and swelling. A common example of a first degree burn is a mild sunburn. Second Degree Burn - In a second degree burn the first layer of skin has burned through to the next layer of skin. Skin suffering from a second degree burn may not perspire or grow hair. Blisters develop and the skin can take on a deep red appearance. Third Degree Burn - A third degree burn destroys both the first (epidermis) and second (dermis) layer of skin and"}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn is damage to the skin or other body parts that is caused by extreme heat, flame, contact with heated objects, or chemicals. Medically, the depth of a burn is categorized as first, second, or third degree depending upon its severity. Signs and symptoms of a burn depend upon the degree of severity. First-degree burns are similar to a sunburn and cause skin redness, peeling, mild to moderate pain, and tenderness. Blistering may occur. Second-degree burns have more severe symptoms and signs, including a greater degree of blistering and more intense pain. In third-degree burns, there is loss of color of the skin as it turns white. Loss of sensation is an associated symptom with third-degree burns. Exposure to the sun, radiation, heat, flames, or electrical or chemical contact can cause a burn."}, {"title": "", "text": "Furthermore, burn injuries often have complications including infection, organ malfunction, electrolyte imbalance, and respiratory issues. First-Degree Burns: These are superficial burns that damage only the first layer of skin. First-degree burns are mild, resulting in redness and pain, and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medication and skin care products, such as aloe vera cream. Second-Degree Burns: This type of burn damages the first two layers of skin. These burns can be superficial or deep, depending on the severity of the burn. Second-degree burns result in pain, redness, swelling, and blistering, and can be treated with antibiotic creams prescribed by a doctor. Third-Degree Burns: These burns affect all the layers of skin and the tissue under it. These burns are severe and require medical treatment. White, blackened, or charred skin may result from these burns. Third-degree burns are treated with skin grafting or synthetic skin. Intravenous fluids and antibiotics might also be necessary. Fourth-Degree Burns: The most severe variety, fourth-degree burns penetrate the bone, muscles, and ligaments. This type of burn requires medical treatment similar to that of third-degree burns. Two types of burns are common in the workplace: heat burns and chemical burns. Heat burns occur when the skin comes in contact with a surface or a substance of high temperature. Heat burns can be caused by flames, hot surfaces, hot liquids, or steam. Faulty wiring, improper gas connections, combustibles that are not stored correctly, and sparks from machinery all present burn risks. Workers in laboratory, manufacturing, and medical fields are especially prone to chemical"}, {"title": "", "text": "immediately blanch (turn whitish in color when you touch it), emergency medical treatment is recommended. Skin grafts may be required to protect areas where the damage is deep or covers large portions of the body. Third degree burns destroy every layer of the skin. The damage extends into the subcutaneous (below the skin) levels and exposes fat, or adipose, tissue. The pain may be mild to nonexistent due to severe nerve damage. Like the most severe second-degree burns, third-degree burns are referred to as full thickness burns. Unlike a first or second degree burns, third degree burns cannot be healed by running water. Do not try to self treat a third degree burn! Immediate medical treatment is required. Medical professionals recommend keeping the injured area raised above your heart while you wait for treatment and preventing clothing or anything else from sticking to the burned area. Third degree burns can cause the skin to turn yellow to white in color and look like hardened wax or dark brown to black in color and appear charred depending on the cause of the burn. The skin will not blanch and may feel like leather when touched. Fourth degree burns involve destruction of every layer of the skin and the underlying muscle, fat tissue, tendons and bone. From the outside, fourth degree burns look the same as third-degree burns, except bones, ligaments and other internal systems will likely be visible. They are generally treated the same as third degree burns and require emergency treatment such as debridement (cleaning of"}, {"title": "", "text": "different chambers of the human heart. The role of the right ventricle is to assist in pumping oxygen-depleted blood into the lungs of the body. ollo / E+ / Getty Images A patient comes in with a \"full-thickness\" burn. Which degree of burn is it? Zero-degree burn First-degree burn Second-degree burn Third-degree burn While all burns can potentially be serious, a third-degree burn can be horrible. Characteristics of a third-degree burn include black, brown or yellow skin, destroyed nerve endings and multiple layers of skin will be destroyed. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately how many nurses are working in the USA? Around 1.5 million Just shy of 3 million About 200,000 Over 10 million Nursing is a very common job and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are around 2.95 million registered nurses working in the USA. Most work in the states of California, Texas, New York and Florida. David Sacks / The Image Bank / Getty Images If a patient asks a nurse a question that they don't know the answer to, what should they do? Say they will find out and report back Just ignore it Tell them to look it up If a nurse is asked a question that they don't know the answer to, it is a good idea for them to say they don't know, but will find out. Asking around the unit can often get them the answer they need to report back to the patient. Moyo Studio / E+ / Getty Images What is"}, {"title": "", "text": "the wounded area by removing dead tissue and foreign objects) and skin grafts. Never try to treat fourth degree burns on your own by using ice or cool water. Note: The classification of burns by degree is split into two theories. Some authorities use only three degrees of severity while others use four. On the three degree scale, burns that reach as deep as the muscle and bone are classified as third degree burns. The distinctions between first and second degree burns are the same under both systems. If you have been diagnosed with a third degree burn, it is helpful to find out whether your medical provider uses the three or four degree classification. This distinction will help you determine the extent of the damage to the subcutaneous tissues that have been damaged along with the skin. In addition to the 3 or 4 degrees used to label the severity of the injury, burns may also be categorized based on how they occurred. Chemical burns, sometimes referred to as caustic burns, are caused by contact with an irritant such as an acid or base. The caustic substance is usually an industrial or household cleaner, but natural substances like spicy peppers can cause burns as well. Chemical burns can cause a reaction with the skin or internally, if swallowed or inhaled. Internal burns can cause permanent damage to the internal organs and require immediate treatment. Chemical burns are commonly caused by car battery acid, bleach, ammonia, teeth whitening products, pool chlorination products and fireworks. They can"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns can be about the most painful injuries a person can have, I know because I\u2019ve been there. No words are adequate to describe that kind of pain. On that pain scale of one to ten, burn injuries can reach hit about 10,000. It\u2019s simply surreal. No amount of morphine or Demerol is adequate to overcome it. We see burn injuries most often in natural gas or gasoline explosions, but there are many ways burn injuries can occur even chemical burns. Fortunately here in Atlanta we have a superb Grady Hospital Burn Unit. If a loved one has a serious burn injury anywhere within a 100-150 mile radius of Atlanta, your first response should be take them to Grady. If you were in scouts as a kid you probably learned about first, second, and third degree burns. First degree burns make the skin red, involve swelling and are painful for a short time. Usually they are pretty minor unless they cover a huge area of the body. Second degree burns go through the second layer of skin. If they\u2019re less than about three inches in diameter and not involved in hands, face, groin, or buttocks, that can be minor. But, if a second degree burn covers a large portion of the body or those areas I just mentioned it can be major and even life threatening if it involves the throat or lungs. A full thickness second degree burn may require extensive skin graphs and scarring. Third degree burns involve all the layers of the skin"}, {"title": "", "text": "If your burn injury requires additional assessment by a burn specialist, a consultation will be made to the Burn and Frostbite Center at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado. The Burn and Frostbite Center has been the Rocky Mountain region\u2019s premier burn care destination since 1976, and verified by the American Burn Association as a center of excellence since 1998. For physicians: to refer a patient to us, please call our DocLine at 1-844-285-4555 at any time. Electricity, chemicals, steam, very hot water, and fire can all cause serious burns. The care you receive for burns will depend on the type and severity of your injury. Many burns can be treated in an outpatient setting. If a burn needs inpatient treatment, it should be done in a burn center. Very severe burns need treatment in a burn center. You may be most familiar with the traditional burn classification of first, second, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are usually mild. They affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). The skin is likely to be red, and there may be some pain and swelling. Most sunburns are first-degree burns. Second-degree burns injure the second layer (dermis) of skin. The skin will be intensely red and may develop blisters. These burns are often very painful. Third-degree burns involve all the layers of skin. Fat, nerves, muscles, and even bone may be burned. The skin may be charred black or appear very white. Pain is likely to be severe. If nerves are damaged, no pain may be felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "muscles, and nerves. Generally, burn injuries are classified based on severity. The four main types of burn injuries are: First-degree burns. These types of burns damage only the outer layer of skin. First-degree burns are mild and may heal quickly without any secondary complications. Second-degree burns. Second-degree burns damage both the outer and middle layers of skin, often causing blistering and infection. These types of burns are often treated in the emergency room, but, in some cases, they may require inpatient hospitalization. Third\u2013degree burns. Third-degree burns involve damage to the outer and inner layers of skin. These burns often cause serious secondary health complications for survivors and may necessitate amputation of severely burned finger, toes, or limbs. Treatment may involve skin grafts and prolonged hospitalization. In many cases, permanent disfigurement results. Fourth-degree burns. This is the most serious type of burn and involves damage to the muscle, tendons, and bones. Depending on the circumstances, fourth-degree burns can result in loss of limb, extensive disfigurement, disability, and/or wrongful death. The severity of a burn injury has a direct impact on the financial and psychological costs to victims and their families. Second, third, and fourth-degree burns are more likely to cause disfigurement, amputations and other complications. These may severely reduce the quality of life and require extensive medical care. What are the Possible Consequences of Burn Injuries? Burn injuries are financially and emotionally costly because they can lead to multiple secondary complications. Many individuals with severe burns will require skin grafts, psychological therapy, and rehabilitation. Common secondary complications"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injuries are considered a problem in health care. Burn injuries are in the top five as the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. There are over 200 special burn care units in the United States. Statistics on burn injuries confirm that at least 50% of all burn accidents could have been avoided. There is one out of every 13 fire deaths in the United States that was caused by a child setting a fire. One-third of children preschool age has died by playing with fire. There are 2.4 million burn injuries that are reported per year in the United States. There are around 10,000 pediatric burn injuries yearly in the United States. Around 650,000 of the injuries are treated by medical professionals and about 75,000 are hospitalized. Out of the people that are hospitalized, there are 20,000 who have major burns. There are 8,000 to 12,000 who die from these burns. Burns are categorized into first, second, and third degrees. The first degree burns which are superficial burns are caused on the top layer of skin. Symptoms of the first degree burn are redness in the skin. The burn can be painful and dry. It takes about around a week for the first degree burn to heal on its own. The next burn is the second degree burns which are partial-thickness burns. This type of burn goes under a few layers of skin. The symptoms of this burn are redness, and blisters that appear. It usually takes three to four weeks for"}, {"title": "", "text": "is burned, there is an massive shift of fluids within the body. For cases where the burn area is greater than 20% of the body, fluid resuscitation is a necessity and should be done through IVs during the first 24 hours. Patients need to receive large volumes of liquid because so much body fluid is being sucked into the burn wounds. There are many variables to burns. They range from superficial to life-threatening. They can damage epidermis, dermis, blood vessels, tendons, muscles, and bones with varying degrees of pain depending on amount of nerve damage. First Degree Burns \u2013 These burns are superficial, like a mild sunburn, affecting the outer layer of skin. The epidermis gets red, may be painful for a few days, the skin may even peel. There is no blistering. Second Degree Burns \u2013 These burns go down through most, if not all, of the layers of the epidermis. It will potentially reach the topmost layer of dermis. Fluid will accumulate between the epidermis and the dermis, forming blisters. These burns can be nasty, with an increased potential for infection. Third Degree Burns \u2013 These burns go so deep that they destroy all of the tissue through the dermis, reaching into the fatty tissue layer. In some cases, tendons, muscles, and ligaments are compromised. (When the burn reaches muscle and bone, some people refer to it as a 4th degree burn.) When burns look white, they are a deep 3rd degree burn and need medical attention. All 3rd degree burns require medical attention."}, {"title": "", "text": "What to know about third degree burns Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH \u2014 By Louise Morales-Brown on February 15, 2021 Third degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are a type of burn that destroys the skin and may damage the underlying tissue. They are more severe than first or second degree burns and always require skin grafts. Third degree burns are a serious injury requiring immediate medical help. Unlike less severe burns, which can be very painful, full-thickness burns may not hurt. This is because the burn may damage nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensing pain. In addition, the burn site may appear waxy or leathery A person with a third degree burn will require hospitalization. Treatment will vary depending on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. If an individual suspects they have a third degree burn, they should seek immediate medical attention. Without treatment, these burns and resulting complications can be fatal. In this article, learn more about third degree burns, including the symptoms, treatment, and when to speak with a doctor. Third degree burns are a severe type of burn that extends through every layer of skin. This type of burn can destroy: the epidermis, the outer layer of skin the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis the hypodermis in some cases, which is the subcutaneous tissue and the innermost layer of skin Doctors categorize burns according to the damage they cause to the skin and surrounding tissue. Types of burns include: First degree burn: Also known as superficial"}, {"title": "", "text": "What to know about third degree burns Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH \u2014 By Louise Morales-Brown on February 15, 2021 Third degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are a type of burn that destroys the skin and may damage the underlying tissue. They are more severe than first or second degree burns and always require skin grafts. Third degree burns are a serious injury requiring immediate medical help. Unlike less severe burns, which can be very painful, full-thickness burns may not hurt. This is because the burn may damage nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensing pain. In addition, the burn site may appear waxy or leathery A person with a third degree burn will require hospitalization. Treatment will vary depending on the extent, severity, and location of the burn. If an individual suspects they have a third degree burn, they should seek immediate medical attention. Without treatment, these burns and resulting complications can be fatal. In this article, learn more about third degree burns, including the symptoms, treatment, and when to speak with a doctor. Third degree burns are a severe type of burn that extends through every layer of skin. This type of burn can destroy: the epidermis, the outer layer of skin the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis the hypodermis in some cases, which is the subcutaneous tissue and the innermost layer of skin Doctors categorize burns according to the damage they cause to the skin and surrounding tissue. Types of burns include: First degree burn: Also known as superficial"}, {"title": "", "text": "who are allergic to it. It is estimated that 50 million North Americans are affected by allergic conditions. The parts of the body that are prone to react to allergies include the eyes, nose, lungs, skin, and stomach. Common allergic disorders include hay fever, asthma, allergic eyes, allergic eczema, hives, and allergic shock. Eczema is a general term for many types dermatitis (skin inflammation). Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Other types of eczema include: contact eczema, allergic contact eczema, seborrheic eczema, nummular eczema, stasis dermatitis, and dyshidrotic eczema. Boils (Skin Abscesses) A boil is a skin abscess, a collection of pus localized deep in the skin. There are several different types of boils. Among them are the following: furuncle or carbuncle, cystic acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, and pilonidal cyst. Bug bites and stings have been known to transmit insect-borne illnesses such as West Nile virus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Lyme disease. Though most reactions to insect bites and stings are mild, some reactions may be life-threatening. Preventing bug bites and stings with insect repellant, wearing the proper protective attire, and not wearing heavily scented perfumes when in grassy, wooded, and brushy areas is key. Burns (First Aid) Burn types are based on their severity: first-degree burns, second-degree burns, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are similar to a painful sunburn. The damage is more severe with second-degree burns, leading to blistering and more intense pain. The skin turns white and loses sensation with third-degree burns. Burn treatment depends upon the"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface. Though they are the most minor type of burn, these injuries can still be painful. However, they rarely result in complications that require serious medical attention and only require basic first aid. Signs of a first-degree burn include swelling and red coloration. Second-degree burns extend past the first layer of skin. These burns commonly cause blistering. This is the body\u2019s attempt to heal the injury and protect the lower layers of skins. Care for these burns does not always require professional medical care. However, if the burn is large enough, a trip to the hospital may be necessary. Third-degree burns are severe medical emergencies and require intensive treatment to heal. Third-degree burns cause damage to every layer of the skin and damage nerve ending and tissues underneath the skin. This serious injury makes the skin stiff and hard with dark or white coloration. Fourth-degree burns are similar to third-degree burns, but they represent an even more dangerous level of injury. With this type of burn, the damage may extend past the skin and into the muscles and bone. This burn may cause so much damage that healing is not a possibility. Fourth-degree burns often require amputation. Even if a victim fully recovers, the damaged skin usually does not heal back to its original appearance. Burn scars are notorious for causing physical and emotional trauma. Physically, burn scars can produce tighter skin and limit physical movement. Emotionally, some burn victims suffer a heartbreaking amount of shame due to the embarrassment of regarding visible scars. In severe"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. Emergency treatment for third-degree and some second-degree burns may include a blood transfusion and/or extra fluids to help maintain blood pressure. Grafting\u2014placing healthy skin on top of the burn wound\u2014might help promote new skin growth. Severe burns can lead to widespread inflammation, organ failure, and shock. This sometimes-deadly response can arise a week or two after the initial burn. But doctors can\u2019t tell beforehand which patients might develop this extreme reaction. You can care for most minor burns at home. If the burn is red and painful with mild swelling or little blistering, then it\u2019s a first-degree or minor second-degree burn. See a doctor if the burn is dark red and looks glossy with a lot of blistering. These are signs of a deep second-degree burn. Get immediate treatment if the burned skin is dry and leathery, perhaps with white, brown, or black patches. These are signs of third-degree burn. Burns can become infected with bacteria or other germs if protective layers of skin are lost. Burns can also lead to painful inflammation, as your immune system shifts into gear. the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis \u2013 the deeper layer of fat and tissue. Full thickness burn \u2013 where all three layers of skin (the epidermis, dermis and subcutis) are damaged; the skin is often burnt away and the tissue underneath may appear pale or blackened, while the remaining skin will be dry and white, brown or black with no blisters,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns occur when skin is exposed to heat, sun, radiation, chemical, or due to coming in contact with a live circuit. The degree of burn, the after-effects and the remedies vary depending on the source of burn. The degree of burn and the location decides the kind of burn treatment and first-aid it may need. While some kinds of burns may need minor medical intervention, palliative care, emergency surgery or a combination of all; deep seated burns can result in life-threatening complications. Such burns affecting a major part of the body may need immediate medical intervention. People may also require medical care at specialized burn centers and prolonged medical treatments of various kinds. These include not only healing the burnt body parts but also, at times, reconstruction of minor organs or even plastic surgery. Burns are classified in three degrees. A first-degree burn is usually a minor burn affecting only the outer layer of skin and normally causes redness and pain. The second-degree burn affects epidermis and dermis, the first two layers of skin and may develop in swelling, blisters and at times scarring. A third-degree burn reaches the fat beneath the skin and may look brown, black or white. It is likely to destroy nerves and cause numbing. So what causes burns and how can we prevent them? Exposure to sunlight is the most primary source of burn, commonly referred to as sunburns. Prolonged exposure to the sun without sunscreen can at times result in severe burns, especially on the exposed areas of the body"}, {"title": "", "text": "and return to their normal lives. What are the injuries and conditions that require a skin graft? How is the surgery performed? And what are the latest breakthroughs in artificial skin technology? Keep reading to find out more. Reasons for a Skin Graft Types of Skin Grafts Skin Graft Surgery Healing and Complications of Skin Grafts Artificial Skin Grafts Lot More Information Doctors prescribe a skin graft when an area of skin is so damaged that it may not be able to regenerate on its own. There are several traumatic injuries, medical conditions and post-surgical procedures that may require skin grafts as part of the treatment process. Severe burns are some of the most common injuries that are treated with skin grafts. Minor first-degree burns only affect the topmost layer of skin and can usually heal on their own. But if a patient has a second-degree burn that covers more than 10 percent of the body or a third-degree burn that covers more than one percent of the body, it's classified as a severe burn [source: Merck Manual]. What makes these burns so severe? In second-degree burns, the skin damage extends to the dermis, the second layer of skin. If the damaged area is large enough, the burn will have great difficulty closing on its own and will be at high risk of infection. A third-degree burn extends through all three layers of skin, sometimes reaching muscle, cartilage and even bone. Such an extreme injury will almost certainly require a skin graft to heal. Pressure ulcers,"}, {"title": "", "text": "armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child. ...more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary....more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help him or her heal and grow....more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "rich. If women make it to 50, they are just getting started. If a woman reaches her 50th birthday without cancer or heart disease, she can expect to see 92. How bad is that burn? There are 3 classifications of burns. a) First degree burn only involves the outer layer of skin. b) Second degree burn involves several layers of the skin tha become blistered. c) Third degree burn is all layers of the skin,underlying tissue and organs. Nerves are damaged and sometimes destoyed. In early times various body parts were used as tools and guides, hence the word \"feet,\" or \"the rule of thumb.\" Identical twins develop when one egg separates then is fertilized, fraternal twins are 2 separate eggs, and siamese twins is one egg that began to separate but was fertilized before the completion of the egg division. How are identical twins different? One twin is always born healthier and bigger then the other because of the unbalanced distribution of nutrients during pregnancy. Some identical twins are actual mirror images of each other, e.g. one will be right-handed the other left or one is near sighted the other far sighted etc. The amount of blood a person must have. A human can bleed to death in a minute or less. A loss of 1 quart of blood or more will lead to shock or even death. What is the most contagious disease? The most contagious disease is the common cold and the most non-contagious disease is gingivitis. What kind of cancer is that?"}, {"title": "", "text": "and so on. First-degree burns are minor, and 5th\u00b0 burns are often catastrophic. These degrees include: First-degree \u2013 A minor first-degree burn injury only affects the skin\u2019s outer layer, like a mild sunburn, blister, or other heat exposure. Typically, victims with first-degree burns rarely have long-term damage to the affected area. Second-degree \u2013 A moderate second-degree burn injury typically damages the skin's dermis (underlying) layers, appearing swollen, red, wet, or shiny. At this stage, the burn will likely blister and hurt when touched. Superficial second-degree burns typically damage the dermis layer and do not cause scarring. Deep partial-thickness second-degree burns are more severe, causing permanent skin color changes Third-degree \u2013 This full-thickness burn injury usually destroys the skin\u2019s two upper layers, causing the skin to appear yellow, white, brown, or black. Usually, third-degree burns have only minimal pain because the nerve endings have been damaged. Fourth-degree \u2013 Burn specialists identify fourth-degree burns as the most severe life-threatening burn, destroying every skin layer, and killing tissue, tendons, muscles, and bone. Fifth-degree \u2013 Typically, a fifth-degree burn injury surpasses fourth-degree burns when the ligaments and muscle layers have burned away, leaving charred bone, destroying skin and muscle, and loss of function. Every burn degree can worsen over time as the injury spreads. The injury can also cause significant complications, where joint and bone problems arise, or infection begins to develop. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), specific society segments are more at risk of suffering a burn injury than others. Contributing factors to a burn could include:"}, {"title": "", "text": "between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child. ...more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary. ...more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at"}, {"title": "", "text": "scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child. ...more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary. ...more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which"}, {"title": "", "text": "between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child. ...more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary. ...more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually experience itching at"}, {"title": "", "text": "specialized region of the spinal cord known as the dorsal horn (3) processes the pain signal, immediately sending another impulse back down the leg via a motor nerve (4). This causes the muscles in the leg to contract and pull the toe away from the source of injury (6). At the same time, the dorsal horn sends another impulse up the spinal cord to the brain. During this trip, the impulse travels between nerve cells. When the impulse reaches a nerve ending (7), the nerve releases chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, which carry the message to the adjacent nerve. When the impulse reaches the brain (8), it is analyzed and processed as an unpleasant physical and emotional sensation. Types of burns The Ayat under discussion mentions the burning of the skin. The severity of a burn depends on its depth, its extent, and the age of the victim. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, and third degree. First-degree burns cause redness and pain (e.g., sunburn). Second-degree burns are marked by blisters (e.g., scald by hot liquid). In third-degree burns, both the epidermis and dermis (external and internal parts of the skin) are destroyed, and underlying tissue may also be damaged. Further burn in the skin would damage the pain receptors and hence the person would not feel pain. Word Analysis: Quran rightly mentions this \u2018extreme\u2019 stage for the change of skin. The Arabic word used is \u0646\u0636\u062c\u062a which indicates the burning to the extreme stage. Ibn e Faris says that its basic meaning includes burning"}, {"title": "", "text": "back down the leg via a motor nerve (4). This causes the muscles in the leg to contract and pull the toe away from the source of injury (6). At the same time, the dorsal horn sends another impulse up the spinal cord to the brain. During this trip, the impulse travels between nerve cells. When the impulse reaches a nerve ending (7), the nerve releases chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, which carry the message to the adjacent nerve. When the impulse reaches the brain (8), it is analyzed and processed as an unpleasant physical and emotional sensation. Types of burns The Ayat under discussion mentions the burning of the skin. The severity of a burn depends on its depth, its extent, and the age of the victim. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, and third degree. First-degree burns cause redness and pain (e.g., sunburn). Second-degree burns are marked by blisters (e.g., scald by hot liquid). In third-degree burns, both the epidermis and dermis (external and internal parts of the skin) are destroyed, and underlying tissue may also be damaged. Further burn in the skin would damage the pain receptors and hence the person would not feel pain. Word Analysis: Quran rightly mentions this \u2018extreme\u2019 stage for the change of skin. The Arabic word used is \u0646\u0636\u062c\u062a which indicates the burning to the extreme stage. Ibn e Faris says that its basic meaning includes burning something to the last stage. Hence, not only the Quran told humans that sensation is due to the pain receptors"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ticks attach themselves to the scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child. ...more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary. ...more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection. ...more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis). ...more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow. ...more Burns: Symptom Management in Care of Burns Most children"}, {"title": "", "text": "Never Too Late to Give: If you understand the importance of Photojournalism\u2026think FOVEA. During the holiday season think about charitable contributions in keeping art, music and photography alive in your community. It\u2019s important in raising the bar for humanity. So ya want to be a Wildfire Photographer\u2026Do you! THIS IS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW TO SURVIVE! DO NOT BE STUPID AND PUT YOURSELF AND OTHERS AT RISK! Avoid locations that are downward from the fire. For radiant heat only, the distance of separation between the firefighter and the flames must be at least four times the maximum flame height. This distance must be maintained on all sides, if the fire has the ability to burn completely around the safety zone. Remove person from heat source, extinguish with water. First Degree \u2013 Affected skin\u2019s outer layer. Redness, mild swelling, tenderness, mild to moderate pain. Second Degree \u2013 Extends through entire outer layer and into inner layer of skin. Blisters, swelling, weeping of fluids and severe pain. Third Degree \u2013 Extends through all skin layers and into underlying fat, muscle, bone, Discoloration (charred white or cherry red), leathery, parchment-like, dry appearance. Pain is absent. Cut away burned clothing. DO NOT cut away clothing stuck to burned skin. Apply cool, clear water over burned area. DO NOT soak person or use cold water and ice packs. This encourages hypothermia. Cover burned area with sterile dressing, moisten with saline solution, and apply dry dressing on top. For severe burns or burns covering large area of body-wrap in clean, sterile"}, {"title": "", "text": "animal, remain calm and reassure your child that you can help. Here's what you need to know....more Flea, Mite, or Chigger Bites in Children in Insect Bites Fleas, mites, and chiggers are different kinds of small insects. They are also parasites. This means they feed off the blood, skin, or both of animals and humans. These insects are more common in the warm weather. They bite skin and cause symptoms such as bumps, redness, pain, or itching....more Tick Bites in Insect Bites Ticks attach themselves to the scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child....more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary....more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe"}, {"title": "", "text": "As confirmed by over a decade of research, massage therapy\u2019s ability to support emotional and physical health offers great therapeutic benefit to burn survivors. Whether caused by excessive heat, electricity or corrosive chemicals, severe burns can cause enormous physical and emotional pain. Aside from the patient\u2019s experience, treating and rehabilitating tissue that has suffered a third-degree burn is one of the toughest challenges the medical community faces. Although some recoil at the thought of having their burns touched and many people fear touching burned skin, research has consistently shown that massage therapy plays a valuable therapeutic role in burn rehabilitation. First-Degree \u2013 Causing pain and redness, this type of burn only affects the epidermis. Second-Degree \u2013 Causing pain, redness and blisters that may ooze, this type of burn extends below the epidermis to the dermis. Third-Degree \u2013 This severe type of burn involves all layers of the skin and may also damage the underlying bones, muscles and tendons. The burn site appears pale, charred or leathery and there is generally no sensation in the area because the nerve endings are destroyed. Burn treatment depends upon the extent of tissue damage, the burn\u2019s cause and the presence of infection. In order to reduce the risk of infection, dehydration and other potentially serious complications, all burns surpassing first-degree require immediate medical attention. Third-degree burns generally require hospital admittance where the affected area can be kept clean, dead tissue removed and skin grafts performed. The process of burn rehabilitation may take many years and can be accompanied by a"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Burn Victim of the dermis remain , but this healing process requ ires much time. This increased time with an open wound potentiates chances for infection. Another problem that occurs when deep second-degree burns are allowed to heal on the ir own is the inc reased amounts of scar tissue in the wound . Due to these problems, second-degree burns may be skin grafted to facilitate healing. Th ird-degree burns destroy all of the ep idermis and dermis. The burn wound initially appears dry and leathery. There is no pain in the wound as the nerve fibers have been destroyed during the injury, Very small third-degree burns can heal without skin grafts , but generally PATHOLOGY OF THE BURN WOUND third-degree burns must be grafted to heal. Partial-thickness wounds involve the epidermis and varying levels of the derm is. Therefore, firstand second-degree burns are partial-thickness injuries. Full-th ickness wounds are third-degree burns as they involve both layers of skin ."}, {"title": "", "text": "The seriousness of a burn injury depends on how deep the injury is and how much of the body has been burned. It is common for a person with a large burn injury to have burns of different depths. The deepest injury is usually at the center of a burned area. Medical technology now has tests to determine the depth of a burn injury, but an experienced burn specialist\u2019s examination continues to be the most reliable way of evaluating the depth of burns. Damage to the pulmonary system is a common and potentially dangerous condition that afflicts some burn victims. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in burn victims. Flash burns often harm the face but rarely involve the airway. The skin has several layers (see diagram). The deeper the burn injury is, the greater the number of layers that are damaged. Sweat glands and the roots of hair follicles are in the deeper layers and will be destroyed with a deep burn. Deep injuries heal more slowly, are more difficult to treat, and are more likely to have complications than superficial injuries. The names given to burn injuries of various depths have changed in recent decades. Injury to the top layer of skin (the epidermis) is now called a superficial burn (formerly called a first degree burn). Injury to the second layer of skin (the dermis) is now called a partial thickness or dermal injury (formerly called a second degree burn). An injury that extends down to the third layer (the subcutaneous"}, {"title": "", "text": "warm weather. They bite skin and cause symptoms such as bumps, redness, pain, or itching....more Tick Bites in Insect Bites Ticks attach themselves to the scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child....more Facts About Poisons in Poisons Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause. ...more First Aid for Poisonings in a Child in Poisons Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary....more Fire Safety and Burns Overview in About Burns Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe....more Anatomy of the Skin in About Burns The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection....more Classification and Treatment of Burns in Types of Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface....more First-Degree Burn in Children in Types of Burns A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)....more Nutrition and Burns in Care of Burns A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein"}, {"title": "", "text": "contact with hot items, and prolonged exposure time in the sun. A second degree burn burns through two layers of your skin. If your second degree is wider than three inches, you should call your doctor for medical help. Third degree burns \u2013 are the most serious of the three and require immediate medical attention. These occur when extended exposure to a very hot object burns through all three layers of your skin, sometimes causing muscle, fat, and bone damage. They will look leathery and have a white or black appearance on the skin. Third degree burns are major burns and require treatment from a doctor as soon as possible. Burns can be caused by fires, electrical shock, exposure to chemicals, or from scalding liquids. The American Burn Association compiled data from admissions to burn centers between 2005 to 2014. Fortunately, they also found patients- 67 percent male and 32 percent female- had a 96.8 percent survival rate. Seventy-three percent of the fire incidents happened at home, followed by work with eight percent and the street or highway (car fires) at five percent. Serious burn injuries are sometimes manageable through wound care, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and surgical procedures. If an adult suffers a burn injury that covers more than 15% of his/her body, doctors will most likely treat the victim with intravenous fluids. This treatment is especially important during the 24 hours following the initial injury. Inhalation burn injuries may require more fluids. Wound care involves keeping the injury dry and covered. Exposed burns are subject"}, {"title": "", "text": "don\u2019t always know the basics of each type of burn. Knowing how to identify types of burns can help a person understand the seriousness of their injury. First-degree burns mean that only the first layer of skin has been injured.While they can be painful, these burns often only need minimal treatment, including wound cleaning and bandaging. Second-degree burns are like first-degree burns except they extend beyond the first layer of skin. A second-degree burn can be serious enough to require medical attention. However, they can usually heal without surgery or extensive treatment. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns are always serious injuries. These burns can extend past a person\u2019s skin, causing damage to their muscles and bones. Third-degree and fourth-degree burns always require immediate medical attention. Third- and fourth-degree burn symptoms include: White coloration Smooth, waxy appearance of skin Brown discoloration Conspicuous lack of blisters To learn more about burn injuries, visit Medlineplus.gov Burn Injury Treatment After a burn, cooling the wound with water can help relieve pain temporarily. However, if a burn is severe, it should receive attention from a medical professional. Some burn injuries won\u2019t heal favorably on their own and will require surgical procedures, including one called a skin graft. Skin Grafts for burn injuries Skin grafts help a burn survivor\u2019s wounds heal in a way that\u2019s less restrictive. The process is often done by taking skin from a healthy area and placing it over the parts of a person\u2019s body that are burned. Skin grafts are a breakthrough for burn injuries as they allow"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their initial presentation than are third-degree; this is because nerves remain intact in second-degree, but are completely destroyed in third-degree burns. For this reason, Station fire victims stumbling around the club's parking lot with blistered faces and limbs were initially in greater pain than their more seriously burned counterparts. Third-degree burn victims would eventually, however, far surpass their less-seriously burned friends in lifetime scarring and disability. Because different areas of the skin conduct heat differently, location of the body areas exposed to heat may determine whether full-thickness burns result. The outermost layer of epidermis is an excellent insulator from heat; therefore, where it is thickest, as on the soles and palms, full-thickness burns are rare. Backs of hands, by contrast, are much more susceptible to irreversible burn injury requiring skin grafts. Shake hands with several of the more seriously burned Station fire victims: you'll often find their palms to be original equipment, and the backs of their hands, retreads. The majority of Station fire fatalities did not succumb to their burns, however, but rather to inhalation injury. Inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in building fires. It occurs not only because of _what_ is inhaled, but because of the _temperature_ of what is inhaled. Either factor can kill, even in the absence of skin burns. Reports of fire injuries commonly speak of \"smoke inhalation.\" What we call smoke is actually a suspension of visible particles in air and toxic gases. The types of toxic gases produced depend upon the fuel being burned"}, {"title": "", "text": "these are the result of a person coming in contact with either a direct current or an alternating current. Electrical burns occur when a person touches an electrical wire or socket, falls into electrified water, or is struck by lightening. Thermal Burns \u2013 these types of burns are the result of a person making contact with a flame, boiling water, steam or other boiling liquid. They can occur due to touching hot objects, such as tools, engines, pipes, or motors. Sunburn, or extended exposure to the sun, is another type of thermal burn. Depending on the type of burn a worker experiences, the burn can result in skin damage and internal injuries. Other complications from burns can occur. If a person suffers an electrical burn complications can be shock or cardiac arrest. Many people that suffer burns in the workplace end up needing extensive medical treatment. They may need rehabilitation and mental and emotional counseling. Burn injuries may mean that a worker misses a substantial amount of work, or they may need partial or total disability. First Degree \u2013 this is considered the least serious as this affects only the outer layer of skin. They result in redness, pain and discomfort. The treatment for first degree burns are minor. Second Degree \u2013 these are similar to first degree burns but they affect both the first and second layers of skin. There is also redness, pain and discomfort but will often result in blisters and maybe some scarring. Third Degree \u2013 these types of burns go past"}, {"title": "", "text": "you're just, your skin is more frail and you don't have good circulation. Interviewer: So is a burn from a heating pad a third degree, is a third degree burn a third degree burn, whether it's from a flame or a heating pad? Brad Wiggens: Sure, yeah, I mean a third degree burn is a third degree burn. So a first degree burn would be a sunburn, a second degree burn would be when you get significant blistering from touching something hot, not blisters that you get from a sunburn, and a third degree burn would be burning all the way through all the layers of your skin, down past your dermal layers and down into subcutaneous tissues. So a third degree burn is a third degree burn no matter which way you got it. Whether it was from the glass front fireplace, whether it was from a heating pad, it's pretty difficult to get to that point with a heating pad because of the heat they do put out, however, because it's on an elderly person we see of danger with that, where you actually have such significant amount of damage, you have a deeper injury, they don't have the good circulation that they need to heal that injury, so it actually ends up being a deeper second to a third degree burn and lends itself to needing to have a skin graft, which lends itself to a hospital stay within our intensive care unit, and really longer outcomes. Interviewer: So it's the kind of"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Pediatrics. \"Tetanus (Lockjaw).\" In: Pickering, L.K., ed. Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009. Kasper, D.L., et al., eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Switzerland. World Health Organization. \"Diphtheria Reported Cases.\" July 15, 2015. . Childhood Diseases: Measles, Mumps, & More Is your child at risk for these childhood diseases? Know when to call the doctor for conditions such as measles, mumps, ringworm, pink eye, strep throat, cough, ear aches, and more. Read more: Childhood Diseases: Measles, Mumps, & More Tetanus - Describe Your Experience What were the symptoms of your tetanus? Post View 11 Comments Tetanus - Treatment What kinds of treatment did you receive for tetanus? Post View 1 Comment Tetanus - Vaccine Are you up to date on your tetanus vaccine? Tetanus - Experience Did a relative or anyone you know ever become infected with tetanus? Please describe your experience. Post View 2 Comments Top Tetanus Related Articles Burn types are based on their severity: first-degree burns, second-degree burns, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are similar to a painful sunburn. The damage is more severe with second-degree burns, leading to blistering and more intense pain. The skin turns white and loses sensation with third degree burns. Burn treatment depends upon the burn location, total burn area, and intensity of the burn. Childhood Vaccination Schedule Childhood immunizations can protect children from potentially deadly diseases. Vaccinations included on the childhood immunization schedule include"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Pediatrics. \"Tetanus (Lockjaw).\" In: Pickering, L.K., ed. Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009. Kasper, D.L., et al., eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Switzerland. World Health Organization. \"Diphtheria Reported Cases.\" July 15, 2015. . Childhood Diseases: Measles, Mumps, & More Is your child at risk for these childhood diseases? Know when to call the doctor for conditions such as measles, mumps, ringworm, pink eye, strep throat, cough, ear aches, and more. Read more: Childhood Diseases: Measles, Mumps, & More Tetanus - Describe Your Experience What were the symptoms of your tetanus? Post View 11 Comments Tetanus - Treatment What kinds of treatment did you receive for tetanus? Post View 1 Comment Tetanus - Vaccine Are you up to date on your tetanus vaccine? Tetanus - Experience Did a relative or anyone you know ever become infected with tetanus? Please describe your experience. Post View 2 Comments Top Tetanus Related Articles Burn types are based on their severity: first-degree burns, second-degree burns, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns are similar to a painful sunburn. The damage is more severe with second-degree burns, leading to blistering and more intense pain. The skin turns white and loses sensation with third degree burns. Burn treatment depends upon the burn location, total burn area, and intensity of the burn. Childhood Vaccination Schedule Childhood immunizations can protect children from potentially deadly diseases. Vaccinations included on the childhood immunization schedule include"}, {"title": "", "text": "result in redness of the skin and some immediate pain that lessens with time. Second-degree burns are more serious and extend into the outer epidermis layer and the lower layer of skin (the dermis). You might receive a second-degree burn from accidentally pouring boiling water onto your body or touching a hot clothes iron. In addition to pain and redness, most second-degree burns cause blistering and swelling. Third-degree burns are among the most severe burns. They burn all the way through the epidermis and dermis skin layers and damage the tissue underneath. Skin may turn white or blackened and charred and it may go numb if nerves were damaged. Most severe burn injuries that result in lawsuits, such as those from fires or electrical shocks, are third-degree burns. Some medical professionals also use additional categories \u2013 up to the sixth degree \u2013 to indicate injuries that burn down into ligaments, tendons, muscles, bones, or internal organs. Third-degree burns and worse, especially if they cover a significant percentage of the body, can lead to a range of complications and may require extended hospitalization and skin-graft surgeries. If the burn damages muscle and other interior tissue, patients may require physical therapy to regain range of motion. Because of extensive nerve damage, burns at these levels can cause chronic pain. Ongoing Complications from Burn Injuries Burns don\u2019t always heal quickly or uniformly. While each patient may experience a different outcome, some common complications result from many burn injury cases. These complications can include: Infection. This includes skin infections from"}, {"title": "", "text": "transfers these resources to the injured areas. If the burn does not heal quickly, the inflammatory response may consume the body's resources, exhaust the patient, cause organ failure and, ultimately, death. Once healed, however, there may be lasting functional and aesthetic consequences due to scarring or retraction. This is the case with hypertrophic and keloid scars; thickened areas of scar tissue that limit the mobility of joints, retraction of the eyelids, microstomia, and others. Burns are graded depending on their severity and they also look different: First-degree burns: painful and with reddening of the skin (erythema), but the skin is not broken. Superficial second-degree burns: very painful due to blisters with red and watery skin underneath. Deep second-degree burns: may or may not include blistering, and appear dry and whitish. May also be less painful. Third-degree burns: look like scar tissue, leathery appearance, dry, sunken and dark in colour. In this case, there is no sensitivity to pain. Who do burns affect? Burns are a common, serious and debilitating traumatic injury that mainly results from accidents in the workplace, the home or traffic accidents. The Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine estimates that three out of every thousand people a year suffer burns requiring medical attention. Primary care centres (CAPs) deal with most cases, but 15-20% will require admission to hospital. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment must be carried out by highly specialised professionals as this is not a common pathology. Typical treatment Depending on the degree of the burn, treatment may be: First-degree: hydrating"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their highest warfighting posture. Sailors career and professional development as an Aviation Sea Warrior. validate the training by conducting walk-thru\u2019s and board testing each Sailor. professional development of every enlisted Sailor assigned. This page intentionally left blank, placeholder for local development. variety of techniques can mean the difference between life and death. The fundamental elements of First Aid can be categorized into eight main areas. elevation, pressure points, and use of a tourniquet as a last resort. Burns, the three classifications of burns are First, Second, and Third degree. Produces redness, warmth and mild pain. severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed. Causes red, blistered skin and severe pain. has a break in the skin with possible bone protrusion. efforts, and the skin turning a bluish color. and lungs. The skin is cool, moist, and clammy and the pupils are dilated. dilation, and a weak, rapid pulse. Hypothermia, Superficial and Deep frostbite. semi-rigid, and the arms and legs may feel stiff. layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower. tissues after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower. (such as a ruptured appendix) and meningitis. Anaphylactic shock. A type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. until normal heart function is restored. gasping, and individual victim characteristics influence these. published by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Red Cross (ARC). coordinated actions referred to as the survival chain. decisions by providing the best baseline of knowledge and experience available. requires constant review for new hazards or"}, {"title": "", "text": "Kristy Maracle Posted Date Jun 2, 2022, 5:19 AM Unread Burns can be caused by friction, cold, head, radiation, chemical or electrical sources and inv Kristy Maracle Burns can be caused by friction, cold, head, radiation, chemical or electrical sources and involve tissue destruction due to energy transfer however, different burn injuries cause different physiological and pathological responses. Thermal burns result when the skin makes contact with fire/flames, hot objects, and scalding. Frostbite may also cause a thermal burn by indirect cellular injury from crystallization of water in tissue, ischemia, and reperfusion, leading to skin necrosis and deep tissue injury. Contact with heat/flames is the most common cause of thermal burns and can be localized or systemic. These types of burns can be classified in one of five categories including superficial or first degree, which involves the epidermis only, superficial partial thickness burn or second degree A, which is painful with weeping and requires wound care but not surgery, deep partial thickness or second degree B, which is less painful due to partial destruction of pain receptors and drier and requires surgery and will leave scarring, full thickness or third degree, which extends through full dermis and is not painful due to nerve damage and requires surgery, and forth degree, which involves muscle and bones and is often blackened, leading to loss of burned part of the body (Jeschke et al, 2020). Chemical burns are less prevalent than thermal burns and occur equally at home and at work, usually in industrialized settings. This type of burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "expected. As with first-degree burns, seconddegree burns will heal on their own with appropriate care, leaving little scarring. Since both the epidermis and dermis are injured in a second-degree burn, it is known as a deep partialthickness or partial-thickness burn. Third-degree burns damage all layers of the skin and in severe cases can injure underlying structures such as muscle and bone. Burns of this type leave charred, blackened, and/or dry, pearly white areas (photos 77 and ). The patient may suffer severe pain. However, this pain is probably the result of nearby second-degree burns, as the nerve endings are often destroyed in third-degree burns. Third-degree burns heal poorly since the regenerative powers of the tissues have been lost. If left to its own resources, the burn usually will scar over from the edges where viable tissue still exists. Skin grafting is required to bring about proper healing of the burn. Thirddegree burns are also defined as full-thickness burns, as they extend throughout all dermal layers and possibly to the subcutaneous layers, muscle, and bone. Photos 77 and 78: Third-degree burns to the foot and arm. Note the blackened and pearly white areas. Some emergency health care providers have moved away from the use of first through third degree as measures of burn depth, replacing these measures with categorizations of either superficial or deep burn. Should the PHCP hear of a burn referred to as superficial, he can expect to find a burn that is reddened, swollen, and tender. A deep burn is one that is surrounded"}, {"title": "", "text": "the tendons to slide back and forth in an effort for the toes to move. A burn to the top of the foot therefore could cause adhesions which may end up restricting motion of the tendons and limit the ability to ambulate. This is also apparent in the ankle joint where once again the skin is very thin and a burn injury could impair the movement of the tendons around the ankle. The bottom of the foot is somewhat different in that the skin particularly around the heels is thick and there is much more fat on the bottom of the foot to aid in shock absorption when ambulating. This \"extra\" fat is tightly attached to the skin on the bottom of the foot. This set up allows the bottom of the foot to better absorb the shearing forces which occur when walking. Thus, destruction of the skin and closely attached fat on the bottom of the foot would make the ability to walk very difficult if this structure was destroyed. Burns may be classified based on the degree of severity. First Degree-superficial, painful burn that often appears as erythematous (redness) but without blisters. Generally will heal without scarring or discoloration. Second Degree-partial thickness (partial skin layer destruction), painful burn associated with blisters and erythema. Third Degree-full thickness (full skin layer destruction), painless burn which may have a waxy, white or necrotic (death of tissue) appearance. Will often heal with a scar or require skin grafting. Fourth Degree-full thickness, painless burn involving muscle and possibly bone."}, {"title": "", "text": "The skin is the primary protection of humans from the surroundings. And so, it is the first to be affected by the numerous stimuli and other irritants that the body encounters every second of the day. Unfortunately, it is almost always exposed to potential dangers. The most common form of injury that the skin can contract is the burn. The burn is any damage to your tissues, more commonly the skin, that can be caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or even radiation. When the skin is subjected to this, the first thing to do is to stay calm and do the proper first aid before calling professional attention, if necessary. Step 1: Assess the affected area for the extent of the burn. Burns are classified into three degrees, and your first aid solutions will be based on the degree of the burn. The first degree burn is the mildest form that affects only the topmost layer of the skin. The skin would be dry, reddish, a bit painful, and with only minor swelling. On the other hand, the second degree burn involves the skin tissues beneath the topmost layer. The skin would have blisters, appears redder, and and sometimes would even break open. This is quite painful. The most serious of all is the third degree burn, which involves all the layers of the skin, the muscles beneath it, and sometimes, even the bones. The injured may feel little pain or even numb in the area because of severe nerve damage. The skin will be dry"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ulcer formation. The practice of classifying burns in \u2018degrees\u2019 was introduced in the 18th century. Two German surgeons, Heister (1724) and Richter (1788) classified burns into four degrees: First degree: Heat, pain and small blisters. Second degree: Severe pain and large blisters. Third degree: Damage to the skin and underlying flesh, with crust formation. Fourth degree: Damage to all soft tissues down to the bone. In 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren developed a classification of burn depth after a review of the care of 50 patients. This classification divided burns into the following six degrees: First degree: Erythema. Second degree: Skin inflammation with epidermal detachment. Third degree: Partial destruction of the papillary layer and subpapillary network of the corium. Fourth degree: Destruction of the skin down to the subcuticular layer. Fifth degree: Crust formation over skin and muscle. Dupuytren\u2019s classification is still in use by some today.[39] However many modern writings tend to use a simpler three degree classification system and this may be attributed to a French surgeon, Boyer, and was introduced in the beginning of the 18th century (1814).[40] This classification divided burns into the following three degrees: Second degree: Blistering of the skin leading to superficial ulceration. Third degree: Tissue disorganization leading to a dry yellow crust. The current convention for describing burns is using depth rather than degrees; that is superficial, mixed depth and full thickness and new techniques are now in development to help physicians determine the depth of burns more accurately and objectively. These include thermal imaging[41], the use of"}, {"title": "", "text": "prevent such harm from occurring to others in the future. To learn how we can protect your interests after a serious accident or injury, call (816) 253-8606. Your initial consultation is free and confidential. How Burns Are Classified By Severity There are four classifications of burn severity, including: First degree burns \u2013 First degree burns are the mildest type of burn and typically result in light epidermal damage and redness, but do not blister the skin. Second degree burns \u2013 Second degree burns cause damage to both the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the lower layer (dermis). Second-degree burns usually result in swelling and blistering, as well as redness at the site and pain. Third degree burns \u2013 These burns involve extensive damage to both the outer and lower layer of skin, as well as damage to the underlying tissue and bone. Third degree burns often result in white or blackened skin and severe pain. Fourth degree burns \u2013 Fourth degree burns are the most severe type of burn and are usually fatal. They extend through the skin and into muscle and bone. The amount of the body which ends up being burned also dictates the severity and how doctors will go about treatment. A minor burn means that less than 10% of the body is burned in an adult, and less than 5% for a young or elderly person. A major burn is more than 20% of the body in an adult, and 10-20% for a young or elderly person. Common Causes of Burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "Free Books / Reference / The Encyclopaedia Britannica / This section is from \"The Encyclopaedia Britannica\". Also available from Amazon: Great Books of the Western World (60 Volumes). Burns And Scalds. A burn is the effect of dry heat applied to some part of the human body, a scald being the result of moist heat. Clinically there is no distinction between the two, and their classification and treatment are identical. In Dupuytren's classification, now most generally accepted, burns are divided into six classes according to the severest part of the lesion. Burns of the first degree are characterized by severe pain, redness of the skin, a certain amount of swelling that soon passes, and later exfoliation of the skin. Burns of the second degree show vesicles (small blisters) scattered over the inflamed area, and containing a clear, yellowish fluid. Beneath the vesicle the highly sensitive papillae of the skin are exposed. Burns of this degree leave no scar, but often produce a permanent discoloration. In burns of the third degree, there is a partial destruction of the true skin, leaving sloughs of a yellowish or black colour. The pain is at first intense, but passes off on about the second day to return again at the end of a week, when the sloughs separate, exposing the sensitive nerve filaments of the underlying skin. This results in a slightly depressed cicatrix, which happily, however, shows but slight tendency to contraction. Burns of the fourth degree, which follow the prolonged application of any form of intense heat, involve"}, {"title": "", "text": "in which the entire epidermis and variable portions of the dermis are destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the"}, {"title": "", "text": "destroyed. A superficial second-degree burn involves heat injury to the upper third of the dermis. The microvessels perfusing this area are injured, and permeability is increased, resulting in the leakage of large amounts of plasma into the interstitium. This fluid lifts off the thin, heat-destroyed epidermis, causing blister formation. Despite loss of the entire basal layer of the epidermis, a burn of this depth will heal in 7 to 14 days. A deep dermal(or deep second-degree) burn extends well into the dermal layer, and fewer viable epidermal cells remain. Therefore, reepithelialization is extremely slow, sometimes requiring months. The wound surface usually is red, with white areas in deeper parts. Because the remaining blood supply is marginal, there is a high probability that the tissue damage will deepen with time. A full-thickness (or third-degree) burn occurs with destruction of the entire epidermis and dermis, leaving no residual epidermal cells to repopulate the burned area. The portion of the wound not closed by wound contraction will require skin grafting. The exact depth of many deep burns cannot be defined on first appearance. A zone of ischemia is present between the dead superficial tissue and the deeper living tissue. This marginally viable tissue can be readily converted to nonviable tissue by infection or a further decrease in blood flow. Severity of Injury The size of the burn is defined as a percentage of the TBS. A useful initial guide is the rule of nines, which divides the body into areas that each represent 9% of the TBS. 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First-, second-, and third-degree burns of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded First-, second-, and third-degree _burns_ of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded First-, second-, and third-degree _burns_ of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded T21.30xA T31.53 V93.51xA Y99.0 V93.09xA Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 9. Severe sunburn of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach Severe _sunburn_ of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach Severe _sunburn_ of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach _L55.9_ X32.xxxA Y99.8 Y92.832 Y93.89 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 1. Coma due to acute barbiturate intoxication, attempted suicide _Coma_ due to acute _barbiturate intoxication,_ attempted suicide _Coma_ due to acute _barbiturate intoxication,_ attempted suicide _T42.3x2A_ R40.20 Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. 10. Toxic encephalopathy due to excessive use of aspirin Toxic _encephalopathy_ due to excessive use of _aspirin_"}, {"title": "", "text": "coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The fourth character 0 is assigned because third-degree burns affected less than 10 percent of total body surface. W30.89xA indicates that the accident was caused by farm machinery; W40.1xxA indicates explosion. T23.302A Burn of third degree of left hand, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.20xA Burn of second degree of head, face, and neck, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.211A Burn of second degree of right ear [any part, except ear drum], initial encounter T22.211A Burn of second degree of right forearm, initial encounter T23.211A Burn of second degree of right thumb (nail), initial encounter T31.10 Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns W30.89xA Contact with other specified agricultural machinery, initial encounter W40.1xxA Explosion of explosive gases, initial encounter Y92.73 Farm field as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y93.H9 Activity, other involving exterior property and land maintenance, building and construction Y99.8 Other external cause status **Comments:** The first- and second-degree burns are coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 14. Release of skin contracture due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago Release of _skin contracture_ due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago Release of _skin contracture_ due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago _L90.5_ T23.301S X00.0XXS Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionClose 1. 2. First-degree burns of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home First-degree _burns_ of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home First-degree _burns_ of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home _T54.3x1A_ T26.51xA T26.52xA T26.61xA T26.62xA T20.52xA T20.54xA T20.56xA Y99.8 Y92.009 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 3. Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree burns and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree _burns_ and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree _burns_ and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire _T31.31_ X01.8xxA Y99.0 Y92.821 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question"}, {"title": "", "text": "depth, extent and by agent (X code). Burns are classified by depth as first degree (erythema), second degree (blistering), and third degree (full-thickness involvement). Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26-T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. 1)Sequencing of burn and related condition codes Sequence first the code that reflects the highest degree of burn when more than one burn is present. a.When the reason for the admission or encounter is for treatment of external multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree. b.When a patient has both internal and external burns, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis. c.When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. 2)Burns of the same anatomic site Classify burns of the same anatomic site and on the same side but of different degrees to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded in the diagnosis (e.g., for second and third degree burns of right thigh, assign only code T24.311-). 3)Non-healing burns Non-healing burns are coded as acute burns. Necrosis of burned skin should be coded as a non-healed burn. 4)Infected burn For any documented infected burn site, use an additional code for the infection. 5)Assign separate codes for each burn site When coding burns, assign separate codes for each burn site. Category T30, Burn and corrosion, body region unspecified is extremely"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the diagnosis. A third-degree burn takes precedence over a second-degree burn, and a second-degree burn takes precedence over a first-degree burn. For example, for second- and third-degree burns of right thigh, assign only code T24.311-; no code is assigned for the second-degree burn. When coding multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree (most severe), with additional codes for the burns of other sites. For example, a patient is admitted with third-degree burns of the lower leg and first-degree and second-degree burns of the forearm. The following codes should be assigned: T24.339- | Third-degree burn of leg ---|--- T22.219- | Second-degree burn of forearm Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26\u2013T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. The circumstances of the admission will determine the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis if a patient has both internal and external burns. Codes for burns of \"multiple sites\" (e.g., T20.39-, Burn of third degree of multiple sites of head, face, and neck) should only be assigned when the medical record documentation does not specify the individual sites. When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. Codes for corrosion require that a code from categories T51 through T65, Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, be assigned first to identify chemical and intent. # Seventh-Character Values Like other injury codes, categories T20 through T28"}, {"title": "", "text": "fourth character 0 is assigned because third-degree burns affected less than 10 percent of total body surface. W30.89xA indicates that the accident was caused by farm machinery; W40.1xxA indicates explosion. Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. **3. Inpatient admission (episode 1):** The patient was admitted with burns of her right hand and fingers, including thumb, up to the wrist. She had reached into hot water, not realizing the temperature, while canning on her farm. She was taken to surgery, where an excisional debridement of the burns was carried out to prepare the wound for the graft. A split-thickness skin graft was applied over the dorsum and volar aspects of the hand. The postoperative recovery was without infection or other complication. **Discharge diagnosis:** Second- and third-degree burns, right hand and fingers (3 percent of total body surface burned, 2 percent affected by third degree). **Physician office visit (episode 2):** Both the burns and the surgical site on this woman's hand seem to be healing nicely. There was no evidence of infection. The area was rebandaged. Antibiotics were continued, and she was to return the following week. **Diagnosis:** Second- and third-degree burns, right hand and fingers. For burns of more than one degree of the same site, code to the most severe degree. Assign a code for each burn site that is specifically identified. The skin graft meets the objective of the root operation \"Replacement\"; putting in or on biological or synthetic material that physically takes the place and/or function of all or a portion of"}, {"title": "", "text": "to bonfire at beach resort while on vacation First-degree _burn_ of lower left leg and second-degree burns of left foot when adding wood to bonfire at beach resort while on vacation _T25.222A_ T24.132A X03.8xxA Y93.89 Y99.8 Y92.838 Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. 10. Infected friction burn of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa Infected _friction burn_ of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa Infected _friction burn_ of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa _T24.012A_ L08.89 V94.4xxA Y93.17 Y99.8 Y92.828 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 11. First-degree burns of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting First-degree _burns_ of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting First-degree _burns_ of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting _T23.162A_ X11.8xxA Y99.8 Y92.099 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 12. Superficial burns (dermatitis) of face and chest from a tanning bed Superficial burns ( _dermatitis_ ) of face and chest from a tanning bed Superficial burns ( _dermatitis_ ) of face and chest from a tanning bed _L56.9_ W89.1xxA Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 13. Bilateral corneal flash burn due to welding torch Bilateral corneal flash _burn_ due to welding torch Bilateral corneal flash _burn_ due to welding torch _H16.133_ W89.0xxA Get a HintShow Answer"}, {"title": "", "text": "injuries are present. In this case, the purpose of admission was to observe the patient; the minor injuries would not have required hospital admission. Additional codes are assigned for the minor injuries. Code S30.0- should not be used because it refers to the lower back rather than the upper back. Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. **16.** A patient was brought to the emergency department following a burn injury experienced in a fire at the garage where he works. He was admitted and treated for first-degree and second-degree burns of the forearm and third-degree burn of the back. When several burns are present, the burn of the highest degree takes precedence; therefore, the third-degree burn of the back is designated as the principal diagnosis. When more than one degree of burn occurs at the same site, only the code for the highest degree is assigned; therefore, only the second degree of the forearm is coded. _T21.34xA_ Third-degree burn of back, initial encounter T22.219A Second-degree burn of forearm, initial encounter X00.0xxA Exposure to flames in uncontrolled fire in building or structure, initial encounter Y92.59 Other trade areas as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y99.0 Civilian activity done for income or pay **Comment:** When several burns are present, the burn of the highest degree takes precedence; therefore, the third-degree burn of the back is designated as the principal diagnosis. When more than one degree of burn occurs at the same site, only the code for the highest degree is assigned; therefore, only the"}, {"title": "", "text": "1. 4. Acid burns to left cornea from nitric acid Acid _burns_ to left cornea from nitric acid Acid _burns_ to left cornea from nitric acid _T54.2x1A_ T26.62xA Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 5. Subsequent encounter with nonhealing first- and second-degree burns of back that occurred five weeks ago when patient's clothing caught fire in kitchen accident in his home Subsequent encounter with nonhealing first- and second-degree _burns_ of back that occurred five weeks ago when patient's clothing caught fire in kitchen accident in his home Subsequent encounter with nonhealing first- and second-degree _burns_ of back that occurred five weeks ago when patient's clothing caught fire in kitchen accident in his home _T21.24xD_ X02.0xxD X06.2xxD Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 6. Food service employee sustained first-degree and second-degree burns, thumb and two fingers, right, from kitchen fire in nursing home while cooking, initial encounter Food service employee sustained first-degree and second-degree _burns,_ thumb and two fingers, right, from kitchen fire in nursing home while cooking, initial encounter Food service employee sustained first-degree and second-degree _burns,_ thumb and two fingers, right, from kitchen fire in nursing home while cooking, initial encounter _T23.241A_ X02.8xxA Y93.G3 Y99.0 Y92.120 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 7. Farm employee admitted with severe shock due to third-degree burns of back due to uncontrolled barn fire, initial encounter Farm employee admitted with severe _shock_ due to third-degree _burns_ of back due to uncontrolled barn fire, initial encounter Farm employee admitted with severe _shock_ due to"}, {"title": "", "text": "the burn. When more than 20 percent of the body surface is involved in third-degree burns, it is advisable to assign an additional code from category T31. Burn centers sometimes use a code from category T31 as a solo code because many of their patients present with such extensive and severe burns involving many sites that coding the sites individually is difficult. Categories T31 and T32 are based on the classic \"rule of nines\" for estimating the amount of body surface involved in a burn. Physicians may modify the percentage assignments for head and neck in infants and small children because young children have proportionately larger heads than do adults. The percentage may also be modified for adults with large buttocks, abdomen, or thighs. The rule of nines establishes estimates of body surface involved, as follows: Head and neck | 9 percent ---|--- Each arm | 9 percent Each leg | 18 percent Anterior trunk | 18 percent Posterior trunk | 18 percent Genitalia | 1 percent For example, based on this rule a physician can calculate that first-degree burns involve 9 percent of the body surface, second-degree burns involve 18 percent, and third-degree burns involve 36 percent. Adding these together, 63 percent of the body was involved in some type of burn. Code T31.63 (burn of any degree involving 60\u201369 percent of body surface, with 30\u201339 percent involved in third-degree burn) could then be assigned. Coding professionals are not expected to calculate the extent of a burn, but understanding the rule of nines may help"}, {"title": "", "text": "of left lower arm skin, external approach 0HD5XZZ Extraction of chest skin, external approach **Comments:** The patient had first- and second-degree burns on the forearm, but only the highest degree is coded. Code T31.10 is assigned to identify 12 percent of the total body surface that was affected by first- and second-degree burns, with no third-degree burns. Code X04.xxxA indicates that the cause was the ignition of highly flammable material, and code Y92.830 indicates that the injury took place in a park. The activity code is assigned for grilling. Hydrotherapy codes are assigned for the two areas treated. See the Alphabetic Index under the main term **Debridement,** subterm \"nonexcisional\"; the root operation is \"Extraction.\" One code is assigned for each site debrided. Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. **2. Inpatient admission:** The patient was brought to the emergency department after being burned. He had been clearing and burning brush in a field at his farm when a gust of wind moved the fire to his tractor. There was an explosion because of the gasoline fumes, and he caught fire. He was treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, and pain medications. All in all, 14 percent of the total body surface was affected by the burns, of which 4 percent was third degree. He was transferred to a burn treatment center for surgical debridement and skin grafting. **Discharge diagnoses:** (1) First- and second-degree burns of the face, right ear, right forearm, and right thumb; (2) third-degree burns of the left hand. The first- and second-degree burns are"}, {"title": "", "text": "When the primary injury is to the blood vessels or nerves, that injury should be sequenced first. A patient suffered a blowout fracture 1 week ago and is being seen by an orthopedic consultant. Assign only the injury code. S02.3xxA A ____ fracture is a common fracture in adults in which the lower end of the radius is fractured and the wrist and hand are displaced backward. A patient is admitted with a parietal bone fracture and fracture of the left fifth rib. Assign only the injury code. S02.0xxA, S22.32xA A third-degree burn is defined as: full-thickness skin loss MVA stands for: An adverse effect is: a side effect or reaction to a drug that has been taken according to instructions Codes T31 and T32 are used: when the site of the burn is not specified When coding different degrees of burns of the same site, assign the code or codes that identify: the highest degree of the burn Examples of poisonings include: the wrong medication taken the wrong dose of a medication taken too much of a certain medication taken all of the above (correct answer) Debridements can be performed: at the bedside in the operating room by physical therapists, wound care nurses, and professionals other than physicians A nonhealing burn is coded as an acute burn. A corrosive burn is a thermal burn that is due to a heat source such as fire or a hot appliance. The residual effect is usually sequenced first followed by the appropriate sequela (late effect) code. When the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the body surface involved is estimated using the \"rule of nines,\" a guideline that is also used to help code the burn. * External cause codes are used to classify the place of occurrence as well as: * The source of the burns and corrosions, such as fire, electric current, or hot liquid * Situations such as accident, assault, and suicide * Other injuries associated with burns often require additional codes. * Certain pre-existing conditions might have an impact on the prognosis or care of the patient. These pre-existing conditions should be coded as additional diagnoses. #### Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you should be able to: * Understand the difference between first-, second-, and third-degree burns. * Properly sequence the codes for multiple burns and related conditions. * Understand how the extent of burn is calculated using the \"rule of nines.\" * Identify injuries and illnesses that might be coded in association with the burns. #### Term to Know ##### Rule of nines a tool to help physicians estimate the amount of body surface involved in a burn #### Remember . . . Burns heal at different rates. It is possible to have both healed and unhealed burns for the same episode of care. # Introduction Codes from categories T20 through T32 are assigned for burns and corrosions except radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (categories L55\u2013L59) and sunburn (L55.-). ICD-10-CM distinguishes between burns and corrosions. The burn codes are for thermal burns, except sunburns, that are a result of a heat"}, {"title": "", "text": "the right arm (4.5%), posterior trunk (18%), front and back of the right leg (18%), back of the left leg (9%) which equals 63%. 9. A 30 year old female patient has deep partial thickness burns on the front and back of the right and left leg, front of right arm, and anterior trunk. The patient weighs 63 kg. Use the Parkland Burn Formula: What is the flow rate during the FIRST 8 hours (mL/hr) based on the total you calculated? The answer is A. These are the classic characteristics of a 1st degree, superficial burn. The answer is C. Due to the location of the burns (face and neck), the patient is at major risk for respiratory issues due to damage to the upper airways and the risk of an inhalation injury. 12. A patient is in the acute phase of burn management. The patient experienced full-thickness burns to the perineum and sacral area of the body. In the patient\u2019s plan of care, which nursing diagnosis is priority at this time? The answer is C. The patient is now in the acute phase where fluid resuscitation was successful and ends with wound closure. Therefore, during this stage diuresis occurs (so fluid volume deficient could occur NOT overload) and INFECTION. The location of the burns increases the risk of infection because these areas naturally harbor bacteria. Therefore, this takes priority because during this phase wound healing is promoted. The answer is B and C. The patient has burns that completely surround the front and back of"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the diagnosis. A third-degree burn takes precedence over a second-degree burn, and a second-degree burn takes precedence over a first-degree burn. For example, for second- and third-degree burns of right thigh, assign only code T24.311-; no code is assigned for the second-degree burn. When coding multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree (most severe), with additional codes for the burns of other sites. For example, a patient is admitted with third-degree burns of the lower leg and first-degree and second-degree burns of the forearm. The following codes should be assigned: T24.339- | Third-degree burn of leg ---|--- T22.219- | Second-degree burn of forearm Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26\u2013T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. The circumstances of the admission will determine the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis if a patient has both internal and external burns. Codes for burns of \"multiple sites\" (e.g., T20.39-, Burn of third degree of multiple sites of head, face, and neck) should only be assigned when the medical record documentation does not specify the individual sites. When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. Codes for corrosion require that a code from categories T51 through T65, Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, be assigned first to identify chemical and intent. # Seventh-Character Values Like other injury codes, categories T20 through T28"}, {"title": "", "text": "coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The fourth character 0 is assigned because third-degree burns affected less than 10 percent of total body surface. W30.89xA indicates that the accident was caused by farm machinery; W40.1xxA indicates explosion. T23.302A Burn of third degree of left hand, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.20xA Burn of second degree of head, face, and neck, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.211A Burn of second degree of right ear [any part, except ear drum], initial encounter T22.211A Burn of second degree of right forearm, initial encounter T23.211A Burn of second degree of right thumb (nail), initial encounter T31.10 Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns W30.89xA Contact with other specified agricultural machinery, initial encounter W40.1xxA Explosion of explosive gases, initial encounter Y92.73 Farm field as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y93.H9 Activity, other involving exterior property and land maintenance, building and construction Y99.8 Other external cause status **Comments:** The first- and second-degree burns are coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "the burn. When more than 20 percent of the body surface is involved in third-degree burns, it is advisable to assign an additional code from category T31. Burn centers sometimes use a code from category T31 as a solo code because many of their patients present with such extensive and severe burns involving many sites that coding the sites individually is difficult. Categories T31 and T32 are based on the classic \"rule of nines\" for estimating the amount of body surface involved in a burn. Physicians may modify the percentage assignments for head and neck in infants and small children because young children have proportionately larger heads than do adults. The percentage may also be modified for adults with large buttocks, abdomen, or thighs. The rule of nines establishes estimates of body surface involved, as follows: Head and neck | 9 percent ---|--- Each arm | 9 percent Each leg | 18 percent Anterior trunk | 18 percent Posterior trunk | 18 percent Genitalia | 1 percent For example, based on this rule a physician can calculate that first-degree burns involve 9 percent of the body surface, second-degree burns involve 18 percent, and third-degree burns involve 36 percent. Adding these together, 63 percent of the body was involved in some type of burn. Code T31.63 (burn of any degree involving 60\u201369 percent of body surface, with 30\u201339 percent involved in third-degree burn) could then be assigned. Coding professionals are not expected to calculate the extent of a burn, but understanding the rule of nines may help"}, {"title": "", "text": "third-degree _burns_ of back due to uncontrolled barn fire, initial encounter _T21.34xA_ T79.4xxA X00.0xxA Y99.0 Y92.71 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 8. First-, second-, and third-degree burns of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded First-, second-, and third-degree _burns_ of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded First-, second-, and third-degree _burns_ of body; 10 percent first degree, 15 percent second degree, and 32 percent (over the trunk) third degree; patient is crew member of ferry boat steamship on which boiler exploded T21.30xA T31.53 V93.51xA Y99.0 V93.09xA Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 9. Severe sunburn of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach Severe _sunburn_ of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach Severe _sunburn_ of face, neck, and shoulders; patient spent most of the day at the beach _L55.9_ X32.xxxA Y99.8 Y92.832 Y93.89 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 1. Coma due to acute barbiturate intoxication, attempted suicide _Coma_ due to acute _barbiturate intoxication,_ attempted suicide _Coma_ due to acute _barbiturate intoxication,_ attempted suicide _T42.3x2A_ R40.20 Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. 10. Toxic encephalopathy due to excessive use of aspirin Toxic _encephalopathy_ due to excessive use of _aspirin_"}, {"title": "", "text": "**Discharge diagnoses:** (1) Second-degree burns, face, neck, and upper chest; (2) first- and second-degree burns, left forearm; (3) 12 percent of body surface affected by burns. The patient had first- and second-degree burns on the forearm, but only the highest degree is coded. Code T31.10 is assigned to identify 12 percent of the total body surface that was affected by first- and second-degree burns, with no third-degree burns. Code X04.xxxA indicates that the cause was the ignition of highly flammable material, and code Y92.830 indicates that the injury took place in a park. The activity code is assigned for grilling. Hydrotherapy codes are assigned for the two areas treated. See the Alphabetic Index under the main term **Debridement,** subterm \"nonexcisional\"; the root operation is \"Extraction.\" One code is assigned for each site debrided. T22.212A Burn of second degree of left forearm, initial encounter T20.20xA Burn of second degree of head, face, and neck, unspecified site, initial encounter T21.21xA Burn of second degree of chest wall, initial encounter T31.10 Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns X04.xxxA Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material, initial encounter Y92.830 Public park as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y93.G2 Activity, grilling and smoking food Y99.8 Other external cause status F08D5BZ Wound management treatment of integumentary system\u2014head and neck using physical agents F08F5BZ Wound management treatment of integumentary system\u2014upper back / upper extremity using physical agents 0HD1XZZ Extraction of face skin, external approach 0HD4XZZ Extraction of neck skin, external approach 0HDEXZZ Extraction"}, {"title": "", "text": "of left lower arm skin, external approach 0HD5XZZ Extraction of chest skin, external approach **Comments:** The patient had first- and second-degree burns on the forearm, but only the highest degree is coded. Code T31.10 is assigned to identify 12 percent of the total body surface that was affected by first- and second-degree burns, with no third-degree burns. Code X04.xxxA indicates that the cause was the ignition of highly flammable material, and code Y92.830 indicates that the injury took place in a park. The activity code is assigned for grilling. Hydrotherapy codes are assigned for the two areas treated. See the Alphabetic Index under the main term **Debridement,** subterm \"nonexcisional\"; the root operation is \"Extraction.\" One code is assigned for each site debrided. Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. **2. Inpatient admission:** The patient was brought to the emergency department after being burned. He had been clearing and burning brush in a field at his farm when a gust of wind moved the fire to his tractor. There was an explosion because of the gasoline fumes, and he caught fire. He was treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, and pain medications. All in all, 14 percent of the total body surface was affected by the burns, of which 4 percent was third degree. He was transferred to a burn treatment center for surgical debridement and skin grafting. **Discharge diagnoses:** (1) First- and second-degree burns of the face, right ear, right forearm, and right thumb; (2) third-degree burns of the left hand. The first- and second-degree burns are"}, {"title": "", "text": "to bonfire at beach resort while on vacation First-degree _burn_ of lower left leg and second-degree burns of left foot when adding wood to bonfire at beach resort while on vacation _T25.222A_ T24.132A X03.8xxA Y93.89 Y99.8 Y92.838 Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. 10. Infected friction burn of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa Infected _friction burn_ of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa Infected _friction burn_ of left thigh due to rope burn while water skiing barefoot at Lake Berryessa _T24.012A_ L08.89 V94.4xxA Y93.17 Y99.8 Y92.828 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 11. First-degree burns of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting First-degree _burns_ of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting First-degree _burns_ of back of left hand due to hot tap water in home where patient was visiting _T23.162A_ X11.8xxA Y99.8 Y92.099 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 12. Superficial burns (dermatitis) of face and chest from a tanning bed Superficial burns ( _dermatitis_ ) of face and chest from a tanning bed Superficial burns ( _dermatitis_ ) of face and chest from a tanning bed _L56.9_ W89.1xxA Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 13. Bilateral corneal flash burn due to welding torch Bilateral corneal flash _burn_ due to welding torch Bilateral corneal flash _burn_ due to welding torch _H16.133_ W89.0xxA Get a HintShow Answer"}, {"title": "", "text": "code to identify the specific bone that is fractured.\u200c Coding of Burns and Corrosions The ICD-10-CM makes a distinction between burns and corrosions. The burn codes are for thermal burns, except sunburns, that come from a heat source, such as a fire or hot appliance. The burn codes are also for burns resulting from electricity and radiation. Corrosions are burns due to chemicals. The guidelines are the same for burns and corrosions. Current burns (T20-T25) are classified by depth, extent and by agent (X code). Burns are classified by depth as first degree (erythema), second degree (blistering), and third degree (full-thickness involvement). Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26-T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. Sequencing of burn and related condition codes Sequence first the code that reflects the highest degree of burn when more than one burn is present. When the reason for the admission or encounter is for treatment of external multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree. When a patient has both internal and external burns, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis. When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. Burns of the same anatomic site Classify burns of the same anatomic site and on the same side but of different degrees to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded in"}, {"title": "", "text": "depth, extent and by agent (X code). Burns are classified by depth as first degree (erythema), second degree (blistering), and third degree (full-thickness involvement). Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26-T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. 1)Sequencing of burn and related condition codes Sequence first the code that reflects the highest degree of burn when more than one burn is present. a.When the reason for the admission or encounter is for treatment of external multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree. b.When a patient has both internal and external burns, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis. c.When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. 2)Burns of the same anatomic site Classify burns of the same anatomic site and on the same side but of different degrees to the subcategory identifying the highest degree recorded in the diagnosis (e.g., for second and third degree burns of right thigh, assign only code T24.311-). 3)Non-healing burns Non-healing burns are coded as acute burns. Necrosis of burned skin should be coded as a non-healed burn. 4)Infected burn For any documented infected burn site, use an additional code for the infection. 5)Assign separate codes for each burn site When coding burns, assign separate codes for each burn site. Category T30, Burn and corrosion, body region unspecified is extremely"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the diagnosis. A third-degree burn takes precedence over a second-degree burn, and a second-degree burn takes precedence over a first-degree burn. For example, for second- and third-degree burns of right thigh, assign only code T24.311-; no code is assigned for the second-degree burn. When coding multiple burns, sequence first the code that reflects the burn of the highest degree (most severe), with additional codes for the burns of other sites. For example, a patient is admitted with third-degree burns of the lower leg and first-degree and second-degree burns of the forearm. The following codes should be assigned: T24.339- | Third-degree burn of leg ---|--- T22.219- | Second-degree burn of forearm Burns of the eye and internal organs (T26\u2013T28) are classified by site, but not by degree. The circumstances of the admission will determine the principal diagnosis or first-listed diagnosis if a patient has both internal and external burns. Codes for burns of \"multiple sites\" (e.g., T20.39-, Burn of third degree of multiple sites of head, face, and neck) should only be assigned when the medical record documentation does not specify the individual sites. When a patient is admitted for burn injuries and other related conditions such as smoke inhalation and/or respiratory failure, the circumstances of admission govern the selection of the principal or first-listed diagnosis. Codes for corrosion require that a code from categories T51 through T65, Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, be assigned first to identify chemical and intent. # Seventh-Character Values Like other injury codes, categories T20 through T28"}, {"title": "", "text": "coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The fourth character 0 is assigned because third-degree burns affected less than 10 percent of total body surface. W30.89xA indicates that the accident was caused by farm machinery; W40.1xxA indicates explosion. T23.302A Burn of third degree of left hand, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.20xA Burn of second degree of head, face, and neck, unspecified site, initial encounter T20.211A Burn of second degree of right ear [any part, except ear drum], initial encounter T22.211A Burn of second degree of right forearm, initial encounter T23.211A Burn of second degree of right thumb (nail), initial encounter T31.10 Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns W30.89xA Contact with other specified agricultural machinery, initial encounter W40.1xxA Explosion of explosive gases, initial encounter Y92.73 Farm field as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y93.H9 Activity, other involving exterior property and land maintenance, building and construction Y99.8 Other external cause status **Comments:** The first- and second-degree burns are coded to the second degree only. The third-degree burn to the left hand is coded T23.302A. It is sequenced first because it reflects the highest degree of burns. Fourteen percent of the total body surface was affected by burns, of which 4 percent was affected by third-degree burns. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "late effects of injuries, the residual condition or specific type of sequela (such as scar, deformity, or paralysis) is sequenced first, followed by the injury code with the seventh-character value \"S,\" sequela. A seventh-character \"S\" is also assigned to the External cause of injury code. A current injury code is never used with a late effect code for the same type of injury. [ #### Exercise 30.6 Code the following diagnoses and assign External cause codes; sequence the codes according to the principles for coding late effects. ](ch30_assessment_6-1.xhtml) [ #### Exercise 30.7 Code the following diagnoses and procedures. Assume these are for initial encounters unless otherwise noted. Assign External cause codes where information is provided. ](ch30_assessment_7-1.xhtml) Chapter 31 # Burns #### Chapter Overview * Categories T20 through T32 are assigned for all burns and corrosions except radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and sunburn. * ICD-10-CM distinguishes between burns and corrosions. Burn codes are assigned to thermal burns from a heat source. Corrosion codes are for burns due to chemicals. * Burns are first classified by general anatomical site. A fourth character indicates the type of burn according to depth: first, second, or third degree. * Codes are sequenced to reflect the degree of the burn. The highest degree takes precedence. * Multiple burns on the same site require classification of only the highest degree of burn. * Multiple burns at different sites require sequencing the most severe burn first and using additional codes for the burns of other sites. * The extent of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 14. Release of skin contracture due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago Release of _skin contracture_ due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago Release of _skin contracture_ due to third-degree burns of the right hand that occurred in a house fire five years ago _L90.5_ T23.301S X00.0XXS Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionClose 1. 2. First-degree burns of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home First-degree _burns_ of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home First-degree _burns_ of face and both eyes, involving corneas, eyelids, nose, cheeks, and lips, due to accidental lye spill at home _T54.3x1A_ T26.51xA T26.52xA T26.61xA T26.62xA T20.52xA T20.54xA T20.56xA Y99.8 Y92.009 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. 3. Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree burns and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree _burns_ and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire Burns over 38 percent of body, with 10 percent of body involved in third-degree _burns_ and 28 percent involved in second-degree burns; paid firefighter burned in forest fire _T31.31_ X01.8xxA Y99.0 Y92.821 Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question"}, {"title": "", "text": "of left lower arm skin, external approach 0HD5XZZ Extraction of chest skin, external approach **Comments:** The patient had first- and second-degree burns on the forearm, but only the highest degree is coded. Code T31.10 is assigned to identify 12 percent of the total body surface that was affected by first- and second-degree burns, with no third-degree burns. Code X04.xxxA indicates that the cause was the ignition of highly flammable material, and code Y92.830 indicates that the injury took place in a park. The activity code is assigned for grilling. Hydrotherapy codes are assigned for the two areas treated. See the Alphabetic Index under the main term **Debridement,** subterm \"nonexcisional\"; the root operation is \"Extraction.\" One code is assigned for each site debrided. Get a HintShow Answer Next Question 1. **2. Inpatient admission:** The patient was brought to the emergency department after being burned. He had been clearing and burning brush in a field at his farm when a gust of wind moved the fire to his tractor. There was an explosion because of the gasoline fumes, and he caught fire. He was treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, and pain medications. All in all, 14 percent of the total body surface was affected by the burns, of which 4 percent was third degree. He was transferred to a burn treatment center for surgical debridement and skin grafting. **Discharge diagnoses:** (1) First- and second-degree burns of the face, right ear, right forearm, and right thumb; (2) third-degree burns of the left hand. The first- and second-degree burns are"}, {"title": "", "text": "injuries are present. In this case, the purpose of admission was to observe the patient; the minor injuries would not have required hospital admission. Additional codes are assigned for the minor injuries. Code S30.0- should not be used because it refers to the lower back rather than the upper back. Get a HintShow Answer Previous QuestionNext Question 1. **16.** A patient was brought to the emergency department following a burn injury experienced in a fire at the garage where he works. He was admitted and treated for first-degree and second-degree burns of the forearm and third-degree burn of the back. When several burns are present, the burn of the highest degree takes precedence; therefore, the third-degree burn of the back is designated as the principal diagnosis. When more than one degree of burn occurs at the same site, only the code for the highest degree is assigned; therefore, only the second degree of the forearm is coded. _T21.34xA_ Third-degree burn of back, initial encounter T22.219A Second-degree burn of forearm, initial encounter X00.0xxA Exposure to flames in uncontrolled fire in building or structure, initial encounter Y92.59 Other trade areas as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y99.0 Civilian activity done for income or pay **Comment:** When several burns are present, the burn of the highest degree takes precedence; therefore, the third-degree burn of the back is designated as the principal diagnosis. When more than one degree of burn occurs at the same site, only the code for the highest degree is assigned; therefore, only the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the body surface involved is estimated using the \"rule of nines,\" a guideline that is also used to help code the burn. * External cause codes are used to classify the place of occurrence as well as: * The source of the burns and corrosions, such as fire, electric current, or hot liquid * Situations such as accident, assault, and suicide * Other injuries associated with burns often require additional codes. * Certain pre-existing conditions might have an impact on the prognosis or care of the patient. These pre-existing conditions should be coded as additional diagnoses. #### Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you should be able to: * Understand the difference between first-, second-, and third-degree burns. * Properly sequence the codes for multiple burns and related conditions. * Understand how the extent of burn is calculated using the \"rule of nines.\" * Identify injuries and illnesses that might be coded in association with the burns. #### Term to Know ##### Rule of nines a tool to help physicians estimate the amount of body surface involved in a burn #### Remember . . . Burns heal at different rates. It is possible to have both healed and unhealed burns for the same episode of care. # Introduction Codes from categories T20 through T32 are assigned for burns and corrosions except radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (categories L55\u2013L59) and sunburn (L55.-). ICD-10-CM distinguishes between burns and corrosions. The burn codes are for thermal burns, except sunburns, that are a result of a heat"}, {"title": "", "text": "**Discharge diagnoses:** (1) Second-degree burns, face, neck, and upper chest; (2) first- and second-degree burns, left forearm; (3) 12 percent of body surface affected by burns. The patient had first- and second-degree burns on the forearm, but only the highest degree is coded. Code T31.10 is assigned to identify 12 percent of the total body surface that was affected by first- and second-degree burns, with no third-degree burns. Code X04.xxxA indicates that the cause was the ignition of highly flammable material, and code Y92.830 indicates that the injury took place in a park. The activity code is assigned for grilling. Hydrotherapy codes are assigned for the two areas treated. See the Alphabetic Index under the main term **Debridement,** subterm \"nonexcisional\"; the root operation is \"Extraction.\" One code is assigned for each site debrided. T22.212A Burn of second degree of left forearm, initial encounter T20.20xA Burn of second degree of head, face, and neck, unspecified site, initial encounter T21.21xA Burn of second degree of chest wall, initial encounter T31.10 Burns involving 10-19% of body surface with 0% to 9% third degree burns X04.xxxA Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material, initial encounter Y92.830 Public park as the place of occurrence of the external cause Y93.G2 Activity, grilling and smoking food Y99.8 Other external cause status F08D5BZ Wound management treatment of integumentary system\u2014head and neck using physical agents F08F5BZ Wound management treatment of integumentary system\u2014upper back / upper extremity using physical agents 0HD1XZZ Extraction of face skin, external approach 0HD4XZZ Extraction of neck skin, external approach 0HDEXZZ Extraction"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.01046826783567667, -0.022526860237121582, -0.02700774371623993, -0.05017886310815811, 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Since the shock, he\u2019s had three surgeries."}, {"title": "", "text": "Early physical therapy in second degree burns."}, {"title": "", "text": "lowest in 2014 (Table 5). Table 5 Comparison of the cost of burn care in different years of admission No significant difference was found between the cost of care of surgical and non-surgical management of burn injuries (p = 0.206) (Table 6). Table 6 Comparison of costs of care of surgical versus non-surgical management of burn injuries No significant difference was found between the costs of care of different types of burn injuries (p = 0.053) (Table 7). Table 7 Comparison of the costs of care of different types of burn injury There was a significant difference between burn degrees with respect to the cost of care (p = 0.038). The second degree burns incurred the highest cost of care while the third degree burns led to the lowest cost of care (Table 8). Table 8 Comparison of treatment costs by burn degree A significant difference was found between the costs of care of patients with a percent burn area of less than 10 % and those with a percent burn area of more than 10 % (p = 0.001), indicating that as percent burn area increased, a proportional increase occurred in the cost of care (Table 9). Table 9 Comparison of cost of care by percent burn area There was a significant positive correlation between age and treatment cost (r = 0.184, p = 0.003), and also between percent burn area and treatment cost (r = 0.804, p < 0.001). According to the descriptive statistics table, it was found that those who have 2.degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "or third degree, based on visual criteria. First degree burns are visually indicated by redness and blistering of the skin. Second degree burns are visually indicated by withering of the skin without charring. Third degree burns are visually indicated by eschar formation and charring. This type of classification, which has been used with only minor alterations for nearly two hundred years, is concerned chiefly with the intensity of burning and not with the depth of tissue destroyed. Only recently have burn physicians come to realize that the depth of injury is of greater importance than superficial appearance. The classification of burns that has recently been adopted has completely forsaken all reference to outward appearances, which are only an indication of the severity of surface burning. The new type of classification recognizes two degrees of burn injury. The first new classification is partial thickness skin loss, implying the presence of sufficient living epithelial elements to resurface the area. The second new classification is full-thickness skin loss, implying virtually complete destruction of all epithelial elements so that healing can only occur by contraction of the wound and epithelial cell migration from the edge of the wound or by surgical intervention. Proper treatment depends on the correct classification of the burn. Further, early differentiation between these two degrees of burns is critical for several reasons. It is better to excise dead tissue and close the wound than to allow spontaneous separation of the slough, with its attendant risks of infection, fibrosis, and loss of function. Surgical results are best"}, {"title": "", "text": "cause third-degree burns in about 60 seconds, rather than in two to seven seconds. The margin of safety has been increased as a direct consequence of this verdict. Michael G. Rosenberg .Licensed in Colorado and New Mexico Azure Communications, Inc."}, {"title": "", "text": "is very special. In fact you could call me\u2026wait for it\u2026.first degree Burns! Interview from 25th August 2010."}, {"title": "", "text": "Third degree burns due to natural gas explosion"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Early treatment of third degree burns of the entire hand]."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Healing in second degree burns. An electron microscopy study]."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Recovery after 3rd degree burns affecting more than 90% of body surface in four patients (author's transl)]."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Primary excision of third degree burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "_The Curse of Culcraig_ and _Living Lies_ www.dawnbrown.org AThere are three areas of concern. He could suffer first-, second-, or third-degree burns to his skin. Often there are areas of each. I'd keep any third-degree burns to a minimum since these are the ones that scar and often require skin grafting. First-degree burns are like a bad sunburn, and second are when blistering of the skin occurs. Hair on his head and arms and his eyebrows could be singed away. His eyes, particularly the corneas, might be damaged. This could cause visual defects and require a corneal transplant to correct. His lungs and bronchial tubes (airways) could be affected by the fire and smoke. This could be a minor irritation or a significant degree of damage that requires hospitalization, placement on a ventilator, and several weeks of treatment. And anywhere in between. I'd suggest your character suffer only a moderate degree of lung and bronchial injury, which would cause coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain for several days. The pain would burn when he breathed or coughed, much as if he had an acute bronchitis from a flu. He would be treated in the hospital for a couple of days with oxygen, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. The antibiotics might be one of the cephalosporins given IV twice each day for a few days and then orally for maybe ten days. The steroids might be something like methylprednisolone 8 milligrams IV twice a day for two or three days. After a few days to a week he"}, {"title": "", "text": "the degree of this degree. A lot of individuals don\u2019t realize that sunburn will continue to burn your pores and skin causing your burn to go from a primary or second degree burn to a second or third degree burn. Online Doctorate degree provides your ability to make to chief in enterprise, shape enterprise that will make more aggressive, affect education on the state and federal ranges by way of Internet connection to your device. Another consideration may be the number of job categories out there to a person with this degree. Place the protractor along the baseline, with the middle hole lined up with point A. Line the ruler up alongside Line angle AC to seek out the degrees alongside the outer ring. The angle marker measures the size of the smaller angle in degrees, for instance it may learn 25 degrees. After adopting a deeper method, through which I sought to actually develop my knowledge, I completed my degree with the highest grade out of anybody on the degree. You might need a proposal from a business for a selected subject and your degree might be in one other subject."}, {"title": "", "text": "was 14% \u00b1 11% (range 2-70%). Fifty-one percent of the lesions were medium and small area burns. There were a few large (25% TBSA) and extra-large (35% TBSA) area burns, the majority caused by flames. No significant relationship was observed between hot water burns and gender (p > 0.05). Distribution of the Degree of Burns Distribution of the degree of burns was 37 (78%) second-degree and 10 (2%) thirddegree burns. Third-degree burns were observed more frequently in the 4 months-2 years age range, with different etiologies (chemical burns, flame burns and contact burns), the most frequent being hot liquid burns and chemical burns (35%). Anatomically, the majority of the burns were confined to the head, face and neck (17; 36%), followed by burns of the lower extremities (10; 21%), as shown in Figure 4. There were significant differences among ages for different anatomical locations, with the medium age of face and neck burns being 2.4 years; that for lower extremity burns was 5.1 years, and that abdomen and chest burns was 5.6 years. The features of patients are reported in Table 2. Distribution of Length of Stay (LOS) The minimum length of stay (LOS) was one day, while the maximum was 69 days. The average LOS was 17 \u00b1 15 days, with a prevalence of hot liquid burns in the long LOS group. There were significant differences among TBSA groups for LOS, with a mean LOS of 44 days for the extra-large area group, 18 days for the large area group, 16 days for the medium"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-Degree Burns after the Application of a Mustard-and-Honey Body Wrap."}, {"title": "", "text": "structure, gouache ink (binder mixture or gum arabic with white pigment) was used. In sum, the methods and materials served for this academic sum are cited in this aspect in the work body. Later the interested reader will get a better understanding of the purpose and main objective of this activity. Theoretical foundations Burns are skin lesions or other tissues, usually caused by heat, electricity. Burns can be classified according to the depth: 1\u00b0, 2\u00b0 and 3\u00b0. A burn, treated with the conventional method, it takes up to eight weeks to heal, leaving permanent marks. Thus, medical researchers from Cear\u00e1 in Brazil, went to experience skin tilapia -fish traditional Brazilian method of treatment of burns of second and third degree. Exotic and unconventional treatment is bringing positive results. Burns Burns are guilty of more serious trauma that can happen to a human being. Plus fewer acres million people are disabled each year worldwide due to burns. They can be differentiated by their type (thermal burns, chemical, and electricity) and classification (1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade). These factors act on the lining of the human body, determining the partial or total destruction of the skin and its attachments, can reach deeper layers, as subcutaneous fat, muscles, tendons and bones. First grade burns Call scorch are those involving only the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Symptoms include severe pain and local redness, but with pale skin when touched. Generally improve in the range of 3 to 6 days and can exfoliate and leave no sequelae"}, {"title": "", "text": "hours, in water in 30 minutes. There are 3 degrees of general cooling: I degree - adynamic Rectal t - 33 \u00b0 \u0421. Inhibition, chills, pallor, \"goose bumps\", bradycardia 60 beats. in min and less. Objective: To teach students to determine the degree of burns and frostbite, effectively provide first aid in these conditions. Students should acquire practical skills in the care of severely ill patients, be able to draw up a first-aid kit for first aid and know the purpose of its main components. Test questions 1. Prepare for the final test on topics 15-16. 2. Definition of \"burn\"."}, {"title": "", "text": "most significant contributor to our well-being and protection, and nobody knows her name. She's the reason why the words second degree burns. Was basically coined, you know, now we call it partial thickness or whatever, but she wanted to know a better way to protect fighter pilots when they crashed her plane to protect them from burning a lot. So she was developing fabrics to protect them and her work called heat transfer through fabric. So you find a copy of that, by the way, let me know. The last one I found was $900. It was little 40 50 page book. So she got, she needed human victims to burn them on their arm. Nobody was signing up for it. But she worked at the U S Naval academy. So she voluntold 260 something sailors and they burned them on the arm right here. And she measured when that burn occurred, how long and whatnot. And that's where your TPP data comes from today. They don't obviously use human victims anymore. They use sensors and things that measure from calories to centimeters squared and how fast that energy is transferred. But to put it all into something we can understand is; at 131 degrees, My skin receives a second degree burn where my gear is saturated. And if I don't move away from that year, I'm the baked potato. And my skin increases to 140 and my pain receptors are turned off. So if I'm going to use my ears, my hand or whatever, they're"}, {"title": "", "text": "was not under pressure and must therefore have been less than 212 degrees Farenheit, and probably much less than that if the hot coffees that I purchase are indicative. Third and fourth degree burns cause considerable discomfort but are from life threatening, and treated with simple first aid. In other words, I think the woman should be responsible for her actions and did not have a legitimate claim against McDonalds. The constant high alert stress that military personnel experience in Afghanistan and Iraq do seem directly linked to an increase in PTSD cases. The rate of veteran suicide is tragic and represents an unpaid obligation from the nation to its vets. Not to belabor this, but 3rd degree burns cause blistering and 4th degree burns destroy the entire epidermis and require serious medical intervention; first aid won't cut it. She would have been at serious risk of infection and discomfort hardly describes it. I burned my thighs a few years ago from hot tea right off the stove and it was extremely painful. I had to go to the hospital and get a prescription creme for it. Maybe that's why I feel more empathy for her. Thanks for the correction on the burns; I was wrong. Nonetheless, although I feel sympathy for her injurying herself, it seems she is responsible for the injury - unless the cup was somehow defective. Placing a hot beverage between one's legs does not seem to be a very judicious move."}, {"title": "", "text": "and the hand splinted in the intrinsic plus position. With the wrist in 30 degrees of extension, the metacarpophalangeal joint is flexed and the interphalangeal joints are extended. The thumb should be maintained in an abducted position to prevent contracture of the first web space. The patient should begin a vigorous therapy program emphasizing active ROM as soon as it is tolerated. Compression garments may reduce swelling and scar hypertrophy after reepithelialization. In deep second-degree burns, excision of the remaining portion of the skin and application of a skin graft do not produce long-term results superior to those achieved with spontaneous healing. Therefore, the treatment of deep second-degree burns should be similar to that of superficial second-degree burns. Third-Degree Burns Third-degree burns involve the entire epidermis, dermis, and a portion of the subcutaneous region. These burns result in waxy dry regions often having a nontender central area, caused by burning of the neural tissue. Third-degree burns should be treated with excision within the first 3\u20137 days and a split-thickness skin graft applied to the involved areas. Fourth-Degree Burns In addition to involvement of the skin, fourth-degree burns involve deep tissues, including muscle, tendon, and bone. Often, the only effective treatment for these burns is amputation of the involved part, with appropriate soft-tissue coverage of the residual stump. Neurovascular Complications The neurovascular status of the burned hand should be carefully monitored. Massive swelling necessitates release of compartments of the hand and forearm. Digital releases are best performed by longitudinal releases along the ulnar border of the index,"}, {"title": "", "text": "First, Second, and Third Degree Burns Pupura Fuminans Stevens Johnson Syndrome Shriners Hospitals for Children \u2014 Cincinnati 3229 Burnet Ave. Cincinnati, OH 45229 News Monday, May 13, 2019 Monday, May 13, 2019 12:02 PM - Monday, May 13, 2019 12:02 PM Jason's story A young man thrives after sustaining burns that were once considered a death sentence In July of 1993, Jason was a typical 12-year-old boy growing up in the Calgary area of Canada. He and his younger brother, Ryan, were seeking a summer adventure not too far from home, so one night they decided to sleep in the family camper trailer in their back yard. Jason\u2019s recollection of what happened that night is still foggy, but he remembers getting up in the early morning hours to use the camper bathroom. The bathroom exploded, probably due to a buildup of methane. His parents were awakened by the noise to discover both boys screaming in the back yard. Maurice, the boys\u2019 father, quickly dressed while the boys\u2019 mother put Jason in a cold shower. Maurice then drove both children to the hospital. As it turned out, Ryan was much less severely burned and was able to be treated at a local hospital. Jason, on the other hand, sustained third-degree burns to 85 percent of his body, a devastating injury that only a decade or so before would have likely been lethal. A physician at the hospital knew about the reputation for pediatric burn care at Shriners Hospitals for Children and contacted a friend who was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "0.3 3.0 0.5 2.5 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 Multiple surface wounds and bruises 0.1 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - Surface wounds and bruises, n.e.c. (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 - - - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 - - - Burns and corrosions 1.9 (3)0.0 - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - 0.1 1.8 - Burns and corrosions, unspecified (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3)0.0 - Chemical burns and corrosions 0.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3)0.0 0.3 - Chemical burns and corrosions, unspecified First degree chemical burns and corrosions (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - Second degree chemical burns and corrosions Third or fourth degree chemical burns and corrosions Chemical burns and corrosions, n.e.c. Heat (thermal) burns 1.4 - - - - (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - (3)0.0 1.4 - Heat (thermal) burns, unspecified First degree heat (thermal) burns 0.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.1 - Second degree heat (thermal) burns Third or fourth"}, {"title": "", "text": "occupying more than 10 % of body surface area. This suggests that cost of care is affected by percent burn area. Ahn and Maitz (2012) also demonstrated that an increase in percent burn area was the primary factor leading to a proportional increase in cost of care. In patients with a greater percent burn area, hospitalization may be prolonged and complications may develop. Furthermore, increased use of workforce and medical materials lead to increased cost of care (Ahn and Maitz 2012). We found a significant difference between burn degrees with regard to the cost of care. Burn degree and depth are similarly known to affect patient prognosis. In our study, the cost of care of second-degree burns was greater than third degree burns. Follow-up appointments of second-degree burn injuries are recommended to be spaced more closely to avoid complications. This probably led to a higher cost by increasing the number of procedures performed and medical equipment used at each visit, increasing overall cost in our study. We failed to detect any significant difference between the cost of care of patients managed surgically versus non-surgically (p = 0.206). Jansen et al. (2012), however, reported that early surgery allowed cost saving by decreasing the duration of hospital stay. The proximity to our hospital to residential areas and small-sized workplaces led to a greater percentage of hot water-scalding injuries that presented to our emergency department. Burn degree and percent burn area were the main determinants of the cost of care of burn injuries. In conclusion, burn injuries are preventable"}, {"title": "", "text": "in joints here \u2013 I don\u2019t believe that any treatment could make them disappear in 15 minutes (I\u2019m not saying you\u2019re lying here, Chuck, just that you\u2019re mistaken). zeno October 24, 2008 at 1:00 pm Chuck: you also talked about \u20183rd degree\u2019 burns. Although we would call this a full-thickness burn in the UK, this describes a burn where the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin has been burned away, perhaps exposing muscle or bone. Even a 2nd degree (or partial-thickness) burn would have destroyed the dermis (although they can be less painful that a superficial burn). Is this really is what happened to you, then you must have seen the skin layers physically grow back before your very eyes over that 15 minute period? That would be a sight to see! However, if you really did mean a 1st degree (or superficial) burn, then it\u2019s not surprising the pain receded after 15 minutes \u2013 it would have done so whether or not you had taken any preparation. No magic required. TO: Mojo and zeno, et al. RE: Disbelief Guys, you\u2019re welcome to your disbelief. Nobody his holding an ACP to your head and telling you to take this stuff. You may not believe my honest report. But that\u2019s hardly MY problem now\u2026.is it. The those how have the courage to step out of the \u2018box\u2019 go out and get themselves the material to try it themselves. Which, by the way, I had occasion to use again yesterday while preparing lunch. My hand brushed against"}, {"title": "", "text": "first-degree burn. This is because the more severe the burn, the higher risk for the victim to accomplish the overall basic needs for life as a person. This is in line with the study conducted in Sweden showed that full-thickness burn injuries were had poor QoL than first-degree burns. 18 It is also supported by the study done in Italy showed that those patients who had severe burn were challenged by poor QoL. 20 It is also supported by the systematic review, which indicated that the severity of burns is a strong predictor of health-related quality of 21 The result also aligned with a study in Australia revealed that increased percentage of full-thickness burns per body surface area was a important predictor of poorer physical health status. 22 Those participants having larger total surface area damage were three times higher to have poor QoL than with those who had smaller surface area burned participants. This is because the participants with extensive burn are more vulnerable to different risks like widespread disfiguring, a dalliance in healing than participants who get small surface area burn. This finding is similar to evidence which showed that the higher percent of total body surface area burn had a negative impact on health dimensions. 20 It was also similar to a study done in Iran which showed that those participants who had a burn of large total body surface area were more likely to had poor quality of life than those with small body surface area victims. 23 Finding revealed that those"}, {"title": "", "text": "out of my gear. The gear is already saturated. What happens to me the second, third or fourth burn? I go in as an instructor. You know, how many after action reviews, we've done a firefighters who've been burned because they did what we just described. They went in with high TPP gear that had low THL and never realized their gear was saturated with energy and that's just from the burn perspective, that's not talking about the overall damage to your heart and all that. And I think it's fascinating to me that the three letters TPP go as far back as 1967 to Alice Stoll's work and firefighters don't know it. She's probably the most significant contributor to our well-being and protection, and nobody knows her name. She's the reason why the words second degree burns. Was basically coined, you know, now we call it partial thickness or whatever, but she wanted to know a better way to protect fighter pilots when they crashed her plane to protect them from burning a lot. So she was developing fabrics to protect them and her work called heat transfer through fabric. So you find a copy of that, by the way, let me know. The last one I found was $900. It was little 40 50 page book. So she got, she needed human victims to burn them on their arm. Nobody was signing up for it. But she worked at the U S Naval academy. So she voluntold 260 something sailors and they burned them"}, {"title": "", "text": "adults. \u2462 Major burn or critical burn: A second degree burn accounting for 20% or more of TBSA in children and 25% or more in adults, or a third degree burn accounting for 10% or more regardless of age. Not very extensive burns involving 1) critical body parts such as the face, hands and perineum; 2) injuries via inhalation; 3) severe injuries via electrical or chemical means; 4) fracture or other serious trauma; and 5) preexisting diseases, such as severe diabetes or cardiopulmonary diseases are all also termed as critical burns and included in the major burn category (Table 1). The pathophysiology of burned tissues should be first understood to manage burns properly. 1. High temperature induces rapid denaturation of proteins as well as cell injury. The degree of tissue damage is proportional to the temperature and duration of exposure, and can also be determined by the medium of heat transfer. Hot water transfers heat more rapidly to tissues (scalding burns), whereas contact thermal burns cause deeper injuries. Burns may occur not only by a very high temperatures, but even at only 6\u2103 from core temperature (37\u2103) as low-temperature burns. Body cells may be damaged and thrombi may develop immediately from a body surface temperature of 60\u2103. People with thin skin, children or elderly people may suffer deeper burns more easily. Tissues can be damaged not only by direct tissue damage via heat but also by toxic mediators, produced by generally or locally activated inflammatory responses. Inflammatory response is required in the process of would recovery,"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Grossman Burn Centers have been involved in the treatment of second degree burns and third degree burns for four decades. GBC\u2019s approach to burn care focuses on more than just patient survival. Its surgeons and health care professionals seek to restore patients to as close to their pre-injury status as possible in terms of physical ability, cosmetic appearance, and emotionally. Besides California and Arizona, the company also has a Louisiana burn center."}, {"title": "", "text": "wounds [14]. Burn healing can be regarded as a particular kind of wound healing and most of the skin reactions are the similar. The conditions for burn healing differ according to the depth of the burn wound in addition to several factors can interfere with the healing process. Consequently three zones have been known in a burn, an inner zone (coagulation zone) where cell damage is irreversible, a middle zone (statis zone) where damage is severe and an outer zone (hyperemic zone) where recovery is likely [15]. Moreover there are three degrees of burns, the first in which the epidermis only is damaged, the second where some dermal damage also occurs but where epithelial regeneration is possible and the third where both epidermis and dermis are irreversibly damaged. 1 st and 2 nd degree burns are known together as partial thickness burns. 2 nd degree burns is the deeper injury than 1 st degree burn. It involves all the epidermis and much of the corium. The deep dermal burn is of important clinical importance. Most 2 nd degree burns are characterized by blisters. They are usually accompanied by considerable subcutaneous oedema. The rate of healing is dependent upon the depth of skin destruction on whether or not presence of infection. In superficial partial thickness burns, healing usually takes place uneventfully in a period of 10 to 14 days unless infection supervenes. Deep dermal burns are injuries that extend down deep in the cornium lining of the sweat glands and their follicles. If the wound is appropriately"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Factors influencing survival of patients with third degree burns of more than 70% BSA (analysis of 67 non-survivors)]."}, {"title": "", "text": "money to burn, these expensive guitars are not the instruments to get you started. sb's ears are burning \u25aa I bet your ears were burning - Tom and I were just talking about you. \u25aa My ears are burning in the cold, but there's nothing I can do about it. third-degree burn \u25aa Is it possible to get third-degree burns from a novelty cracker? \u25aa She incurred shrapnel wounds as well as third-degree burns. \u25aa She was hospitalized in a critical condition after suffering third-degree burns, and died 21 days later. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES \u25aa A pile of branches was burning in the yard. \u25aa At one end of the room a coal fire burned brightly. \u25aa Cheap Scotch burns your throat. \u25aa Christmas lights burned brightly all around town. \u25aa Does styrofoam burn? \u25aa Don't touch the iron. You'll burn yourself. \u25aa Hard woods generally don't burn well. \u25aa Jerry was badly burned in the explosion. \u25aa Marcus burned his hand on the stove. \u25aa Most of his possessions had been burnt to a cinder. \u25aa Most of the garbage is burned in a pit behind the building. \u25aa Oh no, I burned the toast! \u25aa Oh, no! I've burnt the chicken! \u25aa Over 35 houses burned as wildfire swept through the town. \u25aa She burnt her arm on a camping stove. \u25aa She lit a fire and burned his letters one by one. \u25aa Someone had dropped a cigarette and burned a hole in the carpet. \u25aa The best protection is to get"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-Degree Skin Burn from Conventional Radiofrequency Ablation of the Inferiomedial Genicular Nerve."}, {"title": "", "text": "causes burns, but it is not a burn. If it is not a burn, then it is not a burn. If it is a burn, then it is a burn. Seems easy. The degree of a burn cannot mean it is not a burn or there wouldn't be a degree to it. The degree of the effects of the heat, if low enough, no longer qualify it, in medicine, as a burn. If it is not a burn because no damage was done, then it is in the category of near-burn. Further you have the assumption of your conclusion in your argument. Eating is, for you, some degree of slavery, so it is merely a difference in degree, hence it is slavery. Even if no one owns you and could sell you, you still want that to be defined as slavery. Slavery doesn't mean ownership. Ownership means ownership. Indeed, I own animals but do not subject them to any sort of work. They're called pets. And I could borrow your car and make it my slave for the evening, but I do not own the car. A drop of water on the ground is not a lake or an ocean. It's not even a puddle. To bacteria it is. But the intent is different. All stars are in the category of star, regardless of color. Yes but it's not for a matter of degrees, but 100% absence of certain qualifications. But all blood pressure higher than normal is considered high regardless of how high. But vocalizations"}, {"title": "", "text": "Treatment of fourth-degree hand burns."}, {"title": "", "text": "1 result(s) found for: 2013-004709-17. Displaying page 1 of 1. Medical condition: First degree burn injury in healthy volunteers who 6-8 weeks prior have had done a Inguinal herniotomy ."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Local treatment of burns of the first and second degree with badional gel]."}, {"title": "", "text": "equivalent of second degree burns everywhere before I was able to escape the reach of the flames. The Air spirits weren\u2019t as lucky as I had been. They slammed into the elemental, feeding it power as they were consumed by its blaze. I\u2019d hoped that would overload the Fire Elemental but three of them weren\u2019t quite enough to detonate it. They just made it even bigger and nastier. That was unfortunate because I was out of tricks and too damaged to fly, or even walk really. I was pretty sure I was going to be smoked by the Fire Elemental just like the team that had been fighting it when I saw a small bird shoot right through it. \u201cDad!\u201d I cried, a second before the Air spirit that was following him hit the Elemental and pushed it past its maximum strength and into \u201cinstant explosion\u201d range. The beautiful thing about Avatars is that no matter how bad the Avatar gets mashed, smashed or (in this case) burned, the person wearing the Avatar is fine. My Dad spent the next hour teasing me about forgetting that as we filled out the paperwork to officially join the Cloud Corp. It would mean starting over. It would mean being just as clueless as all of the \u201cdiaper baby kids\u201d that were in class with us. That\u2019s the way new beginnings are though, and no matter how old you are, they\u2019re more precious than you can imagine."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Treatment of 2d degree burns without pain or scar formation]."}, {"title": "", "text": "degree heat (thermal) burns Heat (thermal) burns, n.e.c. Electrical burns Electrical burns, unspecified Second degree electrical burns Other burns 0.1 (3)0.0 - - (3)0.0 - - - - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - (3)0.0 0.1 - Other burns, unspecified Other burns, first degree (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3)0.0 - Other burns, second degree (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other burns, n.e.c. Intracranial injuries 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.2 (3)0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 - - - - 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - Intracranial injuries, unspecified 0.1 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - - Cerebral and other intracranial hemorrhages (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - (3)0.0 (3)0.0 (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Multiple types of intracranial injuries (3)0.0 - - - - (3)0.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Intracranial injuries, n.e.c. Effects of environmental conditions Effects of environmental conditions, unspecified Effects of reduced temperature Effects of heat and light Effects of heat and light, unspecified Heat syncope Heat fatigue Heat exhaustion, prostration Effects of heat and light, n.e.c. Effects of air or water pressure Effects of air or water pressure, unspecified Caisson disease, bends, divers\" palsy Effects of air"}, {"title": "", "text": "last thing I remember was the doctor talking on the phone; it was a wall phone next to the door. I don\u2019t know if I passed out or if they put me to sleep. The emergency room was in a wooden building somewhat like an old wooden army barracks. The rest of my memories are fragmented but clear, if that makes sense. Treating third degree burns was always evolving and constantly changing, my case was very serious because of my age and the area of my body that was burned, so they put me in a private room and the Army assigned my father to the hospital so as to help the hospital staff with my care, one of my parents was always with me until after the second skin graft surgery. I remember that the first time I went in for skin graft surgery I was very excited, they came for me with a hospital transfer bed and they stopped just before the operating theater and checked my temperature, blood pressure, and reflexes. I was very confused and I remember that I asked, \u201cIs this it\u201d and they laughed and said \u201cWe haven\u2019t started yet\u201d. Then they wheeled me into the operating room and placed a mask over my face and dropped something on it with an eye dropper, they then asked me to count backwards from ten, I said \u201cI don\u2019t know how to count and they said do your best. The next thing I knew I was waking up sick, very sick in"}, {"title": "", "text": "epidermis and much or all of the dermis beneath but no muscle or bone. Yep. Three is my number, although I do flirt with upper 2nds in weaker moments or when rushed. I\u2019ve done a lousy job before and the proof of it is no end of pain\u20142nd-degree burns hurt\u2014it\u2019s a problem creating its own reward as I go back in to fix things up. 3rds and 4ths can be done with a lit cigarette if you try. It\u2019s all about the prolonged action of any intense form of heat. That cherry glow produced by a puff on most factory-made cigarettes produces roughly 900\u00b0F heat; a smoldering cigarette hovers around 400\u00b0F. The royal tell is not just a loss of sensation but an unmistakable leathery, hard yellow-brown surface. Snakeskin boots. Alligator hide belt. Kid gloves. Getting there takes holding the cigarette in place until the pleasure\u2019s spent. No less than one cigarette will do, with plenty of puffs in between to keep it lit, but two work better, allowing moments of leisure to enjoy the experience between drags. In a severe 2nd or 3rd the blister takes hours, not minutes, to appear. When it does, there\u2019s no change at the center, although the spot may be circled by a delicate golden pus-engorged halo. 4ths are entirely above such mess. I know I shouldn\u2019t get hung up on the numbers. Guillaume Dupuytren\u2019s original 1832 classification of burns orders a lax spectrum even if its weak logic crushes the chaos of the modern bible of psychiatric disorders, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "epidermis and much or all of the dermis beneath but no muscle or bone. Yep. Three is my number, although I do flirt with upper 2nds in weaker moments or when rushed. I\u2019ve done a lousy job before and the proof of it is no end of pain\u20142nd-degree burns hurt\u2014it\u2019s a problem creating its own reward as I go back in to fix things up. 3rds and 4ths can be done with a lit cigarette if you try. It\u2019s all about the prolonged action of any intense form of heat. That cherry glow produced by a puff on most factory-made cigarettes produces roughly 900\u00b0F heat; a smoldering cigarette hovers around 400\u00b0F. The royal tell is not just a loss of sensation but an unmistakable leathery, hard yellow-brown surface. Snakeskin boots. Alligator hide belt. Kid gloves. Getting there takes holding the cigarette in place until the pleasure\u2019s spent. No less than one cigarette will do, with plenty of puffs in between to keep it lit, but two work better, allowing moments of leisure to enjoy the experience between drags. In a severe 2nd or 3rd the blister takes hours, not minutes, to appear. When it does, there\u2019s no change at the center, although the spot may be circled by a delicate golden pus-engorged halo. 4ths are entirely above such mess. I know I shouldn\u2019t get hung up on the numbers. Guillaume Dupuytren\u2019s original 1832 classification of burns orders a lax spectrum even if its weak logic crushes the chaos of the modern bible of psychiatric disorders, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Comparing the Curative Efficacy of Different Skin Grafting Methods for Third-Degree Burn Wounds."}, {"title": "", "text": "school you know nothing about anything. But when you complete a philosophy degree you know everything about nothing. I asked my chemist friend if it took him 4 years to get his degree... He said \"Sodium Bromate.\" A Man Suffered from a 3rd degree burn in his face... So his Wife donated a piece of her butt skin for surgery. After that He got his cheeks again and Asked his Wife how he can repay her ever again. She said dear when I see your mother and sisters kissing my Ass It well be more that enough of a reward. When I was 20... and got an erection, I couldn\u2019t bend it with both hands. When I was 30, I could bend it maybe 15 degrees with both hands. When I was 40, I could bend it 30 degrees with one hand. Now that I\u2019m 50, i can bend it all over the place with 2 fingers. My question is....just how ... Having a fever made me even hotter And for the cherry on top I gained a couple degrees The Doctors told me I was just Six Degrees from dying of Kevin Bacon Fortunately, Bacon was cured. highlevelgrademagnitudeextentintensitydiplomaundergraduategraduateacademiclowpointstageexponentheighthighnessextrememaster's degreethesismoderationbachelorphdgraduateduniversitystudiesgraduationbachelorseducationgraduatesmastermeasurestudyproportionscaleratepropertyqualityelevationcalibrecaliberclimaxacmeladderstateftopcminutehonoursassociate"}, {"title": "", "text": "school you know nothing about anything. But when you complete a philosophy degree you know everything about nothing. I asked my chemist friend if it took him 4 years to get his degree... He said \"Sodium Bromate.\" A Man Suffered from a 3rd degree burn in his face... So his Wife donated a piece of her butt skin for surgery. After that He got his cheeks again and Asked his Wife how he can repay her ever again. She said dear when I see your mother and sisters kissing my Ass It well be more that enough of a reward. When I was 20... and got an erection, I couldn\u2019t bend it with both hands. When I was 30, I could bend it maybe 15 degrees with both hands. When I was 40, I could bend it 30 degrees with one hand. Now that I\u2019m 50, i can bend it all over the place with 2 fingers. My question is....just how ... Having a fever made me even hotter And for the cherry on top I gained a couple degrees The Doctors told me I was just Six Degrees from dying of Kevin Bacon Fortunately, Bacon was cured. highlevelgrademagnitudeextentintensitydiplomaundergraduategraduateacademiclowpointstageexponentheighthighnessextrememaster's degreethesismoderationbachelorphdgraduateduniversitystudiesgraduationbachelorseducationgraduatesmastermeasurestudyproportionscaleratepropertyqualityelevationcalibrecaliberclimaxacmeladderstateftopcminutehonoursassociate"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree of a burn cannot mean it is not a burn or there wouldn't be a degree to it. The degree of the effects of the heat, if low enough, no longer qualify it, in medicine, as a burn. If it is not a burn because no damage was done, then it is in the category of near-burn. Further you have the assumption of your conclusion in your argument. Eating is, for you, some degree of slavery, so it is merely a difference in degree, hence it is slavery. Even if no one owns you and could sell you, you still want that to be defined as slavery. Slavery doesn't mean ownership. Ownership means ownership. Indeed, I own animals but do not subject them to any sort of work. They're called pets. And I could borrow your car and make it my slave for the evening, but I do not own the car. A drop of water on the ground is not a lake or an ocean. It's not even a puddle. To bacteria it is. But the intent is different. All stars are in the category of star, regardless of color. Yes but it's not for a matter of degrees, but 100% absence of certain qualifications. But all blood pressure higher than normal is considered high regardless of how high. But vocalizations above normal are considered screams regardless of intensity. Actually, I think it is. But if it's a gale, then it doesn't matter the degree of a gale that is it; it's still a"}, {"title": "", "text": "a burn injury on the hand, with most injuries occurring on the ankle and foot. All injuries occurred at home, and the heat applications were prepared by the patients themselves or their caregivers. There was a higher rate of first aid adequacy in the scald-burn group than in the contact or radiation-burn group. However, only five patients (31%) received adequate first aid. The mean %TBSA was 1.54 (SD \u00b1 1.22). The mean % TBSA of scald burn was 2.67, higher than that of the others (contact burn: 1.01, radiation burn: 0.75). The majority of the burns were classified as second-(43.8%) and third-degree burns (50%). Most second-degree injuries were scald burns. In contrast, most third-degree injuries were caused by contact injuries. However, one patient had a fourth-degree burn injury caused by an electric blanket ( Figure 2A) (Table 3). | Clinical treatment and outcomes Only two patients, who had second-degree burn injuries, did not require surgery. Instead, they received hydrotherapy using Aquacel Ag (ConvaTec, Princeton, NJ, USA). Among the 14 patients requiring surgery, the average number of surgeries was 2.31. All patients underwent debridement. Specifically, 10 patients received splitthickness skin grafts, and three patients received negative-pressure wound therapy. Moreover, six patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on the affected side of the burn injury during hospitalisation. As for the non-surgical interventions, four patients underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy. All patients were discharged under stable conditions with a simple dressing. Fourteen patients were followed up at the outpatient clinic department with satisfactory recovery (Figure 4), while two patients were lost"}, {"title": "", "text": "is 160\u00baF to 180\u00baF (71-82\u00baC) yet children exposed for 5 seconds to water at 140\u00baF (60\u00baC) will sustain a full-thickness burn.P 30 P Scald injuries can be caused by any type of hot liquid including tap water, tea and coffee and thicker liquids such as soups, grease and tar,P 22 P resulting in spill or immersion patterns. Causal and physical characteristics define the features of a scald. Causal factors include the thermal agent, mechanism and intent of the injury. Physical appearance refers to the pattern with respect to depth (superficial, deep dermal, full thickness or mixed), the outline, the distribution referring to the affected body part and the extent according to the total body surface area affected.P 10 The classifications of burns commonly grade depth as first, second or third degree, and more descriptively as superficial, partial thickness or full thickness, respectively.P 18 P It is common to have several depths evident in these heterogeneous injuries.P 18 Superficial burns are classically erythematous and painful involving the intact dermis with no blistering. They heal without scarring and fluid loss is not a critical consideration.P 18 P Partial thickness burns are further divided into superficial or deep. The former involve partial destruction of the dermis, appear red with blistering, and are painful. These burns are moist and healing occurs in 7-10 days with minimal scarring. Deep partial-thickness burns penetrate to greater than 50% of the dermis. Nerve fibres are destroyed rendering them less painful and they have a white, pale appearance taking 2-3 weeks to heal.P 18 P"}, {"title": "", "text": "heat, meaning the temperature of the area within the walls will not rise significantly; however the flames themselves are extremely hot and will cause 3rd degree burns upon contact."}, {"title": "", "text": "The Establishment of the Mathematical Model of the 2ndDegree Burn Injury of Human Tissues and Its Application."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Technical notes on the first aid in burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "[Management of early and late infected third-degree burns of the hand]."}, {"title": "", "text": "The degree of heat: The effects are severe, if the heat applied is very great. The body of an adult does not burn completely in a burnt house, as the temperature usually does not exceed 650oC. For purpose of cremation, a human body has to be incinerated for one and half hours at 1000oC. The ashes weigh 2 to 3 kg., and contain bone fragments which can be identified as human. The duration of exposure: The symptoms are more severe if the heat is applied for a long time. The extent of the surface: The estimation of the surface area of the body involved is usually worked out by the \u201crule of nine\u201d, 9% for the head and each upper limb; 9% for the front of each lower limb; 9% for the front of chest; 9% for the back of chest; 9% for the front of the abdomen; and 9% for the back of abdomen, 99% of the body. The remaining 1% is for the external genitalia. Involvement of 50 percent of the body surface will prove fatal even when the burns are only of the first degree. The site: Burns of the head and neck, trunk or the anterior abdominal wall are more dangerous. Age: Children are more susceptible, old people less. Sex: Women are more susceptible. Causes of Death: (1) Primary (neurogenic) shock due to pain, etc. (2) More than half of deaths from burns occur within the first 48 hours usually from secondary shock, due to fluid loss from burned surface. (3) Toxaemia,"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Primary skin transplantation in third degree burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "years old and adults over 65.[2] Electrical burns result in about 1,000 deaths per year.[90] Lightning results in the death of about 60 people a year.[17] In Europe, intentional burns occur most commonly in middle aged men.[38] Developing countries[edit] In India, about 700,000 to 800,000 people per year sustain significant burns, though very few are looked after in specialist burn units.[91] The highest rates occur in women 16\u201335 years of age.[91] Part of this high rate is related to unsafe kitchens and loose-fitting clothing typical to India.[91] It is estimated that one-third of all burns in India are due to clothing catching fire from open flames.[92] Intentional burns are also a common cause and occur at high rates in young women, secondary to domestic violence and self-harm.[18][38] Guillaume Dupuytren (1777\u20131835), who developed the degree classification of burns Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management.[12] The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys,[93] and the 1500 BCE Edwin Smith Papyrus describes treatments using honey and the salve of resin.[12] Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by Hippocrates documented to 400 BCE, and wine and myrrh by Celsus documented to 100 CE.[12] French barber-surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9 was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s.[94] Guillaume Dupuytren expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.[12][95] The first hospital to"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Laser-induced third-degree finger burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "fossil, the carbonized meal told a story. \"Oh, Shigeru,\" his mother cried out to history. \"You died before you could even eat your lunch.\"52 Damage by Thermal Rays Degree of Damage | Distance from Hypocenter (km) | Thermal Energy (cal/cm2) ---|---|--- Hiroshima | Nagasaki Almost everything catches fire; fatal burns Conflagration occurs; third-degree burns Fires occur; second-degree burns Wood and black clothing scorch First-degree burns | 1.3 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 | 1.6 2.5 3.0\u20133.5 3.5\u20137.0 4.0\u20139.0 | 15.0 7.3 4.5 3.0 2.3 Comparative flash effects for Hiroshima and Nagasaki are gauged as minimum calories of thermal energy received at increasing distance from the atomic bombs. (Note: first-degree burns are equivalent to severe sunburn; second-degree burns produce white blistering and instant peeling with spotted coagulation; third-degree burns kill all layers of skin and include the \"alligator skin\" effect.) Under the Nagasaki hypocenter, thermal rays reached 160 calories per square centimeter, producing a ground temperature up to 50 times the boiling point of water (up to 4,000 deg. C). The melting point of iron is only 15.5 times the boiling point of water (or 1,550 deg. C). For further comparison, the thermal energy of the sun's rays reaching the ground in August at midday in Japan over a 3-second interval is 0.06 calories per square centimeter. 3.0 cal/cm2 over this same period created shadow people out to the first-degree burn zone. \u2022 10 \u2022 Legacy: To Fold a Thousand Paper Cranes Within minutes, if not seconds, people were changed. As the skies darkened beneath the spreading Urakami"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns. Gupta S, Chittoria RK, Chavan V, et al. Role of Burn Blister Fluid in Wound Healing. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2021;14(3):370-373. doi:10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_90_19 J\u00f3zsa G, T\u00f3th E, Juh\u00e1sz Zs. New dressing combination for the treatment of partial thickness burn injuries in children. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30(1):43-46. An Overview of Steam Burns Burn Pictures: A Close Look at First, Second, and Third Degree How Different Degrees of Burns Are Treated Tending to Your Skin With Radiation Burns What Is Sweat? How to Treat Any Burn Sun Blisters? Here's What to Do Natural Burn Remedies and Ointments How Bad Is an Electrical Burn? An Overview of Rug Burns Burn Blisters: What to Do and What Not to Do Silvadene Cream: How It Works and Uses What Are Skin Pigmentation Disorders? Should You Pop a Blister? Chemical and Acid Burns Is Ear Candling a Safe and Effective Way to Remove Earwax?"}, {"title": "", "text": "A serious problem in emergency medicine is the correct evaluation of skin burn depth to make the appropriate choice of treatment. In clinical practice, there is no difficulty in classifying first- and third-degree burns correctly. However, differentiation between the IIa (superficial dermal) and IIb (deep dermal) wounds is problematic even for experienced practitioners. In this work, the use of surface skin temperature for the determination of the depth of second-degree burns is explored. An analytical solution of the 3D Pennes steady-state equation is obtained assuming that the ratio between burn depth and the burn size is small. The inverse problem is posed in a search space consisting of geometrical parameters associated with the burned region. This space is searched to minimize the error between the analytical and experimental skin surface temperatures. The technique is greatly improved by using local one-dimensionality to provide the shape of the burned region. The feasibility of using this technique and thermography to determine skin burn depth is discussed."}, {"title": "", "text": "second-degree burns in fire, family struggles to recover - Story | WAGA Nelson-Ragland Family Fire Relief Video shows fireman catching baby thrown out of apartment"}, {"title": "", "text": "education level (p=0.585), marital status (p=0.249), employment status (p=0.969), economic status (p=0.947), degree of burn (p=0. 154), cause of burn (p=0. 322), taking painkiller (p=0.739) and having an underlying illness (p=1); in other words, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of these characteristics. However, due to the homogeneity of demographic variables in the two groups, the results can be considered more reliably as a result of intervention. According to Table 1, the mean age of patients in the control group was 32.66 years and the standard deviation was 8.73 years. Burned people in all groups often aged between 20 and 40 years old (76.7 percent) and the population of men and women was equal. The results of age frequency are due to the inclusion criteria where the subjects were over 18 years old. In terms of marital status, 46.7% of burned people were married. According to Table 1, the education level was as follows: 16.7% under high school diploma, 43.3% high school diploma, and 40% associate degree and above. According to the results of Table 1 in the control group, 10% of people had first-degree burn, 56.7% seconddegree burn and 33.3% third-degree burn. In the test group, over 70% had second-and third-degree burn. In terms of economic status, 95% of people were in moderate to low financial status. In connection with cause of burns, the results showed that the most frequent burns cause is direct heat with 52 percent of all people with burns. The other causes are boiling water and steam with 41% and"}, {"title": "", "text": "second-degree burns on his hands after a Marine at an Al Mumudiyah base put an alcohol-based cleaner on the Iraqis hands and then struck a match, Reuters reported. The Marine got a 90-day sentence for that incident."}, {"title": "", "text": "evaluation to evaluate burn degree, preventing burn wounds from deepening."}, {"title": "", "text": "What Do You Know About Burns? Burns can occur anytime of year, but the summertime can hold special hazards because many of us are outdoors doing yard work, grilling, or boating. Learn more about burns by taking the following quiz. 1. Which of these facts is true about burns? To prevent scalds from hot water, check your water heater setting to see that it is set at 120 degrees, the recommended temperature. At that temperature, it takes 5 minutes for a serious burn to occur, according to the American Burn Association (ABA). At higher temperatures, burns occur more quickly: At 140 degrees, for instance, it takes only 5 seconds for a serious burn to occur. And at 160 to 180 degrees\u2014the temperature at which coffee and tea are served\u2014the burn can be instantaneous. Infants, young children, and older adults are more vulnerable to burns because their skin is thinner. A. You can prevent burns by setting your water heater at 120 degrees B. Burns are the second leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 5 C. Infants and young children are more vulnerable to scald injuries D. A and C 2. What are the main causes of death among people who initially survive a severe burn? Your skin protects your body from infection, stabilizes your body temperature, and prevents fluid loss. Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Do You Know About Burns? Burns can occur anytime of year, but the summertime can hold special hazards because many of us are outdoors doing yard work, grilling, or boating. Learn more about burns by taking the following quiz. 1. Which of these facts is true about burns? To prevent scalds from hot water, check your water heater setting to see that it is set at 120 degrees, the recommended temperature. At that temperature, it takes 5 minutes for a serious burn to occur, according to the American Burn Association (ABA). At higher temperatures, burns occur more quickly: At 140 degrees, for instance, it takes only 5 seconds for a serious burn to occur. And at 160 to 180 degrees\u2014the temperature at which coffee and tea are served\u2014the burn can be instantaneous. Infants, young children, and older adults are more vulnerable to burns because their skin is thinner. A. You can prevent burns by setting your water heater at 120 degrees B. Burns are the second leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 5 C. Infants and young children are more vulnerable to scald injuries D. A and C 2. What are the main causes of death among people who initially survive a severe burn? Your skin protects your body from infection, stabilizes your body temperature, and prevents fluid loss. Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Do You Know About Burns? Burns can occur anytime of year, but the summertime can hold special hazards because many of us are outdoors doing yard work, grilling, or boating. Learn more about burns by taking the following quiz. 1. Which of these facts is true about burns? To prevent scalds from hot water, check your water heater setting to see that it is set at 120 degrees, the recommended temperature. At that temperature, it takes 5 minutes for a serious burn to occur, according to the American Burn Association (ABA). At higher temperatures, burns occur more quickly: At 140 degrees, for instance, it takes only 5 seconds for a serious burn to occur. And at 160 to 180 degrees\u2014the temperature at which coffee and tea are served\u2014the burn can be instantaneous. Infants, young children, and older adults are more vulnerable to burns because their skin is thinner. A. You can prevent burns by setting your water heater at 120 degrees B. Burns are the second leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 5 C. Infants and young children are more vulnerable to scald injuries D. A and C 2. What are the main causes of death among people who initially survive a severe burn? Your skin protects your body from infection, stabilizes your body temperature, and prevents fluid loss. Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Burns The samples were located over the digital hotplate and left to be heated and stabilized to 37.0 \u2022 C. Then contact burns were applied using a heat control metal plate. The plate was heated to 140 \u2022 C and placed directly on the skin surface for a period of time ranging from 10 s to 180 s with a constant pressure. Then emissivity measurements for the burn-damaged skin were obtained and repeated five times using the calibrated radiometer of Figure 3 and Equation (8). Then dressing materials were placed over the burn-damaged skin and the emissivity of the sample was measured using the calibrated radiometer of Figure 3 and Equation (8). Methodology 3: Skin with Different Burn Depths The samples were located over the digital hotplate and left to be heated and stabilized to 37.0 \u2022 C. The emissivities of the samples were obtained using the calibrated radiometer. Then contact burns were applied using a heat control metal plate heated to 100 \u2022 C and placed directly on the skin surface for a different period of time; start from 10 s (first degree burn), then 60 s (second degree burn), and finally 120 s (third degree burns). These periods of time were chosen as they are sufficient to produce different burn depths as assessed experimentally using samples under tests. In addition, the degree of the burns was assessed based on visual signs illustrated in Table 1. The emissivities of the samples after each application of localized heat treatments were obtained using the calibrated radiometer"}, {"title": "", "text": "proportional body surface area in children according to age [4]. Depth of the Burn Burn depth is classified into one of three types based on how deeply into the epidermis or dermis the injury might extend. Superficial burns (First Degree) involve only the epidermis and are warm, painful, red, soft and blanch when touched. Usually, there is no blistering. A typical example is a sunburn. Partial thickness burns (Second Degree) extend through the epidermis and into the dermis. The depth into the dermis can vary (superficial or deep dermis). These burns are typically very painful, red, blistered, moist, soft and blanch when touched. Examples include burns from hot surfaces, hot liquids or flame. Full-thickness burns (Third Degree) extend through both the epidermis and dermis and into the subcutaneous fat or deeper. These burns have little or no pain, can be white, brown, or charred and feel firm and leathery to palpation with no blanching. These occur from a flame, hot liquids, or superheated gasses and electric burn. 1% Silver Sulphadiazine cream: Although silver sulphadiazine (AgSD) has received wide-spread acceptance as a topical agent to control bacterial infection, especially in burn wound and is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its mechanism of action is uncertain. This compound was prepared to combine the oligodynamic action of silver with the antibacterial effect of sulphadiazine. Subsequent studies showed that the sulfonamide antagonist para-aminobenzoic acid (PAB) did not nullify silver sulphadiazine inhibition, and that the silver moiety combined in vitro with both DNA and bacteria. The sedimentation coefficient"}, {"title": "", "text": "degrees Fahrenheit, which is hot enough to cause third degree burns. \u2022 Only light fireworks on a smooth, flat surface away from the house. Also keep away from dry leaves and other flammable materials."}, {"title": "", "text": "second degree burn injury is not a constant but rather a variable. Note that the 1.2 cal/cm^2 onset to second degree burn energy for bare skin used in IEEE P1584, NFPA 70E and CSA Z462 ( dashed line on Figure 2 ) intersects with the curve produced using the Stoll's data at one (1) second point on Figure 2. This observation supports the choice of Stoll's curve that we made for evaluating the type of burn hazard expected with an arc flash.For exposures lasting less than 1 second the irradiance required for an injury would significantly increase as the duration of exposure decreased; however, the amount of incident energy required to cause a second degree burn would decrease. Equation 2 shown below is an analytical expression for the threshold line represented by Figure 2: Eb = 1.2 * t^0.3 where t is exposure time in seconds. Eb is threshold incident energy in cal/cm^2 that needs to be released during the exposure time t to cause second degree burn. Time and Threshold Incident Energy for Bare Skin Exposure vs Thermal Radiation Level Heat Flux, cal/cm^2/sec (0.1 to 30) Time to 2nd Degree Burn, sec Onset to 2nd Degree Burn Energy, cal/cm^2 As an example of using Equation 2 above, consider 1, 10 and 100kA faults in 600 Volt grounded switchgear with one (1) inch gap between conductors. The table below summarizes Arcing Current, Incident Energy and the Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) predicted using IEEE P1584 Empirical Model. We deliberately assigned arc duration to 1, 0.1, and 0.01"}, {"title": "", "text": "Examining first aid received by burn and scald patients."}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn injury is not a constant but rather a variable. Note that the 1.2 cal/cm^2 onset to second degree burn energy for bare skin used in IEEE P1584, NFPA 70E and CSA Z462 ( dashed line on Figure 2 ) intersects with the curve produced using the Stoll's data at one (1) second point on Figure 2. This observation supports the choice of Stoll's curve that we made for evaluating the type of burn hazard expected with an arc flash.For exposures lasting less than 1 second the irradiance required for an injury would significantly increase as the duration of exposure decreased; however, the amount of incident energy required to cause a second degree burn would decrease. Equation 2 shown below is an analytical expression for the threshold line represented by Figure 2: Eb = 1.2 * t^0.3 where t is exposure time in seconds. Eb is threshold incident energy in cal/cm^2 that needs to be released during the exposure time t to cause second degree burn. Time and Threshold Incident Energy for Bare Skin Exposure vs Thermal Radiation Level Heat Flux, cal/cm^2/sec (0.1 to 30) Time to 2nd Degree Burn, sec Onset to 2nd Degree Burn Energy, cal/cm^2 As an example of using Equation 2 above, consider 1, 10 and 100kA faults in 600 Volt grounded switchgear with one (1) inch gap between conductors. The table below summarizes Arcing Current, Incident Energy and the Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) predicted using IEEE P1584 Empirical Model. We deliberately assigned arc duration to 1, 0.1, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "belong to the highest age group and those who have 3.degree burns belong to the lowest age group (Table 10). Table 10 Age of the patients versus burn degree According to the descriptive statistics table, the most frequent reason of burns for the older age group is flame burnt while the most frequent reason for young age groups is contacted with hot objects (Table 11). Table 11 Patient age versus reason of burns Of the patients, those who were applied surgical intervention were older than those who were not applied surgical intervention (Table 12). Table 12 Patient age versus surgical intervention Hospitalized patients are of higher age group while those who were discharged from hospital were the lowest (Table 13). Table 13 Age of patient versus clinical outcome According to our study, there is no statistically significant difference between the patients\u2019 discharged from the hospital versus hospitalized statuses in terms of costs (p = 0.846). We consider that the reason for above concern is that the cost analysis figures were including the costs arising from patients\u2019 subsequent applications to burns outpatient department. Accordingly, we think that outpatient treatment versus inpatient treatment does not make a difference in terms of treatment costs. And despite the apparently higher costs of the patients who were applied surgical intervention; our statistical analysis has shown that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.206). Considering the variables such as the need for general anesthesia, the materials used, the necessity of multidisciplinary approach we expect the cost of"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Experimental treatment of combined third degree burns by free-skin grafts]."}, {"title": "", "text": "serious burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are devastating injuries that have the potential to kill, maim and cause great pain. First and superficial second degree burns are partial thickness burns which may heal without skin grafting as there is still healthy skin at the bottom of the burn to heal the skin from the bottom up. Full thickness or 3rd degree burns and deep 2nd degree burns most often require surgery in the form of skin graft to restore skin coverage. Patients who burn large parts of their body will often need more than one trip to the operating room for the plastic surgeon to remove the nonviable skin and replace it with skin grafts. When people are burned across joints, the burns may heal by tightening the skin and restricting joint movement. This is called joint contracture. Joint contracture occurs quite frequently in poorer countries Plastic surgeons are often called upon to provide reconstruction after burn injuries even when skin grafting is available and performed. Combinations of skin flaps and grafts are used to provide additional skin when it is required."}, {"title": "", "text": "the body, mostly the face, neck, and upper limbs. Immersion injuries frequently affect the hands, buttocks, and lower limbs. How do contact burns differ from scald burns? In contrast, a contact burn is caused by dry heat, resulting from brief or prolonged direct contact with extremely hot solid objects like irons, stoves, or electrical fixtures. They cause deep dermal or full-thickness burns with the outline corresponding to the shape of the hot object. The lesion appears blackened, is minimally painful, and frequently requires surgical intervention. Q. How are scald injuries classified in children, on the basis of body surface area and depth? The severity of scalds is assessed on the basis of depth (or layers of skin involved) and size, or the percentage of TBSA affected. Wilson's classification as first-, second-, and third-degree or superficial, partial thickness or full-thickness burns is similar in children and adults. However, in newborns and children, the commonly used \u201cRule of nine\u201d to determine the extent of TBSA affected is not applicable due to different body proportions (i.e. larger heads and smaller limbs). The Lund and Browder chart takes the age-dependent variation in surface area of different parts of the body into account [Figure 2]. A crude method is the \u201cRule of palm,\u201d whence the child's extended palm is considered 1% TBSA. Accurate measurement is also essential for calculating fluid requirements during management. Figure 2: Lund and Browder chart for calculation of affected total body surface area in children Q. What are the risk factors for accidental scald burns? Risk factors"}, {"title": "", "text": "or third degree, based on visual criteria. First degree burns are visually indicated by redness and blistering of the skin. Second degree burns are visually indicated by withering of the skin without charring. Third degree burns are visually indicated by eschar formation and charring. This type of classification, which has been used with only minor alterations for nearly two hundred years, is concerned chiefly with the intensity of burning and not with the depth of tissue destroyed. Only recently have burn physicians come to realize that the depth of injury is of greater importance than superficial appearance. The classification of burns that has recently been adopted has completely forsaken all reference to outward appearances, which are only an indication of the severity of surface burning. The new type of classification recognizes two degrees of burn injury. The first new classification is partial thickness skin loss, implying the presence of sufficient living epithelial elements to resurface the area. The second new classification is full-thickness skin loss, implying virtually complete destruction of all epithelial elements so that healing can only occur by contraction of the wound and epithelial cell migration from the edge of the wound or by surgical intervention. Proper treatment depends on the correct classification of the burn. Further, early differentiation between these two degrees of burns is critical for several reasons. It is better to excise dead tissue and close the wound than to allow spontaneous separation of the slough, with its attendant risks of infection, fibrosis, and loss of function. Surgical results are best"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Primary excision of third degree burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "a minor thermal burn, an eschar begins to separate. However, there is little if any description in the literature of the successive microscopic changes as they develop during the first 48 hours. The extent of the damage ordinarily is determined at the time of injury. Our study of the timing of subsequent histopathological changes in the early hours and days following thermal burns suggests that early medical treatment could modify some of these early changes and prevent some of the later changes. The purpose of this study was to determine, with serial biopsies, the progressive skin changes in thermal burns from the time of burning to the end of the pathological and healing process. The available literature primarily is concerned with the terminal effects of burns without particular study of the timing and characteristics of the early histopathological changes. This is reflected in the common classification of burns. According to the general classifications, first degree burns involve the epidermis, dissecting mostly the outer layers with vesication, hyperemia and sight edema of the dermis. Second degree burns more seriously involve the dermis with damage to the capillaries, hair follicles and sweat glands, with considerable edema of the dermis. In third degree burns the damage involves the entire thickness of the skin. The process of gradual formation of the eschar has been followed in these experiments, examining the gross and microscopic changes step by step after establishing a definite procedure to provide (1) a controlled procedure of burning, (2) a close examination of the initial damage to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "cause third-degree burns in about 60 seconds, rather than in two to seven seconds. The margin of safety has been increased as a direct consequence of this verdict. Michael G. Rosenberg .Licensed in Colorado and New Mexico Azure Communications, Inc."}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn injury is not a constant but rather a variable. Note that the 1.2 cal/cm^2 onset to second degree burn energy for bare skin used in IEEE P1584, NFPA 70E and CSA Z462 ( dashed line on Figure 2 ) intersects with the curve produced using the Stoll's data at one (1) second point on Figure 2. This observation supports the choice of Stoll's curve that we made for evaluating the type of burn hazard expected with an arc flash.For exposures lasting less than 1 second the irradiance required for an injury would significantly increase as the duration of exposure decreased; however, the amount of incident energy required to cause a second degree burn would decrease. Equation 2 shown below is an analytical expression for the threshold line represented by Figure 2: Eb = 1.2 * t^0.3 where t is exposure time in seconds. Eb is threshold incident energy in cal/cm^2 that needs to be released during the exposure time t to cause second degree burn. Time and Threshold Incident Energy for Bare Skin Exposure vs Thermal Radiation Level Heat Flux, cal/cm^2/sec (0.1 to 30) Time to 2nd Degree Burn, sec Onset to 2nd Degree Burn Energy, cal/cm^2 As an example of using Equation 2 above, consider 1, 10 and 100kA faults in 600 Volt grounded switchgear with one (1) inch gap between conductors. The table below summarizes Arcing Current, Incident Energy and the Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) predicted using IEEE P1584 Empirical Model. We deliberately assigned arc duration to 1, 0.1, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn injury is not a constant but rather a variable. Note that the 1.2 cal/cm^2 onset to second degree burn energy for bare skin used in IEEE P1584, NFPA 70E and CSA Z462 ( dashed line on Figure 2 ) intersects with the curve produced using the Stoll's data at one (1) second point on Figure 2. This observation supports the choice of Stoll's curve that we made for evaluating the type of burn hazard expected with an arc flash.For exposures lasting less than 1 second the irradiance required for an injury would significantly increase as the duration of exposure decreased; however, the amount of incident energy required to cause a second degree burn would decrease. Equation 2 shown below is an analytical expression for the threshold line represented by Figure 2: Eb = 1.2 * t^0.3 where t is exposure time in seconds. Eb is threshold incident energy in cal/cm^2 that needs to be released during the exposure time t to cause second degree burn. Time and Threshold Incident Energy for Bare Skin Exposure vs Thermal Radiation Level Heat Flux, cal/cm^2/sec (0.1 to 30) Time to 2nd Degree Burn, sec Onset to 2nd Degree Burn Energy, cal/cm^2 As an example of using Equation 2 above, consider 1, 10 and 100kA faults in 600 Volt grounded switchgear with one (1) inch gap between conductors. The table below summarizes Arcing Current, Incident Energy and the Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) predicted using IEEE P1584 Empirical Model. We deliberately assigned arc duration to 1, 0.1, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "adults. \u2462 Major burn or critical burn: A second degree burn accounting for 20% or more of TBSA in children and 25% or more in adults, or a third degree burn accounting for 10% or more regardless of age. Not very extensive burns involving 1) critical body parts such as the face, hands and perineum; 2) injuries via inhalation; 3) severe injuries via electrical or chemical means; 4) fracture or other serious trauma; and 5) preexisting diseases, such as severe diabetes or cardiopulmonary diseases are all also termed as critical burns and included in the major burn category (Table 1). The pathophysiology of burned tissues should be first understood to manage burns properly. 1. High temperature induces rapid denaturation of proteins as well as cell injury. The degree of tissue damage is proportional to the temperature and duration of exposure, and can also be determined by the medium of heat transfer. Hot water transfers heat more rapidly to tissues (scalding burns), whereas contact thermal burns cause deeper injuries. Burns may occur not only by a very high temperatures, but even at only 6\u2103 from core temperature (37\u2103) as low-temperature burns. Body cells may be damaged and thrombi may develop immediately from a body surface temperature of 60\u2103. People with thin skin, children or elderly people may suffer deeper burns more easily. Tissues can be damaged not only by direct tissue damage via heat but also by toxic mediators, produced by generally or locally activated inflammatory responses. Inflammatory response is required in the process of would recovery,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Early physical therapy in second degree burns."}, {"title": "", "text": "proportional body surface area in children according to age [4]. Depth of the Burn Burn depth is classified into one of three types based on how deeply into the epidermis or dermis the injury might extend. Superficial burns (First Degree) involve only the epidermis and are warm, painful, red, soft and blanch when touched. Usually, there is no blistering. A typical example is a sunburn. Partial thickness burns (Second Degree) extend through the epidermis and into the dermis. The depth into the dermis can vary (superficial or deep dermis). These burns are typically very painful, red, blistered, moist, soft and blanch when touched. Examples include burns from hot surfaces, hot liquids or flame. Full-thickness burns (Third Degree) extend through both the epidermis and dermis and into the subcutaneous fat or deeper. These burns have little or no pain, can be white, brown, or charred and feel firm and leathery to palpation with no blanching. These occur from a flame, hot liquids, or superheated gasses and electric burn. 1% Silver Sulphadiazine cream: Although silver sulphadiazine (AgSD) has received wide-spread acceptance as a topical agent to control bacterial infection, especially in burn wound and is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its mechanism of action is uncertain. This compound was prepared to combine the oligodynamic action of silver with the antibacterial effect of sulphadiazine. Subsequent studies showed that the sulfonamide antagonist para-aminobenzoic acid (PAB) did not nullify silver sulphadiazine inhibition, and that the silver moiety combined in vitro with both DNA and bacteria. The sedimentation coefficient"}, {"title": "", "text": "first-degree burn. This is because the more severe the burn, the higher risk for the victim to accomplish the overall basic needs for life as a person. This is in line with the study conducted in Sweden showed that full-thickness burn injuries were had poor QoL than first-degree burns. 18 It is also supported by the study done in Italy showed that those patients who had severe burn were challenged by poor QoL. 20 It is also supported by the systematic review, which indicated that the severity of burns is a strong predictor of health-related quality of 21 The result also aligned with a study in Australia revealed that increased percentage of full-thickness burns per body surface area was a important predictor of poorer physical health status. 22 Those participants having larger total surface area damage were three times higher to have poor QoL than with those who had smaller surface area burned participants. This is because the participants with extensive burn are more vulnerable to different risks like widespread disfiguring, a dalliance in healing than participants who get small surface area burn. This finding is similar to evidence which showed that the higher percent of total body surface area burn had a negative impact on health dimensions. 20 It was also similar to a study done in Iran which showed that those participants who had a burn of large total body surface area were more likely to had poor quality of life than those with small body surface area victims. 23 Finding revealed that those"}, {"title": "", "text": "first-degree burn. This is because the more severe the burn, the higher risk for the victim to accomplish the overall basic needs for life as a person. This is in line with the study conducted in Sweden showed that full-thickness burn injuries were had poor QoL than first-degree burns. 18 It is also supported by the study done in Italy showed that those patients who had severe burn were challenged by poor QoL. 20 It is also supported by the systematic review, which indicated that the severity of burns is a strong predictor of health-related quality of 21 The result also aligned with a study in Australia revealed that increased percentage of full-thickness burns per body surface area was a important predictor of poorer physical health status. 22 Those participants having larger total surface area damage were three times higher to have poor QoL than with those who had smaller surface area burned participants. This is because the participants with extensive burn are more vulnerable to different risks like widespread disfiguring, a dalliance in healing than participants who get small surface area burn. This finding is similar to evidence which showed that the higher percent of total body surface area burn had a negative impact on health dimensions. 20 It was also similar to a study done in Iran which showed that those participants who had a burn of large total body surface area were more likely to had poor quality of life than those with small body surface area victims. 23 Finding revealed that those"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Primary skin transplantation in third degree burns]."}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-Degree Skin Burn from Conventional Radiofrequency Ablation of the Inferiomedial Genicular Nerve."}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-Degree Burns after the Application of a Mustard-and-Honey Body Wrap."}, {"title": "", "text": "recognize in the resuscitation period. Heat loss can be decreased by closing the wound under dressings, thereby limiting air movement and decreasing the air-to-wound temperature gradient. Therefore, the burn is only cooled initially to neutralize excessive heat and to control pain in superficial second-degree burns covering less than 15% of the TBS.21 Patients with major burns must be placed in a warmed external environment to minimize heat loss. Wound d\u00e9bridement and washing should not be initiated on a large burn until the external temperature is controlled.19 Determining the Extent of Injury The wound can be categorized on the basis of size, depth, age, and other complicating factors. Table 98-3 presents the standard categorization used by the American Burn Association. Table 98\u20133. Standard Burn Categorization Critical burns Second-degree burns involving >30% TBS Third-degree burns involving >10% TBS Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury or fractures or involving critical areas such as the face, hands, feet, or perineum High-voltage electrical burns Lesser burns in patients with significant preexisting disease Moderate burns Second-degree burns involving 15%\u201330% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Third-degree burns involving 2%\u201310% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Second-degree burn involving <15% TBS Third-degree burns involving <2% TBS Controlling Infection The management of the burn wound itself depends on the status of initial cardiopulmonary function. Adequate control of the airway, maintenance of adequate gas exchange, and restoration of fluid loss must precede attempts at wound cleaning and d\u00e9bridement. Initial d\u00e9bridement consists of the elimination only of superficial,"}, {"title": "", "text": "A serious problem in emergency medicine is the correct evaluation of skin burn depth to make the appropriate choice of treatment. In clinical practice, there is no difficulty in classifying first- and third-degree burns correctly. However, differentiation between the IIa (superficial dermal) and IIb (deep dermal) wounds is problematic even for experienced practitioners. In this work, the use of surface skin temperature for the determination of the depth of second-degree burns is explored. An analytical solution of the 3D Pennes steady-state equation is obtained assuming that the ratio between burn depth and the burn size is small. The inverse problem is posed in a search space consisting of geometrical parameters associated with the burned region. This space is searched to minimize the error between the analytical and experimental skin surface temperatures. The technique is greatly improved by using local one-dimensionality to provide the shape of the burned region. The feasibility of using this technique and thermography to determine skin burn depth is discussed."}, {"title": "", "text": "second degree burns. (green line) 8 to 10 cal/cm2 for 10 seconds will cause third degree burns. (blue line) 20 to 25 cal/cm2 for 10 seconds will ignite clothing. (violet line) The equation is: Q \u2248 3000 * ( \u0192 * \u03c4 * Y / D2 ) Q = thermal flux (cal/cm2) \u0192 = thermal energy fraction ( from 0.35 to 0.40 for air bursts, 0.18 for ground bursts) \u03c4 = atmospheric transmission factor (0.6 to 0.7 at 5 miles, 0.05 to 0.1 at 40 miles. Even lower if foggy) Y = nuclear weapon yield (megatons). Please note the graph above uses kilotons, not megatons D = slant range (miles) Explosive yield / detonation height 1 kt / 200 m 20 kt / 540 m 1 Mt / 2.0 km 20 Mt / 5.4 km Thermal radiation\u2014ground range (km) Conflagration 0.5 2.0 10 30 Third degree burns 0.6 2.5 12 38 Second degree burns 0.8 3.2 15 44 First degree burns 1.1 4.2 19 53 from Wikipedia article Effects of nuclear explosions Note the table is using ground range, not slant range. A bit less than half the nuclear weapon's energy becomes atmospheric blast. This has two effects: a sharp increase in atmospheric pressure (\"overpressure\"), and incredibly strong winds. The overpressure crushes objects and collapses buildings. The wind turns lightweight objects into dangerous projectiles. In the complicated equations for figuring the area that suffers from a given overpressure, the area is proportional to Y2/3 (where Y is the weapon's yield). This is called the \"equivalent megatonnage\""}, {"title": "", "text": "second degree burns. (green line) 8 to 10 cal/cm2 for 10 seconds will cause third degree burns. (blue line) 20 to 25 cal/cm2 for 10 seconds will ignite clothing. (violet line) The equation is: Q \u2248 3000 * ( \u0192 * \u03c4 * Y / D2 ) Q = thermal flux (cal/cm2) \u0192 = thermal energy fraction ( from 0.35 to 0.40 for air bursts, 0.18 for ground bursts) \u03c4 = atmospheric transmission factor (0.6 to 0.7 at 5 miles, 0.05 to 0.1 at 40 miles. Even lower if foggy) Y = nuclear weapon yield (megatons). Please note the graph above uses kilotons, not megatons D = slant range (miles) Explosive yield / detonation height 1 kt / 200 m 20 kt / 540 m 1 Mt / 2.0 km 20 Mt / 5.4 km Thermal radiation\u2014ground range (km) Conflagration 0.5 2.0 10 30 Third degree burns 0.6 2.5 12 38 Second degree burns 0.8 3.2 15 44 First degree burns 1.1 4.2 19 53 from Wikipedia article Effects of nuclear explosions Note the table is using ground range, not slant range. A bit less than half the nuclear weapon's energy becomes atmospheric blast. This has two effects: a sharp increase in atmospheric pressure (\"overpressure\"), and incredibly strong winds. The overpressure crushes objects and collapses buildings. The wind turns lightweight objects into dangerous projectiles. In the complicated equations for figuring the area that suffers from a given overpressure, the area is proportional to Y2/3 (where Y is the weapon's yield). This is called the \"equivalent megatonnage\""}, {"title": "", "text": "Lam and many others were using, what they called, massive doses of ascorbic acid in the treatment of burns. One or two grams each day, in fluids, was the recognized dose. Burns are at the beginning first degree and some remain as just an erythema. Many times the first degree burn progresses rapidly to the second degree stage and remains as \"blisters\". Still others go on to third degree which usually is more pronounced on the third-plus post-burn day. There is a fourth stage which results from lack of knowledge in treatment. It terminates with skin grafting and plastic surgery. We believe that ascorbic acid will eliminate the fourth stage and the third stage if used as we will later program. Burns - continued descriptive and related therapies. The pathologic physiology of a burn wound from the moment of the accident is in a state of dynamic change until the wound heals or the patient dies. The primary consideration is the phenomenon of blood sludging originally recognized by Knisely in 1945.[26,27] Initially there is intravascular agglutination of red blood cells into distinctly visible, smooth, hard, rigid, basic masses. Lofstrom in 1959 demonstrated that the oxygen uptake by the tissues is greatly reduced because of the sludging and therefore reduced rate of flow. Berkeley[28] in 1960 concluded that this phenomenon of sludging or agglutination results in capillary thrombosis in the area of the burn, extending proximally to involve the large arterioles and venules and thereby creating tissue destruction greater than that originally produced by the burn. Anoxia"}, {"title": "", "text": "be used to determine the rate of tissue damage. In 1952, J.B.Perkins, H.E.Pease and H.D.Kingsley of the University of Rochester, investigated the relation of intensity of applied thermal energy to the severity of flash fire burns[6]. Comparing results of this study with those of Alice Stoll shows that a larger amount of energy is required to induce second degree burn. Results of this study are represented in Figure 1 line (B). Figure 1 line (C) shows second degree burn threshold as reported by Wordie H. Parr[7]. The results were obtained by exposing skin to laser radiation and determining dose-response relationship for producing different grades of burns. The Figure 1 shows that the Wordie H. Parr curve lies between those proposed by Alice Stoll and those proposed by the University of Rochester study. The explanation for these second degree burn threshold differences could be interpreted by the fact that thermal injury depends on energy absorbed per unit volume or mass to produce a critical temperature elevation. Skin reflectance and penetration greatly influence this absorption. Also, heat conduction in tissue is far more efficient for smaller than for larger irradiated areas and exposure to higher levels of irradiance would be possible before injury occurred. Indeed, with extensive irradiation, injury would occur at far lower level of irradiance[8]. After reviewing these three studies, it was concluded that the curve presented by Stoll is most suitable for evaluating the type of burn hazard expected with arc flash. Stoll's study is a good choice because it is more conservative than the"}, {"title": "", "text": "powerful analgesic would be liberally used to control pain, particularly with each cleaning and dressing since this process is very painful. Many third-degree burns are less painful than second-degree ones since the deep burn damages the nerves in the skin, blunting sensation. This is not always the case, however. Your character, as you pointed out and as is the case with most burn victims, would have burns of varying degrees. If the wounds began to heal and no infection was present, skin grafting of the third-degree burns would begin. Wound healing is heralded by the appearance of granulation tissue, which is red, moist, and rich in blood supply. It appears in the burned areas after one to two weeks in most victims. Many third-degree burns will not granulate. Either way, grafting could be done from several days to a couple of weeks after the burn. Sometimes longer. Infection sets everything back and increases eventual scarring. Infection and pneumonia are the most common causes of death in severe burns. # WHAT TYPE OF CANCER IS DEADLY BUT HAS NEITHER OUTWARD SIGNS NOR SYMPTOMS THAT WOULD ATTRACT ATTENTION? QIn my story, I have a guy who is murdered, but before he's killed he takes out a life insurance policy on himself naming his wife beneficiary. During his autopsy he is found to have had terminal cancer. Further investigation reveals that he was being treated by a physician and he knew he was dying. What kind of cancer could he have that would be untreatable, quickly fatal, and produce"}, {"title": "", "text": "caused a superficial second-degree scald and a 5-second scald caused a deep second-degree scald. After third-degree scald, the burn wound continued to contract until day 14. The scalding model of mice can be successfully established by the boiling water method. This method is easy to operate, it has a low cost, and it can control the scald depth by controlling the scald time. This is adequate to study skin thermal injury in the future. The scald model established by this method can last for 14 days. Keywords: Mouse model; Burn; Scald Other SectionsAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLDEGEMENTSCONFLICT OF INTERESTHow to cite this article:References INTRODUCTION The American Burn Association estimates that 450,000 burn patients are treated in medical institutions every year in the United States. 40000 of them need to be hospitalized, including 30000 in burn centers of specialized hospitals. 1 The most common etiologies requiring burn center admission are fire/flame (43%), followed narrowly by scalds (34%), contact with hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemical agents (3%). 2 Burns often cause extensive skin defects, resulting in loss of skin barrier function and inflammation. 3-8 Therefore, the wound healing time caused by burns and scalds is long, the prognosis is poor and the function recovery is poor. Generally, the burn is classified according to the depth: Superficial (first-degree) only involves skin epidermis; Superficial partial-thickness (superficial second-degree) involves superficial dermis; Deep partial-thickness (deep second-degree) involves the deeper dermis; Full-thickness (third-degree) includes the whole layer of epidermis and dermis, reaching the subcutaneous tissue, and even muscles and bones are damaged. 9"}, {"title": "", "text": "caused a superficial second-degree scald and a 5-second scald caused a deep second-degree scald. After third-degree scald, the burn wound continued to contract until day 14. The scalding model of mice can be successfully established by the boiling water method. This method is easy to operate, it has a low cost, and it can control the scald depth by controlling the scald time. This is adequate to study skin thermal injury in the future. The scald model established by this method can last for 14 days. Keywords: Mouse model; Burn; Scald Other SectionsAbstractINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLDEGEMENTSCONFLICT OF INTERESTHow to cite this article:References INTRODUCTION The American Burn Association estimates that 450,000 burn patients are treated in medical institutions every year in the United States. 40000 of them need to be hospitalized, including 30000 in burn centers of specialized hospitals. 1 The most common etiologies requiring burn center admission are fire/flame (43%), followed narrowly by scalds (34%), contact with hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemical agents (3%). 2 Burns often cause extensive skin defects, resulting in loss of skin barrier function and inflammation. 3-8 Therefore, the wound healing time caused by burns and scalds is long, the prognosis is poor and the function recovery is poor. Generally, the burn is classified according to the depth: Superficial (first-degree) only involves skin epidermis; Superficial partial-thickness (superficial second-degree) involves superficial dermis; Deep partial-thickness (deep second-degree) involves the deeper dermis; Full-thickness (third-degree) includes the whole layer of epidermis and dermis, reaching the subcutaneous tissue, and even muscles and bones are damaged. 9"}, {"title": "", "text": "day 14. In the control group, mean granulation score was 5.00 \u00b1 0.00 at baseline and increased to 2.67 \u00b1 0.88 on day 14. On day 14, a significant difference was observed between the mean granulation scores for the experimental and control regions (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Topical administration of a vitamin C solution could be effective in promoting the healing of second-degree burn wounds. Keywords: Topical Vitamin C Solution; Granulation; Wound; Burn Skin burns are among the most important challenge in medicine and remain a major public health issue worldwide (1). Skin injuries occur due to chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, radioactivity, electricity, and boiled water (2, 3). Acute thermal injuries requiring medical treatment affect nearly half a million Americans each year, with approximately 40,000 hospitalizations and 3,400 deaths annually (4). First-degree burn affects the epidermis. Superficial second-degree burns involve damage that penetrates into the papillary dermis. Deep second-degree burns involve damage extending beyond the reticular dermis. Burns that destroy all layers of the skin down to the subcutaneous fat are third-degree burns (5). First- and superficial second-degree burns heal almost without scars, while deep second-degree and third-degree burn lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars during the healing process, and patients often require reconstructive surgery (6). Wound healing is divided into three phases: inflammation, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and matrix formation and remodeling. The phases of wound repair overlap considerably. Inflammation is divided into early and late phases, denoting neutrophil-rich and mononuclear cell-rich infiltrates, respectively. Wound contraction begins after the granulation tissue is well-established, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "day 14. In the control group, mean granulation score was 5.00 \u00b1 0.00 at baseline and increased to 2.67 \u00b1 0.88 on day 14. On day 14, a significant difference was observed between the mean granulation scores for the experimental and control regions (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Topical administration of a vitamin C solution could be effective in promoting the healing of second-degree burn wounds. Keywords: Topical Vitamin C Solution; Granulation; Wound; Burn Skin burns are among the most important challenge in medicine and remain a major public health issue worldwide (1). Skin injuries occur due to chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, radioactivity, electricity, and boiled water (2, 3). Acute thermal injuries requiring medical treatment affect nearly half a million Americans each year, with approximately 40,000 hospitalizations and 3,400 deaths annually (4). First-degree burn affects the epidermis. Superficial second-degree burns involve damage that penetrates into the papillary dermis. Deep second-degree burns involve damage extending beyond the reticular dermis. Burns that destroy all layers of the skin down to the subcutaneous fat are third-degree burns (5). First- and superficial second-degree burns heal almost without scars, while deep second-degree and third-degree burn lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars during the healing process, and patients often require reconstructive surgery (6). Wound healing is divided into three phases: inflammation, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and matrix formation and remodeling. The phases of wound repair overlap considerably. Inflammation is divided into early and late phases, denoting neutrophil-rich and mononuclear cell-rich infiltrates, respectively. Wound contraction begins after the granulation tissue is well-established, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "anything but their survival. All suffered second-, third-, and fourth-degree burns over more than 50 percent of their bodies. All had leathery eschar encircling torsos or limbs, requiring escharotomies (incising of the burned skin to allow it to split, so that deeper tissues are not compressed by swelling). Still deeper burns required fasciotomies (incising the fascia that divides muscle compartments, to allow swollen muscle tissue to expand). For some, the deepest burns would even necessitate limb amputations. Critically burned patients are maintained in a chemically induced coma during initial treatment, which may last weeks, or even months. Their respiration supported by a ventilator, burn victims often \"lose\" months of their lives, later awakening to a very different reality. If they are lucky. Skin that has suffered third-degree burn cannot be left in place, lest it become a breeding ground for infection. It must be removed within a few days of injury by cutting, called debridement. Charred skin is cut away, revealing fat, muscle, or even bone, depending upon the depth and location of the burn. In order to prevent fluid loss and infection, the debrided site must be covered with some kind of graft. When patients cannot immediately spare sufficient healthy skin of their own, debrided areas are temporarily covered with cadaver skin or a collagen-based product called \"artificial skin.\" Such measures are only stopgaps. Eventually, all debrided areas must be grafted with the patient's own skin. But how can patients with few unburned areas of their body spare sufficient skin to graft everywhere else? The"}, {"title": "", "text": "non-blistered skin, second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin, third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance. Second degree burns spread in beneath of epidermis and into the dermis. 9,14,[16][17][18] Many researchers investigated on second degree burns wound using Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine to be efficient in wound healing process. 17 Afshar et al. showed that Emu oil can have a positive effect on burns wound healing. 19 Hmmati et al. showed the healing effect of n-hexan dichloromethane extract root Onosma bulbotrichum in second degree burns. 18 Khorasani et al. showed that saffron (Crocus sativus) could help the accelerating wound healing in second degree burn injuries. 20 Gupta et al showed that honey dressings made the wounds sterile in less time, and increased the second degree burn wound healing. 14 Akhoondinasab et al, found that wound healing was more noticeable in Aloe vera group and also, they showed that the speed of wound healing was better in Aloe vera group than silver sulfadiazine group. 21 In this research, histological epithelization and neovascularization assessment showed that epithelization and neovascularization in vaseline group were less and the time of burn wound contraction was shorter in the herbal ointment group during mentioned times. The mixture of sesame oil, camphor and honey was assessed for first time on healing of second degree burn wound injuries in rat with successful results. So it can be concluded that herbal ointment of sesame oil, camphor and honey had a significant effect on epithelization and neovascularization. Also, the time"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injury is considered a global health issue. Third degree burn wounds do not heal spontaneously and require skin grafts. Some factors could contribute to wound healing. In this study we assessed the effect of non-fatty omental cells in burn wound healing. Similar third degree burn wounds were induced on the back of 192 rats. Forty-eight of these rats were put in a control group that did not receive any treatment. The rest of the rats were put in 3 groups, each receiving a different treatment regime. Rats in group 2 had a daily application of silver sulfadiazine; group 3 rats were injected with omental cells, and group 4 rats were injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) once, followed by daily application of Vaseline to the burned region. Parameters such as open epidermis length, number of epidermal cell layers, granulation tissue thickness (GTT) and neutrophil density were evaluated in each group. The average open epidermis length in the omental cell group was less than in the other groups on days 10 and 20 (P<0.05). The thickness of epidermal cell layers in the group receiving cells was greater than in the other groups on all days. On the 20th day, there was a significant difference in GTT between the four groups (P<0.05). The injection of non-fatty omental cells has a positive effect on third degree burn wounds in rats."}, {"title": "", "text": "Treatment of Second to Third-Degree Burns in A 2-Day-Old Infant: A Case Report Burn injuries in newborns are particularly complex cases. Since these patients are rare, there is little experience and no existing standardized treatment. This report examines a case of accidental second to third-degree burning of the heel and toes on the left foot in a new-born girl. The burns covered an estimated 1% of the total body surface area (TBSA). After an initial debridement and 32 days of non-surgical wound therapy with Adaptic\u00ae fat gauze dressings, we were able to achieve an aesthetically and functionally satisfactory result including the complete preservation of all toes. Modern wound treatment following the principle of less frequent dressing changes allows the burn wound to have better re-epithelialization. New findings in stem cell research indicate that the high proportion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in postnatal blood is also involved in the regeneration and healing of burns. To our knowledge, this is the first case report dealing with initial non-surgical combustion therapy in a newborn. In order to eliminate a scar contracture, we carried out a Z-plasty one year later. INTRODUCTION Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Austria Burns in children can have far more serious consequences than in adults, since even small burns already occupy a large percentage of the body surface. 1 Depending on exposure time and intensity, the thermal damage can affect purely the superficial papillary as well as the deep reticular dermis. The healing of such wounds usually takes 2"}, {"title": "", "text": "Most of the 2.5 million Americans who seek medical attention for burns each year can be successfully managed as outpatients. Mainstays of treatment are proper wound cleaning, unroofing and debriding of most blisters, and topical chemoprophylaxis for all second- and third-degree burns. Early surgical evaluation for possible excision and grafting is necessary for third-degree burns, deep second-degree burns and infected burns. Systemic antibiotic therapy alone is insufficient for infected burns. Hospitalization is mandated for most fire-related inhalation injuries."}, {"title": "", "text": "A burn refers to the damage caused to the skin, and sometimes deeper structures, by heat (flame, scald, contact, electricity), chemical agents or radiation. Methods of first-aid treatment of burns are varied, imprecise and sometimes harmful. This article deals with the major principles involved in first-aid, which when implemented will limit the damage created by the burn. The medical profession must be aware of what can be achieved and the necessary steps in the initial treatment of the burn. The profession is called upon to offer first-aid, to give advice and to lecture on accidents in our community, so it is necessary to have a clear plan of treatment."}, {"title": "", "text": "loved one that has some neuropathies, maybe as you get older you don't feel as much in certain areas of your body, they leave it in the same place, they get left alone, maybe they don't have as much movement or ability to get away from it when it does get hot, and people don't realize it'll actually cause a second degree burn over just a few hours of time of exposure. So they really should be used for short durations of time and really pose a lot of risk to breaking the skin and having a significant burn injury, and even nationally, this is a surprising stat that most people don't realize, is that there is a risk of actual death. So there are reported deaths nationally from heating pad burn injuries. Interviewer: So it's not the intensity of heat, it's the heat plus the time, it sounds like. So what's the difference between like if I put a heating pad on my back and fall asleep versus an elderly person, is their skin like thinner or something or? Brad Wiggens: Sure, so there skin is a little bit thinner or more frail, but they don't have nearly the best circulation that you and I have at a younger age. So definitely there're at a higher risk because their skin doesn't heal as well. So you're heating up an area, damaging it, you're causing inflammation and then you're trying to heal that injury, so it is a little bit more complicated because of their age,"}, {"title": "", "text": "be added to the list of first aid treatments because they are minor injuries that are exempt from the requirements of the Act. Omission of first degree and second degree burns receiving only first aid treatment from this list is inconsistent with the recording criteria listed for burns of the skin in [proposed] Appendix B\" (Ex. 15: 260). The Chemical Manufacturers Association recommended that OSHA add \"[b]urns that require only one-time treatment. Subsequent observations and changing of bandages does not constitute medical treatment\" (Ex. 15: 301). The former Recordkeeping Guidelines listed the treatment of first degree burns as an example of first aid treatment and did not consider such treatment to be recordable (Ex. 2, p. 43). In the final rule, OSHA has decided not to include burn treatments on the first aid list. If first, second, or third degree burns result in days away from work, restricted work activity, or medical treatment beyond first aid, such as prescription drugs or complex removal of foreign material from the wound, they will rise to the level that requires recording. Taking this approach means that burns will be treated just as other types of injury are, i.e., minor burn injuries will not be recordable, while more serious burns will be recorded because they will involve medical treatment. For example, a small second degree burn to the forearm that is treated with nothing more than a bandage is not recordable. A larger or more severe second degree burn that is treated with prescription creams or antibiotics, or results in"}, {"title": "", "text": "wounds [14]. Burn healing can be regarded as a particular kind of wound healing and most of the skin reactions are the similar. The conditions for burn healing differ according to the depth of the burn wound in addition to several factors can interfere with the healing process. Consequently three zones have been known in a burn, an inner zone (coagulation zone) where cell damage is irreversible, a middle zone (statis zone) where damage is severe and an outer zone (hyperemic zone) where recovery is likely [15]. Moreover there are three degrees of burns, the first in which the epidermis only is damaged, the second where some dermal damage also occurs but where epithelial regeneration is possible and the third where both epidermis and dermis are irreversibly damaged. 1 st and 2 nd degree burns are known together as partial thickness burns. 2 nd degree burns is the deeper injury than 1 st degree burn. It involves all the epidermis and much of the corium. The deep dermal burn is of important clinical importance. Most 2 nd degree burns are characterized by blisters. They are usually accompanied by considerable subcutaneous oedema. The rate of healing is dependent upon the depth of skin destruction on whether or not presence of infection. In superficial partial thickness burns, healing usually takes place uneventfully in a period of 10 to 14 days unless infection supervenes. Deep dermal burns are injuries that extend down deep in the cornium lining of the sweat glands and their follicles. If the wound is appropriately"}, {"title": "", "text": "Severe burn injuries create large skin defects that render the host susceptible to bacterial infections. Burn wound infection often causes systemic sepsis and severe septicemia, resulting in an increase in the mortality of patients with severe burn injuries. Therefore, appropriate wound care is important to prevent infection and improve patient outcomes. However, it is difficult to heal a third-degree burn injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hyperdry human amniotic membrane (HD-AM) could promote early granulation tissue formation after full-thickness skin excision in third-degree burn injury sites in mice."}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-degree burn mouse treatment using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 2."}, {"title": "", "text": "The typical changes in microcirculation immediately following burn trauma include cellular and gross anatomical changes. At the cellular level, we see an increase of vascular permeability and an increased risk of microthrombus. At the macro level, we see three concentric circles developing around the wound after cutaneous burns, ranging from interior to exterior and termed the zone of necrosis, the zone of stasis and the zone of hyperemia . The microcirculation in the zone of stasis is characterized by the formation of progressive microthrombus. The location of the zone of stasis varies according to the depth of the burns. Burns affecting dermis are termed second-degree burns while third-degree burns involve the full-thickness of skin as well as subcutaneous tissues. The ultimate burn depth is determined by the development of the stasis zone, which may extend full-thickness, arresting blood circulation and causing tissue necrosis resulting in third-degree burn. However, if there is some improvement in the microcirculation in the zone of stasis, deep second-degree burns will rarely deteriorate into third-degree burns. BRT was designed to deal with the zone of stasis by improving the microcirculation, avoiding the formation of microthrombus and thereby arresting progressive necrosis. Recent research suggests that significant release of vascular active factors in plasma, endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO), has a close correlation with the deterioration of vulnerable tissue within the zone of stasis during the early postburn stage[2-4]. ET and NO released from the burn wound become the primary source of ET and NO in plasma. The studies during the previous decade"}, {"title": "", "text": "wounds [1,2]. Burn severity is divided by the percentage of total body surface area burned, depth, location and patient age [3]. Burns are commonly classified as first-degree and superficial second-degree burns when only the epidermis and part of the dermis are damaged [1,4,5]. For wound healing, rapid healing occurs in 1 to 2 weeks, and scar formation is uncommon in these cases [3]. However, it takes much longer for severe burns, such as deep second-degree and third-degree burns, to heal, and these patients are more susceptible to infections, organ dysfunction and hypertrophic scarring [1]. Severe thermal burns can cause devastating consequences, both functionally and cosmetically [4], and can involve damage to muscles, bones, vasculature and dermal and epidermal tissues, as well as extreme pain due to nerve injuries [5]. The pathophysiological cascades caused by the increased capillary permeability, vascular resistance and changed platelet aggregation after burns may increase the risk of death and burn shock [1,5]. A series of treatment strategies, including surgical management, intensive care, wound nursing, adapted nutrition and sterile confinement, have been attempted, but great challenges still need to be overcome. Stem cells, which have multidirectional differentiation potential, have been applied to cure various intractable diseases (Table 1) ( Figure 1) and have also been considered a potential alternative for burn treatment. Stem cells in skin tissue occupy a significant position in normal wound healing and skin homeostasis regulation, and their capabilities for healing burn wounds have also been demonstrated in recent studies. Furthermore, several animal researches have investigated the therapeutic potential of"}, {"title": "", "text": "necessary to understand the effects of thermal trauma on the skin. To name the few, are the works done by Alice M. Stoll, J.B.Perkins, H.E.Pease, H.D.Kingsley and Wordie H. Parr. Tests were performed on a large number of anaesthetized pigs and rats exposed directly to fire. Some tests were also performed on human volunteers on the fronts of the thorax and forearms. A variety of studies on thermal effects have been performed and thermal thresholds were identified for different degree burns. We will focus on second degree burn as this is the kind of burn used to determine the arc flash boundary in engineering arc flash analysis studies. Alice Stoll pursued the basic concept that burn injury is ultimately related to skin tissue temperature elevation for a sufficient time. Stoll and associates performed experimental research to determine the time it takes for second degree burn damage to occur for a given heat flux exposure. Stoll showed that regardless of the mode of application of heat, the temperature rise and therefore the tolerance time is related to heat absorbed by the skin[4]. Results of this study are represented in Figure 1 line (A) along with other studies discussed below. Figure 1. Stoll Criterion Time to Second Degree Burn for Various Incident Heat fluxes on Bare Human Skin. A. Stoll found that the results from her experiments could be predicted using Henrique's burn integral[5]. Henriques and Moritz were the first to describe skin damage as a chemical rate process and show that first order Arrhenius rate equation could"}, {"title": "", "text": "necessary to understand the effects of thermal trauma on the skin. To name the few, are the works done by Alice M. Stoll, J.B.Perkins, H.E.Pease, H.D.Kingsley and Wordie H. Parr. Tests were performed on a large number of anaesthetized pigs and rats exposed directly to fire. Some tests were also performed on human volunteers on the fronts of the thorax and forearms. A variety of studies on thermal effects have been performed and thermal thresholds were identified for different degree burns. We will focus on second degree burn as this is the kind of burn used to determine the arc flash boundary in engineering arc flash analysis studies. Alice Stoll pursued the basic concept that burn injury is ultimately related to skin tissue temperature elevation for a sufficient time. Stoll and associates performed experimental research to determine the time it takes for second degree burn damage to occur for a given heat flux exposure. Stoll showed that regardless of the mode of application of heat, the temperature rise and therefore the tolerance time is related to heat absorbed by the skin[4]. Results of this study are represented in Figure 1 line (A) along with other studies discussed below. Figure 1. Stoll Criterion Time to Second Degree Burn for Various Incident Heat fluxes on Bare Human Skin. A. Stoll found that the results from her experiments could be predicted using Henrique's burn integral[5]. Henriques and Moritz were the first to describe skin damage as a chemical rate process and show that first order Arrhenius rate equation could"}, {"title": "", "text": "scent from the first to last burn."}, {"title": "", "text": "Trinity--from lab bench to bedside to population--a glimmer from the National Burn Respiratory. From the inception of our laboratory, we have been interested in the dynamic nature of burn wounds. We know that burn depth continues to progress well after the thermal insult based on our animal model. Transitioning to the bedside our hypothesis further matured to view evolution of partial thicknessto full thickness-injury analogous to \u201cstung myocardium\u201d or the watershed of a CNS stroke; there is viable tissue to be rescued. Further benefit from this line of investigation will hinge upon its connection toand demonstration in the burn population at large. Increasing fraction of third-degree burns proves to be a dramatic predictor of mortality in a near-complete statistical essay. This month\u2019s Glimmer from the National Burn Repository (NBR) casually examines another populationderived facet of the problem: the change in percent composition of secondand third-degree burns during the last decade. Figures 1 and 2 visually represent a complex characteristic of individual burn victims included in the national database for injury years 1995 and 2005, respectively. Each diamond represents a unique patient, positioned in a ternary plot, based on the recorded fraction of no-burn, second-degree and thirddegree injury. Data in ternary plots always sum up to 100%; therefore, this graphing method lends itself neatly to the task at hand. With our stated interest in burn depth conversion and its prevention, we clearly have a need-to-know these relative distributions. However, so many other important avenues of burns research are well served by carefully pouring over the images. For"}, {"title": "", "text": "Less than 30% burns Second degree burns Recent burns within 48 h Patient's age more than 15 years More than 30% burns First degree burns Third degree burns Electrical burns Second degree burn wounds of approximately equal size present on both half of the body were selected. General management of the patients, as well as the initial management of the wound regarding cleaning and debridement was the same for both halves of the body. Patients were also given intra venous fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics and intramuscular analgesics according to need. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied on one side and equally thin layer of Raal ointment was applied on the other side. These applications were done twice daily. After application, we preferred to leave burn wound open. No closed dressings were done. Both wounds were assessed for following parameters: Rate of healing Resultant scar After 24 h and 48 h after treatment pain was assessed by using visual analogue scale. [4] Infection was assessed by visually inspecting for the presence of pus under the dressing. Pus when present was sent for culture and sensitivity. Rate of healing was measured by the number of days required for complete epithelization of wound. Patients were examined daily until complete epithelization of wound occurred. The patients were then followed-up at 10 and 14 weeks and the resultant scars between the two groups were compared using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS). [5] Pain was measured on visual analog scale at 24 and 48 h after applying dressing. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Less than 30% burns Second degree burns Recent burns within 48 h Patient's age more than 15 years More than 30% burns First degree burns Third degree burns Electrical burns Second degree burn wounds of approximately equal size present on both half of the body were selected. General management of the patients, as well as the initial management of the wound regarding cleaning and debridement was the same for both halves of the body. Patients were also given intra venous fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics and intramuscular analgesics according to need. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied on one side and equally thin layer of Raal ointment was applied on the other side. These applications were done twice daily. After application, we preferred to leave burn wound open. No closed dressings were done. Both wounds were assessed for following parameters: Rate of healing Resultant scar After 24 h and 48 h after treatment pain was assessed by using visual analogue scale. [4] Infection was assessed by visually inspecting for the presence of pus under the dressing. Pus when present was sent for culture and sensitivity. Rate of healing was measured by the number of days required for complete epithelization of wound. Patients were examined daily until complete epithelization of wound occurred. The patients were then followed-up at 10 and 14 weeks and the resultant scars between the two groups were compared using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS). [5] Pain was measured on visual analog scale at 24 and 48 h after applying dressing. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "markedly impaired. As a consequence, the barrier to heat loss is also impaired, a fact that is extremely important to recognize in the resuscitation period. Heat loss can be decreased by closing the wound under dressings, thereby limiting air movement and decreasing the air-to-wound temperature gradient. Therefore, the burn is only cooled initially to neutralize excessive heat and to control pain in superficial second-degree burns covering less than 15% of the TBS.21 Patients with major burns must be placed in a warmed external environment to minimize heat loss. Wound d\u00e9bridement and washing should not be initiated on a large burn until the external temperature is controlled.19 Determining the Extent of Injury The wound can be categorized on the basis of size, depth, age, and other complicating factors. Table 98-3 presents the standard categorization used by the American Burn Association. Table 98\u20133. Standard Burn Categorization Critical burns Second-degree burns involving >30% TBS Third-degree burns involving >10% TBS Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury or fractures or involving critical areas such as the face, hands, feet, or perineum High-voltage electrical burns Lesser burns in patients with significant preexisting disease Moderate burns Second-degree burns involving 15%\u201330% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Third-degree burns involving 2%\u201310% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Minor burns Second-degree burn involving <15% TBS Third-degree burns involving <2% TBS Controlling Infection The management of the burn wound itself depends on the status of initial cardiopulmonary function. Adequate control of the airway, maintenance of adequate gas exchange,"}, {"title": "", "text": "markedly impaired. As a consequence, the barrier to heat loss is also impaired, a fact that is extremely important to recognize in the resuscitation period. Heat loss can be decreased by closing the wound under dressings, thereby limiting air movement and decreasing the air-to-wound temperature gradient. Therefore, the burn is only cooled initially to neutralize excessive heat and to control pain in superficial second-degree burns covering less than 15% of the TBS.21 Patients with major burns must be placed in a warmed external environment to minimize heat loss. Wound d\u00e9bridement and washing should not be initiated on a large burn until the external temperature is controlled.19 Determining the Extent of Injury The wound can be categorized on the basis of size, depth, age, and other complicating factors. Table 98-3 presents the standard categorization used by the American Burn Association. Table 98\u20133. Standard Burn Categorization Critical burns Second-degree burns involving >30% TBS Third-degree burns involving >10% TBS Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury or fractures or involving critical areas such as the face, hands, feet, or perineum High-voltage electrical burns Lesser burns in patients with significant preexisting disease Moderate burns Second-degree burns involving 15%\u201330% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Third-degree burns involving 2%\u201310% TBS (but not involving the face, hands, feet, or perineum) Minor burns Second-degree burn involving <15% TBS Third-degree burns involving <2% TBS Controlling Infection The management of the burn wound itself depends on the status of initial cardiopulmonary function. Adequate control of the airway, maintenance of adequate gas exchange,"}, {"title": "", "text": "degrees Fahrenheit, which is hot enough to cause third degree burns. \u2022 Only light fireworks on a smooth, flat surface away from the house. Also keep away from dry leaves and other flammable materials."}, {"title": "", "text": "number of second and third degree thermal burns in patients treated with the 433-MHz technique (27%), compared with the patients treated with the 2450-MHz technique (67%) ( Table 4). Second-degree burns generally healed within 2 months without treatment. Third-degree burns required 4\u00d06 months of conservative treatment to heal. As these burns preferably develop at sites of limited sensitivity, they generally caused minimal symptoms. Clinically relevant late toxicity was observed in a minority of patients. Part of the late effects of RT had been present before the start of the combined treatment, because of the previous radiation. Moderate pigmentation was observed in three patients, moderate telangiectasis in three, and subcutaneous fibrosis in 19. Ulcerations were found in 14 patients, nine of whom had this ulceration at the tumour site before treatment. Ulceration without persistent tumour was present at last follow-up in five patients. In three of these patients, this was at the site of a HT-induced burn. In two patients, the ulceration resulted from radiation damage: one in the axilla where at the start of the combined treatment severe telangiectasis was present because of previous irradiation with 50 Gy, and a second in a patient treated for an ulcerating tumour in the intact breast who had severe fibrosis because of previous RT (60 Gy). Bone necrosis, fracture or brachial plexopathy were not observed. Prognostic factors Influencing complete response and duration of local control The probability of achieving a CR decreased if patients had been previously treated with chemotherapy (P < 0.01) or hormonal therapy (P < 0.02),"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Healing in second degree burns. An electron microscopy study]."}, {"title": "", "text": "X-ray, sunlight, ultraviolet, and so forth. Among them, the thermal injuries are leading cause of burn (86%), followed by electrical sources (4%) and contacting with chemical sources (3%), and other sources of burns (7%) [1]. Note that flame and scald burns account for the majority of burns in children and adults. Thermal burn causes not only a small or local injury which can be treated at home or outpatient but also the severe and fatal injuries which require the in-hospital treatment. The World Health Organization estimates that thermal burns account for approximated 6.6 million injuries and 300 thousand deaths annually over the world [1]. Furthermore, Kemp et al. (2017) also suggest that 25,000 children who suffered from burns or scald require the Emergency Department admission in English and Wales each year, of which 3,800 patients must receive in-hospital treatment [2]. The severity of burn is evaluated by the extent and the depth of burn. The extent of burn is estimated through total body surface area burn (% TBSA) whereas the depth of burn is estimated by the deep extent of injury into the epidermis or dermis. If the burn extent involves only the epidermis, thus it is classified as superficial burn (first degree). When the burn involves epidermis and dermis, it is categorized as partial thickness burn (second degree). The other burn is full-thickness burn (third degree) which extend into subcutaneous fat or deeper. Thermal burns resulted in both local injuries and a systemic response, in case of severe burn (% TBSA > 20%). Deep and"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Early treatment of third degree burns of the entire hand]."}, {"title": "", "text": "Relationship between ultraviolet index (UVI) and first-, second- and third-degree sunburn using the Probit methodology."}, {"title": "", "text": "Comparing the Curative Efficacy of Different Skin Grafting Methods for Third-Degree Burn Wounds."}, {"title": "", "text": "STUDIES ON THE QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF CERTAIN TREATMENTS IN THE HEALING OF EXPERIMENTAL THIRD DEGREE BURNS."}, {"title": "", "text": "an injury was intentional e.g. suspected child abuse. It is known that scald severity is related to water temperature and duration of exposure; however since minimal study has been done on fresh human skin, the ability to apply these findings to practice is limited. Available data lack precision and do not account for differences in age, or ethnicity. Given the high stakes of these determinations, we sought to improve the accuracy of available data tables. Patients undergoing elective removal of healthy skin (e.g. abdominoplasty) donated the removed tissue for this experiment. Immediately after surgical removal, skin was cut into 2cm x 2cm samples and was exposed to water baths of varying temperature for intervals starting at 1 second, and increasing in length by 1 second per trial until second and third degree burns were visualized. In the pilot study, skin was obtained from four women of Caucasian and Hispanic descent. As seen in Table 1, time to 2nd and 3rd degree burn decreased rapidly as water temperature increased. Differences in time to burn were noted at lower temperatures, with variability decreasing with increasing temperature. There is variability in time to scald in human skin at lower temperatures, which narrows with increasing water temperature. We are expanding this pilot study to a larger sample size in order to build a robust reference tool for use by the burn community. Background and Objective: The aim of this project was to investigate non-elective laparoscopic appendectomies to determine whether or not irreversible antithrombotic therapy adversely impacts the patient. Methods: A"}, {"title": "", "text": "an injury was intentional e.g. suspected child abuse. It is known that scald severity is related to water temperature and duration of exposure; however since minimal study has been done on fresh human skin, the ability to apply these findings to practice is limited. Available data lack precision and do not account for differences in age, or ethnicity. Given the high stakes of these determinations, we sought to improve the accuracy of available data tables. Patients undergoing elective removal of healthy skin (e.g. abdominoplasty) donated the removed tissue for this experiment. Immediately after surgical removal, skin was cut into 2cm x 2cm samples and was exposed to water baths of varying temperature for intervals starting at 1 second, and increasing in length by 1 second per trial until second and third degree burns were visualized. In the pilot study, skin was obtained from four women of Caucasian and Hispanic descent. As seen in Table 1, time to 2nd and 3rd degree burn decreased rapidly as water temperature increased. Differences in time to burn were noted at lower temperatures, with variability decreasing with increasing temperature. There is variability in time to scald in human skin at lower temperatures, which narrows with increasing water temperature. We are expanding this pilot study to a larger sample size in order to build a robust reference tool for use by the burn community. Background and Objective: The aim of this project was to investigate non-elective laparoscopic appendectomies to determine whether or not irreversible antithrombotic therapy adversely impacts the patient. Methods: A"}, {"title": "", "text": "to a burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "seconds 12.5 Wood produces ignitable volatiles by pyrolysis 10.4 Human skin: Pain after 3 seconds, second-degree burn blisters after 9 seconds 6.4 Human skin: second-degree burn blisters after 18 seconds 2.5 Human skin: burns after prolonged exposure, radiant flux exposure typically encountered during firefighting 1.4 Sunlight, sunburns potentially within 30 minutes. Sunburn is NOT a thermal burn. It is caused by cellular damage due to ultraviolet radiation. Interchange of energy Radiant heat panel for testing precisely quantified energy exposures at National Research Council, near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Thermal radiation is one of the three principal mechanisms of heat transfer. It entails the emission of a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation due to an object's temperature. Other mechanisms are convection and conduction. Radiation heat transfer is characteristically different from the other two in that it does not require a medium and, in fact it reaches maximum efficiency in a vacuum. Electromagnetic radiation has some proper characteristics depending on the frequency and wavelengths of the radiation. The phenomenon of radiation is not yet fully understood. Two theories have been used to explain radiation; however neither of them is perfectly satisfactory. First, the earlier theory which originated from the concept of a hypothetical medium referred as ether. Ether supposedly fills all evacuated or non-evacuated spaces. The transmission of light or of radiant heat are allowed by the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the ether.[11] Electromagnetic waves have similar characteristics to television and radio broadcasting waves they only differ in wavelength.[12] All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed; therefore, shorter"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Recovery after 3rd degree burns affecting more than 90% of body surface in four patients (author's transl)]."}, {"title": "", "text": "This article describes a simple and safe model of partial and full thickness burn injury in rats of different ages, which will be essential in our future burn research to explore the age-related mechanism of wound repair and new therapies for burn injuries. A self-made metal column, which was heated in a boiling water bath, was applied for different time periods to the lower back of rats of different ages in burn creation. Wounds were observed visibly at different time points postburn. Biopsies were obtained and examined at 72-hour postburn to determine the depth of burns. The contact durations producing the desired depth of injury in the rat model under constant temperature and pressure were: 3 seconds (deep second degree) and 5 seconds (third degree) in 1-month-old rats; 3 seconds (superficial second degree), 5 seconds (deep second degree), and 7-9 seconds (third degree) in 2-month-old rats; 3-5 seconds (superficial second degree), 7-9 seconds (deep second degree), and 11-13 seconds (third degree) in 12- and 18-month-old rats. This reliable and reproducible experimental model produces consistent burn injuries in rats of different ages by regulating the contact durations, which will help us to understand the underlying pathophysiology of burn injuries and develop novel therapeutic modalities for burn patients of different ages."}, {"title": "", "text": "This clinical study was undertaken to test the efficacy of topical Sucralfate Cream in second and third degree burns. Topical Sucralfate Cream has been used on a wide variety of lesions from radiation proctitis and dermatitis to keratoconjunctivitis with remarkable results. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase comprised 60 patients, 30 of whom were treated with Sucralfate Cream while the other 30 were treated with other topical antimicrobial agents. Twenty-one of the patients in the study group had second-degree burns and nine patients' third degree burns. In the second phase, a double blind study was carried out on 25 patients where one area of burns was treated with Sucralfate Cream while another control area of the same patient was treated with a placebo ointment, containing the excipients used during preparation of the Sucralfate Cream, without Sucralfate. In the first phase, it was seen that the period of epithelialisation of second degree burns in the study group treated with Sucralfate Cream was 18.8 days compared with 24.6 days with other topical agents. This difference is statistically significant with a P value of <0.00001. In the double blind study, also healing in the areas treated with Sucralfate was more rapid than those treated with bland placebo ointment. The difference in the two rates of healing was statistically significant with a P value of 0.00067. Histopathological studies were also carried out in 10 patients of phase I of the trial. Sucralfate Cream promotes rapid epithelialisation of second degree burns with minimal said effects and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Acute burns of the oesophago-gastro-duodenal tract require an immediate diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Early endoscopy has been shown to assist greatly in determining the further treatment of corrosive injury. The main task of radiology is to detect perforations. While first degree burns cause hardly any therapeutic problems, second and third degree burns require intensive care right from the start. Later, possible stricture formation warrants chief attention. Early corticosteroid treatment seems to be effective in preventing stricture development in second degree burns."}, {"title": "", "text": "A serious problem in emergency medicine is the correct evaluation of skin burn depth to make the appropriate choice of treatment. In clinical practice, there is no difficulty in classifying first- and third-degree burns correctly. However, differentiation between the IIa (superficial dermal) and IIb (deep dermal) wounds is problematic even for experienced practitioners. In this work, the use of surface skin temperature for the determination of the depth of second-degree burns is explored. An analytical solution of the 3D Pennes steady-state equation is obtained assuming that the ratio between burn depth and the burn size is small. The inverse problem is posed in a search space consisting of geometrical parameters associated with the burned region. This space is searched to minimize the error between the analytical and experimental skin surface temperatures. The technique is greatly improved by using local one-dimensionality to provide the shape of the burned region. The feasibility of using this technique and thermography to determine skin burn depth is discussed."}, {"title": "", "text": "the Binninger [12] scale of somewhere between 10% and 50%. With a reflective cloud layer above the fireball, radiation can double, so a 10% fire ignition probability become 50%, while a 50% probability becomes 90% due to the fire ignition probability distribution. This results in the three categories of thermal burn injuries, including first degree burns which are primarily confined to the epidermis, second degree burns which extend to some extent into the underlying dermis, and the third degree burns (or full thickness burn) which involves the entire dermis. Thermal fluences necessary for the first, second and third degree burn levels were taken from Fig. 12.65 of Glasstone & Dolan [9]. The number of uncertainties in a complex environment such as that of a modern city immediately after a nuclear explosion remains high and active debate continues about what constitutes sufficient thermal fluence for mass fires. Blast effects Blast was calculated for psi values that generally followed the National Planning Scenarios [16], (Table 1) using the Defense Nuclear Agency's WE program [18], and for distances corresponding to significant thermal events ( Table 2). This results in the various categories of trauma related injuries, including primary injuries (such as tympanic membrane destruction in the ears due to the overpressure wave), secondary injuries (such as eye injuries and cuts on exposed limbs from wind-blown glass and other debris), tertiary injuries (trauma injuries resulting from the actual impact of a flying human body against structures, or from the tumbling of the body), and quaternary injuries (severe trauma resulting from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Most of the 2.5 million Americans who seek medical attention for burns each year can be successfully managed as outpatients. Mainstays of treatment are proper wound cleaning, unroofing and debriding of most blisters, and topical chemoprophylaxis for all second- and third-degree burns. Early surgical evaluation for possible excision and grafting is necessary for third-degree burns, deep second-degree burns and infected burns. Systemic antibiotic therapy alone is insufficient for infected burns. Hospitalization is mandated for most fire-related inhalation injuries."}, {"title": "", "text": "stuff that comes out of a kettle is not steam. Note that a sauna is not filled with steam. Because the water will inflict a first-degree burn in 0.25 seconds, causing pain. But the burn will take almost 30 seconds to progress to third degree, where the pain will stop due to complete destruction of the nerves. Steam, while at the same temperature, will not cool off in contact with your skin. It will remain at 100C as it converts to liquid, releasing the same energy as cooling the mere water from 100C to 0C, 4 times over. A direct steam burn will cause third degree burns within 5 seconds, stopping the pain. Thus, steam \"feels\" less hot than water, at 100C I strongly suspect the OP is asking the difference is sensation between moderately hot hater (70C tea water), and the wafts of water vapor over a boiling pot (~ 20C above room temperature) answered Jun 1, 2021 at 6:34 PcManPcMan $\\begingroup$ What are your sources for your burn times? I'd like to see what sorts of flow rates/ volumes where involved as it will have a significant impact on heat transfer rates. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Rick Jun 1, 2021 at 20:20 $\\begingroup$ @Rick for the water, contact with more water than skin by volume. For steam, about 1m/s flow rate or faster. (about what you get at the spout of a rapidly boiling kettle). Try it sometime. Get a whistling-style kettle at full boil. Carefully put a slice of raw bacon in the direct steam"}, {"title": "", "text": "day 14. In the control group, mean granulation score was 5.00 \u00b1 0.00 at baseline and increased to 2.67 \u00b1 0.88 on day 14. On day 14, a significant difference was observed between the mean granulation scores for the experimental and control regions (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Topical administration of a vitamin C solution could be effective in promoting the healing of second-degree burn wounds. Keywords: Topical Vitamin C Solution; Granulation; Wound; Burn Skin burns are among the most important challenge in medicine and remain a major public health issue worldwide (1). Skin injuries occur due to chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, radioactivity, electricity, and boiled water (2, 3). Acute thermal injuries requiring medical treatment affect nearly half a million Americans each year, with approximately 40,000 hospitalizations and 3,400 deaths annually (4). First-degree burn affects the epidermis. Superficial second-degree burns involve damage that penetrates into the papillary dermis. Deep second-degree burns involve damage extending beyond the reticular dermis. Burns that destroy all layers of the skin down to the subcutaneous fat are third-degree burns (5). First- and superficial second-degree burns heal almost without scars, while deep second-degree and third-degree burn lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars during the healing process, and patients often require reconstructive surgery (6). Wound healing is divided into three phases: inflammation, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and matrix formation and remodeling. The phases of wound repair overlap considerably. Inflammation is divided into early and late phases, denoting neutrophil-rich and mononuclear cell-rich infiltrates, respectively. Wound contraction begins after the granulation tissue is well-established, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Every sample was taken under general anesthesia by a punch device which contained a part of burn wound and its surrounding skin. 6,8,16,18 SPSS software (Version 2, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Non-parametric Friedman test was used to compare the groups. The level of statistical were considered significant difference (p<0.05). Measurement of treatment size between two groups were done by Image J software. RESULTS There was a considerable epithelization in the vaseline group on days 7, 21, and 28, compared with the herbal ointment group (Figure 1). In addition, neovascularization was significantly more in the herbal ointment group than the vaseline group on days 7, 21, and 28 and the histological findings were demonstrated in Figure 2. There was not any significant difference between groups regarding the time of burn wound contraction on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and the results were exhibited in Figure 3 and Table 1. The percentage of wound healing was presented in Figure 4. DISCUSSION Burns are the most common injuries, specifically among children. Most people can recover from burns without serious health consequences, depending on the cause and degree of injury. More serious burns need direct emergency medical care to avoid of complications and death. Three primary types of burns are called: first, second, and third degree. Each degree is based on the harshness of injury to the skin, with first degree is the most minor and third-degree is the most severe. Damage contains: first degree burns: red,"}, {"title": "", "text": "In second-degree burn wounds, the original SGCs were destroyed but the supporting structure of the SG remained intact, while in third-degree burn wounds both the original SGCs and the supporting structure were destroyed. H&E stained images showed that the impaired regions were filled with newly migrated cells, which may be transplanted cells or activated endogenous stem cells. Furthermore, GFP-labeled cell tracing showed that transplanted cells were involved in functional SG repair regeneration in second-degree burn wounds but epidermis repair in third-degree burn wounds. These results strongly correspond with our immunofluorescence analysis of specific SG protein expression. Given the different traits between second- and third-degree burn wounds, we hypothesized that environmental signals play an indispensable role in the therapeutic efficacy of inductive SGCs in burn mice. Although these results are shown in the present study, the effects of inductive SGCs on SG regeneration were only examined in burn wounds. Future studies, with different methods according to the different kinds of wound, are required to better determine if environmental signals of wounds lead to the limited therapeutic efficacy of inductive SGCs. In summary, we have provided evidence that IRF6 expression along with SG development and Irf6 is sufficient to direct the SG specification of EPs in vitro. In addition, the inductive SGCs could repair SG both structurally and functionally in second-degree burn wounds, but they had limited regenerative capability in three-degree burn wounds. These results confirmed previously unreported roles of Irf6 in SG development and differentiation, and indicated that the inductive cell and its related therapeutic efficacy during"}, {"title": "", "text": "or third degree, based on visual criteria. First degree burns are visually indicated by redness and blistering of the skin. Second degree burns are visually indicated by withering of the skin without charring. Third degree burns are visually indicated by eschar formation and charring. This type of classification, which has been used with only minor alterations for nearly two hundred years, is concerned chiefly with the intensity of burning and not with the depth of tissue destroyed. Only recently have burn physicians come to realize that the depth of injury is of greater importance than superficial appearance. The classification of burns that has recently been adopted has completely forsaken all reference to outward appearances, which are only an indication of the severity of surface burning. The new type of classification recognizes two degrees of burn injury. The first new classification is partial thickness skin loss, implying the presence of sufficient living epithelial elements to resurface the area. The second new classification is full-thickness skin loss, implying virtually complete destruction of all epithelial elements so that healing can only occur by contraction of the wound and epithelial cell migration from the edge of the wound or by surgical intervention. Proper treatment depends on the correct classification of the burn. Further, early differentiation between these two degrees of burns is critical for several reasons. It is better to excise dead tissue and close the wound than to allow spontaneous separation of the slough, with its attendant risks of infection, fibrosis, and loss of function. Surgical results are best"}, {"title": "", "text": "the burn unit in Galveston. Saburido suffered second and third degree burns to more than 60% of her body, but survived despite her doctor's expectations. Her fingers had to be amputated, but there was enough bone left on her thumb to construct an opposable thumb. She lost her hair, ears, nose, lips, left eyelid, and much of her vision. Saburido subsequently underwent more than 120 reconstructive operations, including cornea transplants to restore her left eye. In June 2001, Stephey was convicted on two counts of intoxicated manslaughter. Saburido and Stephey met for the first time after his trial and conviction in 2001. Saburido has stated that Stephey \"destroyed my life completely\", but forgave him. Regarding the meeting, Stephey later stated that \"What sticks out in my mind is, 'Reggie, I don't hate you.' It's really touching someone can look you in the eyes and have that much compassion after all that I have caused\". Saburido was among 21 disfigured people who had approached surgeons at a London hospital to carry out Britain's first face transplant operation; she was not selected. She continued looking into other possibilities for a face transplant in other nations and hospitals. Advocacy and media appearances Saburido allowed graphic post-accident photographs of herself to be used in the media (posters, television commercials, and internet chain mail) to illustrate a possible outcome of drunk driving. She is best known for a commercial in which she holds a pre-accident photo of herself in front of the camera, which she lowers to reveal her disfigured face"}, {"title": "", "text": "layer. In contrast, application of a heat source of 100\u00b0C for 5 seconds caused injury to the superficial dermis but did not reliably cause full thickness (third-degree) burn injury (Figure 7(b)). At 10 seconds (Figure 7(c)), the epidermis layer and dermis layer were completely denatured as well as with damaged extending into the subcutaneous fat. In case of 20 seconds, not only the three layers of skin were damaged, but Table 1: MIC of raw curcumin, hydrogel, and nCur-CP against different microbes. In each concentration of nC-CP, the content of curcumin was determined based on the content of curcumin in the stock of nCur-CP and series dilution. also the muscle layer was deformed. erefore, use of 100\u00b0C for 3 seconds was chosen to generate second-degree burns whereas 10 seconds was selected to create third-degree burns. Evaluation of Second-Degree Burn Wound Healing in Mice Model. Treatment efficacy of nCur-CP on mice with second-degree burn wound was investigated in comparison to other formulations such as hydrogel and standard treatment (Biafinecream used in clinical center for second degree burn treatment). Wound healing was followed and time to wound closure was measured as described in Figure 8(a). e mean wound surface area on day 0 of wounding was similar in all three groups (100 mm 2 ). Wound closure occurred over time in all the three groups. As early as day 2, a difference was observed between the untreated and treated groups (p < 0.05). e difference in closure rates was Figure 8: Results of second-degree burn wound size (a)"}, {"title": "", "text": "[Basic comments on differential surgical therapy of severe burns]. The life of severely burned patients nowadays is endangered especially by infections and septic complications deriving from the wounds. This danger can be obviated only by early excision of all deep necrotic areas and immediate wound closure, ideally with autografts. The correct estimation of the depth of burn is decisive for effective local surgical therapy, which is guided mainly by visible criteria. Conservative treatment is employed for first-degree and superficial second-degree burns, while operative therapy is needed for deep second-degree and third-degree burns. The required immediate wound closure with autografts is problematic after necrectomy of burns larger than 40% TBSA. To extend the limited skin reserves, autografts are meshed or combined with homografts. Defects can be covered temporarily with vital or non-vital homografts until donor sites for split-thickness skin grafts are healed. Cultured epithelial autografts at present are not suitable for routine use. After deep burns, no matter what kind of operative treatment is used, scars are left. The scars raise difficulties with regard to aesthetics and function. Permanent pressure in the early stages of aftercare is an effective method of accelerating the maturation of scars and improving their appearance."}, {"title": "", "text": "A hot shower is a must for many people to either start or finish the day. For the elderly, it can be the same, but also a risky undertaking. In all age groups, tap water scalds are the second most common cause of burn injuries. Elderly loved ones, however, are at a greater risk for scalding than other populations for a variety of reasons. The Burn Foundation says that hot water causes third-degree burns in one second at 156 degrees F, in two seconds at 149 degrees F, in five seconds at 140 degrees F, and in 15 seconds at 133 degrees F. Scalding is a second-degree burn that is deep and results in splitting of skin layers and/or blistering. The solution would seem to be to simply decrease the water temperature; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration\u2019s (OSHA) manual on Legionnaire\u2019s disease (a potentially fatal infectious disease) says differently, however. Water is to be stored at a minimum of 140 degrees F, but can be delivered at a minimum of 122 degrees F to ensure harmful bacteria are killed. A caregiver must first recognize the level of risk their loved one has for scalding, and also know ways to prevent unnecessary burns, while maintaining a safe water temperature. The number one risk an elderly person has for scalding is simply a decreased reaction time. Many seniors will unknowingly subject themselves to the danger of severe burns and realize it too late. There are a couple things to know about skin changes as people age. First,"}, {"title": "", "text": "According to the Turkish Penal Code, Section 456, an assailant is punished in a correlation to the severity of the victim's injury. In this study, the injury scale used in Turkey in the basis code 456 is compared with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). For this aim, a total of 984 cases out of the total amount reported at the Traumatology Section of the Turkish Council for Forensic Medicine were randomly selected and evaluated retrospectively. In all, 40.7% of injuries were caused by blunt trauma, whereas 59.3% were caused by a penetrating trauma. According to the Turkish Injury Scale (TIS), 40.3% of the cases were scored to be of a first degree of injury, 15.6% as second degree and 44.1% as third degree. When compared, the score points 3, 4 and 5 in the AIS were seen to be nearly equivalent to the TIS of third degree. From this point of view, in the modified AIS 91.1% of first degree of injury, 51.2% of second degree and 97.2% of third degree of injury are harmonious with TIS. Generally, 83.2% of the cases are harmonious with the AIS system. The purpose of this study is to determine what was the source of differences and to focus on particular traumatic lesions in order to determine a possible rearrangement of the Turkish Injury Scale."}, {"title": "", "text": "burn. Other restaurants sell coffee at substantially lower temperatures, and coffee served at home is generally 135 to 140 degrees. Water Temperature | Length of Time to Receive Severe Burn 156\u00b0 | 1 second 149\u00b0 | 2 seconds 133\u00b0 | 15 seconds 124\u00b0 | 3 minutes At the time of the McDonald\u2019s hot coffee lawsuit, McDonald\u2019s coffee was served at approximately 185\u00b0 \u2013 almost 30\u00b0 hotter than necessary to cause a serious burn in one second. This chart shows the difference between first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burns. How Much Did the McDonald\u2019s Hot Coffee Jury Award? The jury awarded Liebeck $200,000 in compensatory damages but reduced this amount to $160,000 because they found her 20 percent at fault for spilling the coffee (not because she was driving a car). The jury also awarded Liebeck $2.7 million in punitive damages, which equaled about two days of profits from McDonald\u2019s coffee sales. How Much Did Stella Liebeck Really Get after the Jury Verdict Was Reduced? What\u2019s the McDonald\u2019s hot coffee lawsuit payout? It was reported that Stella Liebeck received less than $600,000. The judge reduced the amount to $640,000, but McDonald\u2019s threatened to file an appeal, and the case was settled for less than the reduced verdict. Breakdown of the McDonald\u2019s hot coffee lawsuit verdict: The trial court reduced the punitive damages to $480,000, even though the judge called McDonald\u2019s conduct reckless, callous and willful. Added to that amount was $160,000 for pain and suffering and medical expenses, so Stella Liebeck should have received $640,000. From that amount,"}, {"title": "", "text": "lowest in 2014 (Table 5). Table 5 Comparison of the cost of burn care in different years of admission No significant difference was found between the cost of care of surgical and non-surgical management of burn injuries (p = 0.206) (Table 6). Table 6 Comparison of costs of care of surgical versus non-surgical management of burn injuries No significant difference was found between the costs of care of different types of burn injuries (p = 0.053) (Table 7). Table 7 Comparison of the costs of care of different types of burn injury There was a significant difference between burn degrees with respect to the cost of care (p = 0.038). The second degree burns incurred the highest cost of care while the third degree burns led to the lowest cost of care (Table 8). Table 8 Comparison of treatment costs by burn degree A significant difference was found between the costs of care of patients with a percent burn area of less than 10 % and those with a percent burn area of more than 10 % (p = 0.001), indicating that as percent burn area increased, a proportional increase occurred in the cost of care (Table 9). Table 9 Comparison of cost of care by percent burn area There was a significant positive correlation between age and treatment cost (r = 0.184, p = 0.003), and also between percent burn area and treatment cost (r = 0.804, p < 0.001). According to the descriptive statistics table, it was found that those who have 2.degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "at a time. With tens of thousands (or more) of burn victims simultaneously, however, burn care becomes difficult, and virtually nonexistent, in nuclear war scenarios. There is a dramatic difference in the number of second degree burn casualties relative to third degree burn and mass fire burn injuries, with second degree burn casualties considerably smaller than the other burn categories. In Hamadan, as a typical example, there were approximately 2,000 second degree thermal burn victims to 30,000 and 14,000, respectively, for third degree and mass fire burn casualties. Third degree burn victims generally ranged from 20,000 to 35,000 for single strike cities in Iran, but larger cities with single and multiple strikes produced hundreds of thousands of third degree burn victims. This preponderance of third degree burn victims is a very difficult outcome for the emergency response communities of any nation. It is likely that these thousands of thermal burn victims will receive little to no care, as the very limited surviving medical resources are most likely to be devoted to the trauma casualties, which are more familiar to medical personnel and require relatively less effort per patient [31,32]. Relative casualty impacts of different nuclear weapon yields With the advent of nuclear war in dense, compact cities in the Middle East, the actual impact of nuclear yield is an interesting and perhaps surprising issue. As nuclear powers expand their nuclear capability over time, they gradually develop higher yields in their weapons. For the United States and the Soviet Union, this development occurred rapidly, going from approximately"}, {"title": "", "text": "body. The peptidase bradykinase was isolated from aloe and shown to break down the bradykinin, an inflammatory substance that induces pain [35]. Wound improving Property of Aloe vera gel has been credited to Mannose-6-phasphate actually, glucomannan and plant development harmone gibberellins connects with development variable receptor of fibrobroblast and invigorate its action and proliferation for expansion collagen blend its topical and oral organization of aloe as indicated by Hayes [36]. Favonoids and phytosterols of Aloe vera promote Epithelialisation for wound healing process with increased capillary formation & fibroblast proliferation enhancing the rate of epithelisation. . \uf0b7 Hotplate burns to guinea pig skin healed more speedily after topical aloe gel application and interestingly, the bacterial count was reduced by 60% (81,109). An another study revealed healing activity towards gamma-radiation burns; but only if applied quickly, when it produced more quick healing than controls but only as peak reaction levels were reduced. Here it was wonder that aloe gel affected the induction of the skin reaction but not the later healing phases. In a similar trial conducted on mice, differences were observed in the effect on first, second and third degree burns. Gel preparations delayed the inflammatory response and accelerated the recovery time for first and second degree burns and epithelialisation was rapid. Third degree burns proved more stubborn. A synergism was noted between the gel and the cream base used. Elsewhere, partial thickness burns were observed to heal more quickly when treated with aloe gel, compared with vaseline, both growth of epithelial cells and organization of fibrovascular"}, {"title": "", "text": "test in treated plantar paw and control. b Morphological changes were detected by H&E staining in treated plantar paw and control. c Protein expression and labeled-cell involvement in different levels of burn injury (cytokeratin (K)14 and K18: red; inductive cells: green; cell nucleus: blue). D day, DAPI 4\u20326-diamidino-2-phenylindole, GFP green fluorescent protein, Irf6 interferon regulatory factor 6 Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the regenerative capability of inductive SGCs for wound repair. However, inductive SGCs only contributed to SG regeneration in second-degree burn wounds (K18-positive expression) while, in third-degree burn wounds, cells were involved in epidermis repair (K14-positive expression) but not in SG regeneration (Fig. 4c). Notably, the number of GFP-positive cells did not show significant difference between the EP-treated groups with third-degree burns and second-degree burns; however, they were more GFP-positive cells in third-degree burns compared with second-degree burns in the SGC-treated group, which suggested that SGCs promoted epidermis repair more strongly than SG. Mammals need to precisely regulate their core body temperature since tissues and organs, specifically the brain, are vulnerable to overheating [12]. Extraordinary number of eccrine glands allows humans to eliminate excess heat very efficiently and patients who lose the sweating function are in the danger of heat stroke, or even death [11]. Although regeneration may be therapeutically achieved by endogenous regeneration, SG progenitors are limited by a poor regenerative capability and vulnerability to the neighboring niche which is often damaged by the wound [13]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative and effective strategies for SG regeneration. Over the last decade, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "We evaluated the accurate fluid requirement to prevent respiratory failure during the postresuscitation period in the resuscitation of massively burned children without inhalation injury. Forty-nine children were treated by similar fluid resuscitation and physiologic support protocols. Using a retrospective chart review, the children were divided into three groups as follows: Group N (no lung injury, n = 33, 41.4+/-18.7%TBSA burned), Group M (mild-to-moderate lung injury, n = 11, 73.7+/-17.1%TBSA burned) and Group S (severe lung injury, n = 5, 67.2+/-16.6%TBSA burned). Information about fluid resuscitation during the first 24 hr post-injury was collected and compared among the three groups. There was no significant difference in the hourly urine output and the resuscitation volume estimated by body weight and burn size among the groups. The volumes estimated by ml/kg/%TBSA burned were 7.0 ml/kg/%TBSA burned, 8.0 ml/kg/%TBSA burned, and 9.4 ml/kg/%TBSA burned in Groups N, M, and S, respectively. According to the fluid volume estimated by the burn index (BI; 1/2 of % second-degree burns plus % third-degree burns), the volumes were 13.8+/-4.0 ml/kg/BI, 14.4+/-4.4 ml/kg/BI, 18.8+/-3.7ml/kg/BI in Groups N, M, and S, respectively (Group N < Group S, p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the maximum respiratory index (AaDO2/PaO2) during the first week and the initial total volume administered (ml/kg/BI). These findings indicated that the fluid requirements to prevent postresuscitation respiratory failure in massively burned children might be estimated according to the depth of burned area in addition to body weight and burn size."}, {"title": "", "text": "in the treated groups. Comparison between the treated groups showed that burn wound treated with quercetin significantly increased healing potential than the rutin treated MSCs. Histological findings showed enhanced regeneration of skin layers along with hair follicles in the quercetin group, while increased neovascularization was noted in both treatment groups. Gene profile of wound healing mediators illustrated significant upregulation of IL-5, IL-4, GPX-7, TXNRD-2, PRDX, VEGF, and FGF and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-6. Introduction Skin functions as a bacterial, physical and chemical barrier to protect the body against harsh external environment. Any damage to the skin can be devastating and should be recovered efficiently. Skin possesses the ability to regenerate itself after any trauma, through mediated interactions between cells and healing mediators, which triggers healing mechanisms to restore damages [1]. Each layer of skin performs a specialized function; epidermis regulates body temperature, dermis maintains structural integrity and assists in sensation, and hypodermis provides mechanical protection and thermoregulation [2]. Increase in the number of burn wound injuries is a challenge for the healthcare system because of the failure to manage the condition in a timely and systematic way. Burn injuries are classified as first, second, third, and fourth degree burns, based on the depth of penetration of injury and extent of tissue destruction. First and second degree burns are superficial, while third and fourth degree burns are deep wounds [3]. In a clinical setting, diagnoses of burn patients are based on total body surface area (TBSA) affected with the wound. Minor burns are first"}, {"title": "", "text": "Why Did Thomas Edison Burn Down a Barn? Thomas Edison wasn\u2019t a bad boy, he just wanted to see \u201cwhat would happen if.\u201d That\u2019s how the little fire he started in his father\u2019s barn became a big one. It was all an experiment. He got into so much trouble experimenting, that his mother used to keep a special birch branch behind the old grandfather clock with which to whip him. He was whipped so often that the bark soon wore off the branch. He liked to fool around with chemicals in the basement, and his father was sure he was going to burn down the house. His father had good reason to worry. When he was 10, Edison moved all his chemicals to an old railroad car that the railway people let him use. What harm could there be in letting a young fellow conduct some experiments, they thought. They thought that way until he started a fire in the railroad car, and that was the end of that. No more experiments with chemicals. Instead, Edison went to work on the railroad at the age of 12, selling candy and newspapers. He did not stop experimenting, however, and his genius eventually gave us the phonograph, the light bulb, the movie camera, and much more. What experiment was Thomas Edison attempting to do as a child when he burned his father\u2019s barn down? What Does a Third Degree Burn Mean and What Is the Difference Between a First Degree Burn and a Second Degree Burn? When Did"}, {"title": "", "text": "humans skin explants submitted to experimental burn injury. Introduction Burns, irrespective of their severity level, are one of the most common causes of accidental injuries worldwide [1][2][3][4]. In first-degree burns, only the superficial layers of the epidermis are affected, allowing tissue repair via the mobilization of the keratinocyte stem cells and progenitors residing in the basal layer [5]. As a result, first-degree burns heal spontaneously without scar formation and do not require any treatment other than a topical moisturizer [6]. In contrast, third-degree burns do not heal spontaneously and require surgical intervention to cover wounds (autografts, allografts, epidermal sheets) [5,7]. Although current treatments have greatly increased the survival rate of patients suffering from extended third-degree burns [8], it is estimated that burns cause 180,000 deaths per year according to a recent report of the World Health Organization. In addition to being potentially fatal, severe skin burns may result in long-term functional and/or aesthetic complications [9], notably when the healing process is hampered by secondary infections and abnormal tissue remodeling. [3]. Finally, superficial partial-thickness (superficial second-degree) burns spontaneously heal within a time period of 7 to 14 days post-burn, as there are still mitotically active stem cells in the basal layer. On the other hand, deep second-degree burns destroy the entire epidermis, including the cells of the basal layer, and result in the formation of a scar. Delayed complications may occur during the healing process of deep second-degree burns requiring then the use of surgical treatments [6,7]. Currently, the most commonly used treatment for second-degree burns worldwide"}, {"title": "", "text": "after hair removal was not damaged. A burn device was prepared from a tabletop constant temperature burner (YLS-5Q, ZS Dichuang Crop., Beijing, China). Two pairs of symmetrical 2.5 cm 2 burn wounds were made on both sides of the spine at 500g pressure (Venter, Monte-Alto-Costa & Marques, 2015). Rats were anesthetized with ether to alleviate their pain. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining indicated that a burn of 80 \u2022 C for 8 s and a burn of 100 \u2022 C for 10 s can cause second and third-degree burns respectively. Body weight, lee's index were measured. The degree of burn was observed by HE staining. The expression of MCP-1, IL-1\uf062, TNF-\uf061 and VEGF were tested by Elisa and qPCR. Experiment design After successfully inflicting a standard burn on the different diet groups, the rats were divided according to a 3*3 factorial design. Each of the weight groups (obese, overweight and normal weight) were randomly divided into the following: the normal weight group, overweight group, obese group, second-degree burn group, third-degree burn group, overweight second-degree burn group, obese second-degree burn group, overweight third-degree burn group, and obese third-degree burn group. Each group had 20 rats. The high fat or normal feeds were continued and no dressing was used following the burn injuries. Body weight was observed and recorded on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th day after burns were inflicted. A control group with no burn injury was depilated following the same method as the above diet groups (Fig. 1). Sample collection and testing According to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "also collected and documented. This parallel data was compared and analyzed in order to understand the difference between diabetic and nondiabetic burns patients. Hypertension was the second most common presenting comorbidity seen in 14 patients (14%). Mean percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) involved in burns was 43.5% in diabetics and 49.75% in nondiabetics. Majority of burns in diabetes patients were second and third degrees. Fourth-degree burns were seen in only a minority of diabetes patients (Fig. 2). An infection rate of 67% (n = 12) and mortality rate of 44% (n = 8) were seen among diabetic burns patients in comparison with nondiabetic burns patients who had infection rate of 61.8% (n = 47), p value: 0.803 and mortality rate of 35.5% (n = 27), p value: 0.482, respectively, as shown in Figure 3. Treatment It was noted that early surgical interventions in the form of primary split-skin grafting was more common in diabetics (50%) compared with nondiabetics (48.7%). Interestingly, the use of immune nutrition was noted to be significantly more in the diabetic burns patients (50% vs 39.5%, p value: 0.440), although it is unclear what prompted clinicians to initiate or withhold immune nutrition in these patients (Fig. 5). Profile of Microorganisms A total of 46 microorganisms were isolated from various samples such as blood, wound, tissue, urine, and tracheal aspirate of diabetic burns patients. There was a predominance of gram-negative organisms in both diabetic (80% n = 37) and nondiabetic patients (73.4%, n = 127). Gram-positives and yeast-like fungi were isolated more"}, {"title": "", "text": "Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) for Segmentation and Classification of Burnt Human skin Human Skin Burn injuries are viewed as the most genuine general medical issue because of which numerous patients died every year all around the globe. Pakistan is a Low-Income Country (LIC) and death rate due to burn injuries is much greater in such countries. To classify burn depths is an under-researched area in Pakistan and has got the great attention of researchers and practitioners. One of the significant issues coming in the Health centers is that Non-Expert doctors are not ready to recognize the burnt area of skin which isn't obvious by bare eyes and hence can't make on the spot decision for correct first treatment according to burn depths, and this may cause a noteworthy issue later on. The objective of this paper is to identify the depth of burnt human skin and to analyze the burns by classifying among first, second and third-degree burns. In this regard, we used the Otsu method of thresholding for segmentation and then applied the statistical method to obtain the feature vector. The maximum average accuracy obtained by using multiple classifiers is reported round about 74.86%. The obtained results will help nonexpert doctors to make on the spot decision by evaluating between first, second and third-degree burns and correct first treatment. The dataset (Images of Burnt Patients) for segmentation and analysis of burnt human skin have been collected from the burn center of Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Pakistan."}, {"title": "", "text": "water at 140 F can cause third-degree burns within six seconds in most adults. Children and elderly can obtain third-degree burns in under one second due to the fact that they have thinner skin and slower response times. Third-degree burns are the most serious kind which damage all the layers of the skin. However, in 2000, the Walkerton disaster sent out a wake-up call about the safety of Canada\u2019s drinking water. To minimize bacteria contamination, we are now told that water must be stored at 140 F (60 C) or higher. For example, temperatures between 40 C and 50 C may increase the risk of Legionnaires\u2019 disease, a form of pneumonia, due to bacterial growth in the tank. The bottom line is that water must be stored at a high temperature as a precaution against bacteria but it also needs to be delivered at a temperature which will not allow scalding. How can this be achieved? The easiest solution calls for the installation of a mixing valve, which if required, can be installed by City Wide Water Heater Service. More information on mixing valves can be found by clicking on this link: tempering valves. Never leave a child alone while drawing water in a bathtub, and check the water temperature before putting your child in. Test the water temperature before bathing or showering. Turn the cold water on first, and then add hot water until the temperature is comfortable. Teach children to turn the cold water on first, and the hot water off first. If the"}, {"title": "", "text": "occupying more than 10 % of body surface area. This suggests that cost of care is affected by percent burn area. Ahn and Maitz (2012) also demonstrated that an increase in percent burn area was the primary factor leading to a proportional increase in cost of care. In patients with a greater percent burn area, hospitalization may be prolonged and complications may develop. Furthermore, increased use of workforce and medical materials lead to increased cost of care (Ahn and Maitz 2012). We found a significant difference between burn degrees with regard to the cost of care. Burn degree and depth are similarly known to affect patient prognosis. In our study, the cost of care of second-degree burns was greater than third degree burns. Follow-up appointments of second-degree burn injuries are recommended to be spaced more closely to avoid complications. This probably led to a higher cost by increasing the number of procedures performed and medical equipment used at each visit, increasing overall cost in our study. We failed to detect any significant difference between the cost of care of patients managed surgically versus non-surgically (p = 0.206). Jansen et al. (2012), however, reported that early surgery allowed cost saving by decreasing the duration of hospital stay. The proximity to our hospital to residential areas and small-sized workplaces led to a greater percentage of hot water-scalding injuries that presented to our emergency department. Burn degree and percent burn area were the main determinants of the cost of care of burn injuries. In conclusion, burn injuries are preventable"}, {"title": "", "text": "injury compared with the stomach. Alkalis characteristically cause more damage to the esophagus than the stomach. However, in significant exposures, both the esophagus and stomach are damaged from both acids and alkalis. Grading/Classification of Injury Esophageal burns, regardless of whether caused by an acid or an alkali, are classified based on endoscopic evaluation in a manner similar to the grading of burns of the skin. Grade I burns are first degree and described as hyperemia or edema in the absence of ulcer formation. Grade IIa burns are second degree and noncircumferential and are described as submucosal lesions and ulcerations. Grade IIb burns are second degree but are circumferential. Grade III burns are third-degree burns and are described as deep ulcers and necrosis. Grade I and grade IIa burns carry no risk of stricture formation, whereas grade IIb burns result in stricture formation in about 75% of cases, and grade III burns invariably result in stricture formation. The risk of esophageal carcinoma has been demonstrated to be 1000-fold higher in patients with stricture formation. Because of the nature of the exposure, it is often well known that a patient was exposed to or ingested an acid or alkali. There is often not a broad differential diagnosis in this scenario because most of these ingestions occur in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age and are often quickly identified by the caregivers. Generally speaking, although the mechanism of injury differs between acids and alkalis, the clinical presentation is often similar. The clinical presentation may vary among patients."}, {"title": "", "text": "However, in significant exposures, both the esophagus and stomach are damaged from both acids and alkalis. Grading/Classification of Injury Esophageal burns, regardless of whether caused by an acid or an alkali, are classified based on endoscopic evaluation in a manner similar to the grading of burns of the skin. Grade I burns are first degree and described as hyperemia or edema in the absence of ulcer formation. Grade IIa burns are second degree and noncircumferential and are described as submucosal lesions and ulcerations. Grade IIb burns are second degree but are circumferential. Grade III burns are third-degree burns and are described as deep ulcers and necrosis. Grade I and grade IIa burns carry no risk of stricture formation, whereas grade IIb burns result in stricture formation in about 75% of cases, and grade III burns invariably result in stricture formation. The risk of esophageal carcinoma has been demonstrated to be 1000-fold higher in patients with stricture formation. Because of the nature of the exposure, it is often well known that a patient was exposed to or ingested an acid or alkali. There is often not a broad differential diagnosis in this scenario because most of these ingestions occur in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age and are often quickly identified by the caregivers. Generally speaking, although the mechanism of injury differs between acids and alkalis, the clinical presentation is often similar. The clinical presentation may vary among patients. Some patients may be asymptomatic, whereas others may complain of nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, stridor, abdominal pain,"}, {"title": "", "text": "More Than One Third of Intubations in Patients Transferred to Burn Centers are Unnecessary: Proposed Guidelines for Appropriate Intubation of the Burn Patient Advanced Burn Life Support emphasizes endotracheal intubation for patients with facial burns before transfer to a burn center to prevent airway obstruction. Many patients are intubated before transport and are often extubated shortly after burn center arrival. We hypothesize that many intubations performed before burn center transport are unnecessary. We conducted a retrospective review of all adults who were intubated before burn transfer and survived to discharge from August 2003 to June 2013. Intubations that had 2 or fewer ventilator days (i.e., potentially unnecessary intubations) were compared with those lasting longer than 2 days. Data collected included age, ventilator days, length of stay, % TBSA burn, % second degree, % third degree, % second degree face burn, % third degree face burn, and origin of burns. A total of 416 patient met inclusion criteria. Of these, 129 patients (31.0%) were intubated less than or equal to 1 day, and a total of 171 (40.1%) patients remained intubated for less than or equal to 2 days. Patients who were intubated less than or equal to 2 days differed from those intubated more than 2 days with respect to % TBSA burn (10.2 \u00b1 8.1 vs 30.8 \u00b1 19.7, P < .001), % third degree burn (2.84 \u00b1 5.6 vs 22.5 \u00b1 19.6, P < .001), % third degree face burn (0.14 \u00b1 0.7 vs 0.94 \u00b1 1.9, P < .001), and hospital days (11.7"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pro-inflammatory effect of obesity on rats with burn wounds Objective A burn is an inflammatory injury to the skin or other tissue due to contact with thermal, radioactive, electric, or chemical agents. Burn injury is an important cause of disability and death worldwide. Obesity is a significant public health problem, often causing underlying systemic inflammation. Studying the combined impact of burn injuries on obese patients has become critical to the successful treatment of these patients. The aim of this paper is to highlight the effect of inflammation associated with burn injuries on several body weight group in a rat study. Materials and methods Different degrees of obesity and burns were established in rats and divided into a normal weight group, overweight group, obese group, second-degree burn group, third-degree burn group, over-weight second-degree burn group, over-weight third-degree burn group, obese second-degree burn group, and obese third-degree burn group (20 rats per group). Changes in inflammatory factors and growth factor were measured on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after burns were inflicted. Results The ELISA test showed that in the unburned control group, MCP-1, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 protein expressions in the obese and over-weight groups were higher than the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR test showed that the expressions of MCP-1, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 genes in the obese group were higher compared to the overweight and normal weight groups (P < 0.05). Three and 7 days after burns were inflicted, the level of VEGF in the normal weight group was higher than the obese group"}, {"title": "", "text": "a burn injury on the hand, with most injuries occurring on the ankle and foot. All injuries occurred at home, and the heat applications were prepared by the patients themselves or their caregivers. There was a higher rate of first aid adequacy in the scald-burn group than in the contact or radiation-burn group. However, only five patients (31%) received adequate first aid. The mean %TBSA was 1.54 (SD \u00b1 1.22). The mean % TBSA of scald burn was 2.67, higher than that of the others (contact burn: 1.01, radiation burn: 0.75). The majority of the burns were classified as second-(43.8%) and third-degree burns (50%). Most second-degree injuries were scald burns. In contrast, most third-degree injuries were caused by contact injuries. However, one patient had a fourth-degree burn injury caused by an electric blanket ( Figure 2A) (Table 3). | Clinical treatment and outcomes Only two patients, who had second-degree burn injuries, did not require surgery. Instead, they received hydrotherapy using Aquacel Ag (ConvaTec, Princeton, NJ, USA). Among the 14 patients requiring surgery, the average number of surgeries was 2.31. All patients underwent debridement. Specifically, 10 patients received splitthickness skin grafts, and three patients received negative-pressure wound therapy. Moreover, six patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on the affected side of the burn injury during hospitalisation. As for the non-surgical interventions, four patients underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy. All patients were discharged under stable conditions with a simple dressing. Fourteen patients were followed up at the outpatient clinic department with satisfactory recovery (Figure 4), while two patients were lost"}, {"title": "", "text": "all of the parameters including collagen formation, PMNs migration, angiogenesis and epithelialization. Total score in the third-degree burns showed a signi cant difference between both the aqueous extract 1% and 2% groups and normal saline group (P<0.05) ( gure 15). Discussion We investigated the histopathologic effects of topical hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Althaea o cinalis owers (1%, 2%, and 4%) in second-and third-degree skin burns in mice. The effects of the extracts were compared to hydrogel base and control (normal saline) groups. Phenytoin 1% cream chose as a standard group. To follow the wound healing process, histopathologic variables of PMN migration, collagen formation, angiogenesis and epithelialization were measured. The results showed that hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Althaea o cinalis repair skin injury in the second-and third-degree burns. Hydroalcoholic extract (4%) showed signi cant effectiveness in second-degree burns while aqueous extracts (1% and 2%) showed signi cant effectiveness in thirddegree burns. Phenolic compounds and avonoids are secondary metabolites in plants that have important properties such as antioxidant, anti-in ammatory and antimicrobial effects (10). These features are effective in the wound healing process. The effect of phenols in the treatment of skin diseases, skin aging and skin injuries including scars and burns has been proven. They reduce the duration of wound healing (11). Flavonoids facilitate the regeneration of epithelial cells by inducing a contraction in the wound site. Flavonoids are also considered to be a factor in collagenization (12). Previous studies have shown that Althaea o cinalis has antimicrobial effects due to its phenolic compounds and"}, {"title": "", "text": "imaging Terahertz spectroscopy Original Manuscript: May 18, 2020 Manuscript Accepted: August 24, 2020 The accuracy of current burn triage techniques has remained between 50-70%. Accordingly, there is a significant clinical need for the quantitative and accurate assessment of partial-thickness burn injuries. Porcine skin represents the closest animal model to human skin, and is often used in surgical skin grafting procedures. In this study, we used a standardized in vivo porcine burn model to obtain terahertz (THz) point-spectroscopy measurements from burns with various severities. We then extracted two reflection hyperspectral parameters, namely spectral area under the curve between approximately 0.1 and 0.9 THz (\u221210 dB bandwidth in each spectrum), and spectral slope, to characterize each burn. Using a linear combination of these two parameters, we accurately classified deep partial- and superficial partial-thickness burns (p = 0.0159), compared to vimentin immunohistochemistry as the gold standard for burn depth determination. \u00a9 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement Burn injuries result in over 450,000 emergency room visits per year [1]. Traditionally, thermal injuries are categorized from first-degree to third-degree burns. First-degree, or superficial burns, only affect the epidermis and will typically heal with minimal intervention. Third-degree burns, or full-thickness burns, damage the entirety of the dermis and require surgical excision and grafting. Second-degree burns, where the damage is contained within the dermis, can be further classified into two groups: superficial partial-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns. Similar to first-degree burns, superficial partial-thickness burns also will heal spontaneously, whereas deep partial-thickness burns eventually"}, {"title": "", "text": "An evaluation of pediatric burn patients over a 15-year period. BACKGROUND Burn injuries are a huge public health issue for children. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and etiological features, burn wound infections, and clinical trends of 2346 pediatric burns patients over 15 years in the southeast provinces of Turkey and to establish criteria for a pediatric burn prevention program. METHODS Age, gender, degree of burn, demographics, etiology of burn, burn wound infections, length of hospital stay, total body surface area percentage, and outcome data of 2346 children (1064 males, 1282 females; mean age 4.42\u00b13.56 years; range 2 months to 15 years) who admitted to the Burn Center of Dicle University between January 1994 and December 2008 were recorded. RESULTS The male to female ratio was 0.8:1. The highest incidence appeared in the 0-4 years of age group (68.5%). Burn type was scalding burns in 1828 (77.9%), flame burns in 332 (14.2%) and electrical burns in 186 (7.9%). Distribution of the degree of burns was 19 (0.8%) first-degree, 2172 (92.6%) second-degree and 155 (6.6%) third-degree. The mean total body surface area burn was 21.5\u00b112.6%. The mean length of hospitalization was 12.87\u00b110.02 days. The most frequently isolated burn wound infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52%, 368), Acinetobacter spp. (12%, 83), and Escherichia coli (9%, 66). 2241 (95.5%) cases were survivors and 105 (4.5%) were non-survivors. CONCLUSION The epidemiological features of pediatric burns in the southeast region of Turkey differ from those of other regions. Burn prevention education should include training in pediatric burn prevention."}, {"title": "", "text": "education level (p=0.585), marital status (p=0.249), employment status (p=0.969), economic status (p=0.947), degree of burn (p=0. 154), cause of burn (p=0. 322), taking painkiller (p=0.739) and having an underlying illness (p=1); in other words, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of these characteristics. However, due to the homogeneity of demographic variables in the two groups, the results can be considered more reliably as a result of intervention. According to Table 1, the mean age of patients in the control group was 32.66 years and the standard deviation was 8.73 years. Burned people in all groups often aged between 20 and 40 years old (76.7 percent) and the population of men and women was equal. The results of age frequency are due to the inclusion criteria where the subjects were over 18 years old. In terms of marital status, 46.7% of burned people were married. According to Table 1, the education level was as follows: 16.7% under high school diploma, 43.3% high school diploma, and 40% associate degree and above. According to the results of Table 1 in the control group, 10% of people had first-degree burn, 56.7% seconddegree burn and 33.3% third-degree burn. In the test group, over 70% had second-and third-degree burn. In terms of economic status, 95% of people were in moderate to low financial status. In connection with cause of burns, the results showed that the most frequent burns cause is direct heat with 52 percent of all people with burns. The other causes are boiling water and steam with 41% and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn injury is considered a global health issue. Third degree burn wounds do not heal spontaneously and require skin grafts. Some factors could contribute to wound healing. In this study we assessed the effect of non-fatty omental cells in burn wound healing. Similar third degree burn wounds were induced on the back of 192 rats. Forty-eight of these rats were put in a control group that did not receive any treatment. The rest of the rats were put in 3 groups, each receiving a different treatment regime. Rats in group 2 had a daily application of silver sulfadiazine; group 3 rats were injected with omental cells, and group 4 rats were injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) once, followed by daily application of Vaseline to the burned region. Parameters such as open epidermis length, number of epidermal cell layers, granulation tissue thickness (GTT) and neutrophil density were evaluated in each group. The average open epidermis length in the omental cell group was less than in the other groups on days 10 and 20 (P<0.05). The thickness of epidermal cell layers in the group receiving cells was greater than in the other groups on all days. On the 20th day, there was a significant difference in GTT between the four groups (P<0.05). The injection of non-fatty omental cells has a positive effect on third degree burn wounds in rats."}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns. Gupta S, Chittoria RK, Chavan V, et al. Role of Burn Blister Fluid in Wound Healing. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2021;14(3):370-373. doi:10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_90_19 J\u00f3zsa G, T\u00f3th E, Juh\u00e1sz Zs. New dressing combination for the treatment of partial thickness burn injuries in children. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30(1):43-46. An Overview of Steam Burns Burn Pictures: A Close Look at First, Second, and Third Degree How Different Degrees of Burns Are Treated Tending to Your Skin With Radiation Burns What Is Sweat? How to Treat Any Burn Sun Blisters? Here's What to Do Natural Burn Remedies and Ointments How Bad Is an Electrical Burn? An Overview of Rug Burns Burn Blisters: What to Do and What Not to Do Silvadene Cream: How It Works and Uses What Are Skin Pigmentation Disorders? Should You Pop a Blister? Chemical and Acid Burns Is Ear Candling a Safe and Effective Way to Remove Earwax?"}, {"title": "", "text": "knew, before the lawsuit was filed, that the temperature of the water was 190 degrees or so, and the franchise documents required that of the franchisee,\u201d said Kenneth Wagner, an Albuquerque lawyer who represented Liebeck. Most home coffee makers produce coffee that is between 135 and 150 degrees, he added. 190 degree coffee causes 3rd degree burns in under 3 seconds Myth: This was a case of a greedy claimant looking for a deep pocket. Reality: Mrs. Liebeck spent six months attempting to convince McDonald's to pay $15,000 to $20,000 to cover her medical expenses. McDonald's responded with a letter offering $800. Mrs. Liebeck also asked McDonald's to consider changing the excessive temperature of its coffee so others would not be similarly harmed. Myth: McDonald's was unfairly punished for serving hot coffee because everyone knows that hot coffee can cause burns. Reality: People did not realize how seriously they could be burned. All McDonald's restaurants served coffee between 180 and 190 degrees. At this temperature, spilled coffee causes third degree burns in less than three seconds. Other restaurants served coffee at 160 degrees, which takes twenty seconds to cause third degree burns. That is usually enough time to wipe away the coffee. Coffee that other restaurants serve at 160 degrees can also cause third-degree burns, but it takes 20 seconds, which usually gives the person enough time to wipe away the coffee before that happens. \u201cOur position was that the product was unreasonably dangerous, and the temperature should have been lower,\u201d Wagner said. The jurors awarded"}, {"title": "", "text": "into contact with other batteries, keys, coins, or other metal objects in the user\u2019s pockets and shorting as a result.1 The U.S. Fire Administration found that of the 195 reported e-cig combustion incidents between 2009 and 2016, nearly one-third caused no injury at all and less than one-fifth resulted in \u201csevere\u201d injuries such as third-degree burns.2 A 2018 review of 164 e-cig combustion incident cases found that the burns most commonly affected the thighs and hands, with the user\u2019s pockets being the location of the incident in nearly two-thirds of cases.3 For example, one case involved a 26-year-old California man who was preparing to leave work when the spare battery for his e-cig combusted in his pants pocket, igniting his pants and causing burns to his legs and genitals.4 In another case, a 33-year-old Kansas man was carrying a spare e-cig battery in his pocket at work when the battery combusted, causing second- and third-degree chemical and thermal burns on his left leg, along with second-degree burns to his fingertips and hands.5 Similarly, a 19-year-old Maryland woman suffered first- and second-degree burns to her right arm, abdomen, and left thigh after her e-cig combusted as she was getting it out of her purse and subsequently set her clothes on fire.6 Other Combustion Injuries Other injuries resulting from the combustion of e-cigs have garnered more attention as the number of e-cig users has increased. Although rare, such injuries\u2014which can occur due to projectile debris from an e-cig explosion\u2014can be severe and have resulted in at least two"}, {"title": "", "text": "non-blistered skin, second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin, third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance. Second degree burns spread in beneath of epidermis and into the dermis. 9,14,[16][17][18] Many researchers investigated on second degree burns wound using Arnebia euchroma ointment versus silver sulfadiazine to be efficient in wound healing process. 17 Afshar et al. showed that Emu oil can have a positive effect on burns wound healing. 19 Hmmati et al. showed the healing effect of n-hexan dichloromethane extract root Onosma bulbotrichum in second degree burns. 18 Khorasani et al. showed that saffron (Crocus sativus) could help the accelerating wound healing in second degree burn injuries. 20 Gupta et al showed that honey dressings made the wounds sterile in less time, and increased the second degree burn wound healing. 14 Akhoondinasab et al, found that wound healing was more noticeable in Aloe vera group and also, they showed that the speed of wound healing was better in Aloe vera group than silver sulfadiazine group. 21 In this research, histological epithelization and neovascularization assessment showed that epithelization and neovascularization in vaseline group were less and the time of burn wound contraction was shorter in the herbal ointment group during mentioned times. The mixture of sesame oil, camphor and honey was assessed for first time on healing of second degree burn wound injuries in rat with successful results. So it can be concluded that herbal ointment of sesame oil, camphor and honey had a significant effect on epithelization and neovascularization. Also, the time"}, {"title": "", "text": "An explosion and fire occurred in a cracking column at the Chevron Richmond refinery. A total of 8 workers and firefighters were injured. Three workers suffered second and third degree burns. February 23, 1999 - A fire occurred in the crude unit at Tosco Corporation's Avon oil refinery in Martinez. Workers were attempting to replace piping attached to a 150-foot-tall fractionator tower while the process unit was in operation. During removal of the piping, naphtha was released onto the hot fractionator and ignited. The flames engulfed five workers located at different heights on the tower. Four men were killed, and one sustained serious injuries. March 25, 1999 \u2013 An explosion and fire, at the Chevron Richmond refinery, that spread noxious fumes, and sent hundreds of Richmond residents to hospitals. August 6, 2012 \u2013 A large fire erupted at the Chevron Richmond refinery. About 15,000 sought medical treatment for exposure to the smoke. On April 15, 2013, the US Chemical Safety Board released their preliminary report citing Chevron for a chronic failure to replace aging equipment and called for an overhaul of regulatory oversight of the industry to prevent such accidents from happening again. February 12, 2014, - Sulfuric acid burned two workers in a Martinez refinery's alkylation unit, who were transported to the nearest hospital burn unit by life flight. The incident occurred when the operators opened a block valve to return an acid sampling system back to service. Very shortly after this block valve had been fully opened, the tubing directly downstream of the valve"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ten patients with bilateral (deep second-degree and/or third-degree) hand burns requiring excision and grafting were included in a prospective randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of continuous passive motion (CPM) with burned hands. The purpose of the study was to evaluate: 1) if CPM is a useful alternative to supervised OT/PT for burned hands; 2) which patient populations benefit from CPM intervention; 3) if CPM use has deleterious effects on new grafts; and 4) what effect CPM has on hand pain. Eight hands in the control group and eight hands in the experimental group regained normal total active motion (TAMs) in an average of nine days (range three to 22 days). Two hands with tendon involvement in each group remained impaired at discharge. No patients suffered graft loss attributable to range of motion. Both groups reported only minimal pain during exercise."}, {"title": "", "text": "bring down inflammation and prevent swelling in sports injuries for decades, and due to all the evidence for the CoolSculpting treatment, researchers say it\u2019s possible to replicate the effects at home by simply applying ice packs to the skin. An early study of CoolSculpting showed a reduction in the fat levels by doing this, (though not as great of a loss as colder temperatures through the commercial procedure.) The studies showed that levels of fat on areas of the body where ice packs were applied, were noticeably lower than other parts of the body. So by simply strapping on ice-packs to a fatty area like the thighs, stomach or flanks for just 30 minutes to an hour, 3 to 4 times per week, you can help shed that hard-to-lose stubborn fat. For those wanting to spot reduce fat on certain areas on their bodies, cold thermogenesis makes this possible, and can cause a significant difference in body shape and appearance. What To Watch Out For Using ice packs incorrectly can cause skin burns which may vary from mild such as first degree burns or more severe such as second and third degree burns. One of the most common ways this can occur is through the application of the ice pack directly to the skin without a barrier in between, especially of an injured area. Use a thin layer such as a tee shirt between the skin and ice. You can also try a thin folded hand towel or a couple layers of paper towels for a"}, {"title": "", "text": "and if it was damaged or lost overboard you wouldn't have the same level of screaming and upset as if you lost a $1000+ AR15 or something. What do you think? (Yes, I know the U.N. has forbidden piracy and other such anti-social acts. I don't think I trust the bad guys to obey the U.N. Hell, nobody obeys the U.N. Except us, in too many cases where we should tell them to kiss our ass. But that's another post) Update 11/9: Les Jones had a piece here that included some piracy information, including a link to The High Road that has the story of the sailing ships with the shotgun, here. Thank you Les! And speaking of .50 Brownings and pirates Paris(while it's still there) Ok, it probably won't be that bad, but it's pretty damn bad. I've been looking at different places and different accounts, first- and second-hand. So far, this seems to be the worst: \"A handicapped woman was doused with petrol and set on fire by youths during another night of rioting in Paris. The 56-year-old suffered third degree burns to 20% of her body in the attack.\" I've had second and third-degree burns; they hurt like a sonofabitch, and mine were over nowhere near 20%. And any burns over that large an area can kill you. But let's ignore that for a moment, and try to figure this: what kind of asshole does it take to do this? And this is one incident of many. Instapundit and Michelle have a lot"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Burns The samples were located over the digital hotplate and left to be heated and stabilized to 37.0 \u2022 C. Then contact burns were applied using a heat control metal plate. The plate was heated to 140 \u2022 C and placed directly on the skin surface for a period of time ranging from 10 s to 180 s with a constant pressure. Then emissivity measurements for the burn-damaged skin were obtained and repeated five times using the calibrated radiometer of Figure 3 and Equation (8). Then dressing materials were placed over the burn-damaged skin and the emissivity of the sample was measured using the calibrated radiometer of Figure 3 and Equation (8). Methodology 3: Skin with Different Burn Depths The samples were located over the digital hotplate and left to be heated and stabilized to 37.0 \u2022 C. The emissivities of the samples were obtained using the calibrated radiometer. Then contact burns were applied using a heat control metal plate heated to 100 \u2022 C and placed directly on the skin surface for a different period of time; start from 10 s (first degree burn), then 60 s (second degree burn), and finally 120 s (third degree burns). These periods of time were chosen as they are sufficient to produce different burn depths as assessed experimentally using samples under tests. In addition, the degree of the burns was assessed based on visual signs illustrated in Table 1. The emissivities of the samples after each application of localized heat treatments were obtained using the calibrated radiometer"}, {"title": "", "text": "a car that was stopped in the parking lot of the McDonald\u2019s where she bought the coffee. She held the cup between her knees while removing the lid to add cream and sugar. The cup tipped over. The entire contents spilled onto her lap. The coffee was not just \u201chot,\u201d but scalding hot. McDonald\u2019s corporate policy was to serve coffee at a temperature between 180 and 190 degrees. That\u2019s about 30 degrees hotter than the coffee we brew in our home coffee makers. Coffee at 190 degrees can cause us third degree burns in about 3 seconds. Coffee at 160 degrees, the temperature used by most of our home coffee makers, takes 20 seconds to result in third degree burns. If we spill coffee on ourselves at home, we have 20 seconds to wipe it off or to remove the wet clothing and thereby avoid serious injury. At the 190 degrees used by McDonald\u2019s, there is precious little time for a customer to remove soaked clothing before suffering serious burns. Mrs. Liebeck\u2019s injuries were far from frivolous. She was wearing sweatpants that absorbed the coffee and kept it against her skin. She suffered third-degree burns (the most serious kind) and required skin grafts on her inner thighs and her private parts. Liebeck\u2019s case was far from an isolated event. McDonald\u2019s had received more than 700 previous reports of injury from its coffee, including reports of third-degree burns, and had paid settlements in some of those cases. McDonalds stated that it used the higher temperatures to assure"}, {"title": "", "text": "Liebeck v. McDonald\u2019s Tort Museum / Learn More / Cases That Made a Difference / Liebeck v. McDonald\u2019s By Allison Torres Burtka Stella Liebeck, the 79-year-old woman who was severely burned by McDonald\u2019s coffee that she spilled in her lap in 1992, was unfairly held up as an example of frivolous litigation in the public eye. But the facts of the case tell a very different story. The coffee that burned Stella Liebeck was dangerously hot\u2014hot enough to cause third-degree burns, even through clothes, in three seconds. Liebeck endured third-degree burns over 16 percent of her body, including her inner thighs and genitals\u2014the skin was burned away to the layers of muscle and fatty tissue. She had to be hospitalized for eight days, and she required skin grafts and other treatment. Her recovery lasted two years. Donate today and support the only museum dedicated to law. Liebeck offered to settle the case for $20,000, but the company refused. McDonald\u2019s offered Liebeck only $800\u2014which did not even cover her medical expenses. When the case went to trial, the jurors saw graphic photos of Liebeck\u2019s burns. They heard experts testify about how hot coffee should be and that McDonald\u2019s coffee was 30 to 40 degrees hotter than coffee served by other companies. The jury learned that 700 other people\u2014including children\u2014had been burned before, yet the company did not change its policy of keeping coffee at between 180 and 190 degrees. The company knew its coffee was causing serious burns, but it decided that, with billions of cups served"}, {"title": "", "text": "Using electricity, gas and hot water safely Hot water safety Hot water scalding can happen when the temperature from a hot water tap is too high. Ten degrees can mean the difference between a safe contact time with hot water and third-degree burns occurring. Burn times from hot tap water: at 60\u00b0C it can take just five seconds for an adult, and 1 second for a child, before third-degree burns occur at 50\u00b0C it can take five minutes for an adult or child before third-degree burns occur. Maximum water temperature By law, the maximum temperature for heated water connected to plumbing fixtures used primarily for personal hygiene, such as showers, baths, hand basins, and bidets, must not be higher than 50\u00b0C. In public buildings intended for use by children, the elderly, or people with a disability, the water temperature must not be more than 45\u00b0C in the following areas: residential areas of aged care buildings patient care areas in health care buildings designated accessible facilities in common areas of public buildings. Installing a water temperature control While the maximum delivery temperature of heated water mustn't be higher than 50\u00b0C, heated water needs to be stored above 60\u00b0C in a hot water system to prevent stagnation and bacteria growth, such as legionella. To make sure the water that comes out of the tap is at a lower temperature, a thermostatically controlled tap, or a tempering valve should be installed. Hot water systems installed before 1998 are unlikely to have temperature control devices fitted. Speak to a licensed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Using electricity, gas and hot water safely Hot water safety Hot water scalding can happen when the temperature from a hot water tap is too high. Ten degrees can mean the difference between a safe contact time with hot water and third-degree burns occurring. Burn times from hot tap water: at 60\u00b0C it can take just five seconds for an adult, and 1 second for a child, before third-degree burns occur at 50\u00b0C it can take five minutes for an adult or child before third-degree burns occur. Maximum water temperature By law, the maximum temperature for heated water connected to plumbing fixtures used primarily for personal hygiene, such as showers, baths, hand basins, and bidets, must not be higher than 50\u00b0C. In public buildings intended for use by children, the elderly, or people with a disability, the water temperature must not be more than 45\u00b0C in the following areas: residential areas of aged care buildings patient care areas in health care buildings designated accessible facilities in common areas of public buildings. Installing a water temperature control While the maximum delivery temperature of heated water mustn't be higher than 50\u00b0C, heated water needs to be stored above 60\u00b0C in a hot water system to prevent stagnation and bacteria growth, such as legionella. To make sure the water that comes out of the tap is at a lower temperature, a thermostatically controlled tap, or a tempering valve should be installed. Hot water systems installed before 1998 are unlikely to have temperature control devices fitted. Speak to a licensed"}, {"title": "", "text": "recorded because they will involve medical treatment. For example, a small second degree burn to the forearm that is treated with nothing more than a bandage is not recordable. A larger or more severe second degree burn that is treated with prescription creams or antibiotics, or results in restricted work, job transfer, or days away from work is recordable. The vast majority of first degree burns and minor second degree burns will not be recorded because they will not meet the recording criteria, including medical treatment. However, more serious first and second degree burns that receive medical treatment will be recorded, and third degree burns should always be recorded because they require medical treatment... Paragraph 1904.7(b)(6) Loss of Consciousness The rule, requires the employer to record any work-related injury or illness resulting in a loss of consciousness. The recording of occupational injuries and illnesses resulting in loss of consciousness is clearly required by Sections 8(c) and 24 of the OSH Act. The new rule differs from the former rule only in clearly applying the loss of consciousness criterion to illnesses as well as injuries. Since the former rule required the recording of all illnesses, illnesses involving loss of consciousness were recordable, and thus OSHA expects that this clarification will not change recording practices. Thus, any time a worker becomes unconscious as a result of a workplace exposure to chemicals, heat, an oxygen deficient environment, a blow to the head, or some other workplace hazard that causes loss of consciousness, the employer must record the case... In"}, {"title": "", "text": "been described. This is the first study, to our knowledge, describing the association between haptoglobin level and MAKE or AKI in a population of critically ill burn patients. In 1943, Shen et al. [8] described a 25% incidence of haemolysis in 40 patients with combined second-degree and third-degree thermal burns over 15-65% of the body area. Eleven patients developed haemolysis as evidenced by the presence of haemoglobinuria. In the literature on thermal burns, haemolysis is infrequently reported as a complication of severe third-degree burns [8]. In the present study, 38 (>97%) of 39 cases with undetectable haemolysis had > 20% TBSA. TBSA was strongly associated with undetectable haptoglobin, even after adjustment for confounding factors. Physiopathology of renal toxicity of haemolysis is probably multifactorial, including (1) the role of the fHb azote monoxide (NO) scavenger, decreasing its bioavailability and therefore inducing systemic vasoconstriction; and (2) direct toxicity of fHb aggregating into casts in the tubular lumen [14,15]. We describe a high incidence of AKI in the first week (56%), which is close to the incidence reported by Palmieri et al., who described an incidence of 53% in a retrospective cohort of 60 severely burned patients (>20% TBSA) [3]. In their study, they did not describe the prevalence of MAKE; however, AKI was strongly associated with mortality because 34% of patients with AKI died, whereas no deaths were reported among patients without AKI. In the present study, we chose to use MAKE as the primary endpoint [17]. Of note, MAKE were driven largely by RRT and mortality in"}, {"title": "", "text": "subsumed or altered. So several years ago, I researched the case and discovered that the lawsuit wasn't as non-substantial as urban legend had it. The difference between 130-degree coffee, which restaurant customers familiarly expect to receive, and McDonald's super-heated 180-degree coffee is a matter of precious seconds. And that's where McDonald's culpability in the case enters into it. Under the same circumstances as the actual incident, coffee at 130 degrees would have taken approximately fifty-to-sixty seconds to inflict third-degree burns; there would have been time to remove the soaked clothing and wipe the coffee off the skin, thwarting the most grievous degree of injuries. At 180 degrees, McDonald's coffee inflicted third-degree burns virtually on contact. That's hotter than one would reasonably expect. It also legitimises Mrs. Liebeck's complaint that the warning on the cup was insufficient. A simple warning saying \"Caution: this coffee is hot\", or words of that nature, do not adequately convey the exceptional degree of heat. Sure, we all know that a freshly poured cup of coffee is hot, and most people have had the experience of drinking hot coffee a bit too soon and burning the roofs of their mouths. When one is warned, simply, \"Caution: this coffee is hot\", he reasonably associates it with that experience, and not with the notion that he is holding a cup of molten lava. The warning of the cup provided by McDonald's was inadequate to the hazard involved---a hazard which could not be reasonably predicted. Once I discovered these facts, I reassessed my opinion of"}, {"title": "", "text": "was 14% \u00b1 11% (range 2-70%). Fifty-one percent of the lesions were medium and small area burns. There were a few large (25% TBSA) and extra-large (35% TBSA) area burns, the majority caused by flames. No significant relationship was observed between hot water burns and gender (p > 0.05). Distribution of the Degree of Burns Distribution of the degree of burns was 37 (78%) second-degree and 10 (2%) thirddegree burns. Third-degree burns were observed more frequently in the 4 months-2 years age range, with different etiologies (chemical burns, flame burns and contact burns), the most frequent being hot liquid burns and chemical burns (35%). Anatomically, the majority of the burns were confined to the head, face and neck (17; 36%), followed by burns of the lower extremities (10; 21%), as shown in Figure 4. There were significant differences among ages for different anatomical locations, with the medium age of face and neck burns being 2.4 years; that for lower extremity burns was 5.1 years, and that abdomen and chest burns was 5.6 years. The features of patients are reported in Table 2. Distribution of Length of Stay (LOS) The minimum length of stay (LOS) was one day, while the maximum was 69 days. The average LOS was 17 \u00b1 15 days, with a prevalence of hot liquid burns in the long LOS group. There were significant differences among TBSA groups for LOS, with a mean LOS of 44 days for the extra-large area group, 18 days for the large area group, 16 days for the medium"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Truth About McDonald's \"Hot Coffee Lawsuit\" & Why It Matters (Video) Image credit: Hot Coffee Most of us have heard of it. And many of us, myself included, have used it anecdotally as the perfect example of litigation culture gone mad. Yet a new documentary tells a very different version of the story about Stella Liebeck, the Albuquerque woman who spilled coffee on herself and sued McDonald's, and what it means about the balance of power between individuals, the state, and the corporate world. But what's that got to do with environmentalism? Hot Coffee is a documentary movie that follows the stories of four ordinary Americans as they try to right perceived wrongs\u2014and uses these stories to explore how corporate interests have stacked the cards to limit access to the court system. Using the case of Stella Liebeck, for example, we learn that while she became a laughing stock and the butt of jokes on everything from Seinfeld to The Simpsons, the actual facts of the case point to very real, very dangerous malpractice on behalf of McDonalds. PublicCitizen has an excellent summary of the real facts behind the hot coffee case: McDonald's Operations Manual required the franchisee to hold its coffee at 180 to 190 degrees Fahrenheit; Coffee at that temperature, if spilled, causes third-degree burns (the worst kind of burn) in three to seven seconds; Third-degree burns do not heal without skin grafting, debridement and whirlpool treatments that cost tens of thousands of dollars and result in permanent disfigurement, extreme pain and disability"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the hand splinted in the intrinsic plus position. With the wrist in 30 degrees of extension, the metacarpophalangeal joint is flexed and the interphalangeal joints are extended. The thumb should be maintained in an abducted position to prevent contracture of the first web space. The patient should begin a vigorous therapy program emphasizing active ROM as soon as it is tolerated. Compression garments may reduce swelling and scar hypertrophy after reepithelialization. In deep second-degree burns, excision of the remaining portion of the skin and application of a skin graft do not produce long-term results superior to those achieved with spontaneous healing. Therefore, the treatment of deep second-degree burns should be similar to that of superficial second-degree burns. Third-Degree Burns Third-degree burns involve the entire epidermis, dermis, and a portion of the subcutaneous region. These burns result in waxy dry regions often having a nontender central area, caused by burning of the neural tissue. Third-degree burns should be treated with excision within the first 3\u20137 days and a split-thickness skin graft applied to the involved areas. Fourth-Degree Burns In addition to involvement of the skin, fourth-degree burns involve deep tissues, including muscle, tendon, and bone. Often, the only effective treatment for these burns is amputation of the involved part, with appropriate soft-tissue coverage of the residual stump. Neurovascular Complications The neurovascular status of the burned hand should be carefully monitored. Massive swelling necessitates release of compartments of the hand and forearm. Digital releases are best performed by longitudinal releases along the ulnar border of the index,"}, {"title": "", "text": "CBS News Boston: Free 24/7 News NEXT Weather CBS Boston App NEXT Weather Forecast Andover native Jay Leno has undergone surgery for significant burns, physician says November 16, 2022 / 3:01 PM / CBS/CNN Jay Leno badly burned in car fire Jay Leno badly burned in car fire 00:21 LOS ANGELES \u2013 Jay Leno has undergone one surgery for his burn injuries and will undergo a second procedure later this week, according to his physician. The 72-year-old comedian is an Andover native. Leno, an avid car collector, had been working underneath a vehicle on Saturday when he was burned by a gasoline fire, Dr. Peter Grossman, who is treating the former \"Tonight Show Host,\" said during a press conference Wednesday. \"When got pulled out from the area underneath the car, it was noted that he had pretty significant burns to face and hands,\" he said. \"His burns include his face, his hands, and his chest, the burns are fairly significant,\" Grossman noted. Leno was first taken to a local hospital and then was transferred to the Grossman Burn Center in Los Angeles after the incident. Leno's wife has been by his side and \"obviously very concerned,\" the doctor said. His injuries are a mixture of second-degree and possibly some third-degree burns, according to Grossman. \"Some of the burns to the face are a little deeper and a little more concerning. Right now they're in that progression of somewhere between deep second and third-degree burns to the face. We're hoping we can keep them from progressing by"}, {"title": "", "text": "Customers want their coffee served hot. Stella Liebeck from Albuquerque, New Mexico, was severely burned by McDonald\u2019s coffee in February 1992 while in the passenger seat of her grandson\u2019s car. Liebeck attempted to remove the lid of the coffee cup in order to put cream and sugar in the coffee. The car was stopped. As she was removing the lid, the contents of the 180-190 degree liquid spilled on her. Liebeck suffered burns on her inner thighs, buttocks, and groin areas. She was hospitalized for eight days and underwent skin grafts. Generally coffee is served between 135 and 140 degrees. At that temperature it is still considered very hot, yet not scalding. Coffee that is of the temperature spilled on Liebeck is hot enough to cause third degree burns in two to seven seconds. In other words, the coffee served at McDonald\u2019s was far too hot. The urban myth that was generated from this case was that this was the first and only case of injury caused by scalding coffee sold by McDonald\u2019s drive-through fast food restaurants. Discovery produced in the case however showed that McDonald\u2019s had over 700 documents revealing claims by people burned by its coffee between 1982 and the time Liebeck was burned. McDonald\u2019s is not the only fast food business that serves its coffee at such high temperatures. Dunkin Donuts has also been sued for similar claims."}, {"title": "", "text": "its head as a poster child for \u201ctort reform.\u201d Yet, even after that case, McDonald\u2019s doesn\u2019t seem to fear punitive damage awards. A look at the facts of the late Stella Liebeck\u2019s case against McDonald\u2019s and the company\u2019s operations today shows precisely why we need punitive damages. In that case, the 79-year-old Ms. Liebeck suffered second- and third-degree burns to her pelvic area when a McDonald\u2019s coffee she was attempting to add cream and sugar to, and which she had placed between her legs because she was a passenger in a car that was not moving, spilled. She was hospitalized for eight days and required skin grafts and other costly treatments. Ms. Liebeck left the hospital weighing 83 pounds after losing 20 pounds (or about 20% of her weight) while there. Ms. Liebeck\u2019s injuries were caused by coffee that was sold at between 180 and 190 degrees Fahrenheit, per McDonald\u2019s policy. Liquids at these high temperatures can cause third-degree burns within three seconds of contact. Other major fast-food restaurants kept their coffee between 150 and 160 degrees. Your coffee maker at home likely keeps your coffee at between 135 and 150 degrees. At these temperatures, hot liquids take at least five to six times as long to cause burns, allowing consumers more time to clean up spills before they cause injury. At first, before filing a lawsuit, Ms. Liebeck asked McDonald\u2019s to pay around $20,000 to cover her medical bills and the wages her daughter lost when she stayed home to care for her. McDonald\u2019s offered"}, {"title": "", "text": "in-vivo SG regeneration We next evaluated whether these inductive SGCs that were isolated through fluorescence-activated cell sorting with K18 antibody would contribute to the repair of wounded skin, especial SG regeneration in burn mice. To this end, GFP-labeled EPs and inductive SGCs were injected to second- and third-degree burn wounds. We first traced the cells through an in-vivo animal imaging system. The retention of inductive SGCs in the wound was far higher than for Eps, and the fluorescence signals decreased gradually after injection on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 both in second- and third-degree burn wounds, while there was a little more cell persistence in second-degree burn wounds (Fig. 3). Cell retention and viability were detected by bioluminescence imaging. *p < 0.05. D day, Irf6 interferon regulatory factor 6, ROI region of interest We performed perspiration tests on the burned paws of mice based on iodine/starch at day 28 after transfected cell injection. Only mice with second-degree burns showed individual SGs (black dots) and the number increased within 10 min; however, no obvious black dots were observed in the paw pad of control and third-degree burn mice (Fig. 4a). Histological analysis showed that a second-degree burn only destroyed the original SGCs but kept the supporting structure of the SG, while a third-degree burn destroyed both the original SGCs and the supporting structure. At 28 days after treatment, SG regeneration was only observed in second-degree burn wounds by inductive SGC transplantation (Fig. 4b). Morphological changes and protein expression of treated plantar tissue. a Sweat"}, {"title": "", "text": "wounds [14]. Burn healing can be regarded as a particular kind of wound healing and most of the skin reactions are the similar. The conditions for burn healing differ according to the depth of the burn wound in addition to several factors can interfere with the healing process. Consequently three zones have been known in a burn, an inner zone (coagulation zone) where cell damage is irreversible, a middle zone (statis zone) where damage is severe and an outer zone (hyperemic zone) where recovery is likely [15]. Moreover there are three degrees of burns, the first in which the epidermis only is damaged, the second where some dermal damage also occurs but where epithelial regeneration is possible and the third where both epidermis and dermis are irreversibly damaged. 1 st and 2 nd degree burns are known together as partial thickness burns. 2 nd degree burns is the deeper injury than 1 st degree burn. It involves all the epidermis and much of the corium. The deep dermal burn is of important clinical importance. Most 2 nd degree burns are characterized by blisters. They are usually accompanied by considerable subcutaneous oedema. The rate of healing is dependent upon the depth of skin destruction on whether or not presence of infection. In superficial partial thickness burns, healing usually takes place uneventfully in a period of 10 to 14 days unless infection supervenes. Deep dermal burns are injuries that extend down deep in the cornium lining of the sweat glands and their follicles. If the wound is appropriately"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the ethical committee for biomedical research of University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. e mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal ketamine (100 mg/ml) and xylazine (20 mg/ ml) with dosage of 0.2 ml/100 g body weight. e dorsal skin of the animals was shaved and cleaned with 70% ethanol and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine. In order to get the right level of burn, a cylindrical shaped stainless steel cup with radius of 0.5 cm was placed in hot water (\u223c100\u00b0C) and then on the backs of mice and held for various time (3 s, 5 s, 10 s, and 20 s). After 2 or 3 hours, these skins were collected and processed with haematoxylin and eosin staining. Based on the criteria of Tiwari [60], the seconddegree burn and third-degree burn models were applied for further study. In the study of wound healing property, animals were divided in to three groups, each group comprising of three mice: (i) Group I: control (nontreatment). (ii) Group II: standard treatment group (the standard method applied to treat second-degree burn with Biafine cream/third-degree burn with Silvirin). (iii) Group III: nCur-CP group. e second-degree burn was studied in 14 days whereas it took 22 days for third-degree burn. Progression decrease in the wound size was monitored periodically by measuring the distance between 2 opposite outside edges of the wound margin, using a vernier caliper (Figure 8(b)). Two measurements approximately 90\u00b0from each other were obtained; the largest distance was used as one of the measurements. During the measurements, mice"}, {"title": "", "text": "prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a large tertiary care setting of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between August 2016 and December 2018. Results: A total of 102 hospitalized burn patients were included in this study, of whom 84 (82.4%) were males. Burns were classified as first degree, second degree, third degree, or fourth degree depending on their severity and extent of penetration into the skin. The majority (81.3%) of the patients suffered from flame burn, followed by scald (9.85), chemical (6.9%), and electrical (2%) types of burns. Broad-spectrum antibiotic such as piperacillin/tazobactam (40.57%) was the most common empirically prescribed antibiotic. In 35 patients (34.3%), there was a change in antibiotic after culture findings. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 40% of antibiotic therapy decisions followed the recommended clinical guidelines. This study also found that Gram-negative microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were ubiquitous in our burn unit. The study results will facilitate to develop antibiogram for our study setting, thus reducing antibiotic resistance. Further studies are needed to explore the extent and consequences of irrational antibiotic prescriptions in critically ill burn patients. Effect of pharmacist-led intervention on progression of diabetic complications at two tertiary care hospitals of Malaysia p. 193 Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, Amer Hayat Khan, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Aznita Ibrahim, Nor Shaffinaz Binti Yusoff Azmi, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Fahad I Al-Saikhan, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, Eldowaik Mohamed Salah Saad Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which can lead to different complications in patients if not treated properly. An appropriate intervention"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns.) The kitten pictured above suffered third degree burns on some of his paws and lost the pads to all his feet. \u201cTheir paws have been badly burned,\u201d said Dusty Spencer, a veterinary surgeon at VCA Valley Oak Veterinary Center. \u201cTheir whiskers are singed or gone. Some of them have had really bad burns on their eyelids and nose.\u201d Olivia\u2019s skin started to grow back just five days after the tilapia skin was applied. (Photo: Karin Higgins/UC Davis) An 8-year-old Boston terrier mix named Olivia was one of the first dogs to receive treatment. Olivia\u2019s owners, Curtis and Mindy Stark, were out of town when the blaze began. Fortunately, Olivia has a microchip and was reunited with her owners. She suffered second-degree burns to her paws, legs and side, but it wasn\u2019t long till she was feeling better thanks to the tilapia skin. The Stark family was able to check Olivia out of the veterinary hospital. (Photo: Karin Higgins/UC Davis) \u201cIt was a day and night difference,\u201d said Curtis Stark. \u201cShe got up on the bed and did a back flip. That is the first time we saw her acting like she was before.\u201d Treatment also works for the most severe burns The bobcat suffered third- to fifth- degree burns on all of its pads. (Photo: Gregory Urquiaga/UC Davis) Pets weren\u2019t the only animals to suffer during the wildfire. Many wild animals desperately tried to flee but couldn\u2019t. A bobcat was also brought in for treatment. Peyton tells MNN the bobcat suffered third- to fifth-degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "hours, and he examined the body. As to the burns described, he declared them to be the cause of Mr. Wilson's death. The witness said he had first, second and third degree burns covering portions of his face, his neck, his arms and his chest down to about the nipple line and his back down to just about the angle of the shoulder blade; that the burns were more than marked on his chest and on portions of his arms and neck; that his hair was singed partly off and probably had first degree burns on the scalp in spots, and that his arms were burned all the way down to the finger tips, first and second degree burns; that his lips and around his mouth were not severely burned, but there were first degree burns there; that his forehead had a second degree burn and his neck one or two spots of third degree burns. W. H. Newman testified that he was a graduate of an accredited school of medicine; had been engaged in practice of medicine and surgery and was engaged as an intern at the City Hospital in Mobile; that he had no license or certificate to practice medicine from any State Board. He testified that he had passed the Louisiana State Board, but that they didn't give him a license; that he was at the City Hospital in Mobile at the time they brought Mr. Wilson there and he described the burns and stated that he administered morphine; that a record of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Liebeck v. McDonald\u2019s The Hot Coffee Case By Allison Torres Burtka Stella Liebeck, the 79-year-old woman who was severely burned by McDonald\u2019s coffee that she spilled in her lap in 1992, was unfairly held up as an example of frivolous litigation in the public eye. But the facts of the case tell a very different story. The coffee that burned Stella Liebeck was dangerously hot\u2014hot enough to cause third-degree burns, even through clothes, in three seconds. Liebeck endured third-degree burns over 16 percent of her body, including her inner thighs and genitals\u2014the skin was burned away to the layers of muscle and fatty tissue. She had to be hospitalized for eight days, and she required skin grafts and other treatment. Her recovery lasted two years. Liebeck offered to settle the case for $20,000, but the company refused. McDonald\u2019s offered Liebeck only $800\u2014which did not even cover her medical expenses. When the case went to trial, the jurors saw graphic photos of Liebeck\u2019s burns. They heard experts testify about how hot coffee should be and that McDonald\u2019s coffee was 30 to 40 degrees hotter than coffee served by other companies. The jury learned that 700 other people\u2014including children\u2014had been burned before, yet the company did not change its policy of keeping coffee at between 180 and 190 degrees. The company knew its coffee was causing serious burns, but it decided that, with billions of cups served annually, this number of burns was not significant. The goal of the lawsuit was to try to right a wrong. \u201cWe"}, {"title": "", "text": "Boiler dangers: Defective boilers can lead to scalding burns | Miller, Montiel & Strano, P.C. On behalf of Miller, Montiel & Strano, P.C. on Thursday, March 28, 2019. When you want to use hot water in your home, the goal is to make it hot enough to kill bacteria and to feel hot to the touch, but you don't want it so hot that it burns you. When the temperature gauges are not working correctly, it's possible that the water could become so hot that it causes burns. There are two types of safety controls on a boiler. The first is the safety relief valve, which protects people from high temperatures and high pressures. The next is the low-water cutoff, which turns off the boiler if there isn't enough water. If a landlord neglects to maintain or fix faulty boiler controls, tenants can get seriously injured. Why is it important to prevent high-temperature water from contacting the skin? Anything hot can cause damage to the skin, including water. Did you know that you could suffer a third-degree burn by exposing your skin to 150-degree water for only two seconds? If the water is as hot as 140 degrees, you'll suffer third-degree burns after just five-to-six seconds of exposure. The risk of burns continues on a downward trend as temperatures decline. Typically, it is safe to bathe in water of 120 degrees or less, which is the typical maximum recommended setting for boilers. At 120 degrees, it's still possible to suffer from burns after five minutes of"}, {"title": "", "text": "is impossible to keep everyone happy. 3. What are the arguments supporting McDonald\u2019s position in the Liebeck case? What are the arguments supporting Liebeck\u2019s position? McDonald\u2019s stated that Liebeck had only herself to blame for placing the cup between her legs. It was also stated that Liebeck failed to leap out of the seat allowing the coffee to penetrate her clothing and burning her. A burn expert for Liebeck stated that 170 degree coffee is capable of causing second degree burns within 3. 5 seconds. It was also argued that 700 complaints, equal to one in every 24 million cups sold, is trivial. This statement was supposed to help McDonald\u2019s but in turn helped Liebeck. 4. If you had been a juror in the Liebeck case, which position would you most likely have supported? Why? What if you had been a juror in the pickle burn case? If I were a juror in this case or the pickle burn case, I would have most likely supported McDonald\u2019s. I feel that people should show a little more common sense when they order food. Most people want to get their food while it is still hot so why don\u2019t people sue when food is too cold? On the other hand, McDonald\u2019s should make the warning on the cup larger and warn consumers as they order. 5. What are the similarities and differences between the coffee burn case and the pickle burn case? Does one represent a more serious threat to consumer harm? What should McDonald\u2019s, and other fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "_The Curse of Culcraig_ and _Living Lies_ www.dawnbrown.org AThere are three areas of concern. He could suffer first-, second-, or third-degree burns to his skin. Often there are areas of each. I'd keep any third-degree burns to a minimum since these are the ones that scar and often require skin grafting. First-degree burns are like a bad sunburn, and second are when blistering of the skin occurs. Hair on his head and arms and his eyebrows could be singed away. His eyes, particularly the corneas, might be damaged. This could cause visual defects and require a corneal transplant to correct. His lungs and bronchial tubes (airways) could be affected by the fire and smoke. This could be a minor irritation or a significant degree of damage that requires hospitalization, placement on a ventilator, and several weeks of treatment. And anywhere in between. I'd suggest your character suffer only a moderate degree of lung and bronchial injury, which would cause coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain for several days. The pain would burn when he breathed or coughed, much as if he had an acute bronchitis from a flu. He would be treated in the hospital for a couple of days with oxygen, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. The antibiotics might be one of the cephalosporins given IV twice each day for a few days and then orally for maybe ten days. The steroids might be something like methylprednisolone 8 milligrams IV twice a day for two or three days. After a few days to a week he"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.07926131784915924, 0.13001574575901031, 0.1412965953350067, 0.14353778958320618, 0.13125282526016235, 0.13125282526016235, 0.15976986289024353, 0.10745634138584137, 0.17322134971618652, 0.16249144077301025, 0.04148981347680092, 0.07749365270137787, 0.14119218289852142, 0.0942363291978836, 0.01891528256237507, 0.05216597393155098, 0.0657125785946846, 0.1683589071035385, 0.18319016695022583, 0.16274380683898926, 0.08131323754787445, 0.1198129653930664, 0.1932608187198639, 0.14890193939208984, 0.17163912951946259, 0.1560458093881607, 0.2170378416776657, 0.1415179818868637, 0.1412965953350067, 0.19559919834136963, 0.04897201806306839, 0.15357185900211334, 0.04148981347680092, 0.12799055874347687, 0.14353778958320618, 0.11069660633802414, 0.17163912951946259, 0.08566094189882278, 0.05080731213092804, 0.15976986289024353, 0.032898303121328354, 0.1355544775724411, 0.11341551691293716, 0.07606653869152069, 0.13125282526016235, 0.13125258684158325, 0.07749365270137787, 0.16274380683898926], "y": [0.034813977777957916, 0.05499895662069321, 0.013846784830093384, 0.06697960197925568, 0.07055014371871948, 0.07055014371871948, 0.052031707018613815, 0.0038876028265804052, 0.0416133888065815, 0.004562975373119116, 0.03434935212135315, 0.029611002653837204, 0.0337958000600338, 0.04130878299474716, 0.03189266845583916, 0.04255460575222969, 0.03743511810898781, -0.01904490776360035, 0.03306569904088974, 0.05230531841516495, 0.039467647671699524, -0.028393369168043137, 0.003437795676290989, 0.0005601434968411922, 0.07995589822530746, 0.009197435341775417, 0.03901030495762825, -0.0014593091327697039, 0.013846784830093384, 0.0449700765311718, 0.019974246621131897, -0.002639211481437087, 0.03434935212135315, 0.060112375766038895, 0.06697960197925568, -0.012196640484035015, 0.07995589822530746, -0.0161452516913414, 0.015914151445031166, 0.052031707018613815, 0.0027210295666009188, 0.016412533819675446, 0.03147727996110916, 0.014563243836164474, 0.07055014371871948, 0.07054997235536575, 0.029611002653837204, 0.05230531841516495], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 8", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(217,217,217)"}, "text": ["Document 48", "Document 82", "Document 93", "Document 154", "Document 213", "Document 214", "Document 232", "Document 251", "Document 255", "Document 273", "Document 274", "Document 279", "Document 288", "Document 292", "Document 294", "Document 311", "Document 325", "Document 370", "Document 383", "Document 399", "Document 403", "Document 411", "Document 419", "Document 424", "Document 464", "Document 466", "Document 479", "Document 480", "Document 1022", "Document 1034", "Document 1040", "Document 1061", "Document 1082", "Document 1084", "Document 1151", "Document 1191", "Document 1242", "Document 1277", "Document 1283", "Document 1305", "Document 1336", "Document 1375", "Document 1398", "Document 1411", "Document 1421", "Document 1422", "Document 1468", "Document 1473"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "private schools or hire tutors. Most families couldn\u2019t afford this, so most kids simply didn\u2019t go to school. That began to change in th\u2026 1. how much is a 360 degree camera 2. what does 2nd degree sunburn look like 3. how long does it take to get a radiology degree 4. what is murder in the first degree 5. what is a nurse practitioner degree called 6. what is 2nd and 3rd degree murders 7. what is 3rd degree burglary 8. when treating a 3rd-degree burn, you should 9. bachelor's degree or bachelors degree 10. how to treat 1st degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "Difference Between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-Degree Murder? Home \u00bb FAQs \u00bb Difference Between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-Degree Murder? People usually think that murder is a murder, regardless of who committed it and why. However, things are not that simple. Even though murder is usually a punishable act, it may not be in certain cases. Because there is a clear distinction between types of murder, it is important to know what main types there are and how is murder actually based on degrees? For those who are not familiar, in the US jurisdictions, murder can be described as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-degree murder; each degree carries different circumstances, background, reasons, weapons and even the emotional state of the person who committed it. The factors determining which degree of murder is are numerous, and they can affect a murder charge and the penalty. Therefore, in the following paragraphs, we are going to take a brief insight into the main differences between different murder degrees, and the factors that characterize them as such. The First-Degree Murder The first-degree murder is characterized by the US law and jurisdiction as a criminal act, where the criminal intent, cause of the murder and harm elements of the murder are all being taken into consideration. The first-degree murder is the most serious charge for murder, as it is believed that the defendant has planned and carried out a murder with the intent of harm and malice. Now, when it comes to the first-degree murder, it is important to point out that there are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second degree may refer to: A postgraduate degree or a professional degree in postgraduate education Second-degree burn Second-degree polynomial, in mathematics Second-degree murder, actual definition varies from country to country The second degree in Freemasonry See also First degree (disambiguation) Third degree (disambiguation) Minute and second of arc, a second of arc being of a degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Is 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree Murder? You may be aware that when charging criminals with murder, there are a number of \u201cdegrees\u201d the courts can use based on the circumstances. The sentencing between 1st-degree murder and 3rd-degree murder will also be very different. In this article, we will explain what the definition of each is. First-Degree Murder Meaning A first-degree murder charge occurs when the murder was premeditated and intentional or felony murder. Second-Degree Murder Meaning A second-degree murder charge occurs when the death is either unplanned but intentional, like in the heat of the moment, or if there was a reckless disregard for human life. Third-Degree Murder/ Manslaughter Meaning Third-degree murder is often called manslaughter, and this charge occurs when the death is accidental or caused unintentionally. For example, if you punch someone and accidentally kill them. What Are The Differences Between These Murder Charges: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree Murder The difference between first and second-degree murder is intent. Did the defendant mean to kill the person? The difference between 3rd-degree murder or manslaughter and the other murder charges is that the death was completely accidental. There was no reckless disregard for human life or intent, but the defendant still showed ill-will towards the decease. This is called manslaughter in most states, but Florida, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota call it third-degree murder. Intent and Murder Charges Intent is a vital aspect of the different murder charges and will be the difference between a 1st-degree murder charge and 2nd. A first-degree murder charge is"}, {"title": "", "text": "What are 1st, 2nd and 3rd-degree murders? Posted on: 25 Jul, 2020 By Donald I.M. Outerbridge People often think that murder is just a murder. But have you ever thought if somebody kills somebody unintentionally then would it be considered as a murder? And what if somebody kills somebody intentionally then the penalty or punishment law would be as same as the unintentional murder? The answer is NO. So it is important to know about the degree of murder. There are some degrees on the state of murder, and they are named as first degree, second degree and third-degree murder based on the level of killing and so on. Facts about the first degree, second degree, and third-degree murder: Murder is usually a punishable criminal act in the eyes of Canadian law and every single jurisdiction on earth. It is not a matter of joke. No matter who commits the murder or who the victim is, the murderer should get punished. But there are some differences in terms of murder which are also designated as first, second, third-degree murder. This writing will help you to know about the differences between these 3 degrees\u2019 murder and the law behind this. First-degree murder: The topmost serious charge for murder is also known as first-degree murder. This murder is the evilest one. When someone kills someone intentionally with malice aforethought is called first-degree murder. This murder is also designated as premeditated murder which is a planned murder. Some example of first-degree murder: Contract killing or any killing committed by"}, {"title": "", "text": "What are 1st, 2nd and 3rd-degree murders? Posted on: 25 Jul, 2020 By Donald I.M. Outerbridge People often think that murder is just a murder. But have you ever thought if somebody kills somebody unintentionally then would it be considered as a murder? And what if somebody kills somebody intentionally then the penalty or punishment law would be as same as the unintentional murder? The answer is NO. So it is important to know about the degree of murder. There are some degrees on the state of murder, and they are named as first degree, second degree and third-degree murder based on the level of killing and so on. Facts about the first degree, second degree, and third-degree murder: Murder is usually a punishable criminal act in the eyes of Canadian law and every single jurisdiction on earth. It is not a matter of joke. No matter who commits the murder or who the victim is, the murderer should get punished. But there are some differences in terms of murder which are also designated as first, second, third-degree murder. This writing will help you to know about the differences between these 3 degrees\u2019 murder and the law behind this. First-degree murder: The topmost serious charge for murder is also known as first-degree murder. This murder is the evilest one. When someone kills someone intentionally with malice aforethought is called first-degree murder. This murder is also designated as premeditated murder which is a planned murder. Some example of first-degree murder: Contract killing or any killing committed by"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u00bb Legal Articles \u00bb Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Understanding the differences between first, second and third degree murder is difficult especially if you are not in a state where murder is classified in that order. They all involve the killing of one person by another. However the legal punishment for those three offences are not the same. The law always treat them with caution. Having said that, in this article we will be looking closely at the different degrees of murder in law. I highly encourage you to read this work from start to finish so that you will be able to grasp the information contained here. Meaning and Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Recommended: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 1 Meaning of murder 2 Meaning of first degree murder 3 Meaning of Second Degree Murder 4 Felony Murder/Third Degree Murder 5 Differences between 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree murder Meaning of murder Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being without justification or valid excuse, with malice aforethought. In criminal law, it refers to the unjustified killing of one person by another, and is usually distinguished from manslaughter by the element of malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is the intention to kill or harm. It exists where a defendant intends to kill another person or to cause severe bodily harm without legal justification or excuse and is usually erroneously mistaken for premeditation. For a killing to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Is there a difference between second degree battery and aggravated second degree battery ? Does article 890.3 have any impact on second degree battery? aggravated 2d degree battery exposure up to $10,000 and/or 15 years. A: And Art 893 not available to either."}, {"title": "", "text": "We compare things BusinessCars & Other VehiclesChildrenComputers and SoftwareFinanceFood and DrinksHealthHobbies and CraftsHome & GardenLaw and GovernmentLifestylePeoplePets and NatureReal estateRelationshipsScience and EducationSports and FitnessTechnologyTravel Difference between First Degree and Second Degree Murder Updated on February 20, 2018 With the same definition of killing a person with malice aforethought, there is still that defining reason where a person will be convicted of either first degree murder or second degree murder. It may just be a simple difference, but with that difference, it could mean long years of imprisonment or even death for the perpetrator. 1.1 First Degree Murder 1.2 Second Degree Murder 2 Comparison Chart 3 First Degree vs Second Degree Murder Nikko Jenkins is an American spree killer. He is known for committing four murders between August 11, 2013 and August 21 2013. He was convicted of first degree murder. In general, a first degree murder is a serious act of crime where an intentional killing takes place that\u2019s premeditated and with malice aforethought. It means that the murder was planned in advance and intentional. Take note however, that some first degree murders don\u2019t need to be intended or deliberate; some special circumstances may be involved like an act of killing during the commission of another violent felony, or multiple killings. The penalties one might get with a first degree murder are usually life imprisonment, a term of years to life, and the death penalty. Renowned American record producer Phillip Harvey Spector convicted with second-degree murder in Lana Clarkson Case. Like a first degree murder, it"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree (noun) associate's degree (noun) bachelor's degree (noun) first\u2013degree (adjective) master's degree (noun) second\u2013degree (adjective) third degree (noun) third\u2013degree (adjective) nth (adjective) degree /d\u026a\u02c8gri\u02d0/ noun plural degrees /d\u026a\u02c8gri\u02d0/ Learner's definition of DEGREE [count] : a unit for measuring temperature Bake the bread at 350 degrees (Fahrenheit) for 35 minutes. 20 degrees Fahrenheit/Celsius [=20\u00b0 F/C] \u2014 abbreviation deg. [count] : a unit for measuring the size of an angle There are 360 degrees in a circle. 47 degrees latitude/longitude a 15 degree angle [=a 15\u00b0 angle] : an amount or level that can be measured or compared to another amount or level These trees will thrive, to a greater or lesser degree, in a number of climates. To what degree [=how much] is she interested in finance? We don't yet know the degree to which [=how much] the roof is damaged. \u2014 usually + of a high degree of difficulty/skill They have had varying degrees of success. We can now predict the weather with a greater degree of accuracy. [=with more accuracy] [noncount] : a measure of how severe or serious something is He was accused of murder in the first degree. = He was accused of first-degree murder. [=the most serious kind of murder] a second-degree burn \u2014 see also first-degree, second-degree, third-degree [count] : an official document and title that is given to someone who has successfully completed a series of classes at a college or university She has a degree in engineering. a four-year degree [=a degree that is given to someone who has"}, {"title": "", "text": "if found as a felony of the third degree which is 3.5-7yrs. What is the punishment for a juvenile when he commits a grand theft third degree felony? up to 20 years and 1 million dollar fine What type of burn is considered critical and needs special care? Is grand theft auto a third degree felony in Florida? depends on the value, if it passes 5000 then its no longer a 3rd degree its a second and pass 15,000 is a second degree and anything over 50 then its a first degree What is more serious second or third degree physical assault? The second degree assault is considered more severe. What is the third degree of heavy? The third degree of heavy is the heaviest What is worse second or third degree burns? Third degree is worse. Third degree is charred skin. Fourth degree includes burned muscle and/or bone. What crime is punishible if attempted and not punishible if committed? I cannot speak for states other than Texas on this, but it would be logical if others handle it the same way. In Texas, an attempted crime is one grade lower than if the crime had been committed. For example, if you attempt a first degree felony, it is classified as a second degree felony. If you attempt a second degree felony, it is classified as a third degree felony, and so on. What does this mean to be charged with fraud poss. CS prescription sch IIIIV third degree felony? The charge is possession of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "several other countries divide arson into degrees, depending sometimes on the value of the property but more commonly on its use and whether the crime was committed in the day or night. First-degree arson \u2013 Burning an occupied structure such as a school or a place where people are normally present Second-degree arson \u2013 Burning an unoccupied building such as an empty barn or an unoccupied house or other structure in order to claim insurance on such property Third-degree arson \u2013 Burning an abandoned building or an abandoned area, such as a field, forest or woods. Many statutes vary the degree of the crime according to the criminal intent of the accused. Some US states use other degrees of arson, such as \"fourth\" and \"fifth\" degree,[15] while some states do not categorize arson by any degree. For example, in the state of Tennessee, arson is categorized as \"arson\" and \"aggravated arson\". A U.S. World War II era arson poster In the United States, the common law elements of arson are often varied in different jurisdictions. For example, the element of \"dwelling\" is no longer required in most states, and arson occurs by the burning of any real property without consent or with unlawful intent.[16] Arson is prosecuted with attention to degree of severity[17] in the alleged offense. First degree arson[18] generally occurs when people are harmed or killed in the course of the fire, while second degree arson occurs when significant destruction of property occurs.[19] While usually a felony, arson may also be prosecuted as a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Quick Answer: What\u2019S The Difference Between 1st 2nd And 3rd Degree Burglary? What is the difference between burglary 1 and 2? How much time do you get for 2nd degree burglary? How bad is 3rd degree burglary? How do you beat a burglary case? Is burglary only at night? What is classed as a burglary? Is second degree burglary a violent crime? What is worse 1st or 3rd degree burglary? Which is the most serious type of burglary? Can a burglary charge be dropped? What does burglary in the 3rd degree mean? How long does burglary stay on record? Is Robbery worse than burglary? Is breaking into a car burglary? Can you be charged with burglary with no evidence? Is burglary a violent felony? Do dismissed charges stay on record? How bad is a Class D felony? With first degree burglary, someone has entered the home of another person with the aim to commit violence and/or theft. In the case of a second degree burglary, someone entered a property with the aim to commit violence and/or theft, but the property could be a building detached from the actual home, such as a shed.. Second degree burglary can be charged as a misdemeanor or a felony. If charged as a misdemeanor, the punishment can result in imprisonment in county jail for a maximum of one year. If charged as a felony, second degree burglary is punishable by up to 16 months, 2 years, or three years in state prison. Being convicted of this degree can result in"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Are the Different Degrees of Assault? Credit: Feans/CC-BY-2.0 Different Degrees - Different Degrees - info.com www.info.com/Different Degrees Search Different Degrees. According to criminal defense attorney Bobby G. Frederick, assault and battery charges are divided into three separate categories: third degree, second degree and first degree. The difference in all three is the degree to which one person invades the personal space, or injures, another person. Third degree is mild in nature, second degree is moderate and first is the most serious. According to FindLaw, assault is intentionally threatening or acting in a threatening manner. Battery is intentionally touching someone without their consent in an offensive or harmful manner. Third degree assault and battery is considered simple assault. An example would be someone acting belligerent towards another person. Words are exchanged and one person pushes the other during an argument. This charge can put someone in jail for up to 30 days. Second degree assault and battery causes another person moderate physical injury, as defined by attorney Bobby G. Frederick. Examples include unwanted touching of private parts or beating someone badly enough to put them in the hospital. First degree assault and battery is also considered aggravated assault. Physical battery may or may not be part of the equation. Actions that can send a person to jail for up to 10 years include intentionally lewd nonconsensual touching of private parts, causing serious physical injury that could lead to death or hurting someone during the commission of a robbery or kidnapping. What Is a First Degree Misdemeanor"}, {"title": "", "text": "forged or otherwise illegally acquired prescription for a controlled substance, to be charged as a 3rd degree felony. In other words a fraudulent prescription. Which is a worse form of burn first degree or third degree? Third degree is the most severe. Which is more serious first degree burns or third degree burns? Third degree burns How much time does a defendant serve for third degree burglary in AL? Third degree burglary is a Class C felony in Alabama, for which a person can serve no more than 10 years and no less than 1 year, 1 day in prison. There may also be a fine of up to $15,000. What is the state law on Florida with possession of cocain? Third Degree Felony will be charged to anyone who's been found to carry any amount of cocaine. What is the third degree burn which destroys the epidermis and the dermis of the skin? When was Third Degree Films created? Third Degree Films was created in 2002. Is a third DWI in Arkansas a felony? No, but the 4th DUI is a felony offense. What are some rules for DUI felonies in FL? The third DUI offense in ten years is automatically a third degree felony in Florida. Along with the felony conviction the offender also has their license taken away for 18 months, as well as some jail time and/or probation time which comes with a whole new set of rules."}, {"title": "", "text": "where people are more likely to be hurt is considered to be worse than burning a building in a deserted area; and Whether the arsonist paid or accepted payment for the burning of the building. Most states classify their degrees of arson as such: First Degree: The arsonist set fire to an occupied home or building; Second Degree: The arsonist set fire to an empty or abandoned structure; or Third Degree: The arsonist set fire to an abandoned area of space, such as a vacated lot or field. What Are the Consequences of Arson? Higher degrees of arson will generally result in more strict punishments and penalties. Additionally, punishments and penalties will also be dependent on the amount of damage that occured to the property, as well as if there were any injuries or deaths resulting from the arson. Depending on the degree of arson, as well as the law of the state in which the arson was committed, some possible consequences of arson could include: A Felony Charge: Felony crimes are generally punished by prison time of over one year, to be served in a federal facility as opposed to a state or county jail. Felonies may also be punished with fines and penalties, as well as restitution paid to the victim; A Misdemeanor Charge: If the arson was not considered especially dangerous or reckless, with a lower level of harm caused, it may be treated as a misdemeanor as opposed to a felony. Punishments for a misdemeanor crime could include time spent in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "State-Of-The-Art Representation In Criminal Defense, Sports And Entertainment Law In Buffalo Reserve An Appointment At 716-312-1136 Daniel J. Henry, Jr. Robert M. (Bert) Villarini Degrees of arson - Degrees of arson On behalf of Villarini & Henry, L.L.P. | Jan 8, 2021 | Firm News | An arson is committed when a person intentionally sets a building on fire. This is a very serious crime that comes with equally serious consequences. States such as New York State will determine those consequences by defining what degree of arson the accused person committed. Read on to learn more about these degrees and how they affect a person\u2019s punishment. First-degree of arson The first degree includes the crime of setting a home or building on fire with the accused having knowledge of someone being inside. In this case, the punishment implemented by the courts will be determined by the severity of the damage. Second-degree arson There have been many cases in which the owner has intentionally set their building or home on fire. They might do this to commit insurance fraud and collect the insurance money. Property crimes such as these may lead to a hefty fine and, in some cases, a short stint in prison. Third-degree arson The third degree involves a person knowingly setting fire to property without anyone being inside of it. This may involve property such as a parking garage, home or even an empty lot, to name a few. Aggravated crimes of arson Perhaps the most severe include aggravated crimes of arson. In this"}, {"title": "", "text": "Degree - definition, pronunciation, transcription Amer. |d\u026a\u02c8\u0261ri\u02d0| Your browser does not support the audio element. Brit. |d\u026a\u02c8\u0261ri\u02d0| Your browser does not support the audio element. - a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality (syn: grade, level) it is all a matter of degree - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (syn: level, point, stage) a remarkable degree of frankness - an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude - a measure for arcs and angles (syn: arcdegree) there are 360 degrees in a circle - the highest power of a term or variable - a unit of temperature on a specified scale the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature - the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) murder in the second degree a second degree burn There are 360 degrees in a circle. These trees will thrive, to a greater or lesser degree, in a number of climates. I have the faculty of abstraction to a wonderful degree. Regulations for settling questions between persons of unequal degrees. He was the superlative degree of avarice. The temperature dropped to five degrees Centigrade. Then the cylinder is rotated 180 degrees. 1960s Britain was characterised by a greater degree of freedom than before. Newspapers vary in the degree to which they emphasize propaganda rather than information. Applicants must have a degree in"}, {"title": "", "text": "I kind of wish that I was learning to drive again. It\u2019s the Morty\u2019s Driving School-mobile, in all its glory! Morty, my friend, your secret driving school in Montr\u00e9al is an inspiration to us all. First degree sarcasm: Saying what you don\u2019t mean, and saying it insincerely. Second degree sarcasm: Saying what you don\u2019t mean, but saying it sincerely. Third degree sarcasm: Saying what you mean, but saying it insincerely. The first degree of sarcasm is the least subtle. It is the easiest to use in conversation and the hardest to misunderstand. It is also not very funny. Metasarcasm can occur when someone realises that first degree sarcasm is undesirable, but makes a statement that is, on the surface, first degree sarcastic\u2014saying what one doesn\u2019t mean, and saying it like one doesn\u2019t mean it. This is done in full knowledge of the comedic limitations of this degree of sarcasm, and as a mockery of first degree of sarcasm itself. The second degree of sarcasm is slightly more subtle, and depending on timing and other contextual factors, it can be very witty or very harsh. The power in this degree of sarcasm depends on the contrast between the sincerity of the statement, while actually conveying the opposite meaning. Third degree sarcasm can be used when first or second degree sarcasm are too coarse or obvious. Imagine that your friend is obviously working very quickly at some task. You could use first degree sarcasm to say, \u201cWow, you\u2019re working really slow.\u201d That would not be very funny at"}, {"title": "", "text": "is classified as a homicide in most jurisdictions. These charges can include accidental deaths and those that occur through negligence. More Information on Capital Murder v. First-Degree Murder The easiest way to recall the difference between capital v. first-degree murder is that capital murder results in capital punishment if a person is convicted. For more information on capital v. first-degree murder, we recommend reading our archives on this subject. There, you will learn more first guaranty bank phone number the death penalty, including its history, and discover which states impose capital punishment and which do not. Anyone with further questions on this topic or who may currently be involved in a capital or first-degree murder case should immediately contact a qualified attorney for more specific advice and assistance. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https://thelawdictionary.org/article/difference-capital-first-degree-murder/ What is 1st 2nd and 3rd degree murders and manslaughter? In most US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, followed by voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter which are not as serious \u2026 What is 1st 2nd and 3rd degree murders Minnesota? There are three degrees of murder. They are governed by Minnesota Statutes: 609.185 (first degree murder), 609.19 (second degree murder), and 609.195 (third degree murder). Intentional second degree murder is intentional murder without premeditation. How much time is second degree? Second-degree murder carries a lighter sentence than first-degree murder, but also less than aggravated battery. Second-degree murder bank"}, {"title": "", "text": "degree 5. what can i do with an associates degree in science 6. what can you do with a leadership degree 7. what should be done to treat a second-degree burn? 8. what is a msn degree 9. what is criminology degree 10. how many years of school is a master's degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "the degree of an entire polynomial is the degree of the term of highest degree. For example, the term of highest degree in 2x3 + 4x2 + x + 7 is 2x3; this term, and therfore the entire polynomial, are said to have degree 3. For polynomials in two or more variables, the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term, and the degree of a polynomial is again the degree of the term of highest degree. For example, the degree of the polynomial x2y2 + 3x3 + 4y is 4, the degree of the x2y2 term. In graph theory, the degree of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges incident to that vertex. A degree is an award conferred on a person by an institution of higher education, generally in recognition of academic achievement, but in some cases merely as a honor for non-academic work (the later are called honorary degrees, or degrees honoris causa). A person issued a degree is permitted to place initials after their name indicating the award, and in some cases (Doctorates and Higher Doctorates) assume the title of Doctor (by custom people with doctorates honoris causa do not assume this title). See also: Academic degrees: B.A, M.Sc, M.A, MBA, M.D, J.D, Ph.D, D.A, D.M.A, Ed.D, D.M.L, D.Sc The term is used to specify levels of burns, ranging from first degree burns to third degree burns. In music or music theory a scale degree is an individual note of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "variety Degree (graph theory), or valency, the number of edges incident to a vertex of a graph Degree of a continuous mapping, a generalization of winding number Degrees of freedom, the number of parameters of a system that may vary independently Degree of a character in representation theory Degree of unsolvability in recursion theory Degree of a central simple algebra Degree of a permutation group, the number of elements that are permuted Degree of a differential equation, the power of the highest derivative therein Degree of a th root In education Academic degree, an academic rank, title or award Substantive degree ranks from lowest to highest Foundation degree Associate's degree Bachelor's degree Master's degree Doctorate Particular degrees (focus or method) Engineer's degree Specialist degree Lambeth degree External degree Microdegree Honorary degrees Ad eundem degree Honorary degree Vocational degree, an award in vocational education Other measures Degree (music), identification of a note in a scale by its relation to the tonic Degree of inventiveness in inventions and patents Degree of separation in connectivity between groups (first degree is closest) Degree of relationship, in kinship between individuals (first degree is closest) Consanguinity, or level of kinship Comparison (grammar) - degrees of comparison include positive, comparative, and superlative (e.g. \"good\", \"better\", and \"best\", respectively) The severity of a crime, e.g., first degree murder (first degree is worst) The intensity of a burn (the higher the worse) A level of initiation, often used in fraternal organizations A ranking of black belt, in certain martial arts People Asha Jaquilla Degree (born"}, {"title": "", "text": "The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of any one of its monomial terms. brookscole.com Either the exponent of a power function or the highest power in a polynomial function. For example, the degree of ( is 5, while the degree of ( 3 - 7 is 3. npcts.edu Keywords: murder, seriousness, crime, misdemeanor, felony the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime); \"murder in the second degree\"; \"a second degree burn\" Classification assigned to a crime, depending on circumstances, for purposes of determining punishment. First degree is considered most serious than third; A is more serious than C. Degrees may be assigned to the actual crime (IE: murder in the first or second degree) or the class of crimes (IE: felony or misdemeanor). ci-wackenhut.com The level of seriousness of an offense. duiattorneycalifornia.com Keywords: crucial, step, zeeshan, rank, elizabeth Related Terms: Levels, Mba degree, Degree, Level, Progression, Graduate degree, Educational attainment, Postgraduate diploma, Undergraduate degree, Bachelors degree, Postgraduate, Master's degree, Honours degree, Graduate diploma, Bachelors degree, Baccalaureate, Degrees, Programme, Phd, Bachelors degree, College degree, Masters, Rank, Associate of applied science degree, Master, Bachelor degree, Undergraduate course, Licentiate, Mba, Double degree, Progress , Honours, Award, Assumed knowledge, Ph.d, Tripos, Master of arts, Undergraduate, Distinction, Masters degree, Bachelor, Program, Llb, Degree program, Graduate, Academic program, Doctoral degree, Diploma, Professional degree A step, stair, or staircase. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in progression; grade; gradation; as, degrees of vice and virtue; to"}, {"title": "", "text": "What's the difference between capital murder and first degree murder? First degree murder is a killing that is both intentional and premeditated. A capital murder is a first degree murder which is subject to the death penalty. Depending on the state, a capital murder case may require some aggravating special circumstance. One Smart Guy! What's the difference between first degree second degree and third degree murder? What is the difference between first degree and second degree murder? What is first degree murder? What is the difference between murder and manslaughter? What's the highest degree of murder?"}, {"title": "", "text": "the highest degree of any one of its monomial terms. brookscole.com Either the exponent of a power function or the highest power in a polynomial function. For example, the degree of ( is 5, while the degree of ( 3 - 7 is 3. npcts.edu Keywords: murder, seriousness, crime, misdemeanor, felony the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime); \"murder in the second degree\"; \"a second degree burn\" Classification assigned to a crime, depending on circumstances, for purposes of determining punishment. First degree is considered most serious than third; A is more serious than C. Degrees may be assigned to the actual crime (IE: murder in the first or second degree) or the class of crimes (IE: felony or misdemeanor). ci-wackenhut.com The level of seriousness of an offense. duiattorneycalifornia.com Keywords: crucial, step, zeeshan, rank, elizabeth Related Terms: Levels, Mba degree, Degree, Level, Progression, Graduate degree, Educational attainment, Postgraduate diploma, Undergraduate degree, Bachelors degree, Postgraduate, Master's degree, Honours degree, Graduate diploma, Bachelors degree, Baccalaureate, Degrees, Programme, Phd, Bachelors degree, College degree, Masters, Rank, Associate of applied science degree, Master, Bachelor degree, Undergraduate course, Licentiate, Mba, Double degree, Progress , Honours, Award, Assumed knowledge, Ph.d, Tripos, Master of arts, Undergraduate, Distinction, Masters degree, Bachelor, Program, Llb, Degree program, Graduate, Academic program, Doctoral degree, Diploma, Professional degree A step, stair, or staircase. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in progression; grade; gradation; as, degrees of vice and virtue; to advance by slow degrees; degree of"}, {"title": "", "text": "sculptors. Let\u2019s talk a little bit more about first, second, and third-person perspective. Then we\u2019ll figure out how to use point of view in a way that will allow your writing to take flight. Undergraduate vs. Graduate Degrees: Exploring Key Differences In the United States, undergraduate and graduate studies are college-level programs. Explore the differences between undergraduate and graduate degrees by looking at their admission requirements and degrees earned. Words near re-entered in the Dictionary re-entering re-enters reenkindle reenlist reenlistment reenslave reenter reentered reentering reenters reenthrone"}, {"title": "", "text": "definitions for degree / (d\u026a\u02c8\u0261ri\u02d0) / a stage in a scale of relative amount or intensitya high degree of competence an academic award conferred by a university or college on successful completion of a course or as an honorary distinction (honorary degree) any of three categories of seriousness of a burnSee burn 1 (def. 23) (in the US) any of the categories into which a crime is divided according to its seriousnessfirst-degree murder genealogy a step in a line of descent, used as a measure of the closeness of a blood relationship grammar any of the forms of an adjective used to indicate relative amount or intensity: in English they are positive, comparative, and superlative music any note of a diatonic scale relative to the other notes in that scaleD is the second degree of the scale of C major a unit of temperature on a specified scalethe normal body temperature of man is 36.8 degrees Celsius Symbol: \u00b0 See also Celsius scale, Fahrenheit scale a measure of angle equal to one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of the angle traced by one complete revolution of a line about one of its endsSymbol: \u00b0 See also minute 1, second 2 (def. 1a) Compare radian a unit of latitude or longitude, divided into 60 minutes, used to define points on the earth's surface or on the celestial sphere a point or line defined by units of latitude and/or longitude Symbol: \u00b0 a unit on any of several scales of measurement, as for alcohol content or specific gravitySymbol: \u00b0 the highest power"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second degree may refer to: A postgraduate degree or a professional degree in postgraduate education Second-degree burn Second-degree polynomial, in mathematics Second-degree murder, actual definition varies from country to country The second degree in Freemasonry See also First degree (disambiguation) Third degree (disambiguation) Minute and second of arc, a second of arc being of a degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "What's the difference between felony murder and malice murder? Malice is implied when the killing is unprovoked and \"all the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.\" A felony murder is committed when a person causes the death of another person while committing a felony. What's the difference between aggravated murder and murder? What's the difference between capital murder and first degree murder? What's the difference between assassinate and murder? What's the difference between homicide and murder? What's the difference between murder and assassination? What is the difference between capital murder and murder? What is the difference between murder and capital murder? What is malice murder? What's the difference between capital murder and murder in the first degree? What's the difference between intentional homicide and murder? What's the difference between assassination and a murder? What's the difference between a homicide and murder? What's the difference between manslaughter and first degree murder? What is the difference between first degree murder and third degree murder? What is the difference between second degree murder and third degree murder? What is the difference between murder and homicide? What is the difference between murder and manslaughter? What is the difference between manslaughter and murder? What's the difference between murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree? What's the difference between third degree and second degree murder? What's the difference between first first and second degree murder? What's the difference between first degree murder and second degree? What's the difference between second degree murder and third"}, {"title": "", "text": "Years ago arson used to be the malicious burning of a person\u2019s home. Today in Alabama arson is defined as the burning of any building. There are three different degrees of arson. First and second degree arson are the intentional burning of a building. To be charged with third degree arson the burning doesn\u2019t have to be intentional, only reckless. Also, it makes a difference whether there is a person inside the building. You should talk to a lawyer who often works in the area of criminal law before making any decisions about an arson charge. At Skier & Associates we are ready and willing to sit down and discuss your arson case with you, explain the legal process and what will come next, offer you advice on what you should do next, and discuss representing you if your case goes to court. A person commits the crime of arson in the first degree if he or she \u201cintentionally damages a building by starting or maintaining a fire or causing an explosion,\u201d and when another person is present in the building at the time, and the person who starts the fire knows that another person is in the home, or the circumstances make the presence of a person inside a reasonable possibility. Arson in the first degree is a Class A felony and the possible sentence is 10-99 years or life in prison. A person does not commit second degree arson if no person other than himself has a possessory or proprietary interest in the building"}, {"title": "", "text": "temporarily incapable of appraising or controlling his or her conduct due to the influence of a narcotic, anesthetic, or other substance administered to that person without his or her consent, or who is mentally unable to communicate unwillingness to engage in the act\".) South Carolina South Carolina's statute on \"Assault and Criminal Sexual Conduct\" (Title 16, Chapter 3, Article 7 of the SC Code of Laws) lays out distinctively different definitions and penalties between rape by a spouse and by other parties. First and second degree sexual assault carries a maximum prison sentence of 30 and 20 years, respectively, while 10 years is the maximum sentence for marital rape. In order to prosecute, the married victim must report the rape within 30 days, even if they are living separately from their spouse. South Carolina Code 16-3-615, titled Spousal sexual battery, reads: This definition does not include all types of force under first degree sexual assault definitions, such as rape combined with felony acts \u2013 like forcible confinement, kidnapping, trafficking in persons, or extortion \u2013 or cases where the married victim was drugged by their rapist. In the case of criminal sexual conduct when the victim and perpetrator are married but do not live together as a married couple, first and second degree forms of sexual assault are included in the definition of rape, but not third degree forms. So, for example, drugging and raping a spouse from whom you are separated is against the law, but if they are unable to give consent because of substances"}, {"title": "", "text": "if found as a felony of the third degree which is 3.5-7yrs. What is the punishment for a juvenile when he commits a grand theft third degree felony? up to 20 years and 1 million dollar fine What type of burn is considered critical and needs special care? Is grand theft auto a third degree felony in Florida? depends on the value, if it passes 5000 then its no longer a 3rd degree its a second and pass 15,000 is a second degree and anything over 50 then its a first degree What is more serious second or third degree physical assault? The second degree assault is considered more severe. What is the third degree of heavy? The third degree of heavy is the heaviest What is worse second or third degree burns? Third degree is worse. Third degree is charred skin. Fourth degree includes burned muscle and/or bone. What crime is punishible if attempted and not punishible if committed? I cannot speak for states other than Texas on this, but it would be logical if others handle it the same way. In Texas, an attempted crime is one grade lower than if the crime had been committed. For example, if you attempt a first degree felony, it is classified as a second degree felony. If you attempt a second degree felony, it is classified as a third degree felony, and so on. What does this mean to be charged with fraud poss. CS prescription sch IIIIV third degree felony? The charge is possession of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Third-Degree Murder Meaning Third-degree murder, also known as manslaughter, is very different from first and second-degree murder. The crime is different, and so is the punishment. A defendant will be accused of third-degree murder if they unintentionally kill someone else while doing something dangerous. There has to be no intent to kill the person. Pennsylvania, Florida, and Minnesota call this third-degree murder; most other states call it manslaughter. What Is the Difference Between Third-Degree Murder and First or Second-Degree Murder? First-degree murder requires premeditation or for the death to have occurred whilst committing a felony. Some states classify felony murder as first-degree murder and others as second-degree murder. Second-degree murder is an intentional murder in the heat of the moment, so not premeditated. If the defendant planned to commit bodily harm and unintentionally killed the person, then this is second-degree murder in most states. The terms first, second, and third-degree murder are not used in all states, and the definitions vary between states. As we have already mentioned, most states call third-degree murder manslaughter. What Is The Difference Between Third-Degree Murder and Manslaughter? Manslaughter is considered a less serious crime than murder in the eyes of the law. Most states classify the crime as manslaughter if the death was unintentional but could have been avoided if the defendant acted appropriately. In some states, they classify manslaughter with different degrees, similar to murder; others will just classify it as voluntary manslaughter or involuntary manslaughter. Every state has a different classification system for whether a crime is manslaughter"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Is 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree Murder? You may be aware that when charging criminals with murder, there are a number of \u201cdegrees\u201d the courts can use based on the circumstances. The sentencing between 1st-degree murder and 3rd-degree murder will also be very different. In this article, we will explain what the definition of each is. First-Degree Murder Meaning A first-degree murder charge occurs when the murder was premeditated and intentional or felony murder. Second-Degree Murder Meaning A second-degree murder charge occurs when the death is either unplanned but intentional, like in the heat of the moment, or if there was a reckless disregard for human life. Third-Degree Murder/ Manslaughter Meaning Third-degree murder is often called manslaughter, and this charge occurs when the death is accidental or caused unintentionally. For example, if you punch someone and accidentally kill them. What Are The Differences Between These Murder Charges: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree Murder The difference between first and second-degree murder is intent. Did the defendant mean to kill the person? The difference between 3rd-degree murder or manslaughter and the other murder charges is that the death was completely accidental. There was no reckless disregard for human life or intent, but the defendant still showed ill-will towards the decease. This is called manslaughter in most states, but Florida, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota call it third-degree murder. Intent and Murder Charges Intent is a vital aspect of the different murder charges and will be the difference between a 1st-degree murder charge and 2nd. A first-degree murder charge is"}, {"title": "", "text": "of felony grade. Aggravated battery charges may occur when a battery causes serious bodily injury or permanent disfigurement. As a successor to the common law crime of mayhem, this is sometimes subsumed in the definition of assault. In Florida, aggravated battery is the intentional infliction of great bodily harm and is a second-degree felony, whereas battery that unintentionally causes great bodily harm is considered a third-degree felony. Kansas In the state of Kansas, battery is defined as follows: Battery. (a) Battery is: (1) Knowingly or recklessly causing bodily harm to another person; or (2) knowingly causing physical contact with another person when done in a rude, insulting, or angry manner. Louisiana The law on battery in Louisiana reads: \u00a7 33. Battery defined: Battery is the intentional use of force or violence upon the person of another; or the intentional administration of a poison or other noxious liquid or substance to another. Jurisdictional differences In some jurisdictions, battery has recently been constructed to include directing bodily secretions (i.e., spitting) at another person without their permission. Some of those jurisdictions automatically elevate such a battery to the charge of aggravated battery. In some jurisdictions, the charge of criminal battery also requires evidence of a mental state (mens rea). The terminology used to refer to a particular offense can also vary by jurisdiction. Some jurisdictions, such as New York, refer to what, under the common law, would be battery as assault, and then use another term for the crime that would have been assault, such as menacing. Distinction between"}, {"title": "", "text": "What's the difference between capital murder and first degree murder? First degree murder is a killing that is both intentional and premeditated. A capital murder is a first degree murder which is subject to the death penalty. Depending on the state, a capital murder case may require some aggravating special circumstance. One Smart Guy! What's the difference between first degree second degree and third degree murder? What is the difference between first degree and second degree murder? What is first degree murder? What is the difference between murder and manslaughter? What's the highest degree of murder?"}, {"title": "", "text": "599). Determining whether a jury instruction on second-degree arson was required in this case thus requires understanding the relationship between first- and second-degree arson under section 806.01. The difference between the two offenses primarily relates to the issue of human occupancy. Krantz v. State, 553 So.2d 746, 747 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989) (\u201cAs can be seen, the difference between first degree arson and second degree arson concerns primarily human occupancy.\u201d). First-degree arson involves the burning of a building, and sometimes the contents of a building, that is or is likely to be occupied. Under section 806.01(1), it is committed when \u201c[a]ny person \u2024 willfully and unlawfully, or while in the commission of any felony, by fire or explosion, damages or causes to be damaged\u201d (a) \u201c[a]ny dwelling, whether occupied or not, or its contents,\u201d (b) \u201c[a]ny structure, or contents thereof, where persons are normally present,\u201d or (c) \u201c[a]ny other structure that he or she knew or had reasonable grounds to believe was occupied.\u201d Second-degree arson under section 806.01(2) involves the burning of other structures that are not expressly listed in the first-degree arson statute: it hinges on whether the fire or explosion \u201cdamage[d] or cause[d] to be damaged any structure.\u201d The term \u201cstructure\u201d is defined to include, among other things, \u201cany building of any kind\u201d and \u201cany \u2024 portable building.\u201d \u00a7 806.01(3). The statutory definition of the term \u201cstructure\u201d applies to both first- and second-degree arson. Consistent with the arson statute's focus on treating the burning of buildings that are or are likely to be occupied"}, {"title": "", "text": "Missouri Arson Laws Arson occurs when an individual intentionally sets fire to a building, other structures, wooded areas, vehicles, or other property. Although arson is categorized as a property crime, it can result in personal injury or even death. Thus, it's considered one of the most dangerous crimes that you can commit. Beyond the basic definition, state laws treat arson differently in terms of specific charges and penalties. Degrees of Arson in Missouri Missouri divides arson into three degrees. Arson in the third degree is the least serious of the offenses and arson in the first degree is the most severe charge. Missouri also recognizes lesser charges of \"burning and exploding\" offenses. Missouri Arson Laws at a Glance The ideal way to learn about a statute's true meaning is by consulting with an experienced attorney. However, you can begin your legal research by reading a simplified version of the statutes. Read on for information about Missouri's arson laws. Missouri Revised Statutes: Section 569.040 (first degree arson) Section 569-050 (second degree arson) Section 569-053 (third degree arson) Section 569.055 (knowingly burning/exploding) Section 569.060 (reckless burning/exploding) Section 569-065 (negligent burning/exploding) Arson Offenses First degree arson: Knowingly damaging a building by starting a fire or causing an explosion when any person is present and putting them in danger of death or serious physical injury; or Damaging a building by starting a fire or explosion in attempt to produce methamphetamine. Second degree arson: Knowingly damaging a building by starting a fire or causing an explosion. It's Not Second degree arson"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u00bb Legal Articles \u00bb Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Understanding the differences between first, second and third degree murder is difficult especially if you are not in a state where murder is classified in that order. They all involve the killing of one person by another. However the legal punishment for those three offences are not the same. The law always treat them with caution. Having said that, in this article we will be looking closely at the different degrees of murder in law. I highly encourage you to read this work from start to finish so that you will be able to grasp the information contained here. Meaning and Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder Recommended: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 1 Meaning of murder 2 Meaning of first degree murder 3 Meaning of Second Degree Murder 4 Felony Murder/Third Degree Murder 5 Differences between 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree murder Meaning of murder Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being without justification or valid excuse, with malice aforethought. In criminal law, it refers to the unjustified killing of one person by another, and is usually distinguished from manslaughter by the element of malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is the intention to kill or harm. It exists where a defendant intends to kill another person or to cause severe bodily harm without legal justification or excuse and is usually erroneously mistaken for premeditation. For a killing to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Arson is the deliberate and malevolent burning or charring of a structure or property. Arson laws have been expanded to include the destructive burning of commercial property, forest land, boats, and even personal property. Even if you burn your own building \u2014 for the purpose of insurance fraud or otherwise \u2014 you could still be charged with arson. If you have been arrested for arson, the knowledgeable attorneys at DeCarlis & Sawyer can help. Florida has different degrees of arson: first-degree and second-degree arson. The determining factor between the degrees is the type of structure that was damaged or destroyed. Damage to any kind of residence is considered first-degree arson, while damage to any other structure or building is considered second-degree arson. The penalty for first-degree arson is up to 30 years in prison, and the penalty for second-degree arson is up to 15 years in prison. Being charged with arson can have significant, life-changing consequences. If you or a loved one have been charged with arson, you need a qualified criminal defense attorney on your side to ensure that you do not accrue additional unnecessary charges. The experienced lawyers at DeCarlis & Sawyer will work closely with clients and investigators to build a strong case. Contact us for a complimentary initial consultation and gain sought-after legal advice. You will not be charged unless one of our attorneys wins your case."}, {"title": "", "text": "actually several statutes that cover assault in the New York Penal Law. The New York Penal Law is the set of written laws that prohibit specific behavior as crimes in the state. Every crime at the state level is described in the New York Penal Law. Three separate statues cover the different degrees of assault. These degrees of assault differentiate between the severity of injury to the victim and intention of the actor. Other laws cover assault of specific victims, including assault on a judge or peace officer. The offenses are also separate by the potential punishment if convicted. The least serious assault offense under New York law is assault in the third degree. The different circumstances that qualify as third-degree assault are: intentionally causing injury to the victim; recklessly causing injury to the victim; or negligently using a dangerous weapon. For third-degree assault the victim\u2019s injuries do not need to be serious or substantial. Second-degree assault is a more severe crime. The difference between second-degree assault and third-degree assault is what the actor intended. If the actor intended to cause serious physical injury, intended to cause serious injury with a dangerous weapon and the victim was injured, or recklessly used a dangerous weapon that caused injury, then it is assault in the second degree. The most serious offense is assault in the first degree. If a prosecutor wants to convict a defendant of assault in the first degree, then he or she must show beyond a reasonable doubt that the actor intended and did cause"}, {"title": "", "text": "Assault is one of the most common charges in Colorado. It\u2019s important to understand the differences between first, second, and third degree assault and consult a Boulder criminal defense attorney who can counsel you on what defenses are available. First, Second, and Third Degree Assault\u2014What\u2019s The Difference? If you are convicted of Second Degree Assault, the situation is much more serious. As a Fourth Degree Felony, this charge carries a mandatory prison sentence of five years. Below are the definitions a jury uses to determine whether a person will be found guilty of Second Degree Assault. If the District Attorney convinces the jury the defendant is guilty of any of the following actions, the sentence could be up to eight years in prison. 1. The Defendant intentionally caused bodily injury to another by the use of a deadly weapon. 2. The Defendant recklessly caused serious bodily injury to another by the use of a deadly weapon. 3. The Defendant intended to cause any injury, and caused serious injury. 4. The Defendant caused injury to anyone while intentionally trying to hinder the police or firefighters. 5. The Defendant knowingly applied violent force to (certain) government officials. 6. The Defendant intentionally drugged someone without their consent / knowledge. 1. The Defendant intended to cause serious injury, and does in fact cause serious injury. 2. The Defendant intended to, and in fact did, seriously disfigure or disable another person. 3. The Defendant, acting with \u201cextreme indifference to the value of human life,\u201d knowingly created a grave risk of death,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Teen on Trial for Attempted Murder in Broward Teen Burning A Fort Lauderdale jury will hear very different sides in the trial of a teen accused of attempted second-degree murder of another teen \u2013 one who used to be his friend. Fort Lauderdale juvenile defense lawyers know that when it comes to alleged crimes involving teens, a skilled attorney won\u2019t count on a defendant\u2019s baby face being enough to sway a judge or jury. Particularly when a juvenile is being tried as an adult \u2013 which they overwhelmingly are for crimes like homicide and sex assault \u2013 securing a defense attorney with experience becomes critical. This case involves three teens accused of setting a fourth on fire, causing him to suffer near-fatal burns. He ultimately survived. The case drew worldwide attention and great sympathy for the alleged victim. The teens were all in middle school when the alleged crime occurred, but they all faced very adult sentences. A now-17-year-old pleaded guilty and was given eight years in prison followed by 21 years of probation. A now-18-year-old was given an 11 year prison sentence followed by one year of house arrest and 18 years of probation. Those two have both already pleaded guilty. The third defendant in the case has decided to go to trial. He could be sentenced to as much as 30 years behind bars if convicted on the charge of attempted second-degree murder, defined in FL Statute 782.04. The main difference between a first-degree charge and a second-degree charge is premeditation. In this case,"}, {"title": "", "text": "What are 1st, 2nd and 3rd-degree murders? Posted on: 25 Jul, 2020 By Donald I.M. Outerbridge People often think that murder is just a murder. But have you ever thought if somebody kills somebody unintentionally then would it be considered as a murder? And what if somebody kills somebody intentionally then the penalty or punishment law would be as same as the unintentional murder? The answer is NO. So it is important to know about the degree of murder. There are some degrees on the state of murder, and they are named as first degree, second degree and third-degree murder based on the level of killing and so on. Facts about the first degree, second degree, and third-degree murder: Murder is usually a punishable criminal act in the eyes of Canadian law and every single jurisdiction on earth. It is not a matter of joke. No matter who commits the murder or who the victim is, the murderer should get punished. But there are some differences in terms of murder which are also designated as first, second, third-degree murder. This writing will help you to know about the differences between these 3 degrees\u2019 murder and the law behind this. First-degree murder: The topmost serious charge for murder is also known as first-degree murder. This murder is the evilest one. When someone kills someone intentionally with malice aforethought is called first-degree murder. This murder is also designated as premeditated murder which is a planned murder. Some example of first-degree murder: Contract killing or any killing committed by"}, {"title": "", "text": "What are 1st, 2nd and 3rd-degree murders? Posted on: 25 Jul, 2020 By Donald I.M. Outerbridge People often think that murder is just a murder. But have you ever thought if somebody kills somebody unintentionally then would it be considered as a murder? And what if somebody kills somebody intentionally then the penalty or punishment law would be as same as the unintentional murder? The answer is NO. So it is important to know about the degree of murder. There are some degrees on the state of murder, and they are named as first degree, second degree and third-degree murder based on the level of killing and so on. Facts about the first degree, second degree, and third-degree murder: Murder is usually a punishable criminal act in the eyes of Canadian law and every single jurisdiction on earth. It is not a matter of joke. No matter who commits the murder or who the victim is, the murderer should get punished. But there are some differences in terms of murder which are also designated as first, second, third-degree murder. This writing will help you to know about the differences between these 3 degrees\u2019 murder and the law behind this. First-degree murder: The topmost serious charge for murder is also known as first-degree murder. This murder is the evilest one. When someone kills someone intentionally with malice aforethought is called first-degree murder. This murder is also designated as premeditated murder which is a planned murder. Some example of first-degree murder: Contract killing or any killing committed by"}, {"title": "", "text": "several other countries divide arson into degrees, depending sometimes on the value of the property but more commonly on its use and whether the crime was committed in the day or night. First-degree arson \u2013 Burning an occupied structure such as a school or a place where people are normally present Second-degree arson \u2013 Burning an unoccupied building such as an empty barn or an unoccupied house or other structure in order to claim insurance on such property Third-degree arson \u2013 Burning an abandoned building or an abandoned area, such as a field, forest or woods. Many statutes vary the degree of the crime according to the criminal intent of the accused. Some US states use other degrees of arson, such as \"fourth\" and \"fifth\" degree,[15] while some states do not categorize arson by any degree. For example, in the state of Tennessee, arson is categorized as \"arson\" and \"aggravated arson\". A U.S. World War II era arson poster In the United States, the common law elements of arson are often varied in different jurisdictions. For example, the element of \"dwelling\" is no longer required in most states, and arson occurs by the burning of any real property without consent or with unlawful intent.[16] Arson is prosecuted with attention to degree of severity[17] in the alleged offense. First degree arson[18] generally occurs when people are harmed or killed in the course of the fire, while second degree arson occurs when significant destruction of property occurs.[19] While usually a felony, arson may also be prosecuted as a"}, {"title": "", "text": "is classified as a homicide in most jurisdictions. These charges can include accidental deaths and those that occur through negligence. More Information on Capital Murder v. First-Degree Murder The easiest way to recall the difference between capital v. first-degree murder is that capital murder results in capital punishment if a person is convicted. For more information on capital v. first-degree murder, we recommend reading our archives on this subject. There, you will learn more first guaranty bank phone number the death penalty, including its history, and discover which states impose capital punishment and which do not. Anyone with further questions on this topic or who may currently be involved in a capital or first-degree murder case should immediately contact a qualified attorney for more specific advice and assistance. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https://thelawdictionary.org/article/difference-capital-first-degree-murder/ What is 1st 2nd and 3rd degree murders and manslaughter? In most US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, followed by voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter which are not as serious \u2026 What is 1st 2nd and 3rd degree murders Minnesota? There are three degrees of murder. They are governed by Minnesota Statutes: 609.185 (first degree murder), 609.19 (second degree murder), and 609.195 (third degree murder). Intentional second degree murder is intentional murder without premeditation. How much time is second degree? Second-degree murder carries a lighter sentence than first-degree murder, but also less than aggravated battery. 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Burn injuries are incredibly difficult to deal with, as they are painful and can alter one\u2019s life drastically, resulting in scarring and/or disfigurement. Burn injury victims can potentially face physical, emotional, and mental changes in their everyday lives. No one ever expects to have to go through something like this, which is why it is important to seek legal help from a burn injury attorney. Burns can be categorized into three different types, which are first, second, and third-degree burns, and they are determined by severity. First Degree \u2013 The first layer of skin gets damaged, but is not completely destroyed. The color of the skin may turn bright pink or red. You should not expect to blister from a first degree burn. The skin may peel off over the course of a few days. These types of burns are the easiest to treat and typically heal within one to two weeks. Second Degree \u2013This type of burn can be moderate to severe, as the first and second layer of skin (the epidermis and dermis) become damaged. Second degree burns often result in blistering. Depending on the severity, a skin graft may be needed. This type of burn can heal anywhere from two to eight weeks. Third-Degree \u2013These types of burns are the most severe and dangerous, as it extends to the deepest layer of skin. All three layers of the skin become destroyed and can blister. As a result, third-degree burns can cause severe scarring."}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns affect all three of the skin layers. ) What is the difference in the extent of skin affected between second- and third-degree burns? Solved _____-degree or superficial burns affect the epidermis. _____-degree burns affect the epidermis and portions of the dermis. How many degree classifications of skin burns are there?"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorised as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in colour and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "When you have been involved in an explosion, there are many things that you need to worry about. Being burned can be a hard situation to handle for anyone who may be involved. Determining the difference between a second and third degree burn can be hard because they are both quite intense burns with painful side effects that go along with it. Second degree burns can be a painful process to go through. These types of burns usually are blistered and can look extremely red. Depending on the site of the burn will determine if their will be any type of scarring on the burn site. The larger the second degree burn site is, the more likely it is that someone will go into shock after the burn has happened. If you have a smaller second degree burn, there is a chance that you will not end up with any scarring on the burn site. Third degree burns are the worst of all the burns that could happen to you. You should always remember that when you have a third degree burn, you need to get some type of medical help. When you get a third degree burn, the skin looks very different than having a second degree burn. Your skin will look leathery on the top of the surface. When the third degree burn first happens, you will not feel much of anything. The reason you won\u2019t feel anything in the beginning is because of the trauma to the nerve endings. Once the nerve endings"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Sunburns People more susceptible to sunburns (those with fair skin, freckles, [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-10T21:29:11+00:00January 10th, 2017|Comments Off on Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns What does a second-degree burn look like? Second-degree burns cause more serious and deeper tissue damage than first-degree burns, and thus look differently. Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layer of skin (the dermis), and may develop blisters. After the blisters rupture, the burn wound may look wet and shiny. The burn itself is [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:55:47+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What does a second-degree burn look like? What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Degrees of burns range from first-degree burns, which are the least severe burns, to second-degree, third-degree and fourth-degree burns. Both second-degree and third-degree burns are serious burns, and both need prompt medical care. Second-degree burns are also called partial thickness burns. They damage the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, as well as deeper [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:57:14+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Do second-degree burns cause scarring? Some second-degree burns leave a scar. Unlike first-degree burns, which do not leave a scar, second-degree burns damage deeper layers of tissue, which is why they may result in scars. Deeper and larger burns may be more likely to scar. But it can be difficult to determine if your second-degree burn will leave a scar immediately after the [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T22:45:10+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on Do second-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "10 Types of Second-Degree Burns More in First Aid Heat & Cold Exposure Breathing Emergencies Bruises, Cuts & Punctures Calling for Help Variations in appearance, cause, and severity By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Medically reviewed by Michael Menna, DO Michael Menna, DO, is board-certified in emergency medicine. He is an attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York and also works at an urgent care center and a telemedicine company that provides care to patients across the country. Second-degree burns, also called partial-thickness burns, involve the outer layer of skin (epidermis). They can extend to the middle skin layer below (dermis). The degree of a burn is based on how many layers deep the damage goes. Burns can damage the epidermis, dermis, and fatty tissues under the skin. Second-degree burns can look different depending on their cause, size, and exact depth. Skin Layers Affected EPIDERMIS DERMIS 1st-degree burn \u2713 2nd-degree burn \u2713 \u2713 3rd-degree burn \u2713 \u2713 \u2713 Source: National Institutes of Health: MedlinePlus A 2nd-degree burn that affects less than 10% of the skin's surface can usually be treated on an outpatient basis using antibiotic ointments. The sterile dressing will need to be changed two or three times a day, depending on the severity of the burn. Larger burns need medical attention. The pictures below will show you some of the different causes of second-degree burns and how"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"How can I find out what degree burn I have from a burn injury?\" Zocdoc\u203aAnswers\u203aHow can I find out what degree burn I have from a burn injury? I'm 28 and some hot milk spilled on my arm. It hurts but not too bad. I'd like to know what degree burn I have just for reference so I know how to treat it better if something similar happens in the future. Again, it isn't too bad, but I'd like to know. Burn injuries can be very severe, and there is a grading scale available that is simple to understand and is valuable in helping to determine the appropriate treatment. It is important to understand that burn depth is usually variable and non-uniform, so a 1st degree burn in one area will possibly be adjacent to a more serious burn which might require more treatment. Burns are graded according to the depth of the tissue involved. First degree burns simply involve the epidermis, or most superficial layer of the skin. These don't blister, and are painful and red. 2nd degree burns are partial thickness, and can further be subdivided into superficial and deep. Superficial partial thickness burns will have blistering, pain, and will require up to 3 weeks for healing. Deep partial thickness burns will have pain only to pressure, because the burn will be so deep that it will involve the hair follicles and some superficial nerve endings. 3rd degree burns completely burn through the skin, and will not be painful or blister. 4th degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "can have a first-, second-, third-, or fourth-degree burn. The higher the degree, the more severe the burn is. First-degree. These burns only affect the outer layer of your skin. A mild sunburn\u2019s one example. Your skin may be red and painful, but you won\u2019t have any blisters. Long-term damage is rare. Second-degree. If you have this type of burn, the outer layer of your skin as well the dermis \u2013 the layer underneath \u2013 has been damaged. Your skin will be bright red, swollen, and may look shiny and wet. You\u2019ll see blisters, and the burn will hurt to the touch. If you have a superficial second-degree burn, only part of your dermis is damaged. You probably won\u2019t have scarring. A deep partial thickness burn is more severe. It may leave a scar or cause a permanent change in the color of your skin. Third-degree. Sometimes called a \u201cfull thickness burn,\u201d this type of injury destroys two full layers of your skin. Instead of turning red, it may appear black, brown, white or yellow. It won\u2019t hurt because this type of burn damages nerve endings. Fourth-degree. This is the deepest and most severe of burns. They\u2019re potentially life-threatening. These burns destroy all layers of your skin, as well as your bones, muscles, and tendons."}, {"title": "", "text": "in a minor state. Let\u2019s briefly look at the three types of burns. As said earlier, the First-Degree burn affects the skin\u2019s top layer. Immediately the skin sheds, the signs, and symptoms go out. This type of burn heals in the space of 7-10 days, without leaving any scar. In this type of burn, the damage done doesn\u2019t just happen at the skin\u2019s surface, it goes beyond the surface, the top layer. And, that\u2019s why it\u2019s more serious than that of the First-Degree. The Second-Degree burn makes the skin to blister and ends up being sore and red. A few of these blisters pop open, making the burn to have an appearance that\u2019s wet. There\u2019s a tissue known as fibrinous exudate \u2014 as time goes on, this particular tissue will, probably, begin to take its place around, over the wound. The nature of this wound appears so delicate, so it\u2019s essential that you ensure that you keep the area, which you have the burn, clean. And also, bandage it in a proper manner \u2014 doing these helps you to stay away from infection. This also does well in helping the burn heal fastly. Yes, I have already talked a little about the fourth-degree burn, but let\u2019s keep it aside; Third-Degree burn happens to be the most severe and serious. What a Third-Degree burn does is, it penetrates through the various layer of the skin \u2014 I won\u2019t be wrong if I say, it penetrates through every layer of the skin. People have this mentality that Third-Degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches across"}, {"title": "", "text": "risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches across"}, {"title": "", "text": "risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches across"}, {"title": "", "text": "and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves"}, {"title": "", "text": "highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches"}, {"title": "", "text": "damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. The Mayo Clinic explains that there are three degrees of burn severity. Here is a look at each: First degree: This type of burn only affects the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin. Symptoms of first degree burns include redness and pain, and treatment of first degree burns can usually be done at home. Second degree: Second degree burns involve the two outermost layers of skin, the epidermis and the dermis. This type of burn can cause redness, swelling, or blotchy skin. Blisters may develop, pain may be severe, and second degree burns can lead to scarring. Third degree: Third degree burns are those that reach into the fat layer beneath the skin. Burned areas may look black, brown, or white and the skin may look leathery. Third degree burns may cause significant scarring as well as damage to the nerves that can lead to numbness. Burns of particular concern include those that are deep or cover a wide area of the body. The reason for concern is the increased risk of complications, including: Bacterial infection, which may travel to the bloodstream and cause sepsis. Fluid loss, including low blood volume. A low body temperature. Breathing problems from the intake of hot air or smoke. Scars or keloids, which are ridged areas that are caused by the overgrowth of scar tissue. Bone or joint problems due to the scarring from the burn causing a tightening of the skin, muscles, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the"}, {"title": "", "text": "these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area"}, {"title": "", "text": "deeply they penetrate into underlying tissue: First Degree Burns (1-3 days to heal) are basically superficial damage to outer layers of the skin. They tend to cause redness and some blistering. Second Degree Burns (4-8 weeks to heal) causes damage to deeper layers of the skin, but the deepest layers of the skin are untouched. These HURT. Third Degree Burns (does not heal), or full thickness burns, kill your skin. They don\u2019t actually hurt because you no longer have nerves. Fourth Degree Burns (does not heal, and probably has fallen off) is catastrophic, and usually involves damage to underlying muscle / bone / tendon. This is where the tissue is reduced burned black. You\u2019re going to lose the limb. You treat 1st and 2nd degree burns with pain relief, cleaning and dressing the wound. 3rd degree burns will require skin grafts and extensive surgery. The real problem with 2nd and 3rd degree burns is that you\u2019ve breached the skin, and therefore exposed the body to infection. A key aspect of treating burns is keeping someone hydrated. If you survive the initial tissue damage, but aren\u2019t cared for properly afterwards, you may well die from dehydration. See: Parkland Formula for Burns - Burn Percentage in Adults: Rule of Nines Smearing honey over first and second degree burns has been practiced since Ancient Egypt. Magical treatment would depend on severity, perhaps easing pain, hastening recovery, or downgrading a wound by one classification. I could easily imagine \u201cLay on Hands\u201d or other \u2018extreme intervention\u2019-type emergency spell turning a 3rd"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorized as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in color and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation. What type of burn did you experience? What kind of treatment did you receive for your burn? What part or how much of your body was affected? Have you or someone you know suffered an electrical shock and/or burns? Please describe your experience. Did you suffer a chemical burn? Please describe what happened. Do you know what to do with a cut, scrape, burn or wound? These quick home-care first aid tips from our experts will prepare you for various accidents--and let you know when to seek a doctor's help."}, {"title": "", "text": "Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A."}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn Degrees When talking about burns, we often hear them referred to as first, second, or third degree. First - Degree: Affect only the outer layer of the skin. They can cause some pain, itchyness, swelling, and redness Second - Degree: Affects the outer and second layer of skin. They can cause pain, swelling, blistering, and redness Third - Degree: Affects the outer, second, and deep layers of skin. Sometimes they are referred to as \"full thickness burns\" The skin will appear white, charred, or burned skin. There will be little to no sensation because the nerve endings will be damaged. Some precautions you can take at home to avoid burns: - Keep chemicals stored safely away from the reach of children - Child-proof electrical sockets - Be sure cords are not frayed - Keep children out of the kitchen area while cooking - Turn pot handles inward to lessen the risk of someone bumping into and spilling anything on themselves or others - Unplug irons, straighteners, curling irons, when not in use - Check water temperature, especially before a child or elderly person is going to use it. - Always check your smoke detector batteries 2x a year. For more information about burns and prevention visit here and here Check out this weeks Homeowner Tip Blog Preparing for Natural Disasters - Massachusetts 12/27/2019 (Permalink) We're faster to any size disaster! When a natural disaster threatens our community, it's hard to be prepared. Whether it's a blizzard, heavy rains or strong winds, Mother Nature doesn't usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "What is first degree burns? First degree burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red and sometimes can swell or be painful. It is the least serious type of burn to have. Data from patients with first degree burns, who reported starting treatments within the last 5 years. Who has first degree burns on PatientsLikeMe? Let\u2019s build this page together! When you share what it\u2019s like to have first degree burns through your profile, those stories and data appear here too. Got a question about living with first degree burns? Members in the forum might have the answers."}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are in the list of common injuries at home. Children are prone to burns. Depending on degree and cause of burns, we have different treatments. Minor burns in which damage is on the top skin layers can be recovered naturally without severe health consequences. However, the immediate emergency medical care is necessary if you have more serious burns. If not treated with medical care, serious burns may leave complications and even skin cell death. Burns have three primary types, including first, second and third-degree. Each degree of burns is based on the cause and the severity of skin damage. Second-degree burns: The damage is beyond the top of skin layers. Some blisters appear on the affected skin that is extremely sore and red. Compared with first-degree burns, the second-degree burns take longer to heal. The recovery time may be up to more than three weeks. It may leave pigment changes on the affected skin areas. Treatments for second-degree burns are antibiotic cream and over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Third-degree burns: the type of burns is more severe than other above types of burns. The damage extends through every skin layer. Some people believed that the third-degree burns are the most painful. However, you may feel no pain if it is nerve damage. Never use questionable home remedies, cream or medication at home when you suffer from third-degree burns. Call a doctor immediately. Medical treatment and even surgery are required in case of the third-degree burns. Patients with third-degree burns should"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns First Aid - Burns are horrible to see and when the skin is burnt not only is it destroyed but, depending on the extent and area affected, the deeper tissue and even bones can be damaged. Before giving burns first aid the depth of the burned area needs to be determined. You may feel like freaking out at this stage but there are only 2 main treatment approaches for applying First Aid to Burns. They are separated into Minor and Major Burns. So it may not be as difficult as you could have first thought. Minor burns are first degree burns and small second degree burns (smaller than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter). Major Burns are second degree burns larger than the persons abdomen or the area of their hand spread out (larger than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter) as well as full thickness burns. 1. First degree (superficial thickness) are where only the outer layer of skin is affected. They can be painful (mine always have been) there is also redness and at times swelling. 2. Second degree (partial thickness- superficial or partial thickness - deep) are where the outer and the underlying skin are affected. Now these no doubt cause pain, more intense redness, splotchy appearance, swelling and blistering. 3. Full thickness are called third degree (and at times forth degree). These extend into the deeper tissue and involve all layers of the skin and possibly the bone. Areas may appear dry, white or charred black. These may be numb or"}, {"title": "", "text": "Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required"}, {"title": "", "text": "Healing a second degree burn remains no trivial matter. Characterized by broken skin and deeper damage to the epidermis, second degree burns prove more serious than first degree burns. Many people get second degree burns from extended exposure to dangerous UV rays from the sun, causing a deeply uncomfortable and painful sunburn. Limit activities that irritate your skin following a second degree burn, including exposing your skin to chlorine or ocean water through swimming. Three degrees of burns correspond to the layers of skin each type affects. First degree, or surface burns, remain the least harmful type of burn and surface simply through exposure to the sun or touching a hot stove. You'll find recovery quick and more uncomfortable than painful. Doctors characterize more serious second degree burns by blistering and broken skin. With a second degree burn, the first layer of skin bubbles and blisters as well as turning red. A third degree burn, the most serious burn, affects all layers of skin as well as possibly organs, muscles, tendons and ligaments. Third degree burns can even cause permanent nerve and tissue damage. Healing a second degree burn takes patience and caution. Wash the affected area with warm water immediately after the skin has been burned. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze, remaining particularly careful not to pop any blisters. Don't apply topical burn creams or ice to a second degree burn as this impedes the healing process and, in the case of ice, even causes frostbite. Seek medical attention if the burn is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recognize a first-degree burn. Burns can happen pretty easily. You can get burned by heat, fire, the sun, electricity, boiling liquids like water, sauces and other foods, and chemicals. A first-degree burn is the least severe, affecting the topmost layers of your skin. A first-degree burn will be red and painful. It turns white when you put pressure on it. This type of burn usually heals within 3-6 days. The skin may peel during healing. There is usually little to no scarring. Recognize a second-degree burn. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects deeper layers of the skin. It will be red or splotchy, swollen and very painful. There may be blisters. This type of burn usually heals within 2-3 weeks. You may have some scarring. If your burn is any larger than about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters), see your doctor immediately. Know what a third-degree burn is like. Third-degree burns are the deepest and most serious burns. They damage all the layers of the skin. The skin may be whitish (charred) or black. Third-degree burns require immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to treat this type of burn on your own. Third-degree burns are not usually painful because the nerves have been damaged. These burns may take months to heal and may scar during healing. Run cold water over the burn. Immediately after getting burned, use cold, running water to cool the area to a comfortable level. Do this for at least 5 minutes. Second-degree burns should be cooled for"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Figure 1 Second degree burns It is currently divided into 2nd surface degree and 2nd degree deep. Burn 2nd degree surface it is one that involves the epidermis and the superficial portion of the dermis. The symptoms are the same as the first degree burn, including the appearance of bubbles and a wet appearance of the lesion. Healing is longer than can take up to 3 weeks, usually no scarring but the site of injury may be clearer. Burns deep second degree is those rushing entire dermis, being similar to 3rd degree burns. As there is a risk of destruction of nerve endings in the skin, this type of burn, which is much more serious, it may even be less painful than superficial burns. Sweat glands and hair follicles can also be destroyed, causing the skin to become dry and lose their hair. Healing takes longer than 3 weeks and often leave scars (Figure 3 Third degree burns Deep burns that affect the dermis and reach all subcutaneous tissues, with destruction of nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands and capillaries, may even reach muscle and bone structures. They are whitish/greyish, dry, painless and disfiguring lesions that do not heal without surgical support, needing grafts ( Figure 5 & 6). Extension burn In addition to the depth of the burn, it is also important the extent of injury. All patients with lesions 2nd or 3rd grade must be assessed in relation to the percentage of body area reached ( Figure 7). A severity rating is divided as follows:"}, {"title": "", "text": "deeply they penetrate the surface of the skin. The consequences and treatments vary greatly depending on the severity. First-degree burns are superficial and only affect the epidermis \u2013 the outer layer of skin. The burn site will be painful, dry, and red; however, it will not blister. The pain can last anywhere from 48 to 72 hours before it subsides. It is likely the blister will peel. A mild sunburn is an example of a first-degree burn. These burns are treated based on the extent, location, and cause of the burn. They usually heal on their own within a week; however, cold compresses, ointments and lotions, and ibuprofen or acetaminophen can ease the pain and make recovery easier. Second-degree burns are also referred to as partial thickness burns. They penetrate the epidermis and the dermis layer of skin. Similar to a first-degree burn, it will appear red and be painful; however, it is likely to blister. The injury site may appear wet and shiny, and the burn can be white or discolored in an irregular pattern. Flames, scalds, chemicals, and contact with hot objects can result in this type of burn. These burns can typically heal within three weeks when the wound is kept clean and protected. Deeper burns may take longer to heal. Generally, if the burn does not cover more than ten percent of the skin\u2019s surface, it can be treated in an outpatient setting. Treatment may include antibiotic ointments, dressing changes, daily cleanings to remove dead skin, and possibly systemic antibiotics. A third-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "in keeping the wound bacteria free while the skin cells underneath divide rapidly to heal the opening. Eventually, the scab will fall off (usually within one or two weeks) and new epithelial tissue will cover the wound. In first-degree burns (A) the skin surface turns pink or red; second-degree burns (B) blister the skin; and third-degree burns \u00a9 severely damage or even burn away parts of the skin. _LifeART image \u00a9 2008 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins._ ### Which layers of skin are damaged by burns? Burns may be caused by heat generated by radioactive, chemical, or electrical agents. Two factors affect burn severity: the depth of the burn and the extent of the burned area. There are three categories of burns: _First-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red and painful, but not swollen and blistering, such as from a sunburn, and damage only the epidermis. _Second-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red, painful, and blistering, these burns involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. _Third-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are severely painful, giving the skin a white or charred appearance; they destroy all layers of the skin, including blood vessels and nerve endings. Skin damaged by third-degree burns does not regenerate. Damage to the skin affects the body's ability to retain fluids. ### What are some differences between cutaneous carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas? Cutaneous carcinomas (basal cell and squamous cell) are the most common type of skin cancer. They originate from non-pigmented epithelial cells within the deep layer of the epidermis. These cancers usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "jobs. First-degree burns: These are superficial burns that involve only the epidermis or outer layer of skin. They are the most common and minor of all burns. The skin is reddened and extremely painful, but the burn will heal on its own without scarring within two to five days. There may be peeling of the skin and temporary discoloration. Second-degree burns: These occur when the first layer of skin is burned through and the second layer, the corium, is damaged but the burn does not pass through underlying tissues. The skin is moist and there will be a deep intense pain, reddening, blisters and a mottled appearance to the skin. These burns are considered minor if they involve less than 15 percent of the body surface in adults and less than 10 percent in children. Second-degree burns will heal themselves and produce very little scarring when treated with reasonable care. Healing is usually complete within three weeks. Second-degree burns covering more than 30% of the body are serious or complex burns. Third-degree burns: These burns involve all skin layers. These are the most serious of all burns and are usually charred black and include areas that are dry and white. Third-degree burns may be very painful, but some victims feel little or no pain because the nerve endings have been destroyed. This type of burn may require skin grafting. When third-degree burns heal, dense scars form. Our attorneys understand burn injuries may result in a tremendous amount of pain and emotional trauma. The burn injury attorneys"}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn? In some cases, blisters may appear almost immediately after exposure to or contact with a hot object, whereas in other cases, they may appear at a later time, ranging from a few minutes to a couple of hours after contact. Most second-degree burns that are characterized by blisters can be treated at home or at the hospital. What should I do after a second degree burn? Your muscles and joints may not work well after a second-degree burn. A physical therapist teaches you exercises to help improve movement and strength, and to decrease pain. How can I prevent second-degree burns? What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? With a second-degree, the injury will compromise the outermost layer of skin ( epidermis) and extend to the middle skin layer below ( dermis ). If the burn extends beyond the dermis to the fatty tissues of the subcutaneous layer, it is deemed a third-degree burn. How do you heal a second degree burn? In order to treat a second degree burn, cover it with a dry, nonstick cloth such as gauze. Secure the gauze with tape, and replace the dressing with a clean one every day. Wash the burn every day. It is important to keep a second degree burn clean as it heals to aid with treatment. Wash the burn and reapply antibiotic cream every day. What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? The following are the most common signs and symptoms of a second-degree burn. However, each"}, {"title": "", "text": "oil, tea tree essential oil, citronella essential oil, and rosemary essential oil # Burns **First-degree burns** leave a painful red mark without blisters and often occur from brief contact with a hot object. Mild sunburn is a first-degree burn. Only the first layer of skin is affected. **Second-degree burns** develop blisters and swelling. They are more painful, are deeper, and may appear wet. There may be raw, red blisters. They may be caused by boiling water or contact with a very hot object, such as a woodstove. A severe sunburn could be classified as a second-degree burn. They are more likely to cause scarring than are first-degree burns. **Third-degree burns** may look white and charred. They may be caused by electrical shock or prolonged contact with a hot object. Since skin and nerve endings are often destroyed, the pain may actually be less than with a first- or second-degree burn, but there is a greater likelihood of infection. Third-degree burns are frequently \u00adsurrounded by lesser-degree burns that will probably be painful. # Seek immediate medical attention if: * A large area of skin is burned (more than 10 percent in a child or 15 percent in an adult) * The burned area develops blisters or swelling * The burn has resulted from severe electrical shock * The burned area is on the face * The eyes are burned ## While you wait for medical attention: 1. 1. **If the eyes have been burned by fire,** flush with cold water. 2. 2. **If the eyes have been"}, {"title": "", "text": "but also more complex than the rule of 9\u2019s, and is often used for permanent medical records. \u2460 First degree burn: These burns are confined to the epidermis and are generally sun burns. Painful erythema and edema recover spontaneously without special treatment, and most of these burns do not scar. \u2461 Second degree burn, or partial thickness burn: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and part of the dermis. Blisters (bullae) may develop, indicating partial damage of the dermis under the blister. Recently, 2nd degree burns have been subdivided into superficial, mid, and deep 2nd degree burn categories. \u2461-1 Superficial second degree burn (Figure 2): These burns affect the entire epidermis and upper third of the dermis, including the papillary layer of the dermis. Edemas and red areas are painful when disturbed. Most of the burns recover within two weeks and may leave slightly rough and weak scars accompanied by the appearance of wide pores, hyperpigmentation, or hypopigmentation. \u2461-2 Mid second degree burn: These include the epidermis and the extend to about half of the dermis. Treatment requires 2-3 weeks, and the wound may extend to classification as a deep dermal burn if treated improperly. The scar is more severe than the weak scar observed in superficial second degree burns. Continuous prognoses should be made for more than 3 months in children or for injuries at joint areas with much momentum so that the burn does not develop a hypertrophic scar. \u2461-3 Deep dermal burn: This type of burn affects the most reticular layer"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns cause scarring? Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect more than just the outer layer of skin. They are not only more painful than first-degree burns, but also are more susceptible to infection. A medical professional should treat any type of burn that is more than just a small superficial injury. What is a second-degree burn? Second-degree burns [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-07T17:48:16+00:00March 28th, 2016|Comments Off on Second-degree Burns Do burns swell? Do second-degree burns scar? Second Degree Burn Info What are common causes of second-degree burns?"}, {"title": "", "text": "child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: blisters. deep redness. burned area may appear wet and shiny. skin that is painful to the touch. burn may be white or discolored in an irregular pattern. What is the treatment for a second degree burn? As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton balls and questionable home remedies. Treatments for a mild second-degree burn generally include: running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer. taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) applying antibiotic cream to blisters. What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second degree burns are severe than the first degree burns . They exhibit the characteristics like skin with swelling and blister formation. A third degree burn is the worst among them. These burns cause no or little pain due to the damage caused in the nerves. They destroy all layers of the skin. Previous: Can someone with Down syndrome pass it on? Next: Can brooms cause allergies?"}, {"title": "", "text": "require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? The National Institute for Standards and Technology says human skin begins to feel pain at a temperature of 111 degrees (think hot bathwater). At 118 degrees, human skin can sustain first-degree burns; a second-degree burn injury can occur at a temperature of 131 degrees. How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? A second-degree burn usually heals in 2 to 3 weeks, as long as the wound is kept clean and protected. Deep second-degree burns may take longer to heal. Treatment may include: A wet cloth soaked with cold water (cold compress) held to the skin, to ease pain. Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? The good news is that most burns do not require a trip to the emergency room; basic first-aid will suffice for the majority of first- and second-degree burns (more on that below). However, there are times when immediate emergency care is required. Third-degree burns always require emergency medical attention. What can cause a second degree burn on the body? Second-degree burns can cause serious infections, especially if they cover large areas of the body or if a person does not receive the right treatment. Physical sources of heat, such as the sun and stoves, can cause second-degree burns. Certain chemicals, including bleach and other cleaning products, can also cause burns. When do blisters appear on"}, {"title": "", "text": "to hot water or steam, and overexposure to sun (light sunburn) or wind Characteristics of Second-Degree Burns There are several characteristics of second-degree burns. These include: mottled marked with irregular spots or splotches of different colors or shades of color. scalding - the burning of the skin by a substance that is near boiling in Involve deeper layers of skin Cause skin to turn red and/or mottled Appear moist and oozing from the loss of fluid through damaged skin layers Produce blisters and swelling Usually the most painful type of burn because nerve endings are still intact even though tissue damage is severe Burns covering a large area may cause shock due to extensive loss of fluid from the burned skin Smaller second-degree burns that are properly treated should heal within two weeks with little or no scarring Caused by a deep sunburn, prolonged contact with hot objects, scalding, and flash burns from flammable liquids suddenly bursting into flame Characteristics of Third-Degree Burns There are specific characteristics of third-degree burns. These include: Deepest and most severe type of burn May look white or charred (may appear to be a second-degree burn at first) Result in deep tissue destruction, reaching all layers of the skin and sometimes structures below the skin Often cause little or no pain since nerve endings are destroyed Often cause shock When healed, will be covered by scar tissue Caused by immersion in extremely hot water, prolonged contact with flames, and electric shock Treatment of Heat Burns Treat heat burns based on their"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Redirected from Burn (injury)) This article is about the injury. For other uses, see Burn (disambiguation). Injury to flesh or skin, often caused by excessive heat Second-degree burn of the hand Dermatology Critical care medicine, plastic surgery[1] First degree: Red without blisters[2] Second degree: Blisters and pain[2] Third degree: Area stiff and not painful[2] Infection[3] Days to weeks[2] First degree, Second degree, Third degree[2] Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, radiation[4] Open cooking fires, unsafe cook stoves, smoking, alcoholism, dangerous work environment[5] Depends on the severity[2] Pain medication, intravenous fluids, tetanus toxoid[2] 67 million (2015)[6] 176,000 (2015)[7] A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation (like sunburn).[4] Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called scalding), solids, or fire.[8] While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.[5] Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves.[5] Among men, risk is related to the work environments.[5] Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors.[5] Burns can also occur as a result of self-harm or violence between people.[5] Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns.[2][9] They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days.[2][9] When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn.[2] Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful.[2] Healing can require up to eight weeks and"}, {"title": "", "text": "A thermal burn is injury of the skin and underlying tissues due to excessive heat from ultraviolet rays (sun), hot liquids, hot objects and fire. How can I determine the severity of my burns? Superficial skin burn (used to be called a \u201cfirst-degree burn\u201d) is the mildest burn. Skin turns red, which may be followed by peeling. Classical example of a superficial burn is sunburn. If the burn area is large you may experience pain with malaise, nausea and fever similar as in flu. Superficial skin burns heal within 6 days without leaving a scar. Superficial partial-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201csecond-degree burn\u201d). Your skin may hurt with a light touch or if the air temperature changes. The skin will be red and painful sometimes with blisters and blebs. Superficial partial-thickness burn takes up to 21 days to heal, and the area of skin that was burned might be darker or lighter than it used to be. The burn might or might not heal with a scar. Deep partial-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201cthird-degree burn\u201d). The burn may not hurt, or it will hurt when you press it hard. You will get blisters or blebs. It takes more than 21 days to heal, and will probably heal with a scar. Full-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201cfourth-degree burn\u201d). The burn does not usually hurt, because skin, fat and underlying tissues including nerves are damaged. Burned skin can be white, gray, or black. This burn will likely require surgery with hospital stay."}, {"title": "", "text": "of a few hours. After rinsing and treating your burn, monitor your burn to make sure that it does not develop into a second-degree burn. If it does, consider seeking medical treatment.[20] X Research source Go to source Treating a Second-Degree Burn Recognize second-degree burns. Second-degree burns are more severe than first-degree burns because they extend past the epidermis and into the lower layer of skin (the dermis).[21] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source This doesn't necessarily mean they need medical care. The burns will be a dark red and will produce blisters on the skin. They are more swollen and splotchy than first-degree, with more reddened skin, which may look wet or shiny. The burned area itself may look white or discolored.[22] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source If the burn is larger than 3 inches (7.6 cm), treat as third-degree and seek medical attention immediately.[23] X Trustworthy Source Mayo Clinic Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals Go to source Common causes of second-degree burns including scalding, flame, contact with a very hot object, bad sunburn, chemical burns, and electrical burns.[24] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source Rinse the burn. Treatment for second-degree burns is almost the same"}, {"title": "", "text": "peeling as it heals. A sunburn is technically a first-degree burn, usually of a mild nature. A second-degree burn goes through the first layer of skin and into the second layer, usually causing \u201cwater blisters.\u201d Many times, the burn will \u201cweep\u201d fluid, and the water blisters may burst open. These burns usually require medical treatment and sometimes skin grafting. Third-degree burns are the most severe, destroying the top two layers of skin and damaging the third layer or even deeper tissues of the body. They tend to look waxy and white, and can also appear charred or dark brown. Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Get medical attention immediately. If possible, raise the burned area above the level of your heart. Third-degree burns leave the body at a great risk for infection, hypothermia, and even death. You must seek medical help immediately. The long-term consequences of a third-degree burn are significant. Skin grafts are usually required in order to replace the body\u2019s natural skin barrier. Fortunately, in Georgia, we have the top burn facility in the world located in Augusta, GA \u2014 the Joseph M. Still Burn Center. Most serious burn patients are airlifted directly to the Burn Center in Augusta. Our firm has significant experience handling severe burn cases. Based on our prior experience in working with the skilled doctors who treat burn injuries, we understand that a significant third-degree burn may cause a wide variety of health problems. Once the initial burn treatment is complete, our clients still face many future issues resulting"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are second degree burns serious? 1 Are second degree burns serious? 2 Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? 3 What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? 4 What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? 5 How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? 6 Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? 7 What can cause a second degree burn on the body? 8 When do blisters appear on a second degree burn? 9 What should I do after a second degree burn? 10 What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? 11 How do you heal a second degree burn? 12 What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? 13 What is the treatment for a second degree burn? 14 What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second-degree burns are more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore. Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet or weeping appearance. Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? Second degree burns are painful. The injured area can swell and appear red with blisters. The damaged skin usually grows back unless it becomes infected or the injury gets deeper. What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may"}, {"title": "", "text": "result in redness of the affected area and minor pain. Second-Degree Burns: Second-degree burns are moderate burns that affect both the upper layer of skin (epidermis) and the lower layer of skin (dermis). Second-degree burns usually result in pain, redness, and blistering. Third-Degree Burns: The most severe type of burns, third-degree burns affect the upper and lower layers of skin, as well as the muscles, tissues, and sometimes bones beneath the skin. These burns often result in whitened or blackened skin and very high levels of pain. Regardless of the type, all burns can result in other related injuries. Often, burns cause extreme pain, blisters, swelling, and/or damaged or peeling skin. In certain cases, an individual may experience shock, which can lead to dangerously low blood pressure. Burns can also be permanent and cause scarring, disfigurement and physical impairment that lasts a lifetime. When Are Burns Caused by Negligence? Burns are a fairly common result of many different types of accidents. When these accidents are caused by negligence, the victim may be entitled to compensation for his or her burn injuries. A distracted driver hits a motorcyclist, causing the motorcyclist to hit the ground where he suffers road rash and burn injuries. An explosion at a construction site or oilfield causes a fire that leaves several workers with extensive burns. A defective electronic device sparks when it is plugged into an outlet, causing the user to burn her hand. Unsafe electrical wiring at a hotel causes a fire the results in multiple people suffering severe burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "way down to the dermis, you would inflict enough damage on your fingertips to never regenerate fingerprints ever again. This article contains a list of situations that can affect fingerprints and whether fingerprints can be regenerated afterwards. First degree burns First degree burns only affect the outermost layer of the skin. When the dermis beneath heals, the fingertips will regenerate their original swirl patterns, but even first degree burns can leave a mechanical deformation (blistering and tearing) that can weaken fingerprint features. Second degree burns Second degree burns, also known as partial thickness burns, damage the epidermis and parts of the dermis layer underneath. The affected area will become inflamed, blistered, and can be painful to the touch. Second degree burns can be caused by contact with scalding objects, direct contact with flames, sun burn, chemical burns, and even electric shocks. If your fingertips experience second degree burns, there is a higher chance that your digits will not heal properly and your unique fingerprints will be lost. Third degree burns Third degree burns, known also as a full thickness burn, is a burn that damages all three skin layers and even bones and muscle. This is the most serious type of burn and will require close monitoring by a professional in order to induce proper, but not perfect, healing. Third degree burns are most commonly caused by chemical spills, electrical shocks, and prolonged exposure to hot liquids or solids. If you have had third degree burns on your fingers, you can kiss your fingerprints goodbye. Physically"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are among the most common household injuries in the United States. Every year, almost 500,000 people seek medical attention for burns with about 10 percent of them ending up in hospital. While some burns are so severe that they require hospitalization, many can be safely treated at home. These include first-degree burns, which only affect the external layer of the skin and cause minor redness and pain, as well as blister-causing second-degree burns up to three inches in diameter. There are many home remedies for burns, but not all of them are as safe as they\u2019re made out to be. In this article, you\u2019ll find tips on how to treat a burn safely in your own home. You will also learn which burn remedies you should steer clear from. What Types of Burns Can You Treat at Home? First-degree burns are superficial and affect only the top layer of the skin. The burn site will typically be red and painful, with some minor swelling and peeling as the burn starts to heal. Second-degree burns are deeper and affect the first two layers of the skin. In addition to redness, swelling, and pain, they also cause blisters that ooze clear or yellow-colored fluid. Third-degree burns affect not just the first two layers of the skin but also the tissue underneath. The burn site appears charred and isn\u2019t usually painful because the burn has destroyed the nerve endings. However, the pain in the surrounding areas can be very severe. In some cases, third-degree burns can be so"}, {"title": "", "text": "up to 2 weeks. Burn Depth Burned patients' survival is related to the following factors: burn size/depth, age, presence of inhalation injury, and patient comorbidity. Depth of burn injury is usually classified according to degrees. First-degree burns In first-degree burns, minor epithelial damage of the epidermis exists. Redness, tenderness, and pain are the hallmarks of this injury. Blistering does not occur, and 2-point discrimination remains intact. Healing takes place after several days without scarring. Because the epidermal barrier remains intact, metabolic response and risk of infection are minimal. Most common causes of first-degree burns are flash burns and sunburns. Superficial partial-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns are the 2 types of second-degree burns. In these burn injuries, some portion of the skin appendages remains viable, allowing epithelial repair of the burn wound without skin grafting. Superficial partial-thickness burn involves the epidermis and superficial (papillary) dermis, often resulting in thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters. These burns appear pink, moist, and soft and are exquisitely tender when touched by a gloved hand. They heal in approximately 2-3 weeks, usually without scarring, by outgrowth of epithelial buds from the viable pilosebaceous units and sweat glands residing in the papillary and reticular dermis. Deep partial-thickness burns extend into the reticular dermis. Skin color is usually a mixture of red and blanched white, and capillary refill is slow. Blisters are thick-walled and commonly ruptured. Two-point discrimination may be diminished, but pressure and pinprick applied to the burned skin can be felt. Superficial partial-thickness burns usually re-epithelialize 7-10 days after injury. Risk of hypertrophic scarring"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Facial Burns Second-degree burns on the face are serious. These burns, also called partial thickness burns, damage both the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layers of skin (the dermis). Second-degree burns usually appear red and painful and often have blisters. If the blisters have ruptured, the skin may look wet and shiny. There [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-06T17:42:21+00:00April 6th, 2017|Comments Off on Second-degree Facial Burns For most, the second-degree burn will heal in a few weeks without any lasting visible reminders of the burn. But some people might experience skin discoloration in the affected area. Some second-degree burns leave scars. Why might second-degree burns leave scars or discoloration? Second-degree burns bring a risk of discoloration and scars because they damage [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T23:05:13+00:00March 2nd, 2017|Comments Off on How do second-degree burns heal? Do burns cause swelling? Yes, burns may swell. Swelling, also called edema, happens when fluids collect in an area of the body in response to injury, such as a burn. This can happen at the wound itself or in the tissue around the burn. First- and second-degree burns often have swelling. First-degree burns may bring a little swelling, along [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-26T21:36:41+00:00January 26th, 2017|Comments Off on Do burns cause swelling? Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns Any burn source can cause second-degree burns: Sunburn Flames Contact with hot objects Scalds Chemicals Electricity The appearance of second-degree burns is similar to first-degree burns in some cases, but second-degree burns may blister and have more serious complications. They may even scar."}, {"title": "", "text": "of second degree burns\u2014I hope you have that notebook of random story research facts out all of you NaNo procrastinators who are reading this instead of frantically writing words\u2014is late in coming. The instant effect is shock and a feeling of near separation of your mind to your body. After a few minutes a stinging and tearing pain (Also known as a burning pain) comes in. It causeses your muscles to seize up and rates high on the pain scale (on someone with high pain tolerance about a 7-8.) Appearance-wise, it is little more than red skin. Red angry skin. Depending on the area and the severity, it could release a pus, or bleed. The heat also does not tend to vanish straight away as some people believe, but can last for days. The particular case that involved my brother was a burn caused by oil which meant it clung to his skin in a way that I would imagine magical flames would. After a few weeks, a second degree burn will go down to a less noticeable pink scarring that mostly would be permanent. Burns can do damage to tissue and any weak tissues or thin muscles could be destroyed completely. But yes, that is some of what I learnt and spent time procrastinating on. Person: What are you doing? I completely cracked up when that was how it was described, \u2018writing with pictures\u2019 But it really is like that. You get to form more about your characters through a pretty collage, and they are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Now you're wondering how long these are going to take to heal. This can be a painful time, both physically and emotionally, and you're looking for answers. Those answers do depend on the severity of the burn. For instance, a first-degree burn only impacts the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of your skin. You probably have minor pain and the area looks red. That should heal in a week. Some experts put the range between three and six days. A second-degree burn gets down into the second layer of your skin, which is known as the dermis. You'll see swelling and higher pain levels. The skin will blister. This can take 14 to 21 days to heal. You may even need extensive treatments, like skin grafts, in the worst cases. Third-degree burns encompass everything else, and they can be very significant. You may see charring and large portions of skin will be killed. Nerve endings may also die. Pain levels depend on the extent of the damage. They may be the worst, but, when damage is so bad that nerves are killed, pain can actually be reduced. The time it takes a third-degree burn to heal differs from case to case. It can take quite a long time and require extensive treatment. Some burns never fully heal, as the scars and discoloration will always remain. Burn injuries can be very expensive and they can significantly impact your quality of life. Be sure you know what legal rights you may have to seek out compensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "Second degree sunburns can last anywhere from 10 to 21 days. The exact length of time varies depending on the person and the medical treatment used. Burns are classified according to how deep the burn goes through the tissue layers. Second degree burns affect the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. Since more damage is caused with second degree burns than those of first degree burns, the healing time is quite longer. Some second degree sunburns require grafting and other forms of medical treatment in order to heal properly and minimize scarring. According to the University of New Mexico Hospital, a doctor should be consulted concerning a second degree burn of any kind. Discover how to get rid of a sunburn immediately with these amazing treatments."}, {"title": "", "text": "de br\u00fblures chez l'adulte \u00e9taient dues \u00e0 des accidents domestiques. Les degr\u00e9s de br\u00fblure L'appr\u00e9ciation reste subjective et peut faire parfois objet de d\u00e9saccord entre m\u00e9decins. Le niveau peut \u00e9voluer avec le temps, faisant n\u00e9cessiter parfois une r\u00e9appr\u00e9ciation une ou deux journ\u00e9es plus tard. La classification en degr\u00e9 se base essentiellement sur l'aspect des l\u00e9sions. Certaines techniques existent pour essayer de quantifier plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le niveau, tel que l'imagerie par Laser Doppler, l'imagerie infrarouge ou la vid\u00e9omicroscopie. Ces techniques restent cependant exp\u00e9rimentales. Naturellement le degr\u00e9 peut varier suivant la localisation, sur un m\u00eame individu. Br\u00fblures du premier degr\u00e9 ou superficielle Ce sont les br\u00fblures les moins graves et les plus r\u00e9pandues. Seul l'\u00e9piderme est touch\u00e9. Elles ont pour cons\u00e9quence l'apparition de rougeur et la sensibilit\u00e9 accrue de la r\u00e9gion touch\u00e9e. Un bon exemple est le coup de soleil simple. Ces br\u00fblures ne n\u00e9cessitent pas de soins sp\u00e9ciaux pour leur r\u00e9paration proprement dite, la peau gardant sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. Toutefois, les douleurs exigent en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral leur soulagement ; de simples compresses d'eau froide sur les br\u00fblures peuvent servir \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les douleurs, quand cela est toutefois possible pratiquement. Br\u00fblures du deuxi\u00e8me degr\u00e9 Une br\u00fblure du second degr\u00e9 est d\u00e9finie par l'apparition d'une phlyct\u00e8ne. Les br\u00fblures du second degr\u00e9 se s\u00e9parent en deux entit\u00e9s : le second degr\u00e9 superficiel et le second degr\u00e9 profond. Ce qui les s\u00e9pare est le niveau d'atteinte du derme, qui influera sur la capacit\u00e9 de la peau \u00e0 se r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer. Le diagnostic de la profondeur est difficile, m\u00eame pour un professionnel :"}, {"title": "", "text": "bigger than the palm of their hand, expands, or they get a fever, seek medical attention. Second-degree burns affect the first and second layers of the skin. They\u2019re usually red, painful, develop blisters, and can start swelling. If it\u2019s smaller than three inches, you can treat it like a first-degree burn. If it\u2019s bigger than three inches, go to the nearest medical provider for evaluation and treatment. Third-degree burns harm all skin layers, and can cause permanent damage. The skin might look charred, blackened, or white; it might have a dry, leathery texture. These aren\u2019t minor burns, no matter how small the area is. Get help immediately. Healing takes several days. Change the wound dressing daily, and observe it for signs of infection. It might start itching uncomfortably; don\u2019t scratch it! Apply a lotion or take an over-the-counter medication such as Benadryl \u2013 and always read the directions on the label. Once it\u2019s healed, minimize sun exposure and always wear sun protection. Safety Q&A You probably have some questions about burn safety and prevention. Here are some common questions people have about burns \u2013 along with answers. Beware of Unlikely Hazards Are all burns caused by heat? No. Frostbite and hypothermia can land you in the ER. If you\u2019re out in cold weather, wear warm layers that cover your hands and ears. Take frequent breaks inside with a cup of hot cocoa; steer clear of alcohol or caffeinated drinks. Also, if you see dry ice, don\u2019t touch it! The coffee overheated and my shower was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns, such as sunburns are minor and heal quickly. First-degree burns result in reddened skin. Second-degree burns are serious injuries that require medical attention. Symptoms of second-degree burns include blistered, peeling skin. Third-degree burns are severe and require immediate, professional medical attention. You will likely notice dry/charred, white, yellow or bright red tissue. Although the severely burned area may not be blistered, it often is surrounded by blistered areas. A burn wound is constantly changing, which sometimes makes it dif\ufb01cult to determine the depth of the injury in the \ufb01rst 2-5 days. Burns are painful. Our goal is for your child to be as comfortable as possible. Let the burn team know if your child\u2019s pain is not well controlled. Run cool water over the burn. Do not use ice directly on the burn wound. Take Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen for pain. A high protein diet is important for wound healing. Encourage foods such as milk, meat, eggs, yogurt, cheese, beans and peanut butter. Limit water, juices and junk food. If the burn wounds heal within 14-21 days, the chance of scarring is minimal to none. Once the skin is healed, you may begin to apply a non-perfumed lotion or moisturizer at least 4 times a day. Use a circular motion when rubbing the lotion into the skin. Massage the new skin with the lotion until you can no longer see the lotion. Lotion massage helps the skin be more elastic and smooth like uninjured skin, and also helps with itching. A cast will protect the"}, {"title": "", "text": "You want your kid to be safe but sometimes there are things that can hurt him/her. The most common household injury here in Singapore is burns. Burns does not only refer to the burning sensation but also severe skin damage. The good news is that most victims recover from it without serious health complications but of course this depends on the degree or cause of the injury. You have to know that there are 3 types of burns \u2013 first, second and third degree. Each degree depends on its severity. First degree is the most minor while the third degree is the most serious or severe. First degree burns are characterized by nonblistered but red skin. Second degree burns on the other hand is characterized by thickening of the skin with blisters. Lastly, the third degree burn is characterized by extensive thickness. For kids, the most common cause of burn is scalding from boiling liquids and flames from lighters, candles and matches. In case of first degree burn, it is important that you know what to do. But before anything else, you have to know its signs. Signs include redness, swelling or inflammation and pain. It affects the top layer so the signs will disappear after the shedding of skin cells usually from 7 to 10 days. Soaking: It is imperative that you soak the wound right away in cool water. It should be five minutes but preferably longer. Take medications: If you have pain relief at home, you have to give it. This is to"}, {"title": "", "text": "larger than 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Exposing broken skin to the chemicals in pool water or the high salt content of ocean water is a recipe for irritation and possible infection. Swimming after a second degree burn leads to possible complications with the burn, as the chemicals can penetrate the layer of broken skin and cause issues with healing. Avoid swimming until the burn fully heals and no unbroken skin remains anywhere on the body. Since many people contract second degree burns through extended exposure to the sun, prevent them easily through regular sunblock application and skin care. Always use a full spectrum sunblock of at least SPF 30 strength when spending time in direct sunlight, and reapply regularly throughout the day. For other causes of second degree burns, always use caution and proper protection when dealing with fire and other hot elements in your environment."}, {"title": "", "text": "they look. This article will also explain how to care for them. Scalding This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing. See Photo Nordyke This second-degree burn was caused by scalding with hot water. The woman involved was carrying a pot of boiling water and lost her grip on one handle. The water spilled on her left hand. Scalds are burns from hot liquids. They almost never cause full-thickness (third-degree) burns, but they do blister quickly. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 350,000 Americans are treated for burns in emergency rooms each year. Over 40,000 are hospitalized. Open Flame Burn An unloaded potato gun gave this person a second-degree burn. A potato gun uses hairspray as the explosive agent to shoot a potato into the air. In this case, the flaming hairspray damaged the skin. Symptoms of a second-degree burn include pain, deep redness, blistering, and areas of exposed tissue that are moist and shiny. Chemical Heat Pack Burn Nise A reusable chemical heat pack burned this person's neck. The person microwaved the pack for 60 seconds, even though the instructions said to heat it for 30 seconds. There are no blisters here. Blisters show that the epidermis is damaged but not destroyed. In this case, the destruction of the outer layer caused areas of whiteness and discoloration common with many second-degree burns. Chemical Heat Pack Burn (Five Weeks Later) After a burn from a chemical heat pack, this person was treated with topical anesthetics to numb"}, {"title": "", "text": "I know I have said I burned myself before but it turns out I really didn't. Anyways today I have burned myself twice one burn I did about 20 minutes ago and it still hurts like hell. There is a blister on it. Do I need to get it checked out. Or is this normal. Also is this a second degree burn or third? First off, as you know we cannot offer a professional view, only information based on our personal knowledge; and based on that, I know that blisters are the first sign of a second-degree burn. As the epidermis is destroyed, it begins to separate from the dermis. And fluid builds beneath it, causing blisters. However, it isn't always easily possible to determine second-degree burns to third-degree burns as blisters are included with both of those. Although, not always, but sometimes one will experience loss of feeling due to nerve damage caused by a third-degree burn. Applying Aloe Vera lotion or gel may help sooth it, as well as holding the area of your burn under running cold water for 10 or so minutes for relief. Even though it may be temping, try not to pick at the blister because if it bursts then there's a more significant chance for infection to occur. But if it does burst, even if on its own, put antibiotic ointment on it and cover it. If you notice increased pain, swelling, redness and other signs of infection, or are just in pain then please do see a doctor."}, {"title": "", "text": "Advil (ibuprofen) Elevation to prevent inflammation and lessen pain When to Get Medical Help Get medical attention for a second-degree burn if: The burn is blistered You have severe pain You develop a fever or other signs of infection The burn doesn't improve in two weeks Fluid is leaking from the burned area Swelling or redness increase The burn is more than 2-3 inches wide The burn is on the hands, feet, face, genitals, buttocks, or over a major joint Second-degree burns damage the top layer of skin (epidermis) and sometimes also involve the dermis. Fire, chemical heat packs, and hot liquids can cause burns like these. So can friction and sunburn. If you've had a second-degree burn, you can expect to have pain, redness, blistering, and sloughing of the top layers of skin as you heal. You may have some scarring and your skin may be a different color after the burn heals. You may be able to treat a second-degree burn with cool water, antibiotic creams, pain relievers, and clean bandages. If your burn is more severe, you should seek medical care right away. What is the fluid in a burn blister? The fluid inside a burn blister is ultrafiltration of plasma. It is rich in immunoglobulins, cytokines, prostaglandins, and interleukins. This may help the burn to heal faster. How often do you change the dressing for a second-degree burn? Change the dressing within 48 hours after the wound is first bandaged. If it's healing well after that, change the dressing every three to"}, {"title": "", "text": "is critical in the treatment plan, as there are wounds that will heal with only local treatment and those that will require operative intervention for timely healing. Being able to identify patients who will need operative intervention will facilitate care. Superficial burns (first-degree) are confined to the epidermis. These burns are painful, erythematous, and blanch to the touch with an intact epidermis without blister. Examples include sunburn and a minor scald or flash burn. These burns will heal in 3\u20135 days, will not result in scarring, and treatment is aimed at comfort with the use of topical soothing salves with or without aloe and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen. Partial-thickness (second-degree) burns are divided into two types (Figs. 48-2 and 48-3), superficial and deep. All partial-thickness burns have some degree of dermal injury, and the division is based on the depth of injury into this level. Superficial partial-thickness burns are erythematous, painful, and wet. They blanch to touch and often form blisters. Blistering may not occur for some hours following injury. Burns thought to be first degree may subsequently be diagnosed as partial-thickness burns by the second day. These wounds will spontaneously reepithelialize in 7\u201314 days from epidermal structures retained in the rete ridges, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Deep partial-thickness burns extending into the reticular dermis will appear dry, paler than pink, or mottled. They may not blanch to touch, but will remain painful to pinprick. In deeper partial-thickness burns, sensation becomes blunted (less sensitive to pinprick than surrounding normal skin). Capillaries may refill slowly"}, {"title": "", "text": "creams. Superficial second-degree: if there are no complications they can be left to heal by themselves with the application of topical treatment. Deep second-degree and third-degree: require skin grafts as they need at least three weeks to heal by themselves. There may also be functional and aesthetic complications. Extensive burns: require specific life support in a Burns Unit. Most burns are avoidable and therefore the main tools for prevention are education and legislation in society. Hospital o serveis complementaris relacionats Children's Hospital and Woman's Hospital Where to find it Educaci\u00f3 sanit\u00e0ria relacionades Health tips to avoid burns and their sequelae What to do if you burn yourself Dr. Juan Pedro Barret Ner\u00edn Plastic Surgery and Burns Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Dr. Marcelino Baguena Mart\u00ednez Traumatology Intensive Care Dra. Judith Sanchez Raya Sr. Alex Gin\u00e9s Puertas Person in charge/Coordinator Serracanta Domenech Lead Researcher Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Sr. Albert Cort\u00e9s Borra Sr. Carlos Moreno Ramos Sra. Laura Yague Velasco Sr. Victor Quintanilla Janillo Dra. Yolanda Pe\u00f1a-L\u00f3pez Hospital Maternoinfantil Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca - Edifici Mediterr\u00e0nia Dra. Mar\u00eda Sonsoles Cepeda Diez Psychiatrics Dra. Alba G\u00f3mez Garrido Dra. Maria Pilar Lusilla Palacios Search more professionals"}, {"title": "", "text": "spiked once temperatures topped 105 degrees. That's because pavement is heat-absorbing, so a 110-degree day can result in 150-degree pavement. And with 158 degrees hot enough to fry eggs, the study's message is clear: Pavement burns are not your run-of-the-mill summer burn. \"A first-degree burn, commonly called a sunburn, just injures the top layer of skin, or epithelium,\" Chestovich said. Though painful, such minor burns can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. By contrast, a second-degree burn blisters into the skin's deeper base. These can require topical antibiotics and even surgery to remove dead tissue or a graft to cover damaged skin with healthy tissue. \"A third-degree burn damages the skin in its entirety,\" Chestovich said. Such burns can require multiple surgeries and leave lasting scars. Fourth-degree pavement burns -- which hit muscle, deep tissue and bone -- are rare but not unheard of. \"We have seen hot pavement cause fourth-degree burns in cases when there was extended contact, usually a person lying unconscious on pavement for an extended period of time,\" Chestovich said. It appears that pavement burns may be becoming more common. The Lions Burn Care Center has seen an increase in recent years, but it's not clear why. It could be due to gradually rising temperatures, but also might simply owe to a population increase, Chestovich said. If you suffer a pavement burn, Chestovich cautioned against self-treating with cold water or ice, which could make matters worse. He suggested wrapping the affected skin in a clean dressing, and immediately seeking care at a"}, {"title": "", "text": "spiked once temperatures topped 105 degrees. That's because pavement is heat-absorbing, so a 110-degree day can result in 150-degree pavement. And with 158 degrees hot enough to fry eggs, the study's message is clear: Pavement burns are not your run-of-the-mill summer burn. \"A first-degree burn, commonly called a sunburn, just injures the top layer of skin, or epithelium,\" Chestovich said. Though painful, such minor burns can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. By contrast, a second-degree burn blisters into the skin's deeper base. These can require topical antibiotics and even surgery to remove dead tissue or a graft to cover damaged skin with healthy tissue. \"A third-degree burn damages the skin in its entirety,\" Chestovich said. Such burns can require multiple surgeries and leave lasting scars. Fourth-degree pavement burns -- which hit muscle, deep tissue and bone -- are rare but not unheard of. \"We have seen hot pavement cause fourth-degree burns in cases when there was extended contact, usually a person lying unconscious on pavement for an extended period of time,\" Chestovich said. It appears that pavement burns may be becoming more common. The Lions Burn Care Center has seen an increase in recent years, but it's not clear why. It could be due to gradually rising temperatures, but also might simply owe to a population increase, Chestovich said. If you suffer a pavement burn, Chestovich cautioned against self-treating with cold water or ice, which could make matters worse. He suggested wrapping the affected skin in a clean dressing, and immediately seeking care at a"}, {"title": "", "text": "According to Healthline, a first- or second-degree burn can take up to two to three weeks to fully heal. As it heals, you should periodically apply an antibacterial ointment and change the bandage covering the burn. Keep the area covered in the sun. Don\u2019t use ice or oil products on the burn, as these could make it worse. A burn may heal quicker if you take immediate action to treat it, including: Immediately running the burned area under cool water for 20 minutes. Don\u2019t delay as the area will continue to burn until cooled off. Rinsing the area with mild soap and applying a cold compress to the area. Don\u2019t apply ice directly to the skin. Applying an antibacterial ointment like Neosporin or Bacitracin, and covering the burn with a bandage or gauze. Taking anti-inflammatory pain relievers like Tylenol to reduce discomfort. If the burn is oozing or doesn\u2019t seem to be healing, consult a medical professional. Do Wax Burns Go Away? First-degree burns from waxing usually go away on their own without scarring, according to Healthline. Second- and third-degree burns are more likely to leave scars, though, due to the amount of heat and how long it was in contact with your skin. Second-degree burns may leave scars that eventually fade, but third-degree burns will almost certainly leave scars, some severe enough to require skin grafts. Burn Lawsuit Settlements Injuries from burns can be incredibly painful and have long-lasting physical and psychological effects. If you\u2019ve suffered due to someone else\u2019s negligence, you may be entitled"}, {"title": "", "text": "Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, tells SELF. The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) says that, along with first-degree burns, second-degree burns are actually pretty common\u2014but that doesn\u2019t mean that they're any less awful. \u201cSecond-degree sunburns blister and can be considered a medical emergency if a large area is affected,\u201d the AAD states on its website. Cynthia Bailey, M.D., a diplomate of the American Board of Dermatology and president and CEO of Advanced Skin Care and Dermatology Inc., tells SELF that second-degree burns are especially likely to happen in people with fair skin when they don\u2019t use sunscreen. \u201cIt is a normal result of overdose, or poisoning, of UVB exposure on your skin,\u201d she explains. (UVB rays are short-wave ultraviolet light that can cause sunburn.) \u201cThe overdose causes a cascade of inflammation that leads to pain, redness, swelling, and the same inflammation physiology you associate with other types of pain, like arthritis.\u201d When someone suffers a second-degree burn, swelling and fluid retention can happen in their skin, which will lead to blistering. \u201cIn severe cases, you will also feel ill because the inflammation spreads to sicken your entire body,\u201d Dr. Bailey says, where it can cause a fever, chills, nausea, a rapid heart rate, or low blood pressure. Unfortunately, a sunburn can have bigger health implications beyond the immediate pain. Burns can harm your cells' DNA, which increases your risk of skin cancers later in life, including melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, Joshua Zeichner, M.D., a New York City-based board-certified dermatologist, tells SELF. While"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunburns increase the risk of skin cancer later in life.[20] Superficial partial thickness (second-degree) Extends into superficial (papillary) dermis[2] Redness with clear blister.[2] Blanches with pressure.[2] Moist[2] Very painful[2] 2\u20133 weeks[2][14] Local infection (cellulitis) but no scarring typically[14] Deep partial thickness (second-degree) Extends into deep (reticular) dermis[2] Yellow or white. Less blanching. May be blistering.[2] Fairly dry[14] Pressure and discomfort[14] 3\u20138 weeks[2] Scarring, contractures (may require excision and skin grafting)[14] Full thickness (third-degree) Extends through entire dermis[2] Stiff and white/brown.[2] No blanching.[14] Leathery[2] Painless[2] Prolonged (months) and incomplete[2] Scarring, contractures, amputation (early excision recommended)[14] Fourth-degree Extends through entire skin, and into underlying fat, muscle and bone[2] Black; charred with eschar Dry Painless Does not heal; Requires excision[2] Amputation, significant functional impairment and in some cases, death.[2] Cause[edit] Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal (heat-related), chemical, electrical, and radiation.[21] In the United States, the most common causes of burns are: fire or flame (44%), scalds (33%), hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemicals (3%).[22] Most (69%) burn injuries occur at home or at work (9%),[13] and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1\u20132% resulting from a suicide attempt.[18] These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.[3] Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor.[18] Smoking and alcoholism are other risk factors.[8] Fire-related burns are generally more common in colder climates.[18] Specific risk factors in the developing world include cooking with open fires or on the floor[4] as well as"}, {"title": "", "text": "something similar to sunburn where the skin reddens and is tender, but there is no severely wounded tissue. Second-degree burns affect the entire epidermis, leading to blisters and reddening of the skin which varies in intensity depending on the extent of damage. Healing takes time but usually occurs with minimal scarring after two weeks. A third-degree burn destroys the entire epidermal layer. Pain receptors are often destroyed\u2014 which is why many victims initially feel no pain\u2014along with blood vessels and skin glands. As the burn penetrates, most victims face acute loss of fluid and their metabolic rates are affected. The body is unable to repair the damage itself, requiring skin grafts and surgery. In rare cases, bone and muscle are damaged, which, in some cases, is inoperable. This burn is also called full thickness: the skin is damaged to an extent that it becomes thick and leathery. According to news reports, the government is in the process of repealing Section 309. Early last month, the Home Ministry circulated a note to all states on effacing the section, and is currently waiting for their responses. In October 1984, M. G. Ramachandran\u2014the man the people of Tamil Nadu called their son, father, and brother all in one\u2014fell ill. His kidney failed on October 6, followed by a mild heart attack and then a stroke on October 16. He was flown to Brooklyn, New York, for treatment. MGR would return to India in February the following year, after going through a kidney transplant in December, but public sentiment was"}, {"title": "", "text": "the hot stainless steel skillet and I sustained a first degree burn. I took the cantharis I keep handy in the kitchen and suffered no burning sensation. As for the claim I didn\u2019t have a third degree burn in the incident reported earlier, I\u2019ll say this\u2026What is beyond a second degree burn; the blistering one? To my knowledge and experience, it\u2019s your skin is turned into crusty dark matter, dark brown or black. That\u2019s what I had. You don\u2019t like it? Tough noogies\u2026.. The hot shower had not relieved my acute symptoms of gout. As for research-based evidence, as I stated earlier, you can do what you wish with my honest report. Including using it as a\u2014wipe. It\u2019s not MY problem. However, I find it interesting that so many allegedly \u2018intelligent\u2019 people don\u2019t have the brains to run simple tests for themselves. And instead, hide behind what their latter-day \u2018priests\u2019 tell them is \u2018true\u2019. Seriously\u2026. \u2026.we\u2019re talking CLASSIC \u2018True Believers\u2019 here. And, having been one myself, i.e., pre-med microbiology undergrad work, I can understand their disbelief. What I DON\u2019T care for is their pride in being \u2018ignorant\u2019. As if a simple $7 purchase against a simple accident that happens frequently in the home is REALLY quite an interesting \u2018indicator\u2019 of their mind-set. [Stupid, adj, Ignorant and proud of it.] There is a reasonable explanation of the different severity of burns on wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn. Sounds like you had a superficial burn to me. As for the tests, these are typical of the ones a lay-person would propose."}, {"title": "", "text": "five days. However, if the burn area is painful or there's an odor, change the bandages right away. How long does it take a second-degree sunburn to heal? A second-degree sunburn should be fully healed within one to three weeks if it's treated properly and infection doesn\u2019t develop. Your skin may still be discolored and scars may be permanent, but the discomfort should be fully resolved. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Burns. Vloemans AF, Hermans MH, van der Wal MB, Liebregts J, Middelkoop E. Optimal treatment of partial thickness burns in children: a systematic review. Burns. 2014;40(2):177-90. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.09.016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care survey: 2015 emergency department summary tables. Bittner EA, Shank E, Woodson L, Martyn JA. Acute and perioperative care of the burn-injured patient. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(2):448-464. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000559 University of California San Diego School of Medicine: UC San Diego Health. About burns. Grosu-Bularda A, Andrei MC, Mladin AD, et al. Periorbital lesions in severely burned patients. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2019;63(1):38-55. Bachier M, Hammond SE, Williams R, Jancelewicz T, Feliz A. Pediatric scalds: Do cooking-related burns have a higher injury burden? J Surg Res. 2015;199(1):230-236. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.05.016 Norman G, Christie J, Liu Z, et al. Antiseptics for burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7(7):CD011821. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011821.pub2 S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez JF, Vicente-Agullo D, Barber\u00e1 M, Castro-Rodr\u00edguez E, C\u00e1novas M. Relationship between ultraviolet index (UVI) and first-, second- and third-degree sunburn using the Probit methodology. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):733. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36850-x University of Michigan Medical School: Michigan Medicine. Home treatment for second-degree burns. Cleveland Clinic."}, {"title": "", "text": "may also experience: Rapid dehydration Higher likelihood of infection In rare cases, people with sunburn can go into shock. How to Treat a Sunburn Second-degree sunburns take longer to heal. They increase the lifetime risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma. Friction Burn Dawn H. A friction burn is a type of abrasion or scrape. It causes the loss of the epidermis and damages the dermis below. Friction burns don't involve heat, but they are still considered second-degree burns. They're treated in the same way as a thermal (heat) burn. The most common types of friction burn are road rash and rug burns. Topical antibiotic ointments and twice-daily dressing changes can usually prevent infection. Oral antibiotics may be prescribed for more severe cases. How to Treat a 2nd-Degree Burn The first thing you should do for a second-degree burn is cool the skin to keep the burn from getting worse. You can do this by: Running cool water over it Putting the burned area in a container of cool water Applying a cool compress Continue cooling the skin until it no longer hurts when you remove the source of the cold. It may take as long as 30 minutes. No Ice! Don't use ice or ice water to cool your skin after a burn. Temperatures that are too low can further damage the tissues. Treatments for a second-degree burn may include: Antibiotic cream, over-the-counter or prescription Bandaging with gauze or something else that won't stick to the burn Over-the-counter pain medication such as Tylenol (acetaminophen) or"}, {"title": "", "text": "From washing up under too hot of water to an accidental tipping of a coffee cup, burns are a potential hazard in every home. In fact, burns are some of the most common childhood accidents that occur. Babies and young children are especially susceptible to burns because they are curious, small and have sensitive skin that requires extra protection. Your child\u2019s pediatrician in Downers Grove is available to provide you with tips on proper treatment, and ways to prevent burns. Burns are often categorized as first, second, or third degree, depending on how badly the skin is damaged. Both the type of burn and its cause will determine how the burn is treated, but all burns should be treated quickly to reduce the temperature of the burned area and reduce damage to the skin and underlying tissue. First-degree burns are the mildest of the three, and are limited to the top layer of skin. Healing time is typically about 3 to 6 days, with the superficial layer of skin over the burn potentially peeling off within the next day or two. Second-degree burns are more serious and involve the skin layers beneath the top layer. These burns can produce blisters, severe pain, and redness. Contact your pediatrician in Downers Grove for more information on how to properly care for burns and how you can further protect your children from potential burn hazards."}, {"title": "", "text": "the skin. This picture shows how the burn looks five weeks after the injury. Even after significant healing, burns this severe can cause pain for weeks. Over-the-counter pain relievers like Tylenol (acetaminophen) can help. Candle Wax Burn Cmoore Hot candle wax is a common cause of second-degree burns. In this case, the candle wax exploded and splattered wax onto the person's hand. When water touches hot wax near a burning wick, the wax can explode. The type of candle or wax can make a big difference in how severe the injury is. Paraffin wax melts at around 120 degrees F. Votive candles melt at around 135 F, and taper candles at 140 F or higher. The most serious burns come from beeswax, which melts at 145 F or higher. To avoid burns, the wax temperature should be well below 125 F. That's a common temperature for body waxing. Steam Iron Burn After burning herself with the steam from a household iron, this woman developed a painful second-degree blister on her pinky finger. It's easy to underestimate the dangers of hot steam. When your car overheats, for example, the steam escaping from the radiator will be between 190 F and 220 F. That's hot enough to cause a severe burn in less than a second. If the jet of hot steam hits your eye, your cornea can be severely damaged. Burns like this can cause: Holes in the eye tissue Steam Burns and How to Prevent Them Hot Oil Burn Hot oil burns are common in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "single day. Outside of work, Dr. Senchenkov enjoys spending time reading and going for an occasional swim. These burns only include the outer layer for skin (the dermis), and are marked by red, pink or dark pink skin. The burns are usually painful, but there are no blisters and will heal in a week or so. These burns progress deeper into the dermis and may include large blisters and may have a wet appearance. These burns will take 14-21 days to heal. These burns may have a charred appearance, be leathery or white in color and feel dry to the touch. Often, the burned areas will lose sensation and include the entire depth of skin. Healing will likely require skin grafts and rarely more intensive methods. These burns progress down to muscles, tendons and bones. Often, skin grafts, intensive surgeries and even amputations may be required for healing. What Should You Do Right After a Burn? Remove ALL clothing and jewelry. Run cool water over the burn for several minutes. Do not place any home remedies including butter, ointments or ice on burned areas. Do not use cotton balls or wool to clean a burn. Do not burst any blisters. Cover the burn with a clean bandage or clean cloth. For pain, take ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Both almost always require skin grafting and/or some type of surgery. In many cases, fourth degree burns will also require some level of amputation to ensure the best possible outcome. These burns usually take at least four to six weeks"}, {"title": "", "text": "ultraviolet rays; UVA, UVB and UVC rays which emitted continuously during the day. Among those three types of ultraviolet rays, only the first two which potentially harmful to our skin. UVA and UVB rays not only damage the first layer (epidermis) of the skin, but they have the ability to penetrate into the deepest skin layers. Once your skin is exposed to sunlight for a long time, sunburn may arise due to leaving the protection of the skin. The sun burns skin area literally that leads to redness and burning. When you have a sunburn, you need to identify the level of the burning of your skin. First degree burns characterized by very red skin once your skin is exposed to excessive sunlight. When your skin leaving the blisters caused by sun exposure, you are likely to have second degree burns. Sunburn Blisters are fluid-filled bumps that cause pain and discomfort, in certain cases, it may cause itching that leads to infection, fever, and swelling. No matter you are suffering either the first and second level burns, or even leaving with no trace at all once overexposure to sunlight, you need to perform the appropriate treatments to prevent and treat the sunburns. Because over the time you may develop different diseases that could potentially damage the skin permanently if you are leaving the protection of the skin against the sun. Visiting the dermatologist or taking a cold shower are efficient and easy ways to get rid of sunburn on the face and body quickly and safely."}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Sunburns People more susceptible to sunburns (those with fair skin, freckles, [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-10T21:29:11+00:00January 10th, 2017|Comments Off on Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns What does a second-degree burn look like? Second-degree burns cause more serious and deeper tissue damage than first-degree burns, and thus look differently. Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layer of skin (the dermis), and may develop blisters. After the blisters rupture, the burn wound may look wet and shiny. The burn itself is [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:55:47+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What does a second-degree burn look like? What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Degrees of burns range from first-degree burns, which are the least severe burns, to second-degree, third-degree and fourth-degree burns. Both second-degree and third-degree burns are serious burns, and both need prompt medical care. Second-degree burns are also called partial thickness burns. They damage the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, as well as deeper [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:57:14+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Do second-degree burns cause scarring? Some second-degree burns leave a scar. Unlike first-degree burns, which do not leave a scar, second-degree burns damage deeper layers of tissue, which is why they may result in scars. Deeper and larger burns may be more likely to scar. But it can be difficult to determine if your second-degree burn will leave a scar immediately after the [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T22:45:10+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on Do second-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Sunburns People more susceptible to sunburns (those with fair skin, freckles, [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-10T21:29:11+00:00January 10th, 2017|Comments Off on Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns What does a second-degree burn look like? Second-degree burns cause more serious and deeper tissue damage than first-degree burns, and thus look differently. Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layer of skin (the dermis), and may develop blisters. After the blisters rupture, the burn wound may look wet and shiny. The burn itself is [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:55:47+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What does a second-degree burn look like? What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Degrees of burns range from first-degree burns, which are the least severe burns, to second-degree, third-degree and fourth-degree burns. Both second-degree and third-degree burns are serious burns, and both need prompt medical care. Second-degree burns are also called partial thickness burns. They damage the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, as well as deeper [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:57:14+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Do second-degree burns cause scarring? Some second-degree burns leave a scar. Unlike first-degree burns, which do not leave a scar, second-degree burns damage deeper layers of tissue, which is why they may result in scars. Deeper and larger burns may be more likely to scar. But it can be difficult to determine if your second-degree burn will leave a scar immediately after the [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T22:45:10+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on Do second-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "Healing a second degree burn remains no trivial matter. Characterized by broken skin and deeper damage to the epidermis, second degree burns prove more serious than first degree burns. Many people get second degree burns from extended exposure to dangerous UV rays from the sun, causing a deeply uncomfortable and painful sunburn. Limit activities that irritate your skin following a second degree burn, including exposing your skin to chlorine or ocean water through swimming. Three degrees of burns correspond to the layers of skin each type affects. First degree, or surface burns, remain the least harmful type of burn and surface simply through exposure to the sun or touching a hot stove. You'll find recovery quick and more uncomfortable than painful. Doctors characterize more serious second degree burns by blistering and broken skin. With a second degree burn, the first layer of skin bubbles and blisters as well as turning red. A third degree burn, the most serious burn, affects all layers of skin as well as possibly organs, muscles, tendons and ligaments. Third degree burns can even cause permanent nerve and tissue damage. Healing a second degree burn takes patience and caution. Wash the affected area with warm water immediately after the skin has been burned. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze, remaining particularly careful not to pop any blisters. Don't apply topical burn creams or ice to a second degree burn as this impedes the healing process and, in the case of ice, even causes frostbite. Seek medical attention if the burn is"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorised as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in colour and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? The National Institute for Standards and Technology says human skin begins to feel pain at a temperature of 111 degrees (think hot bathwater). At 118 degrees, human skin can sustain first-degree burns; a second-degree burn injury can occur at a temperature of 131 degrees. How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? A second-degree burn usually heals in 2 to 3 weeks, as long as the wound is kept clean and protected. Deep second-degree burns may take longer to heal. Treatment may include: A wet cloth soaked with cold water (cold compress) held to the skin, to ease pain. Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? The good news is that most burns do not require a trip to the emergency room; basic first-aid will suffice for the majority of first- and second-degree burns (more on that below). However, there are times when immediate emergency care is required. Third-degree burns always require emergency medical attention. What can cause a second degree burn on the body? Second-degree burns can cause serious infections, especially if they cover large areas of the body or if a person does not receive the right treatment. Physical sources of heat, such as the sun and stoves, can cause second-degree burns. Certain chemicals, including bleach and other cleaning products, can also cause burns. When do blisters appear on"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recognize a first-degree burn. Burns can happen pretty easily. You can get burned by heat, fire, the sun, electricity, boiling liquids like water, sauces and other foods, and chemicals. A first-degree burn is the least severe, affecting the topmost layers of your skin. A first-degree burn will be red and painful. It turns white when you put pressure on it. This type of burn usually heals within 3-6 days. The skin may peel during healing. There is usually little to no scarring. Recognize a second-degree burn. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects deeper layers of the skin. It will be red or splotchy, swollen and very painful. There may be blisters. This type of burn usually heals within 2-3 weeks. You may have some scarring. If your burn is any larger than about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters), see your doctor immediately. Know what a third-degree burn is like. Third-degree burns are the deepest and most serious burns. They damage all the layers of the skin. The skin may be whitish (charred) or black. Third-degree burns require immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to treat this type of burn on your own. Third-degree burns are not usually painful because the nerves have been damaged. These burns may take months to heal and may scar during healing. Run cold water over the burn. Immediately after getting burned, use cold, running water to cool the area to a comfortable level. Do this for at least 5 minutes. Second-degree burns should be cooled for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recognize a first-degree burn. Burns can happen pretty easily. You can get burned by heat, fire, the sun, electricity, boiling liquids like water, sauces and other foods, and chemicals. A first-degree burn is the least severe, affecting the topmost layers of your skin. A first-degree burn will be red and painful. It turns white when you put pressure on it. This type of burn usually heals within 3-6 days. The skin may peel during healing. There is usually little to no scarring. Recognize a second-degree burn. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects deeper layers of the skin. It will be red or splotchy, swollen and very painful. There may be blisters. This type of burn usually heals within 2-3 weeks. You may have some scarring. If your burn is any larger than about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters), see your doctor immediately. Know what a third-degree burn is like. Third-degree burns are the deepest and most serious burns. They damage all the layers of the skin. The skin may be whitish (charred) or black. Third-degree burns require immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to treat this type of burn on your own. Third-degree burns are not usually painful because the nerves have been damaged. These burns may take months to heal and may scar during healing. Run cold water over the burn. Immediately after getting burned, use cold, running water to cool the area to a comfortable level. Do this for at least 5 minutes. Second-degree burns should be cooled for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are second degree burns serious? 1 Are second degree burns serious? 2 Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? 3 What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? 4 What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? 5 How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? 6 Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? 7 What can cause a second degree burn on the body? 8 When do blisters appear on a second degree burn? 9 What should I do after a second degree burn? 10 What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? 11 How do you heal a second degree burn? 12 What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? 13 What is the treatment for a second degree burn? 14 What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second-degree burns are more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore. Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet or weeping appearance. Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? Second degree burns are painful. The injured area can swell and appear red with blisters. The damaged skin usually grows back unless it becomes infected or the injury gets deeper. What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may"}, {"title": "", "text": "When you have been involved in an explosion, there are many things that you need to worry about. Being burned can be a hard situation to handle for anyone who may be involved. Determining the difference between a second and third degree burn can be hard because they are both quite intense burns with painful side effects that go along with it. Second degree burns can be a painful process to go through. These types of burns usually are blistered and can look extremely red. Depending on the site of the burn will determine if their will be any type of scarring on the burn site. The larger the second degree burn site is, the more likely it is that someone will go into shock after the burn has happened. If you have a smaller second degree burn, there is a chance that you will not end up with any scarring on the burn site. Third degree burns are the worst of all the burns that could happen to you. You should always remember that when you have a third degree burn, you need to get some type of medical help. When you get a third degree burn, the skin looks very different than having a second degree burn. Your skin will look leathery on the top of the surface. When the third degree burn first happens, you will not feel much of anything. The reason you won\u2019t feel anything in the beginning is because of the trauma to the nerve endings. Once the nerve endings"}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn? In some cases, blisters may appear almost immediately after exposure to or contact with a hot object, whereas in other cases, they may appear at a later time, ranging from a few minutes to a couple of hours after contact. Most second-degree burns that are characterized by blisters can be treated at home or at the hospital. What should I do after a second degree burn? Your muscles and joints may not work well after a second-degree burn. A physical therapist teaches you exercises to help improve movement and strength, and to decrease pain. How can I prevent second-degree burns? What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? With a second-degree, the injury will compromise the outermost layer of skin ( epidermis) and extend to the middle skin layer below ( dermis ). If the burn extends beyond the dermis to the fatty tissues of the subcutaneous layer, it is deemed a third-degree burn. How do you heal a second degree burn? In order to treat a second degree burn, cover it with a dry, nonstick cloth such as gauze. Secure the gauze with tape, and replace the dressing with a clean one every day. Wash the burn every day. It is important to keep a second degree burn clean as it heals to aid with treatment. Wash the burn and reapply antibiotic cream every day. What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? The following are the most common signs and symptoms of a second-degree burn. However, each"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorized as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in color and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation. What type of burn did you experience? What kind of treatment did you receive for your burn? What part or how much of your body was affected? Have you or someone you know suffered an electrical shock and/or burns? Please describe your experience. Did you suffer a chemical burn? Please describe what happened. Do you know what to do with a cut, scrape, burn or wound? These quick home-care first aid tips from our experts will prepare you for various accidents--and let you know when to seek a doctor's help."}, {"title": "", "text": "of skin, or epidermis, is damaged by these burns. Common side effects of first-degree burns are redness, inflammation, pain, and sensitivity to pressure. Usually, these burns heal by themselves within a week, and can be treated with over-the-counter sprays and cold water. Contrary to popular belief, ice should never be applied to a first-degree burn injury, as this can affect the skin and its ability to heal itself. Second-degree burns: these are where damage goes beyond the epidermis into the dermis, or the second layer of a human\u2019s skin. Second-degree burns are further broken down into \u201csuperficial\u201d and \u201cdeep\u201d burn types. Superficial second-degree burns usually result in clear blisters appearing, extreme pain, and the surface of the skin being much more moist, while deep thickness burns result in heavy scarring and drier skin around the site of the burn. Both of these burns take weeks to heal and require proper bandaging and treatment. Third-degree burns: occurs when damage extends through the entire dermis and affects organs and nerves. Common signs of a third-degree burn include dry skin, white or black wounds, and nerve or tissue damage. Treatment for a third-degree burn often requires skin grafts and extensive surgery, and even then may not fully restore the skin to its original, pre-accident condition. Fourth-degree burns: the most serious type of burn, fourth-degree burns are when damage goes all the way through the skin and down to the underlying muscle and bone. Injuries from fourth-degree burns result in severe disfigurement and often require amputation of the affected limb."}, {"title": "", "text": "of skin, or epidermis, is damaged by these burns. Common side effects of first-degree burns are redness, inflammation, pain, and sensitivity to pressure. Usually, these burns heal by themselves within a week, and can be treated with over-the-counter sprays and cold water. Contrary to popular belief, ice should never be applied to a first-degree burn injury, as this can affect the skin and its ability to heal itself. Second-degree burns: these are where damage goes beyond the epidermis into the dermis, or the second layer of a human\u2019s skin. Second-degree burns are further broken down into \u201csuperficial\u201d and \u201cdeep\u201d burn types. Superficial second-degree burns usually result in clear blisters appearing, extreme pain, and the surface of the skin being much more moist, while deep thickness burns result in heavy scarring and drier skin around the site of the burn. Both of these burns take weeks to heal and require proper bandaging and treatment. Third-degree burns: occurs when damage extends through the entire dermis and affects organs and nerves. Common signs of a third-degree burn include dry skin, white or black wounds, and nerve or tissue damage. Treatment for a third-degree burn often requires skin grafts and extensive surgery, and even then may not fully restore the skin to its original, pre-accident condition. Fourth-degree burns: the most serious type of burn, fourth-degree burns are when damage goes all the way through the skin and down to the underlying muscle and bone. Injuries from fourth-degree burns result in severe disfigurement and often require amputation of the affected limb."}, {"title": "", "text": "(Figure 1 Second degree burns It is currently divided into 2nd surface degree and 2nd degree deep. Burn 2nd degree surface it is one that involves the epidermis and the superficial portion of the dermis. The symptoms are the same as the first degree burn, including the appearance of bubbles and a wet appearance of the lesion. Healing is longer than can take up to 3 weeks, usually no scarring but the site of injury may be clearer. Burns deep second degree is those rushing entire dermis, being similar to 3rd degree burns. As there is a risk of destruction of nerve endings in the skin, this type of burn, which is much more serious, it may even be less painful than superficial burns. Sweat glands and hair follicles can also be destroyed, causing the skin to become dry and lose their hair. Healing takes longer than 3 weeks and often leave scars (Figure 3 Third degree burns Deep burns that affect the dermis and reach all subcutaneous tissues, with destruction of nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands and capillaries, may even reach muscle and bone structures. They are whitish/greyish, dry, painless and disfiguring lesions that do not heal without surgical support, needing grafts ( Figure 5 & 6). Extension burn In addition to the depth of the burn, it is also important the extent of injury. All patients with lesions 2nd or 3rd grade must be assessed in relation to the percentage of body area reached ( Figure 7). A severity rating is divided as follows:"}, {"title": "", "text": "things, including heat, chemicals, radiation (such as sun exposure), and electricity. Most burns are minor\u2014you've accidentally touched a hot stove or spent too much time in the sun\u2014and can be treated at home. Doctors classify burns according to the amount of damage they've caused. A first-degree burn affects just the top layer of skin (the epidermis) and is by far the most common type. A first-degree burn will be red and painful and will blanch (turn white) when you press on it. It may swell a bit and might peel within a day or two, and will probably heal within a week. Your risk for sunburn depends on the time of day and year (sunburns are more likely on summer days, between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.), your latitude and altitude (being closer to the equator and farther from sea level means more radiation), and what you're doing (skiing and swimming are done around water and snow, which reflect burning rays). Second-degree burns affect more layers of skin. The skin will blister and be red and swollen, and will take a few weeks to heal. (These burns are more prone to infection, so you should probably see your health care provider.) Third-degree burns, the most severe, affect all layers of the skin and possibly other tissues as well, and take months to heal. These burns always require medical attention. Sunburn is a type of radiation burn caused by UV, or ultraviolet, light. You can get one from a tanning bed or booth as well as from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Facial Burns Second-degree burns on the face are serious. These burns, also called partial thickness burns, damage both the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layers of skin (the dermis). Second-degree burns usually appear red and painful and often have blisters. If the blisters have ruptured, the skin may look wet and shiny. There [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-06T17:42:21+00:00April 6th, 2017|Comments Off on Second-degree Facial Burns For most, the second-degree burn will heal in a few weeks without any lasting visible reminders of the burn. But some people might experience skin discoloration in the affected area. Some second-degree burns leave scars. Why might second-degree burns leave scars or discoloration? Second-degree burns bring a risk of discoloration and scars because they damage [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T23:05:13+00:00March 2nd, 2017|Comments Off on How do second-degree burns heal? Do burns cause swelling? Yes, burns may swell. Swelling, also called edema, happens when fluids collect in an area of the body in response to injury, such as a burn. This can happen at the wound itself or in the tissue around the burn. First- and second-degree burns often have swelling. First-degree burns may bring a little swelling, along [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-26T21:36:41+00:00January 26th, 2017|Comments Off on Do burns cause swelling? Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns Any burn source can cause second-degree burns: Sunburn Flames Contact with hot objects Scalds Chemicals Electricity The appearance of second-degree burns is similar to first-degree burns in some cases, but second-degree burns may blister and have more serious complications. They may even scar."}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Facial Burns Second-degree burns on the face are serious. These burns, also called partial thickness burns, damage both the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layers of skin (the dermis). Second-degree burns usually appear red and painful and often have blisters. If the blisters have ruptured, the skin may look wet and shiny. There [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-06T17:42:21+00:00April 6th, 2017|Comments Off on Second-degree Facial Burns For most, the second-degree burn will heal in a few weeks without any lasting visible reminders of the burn. But some people might experience skin discoloration in the affected area. Some second-degree burns leave scars. Why might second-degree burns leave scars or discoloration? Second-degree burns bring a risk of discoloration and scars because they damage [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T23:05:13+00:00March 2nd, 2017|Comments Off on How do second-degree burns heal? Do burns cause swelling? Yes, burns may swell. Swelling, also called edema, happens when fluids collect in an area of the body in response to injury, such as a burn. This can happen at the wound itself or in the tissue around the burn. First- and second-degree burns often have swelling. First-degree burns may bring a little swelling, along [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-26T21:36:41+00:00January 26th, 2017|Comments Off on Do burns cause swelling? Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns Any burn source can cause second-degree burns: Sunburn Flames Contact with hot objects Scalds Chemicals Electricity The appearance of second-degree burns is similar to first-degree burns in some cases, but second-degree burns may blister and have more serious complications. They may even scar."}, {"title": "", "text": "in a minor state. Let\u2019s briefly look at the three types of burns. As said earlier, the First-Degree burn affects the skin\u2019s top layer. Immediately the skin sheds, the signs, and symptoms go out. This type of burn heals in the space of 7-10 days, without leaving any scar. In this type of burn, the damage done doesn\u2019t just happen at the skin\u2019s surface, it goes beyond the surface, the top layer. And, that\u2019s why it\u2019s more serious than that of the First-Degree. The Second-Degree burn makes the skin to blister and ends up being sore and red. A few of these blisters pop open, making the burn to have an appearance that\u2019s wet. There\u2019s a tissue known as fibrinous exudate \u2014 as time goes on, this particular tissue will, probably, begin to take its place around, over the wound. The nature of this wound appears so delicate, so it\u2019s essential that you ensure that you keep the area, which you have the burn, clean. And also, bandage it in a proper manner \u2014 doing these helps you to stay away from infection. This also does well in helping the burn heal fastly. Yes, I have already talked a little about the fourth-degree burn, but let\u2019s keep it aside; Third-Degree burn happens to be the most severe and serious. What a Third-Degree burn does is, it penetrates through the various layer of the skin \u2014 I won\u2019t be wrong if I say, it penetrates through every layer of the skin. People have this mentality that Third-Degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a few hours. After rinsing and treating your burn, monitor your burn to make sure that it does not develop into a second-degree burn. If it does, consider seeking medical treatment.[20] X Research source Go to source Treating a Second-Degree Burn Recognize second-degree burns. Second-degree burns are more severe than first-degree burns because they extend past the epidermis and into the lower layer of skin (the dermis).[21] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source This doesn't necessarily mean they need medical care. The burns will be a dark red and will produce blisters on the skin. They are more swollen and splotchy than first-degree, with more reddened skin, which may look wet or shiny. The burned area itself may look white or discolored.[22] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source If the burn is larger than 3 inches (7.6 cm), treat as third-degree and seek medical attention immediately.[23] X Trustworthy Source Mayo Clinic Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals Go to source Common causes of second-degree burns including scalding, flame, contact with a very hot object, bad sunburn, chemical burns, and electrical burns.[24] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source Rinse the burn. Treatment for second-degree burns is almost the same"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a few hours. After rinsing and treating your burn, monitor your burn to make sure that it does not develop into a second-degree burn. If it does, consider seeking medical treatment.[20] X Research source Go to source Treating a Second-Degree Burn Recognize second-degree burns. Second-degree burns are more severe than first-degree burns because they extend past the epidermis and into the lower layer of skin (the dermis).[21] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source This doesn't necessarily mean they need medical care. The burns will be a dark red and will produce blisters on the skin. They are more swollen and splotchy than first-degree, with more reddened skin, which may look wet or shiny. The burned area itself may look white or discolored.[22] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source If the burn is larger than 3 inches (7.6 cm), treat as third-degree and seek medical attention immediately.[23] X Trustworthy Source Mayo Clinic Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals Go to source Common causes of second-degree burns including scalding, flame, contact with a very hot object, bad sunburn, chemical burns, and electrical burns.[24] X Trustworthy Source University of Rochester Medical Center Leading academic medical center in the U.S. focused on clinical care and research Go to source Rinse the burn. Treatment for second-degree burns is almost the same"}, {"title": "", "text": "child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: blisters. deep redness. burned area may appear wet and shiny. skin that is painful to the touch. burn may be white or discolored in an irregular pattern. What is the treatment for a second degree burn? As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton balls and questionable home remedies. Treatments for a mild second-degree burn generally include: running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer. taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) applying antibiotic cream to blisters. What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second degree burns are severe than the first degree burns . They exhibit the characteristics like skin with swelling and blister formation. A third degree burn is the worst among them. These burns cause no or little pain due to the damage caused in the nerves. They destroy all layers of the skin. Previous: Can someone with Down syndrome pass it on? Next: Can brooms cause allergies?"}, {"title": "", "text": "4.4 Analgesics 4.5 Surgery 4.6 Alternative treatments 5 Complications 6 Prognosis Three degrees of burns Burns can be classified by mechanism of injury, depth, extent and associated injuries and comorbidities. By depth Currently, burns are described according to the depth of injury to the dermis and are loosely classified into first, second, third and fourth degrees. This system was devised by the French barber-surgeon Ambroise Pare and remains in use today.[7] It is often difficult to accurately determine the depth of a burn. This is especially so in the case of second degree burns, which can continue to evolve over time. As such, a second-degree partial-thickness burn can progress to a third-degree burn over time even after initial treatment. Distinguishing between the superficial-thickness burn and the partial-thickness burn is important, as the former may heal spontaneously, whereas the latter often requires surgical excision and skin grafting. The following tables describe degrees of burn injury under this system as well as provide pictorial examples. Layer involved Time to healing First degree Epidermis Redness (erythema) Dry Painful 1wk or less None Second degree (superficial partial thickness) Extends into superficial (papillary) dermis Red with clear blister. Blanches with pressure Moist Painful 2-3wks Local infection/cellulitis Second degree (deep partial thickness) Extends into deep (reticular) dermis Red-and-white with bloody blisters. Less blanching. Moist Painful Weeks - may progress to third degree Scarring, contractures (may require excision and skin grafting) Third degree (full thickness) Extends through entire dermis Stiff and white/brown Dry, leathery Painless Requires excision Scarring, contractures, amputation Fourth degree Extends"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns affect all three of the skin layers. ) What is the difference in the extent of skin affected between second- and third-degree burns? Solved _____-degree or superficial burns affect the epidermis. _____-degree burns affect the epidermis and portions of the dermis. How many degree classifications of skin burns are there?"}, {"title": "", "text": "jobs. First-degree burns: These are superficial burns that involve only the epidermis or outer layer of skin. They are the most common and minor of all burns. The skin is reddened and extremely painful, but the burn will heal on its own without scarring within two to five days. There may be peeling of the skin and temporary discoloration. Second-degree burns: These occur when the first layer of skin is burned through and the second layer, the corium, is damaged but the burn does not pass through underlying tissues. The skin is moist and there will be a deep intense pain, reddening, blisters and a mottled appearance to the skin. These burns are considered minor if they involve less than 15 percent of the body surface in adults and less than 10 percent in children. Second-degree burns will heal themselves and produce very little scarring when treated with reasonable care. Healing is usually complete within three weeks. Second-degree burns covering more than 30% of the body are serious or complex burns. Third-degree burns: These burns involve all skin layers. These are the most serious of all burns and are usually charred black and include areas that are dry and white. Third-degree burns may be very painful, but some victims feel little or no pain because the nerve endings have been destroyed. This type of burn may require skin grafting. When third-degree burns heal, dense scars form. Our attorneys understand burn injuries may result in a tremendous amount of pain and emotional trauma. The burn injury attorneys"}, {"title": "", "text": "I know I have said I burned myself before but it turns out I really didn't. Anyways today I have burned myself twice one burn I did about 20 minutes ago and it still hurts like hell. There is a blister on it. Do I need to get it checked out. Or is this normal. Also is this a second degree burn or third? First off, as you know we cannot offer a professional view, only information based on our personal knowledge; and based on that, I know that blisters are the first sign of a second-degree burn. As the epidermis is destroyed, it begins to separate from the dermis. And fluid builds beneath it, causing blisters. However, it isn't always easily possible to determine second-degree burns to third-degree burns as blisters are included with both of those. Although, not always, but sometimes one will experience loss of feeling due to nerve damage caused by a third-degree burn. Applying Aloe Vera lotion or gel may help sooth it, as well as holding the area of your burn under running cold water for 10 or so minutes for relief. Even though it may be temping, try not to pick at the blister because if it bursts then there's a more significant chance for infection to occur. But if it does burst, even if on its own, put antibiotic ointment on it and cover it. If you notice increased pain, swelling, redness and other signs of infection, or are just in pain then please do see a doctor."}, {"title": "", "text": "What is first degree burns? First degree burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red and sometimes can swell or be painful. It is the least serious type of burn to have. Data from patients with first degree burns, who reported starting treatments within the last 5 years. Who has first degree burns on PatientsLikeMe? Let\u2019s build this page together! When you share what it\u2019s like to have first degree burns through your profile, those stories and data appear here too. Got a question about living with first degree burns? Members in the forum might have the answers."}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are in the list of common injuries at home. Children are prone to burns. Depending on degree and cause of burns, we have different treatments. Minor burns in which damage is on the top skin layers can be recovered naturally without severe health consequences. However, the immediate emergency medical care is necessary if you have more serious burns. If not treated with medical care, serious burns may leave complications and even skin cell death. Burns have three primary types, including first, second and third-degree. Each degree of burns is based on the cause and the severity of skin damage. Second-degree burns: The damage is beyond the top of skin layers. Some blisters appear on the affected skin that is extremely sore and red. Compared with first-degree burns, the second-degree burns take longer to heal. The recovery time may be up to more than three weeks. It may leave pigment changes on the affected skin areas. Treatments for second-degree burns are antibiotic cream and over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Third-degree burns: the type of burns is more severe than other above types of burns. The damage extends through every skin layer. Some people believed that the third-degree burns are the most painful. However, you may feel no pain if it is nerve damage. Never use questionable home remedies, cream or medication at home when you suffer from third-degree burns. Call a doctor immediately. Medical treatment and even surgery are required in case of the third-degree burns. Patients with third-degree burns should"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are in the list of common injuries at home. Children are prone to burns. Depending on degree and cause of burns, we have different treatments. Minor burns in which damage is on the top skin layers can be recovered naturally without severe health consequences. However, the immediate emergency medical care is necessary if you have more serious burns. If not treated with medical care, serious burns may leave complications and even skin cell death. Burns have three primary types, including first, second and third-degree. Each degree of burns is based on the cause and the severity of skin damage. Second-degree burns: The damage is beyond the top of skin layers. Some blisters appear on the affected skin that is extremely sore and red. Compared with first-degree burns, the second-degree burns take longer to heal. The recovery time may be up to more than three weeks. It may leave pigment changes on the affected skin areas. Treatments for second-degree burns are antibiotic cream and over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Third-degree burns: the type of burns is more severe than other above types of burns. The damage extends through every skin layer. Some people believed that the third-degree burns are the most painful. However, you may feel no pain if it is nerve damage. Never use questionable home remedies, cream or medication at home when you suffer from third-degree burns. Call a doctor immediately. Medical treatment and even surgery are required in case of the third-degree burns. Patients with third-degree burns should"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn Degrees When talking about burns, we often hear them referred to as first, second, or third degree. First - Degree: Affect only the outer layer of the skin. They can cause some pain, itchyness, swelling, and redness Second - Degree: Affects the outer and second layer of skin. They can cause pain, swelling, blistering, and redness Third - Degree: Affects the outer, second, and deep layers of skin. Sometimes they are referred to as \"full thickness burns\" The skin will appear white, charred, or burned skin. There will be little to no sensation because the nerve endings will be damaged. Some precautions you can take at home to avoid burns: - Keep chemicals stored safely away from the reach of children - Child-proof electrical sockets - Be sure cords are not frayed - Keep children out of the kitchen area while cooking - Turn pot handles inward to lessen the risk of someone bumping into and spilling anything on themselves or others - Unplug irons, straighteners, curling irons, when not in use - Check water temperature, especially before a child or elderly person is going to use it. - Always check your smoke detector batteries 2x a year. For more information about burns and prevention visit here and here Check out this weeks Homeowner Tip Blog Preparing for Natural Disasters - Massachusetts 12/27/2019 (Permalink) We're faster to any size disaster! When a natural disaster threatens our community, it's hard to be prepared. Whether it's a blizzard, heavy rains or strong winds, Mother Nature doesn't usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burn Degrees When talking about burns, we often hear them referred to as first, second, or third degree. First - Degree: Affect only the outer layer of the skin. They can cause some pain, itchyness, swelling, and redness Second - Degree: Affects the outer and second layer of skin. They can cause pain, swelling, blistering, and redness Third - Degree: Affects the outer, second, and deep layers of skin. Sometimes they are referred to as \"full thickness burns\" The skin will appear white, charred, or burned skin. There will be little to no sensation because the nerve endings will be damaged. Some precautions you can take at home to avoid burns: - Keep chemicals stored safely away from the reach of children - Child-proof electrical sockets - Be sure cords are not frayed - Keep children out of the kitchen area while cooking - Turn pot handles inward to lessen the risk of someone bumping into and spilling anything on themselves or others - Unplug irons, straighteners, curling irons, when not in use - Check water temperature, especially before a child or elderly person is going to use it. - Always check your smoke detector batteries 2x a year. For more information about burns and prevention visit here and here Check out this weeks Homeowner Tip Blog Preparing for Natural Disasters - Massachusetts 12/27/2019 (Permalink) We're faster to any size disaster! When a natural disaster threatens our community, it's hard to be prepared. Whether it's a blizzard, heavy rains or strong winds, Mother Nature doesn't usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "bigger than the palm of their hand, expands, or they get a fever, seek medical attention. Second-degree burns affect the first and second layers of the skin. They\u2019re usually red, painful, develop blisters, and can start swelling. If it\u2019s smaller than three inches, you can treat it like a first-degree burn. If it\u2019s bigger than three inches, go to the nearest medical provider for evaluation and treatment. Third-degree burns harm all skin layers, and can cause permanent damage. The skin might look charred, blackened, or white; it might have a dry, leathery texture. These aren\u2019t minor burns, no matter how small the area is. Get help immediately. Healing takes several days. Change the wound dressing daily, and observe it for signs of infection. It might start itching uncomfortably; don\u2019t scratch it! Apply a lotion or take an over-the-counter medication such as Benadryl \u2013 and always read the directions on the label. Once it\u2019s healed, minimize sun exposure and always wear sun protection. Safety Q&A You probably have some questions about burn safety and prevention. Here are some common questions people have about burns \u2013 along with answers. Beware of Unlikely Hazards Are all burns caused by heat? No. Frostbite and hypothermia can land you in the ER. If you\u2019re out in cold weather, wear warm layers that cover your hands and ears. Take frequent breaks inside with a cup of hot cocoa; steer clear of alcohol or caffeinated drinks. Also, if you see dry ice, don\u2019t touch it! The coffee overheated and my shower was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "10 Types of Second-Degree Burns More in First Aid Heat & Cold Exposure Breathing Emergencies Bruises, Cuts & Punctures Calling for Help Variations in appearance, cause, and severity By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Medically reviewed by Michael Menna, DO Michael Menna, DO, is board-certified in emergency medicine. He is an attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York and also works at an urgent care center and a telemedicine company that provides care to patients across the country. Second-degree burns, also called partial-thickness burns, involve the outer layer of skin (epidermis). They can extend to the middle skin layer below (dermis). The degree of a burn is based on how many layers deep the damage goes. Burns can damage the epidermis, dermis, and fatty tissues under the skin. Second-degree burns can look different depending on their cause, size, and exact depth. Skin Layers Affected EPIDERMIS DERMIS 1st-degree burn \u2713 2nd-degree burn \u2713 \u2713 3rd-degree burn \u2713 \u2713 \u2713 Source: National Institutes of Health: MedlinePlus A 2nd-degree burn that affects less than 10% of the skin's surface can usually be treated on an outpatient basis using antibiotic ointments. The sterile dressing will need to be changed two or three times a day, depending on the severity of the burn. Larger burns need medical attention. The pictures below will show you some of the different causes of second-degree burns and how"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns First Aid - Burns are horrible to see and when the skin is burnt not only is it destroyed but, depending on the extent and area affected, the deeper tissue and even bones can be damaged. Before giving burns first aid the depth of the burned area needs to be determined. You may feel like freaking out at this stage but there are only 2 main treatment approaches for applying First Aid to Burns. They are separated into Minor and Major Burns. So it may not be as difficult as you could have first thought. Minor burns are first degree burns and small second degree burns (smaller than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter). Major Burns are second degree burns larger than the persons abdomen or the area of their hand spread out (larger than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter) as well as full thickness burns. 1. First degree (superficial thickness) are where only the outer layer of skin is affected. They can be painful (mine always have been) there is also redness and at times swelling. 2. Second degree (partial thickness- superficial or partial thickness - deep) are where the outer and the underlying skin are affected. Now these no doubt cause pain, more intense redness, splotchy appearance, swelling and blistering. 3. Full thickness are called third degree (and at times forth degree). These extend into the deeper tissue and involve all layers of the skin and possibly the bone. Areas may appear dry, white or charred black. These may be numb or"}, {"title": "", "text": "may also experience: Rapid dehydration Higher likelihood of infection In rare cases, people with sunburn can go into shock. How to Treat a Sunburn Second-degree sunburns take longer to heal. They increase the lifetime risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma. Friction Burn Dawn H. A friction burn is a type of abrasion or scrape. It causes the loss of the epidermis and damages the dermis below. Friction burns don't involve heat, but they are still considered second-degree burns. They're treated in the same way as a thermal (heat) burn. The most common types of friction burn are road rash and rug burns. Topical antibiotic ointments and twice-daily dressing changes can usually prevent infection. Oral antibiotics may be prescribed for more severe cases. How to Treat a 2nd-Degree Burn The first thing you should do for a second-degree burn is cool the skin to keep the burn from getting worse. You can do this by: Running cool water over it Putting the burned area in a container of cool water Applying a cool compress Continue cooling the skin until it no longer hurts when you remove the source of the cold. It may take as long as 30 minutes. No Ice! Don't use ice or ice water to cool your skin after a burn. Temperatures that are too low can further damage the tissues. Treatments for a second-degree burn may include: Antibiotic cream, over-the-counter or prescription Bandaging with gauze or something else that won't stick to the burn Over-the-counter pain medication such as Tylenol (acetaminophen) or"}, {"title": "", "text": "in keeping the wound bacteria free while the skin cells underneath divide rapidly to heal the opening. Eventually, the scab will fall off (usually within one or two weeks) and new epithelial tissue will cover the wound. In first-degree burns (A) the skin surface turns pink or red; second-degree burns (B) blister the skin; and third-degree burns \u00a9 severely damage or even burn away parts of the skin. _LifeART image \u00a9 2008 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins._ ### Which layers of skin are damaged by burns? Burns may be caused by heat generated by radioactive, chemical, or electrical agents. Two factors affect burn severity: the depth of the burn and the extent of the burned area. There are three categories of burns: _First-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red and painful, but not swollen and blistering, such as from a sunburn, and damage only the epidermis. _Second-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red, painful, and blistering, these burns involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. _Third-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are severely painful, giving the skin a white or charred appearance; they destroy all layers of the skin, including blood vessels and nerve endings. Skin damaged by third-degree burns does not regenerate. Damage to the skin affects the body's ability to retain fluids. ### What are some differences between cutaneous carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas? Cutaneous carcinomas (basal cell and squamous cell) are the most common type of skin cancer. They originate from non-pigmented epithelial cells within the deep layer of the epidermis. These cancers usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns cause scarring? Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect more than just the outer layer of skin. They are not only more painful than first-degree burns, but also are more susceptible to infection. A medical professional should treat any type of burn that is more than just a small superficial injury. What is a second-degree burn? Second-degree burns [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-07T17:48:16+00:00March 28th, 2016|Comments Off on Second-degree Burns Do burns swell? Do second-degree burns scar? Second Degree Burn Info What are common causes of second-degree burns?"}, {"title": "", "text": "burns cause scarring? Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect more than just the outer layer of skin. They are not only more painful than first-degree burns, but also are more susceptible to infection. A medical professional should treat any type of burn that is more than just a small superficial injury. What is a second-degree burn? Second-degree burns [...] By BVR Team|2017-04-07T17:48:16+00:00March 28th, 2016|Comments Off on Second-degree Burns Do burns swell? Do second-degree burns scar? Second Degree Burn Info What are common causes of second-degree burns?"}, {"title": "", "text": "- First-degree burns: Also known as `superficial burns`, these are the least severe type of burns and affect the epidermal (outermost) layer of skin only. Skin remains intact but is red (though white when pressed), swollen and painful. - Second-degree burns: Also known as `partial thickness burns`, skin damage extends beyond the outermost layer of skin to the dermis. Skin blisters and appears red, may weep and is painful. - Third-degree burns: The most severe types of burns are also known as \u2018full thickness burns\u2019 as they damage the tissue and perhaps also the bone beneath skin\u2019s surface. They are often brown/black and dry to look at and, as nerves are often damaged too, may not be painful. - First-degree burns: can normally be treated at home but you should still see a doctor if the burn affects an area of skin of more than three inches and is on your face or a major joint. - Second-degree burns: may require antibiotic ointment and frequent bandaging. It is advisable to consult a doctor if they cover a large area or are on your face. - Third-degree burns, chemical and electrical burns: require immediate medical attention and you should call your local emergency services or consult a doctor depending on the severity of the injury. - If your skin is red and irritated, you can then apply a burn cream or a protective ointment such as Eucerin Aquaphor Soothing Skin Balm. It gives skin the SOS care that it needs and will help to accelerate skin regeneration."}, {"title": "", "text": "to hot water or steam, and overexposure to sun (light sunburn) or wind Characteristics of Second-Degree Burns There are several characteristics of second-degree burns. These include: mottled marked with irregular spots or splotches of different colors or shades of color. scalding - the burning of the skin by a substance that is near boiling in Involve deeper layers of skin Cause skin to turn red and/or mottled Appear moist and oozing from the loss of fluid through damaged skin layers Produce blisters and swelling Usually the most painful type of burn because nerve endings are still intact even though tissue damage is severe Burns covering a large area may cause shock due to extensive loss of fluid from the burned skin Smaller second-degree burns that are properly treated should heal within two weeks with little or no scarring Caused by a deep sunburn, prolonged contact with hot objects, scalding, and flash burns from flammable liquids suddenly bursting into flame Characteristics of Third-Degree Burns There are specific characteristics of third-degree burns. These include: Deepest and most severe type of burn May look white or charred (may appear to be a second-degree burn at first) Result in deep tissue destruction, reaching all layers of the skin and sometimes structures below the skin Often cause little or no pain since nerve endings are destroyed Often cause shock When healed, will be covered by scar tissue Caused by immersion in extremely hot water, prolonged contact with flames, and electric shock Treatment of Heat Burns Treat heat burns based on their"}, {"title": "", "text": "peeling as it heals. A sunburn is technically a first-degree burn, usually of a mild nature. A second-degree burn goes through the first layer of skin and into the second layer, usually causing \u201cwater blisters.\u201d Many times, the burn will \u201cweep\u201d fluid, and the water blisters may burst open. These burns usually require medical treatment and sometimes skin grafting. Third-degree burns are the most severe, destroying the top two layers of skin and damaging the third layer or even deeper tissues of the body. They tend to look waxy and white, and can also appear charred or dark brown. Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Get medical attention immediately. If possible, raise the burned area above the level of your heart. Third-degree burns leave the body at a great risk for infection, hypothermia, and even death. You must seek medical help immediately. The long-term consequences of a third-degree burn are significant. Skin grafts are usually required in order to replace the body\u2019s natural skin barrier. Fortunately, in Georgia, we have the top burn facility in the world located in Augusta, GA \u2014 the Joseph M. Still Burn Center. Most serious burn patients are airlifted directly to the Burn Center in Augusta. Our firm has significant experience handling severe burn cases. Based on our prior experience in working with the skilled doctors who treat burn injuries, we understand that a significant third-degree burn may cause a wide variety of health problems. Once the initial burn treatment is complete, our clients still face many future issues resulting"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"How can I find out what degree burn I have from a burn injury?\" Zocdoc\u203aAnswers\u203aHow can I find out what degree burn I have from a burn injury? I'm 28 and some hot milk spilled on my arm. It hurts but not too bad. I'd like to know what degree burn I have just for reference so I know how to treat it better if something similar happens in the future. Again, it isn't too bad, but I'd like to know. Burn injuries can be very severe, and there is a grading scale available that is simple to understand and is valuable in helping to determine the appropriate treatment. It is important to understand that burn depth is usually variable and non-uniform, so a 1st degree burn in one area will possibly be adjacent to a more serious burn which might require more treatment. Burns are graded according to the depth of the tissue involved. First degree burns simply involve the epidermis, or most superficial layer of the skin. These don't blister, and are painful and red. 2nd degree burns are partial thickness, and can further be subdivided into superficial and deep. Superficial partial thickness burns will have blistering, pain, and will require up to 3 weeks for healing. Deep partial thickness burns will have pain only to pressure, because the burn will be so deep that it will involve the hair follicles and some superficial nerve endings. 3rd degree burns completely burn through the skin, and will not be painful or blister. 4th degree burns"}, {"title": "", "text": "A thermal burn is injury of the skin and underlying tissues due to excessive heat from ultraviolet rays (sun), hot liquids, hot objects and fire. How can I determine the severity of my burns? Superficial skin burn (used to be called a \u201cfirst-degree burn\u201d) is the mildest burn. Skin turns red, which may be followed by peeling. Classical example of a superficial burn is sunburn. If the burn area is large you may experience pain with malaise, nausea and fever similar as in flu. Superficial skin burns heal within 6 days without leaving a scar. Superficial partial-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201csecond-degree burn\u201d). Your skin may hurt with a light touch or if the air temperature changes. The skin will be red and painful sometimes with blisters and blebs. Superficial partial-thickness burn takes up to 21 days to heal, and the area of skin that was burned might be darker or lighter than it used to be. The burn might or might not heal with a scar. Deep partial-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201cthird-degree burn\u201d). The burn may not hurt, or it will hurt when you press it hard. You will get blisters or blebs. It takes more than 21 days to heal, and will probably heal with a scar. Full-thickness burn (used to be called a \u201cfourth-degree burn\u201d). The burn does not usually hurt, because skin, fat and underlying tissues including nerves are damaged. Burned skin can be white, gray, or black. This burn will likely require surgery with hospital stay."}, {"title": "", "text": "of second degree burns\u2014I hope you have that notebook of random story research facts out all of you NaNo procrastinators who are reading this instead of frantically writing words\u2014is late in coming. The instant effect is shock and a feeling of near separation of your mind to your body. After a few minutes a stinging and tearing pain (Also known as a burning pain) comes in. It causeses your muscles to seize up and rates high on the pain scale (on someone with high pain tolerance about a 7-8.) Appearance-wise, it is little more than red skin. Red angry skin. Depending on the area and the severity, it could release a pus, or bleed. The heat also does not tend to vanish straight away as some people believe, but can last for days. The particular case that involved my brother was a burn caused by oil which meant it clung to his skin in a way that I would imagine magical flames would. After a few weeks, a second degree burn will go down to a less noticeable pink scarring that mostly would be permanent. Burns can do damage to tissue and any weak tissues or thin muscles could be destroyed completely. But yes, that is some of what I learnt and spent time procrastinating on. Person: What are you doing? I completely cracked up when that was how it was described, \u2018writing with pictures\u2019 But it really is like that. You get to form more about your characters through a pretty collage, and they are"}, {"title": "", "text": "of second degree burns\u2014I hope you have that notebook of random story research facts out all of you NaNo procrastinators who are reading this instead of frantically writing words\u2014is late in coming. The instant effect is shock and a feeling of near separation of your mind to your body. After a few minutes a stinging and tearing pain (Also known as a burning pain) comes in. It causeses your muscles to seize up and rates high on the pain scale (on someone with high pain tolerance about a 7-8.) Appearance-wise, it is little more than red skin. Red angry skin. Depending on the area and the severity, it could release a pus, or bleed. The heat also does not tend to vanish straight away as some people believe, but can last for days. The particular case that involved my brother was a burn caused by oil which meant it clung to his skin in a way that I would imagine magical flames would. After a few weeks, a second degree burn will go down to a less noticeable pink scarring that mostly would be permanent. Burns can do damage to tissue and any weak tissues or thin muscles could be destroyed completely. But yes, that is some of what I learnt and spent time procrastinating on. Person: What are you doing? I completely cracked up when that was how it was described, \u2018writing with pictures\u2019 But it really is like that. You get to form more about your characters through a pretty collage, and they are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Second degree sunburns can last anywhere from 10 to 21 days. The exact length of time varies depending on the person and the medical treatment used. Burns are classified according to how deep the burn goes through the tissue layers. Second degree burns affect the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. Since more damage is caused with second degree burns than those of first degree burns, the healing time is quite longer. Some second degree sunburns require grafting and other forms of medical treatment in order to heal properly and minimize scarring. According to the University of New Mexico Hospital, a doctor should be consulted concerning a second degree burn of any kind. Discover how to get rid of a sunburn immediately with these amazing treatments."}, {"title": "", "text": "oil, tea tree essential oil, citronella essential oil, and rosemary essential oil # Burns **First-degree burns** leave a painful red mark without blisters and often occur from brief contact with a hot object. Mild sunburn is a first-degree burn. Only the first layer of skin is affected. **Second-degree burns** develop blisters and swelling. They are more painful, are deeper, and may appear wet. There may be raw, red blisters. They may be caused by boiling water or contact with a very hot object, such as a woodstove. A severe sunburn could be classified as a second-degree burn. They are more likely to cause scarring than are first-degree burns. **Third-degree burns** may look white and charred. They may be caused by electrical shock or prolonged contact with a hot object. Since skin and nerve endings are often destroyed, the pain may actually be less than with a first- or second-degree burn, but there is a greater likelihood of infection. Third-degree burns are frequently \u00adsurrounded by lesser-degree burns that will probably be painful. # Seek immediate medical attention if: * A large area of skin is burned (more than 10 percent in a child or 15 percent in an adult) * The burned area develops blisters or swelling * The burn has resulted from severe electrical shock * The burned area is on the face * The eyes are burned ## While you wait for medical attention: 1. 1. **If the eyes have been burned by fire,** flush with cold water. 2. 2. **If the eyes have been"}, {"title": "", "text": "they look. This article will also explain how to care for them. Scalding This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing. See Photo Nordyke This second-degree burn was caused by scalding with hot water. The woman involved was carrying a pot of boiling water and lost her grip on one handle. The water spilled on her left hand. Scalds are burns from hot liquids. They almost never cause full-thickness (third-degree) burns, but they do blister quickly. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 350,000 Americans are treated for burns in emergency rooms each year. Over 40,000 are hospitalized. Open Flame Burn An unloaded potato gun gave this person a second-degree burn. A potato gun uses hairspray as the explosive agent to shoot a potato into the air. In this case, the flaming hairspray damaged the skin. Symptoms of a second-degree burn include pain, deep redness, blistering, and areas of exposed tissue that are moist and shiny. Chemical Heat Pack Burn Nise A reusable chemical heat pack burned this person's neck. The person microwaved the pack for 60 seconds, even though the instructions said to heat it for 30 seconds. There are no blisters here. Blisters show that the epidermis is damaged but not destroyed. In this case, the destruction of the outer layer caused areas of whiteness and discoloration common with many second-degree burns. Chemical Heat Pack Burn (Five Weeks Later) After a burn from a chemical heat pack, this person was treated with topical anesthetics to numb"}, {"title": "", "text": "these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area"}, {"title": "", "text": "but also more complex than the rule of 9\u2019s, and is often used for permanent medical records. \u2460 First degree burn: These burns are confined to the epidermis and are generally sun burns. Painful erythema and edema recover spontaneously without special treatment, and most of these burns do not scar. \u2461 Second degree burn, or partial thickness burn: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and part of the dermis. Blisters (bullae) may develop, indicating partial damage of the dermis under the blister. Recently, 2nd degree burns have been subdivided into superficial, mid, and deep 2nd degree burn categories. \u2461-1 Superficial second degree burn (Figure 2): These burns affect the entire epidermis and upper third of the dermis, including the papillary layer of the dermis. Edemas and red areas are painful when disturbed. Most of the burns recover within two weeks and may leave slightly rough and weak scars accompanied by the appearance of wide pores, hyperpigmentation, or hypopigmentation. \u2461-2 Mid second degree burn: These include the epidermis and the extend to about half of the dermis. Treatment requires 2-3 weeks, and the wound may extend to classification as a deep dermal burn if treated improperly. The scar is more severe than the weak scar observed in superficial second degree burns. Continuous prognoses should be made for more than 3 months in children or for injuries at joint areas with much momentum so that the burn does not develop a hypertrophic scar. \u2461-3 Deep dermal burn: This type of burn affects the most reticular layer"}, {"title": "", "text": "Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A."}, {"title": "", "text": "Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A."}, {"title": "", "text": "larger than 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Exposing broken skin to the chemicals in pool water or the high salt content of ocean water is a recipe for irritation and possible infection. Swimming after a second degree burn leads to possible complications with the burn, as the chemicals can penetrate the layer of broken skin and cause issues with healing. Avoid swimming until the burn fully heals and no unbroken skin remains anywhere on the body. Since many people contract second degree burns through extended exposure to the sun, prevent them easily through regular sunblock application and skin care. Always use a full spectrum sunblock of at least SPF 30 strength when spending time in direct sunlight, and reapply regularly throughout the day. For other causes of second degree burns, always use caution and proper protection when dealing with fire and other hot elements in your environment."}, {"title": "", "text": "Recreational/Sport5%, Other9%. Chemical and electrical burns need immediate medical attention because they can affect the inside of the body, even if skin damage is minor. After a burn injury, it is important for victims to record as much information about the incident as possible. In addition, people with serious burns should be certain to seek appropriate medical attention as soon as possible. First-degree burns \u2013 strikes only the top layer of skin is damaged. First-degree burns are featured by redness, minor inflammation. They can be treated with aloe vera gel and cool water \u2013 not with ice. Applying an antibiotic ointment and loose gauze to protect the affected area. First-degree burns cause minimal damage and usually heal within 7 to 10 days without scarring. You should still see your physician if the burn strikes a large area of skin, larger than three inches, and if it\u2019s on your face or a major joint. Second-degree burns \u2013 damage goes beyond the top layer of the skin. Second-degree burns are featured by extremely red, blistered skin. Because of the delicate nature of these wounds, keeping the area clean and bandaging properly is required to prevent infection. This also helps the burn heal quicker. These burns may take longer than three weeks to heal, but utmost heal within two to three weeks without scarring, but usually with pigment changes to the skin. Treatments for a mild second-degree burn include -running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer, taking over-the-counter pain medication and applying antibiotic cream to"}, {"title": "", "text": "B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the"}, {"title": "", "text": "B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves"}, {"title": "", "text": "risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches across"}, {"title": "", "text": "risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches across"}, {"title": "", "text": "spiked once temperatures topped 105 degrees. That's because pavement is heat-absorbing, so a 110-degree day can result in 150-degree pavement. And with 158 degrees hot enough to fry eggs, the study's message is clear: Pavement burns are not your run-of-the-mill summer burn. \"A first-degree burn, commonly called a sunburn, just injures the top layer of skin, or epithelium,\" Chestovich said. Though painful, such minor burns can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. By contrast, a second-degree burn blisters into the skin's deeper base. These can require topical antibiotics and even surgery to remove dead tissue or a graft to cover damaged skin with healthy tissue. \"A third-degree burn damages the skin in its entirety,\" Chestovich said. Such burns can require multiple surgeries and leave lasting scars. Fourth-degree pavement burns -- which hit muscle, deep tissue and bone -- are rare but not unheard of. \"We have seen hot pavement cause fourth-degree burns in cases when there was extended contact, usually a person lying unconscious on pavement for an extended period of time,\" Chestovich said. It appears that pavement burns may be becoming more common. The Lions Burn Care Center has seen an increase in recent years, but it's not clear why. It could be due to gradually rising temperatures, but also might simply owe to a population increase, Chestovich said. If you suffer a pavement burn, Chestovich cautioned against self-treating with cold water or ice, which could make matters worse. He suggested wrapping the affected skin in a clean dressing, and immediately seeking care at a"}, {"title": "", "text": "spiked once temperatures topped 105 degrees. That's because pavement is heat-absorbing, so a 110-degree day can result in 150-degree pavement. And with 158 degrees hot enough to fry eggs, the study's message is clear: Pavement burns are not your run-of-the-mill summer burn. \"A first-degree burn, commonly called a sunburn, just injures the top layer of skin, or epithelium,\" Chestovich said. Though painful, such minor burns can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. By contrast, a second-degree burn blisters into the skin's deeper base. These can require topical antibiotics and even surgery to remove dead tissue or a graft to cover damaged skin with healthy tissue. \"A third-degree burn damages the skin in its entirety,\" Chestovich said. Such burns can require multiple surgeries and leave lasting scars. Fourth-degree pavement burns -- which hit muscle, deep tissue and bone -- are rare but not unheard of. \"We have seen hot pavement cause fourth-degree burns in cases when there was extended contact, usually a person lying unconscious on pavement for an extended period of time,\" Chestovich said. It appears that pavement burns may be becoming more common. The Lions Burn Care Center has seen an increase in recent years, but it's not clear why. It could be due to gradually rising temperatures, but also might simply owe to a population increase, Chestovich said. If you suffer a pavement burn, Chestovich cautioned against self-treating with cold water or ice, which could make matters worse. He suggested wrapping the affected skin in a clean dressing, and immediately seeking care at a"}, {"title": "", "text": "spiked once temperatures topped 105 degrees. That's because pavement is heat-absorbing, so a 110-degree day can result in 150-degree pavement. And with 158 degrees hot enough to fry eggs, the study's message is clear: Pavement burns are not your run-of-the-mill summer burn. \"A first-degree burn, commonly called a sunburn, just injures the top layer of skin, or epithelium,\" Chestovich said. Though painful, such minor burns can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. By contrast, a second-degree burn blisters into the skin's deeper base. These can require topical antibiotics and even surgery to remove dead tissue or a graft to cover damaged skin with healthy tissue. \"A third-degree burn damages the skin in its entirety,\" Chestovich said. Such burns can require multiple surgeries and leave lasting scars. Fourth-degree pavement burns -- which hit muscle, deep tissue and bone -- are rare but not unheard of. \"We have seen hot pavement cause fourth-degree burns in cases when there was extended contact, usually a person lying unconscious on pavement for an extended period of time,\" Chestovich said. It appears that pavement burns may be becoming more common. The Lions Burn Care Center has seen an increase in recent years, but it's not clear why. It could be due to gradually rising temperatures, but also might simply owe to a population increase, Chestovich said. If you suffer a pavement burn, Chestovich cautioned against self-treating with cold water or ice, which could make matters worse. He suggested wrapping the affected skin in a clean dressing, and immediately seeking care at a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required"}, {"title": "", "text": "Your body is highly vulnerable when the skin is injured or lost. A. Fever B. Bacterial infections C. Severe dehydration D. B and C 3. Which of these population groups has the highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required"}, {"title": "", "text": "up to 2 weeks. Burn Depth Burned patients' survival is related to the following factors: burn size/depth, age, presence of inhalation injury, and patient comorbidity. Depth of burn injury is usually classified according to degrees. First-degree burns In first-degree burns, minor epithelial damage of the epidermis exists. Redness, tenderness, and pain are the hallmarks of this injury. Blistering does not occur, and 2-point discrimination remains intact. Healing takes place after several days without scarring. Because the epidermal barrier remains intact, metabolic response and risk of infection are minimal. Most common causes of first-degree burns are flash burns and sunburns. Superficial partial-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns are the 2 types of second-degree burns. In these burn injuries, some portion of the skin appendages remains viable, allowing epithelial repair of the burn wound without skin grafting. Superficial partial-thickness burn involves the epidermis and superficial (papillary) dermis, often resulting in thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters. These burns appear pink, moist, and soft and are exquisitely tender when touched by a gloved hand. They heal in approximately 2-3 weeks, usually without scarring, by outgrowth of epithelial buds from the viable pilosebaceous units and sweat glands residing in the papillary and reticular dermis. Deep partial-thickness burns extend into the reticular dermis. Skin color is usually a mixture of red and blanched white, and capillary refill is slow. Blisters are thick-walled and commonly ruptured. Two-point discrimination may be diminished, but pressure and pinprick applied to the burned skin can be felt. Superficial partial-thickness burns usually re-epithelialize 7-10 days after injury. Risk of hypertrophic scarring"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are among the most common household injuries in the United States. Every year, almost 500,000 people seek medical attention for burns with about 10 percent of them ending up in hospital. While some burns are so severe that they require hospitalization, many can be safely treated at home. These include first-degree burns, which only affect the external layer of the skin and cause minor redness and pain, as well as blister-causing second-degree burns up to three inches in diameter. There are many home remedies for burns, but not all of them are as safe as they\u2019re made out to be. In this article, you\u2019ll find tips on how to treat a burn safely in your own home. You will also learn which burn remedies you should steer clear from. What Types of Burns Can You Treat at Home? First-degree burns are superficial and affect only the top layer of the skin. The burn site will typically be red and painful, with some minor swelling and peeling as the burn starts to heal. Second-degree burns are deeper and affect the first two layers of the skin. In addition to redness, swelling, and pain, they also cause blisters that ooze clear or yellow-colored fluid. Third-degree burns affect not just the first two layers of the skin but also the tissue underneath. The burn site appears charred and isn\u2019t usually painful because the burn has destroyed the nerve endings. However, the pain in the surrounding areas can be very severe. In some cases, third-degree burns can be so"}, {"title": "", "text": "Advil (ibuprofen) Elevation to prevent inflammation and lessen pain When to Get Medical Help Get medical attention for a second-degree burn if: The burn is blistered You have severe pain You develop a fever or other signs of infection The burn doesn't improve in two weeks Fluid is leaking from the burned area Swelling or redness increase The burn is more than 2-3 inches wide The burn is on the hands, feet, face, genitals, buttocks, or over a major joint Second-degree burns damage the top layer of skin (epidermis) and sometimes also involve the dermis. Fire, chemical heat packs, and hot liquids can cause burns like these. So can friction and sunburn. If you've had a second-degree burn, you can expect to have pain, redness, blistering, and sloughing of the top layers of skin as you heal. You may have some scarring and your skin may be a different color after the burn heals. You may be able to treat a second-degree burn with cool water, antibiotic creams, pain relievers, and clean bandages. If your burn is more severe, you should seek medical care right away. What is the fluid in a burn blister? The fluid inside a burn blister is ultrafiltration of plasma. It is rich in immunoglobulins, cytokines, prostaglandins, and interleukins. This may help the burn to heal faster. How often do you change the dressing for a second-degree burn? Change the dressing within 48 hours after the wound is first bandaged. If it's healing well after that, change the dressing every three to"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns, such as sunburns are minor and heal quickly. First-degree burns result in reddened skin. Second-degree burns are serious injuries that require medical attention. Symptoms of second-degree burns include blistered, peeling skin. Third-degree burns are severe and require immediate, professional medical attention. You will likely notice dry/charred, white, yellow or bright red tissue. Although the severely burned area may not be blistered, it often is surrounded by blistered areas. A burn wound is constantly changing, which sometimes makes it dif\ufb01cult to determine the depth of the injury in the \ufb01rst 2-5 days. Burns are painful. Our goal is for your child to be as comfortable as possible. Let the burn team know if your child\u2019s pain is not well controlled. Run cool water over the burn. Do not use ice directly on the burn wound. Take Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen for pain. A high protein diet is important for wound healing. Encourage foods such as milk, meat, eggs, yogurt, cheese, beans and peanut butter. Limit water, juices and junk food. If the burn wounds heal within 14-21 days, the chance of scarring is minimal to none. Once the skin is healed, you may begin to apply a non-perfumed lotion or moisturizer at least 4 times a day. Use a circular motion when rubbing the lotion into the skin. Massage the new skin with the lotion until you can no longer see the lotion. Lotion massage helps the skin be more elastic and smooth like uninjured skin, and also helps with itching. A cast will protect the"}, {"title": "", "text": "heal after only a few days. Second degree burns damage the epidermis and dermis layers, causing redness of the skin, blisters, and inflammation. Third degree burns penetrate all three layers of the skin, causing extreme pain and significantly charring the skin. Fourth, fifth, and sixth degree burns also exist, but they are less-mentioned burn types that are often fatal. First degree burns usually leave no scarring and tend to heal on their own in a matter of days. Second degree burns may leave a scar that will likely fade over time. Third degree burns will almost always leave a scar, and depending on the severity, may require surgical skin grafting. It\u2019s difficult to determine the effectiveness of using Aloe vera to treat burns and reduce scars. Online sources cite conflicting evidence. Because Aloe vera is part of huge industry of skin care products, any company that sells it as a cream, lotion, or oil will certainly advocate for its many benefits. Most scientific studies are inconclusive; some reveal Aloe vera as a potential healing agent for burns and various wounds, while others seem to indicate it has no effect in the wound-healing process. No doubt further evidence is needed to form a valid conclusion. Clinical studies aside, Aloe vera is generally safe to use on the skin. The moisture and cooling sensation of this plant may help ease the pain of a first or second degree burn. However, more serious burns that cause scarring will likely need to be treated in a different way. Luckily, clinically-proven"}, {"title": "", "text": "to about 1.2 cal/cm2 of heat energy. Interestingly enough that one square centimeter of skin you just burned will have just about gotten a second-degree burn (1.2cal/cm2 is the threshold, so hold it there a little longer and you will have a second degree burn for sure!). A second-degree burn is going to be painful, you will probably have some red, white or charred skin, maybe all three, the skin will blister and begin to peel, and it will take around 14 days to heal. I\u2019m not going to show you pictures here but trust me healed means the wound is closed up and you\u2019re not going to get an infection, it definitely doesn\u2019t mean everything looks as good as new. If you spend some time calculating arc flash in different industrial settings, which I don\u2019t really expect you to do, you\u2019ll come to find out that 1.2cal/cm2 is relatively a low number. In fact, it\u2019s common to find numbers like 4, 8, 25 or 40 cal/cm2! In my opinion, a second-degree burn to my entire body (or any parts of my body not covered in protective clothing) would be considered \u201csevere\u201d so I\u2019m going to treat any arc flash with an incident energy greater than 1.2cal/cm2 as a hazard with a high severity. In both cases, determining severity for shock and arc flash, there are surprisingly low numbers we can use as thresholds to decide whether the outcome of an incident would be considered severe or not. This makes doing a risk assessment a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "highest risk for burns? Men are twice as likely to be burned as women. In part, this is because men more often work with flammable substances like gasoline. Most gasoline-related burns and deaths occur in males under age 45. And most of these accidents occur in the summer months, when people are outdoors doing yard work, farming, or boating, according to the ABA. A. 60- to 65-year-olds B. 18- to 35-year-olds C. 24 months or younger D. All of the above 4. Burns are classified by degrees from first to third. Which of these describes a third-degree burn? A first-degree, or superficial, burn, although painful, causes only minor skin damage, usually heals in 3 to 5 days, and leaves no scar. Skin with a first-degree (superficial) burn is dry with no blisters. Sunburn or a minor scald is an example of a first-degree (superficial) burn. A second-degree, or partial thickness, burn is more painful; it damages but does not destroy the top two layers of skin, and heals in 10 to 21 days, according to the ABA. The skin is moist, wet and weepy, with blisters present. It is swollen and bright pink to cherry red in color. A third-degree, or full thickness, burn, the most severe, destroys all three layers of skin, and can involve fat, muscle, and bone. Skin grafts are required to treat this kind of burn. A person with a third-degree burn cannot feel anything in the burned area because the nerves are destroyed. A. Burned area is larger than 5 inches"}, {"title": "", "text": "several hours in the tanning bed, your body would be struggling to heal itself. It would increase blood flow to the damaged areas, which would cause swelling, inflammation and pain. Next, you\u2019d get first-degree burns. This is a typical sunburn. Your skin would get red and sore, but it would be able to heal in three to four days under normal circumstances. After another hour, your skin would start getting painful blisters, and your first-degree burn would turn into a second-degree burn. You\u2019d be in this painful state for hours. And then, the burn would reach the layer of fat beneath your skin. You would now have a third-degree burn. But surprisingly, it might not feel as painful. Third-degree burns can destroy nerve endings, causing numbness. Your skin would be black, brown or white and take on a leathery texture. And remember, this burn wouldn\u2019t just cover a single area. Your entire body would experience the irreversible damage of a third-degree burn. Something else would happen too. While your skin was getting burned to a crisp, you\u2019d start getting dehydrated. The temperature inside a tanning bed is usually about 43 \u00b0C (110 \u00b0F). So you would be sweating a lot. Your mouth and tongue would get dry. Your eyes would sink in their sockets, and you\u2019d feel extreme thirst and confusion. Eventually, you\u2019d overheat and get heatstroke. Your heart would race. You\u2019d become agitated and you could have a seizure. As the heatstroke got worse, your brain and other vital organs would swell, causing permanent damage."}, {"title": "", "text": "little pink and tender, you don't need to call the doctor. Note: You may not notice a sunburn right after you bring your child indoors. The redness and pain of a mild first-degree burn can take several hours to appear. A sunburn is literally burned skin. Your child's skin is very thin and very sensitive, so it can burn quickly. A sunburn might be a first-degree burn, which causes redness, mild swelling, and pain. A second-degree burn is more serious. It's more painful, with more swelling, redness, and blisters. A first-degree burn usually heals in two to five days. A second-degree burn can last for a couple of weeks. If your child has spent too much time in the sun, he may also be at risk for heat stroke. Don't be alarmed if the sunburned skin starts to peel. Peeling is a natural part of the healing process. It usually begins a few days after the sunburn happens. Yes. A sunburn means that the skin has been damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and exposure to UV radiation from the sun is the number one cause of all types of skin cancers. Some studies suggest that severe sunburns during childhood cause melanoma \u2013 the deadliest form of skin cancer \u2013 later in life. Because children's skin is more sensitive than adults' skin, children are more prone to sunburn and skin damage. Fair-haired, pale-skinned, freckled, and green- or blue-eyed children are most at risk for skin damage and cancer from sun exposure, but ultraviolet radiation is dangerous for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, tells SELF. The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) says that, along with first-degree burns, second-degree burns are actually pretty common\u2014but that doesn\u2019t mean that they're any less awful. \u201cSecond-degree sunburns blister and can be considered a medical emergency if a large area is affected,\u201d the AAD states on its website. Cynthia Bailey, M.D., a diplomate of the American Board of Dermatology and president and CEO of Advanced Skin Care and Dermatology Inc., tells SELF that second-degree burns are especially likely to happen in people with fair skin when they don\u2019t use sunscreen. \u201cIt is a normal result of overdose, or poisoning, of UVB exposure on your skin,\u201d she explains. (UVB rays are short-wave ultraviolet light that can cause sunburn.) \u201cThe overdose causes a cascade of inflammation that leads to pain, redness, swelling, and the same inflammation physiology you associate with other types of pain, like arthritis.\u201d When someone suffers a second-degree burn, swelling and fluid retention can happen in their skin, which will lead to blistering. \u201cIn severe cases, you will also feel ill because the inflammation spreads to sicken your entire body,\u201d Dr. Bailey says, where it can cause a fever, chills, nausea, a rapid heart rate, or low blood pressure. Unfortunately, a sunburn can have bigger health implications beyond the immediate pain. Burns can harm your cells' DNA, which increases your risk of skin cancers later in life, including melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, Joshua Zeichner, M.D., a New York City-based board-certified dermatologist, tells SELF. While"}, {"title": "", "text": "something similar to sunburn where the skin reddens and is tender, but there is no severely wounded tissue. Second-degree burns affect the entire epidermis, leading to blisters and reddening of the skin which varies in intensity depending on the extent of damage. Healing takes time but usually occurs with minimal scarring after two weeks. A third-degree burn destroys the entire epidermal layer. Pain receptors are often destroyed\u2014 which is why many victims initially feel no pain\u2014along with blood vessels and skin glands. As the burn penetrates, most victims face acute loss of fluid and their metabolic rates are affected. The body is unable to repair the damage itself, requiring skin grafts and surgery. In rare cases, bone and muscle are damaged, which, in some cases, is inoperable. This burn is also called full thickness: the skin is damaged to an extent that it becomes thick and leathery. According to news reports, the government is in the process of repealing Section 309. Early last month, the Home Ministry circulated a note to all states on effacing the section, and is currently waiting for their responses. In October 1984, M. G. Ramachandran\u2014the man the people of Tamil Nadu called their son, father, and brother all in one\u2014fell ill. His kidney failed on October 6, followed by a mild heart attack and then a stroke on October 16. He was flown to Brooklyn, New York, for treatment. MGR would return to India in February the following year, after going through a kidney transplant in December, but public sentiment was"}, {"title": "", "text": "What is the Difference Between First, Second, and Third-Degree Burns? Burn injuries are incredibly difficult to deal with, as they are painful and can alter one\u2019s life drastically, resulting in scarring and/or disfigurement. Burn injury victims can potentially face physical, emotional, and mental changes in their everyday lives. No one ever expects to have to go through something like this, which is why it is important to seek legal help from a burn injury attorney. Burns can be categorized into three different types, which are first, second, and third-degree burns, and they are determined by severity. First Degree \u2013 The first layer of skin gets damaged, but is not completely destroyed. The color of the skin may turn bright pink or red. You should not expect to blister from a first degree burn. The skin may peel off over the course of a few days. These types of burns are the easiest to treat and typically heal within one to two weeks. Second Degree \u2013This type of burn can be moderate to severe, as the first and second layer of skin (the epidermis and dermis) become damaged. Second degree burns often result in blistering. Depending on the severity, a skin graft may be needed. This type of burn can heal anywhere from two to eight weeks. Third-Degree \u2013These types of burns are the most severe and dangerous, as it extends to the deepest layer of skin. All three layers of the skin become destroyed and can blister. As a result, third-degree burns can cause severe scarring."}, {"title": "", "text": "Second-degree Sunburns People more susceptible to sunburns (those with fair skin, freckles, [...] By BVR Team|2017-01-10T21:29:11+00:00January 10th, 2017|Comments Off on Common Causes of Second-Degree Burns What does a second-degree burn look like? Second-degree burns cause more serious and deeper tissue damage than first-degree burns, and thus look differently. Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer of skin (the epidermis) and the deeper layer of skin (the dermis), and may develop blisters. After the blisters rupture, the burn wound may look wet and shiny. The burn itself is [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:55:47+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What does a second-degree burn look like? What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Degrees of burns range from first-degree burns, which are the least severe burns, to second-degree, third-degree and fourth-degree burns. Both second-degree and third-degree burns are serious burns, and both need prompt medical care. Second-degree burns are also called partial thickness burns. They damage the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, as well as deeper [...] By BVR Team|2016-12-29T20:57:14+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on What is the difference between second- and third-degree burns? Do second-degree burns cause scarring? Some second-degree burns leave a scar. Unlike first-degree burns, which do not leave a scar, second-degree burns damage deeper layers of tissue, which is why they may result in scars. Deeper and larger burns may be more likely to scar. But it can be difficult to determine if your second-degree burn will leave a scar immediately after the [...] By BVR Team|2017-03-02T22:45:10+00:00December 29th, 2016|Comments Off on Do second-degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "When you have been involved in an explosion, there are many things that you need to worry about. Being burned can be a hard situation to handle for anyone who may be involved. Determining the difference between a second and third degree burn can be hard because they are both quite intense burns with painful side effects that go along with it. Second degree burns can be a painful process to go through. These types of burns usually are blistered and can look extremely red. Depending on the site of the burn will determine if their will be any type of scarring on the burn site. The larger the second degree burn site is, the more likely it is that someone will go into shock after the burn has happened. If you have a smaller second degree burn, there is a chance that you will not end up with any scarring on the burn site. Third degree burns are the worst of all the burns that could happen to you. You should always remember that when you have a third degree burn, you need to get some type of medical help. When you get a third degree burn, the skin looks very different than having a second degree burn. Your skin will look leathery on the top of the surface. When the third degree burn first happens, you will not feel much of anything. The reason you won\u2019t feel anything in the beginning is because of the trauma to the nerve endings. Once the nerve endings"}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns affect all three of the skin layers. ) What is the difference in the extent of skin affected between second- and third-degree burns? Solved _____-degree or superficial burns affect the epidermis. _____-degree burns affect the epidermis and portions of the dermis. How many degree classifications of skin burns are there?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are in the list of common injuries at home. Children are prone to burns. Depending on degree and cause of burns, we have different treatments. Minor burns in which damage is on the top skin layers can be recovered naturally without severe health consequences. However, the immediate emergency medical care is necessary if you have more serious burns. If not treated with medical care, serious burns may leave complications and even skin cell death. Burns have three primary types, including first, second and third-degree. Each degree of burns is based on the cause and the severity of skin damage. Second-degree burns: The damage is beyond the top of skin layers. Some blisters appear on the affected skin that is extremely sore and red. Compared with first-degree burns, the second-degree burns take longer to heal. The recovery time may be up to more than three weeks. It may leave pigment changes on the affected skin areas. Treatments for second-degree burns are antibiotic cream and over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Third-degree burns: the type of burns is more severe than other above types of burns. The damage extends through every skin layer. Some people believed that the third-degree burns are the most painful. However, you may feel no pain if it is nerve damage. Never use questionable home remedies, cream or medication at home when you suffer from third-degree burns. Call a doctor immediately. Medical treatment and even surgery are required in case of the third-degree burns. Patients with third-degree burns should"}, {"title": "", "text": "Now you're wondering how long these are going to take to heal. This can be a painful time, both physically and emotionally, and you're looking for answers. Those answers do depend on the severity of the burn. For instance, a first-degree burn only impacts the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of your skin. You probably have minor pain and the area looks red. That should heal in a week. Some experts put the range between three and six days. A second-degree burn gets down into the second layer of your skin, which is known as the dermis. You'll see swelling and higher pain levels. The skin will blister. This can take 14 to 21 days to heal. You may even need extensive treatments, like skin grafts, in the worst cases. Third-degree burns encompass everything else, and they can be very significant. You may see charring and large portions of skin will be killed. Nerve endings may also die. Pain levels depend on the extent of the damage. They may be the worst, but, when damage is so bad that nerves are killed, pain can actually be reduced. The time it takes a third-degree burn to heal differs from case to case. It can take quite a long time and require extensive treatment. Some burns never fully heal, as the scars and discoloration will always remain. Burn injuries can be very expensive and they can significantly impact your quality of life. Be sure you know what legal rights you may have to seek out compensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "a second degree burn? In some cases, blisters may appear almost immediately after exposure to or contact with a hot object, whereas in other cases, they may appear at a later time, ranging from a few minutes to a couple of hours after contact. Most second-degree burns that are characterized by blisters can be treated at home or at the hospital. What should I do after a second degree burn? Your muscles and joints may not work well after a second-degree burn. A physical therapist teaches you exercises to help improve movement and strength, and to decrease pain. How can I prevent second-degree burns? What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? With a second-degree, the injury will compromise the outermost layer of skin ( epidermis) and extend to the middle skin layer below ( dermis ). If the burn extends beyond the dermis to the fatty tissues of the subcutaneous layer, it is deemed a third-degree burn. How do you heal a second degree burn? In order to treat a second degree burn, cover it with a dry, nonstick cloth such as gauze. Secure the gauze with tape, and replace the dressing with a clean one every day. Wash the burn every day. It is important to keep a second degree burn clean as it heals to aid with treatment. Wash the burn and reapply antibiotic cream every day. What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? The following are the most common signs and symptoms of a second-degree burn. However, each"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are second degree burns serious? 1 Are second degree burns serious? 2 Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? 3 What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? 4 What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? 5 How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? 6 Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? 7 What can cause a second degree burn on the body? 8 When do blisters appear on a second degree burn? 9 What should I do after a second degree burn? 10 What\u2019s the difference between a second and Third Degree Burn? 11 How do you heal a second degree burn? 12 What are the symptoms of a second degree burn? 13 What is the treatment for a second degree burn? 14 What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second-degree burns are more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore. Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet or weeping appearance. Can a second-degree burn go back to normal? Second degree burns are painful. The injured area can swell and appear red with blisters. The damaged skin usually grows back unless it becomes infected or the injury gets deeper. What is an example of a 2nd degree burn? A common example is sunburn. Second degree burn: Also known as partial-thickness burns, this type damages the top two layers of skin. Second degree burns may"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recognize a first-degree burn. Burns can happen pretty easily. You can get burned by heat, fire, the sun, electricity, boiling liquids like water, sauces and other foods, and chemicals. A first-degree burn is the least severe, affecting the topmost layers of your skin. A first-degree burn will be red and painful. It turns white when you put pressure on it. This type of burn usually heals within 3-6 days. The skin may peel during healing. There is usually little to no scarring. Recognize a second-degree burn. A second-degree burn is more severe than a first-degree burn. It affects deeper layers of the skin. It will be red or splotchy, swollen and very painful. There may be blisters. This type of burn usually heals within 2-3 weeks. You may have some scarring. If your burn is any larger than about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters), see your doctor immediately. Know what a third-degree burn is like. Third-degree burns are the deepest and most serious burns. They damage all the layers of the skin. The skin may be whitish (charred) or black. Third-degree burns require immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to treat this type of burn on your own. Third-degree burns are not usually painful because the nerves have been damaged. These burns may take months to heal and may scar during healing. Run cold water over the burn. Immediately after getting burned, use cold, running water to cool the area to a comfortable level. Do this for at least 5 minutes. Second-degree burns should be cooled for"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorized as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in color and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation. What type of burn did you experience? What kind of treatment did you receive for your burn? What part or how much of your body was affected? Have you or someone you know suffered an electrical shock and/or burns? Please describe your experience. Did you suffer a chemical burn? Please describe what happened. Do you know what to do with a cut, scrape, burn or wound? These quick home-care first aid tips from our experts will prepare you for various accidents--and let you know when to seek a doctor's help."}, {"title": "", "text": "(Redirected from Burn (injury)) This article is about the injury. For other uses, see Burn (disambiguation). Injury to flesh or skin, often caused by excessive heat Second-degree burn of the hand Dermatology Critical care medicine, plastic surgery[1] First degree: Red without blisters[2] Second degree: Blisters and pain[2] Third degree: Area stiff and not painful[2] Infection[3] Days to weeks[2] First degree, Second degree, Third degree[2] Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, radiation[4] Open cooking fires, unsafe cook stoves, smoking, alcoholism, dangerous work environment[5] Depends on the severity[2] Pain medication, intravenous fluids, tetanus toxoid[2] 67 million (2015)[6] 176,000 (2015)[7] A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation (like sunburn).[4] Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called scalding), solids, or fire.[8] While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.[5] Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves.[5] Among men, risk is related to the work environments.[5] Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors.[5] Burns can also occur as a result of self-harm or violence between people.[5] Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns.[2][9] They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days.[2][9] When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn.[2] Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful.[2] Healing can require up to eight weeks and"}, {"title": "", "text": "You want your kid to be safe but sometimes there are things that can hurt him/her. The most common household injury here in Singapore is burns. Burns does not only refer to the burning sensation but also severe skin damage. The good news is that most victims recover from it without serious health complications but of course this depends on the degree or cause of the injury. You have to know that there are 3 types of burns \u2013 first, second and third degree. Each degree depends on its severity. First degree is the most minor while the third degree is the most serious or severe. First degree burns are characterized by nonblistered but red skin. Second degree burns on the other hand is characterized by thickening of the skin with blisters. Lastly, the third degree burn is characterized by extensive thickness. For kids, the most common cause of burn is scalding from boiling liquids and flames from lighters, candles and matches. In case of first degree burn, it is important that you know what to do. But before anything else, you have to know its signs. Signs include redness, swelling or inflammation and pain. It affects the top layer so the signs will disappear after the shedding of skin cells usually from 7 to 10 days. Soaking: It is imperative that you soak the wound right away in cool water. It should be five minutes but preferably longer. Take medications: If you have pain relief at home, you have to give it. This is to"}, {"title": "", "text": "child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: blisters. deep redness. burned area may appear wet and shiny. skin that is painful to the touch. burn may be white or discolored in an irregular pattern. What is the treatment for a second degree burn? As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton balls and questionable home remedies. Treatments for a mild second-degree burn generally include: running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer. taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) applying antibiotic cream to blisters. What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? Second degree burns are severe than the first degree burns . They exhibit the characteristics like skin with swelling and blister formation. A third degree burn is the worst among them. These burns cause no or little pain due to the damage caused in the nerves. They destroy all layers of the skin. Previous: Can someone with Down syndrome pass it on? Next: Can brooms cause allergies?"}, {"title": "", "text": "in keeping the wound bacteria free while the skin cells underneath divide rapidly to heal the opening. Eventually, the scab will fall off (usually within one or two weeks) and new epithelial tissue will cover the wound. In first-degree burns (A) the skin surface turns pink or red; second-degree burns (B) blister the skin; and third-degree burns \u00a9 severely damage or even burn away parts of the skin. _LifeART image \u00a9 2008 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins._ ### Which layers of skin are damaged by burns? Burns may be caused by heat generated by radioactive, chemical, or electrical agents. Two factors affect burn severity: the depth of the burn and the extent of the burned area. There are three categories of burns: _First-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red and painful, but not swollen and blistering, such as from a sunburn, and damage only the epidermis. _Second-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are red, painful, and blistering, these burns involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. _Third-degree burns_ \u2014Burns that are severely painful, giving the skin a white or charred appearance; they destroy all layers of the skin, including blood vessels and nerve endings. Skin damaged by third-degree burns does not regenerate. Damage to the skin affects the body's ability to retain fluids. ### What are some differences between cutaneous carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas? Cutaneous carcinomas (basal cell and squamous cell) are the most common type of skin cancer. They originate from non-pigmented epithelial cells within the deep layer of the epidermis. These cancers usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "Healing a second degree burn remains no trivial matter. Characterized by broken skin and deeper damage to the epidermis, second degree burns prove more serious than first degree burns. Many people get second degree burns from extended exposure to dangerous UV rays from the sun, causing a deeply uncomfortable and painful sunburn. Limit activities that irritate your skin following a second degree burn, including exposing your skin to chlorine or ocean water through swimming. Three degrees of burns correspond to the layers of skin each type affects. First degree, or surface burns, remain the least harmful type of burn and surface simply through exposure to the sun or touching a hot stove. You'll find recovery quick and more uncomfortable than painful. Doctors characterize more serious second degree burns by blistering and broken skin. With a second degree burn, the first layer of skin bubbles and blisters as well as turning red. A third degree burn, the most serious burn, affects all layers of skin as well as possibly organs, muscles, tendons and ligaments. Third degree burns can even cause permanent nerve and tissue damage. Healing a second degree burn takes patience and caution. Wash the affected area with warm water immediately after the skin has been burned. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze, remaining particularly careful not to pop any blisters. Don't apply topical burn creams or ice to a second degree burn as this impedes the healing process and, in the case of ice, even causes frostbite. Seek medical attention if the burn is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns are among the most common household injuries in the United States. Every year, almost 500,000 people seek medical attention for burns with about 10 percent of them ending up in hospital. While some burns are so severe that they require hospitalization, many can be safely treated at home. These include first-degree burns, which only affect the external layer of the skin and cause minor redness and pain, as well as blister-causing second-degree burns up to three inches in diameter. There are many home remedies for burns, but not all of them are as safe as they\u2019re made out to be. In this article, you\u2019ll find tips on how to treat a burn safely in your own home. You will also learn which burn remedies you should steer clear from. What Types of Burns Can You Treat at Home? First-degree burns are superficial and affect only the top layer of the skin. The burn site will typically be red and painful, with some minor swelling and peeling as the burn starts to heal. Second-degree burns are deeper and affect the first two layers of the skin. In addition to redness, swelling, and pain, they also cause blisters that ooze clear or yellow-colored fluid. Third-degree burns affect not just the first two layers of the skin but also the tissue underneath. The burn site appears charred and isn\u2019t usually painful because the burn has destroyed the nerve endings. However, the pain in the surrounding areas can be very severe. In some cases, third-degree burns can be so"}, {"title": "", "text": "4.4 Analgesics 4.5 Surgery 4.6 Alternative treatments 5 Complications 6 Prognosis Three degrees of burns Burns can be classified by mechanism of injury, depth, extent and associated injuries and comorbidities. By depth Currently, burns are described according to the depth of injury to the dermis and are loosely classified into first, second, third and fourth degrees. This system was devised by the French barber-surgeon Ambroise Pare and remains in use today.[7] It is often difficult to accurately determine the depth of a burn. This is especially so in the case of second degree burns, which can continue to evolve over time. As such, a second-degree partial-thickness burn can progress to a third-degree burn over time even after initial treatment. Distinguishing between the superficial-thickness burn and the partial-thickness burn is important, as the former may heal spontaneously, whereas the latter often requires surgical excision and skin grafting. The following tables describe degrees of burn injury under this system as well as provide pictorial examples. Layer involved Time to healing First degree Epidermis Redness (erythema) Dry Painful 1wk or less None Second degree (superficial partial thickness) Extends into superficial (papillary) dermis Red with clear blister. Blanches with pressure Moist Painful 2-3wks Local infection/cellulitis Second degree (deep partial thickness) Extends into deep (reticular) dermis Red-and-white with bloody blisters. Less blanching. Moist Painful Weeks - may progress to third degree Scarring, contractures (may require excision and skin grafting) Third degree (full thickness) Extends through entire dermis Stiff and white/brown Dry, leathery Painless Requires excision Scarring, contractures, amputation Fourth degree Extends"}, {"title": "", "text": "require a graft and typically leave scars. Third degree burn: These burns completely damage the skin, including hair follicles and sweat glands. What temperature causes 2nd degree burns? The National Institute for Standards and Technology says human skin begins to feel pain at a temperature of 111 degrees (think hot bathwater). At 118 degrees, human skin can sustain first-degree burns; a second-degree burn injury can occur at a temperature of 131 degrees. How long does it take for second-degree burns to heal? A second-degree burn usually heals in 2 to 3 weeks, as long as the wound is kept clean and protected. Deep second-degree burns may take longer to heal. Treatment may include: A wet cloth soaked with cold water (cold compress) held to the skin, to ease pain. Do you need to go to the hospital for 2nd degree burns? The good news is that most burns do not require a trip to the emergency room; basic first-aid will suffice for the majority of first- and second-degree burns (more on that below). However, there are times when immediate emergency care is required. Third-degree burns always require emergency medical attention. What can cause a second degree burn on the body? Second-degree burns can cause serious infections, especially if they cover large areas of the body or if a person does not receive the right treatment. Physical sources of heat, such as the sun and stoves, can cause second-degree burns. Certain chemicals, including bleach and other cleaning products, can also cause burns. When do blisters appear on"}, {"title": "", "text": "jobs. First-degree burns: These are superficial burns that involve only the epidermis or outer layer of skin. They are the most common and minor of all burns. The skin is reddened and extremely painful, but the burn will heal on its own without scarring within two to five days. There may be peeling of the skin and temporary discoloration. Second-degree burns: These occur when the first layer of skin is burned through and the second layer, the corium, is damaged but the burn does not pass through underlying tissues. The skin is moist and there will be a deep intense pain, reddening, blisters and a mottled appearance to the skin. These burns are considered minor if they involve less than 15 percent of the body surface in adults and less than 10 percent in children. Second-degree burns will heal themselves and produce very little scarring when treated with reasonable care. Healing is usually complete within three weeks. Second-degree burns covering more than 30% of the body are serious or complex burns. Third-degree burns: These burns involve all skin layers. These are the most serious of all burns and are usually charred black and include areas that are dry and white. Third-degree burns may be very painful, but some victims feel little or no pain because the nerve endings have been destroyed. This type of burn may require skin grafting. When third-degree burns heal, dense scars form. Our attorneys understand burn injuries may result in a tremendous amount of pain and emotional trauma. The burn injury attorneys"}, {"title": "", "text": "peeling as it heals. A sunburn is technically a first-degree burn, usually of a mild nature. A second-degree burn goes through the first layer of skin and into the second layer, usually causing \u201cwater blisters.\u201d Many times, the burn will \u201cweep\u201d fluid, and the water blisters may burst open. These burns usually require medical treatment and sometimes skin grafting. Third-degree burns are the most severe, destroying the top two layers of skin and damaging the third layer or even deeper tissues of the body. They tend to look waxy and white, and can also appear charred or dark brown. Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Get medical attention immediately. If possible, raise the burned area above the level of your heart. Third-degree burns leave the body at a great risk for infection, hypothermia, and even death. You must seek medical help immediately. The long-term consequences of a third-degree burn are significant. Skin grafts are usually required in order to replace the body\u2019s natural skin barrier. Fortunately, in Georgia, we have the top burn facility in the world located in Augusta, GA \u2014 the Joseph M. Still Burn Center. Most serious burn patients are airlifted directly to the Burn Center in Augusta. Our firm has significant experience handling severe burn cases. Based on our prior experience in working with the skilled doctors who treat burn injuries, we understand that a significant third-degree burn may cause a wide variety of health problems. Once the initial burn treatment is complete, our clients still face many future issues resulting"}, {"title": "", "text": "The treatment of burns depends on the depth, area and location of the burn. Burn depth is generally categorised as first, second or third degree. A first degree burn is superficial and has similar characteristics to a typical sun burn. The skin is red in colour and sensation is intact. In fact, it is usually somewhat painful. Second degree burns look similar to the first degree burns; however, the damage is now severe enough to cause blistering of the skin and the pain is usually somewhat more intense. In third degree burns the damage has progressed to the point of skin death. The skin is white and without sensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "to sunlight for an increased length of time, and reaches a peak at 12 hours.33 These signs are the result of inflammation brought on by the UV exposure and are caused by vasodilation of the cutaneous blood vessels. Prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis is brought about by the release of preformed mediators including histamine, serotonin, and tumor necrosis factor from mast cells.34 DNA damage occurs within the epidermal cells, leading to apoptosis. Depending on the degree of sunburn, over a period of four to seven days, the erythematous skin begins to either fade or blister and peel. Sunburns, like other burns, can be categorized by degrees, depending on their depth. (See Table 5.) First-degree sunburns are pink or red, painful to the touch, and limited to the epidermis. Second-degree burns can be categorized further depending on whether they are superficial or deep partial-thickness. The superficial second-degree burns form blisters, are erythematous, painful, and blanch upon palpation. This wound is limited to the superficial dermis. Conversely, deep second-degree partial-thickness burns range between white and erythematous areas, with areas that blanch less, and extend throughout the epidermis into the dermis. Although a third-degree sunburn occurs rarely, it appears stiff and white or tan, does not blanch at all, and is painless, compared to the first- and second-degree burns. Third-degree burns extend fully through the dermis.24 Table 5. Sunburn Depth Classification Pink or red Superficial second degree Pink, clear blisters Deep second degree Pink, white areas, blisters White, tan Treatment. Treatment in the emergency department for mild sunburns that are"}, {"title": "", "text": "in a minor state. Let\u2019s briefly look at the three types of burns. As said earlier, the First-Degree burn affects the skin\u2019s top layer. Immediately the skin sheds, the signs, and symptoms go out. This type of burn heals in the space of 7-10 days, without leaving any scar. In this type of burn, the damage done doesn\u2019t just happen at the skin\u2019s surface, it goes beyond the surface, the top layer. And, that\u2019s why it\u2019s more serious than that of the First-Degree. The Second-Degree burn makes the skin to blister and ends up being sore and red. A few of these blisters pop open, making the burn to have an appearance that\u2019s wet. There\u2019s a tissue known as fibrinous exudate \u2014 as time goes on, this particular tissue will, probably, begin to take its place around, over the wound. The nature of this wound appears so delicate, so it\u2019s essential that you ensure that you keep the area, which you have the burn, clean. And also, bandage it in a proper manner \u2014 doing these helps you to stay away from infection. This also does well in helping the burn heal fastly. Yes, I have already talked a little about the fourth-degree burn, but let\u2019s keep it aside; Third-Degree burn happens to be the most severe and serious. What a Third-Degree burn does is, it penetrates through the various layer of the skin \u2014 I won\u2019t be wrong if I say, it penetrates through every layer of the skin. People have this mentality that Third-Degree"}, {"title": "", "text": "will heal after only a few days. Second degree burns damage the epidermis and dermis layers, causing redness of the skin, blisters, and inflammation. Third degree burns penetrate all three layers of the skin, causing extreme pain and significantly charring the skin. Fourth, fifth, and sixth degree burns also exist, but they are less-mentioned burn types that are often fatal. First degree burns usually leave no scarring and tend to heal on their own in a matter of days. Second degree burns may leave a scar that will likely fade over time. Third degree burns will almost always leave a scar, and depending on the severity, may require surgical skin grafting. It\u2019s difficult to determine the effectiveness of using Aloe vera to treat burns and reduce scars. Online sources cite conflicting evidence. Because Aloe vera is part of huge industry of skin care products, any company that sells it as a cream, lotion, or oil will certainly advocate for its many benefits. Most scientific studies are inconclusive; some reveal Aloe vera as a potential healing agent for burns and various wounds, while others seem to indicate it has no effect in the wound-healing process. No doubt further evidence is needed to form a valid conclusion. Clinical studies aside, Aloe vera is generally safe to use on the skin. The moisture and cooling sensation of this plant may help ease the pain of a first or second degree burn. However, more serious burns that cause scarring will likely need to be treated in a different way. Luckily,"}, {"title": "", "text": "heal after only a few days. Second degree burns damage the epidermis and dermis layers, causing redness of the skin, blisters, and inflammation. Third degree burns penetrate all three layers of the skin, causing extreme pain and significantly charring the skin. Fourth, fifth, and sixth degree burns also exist, but they are less-mentioned burn types that are often fatal. First degree burns usually leave no scarring and tend to heal on their own in a matter of days. Second degree burns may leave a scar that will likely fade over time. Third degree burns will almost always leave a scar, and depending on the severity, may require surgical skin grafting. It\u2019s difficult to determine the effectiveness of using Aloe vera to treat burns and reduce scars. Online sources cite conflicting evidence. Because Aloe vera is part of huge industry of skin care products, any company that sells it as a cream, lotion, or oil will certainly advocate for its many benefits. Most scientific studies are inconclusive; some reveal Aloe vera as a potential healing agent for burns and various wounds, while others seem to indicate it has no effect in the wound-healing process. No doubt further evidence is needed to form a valid conclusion. Clinical studies aside, Aloe vera is generally safe to use on the skin. The moisture and cooling sensation of this plant may help ease the pain of a first or second degree burn. However, more serious burns that cause scarring will likely need to be treated in a different way. Luckily, clinically-proven"}, {"title": "", "text": "can have a first-, second-, third-, or fourth-degree burn. The higher the degree, the more severe the burn is. First-degree. These burns only affect the outer layer of your skin. A mild sunburn\u2019s one example. Your skin may be red and painful, but you won\u2019t have any blisters. Long-term damage is rare. Second-degree. If you have this type of burn, the outer layer of your skin as well the dermis \u2013 the layer underneath \u2013 has been damaged. Your skin will be bright red, swollen, and may look shiny and wet. You\u2019ll see blisters, and the burn will hurt to the touch. If you have a superficial second-degree burn, only part of your dermis is damaged. You probably won\u2019t have scarring. A deep partial thickness burn is more severe. It may leave a scar or cause a permanent change in the color of your skin. Third-degree. Sometimes called a \u201cfull thickness burn,\u201d this type of injury destroys two full layers of your skin. Instead of turning red, it may appear black, brown, white or yellow. It won\u2019t hurt because this type of burn damages nerve endings. Fourth-degree. This is the deepest and most severe of burns. They\u2019re potentially life-threatening. These burns destroy all layers of your skin, as well as your bones, muscles, and tendons."}, {"title": "", "text": "I know I have said I burned myself before but it turns out I really didn't. Anyways today I have burned myself twice one burn I did about 20 minutes ago and it still hurts like hell. There is a blister on it. Do I need to get it checked out. Or is this normal. Also is this a second degree burn or third? First off, as you know we cannot offer a professional view, only information based on our personal knowledge; and based on that, I know that blisters are the first sign of a second-degree burn. As the epidermis is destroyed, it begins to separate from the dermis. And fluid builds beneath it, causing blisters. However, it isn't always easily possible to determine second-degree burns to third-degree burns as blisters are included with both of those. Although, not always, but sometimes one will experience loss of feeling due to nerve damage caused by a third-degree burn. Applying Aloe Vera lotion or gel may help sooth it, as well as holding the area of your burn under running cold water for 10 or so minutes for relief. Even though it may be temping, try not to pick at the blister because if it bursts then there's a more significant chance for infection to occur. But if it does burst, even if on its own, put antibiotic ointment on it and cover it. If you notice increased pain, swelling, redness and other signs of infection, or are just in pain then please do see a doctor."}, {"title": "", "text": "to hot water or steam, and overexposure to sun (light sunburn) or wind Characteristics of Second-Degree Burns There are several characteristics of second-degree burns. These include: mottled marked with irregular spots or splotches of different colors or shades of color. scalding - the burning of the skin by a substance that is near boiling in Involve deeper layers of skin Cause skin to turn red and/or mottled Appear moist and oozing from the loss of fluid through damaged skin layers Produce blisters and swelling Usually the most painful type of burn because nerve endings are still intact even though tissue damage is severe Burns covering a large area may cause shock due to extensive loss of fluid from the burned skin Smaller second-degree burns that are properly treated should heal within two weeks with little or no scarring Caused by a deep sunburn, prolonged contact with hot objects, scalding, and flash burns from flammable liquids suddenly bursting into flame Characteristics of Third-Degree Burns There are specific characteristics of third-degree burns. These include: Deepest and most severe type of burn May look white or charred (may appear to be a second-degree burn at first) Result in deep tissue destruction, reaching all layers of the skin and sometimes structures below the skin Often cause little or no pain since nerve endings are destroyed Often cause shock When healed, will be covered by scar tissue Caused by immersion in extremely hot water, prolonged contact with flames, and electric shock Treatment of Heat Burns Treat heat burns based on their"}, {"title": "", "text": "result in redness of the affected area and minor pain. Second-Degree Burns: Second-degree burns are moderate burns that affect both the upper layer of skin (epidermis) and the lower layer of skin (dermis). Second-degree burns usually result in pain, redness, and blistering. Third-Degree Burns: The most severe type of burns, third-degree burns affect the upper and lower layers of skin, as well as the muscles, tissues, and sometimes bones beneath the skin. These burns often result in whitened or blackened skin and very high levels of pain. Regardless of the type, all burns can result in other related injuries. Often, burns cause extreme pain, blisters, swelling, and/or damaged or peeling skin. In certain cases, an individual may experience shock, which can lead to dangerously low blood pressure. Burns can also be permanent and cause scarring, disfigurement and physical impairment that lasts a lifetime. When Are Burns Caused by Negligence? Burns are a fairly common result of many different types of accidents. When these accidents are caused by negligence, the victim may be entitled to compensation for his or her burn injuries. A distracted driver hits a motorcyclist, causing the motorcyclist to hit the ground where he suffers road rash and burn injuries. An explosion at a construction site or oilfield causes a fire that leaves several workers with extensive burns. A defective electronic device sparks when it is plugged into an outlet, causing the user to burn her hand. Unsafe electrical wiring at a hotel causes a fire the results in multiple people suffering severe burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "way down to the dermis, you would inflict enough damage on your fingertips to never regenerate fingerprints ever again. This article contains a list of situations that can affect fingerprints and whether fingerprints can be regenerated afterwards. First degree burns First degree burns only affect the outermost layer of the skin. When the dermis beneath heals, the fingertips will regenerate their original swirl patterns, but even first degree burns can leave a mechanical deformation (blistering and tearing) that can weaken fingerprint features. Second degree burns Second degree burns, also known as partial thickness burns, damage the epidermis and parts of the dermis layer underneath. The affected area will become inflamed, blistered, and can be painful to the touch. Second degree burns can be caused by contact with scalding objects, direct contact with flames, sun burn, chemical burns, and even electric shocks. If your fingertips experience second degree burns, there is a higher chance that your digits will not heal properly and your unique fingerprints will be lost. Third degree burns Third degree burns, known also as a full thickness burn, is a burn that damages all three skin layers and even bones and muscle. This is the most serious type of burn and will require close monitoring by a professional in order to induce proper, but not perfect, healing. Third degree burns are most commonly caused by chemical spills, electrical shocks, and prolonged exposure to hot liquids or solids. If you have had third degree burns on your fingers, you can kiss your fingerprints goodbye. Physically"}, {"title": "", "text": "Burns First Aid - Burns are horrible to see and when the skin is burnt not only is it destroyed but, depending on the extent and area affected, the deeper tissue and even bones can be damaged. Before giving burns first aid the depth of the burned area needs to be determined. You may feel like freaking out at this stage but there are only 2 main treatment approaches for applying First Aid to Burns. They are separated into Minor and Major Burns. So it may not be as difficult as you could have first thought. Minor burns are first degree burns and small second degree burns (smaller than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter). Major Burns are second degree burns larger than the persons abdomen or the area of their hand spread out (larger than 3 inches or 7.5 cm diameter) as well as full thickness burns. 1. First degree (superficial thickness) are where only the outer layer of skin is affected. They can be painful (mine always have been) there is also redness and at times swelling. 2. Second degree (partial thickness- superficial or partial thickness - deep) are where the outer and the underlying skin are affected. Now these no doubt cause pain, more intense redness, splotchy appearance, swelling and blistering. 3. Full thickness are called third degree (and at times forth degree). These extend into the deeper tissue and involve all layers of the skin and possibly the bone. Areas may appear dry, white or charred black. These may be numb or"}, {"title": "", "text": "- First-degree burns: Also known as `superficial burns`, these are the least severe type of burns and affect the epidermal (outermost) layer of skin only. Skin remains intact but is red (though white when pressed), swollen and painful. - Second-degree burns: Also known as `partial thickness burns`, skin damage extends beyond the outermost layer of skin to the dermis. Skin blisters and appears red, may weep and is painful. - Third-degree burns: The most severe types of burns are also known as \u2018full thickness burns\u2019 as they damage the tissue and perhaps also the bone beneath skin\u2019s surface. They are often brown/black and dry to look at and, as nerves are often damaged too, may not be painful. - First-degree burns: can normally be treated at home but you should still see a doctor if the burn affects an area of skin of more than three inches and is on your face or a major joint. - Second-degree burns: may require antibiotic ointment and frequent bandaging. It is advisable to consult a doctor if they cover a large area or are on your face. - Third-degree burns, chemical and electrical burns: require immediate medical attention and you should call your local emergency services or consult a doctor depending on the severity of the injury. - If your skin is red and irritated, you can then apply a burn cream or a protective ointment such as Eucerin Aquaphor Soothing Skin Balm. It gives skin the SOS care that it needs and will help to accelerate skin regeneration."}, {"title": "", "text": "of skin, or epidermis, is damaged by these burns. Common side effects of first-degree burns are redness, inflammation, pain, and sensitivity to pressure. Usually, these burns heal by themselves within a week, and can be treated with over-the-counter sprays and cold water. Contrary to popular belief, ice should never be applied to a first-degree burn injury, as this can affect the skin and its ability to heal itself. Second-degree burns: these are where damage goes beyond the epidermis into the dermis, or the second layer of a human\u2019s skin. Second-degree burns are further broken down into \u201csuperficial\u201d and \u201cdeep\u201d burn types. Superficial second-degree burns usually result in clear blisters appearing, extreme pain, and the surface of the skin being much more moist, while deep thickness burns result in heavy scarring and drier skin around the site of the burn. Both of these burns take weeks to heal and require proper bandaging and treatment. Third-degree burns: occurs when damage extends through the entire dermis and affects organs and nerves. Common signs of a third-degree burn include dry skin, white or black wounds, and nerve or tissue damage. Treatment for a third-degree burn often requires skin grafts and extensive surgery, and even then may not fully restore the skin to its original, pre-accident condition. Fourth-degree burns: the most serious type of burn, fourth-degree burns are when damage goes all the way through the skin and down to the underlying muscle and bone. Injuries from fourth-degree burns result in severe disfigurement and often require amputation of the affected limb."}, {"title": "", "text": "First-degree burns are superficial burns that affect only the epidermis (the top layer of the skin). The burn injury is red, painful, and dry but has no blistering. Second-degree(or partial thickness) burns damage the first layers of skin, the epidermis and the dermis. Second-degree burns often do cause blistering and may require skin grafts if the injury is deep enough. Third-degree(full thickness) burns destroy the first two layers of the skin and may also cause damage to underlying nerves, bones, and muscles.Third-degree burns commonly require skin grafts and long-term use of compression garments to reduce scarring. Get Help With Your Burn Injury Right Now! Call 407-490-1271 if you have additional questions about your burn injury. If you have suffered a burn injury, our firm has the resources and experience to investigate your case and pursue a strong claim to help you obtain compensation."}, {"title": "", "text": "damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. The Mayo Clinic explains that there are three degrees of burn severity. Here is a look at each: First degree: This type of burn only affects the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin. Symptoms of first degree burns include redness and pain, and treatment of first degree burns can usually be done at home. Second degree: Second degree burns involve the two outermost layers of skin, the epidermis and the dermis. This type of burn can cause redness, swelling, or blotchy skin. Blisters may develop, pain may be severe, and second degree burns can lead to scarring. Third degree: Third degree burns are those that reach into the fat layer beneath the skin. Burned areas may look black, brown, or white and the skin may look leathery. Third degree burns may cause significant scarring as well as damage to the nerves that can lead to numbness. Burns of particular concern include those that are deep or cover a wide area of the body. The reason for concern is the increased risk of complications, including: Bacterial infection, which may travel to the bloodstream and cause sepsis. Fluid loss, including low blood volume. A low body temperature. Breathing problems from the intake of hot air or smoke. Scars or keloids, which are ridged areas that are caused by the overgrowth of scar tissue. Bone or joint problems due to the scarring from the burn causing a tightening of the skin, muscles, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "but also more complex than the rule of 9\u2019s, and is often used for permanent medical records. \u2460 First degree burn: These burns are confined to the epidermis and are generally sun burns. Painful erythema and edema recover spontaneously without special treatment, and most of these burns do not scar. \u2461 Second degree burn, or partial thickness burn: This type of burn affects both the epidermis and part of the dermis. Blisters (bullae) may develop, indicating partial damage of the dermis under the blister. Recently, 2nd degree burns have been subdivided into superficial, mid, and deep 2nd degree burn categories. \u2461-1 Superficial second degree burn (Figure 2): These burns affect the entire epidermis and upper third of the dermis, including the papillary layer of the dermis. Edemas and red areas are painful when disturbed. Most of the burns recover within two weeks and may leave slightly rough and weak scars accompanied by the appearance of wide pores, hyperpigmentation, or hypopigmentation. \u2461-2 Mid second degree burn: These include the epidermis and the extend to about half of the dermis. Treatment requires 2-3 weeks, and the wound may extend to classification as a deep dermal burn if treated improperly. The scar is more severe than the weak scar observed in superficial second degree burns. Continuous prognoses should be made for more than 3 months in children or for injuries at joint areas with much momentum so that the burn does not develop a hypertrophic scar. \u2461-3 Deep dermal burn: This type of burn affects the most reticular layer"}, {"title": "", "text": "the hot stainless steel skillet and I sustained a first degree burn. I took the cantharis I keep handy in the kitchen and suffered no burning sensation. As for the claim I didn\u2019t have a third degree burn in the incident reported earlier, I\u2019ll say this\u2026What is beyond a second degree burn; the blistering one? To my knowledge and experience, it\u2019s your skin is turned into crusty dark matter, dark brown or black. That\u2019s what I had. You don\u2019t like it? Tough noogies\u2026.. The hot shower had not relieved my acute symptoms of gout. As for research-based evidence, as I stated earlier, you can do what you wish with my honest report. Including using it as a\u2014wipe. It\u2019s not MY problem. However, I find it interesting that so many allegedly \u2018intelligent\u2019 people don\u2019t have the brains to run simple tests for themselves. And instead, hide behind what their latter-day \u2018priests\u2019 tell them is \u2018true\u2019. Seriously\u2026. \u2026.we\u2019re talking CLASSIC \u2018True Believers\u2019 here. And, having been one myself, i.e., pre-med microbiology undergrad work, I can understand their disbelief. What I DON\u2019T care for is their pride in being \u2018ignorant\u2019. As if a simple $7 purchase against a simple accident that happens frequently in the home is REALLY quite an interesting \u2018indicator\u2019 of their mind-set. [Stupid, adj, Ignorant and proud of it.] There is a reasonable explanation of the different severity of burns on wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn. Sounds like you had a superficial burn to me. As for the tests, these are typical of the ones a lay-person would propose."}, {"title": "", "text": "oil, tea tree essential oil, citronella essential oil, and rosemary essential oil # Burns **First-degree burns** leave a painful red mark without blisters and often occur from brief contact with a hot object. Mild sunburn is a first-degree burn. Only the first layer of skin is affected. **Second-degree burns** develop blisters and swelling. They are more painful, are deeper, and may appear wet. There may be raw, red blisters. They may be caused by boiling water or contact with a very hot object, such as a woodstove. A severe sunburn could be classified as a second-degree burn. They are more likely to cause scarring than are first-degree burns. **Third-degree burns** may look white and charred. They may be caused by electrical shock or prolonged contact with a hot object. Since skin and nerve endings are often destroyed, the pain may actually be less than with a first- or second-degree burn, but there is a greater likelihood of infection. Third-degree burns are frequently \u00adsurrounded by lesser-degree burns that will probably be painful. # Seek immediate medical attention if: * A large area of skin is burned (more than 10 percent in a child or 15 percent in an adult) * The burned area develops blisters or swelling * The burn has resulted from severe electrical shock * The burned area is on the face * The eyes are burned ## While you wait for medical attention: 1. 1. **If the eyes have been burned by fire,** flush with cold water. 2. 2. **If the eyes have been"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Figure 1 Second degree burns It is currently divided into 2nd surface degree and 2nd degree deep. Burn 2nd degree surface it is one that involves the epidermis and the superficial portion of the dermis. The symptoms are the same as the first degree burn, including the appearance of bubbles and a wet appearance of the lesion. Healing is longer than can take up to 3 weeks, usually no scarring but the site of injury may be clearer. Burns deep second degree is those rushing entire dermis, being similar to 3rd degree burns. As there is a risk of destruction of nerve endings in the skin, this type of burn, which is much more serious, it may even be less painful than superficial burns. Sweat glands and hair follicles can also be destroyed, causing the skin to become dry and lose their hair. Healing takes longer than 3 weeks and often leave scars (Figure 3 Third degree burns Deep burns that affect the dermis and reach all subcutaneous tissues, with destruction of nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands and capillaries, may even reach muscle and bone structures. They are whitish/greyish, dry, painless and disfiguring lesions that do not heal without surgical support, needing grafts ( Figure 5 & 6). Extension burn In addition to the depth of the burn, it is also important the extent of injury. All patients with lesions 2nd or 3rd grade must be assessed in relation to the percentage of body area reached ( Figure 7). 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For example, if you're in a room with a light bulb on the ceiling, the closer your hand is to the wall, the more defined the shadow of your hand will be."}, {"title": "", "text": "cast a clearly defined light and shadow on the floor."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Does a spark cast a shadow? Does an electrical spark / arc cast a shadow? For example, if you shine a flashlight through the sparks generated through a tazer, will it cast a shadow on the wall? Unfortunately I don't have a tazer handy to conduct my own experiment here. I know from google searches that fire does not cast (much of) a shadow, but have not been able to find out how light passes through sparks yet. Edit: This is a bit different than fire (here, talking about an electrical arc or spark vs. fire, which may or may not behave the same)."}, {"title": "", "text": "cast a clearly defined light and shadow on the floor."}, {"title": "", "text": "cast a clearly defined light and shadow on the floor."}, {"title": "", "text": "Place the black board behind the plastic cup. Shine the torch on the plastic cup. Replace the plastic cup with paper cup. Shine the torch on the paper cup. Replace the paper cup with glass cup. Shine the torch on the glass cup. Record observations on activity sheet with your child. Which cup does the light pass through the most? Why? Shadows are formed when light is blocked by some objects."}, {"title": "", "text": "Place the black board behind the plastic cup. Shine the torch on the plastic cup. Replace the plastic cup with paper cup. Shine the torch on the paper cup. Replace the paper cup with glass cup. Shine the torch on the glass cup. Record observations on activity sheet with your child. Which cup does the light pass through the most? Why? Shadows are formed when light is blocked by some objects."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Does a spark cast a shadow? Does an electrical spark / arc cast a shadow? For example, if you shine a flashlight through the sparks generated through a tazer, will it cast a shadow on the wall? Unfortunately I don't have a tazer handy to conduct my own experiment here. I know from google searches that fire does not cast (much of) a shadow, but have not been able to find out how light passes through sparks yet. Edit: This is a bit different than fire (here, talking about an electrical arc or spark vs. fire, which may or may not behave the same)."}, {"title": "", "text": "translucent object also cast partial shadow."}, {"title": "", "text": "the Shadow"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shadow"}, {"title": "", "text": "shadow"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Does a spark cast a shadow? Does an electrical spark / arc cast a shadow? For example, if you shine a flashlight through the sparks generated through a tazer, will it cast a shadow on the wall? Unfortunately I don't have a tazer handy to conduct my own experiment here. I know from google searches that fire does not cast (much of) a shadow, but have not been able to find out how light passes through sparks yet. Edit: This is a bit different than fire (here, talking about an electrical arc or spark vs. fire, which may or may not behave the same)."}, {"title": "", "text": "Using synthetic objects, I investigate whether recognition performance is sensitive to different features of cast and attached shadows. Participants were required to recognise familiar objects presented to central vision while the presence, position and shape of cast and attached shadows were systematically manipulated. Costs in response time were found for naming objects in incongruent lighting and shadow conditions, that is, when the object was presented with a cast shadow that originated from a different object and when it was also non-congruently illuminated (e.g. attached shadow indicating that the source of light was from the left, and cast shadow indicating that the source of light was from the right)."}, {"title": "", "text": "Lawson demonstrates how everyday items can be used to cast interesting shadow patterns, resulting in an interesting portrait. All we have to do is place the object in front of the speedlight. So when the flash is fired, the light passes through the openings of the gobo and casts a pattern of shadow and light on the model. By changing the distance between the gobo, the speedlight, and the model, the shadow patterns can be changed. What other things do you see around you that can be used as gobos?"}, {"title": "", "text": "and isolation that may surround us as we age, the shadow is a constant attachment (in isolation) and witness (to the lonely). Shadow Maps are evidence that time is passing as we see the lines of shadows shift towards the edge of the page while the sun moves across the sky. In this way they are testament to the fact that while we move through time and changes they do not define us and we remain closely connected to the constant, core elements of ourselves.The shadow maps serve as an allegory or symbol for the impact of the Arts on alleviating social isolation and loneliness for older people. The passage of time, normally invisible, is made tangible by the shadow lines. When viewed in conjunction with evidence of how participation in the Arts by older people has enhanced their sense of belonging, health and wellbeing the shadow maps provide a compelling reminder of the inter-connectedness between Art and public health. Shadow castings were used throughout the report to illustrate individual stories and the transformative impact of the Arts in the lives of older people. Depicting a story through cut out shapes that become shadow puppets \u2013 shadow casting is an effective vehicle for communicating complex messages to a wide variety of audiences. Alexander created her shadow cast images by cutting out shadow puppets and installing them into mini shadow stage sets. The shadow images were then photographed, using lights and filters and produced as still images to create beautiful but simple illustrations. 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of the glass. The droplets actually came from water in the air. This water condensed from the air onto the surface of your cup, which means it turned from a gas to a liquid. Can a shadow make a shadow? December 31, 2020 rcwebber Dear Aven, When we look around our world, we can find all kinds of shadows. One way we can explore the answer to your shadow question is with a little experiment. My friend Anya Rasmussen, a physics professor at Washington State University, told me all about it. First, you will need to cast your shadow on a wall. Rasmussen reminded me shadows form when an object\u2014such as your body\u2014 blocks light and keeps the rays from reaching a surface\u2014like a wall. Why do we have seasons? December 23, 2020 rcwebber Dear Bella, It turns out seasons can be quite different depending on where you live. But no matter where you live, the reason for the seasons has to do with the way the Earth rotates. To find out exactly why we have seasons, I talked to my friend Vivienne Baldassare, a physics and astronomy professor at Washington State University. Why does water in ponds not get soaked up by the dirt at the bottom? December 18, 2020 rcwebber That\u2019s a great observation. If we investigated the bottom of a pond, we might find a few different things. How many black holes are in the universe? December 11, 2020 rcwebber Dear Krisha, While we"}, {"title": "", "text": "is cast creates shadow foreshortening. It can be safely assumed from this simple experiment that the terrain behind Armstrong has a slightly raised elevation, and it is this that is causing the difference in shadow lengths. Note the appearance of the soil in the top left quadrant in the photograph. It appears lighter than the mid to foreground region, as one would expect of a raised mound being struck by sunlight at a less oblique angle. There is absolutely no reason to believe that the unequal shadows were created by two separate light sources, such as studio lights, as the conspiracy theorists would have us believe. As a further example on the theme of light and shadow, take a look at the following image. This image of Buzz Aldrin shows the sunlight streaming across his left shoulder. His right side should be in deep shadow because the contrast of light and dark is more pronounced on the Moon. NASA\u2019s explanation for this is that the sunlight is being reflected off the surface onto the suit. Hoax theorists, however, claimed that Aldrin contradicted this explanation when he said there is no refracted light on the Moon, thereby supporting their contention that another source of light (i.e. studio lighting) was responsible. In fact, both statements are true and are not diametrically opposed. How so? Though the words refraction and reflection sound similar, there meanings are entirely different. Refraction occurs when light passes through a transparent material. Whereas, reflection occurs when it bounces off an opaque material. For light"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And why do we have light in the morning before the sun comes into view? You guessed it! It is the law of refraction at work. As the sun\u2019s rays travel through space, they move very rapidly, as if in a vacuum, but when contact is made with the more dense atmospheric medium of the earth, the light decelerates, and is bend around the curvature of the earth by the law of refraction. This law causes the light to reach the surface before the sun appears in the morning, and to trail behind on the surface long after the early evening sun disappears. The great cloud of volcanic smoke will be firmly established as shown in figure 14 by the time the battle of Armageddon occurs. This great encompassing shroud will vertically be thousands of feet thick and, as such, a very dense medium through which the sun\u2019s rays must filter on their way to the earth\u2019s surface. As the rays filter through by refraction and scattering, they will be severely bent around the curvature of the earth\u2019s surface. As you may observe in figure 16, the small island, on the opposite side of the earth from the sun, would normally be experiencing an evening of complete darkness. However, because of the refraction and scattering of sunshine through the great volcanic cloud, light would be bent around the earth"}, {"title": "", "text": "You can try this one at home. Get an incandescent light bulb, switch it on, and try to use the light from the bulb to cast a shadow on the bulb. The problem you\u2019ll run into is that every point on the surface of the light bulb is actively producing light, and in order to form a shadow, you need the surface to be dark, blocked from the light. It\u2019s easy for a bulb or a star to cast shadows outwards; simply place a solid object at some distance from the light. A piece of paper or your hand will suffice for a light bulb; something on the opposite side of your hand will be deprived of the light from the bulb. The shadow casters around stars tend to be planets and moons. Solar eclipses are the most dramatic proof of this. If you stick the Moon in the way of the Sun, some parts of our planet will be placed in the shadow of the moon. Lunar eclipses, show us the colour of the Moon when it travels through the shadow of the Earth. Like shading your eyes from the sun with your hand (yet another way of forming a shadow around our star), the Earth blocks the light travelling towards the Moon, plunging it into darkness. Because every point on the Sun\u2019s surface is glowing with light, there\u2019s no way to deprive it of light by casting a shadow. Even if you put another source of light near the surface of the sun (for"}, {"title": "", "text": "instance, a glowing filament as shown above), it doesn\u2019t change the fact that the main surface of the sun is still glowing. Any attempt to put an object between the filament and the surface of the sun in order to cast a shadow would simply result in both sides of the object being illuminated! And very likely, said object would subsequent vaporize, given the 5500 degree Celsius temperatures near the surface of the sun. Have your own question? Something here unclear? Feel free to ask! Or submit your questions via the sidebar, twitter, Facebook, or Google+!"}, {"title": "", "text": "source. \u201cShadows are exciting,\u201d McKay enthuses as he opens chapter VI. They certainly are to a cinematographer. And this cinematographer was excited to learn something about the sun and its shadow which is really quite obvious, but I had never considered before. Look at the shadow of a wall. Near the base, where the shadow begins, the edge of the shadow is straight and sharp\u2026 Farther out, the edge of the shadow gets more and more fuzzy\u2026 The reason lies of course in the great sun itself. The sun is not a mere point of light, but a globe of considerable angular width. The accompanying illustration shows how you would see all, part or none of the sun if you stood in a slightly different position relative to the hypothetical wall. The area where none of the sun is visible is of course in full shadow (umbra), and the area where the sun is partially visible is the fuzzy penumbra (the \u201calmost shadow\u201d). 5. Gravity bends LIGHT. Einstein hypothesised that gravity could bend light rays, and observations during solar eclipses proved him right. Stars near to the eclipsed sun were seen to be slightly out of place, due to the huge gravitational attraction of the sun. The effect is very small; it is too small to be observed when the rays pass a comparatively small body like the moon. We need a body like the sun, at whose surface gravity is 160 or 170 times as great as at the surface of the moon, to give"}, {"title": "", "text": "this is false. Surface angle and shape of object do indeed matter in how shadows are captured in camera in relation to the perspective of the camera to the shadows. An irregular shaped object can give the illusion when recorded into a 2D medium of having a shadow going in a different direction. A rise or fall in surface will also cause a shadow to have an appearance of going in a different direction. All of this is readily observed here on Earth. And once again, if there were multiple lights there would be multiple shadows, this would be unavoidable with out having obvious light fall off from the directional lights to minimize their overlap. Look at any sporting event at night and you will see multiple shadows from the players and the shadows even rotate about a player as they move about the field. #6 Pretty much any expert in radiations in space is going to tell you a 6ft wall of lead is the least desirable shielding because of the increased likelihood of creating a cascade of radiation from particles hitting the lead. A more desirable shielding tends to be of a type that doesn\u2019t cause the particles to be split up and shot all about and instead merely block them in a less rigid manner. Which is why water and PVC are popular for dealing with the most common forms of radiation. But for solar events the radiation in space is easily blocked by a few mm of aluminum, it is when solar"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the light source. A simple solution that solves no problem. Jay Donnaway September 11, 2015 08:02 PM While trigonometry may not be blatantly obvious to many, this certainly has potential, especially if the ribbons can be made durable enough for the encasing glass to be eliminated, greatly reducing module temperatures and the structure required to support the weight and resist wind loads. Reel-to-reel mfg on stainless steel ribbon? Echoes of Ovshinsky! BOLL September 14, 2015 12:23 PM As people look at the first picture and complain about the shadowing, keep in mind that that picture was taken from a demonstration of the flex feature and it is not acting as intended following the sun. If it was actively tracking the sun the light would not cast much of a shadow if any, if they rays are perpendicular to the angle of the surface it'll be just fine, as I explained in my previous comment."}, {"title": "", "text": "Such strange light mid-morning today. Very bright sun in a cloudless sky, yet also somehow very \u201cgauzy.\u201d It\u2019s not hazy today, nor is it humid or even slightly overcast, so the gauzy quality makes no sense. But you can see how soft some of the shadows are. Even if they are thrown down by more faraway trees, those trees aren\u2019t so distant that I\u2019d expect such faint shadows. Actually, I think I just figured it out, but sadly it\u2019s now almost 1:00 pm, so there\u2019s no chance to check my theory out. I\u2019m guessing that the fainter shadows are the result of sunlight reflecting off the glass of the Grohmann Museum\u2019s atrium and then casting shadows of those branches from a different angle and with a weaker light. I suppose that might also explain the strangely gauzy quality of sunlight, as well. This entry was posted in Life, Milwaukee, Nature, Photography and tagged quality of light, tree shadows. Bookmark the permalink. Not a bad theory. I wonder if light, as does sound, cancels itself out if coming from two different sources. When designing an auditorium placement of the speakers is important or one might create a dead spot where there is no sound (or almost no sound). Light travels faster than sound and the waves are much shorter so\u2026? If two identical light sources were shot directly into each other, I would think, that would they pass right through each other or at least look like they did to the naked eye. \u201cIf you want light"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the glass elevator. But how could that be when it is well known that photons of light have no mass and are not attracted by a gravitational field? There could only be one answer. If light were not attracted by gravity, and therefore would be expected to travel in a straight line through the gravitational field, the only way one could explain its bending would be to assume that the space the light traveled through was being bent! In that way, the light would bend even though it was going \u201cstraight,\u201d because the space it passed through was being curved. Intuitively, this argument makes no sense. How could space be bent? But as you recall, space is a thing, it is not nothing (recall that if there were nothing between the Earth and the Moon, they\u2019d be touching). So, if this \u201cthing\u201d we call space could somehow be bent by gravity, was there any way to prove it? As it turned out, there was a way. On May 29th, 1919, a total eclipse of the sun was to occur. At the moment of totality, the sun would be in front of a fairly bright field of stars (part of the Hyades group). If the distance between two bright stars could be determined beforehand, two stars that would be on either side of the sun during totality, that particular measurement could be compared with the same measurement taken when the sun was between the two stars. If a large gravitational field truly \u201cbent\u201d space, then one"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the glass elevator. But how could that be when it is well known that photons of light have no mass and are not attracted by a gravitational field? There could only be one answer. If light were not attracted by gravity, and therefore would be expected to travel in a straight line through the gravitational field, the only way one could explain its bending would be to assume that the space the light traveled through was being bent! In that way, the light would bend even though it was going \u201cstraight,\u201d because the space it passed through was being curved. Intuitively, this argument makes no sense. How could space be bent? But as you recall, space is a thing, it is not nothing (recall that if there were nothing between the Earth and the Moon, they\u2019d be touching). So, if this \u201cthing\u201d we call space could somehow be bent by gravity, was there any way to prove it? As it turned out, there was a way. On May 29th, 1919, a total eclipse of the sun was to occur. At the moment of totality, the sun would be in front of a fairly bright field of stars (part of the Hyades group). If the distance between two bright stars could be determined beforehand, two stars that would be on either side of the sun during totality, that particular measurement could be compared with the same measurement taken when the sun was between the two stars. If a large gravitational field truly \u201cbent\u201d space, then one"}, {"title": "", "text": "light reacts much differently when shining through glass and water). For example, when light travels from air into water, it slows down, causing it to continue to travel at a different angle or direction. That slowdown of the light waves through the dark waters and the glass firmament would make people think that the light source being viewed is much farther away than it really is. Many people (including us) have tested this with the high zoom cameras pointed at Mars, Venus and stars. They are not what we have been told. They are all just lights in the sky and they are not millions of miles away from us. NASA's pictures are composites and \"artist renditions\" according to their own websites. And the ones they claim are real pictures are easily proven fakes under closer examination. But let\u2019s get back to the Bible about the glass dome firmament over our heads. As we saw in Genesis 1:6-8, God called the firmament HEAVEN. In Hebrew, Elohim called the raqiya shamayin. The Lord also said, \u201cHeaven is my throne and Earth is foot stool.\u201d Isaiah revealed that God \u201c\u2026sitteth upon the circle of the Earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers (as viewed from that top of the glass dome); that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out AS A TENT TO DWELL IN;\u201d (Isaiah 40:22). When Ezekiel saw the firmament that he called the \u201cterrible crystal\u201d stretched out over their heads, he went on to say, \u201cAnd there was a voice"}, {"title": "", "text": "poetic:\"Illumination by itself, however, is a sort of excess-condition in luminous objects, so it hurts and offends the [visual] sense. Illumination is also created along with coloring in objects that are struck by light from outside.\" See Ptolemy and the Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics. ConifoldConifold $\\begingroup$ \"A cylinder, a cone, a torus and a number of other shapes would also cast a round shadow.\" This doesn't seem quite right to me. A cylinder or a cone will only cast a circular shadow if the direction of illumination is along its axis of symmetry. (A torus will never cast a circular shadow.) Because the orientation of the sunlight relative to the earth is not fixed, it is not possible for the sun to be, e.g., a cylinder and yet always cast a circular shadow on the moon. If you think my correction is right, and want to fix that, I'd like to accept this answer. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Ben Crowell May 6 '15 at 18:45 $\\begingroup$ Oops, in my comment above, \"possible for the sun\" should be \"possible for the earth.\" $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Ben Crowell May 6 '15 at 20:41 $\\begingroup$ @Ben Crowell In lunar eclipses the full circular shadow is never visible, only a roughly round piece of its arc is. Even a torus can produce that I think, but I removed the sentence. I am not sure how much can be inferred using observations from multiple eclipses, but pre-Socratics and Aristotle did not have such observational data. Perhaps more can be said about Moon's shape"}, {"title": "", "text": "therefore the darkest, because the light has to travel all the way to the ocean floor before it is reflected back to the camera.\" \u2014 Ancient Aliens on the Moon, p.125 Last Saturday, speaking to a packed house at Contact in the Desert, he confirmed for us all that his understanding of optics, albedo, and selenology is dismal. He was talking about the glass towers that he claims were constructed by some alien civilization on the Moon. 17:17 \"It seems to correspond with the parts of the Moon that are dark. If you've noticed, the Moon, look at the face of the Moon ... there's light stuff and dark stuff, and the dark stuff seems to have a lot of this glass structure over it and what seems to be happening is light takes a little bit longer to get to the ground and bounce back to the camera. And that's why you see this darkness in these areas.\" It hardly needs saying that the dark appearance of the lunar mares by comparison with the bright highlands is caused by the fact that the mares were created by lava flows when the Moon was young and hot, several billion years ago. They are predominantly basalt, whereas the highlands are plagioclase. And there are no glass towers anywhere on the Moon\u2014the artifacts that Hoagland and Bara see are entirely due to scanner contamination. Bara came up with one additional bit of nonsense on this topic. He said (16:30 approx.) that lunar glass is a fine material for"}, {"title": "", "text": "recalled her method of viewing the shadow cast by the window bar across the pillar. She had moved her body so as to see it from below, and then climbed high to view it from above. Perhaps the shared activity of making and watching shadows of her body moved Lydia toward a new disequilibrium about the window bar's shadow that the class had investigated, yet not fully probed. It came to surprise us how the art of Escher reopened the shadow analogy, with questions that deepened into a new understanding. In initiating that process, pensively, tentatively, Lydia asked: Lydia I was wondering: why you could see that shadow [of the window bar on the pillar]!? Yang What a great question! Yang erupted with delight as Lydia struggled to articulate what was so strange about that ''shadow''. Lydia Because -the sun wasn't hitting from behind us!! Yang You know. I didn't think about it!\u2026 Author You didn't think about it then? Yang Now I feel like: the window glass reflects the light but the frame stuff doesn't \u2026 (Cavicchi 2013a) As Yang now described it, sunlight reflected off the windowpanes to fall on the pillar, producing bright areas there, whereas it did not reflect from the window's bar (Fig. 11, Middle). The ''shadow'' was not a shadow; it was a gap in the window's reflected light. Diagram illustrating parallel rays from the sun, striking the window glass and the window bar. Those rays striking the window glass are strongly reflected to the pillar; those striking the bar"}, {"title": "", "text": "Try it yourself at home with two cups or something on a table. Move a light closer and then further away. See what the shadows do. They 'split\" apart with a close light, and \"come together\" with a distant light. The moon pictures are consistent with a distant single light source, not a close one. :-) I agree with Razor: Landscape plays the biggest part in the way a shadow falls, doesn't it? Optical illusion is a part also as a hillside will change the shape of the shadow also. Thay showed that in the clip on that part. Multiple light sources give multiple shadows. When there is one shadow for each object, then there is one light source no matter how the shodows appear to fall. Put two lights in a room and stand in the middle. You have two shadows, not one. In the pictures we see all the rocks, etc. have one shadow each, not two. The angles vary due to the uneven terrain they were on. I cannot believe that rational mind still thing man WALKED on the moon. Two words \"Cosmic Radiation\" are all you need to know. Forget the FACT we never did it again. If we had done it in 1967 We would have been back, There would be a base... Heck there would be a casino and a Starbucks at every base IF WE HAD GONE THERE in 1967. At the time 30 BILLION dollars was a handsome sum. You all don't think they bombed the hell out"}, {"title": "", "text": "due to absorption between each scattering.) 8. For some purposes, scattering and reflection at the surface can also be neglected for LW radiation. Additional notes and observations of scattering of solar radiation: When there is a hole through which direct solar rays pass, scattering along the path of the beam allows the beam to glow with scattered radiation - it can be seen from outside itself. This can be observed in a dusty room with sunlight coming through a window. A shadow cast through the air can also be seen from outside itself by the same mechanism. Variations in direct solar ray intensity can be seen to the extent that they have optical thickness along the line of sight and there is not too much optical thickness along the line of sight between the viewer and variation being observed. These variations are called crepescular rays and can be seen when the direct sun is blocked by a layer of clouds with holes, or there are patches of clouds casting shadows, or when the sun is behind a cloud with an irregular edge. One particularly interesting case is the shadow cast be a long thin straight contrail (the cloud left by a jet when conditions allow). Such a contrail casts a shadow that is a thin planar slice through the air; along lines of sight nearly parallel to this shadow, a dark streak can be seen through the sky; it will be darkest to viewers within the shadow. But the shadow will not be observed along lines"}, {"title": "", "text": "will need to vent the heat to the outside of the cylinder. Perhaps it's a rotating one, to provide artificial gravity, since the real one can't act the way OP wants because Gauss theorem. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 John Dvorak May 10 '20 at 14:27 $\\begingroup$ You omitted one factor in your albedo. This is light traveling down an enclosed tube, with no exit except at the ends, which do not exist. All of the 'rays' of light would continuously bounce off the sides of the tube, cumulatively, all the way down. The only thing absorbing the light would be the sides of the tube, measured by the albedo. The light from ALL of the suns would collectively be going down the tubes, like a light beam travels down a fiber optic tube. There could be no dark 'night', because there is no 'void' for a backdrop, except the 'ends', beams of light shining down the tube. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Justin Thyme the Second May 10 '20 at 15:05 $\\begingroup$ Nothing has been stated about the outside of the cylinder. There could be a heat sink there that absorbs heat from ground. This would also form the exit that Justin Thyme is positing does not exist -- the ground absorbs the visible light, radiates it as infrared to the outside heat sink, and it is gone. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Mary May 10 '20 at 15:43 $\\begingroup$ @JustinThymetheSecond: Ugh, no. Visible light from the distant suns would be attenuated into nothingness. That's the point of the second pass, to discuss what"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the effect may be seen under trees when the sun shines brightly. The ground beneath a tree may be dappled with circles of light, some of them quite bright\u2026 When we look up through the leaves towards the sun we may see the origin of the circles of light. We can see points of light where the sun shines through small gaps between the leaves. Each of these gaps acts in the same way as a pinhole: it lets through rays from the sun which produce an image of the sun on the ground below. 4. The sun isn\u2019t a point source. \u201cShadows are exciting,\u201d McKay enthuses as he opens chapter VI. They certainly are to a cinematographer. And this cinematographer was excited to learn something about the sun and its shadow which is really quite obvious, but I had never considered before. Look at the shadow of a wall. Near the base, where the shadow begins, the edge of the shadow is straight and sharp\u2026 Farther out, the edge of the shadow gets more and more fuzzy\u2026 The reason lies of course in the great sun itself. The sun is not a mere point of light, but a globe of considerable angular width. The accompanying illustration shows how you would see all, part or none of the sun if you stood in a slightly different position relative to the hypothetical wall. The area where none of the sun is visible is of course in full shadow (umbra), and the area where the sun is"}, {"title": "", "text": "meet at the top. McKay describes another example: One of the prettiest examples of the effect may be seen under trees when the sun shines brightly. The ground beneath a tree may be dappled with circles of light, some of them quite bright\u2026 When we look up through the leaves towards the sun we may see the origin of the circles of light. We can see points of light where the sun shines through small gaps between the leaves. Each of these gaps acts in the same way as a pinhole: it lets through rays from the sun which produce an image of the sun on the ground below. 4. The sun isn\u2019t a point source. \u201cShadows are exciting,\u201d McKay enthuses as he opens chapter VI. They certainly are to a cinematographer. And this cinematographer was excited to learn something about the sun and its shadow which is really quite obvious, but I had never considered before. Look at the shadow of a wall. Near the base, where the shadow begins, the edge of the shadow is straight and sharp\u2026 Farther out, the edge of the shadow gets more and more fuzzy\u2026 The reason lies of course in the great sun itself. The sun is not a mere point of light, but a globe of considerable angular width. The accompanying illustration shows how you would see all, part or none of the sun if you stood in a slightly different position relative to the hypothetical wall. The area where none of the sun is visible is"}, {"title": "", "text": "From Academic Kids This article is about the optical phenomenon; for other meanings, see Shadow (disambiguation). Thap_shadow.JPG Shadows on a pavement. A shadow is a dark shape, e.g. on the ground or a wall, caused by an object (or person, etc.) blocking light. Like a silhouette, the shape of the shadow is a two-dimensional projection of the object, but: the smaller the angle between an elongated object and the direction of the light is, the shorter the shadow is; the smaller the angle between the direction of the light and the surface on which the shadow occurs is, the longer the shadow is; if the object is close to the light source, the shadow is large. If the surface is curved there are further distortions. For non-point sources of light, the shadow is divided into the umbra and penumbra. The wider the light source, the more blurred the shadow. If there are multiple light sources there are multiple shadows, with overlapping parts darker. For a person or object touching the surface, like a person standing on the ground, or a pole in the ground, these converge at the point of touch. If white light is produced by separate colored light sources, the shadows are colored. A shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon is a lunar eclipse. Conversely, a shadow cast by the Moon on the Earth is a solar eclipse. It is also true that Shadows can travel faster than the speed of light. But they cannot carry information and do not disobey General"}, {"title": "", "text": "recalled her method of viewing the shadow cast by the window bar across the pillar. She had moved her body so as to see it from below, and then climbed high to view it from above. Perhaps the shared activity of making and watching shadows of her body moved Lydia toward a new disequilibrium about the window bar's shadow that the class had investigated, yet not fully probed. It came to surprise us how the art of Escher reopened the shadow analogy, with questions that deepened into a new understanding. In initiating that process, pensively, tentatively, Lydia asked: Lydia I was wondering: why you could see that shadow [of the window bar on the pillar]!? Yang What a great question! Yang erupted with delight as Lydia struggled to articulate what was so strange about that ''shadow''. Lydia Because -the sun wasn't hitting from behind us!! Yang You know. I didn't think about it!\u2026 Author You didn't think about it then? Yang Now I feel like: the window glass reflects the light but the frame stuff doesn't \u2026 (Cavicchi 2013a) As Yang now described it, sunlight reflected off the windowpanes to fall on the pillar, producing bright areas there, whereas it did not reflect from the window's bar (Fig. 11, Middle). The ''shadow'' was not a shadow; it was a gap in the window's reflected light. Diagram illustrating parallel rays from the sun, striking the window glass and the window bar. Those rays striking the window glass are strongly reflected to the pillar; those striking the bar"}, {"title": "", "text": "fitted the curtains with reflectors that were designed to reflect sunlight back towards the curtains. But they also installed two other devices that allow the curtains to be removed when the sun is not shining. The first device is a large-scale lens. When the curtains are open, the lens will reflect sunlight directly back into the room. But when the curtains aren\u2019t closed, it will create a small \u201cwave\u201d that can reflect the sun back towards you. This is an important part of the system, because sunlight can also get trapped between the curtain and the glass and can cause damage to the glass. \u201cIt\u2019s a very strong lens, so we wanted to ensure that it doesn\u2019t interfere,\u201d says Ajay Sharma, a PhD student at the University at Albany who designed the system. A second device, which can be activated by the user, allows the curtains\u2019 light to travel around the room in an arc, so that it reaches the sun and reflects it back at the curtains for the curtains themselves to see. \u201c This is one of the most important features of the curtains, that it reflects the sunlight, but it doesn\ufffdt create a shadow that can get trapped inside the glass.\u201d A second device, which can be activated by the user, allows the curtains\u2019 light to travel around the room in an arc, so that it reaches the sun and reflects it back at the curtains for the curtains themselves to see. When this happens, it creates a light that is even more"}, {"title": "", "text": "due to absorption between each scattering.) 8. For some purposes, scattering and reflection at the surface can also be neglected for LW radiation. Additional notes and observations of scattering of solar radiation: When there is a hole through which direct solar rays pass, scattering along the path of the beam allows the beam to glow with scattered radiation - it can be seen from outside itself. This can be observed in a dusty room with sunlight coming through a window. A shadow cast through the air can also be seen from outside itself by the same mechanism. Variations in direct solar ray intensity can be seen to the extent that they have optical thickness along the line of sight and there is not too much optical thickness along the line of sight between the viewer and variation being observed. These variations are called crepescular rays and can be seen when the direct sun is blocked by a layer of clouds with holes, or there are patches of clouds casting shadows, or when the sun is behind a cloud with an irregular edge. One particularly interesting case is the shadow cast be a long thin straight contrail (the cloud left by a jet when conditions allow). Such a contrail casts a shadow that is a thin planar slice through the air; along lines of sight nearly parallel to this shadow, a dark streak can be seen through the sky; it will be darkest to viewers within the shadow. But the shadow will not be observed along lines"}, {"title": "", "text": "dense shadow can be occupied by groups for various activities. The morning and evening sun with pass twice through low-density pattern regions, creating dappled patterns (like tree leaves) as it passes over streets and buildings, and into people\u2019s apartments. There have been a few crazy schemes proposed in recent years, which have suggested that the Acropolis should be covered in a glass box, to protect the buildings from corrosion during the most polluted periods. In this proposal, there is no need for such permanent constructions. Instead, on the worst pollution days, a pair of wind towers can be erected over the Acropolis, protecting it with an envelope of clean air rather than glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "face. The farther away from the wall is the better; the image will be only 1 inch across for every 9 feet (or 3 centimeters for every 3 meters) from the mirror. Modeling clay works well to hold the mirror in place. Experiment with different-sized holes in the paper. Again, a large hole makes the image bright, but fuzzy, and a small one makes it dim but sharp. Darken the room as much as possible. Be sure to try this out beforehand to make sure the mirror\u2019s optical quality is good enough to project a clean, round image. Of course, don\u2019t let anyone look at the sun in the mirror. If you\u2019re around leafy trees, look at the shadow cast by them during the partial phases. What do you see? Is it worth a photograph? You will see scores of partially eclipsed suns projected through pinhole gaps between the leaves. This is caused by diffraction, a property of light. According to Vince Huegele, an optical physicist at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, the light rays do not shoot straight by the rim of the gaps, or a pinhole, but bend around the edge. This wave effect creates a pattern of rings that resembles a bull\u2019s eye. If you want to get all set up for it, we have guides to the best cameras for astrophotography, and the best lenses for astro, so you can be well prepared when the time comes. You should never look directly at the sun, but there are ways to safely"}, {"title": "", "text": "began to fade and was intersected by a brightening shadow from a different wall's window. How can this be? If there are two windows, even on different walls, their \"shadows\" of light will always be parallel, not intersect, if there's only one source of (outside) light. Maybe one source was the sun and the other was the moon? Nah. By the time the moon's light was strong enough to cast a \"shadow\", the sun would have gone down. Then a few pages later: ... the window that had admitted a straight rectangular bar of light when he began to wait. The light through this window was coming at an angle more and more oblique. Its shadow had become a parallelogram. The light through the southwest window was straight and reddening. Yeah, unless this is a different planet, he's toying with you. The book is overly long; I'm sure that's just another way of toying with you. There's a cool piece in the New Yorker about how to read this voluminous volume. This overly long book is drenched with neologisms. Wallace likes to bend the language a little. For example, never before have I found any author using the word \"entendre\" without preciding it with \"double\". But you'll find that here. The neologisms can be a resource for you if you wish to devote more time to this book than just slogging through it. It turns out that there are several places on the web devoted (sometimes in great depth) to the book. The easiest way to"}, {"title": "", "text": "try to replicate the shadow of the eaves on the Trent garage. The board casts a decent shadow for a few inches below the point where it touches the wall, then as the board moves slightly farther from the wall, the shadow quickly fades to invisibility. At the point where the shadow disappears, at the top of the support pillar, the board is only 8 inches or so from its shadow. The end of the eaves on Trent's garage were approximately twenty inches from the wall (I measured this on a building of similar construction), yet the shadows are still sharp and distinct. This is because they were cast by the sun, small and very bright, not a large, diffuse cloud. If Maccabee can find a sunset cloud that can cast sharp shadows of such boards at twenty inches, then I might be prepared to accept his argument. Maccabee's illustration of a bright cloud casting a shadow at sunset. But the shadow is too diffuse to allow it to be seen when the board casting it is some twenty inches from the wall. In 2004, researcher Joel Carpenter (1959-2014) created a website on the McMinnville photos, making a very good case that the object was directly beneath the overhead wires, and close to the camera. He suggests that the object was a mirror from an old truck. I have restored Joel Carpenter's original McMinnville photos website (fixing only the links), and placed it on the Internet Archive. Instead of moving toward the object and shooting the"}, {"title": "", "text": "window a solid white block of light. I'm sure one of our photographers will be able to explain why it happens (related to exposure I believe). That said I don't think it is small, because if you look at the right of the video a light comes on at about 4 seconds - look at the banister rail, lawn and the lighting and shadow on the sign. It looks to be like a security or courtesy light coming on, probably an IR sensor triggered by the object. As an aside, this is contrary to the text accompanying the video which says there is no other lighting, but likely just an oversight. I think that light, the image becoming lighter once the glare has gone, combined with the CCTV over-emphasising the amount of illumination is probably making it look like the object is illuminating the area more than it actually is. ETA - of course there is yet another light source, the IR from the camera itself, and IR does make reflective objects look extremely bright. I doubt that's what's causing the object to glow and illuminate the ground though because of the distance and the shadow, unless the shadow was actually a non-reflective area on the object which could explain the erratic movement. It'd be interesting to try with something reflective, like a foil balloon. JFDee Mick West said: the \"Chinese lantern\" theory does obviously raise several questions (how did it get there?) I suspect a hoax, possibly by the owner of the camera. I'm sure"}, {"title": "", "text": "window a solid white block of light. I'm sure one of our photographers will be able to explain why it happens (related to exposure I believe). That said I don't think it is small, because if you look at the right of the video a light comes on at about 4 seconds - look at the banister rail, lawn and the lighting and shadow on the sign. It looks to be like a security or courtesy light coming on, probably an IR sensor triggered by the object. As an aside, this is contrary to the text accompanying the video which says there is no other lighting, but likely just an oversight. I think that light, the image becoming lighter once the glare has gone, combined with the CCTV over-emphasising the amount of illumination is probably making it look like the object is illuminating the area more than it actually is. ETA - of course there is yet another light source, the IR from the camera itself, and IR does make reflective objects look extremely bright. I doubt that's what's causing the object to glow and illuminate the ground though because of the distance and the shadow, unless the shadow was actually a non-reflective area on the object which could explain the erratic movement. It'd be interesting to try with something reflective, like a foil balloon. JFDee Mick West said: the \"Chinese lantern\" theory does obviously raise several questions (how did it get there?) I suspect a hoax, possibly by the owner of the camera. I'm sure"}, {"title": "", "text": "We have talked at length about skyscrapers and their fascinating photographs. However, from the perspective of a real-world scenario, skyscrapers unfortunately tend to cast long shadows on the neighboring areas and sidewalks \u2013 much to the inconvenience of people using those spaces. But as always, there is science that can account for a solution. To that end, architects at the London-based firm NBBJ have come up with the notion of what can be termed as shadow-less buildings. This ingeniously contrived scope entails a pair of buildings that would reflect much of the incoming sunlight onto the adjacent spaces (areas where the shadows would have been cast). Of course, beyond just a concept, such an idea needs some details and complexity \u2013 so as to maintain the sunlight reflection mode during most time of the day. For this, the architects utilized a computer software known as Rhinoceros for the 3D modelling of the consequent buildings. This resulted in the rendering of one of the buildings designed like a gargantuan, curved mirror. This building would reflect the light onto the shadow formed by its southern counterpart \u2013 and, the specific curve of its glass surface would maintain the alignment of reflection all throughout the day. In other words, it is all about following the sun path and offering diffused reflection; as opposed to magnifying the sun-ray that can potentially cause harm to pedestrians using the building sidewalks. The \u2018Rhinoceros\u2019 was fed with many architectural data, including office and living space footprints; while the design software did respond back"}, {"title": "", "text": "evidently cast by a horizontal bar in the window frame (Fig. 8). From Yang's present position looking up at it, that shadow curved like a 'U'. If she moved her perspective, would that shadow's curve invert? Yang Suppose I am looking [down] from very high up, what would that shadow look like? Gathering around the window, everyone sighted through it, observing an upward arc in the bar's shadow. Lydia asked if Yang could get ''tall enough'' to look down on it. After standing on a bench of insufficient height, Yang placed a large trash can on it. With classmates' supporting her standing on the can, she gained the perspective of looking down (Fig. 9): Yang Yeah! It [shadow] is slightly curved [upside-down U] Come and see. (Cavicchi 2013a) Oblivious to Yang's invitation that her classmates look for themselves, I passed over my camera for her to photograph the effect from both high and low vantages. Her digital images absorbed the class in collective fascination, not only for the up and down arcing shadows, but also for fluctuating sunlight intensities and their own reflections (Fig. 10, left). Saying ''so that's an example'' of inversion in an image, Yang brought that spontaneously initiated activity to a close. I encouraged the class to take advantage of the fleeting sunlight by revisiting geometrical explorations conducted with their own bodies' sun-cast shadows (Fig. 10, middle). Yet in doing so, I was also torn about turning the class aside from that window phenomenon. Did the students suppose they had settled it? I"}, {"title": "", "text": "the darkness was evident, but not total, the effect upon Animal nature was wonderful. The pigeons precipitately flew to their homes, the little birds, of which we have many nests in our trees, ceas\u2019d to sing, and the more domestic animals compos\u2019d themselves for the night, and when the Glorious Luminary again broke forth, with his refulgent brightness, they each in their several ways hail\u2019d the return of day with animated joy. Indeed, it was so stupendous a sight, it was worth living seventy years to see, and now if I was as good as old Simeon I should be apt to say, \u201cLord, now lettest Thou Thy Servant depart in peace.\u201d The \u201cSmoak\u2019d glasses\u201d that Bulfinch wrote about were just that\u2014pieces of glass covered with smoke. An 1888 pamphlet titled Instructions for Observing the Total Eclipse of the Sun, January 1, 1889 tells how to make them correctly: This can be made of a small pane of good window-glass by holding it over the flame of a lamp or candle until a black film is deposited on it. If possible, it should be smoked so that the tint will be so dense at one end that the full light of the sun seen through it will not dazzle the eye; while at the other the film should be so thin that objects in an ordinarily lighted room may be seen distinctly through it. Smoke the glass as evenly as possible from one end to the other. Paste a narrow strip of thick paper across each"}, {"title": "", "text": "Build A Skyscraper That Casts No Shadow? We Can Do That, Architects Say! Tall buildings can be beautiful, but the big gloomy shadows they cast can leave urban centers starved of sunlight. Now a London-based architecture firm says it\u2019s hit upon a way around that problem. The firm devised a plan to build paired skyscrapers in such a way that sunlight reflected by one fills in the shadow of the other. Brilliant!"}, {"title": "", "text": "in place it is assumed that it blocks beam solar before it reaches outside or inside reveal surfaces. Correspondingly, it is assumed that an interior or between-glass shading device blocks beam solar before it reaches inside reveal surfaces. Representative shadow patterns are shown in Figure 95 for a window with no shading device, and without and with a frame. The case with a frame has to be considered separately because the frame can cast an additional shadow on the inside reveal surfaces. The patterns shown apply to both vertical and horizontal reveal surfaces. It is important to keep in mind that, for a window of arbitrary tilt, if the left reveal surfaces are illuminated the right surfaces will not be, and vice versa. And if the bottom reveal surfaces are illuminated the top surfaces will not be, and vice versa. (Of course, for a vertical window, the top reveal surfaces will never be illuminated by beam solar if the reveal surfaces are perpendicular to the glazing, as is being assumed. For each shadow pattern in Figure 95, equations are given for the shadowed areas and of the outside and inside reveal surfaces, respectively. The variables in these equations are the following (see also Figure 96): = depth of outside reveal, measured from the outside plane of the glazing to the edge of the reveal, plus one half of the glazing thickness. = depth of inside reveal (or, for illumination on bottom reveal surfaces, inside sill depth), measured from the inside plane of the glazing to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the lunch and have blocked out sunlight from, entering the space earth through the other windows as, to not cause any reflected, light to, cry on to the spacecrafts walk in the foreground. It's, her way up, a, number. One window under any reflected. Light, the. Reason this was done is so that the truth of the matter would not be revered, it, is this though. The federal government, would have you believe that, this is a view of Earth from a distance out of the spacecrafts window as it nears the norm it, is not, what. They have ingeniously. Done is placed the camera at the back of the spacecraft, and centered. The lens on a circular window in the foreground, outside. Of which it is completely, filled with the earth in low orbit, the. Circumference, of the window then appears, to be the diameter of the earth at a distance, with, the darkened, walls of the spacecraft, appearing. To Be the blackness of space around, it that is, why they wanted the interior dark, and blocked, out the Sun from, entering through the other windows. Here. You can see the extruded, window probably. Two inches thick at the bottom, this. Is because, the earth shine is coming in at a downward angle it. Also causes, the earth to appear to be an irregularly, shaped circle. For, your scene the outside of the window at the bottom and the, inside, of the window at the top which. Together form two, different sized tabs of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "the lunch and have blocked out sunlight from, entering the space earth through the other windows as, to not cause any reflected, light to, cry on to the spacecrafts walk in the foreground. It's, her way up, a, number. One window under any reflected. Light, the. Reason this was done is so that the truth of the matter would not be revered, it, is this though. The federal government, would have you believe that, this is a view of Earth from a distance out of the spacecrafts window as it nears the norm it, is not, what. They have ingeniously. Done is placed the camera at the back of the spacecraft, and centered. The lens on a circular window in the foreground, outside. Of which it is completely, filled with the earth in low orbit, the. Circumference, of the window then appears, to be the diameter of the earth at a distance, with, the darkened, walls of the spacecraft, appearing. To Be the blackness of space around, it that is, why they wanted the interior dark, and blocked, out the Sun from, entering through the other windows. Here. You can see the extruded, window probably. Two inches thick at the bottom, this. Is because, the earth shine is coming in at a downward angle it. Also causes, the earth to appear to be an irregularly, shaped circle. For, your scene the outside of the window at the bottom and the, inside, of the window at the top which. Together form two, different sized tabs of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "for pedestrians. The After Take: To those who I showed these photos there was initial puzzlement - then as I went through the series and explained it - a point of enjoyment reached. I think some of the enjoyment came from listening to my lengthy explanation - lol. Shadows gone, but not forgotten. Here is hoping you occasion upon such a moving shadow show and enjoy it. The third photo is my favorite. The way the shadow bends across that wood is really cool. I dont know if Id feel safe walking under that thing. While I agree with sarah, I think it still beats no protection at all! Not to mention I don't think I'd be able to pass up the chance at walking through it with all the lights around it. It'd look really cool! I like the fourth better than the third. This is a really fun photo series to look at. It'd be interesting to see how different times of day affect the curves. Ya I'd like to see that too."}, {"title": "", "text": "This bowl is the center-piece of my dining room table. As the sun, cosmic yet intimate, was rising, shining through the window that faces it, purple and yellow rays of light formed a geometrically surreal shadow. This made me think about how the light had to cut through space, luminous in pitch-blackness, to form this shadow, pitch-black in luminousness."}, {"title": "", "text": "This set of photos was taken on January 26, 2013 at 7:24 AM. The photos were taken in Washington DC in Georgetown. The \"Take It!\" came as I was driving down the street and happened to have my eye caught by moving shadows. It was early enough in the morning that I could slow down and look to my right and see a little bit of what was happening. Some traffic formed behind me - thus I had to circle the block and find a place to park. The foundation for the shadow show was a tunnel being built at a construction site that is put up to allow sidewalk usage and protect the pedestrians from possible falling debris. It is a great convenience for people who are walking in that they do not have to go across the street to get out of possible harms way. The covered walkway offers an additional bonus in as it protects one from rain and snow. I was fortunate enough to happen upon this when its construction was not complete. The absence of the roof allowed the light to enter the box like tube and create shadows from its structure. The shadows were on all four sides. The view of the shadows moved as one moved for the light was then cast from a different angle. I had the pleasure of seeing this shadow show for a few days. The show ended when they put a roof on it, but then it took on its new life offering shelter"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Sigurdur was just a lucky bastard. t_newt Ars Tribunus Militum et Subscriptor Homing pigeons and other birds supposedly use polarized light to navigate: The polarization in question is created by sunlight passing through the stone, it is not a natural property of the sunlight as your response assumes. No, that was my point about one area darker or no. The local gradients will still point, on average, to where the sun is. Where the edge of thick area of clouds is will leave a gradient line across the sky but once you step across that line you're back to pointing in the correct direction again. So if you consider the sky as a hemisphere there will be a consistent trend to point at the sun along with various cloud shadows that may go any which way. But if you grew up learning to \"see\" the sun from such a pattern it's possible your brain might filter it properly. Perhaps a rising thunderstorm on the far side of a cloud layer might throw things totally out of whack but there's not a lot of thermal energy to feed those in Scandinavia so they wouldn't be as common as, e.g. here in Florida. Yes, but the effect being utilised is that there are two rays with different refractive indices. I thought that the article didn't make this clear. As I was never a very good student and am not very intelligent, and had to work quite hard to understand birefringence, it occurred to me that others might"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Sigurdur was just a lucky bastard. t_newt Ars Tribunus Militum et Subscriptor Homing pigeons and other birds supposedly use polarized light to navigate: The polarization in question is created by sunlight passing through the stone, it is not a natural property of the sunlight as your response assumes. No, that was my point about one area darker or no. The local gradients will still point, on average, to where the sun is. Where the edge of thick area of clouds is will leave a gradient line across the sky but once you step across that line you're back to pointing in the correct direction again. So if you consider the sky as a hemisphere there will be a consistent trend to point at the sun along with various cloud shadows that may go any which way. But if you grew up learning to \"see\" the sun from such a pattern it's possible your brain might filter it properly. Perhaps a rising thunderstorm on the far side of a cloud layer might throw things totally out of whack but there's not a lot of thermal energy to feed those in Scandinavia so they wouldn't be as common as, e.g. here in Florida. Yes, but the effect being utilised is that there are two rays with different refractive indices. I thought that the article didn't make this clear. As I was never a very good student and am not very intelligent, and had to work quite hard to understand birefringence, it occurred to me that others might"}, {"title": "", "text": "juniper branches moved with the leaves of deciduous trees. A couple of sparrows perched momentarily on our empty bird feeder. Then moved on. The sun came out again, blazing through a vale of white. By 2:30 it looked to me eclipsed with the east horn matching the west horn of light. From my Somerville porch the eclipse is twisted to the west, not perpendicular with horizon to the southwest. Instead the horns of light, the corners of the open-mouth smile, are pointing to the West. Wisps of passing cloud give the sun, viewed through my very dark glasses, the look of smoking. As the world turns, the horns of the occluded sun appear to rotate downwards. The moon stands before the sun, blocking about a third of light for what seems to me like a wonderfully long time. Yet it has only been 15 minutes. I took a piece of paper, about 4 by 4 inches, and with a sewing needle poked a hole in the middle of it. Sunlight streamed through the window onto the kitchen table. I held the paper in the sunlight, tipping it to be more perpendicular to the sun. On table top a tiny bright spot appeared in the middle of the shadow square. I got out the magnifying lens, the one we keep for reading warning labels not meant to be read. Held the lens above the spot of light on the kitchen table, while in the other hand held the shadow puppet. Through the lens I thought I saw"}, {"title": "", "text": "on the horizon). But it happens quite frequently with inclined or open windows, like those found in modern buildings.\" Sometimes the reflections take the shape of an X, depending on the curvature of the window creating the reflection. \"The whole effect is due to gravity and heat,\" explains Bagnasco. \"The glass plate slightly curves in the sun, a couple of millimeters are enough, and it becomes a concave mirror, creating a spherical reflection. However, sometimes it can produce a cross or a double cross, according to how the plates are held by the frames, either with four or six hinges.\" A member of CICAP in Turin, Stefano Bardelli, was even able to find just the perfect conditions, demonstrating very clearly how the phenomenon is created (see photographs). The real mystery The only mystery that remains is why the circles of light cause such marvel. Nobody is surprised at seeing such reflections when walking down the street, because one immediately realizes that they are produced by windows reflecting sunlight. It is only when dozens of pictures of such reflections appear on the World Wide Web, coming from different parts of the world\u2014and newspapers pick up on it\u2014that the \"marvel effect\" strikes. It is not unusual for a phenomenon that has a quite simple explanation to become, by word of mouth, an inexplicable mystery. Orbs are another example. \"These 'circles of light,'\" concludes Bagnasco, \"have always been there, but were unheard of in the past; they were noticed and picked up by the media only when somebody looking"}, {"title": "", "text": "volumes of shadow and then they negotiate how to invite the sun light, giving shape to the slices of light, to the filters and to the barriers. The built shapes do not play under that light, they just aspire to distil it within their stills and their gadgets. They are conceived to be domesticated. \u00c2\u00b9 There is nobody better than the poet Wallace Stevens to describe the power of light beams over a courtyard: \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Not all the knives of the lamp-post, / Nor the chisels of the long streets, / Not the mallets of the domes / and the high towers, / can carve / What one star can carve, / Shining through the grape-leaves\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. The Auroras of Autumm, 1954."}, {"title": "", "text": "volumes of shadow and then they negotiate how to invite the sun light, giving shape to the slices of light, to the filters and to the barriers. The built shapes do not play under that light, they just aspire to distil it within their stills and their gadgets. They are conceived to be domesticated. \u00c2\u00b9 There is nobody better than the poet Wallace Stevens to describe the power of light beams over a courtyard: \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Not all the knives of the lamp-post, / Nor the chisels of the long streets, / Not the mallets of the domes / and the high towers, / can carve / What one star can carve, / Shining through the grape-leaves\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. The Auroras of Autumm, 1954."}, {"title": "", "text": "reveal input data is specified in the WindowProperty:FrameAndDivider object expect for the depth of the outside reveal, which is determined from the vertex locations of the window and its parent wall. If an exterior shading device (shade, screen or blind) is in place it is assumed that it blocks beam solar before it reaches outside or inside reveal surfaces. Correspondingly, it is assumed that an interior or between-glass shading device blocks beam solar before it reaches inside reveal surfaces. Representative shadow patterns are shown in Figure 99 for a window with no shading device, and without and with a frame. The case with a frame has to be considered separately because the frame can cast an additional shadow on the inside reveal surfaces. The patterns shown apply to both vertical and horizontal reveal surfaces. It is important to keep in mind that, for a window of arbitrary tilt, if the left reveal surfaces are illuminated the right surfaces will not be, and vice versa. And if the bottom reveal surfaces are illuminated the top surfaces will not be, and vice versa. (Of course, for a vertical window, the top reveal surfaces will never be illuminated by beam solar if the reveal surfaces are perpendicular to the glazing, as is being assumed. For each shadow pattern in Figure 99, equations are given for the shadowed areas $${A_{1,sh}}$$ and $${A_{2,sh}}$$ of the outside and inside reveal surfaces, respectively. The variables in these equations are the following (see also Figure 100): $${d_1}$$ = depth of outside reveal, measured from"}, {"title": "", "text": "supposedly use polarized light to navigate: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00696165 The polarization in question is created by sunlight passing through the stone, it is not a natural property of the sunlight as your response assumes. No, that was my point about one area darker or no. The local gradients will still point, on average, to where the sun is. Where the edge of thick area of clouds is will leave a gradient line across the sky but once you step across that line you're back to pointing in the correct direction again. So if you consider the sky as a hemisphere there will be a consistent trend to point at the sun along with various cloud shadows that may go any which way. But if you grew up learning to \"see\" the sun from such a pattern it's possible your brain might filter it properly. Perhaps a rising thunderstorm on the far side of a cloud layer might throw things totally out of whack but there's not a lot of thermal energy to feed those in Scandinavia so they wouldn't be as common as, e.g. here in Florida. Yes, but the effect being utilised is that there are two rays with different refractive indices. I thought that the article didn't make this clear. As I was never a very good student and am not very intelligent, and had to work quite hard to understand birefringence, it occurred to me that others might be confused. DRF Smack-Fu Master, in training Wouldn't the more clever vikings have gone from Bergen, to"}, {"title": "", "text": "sun is very low on the horizon). But it happens quite frequently with inclined or open windows, like those found in modern buildings.\" Sometimes the reflections take the shape of an X, depending on the curvature of the window creating the reflection. \"The whole effect is due to gravity and heat,\" explains Bagnasco. \"The glass plate slightly curves in the sun, a couple of millimeters are enough, and it becomes a concave mirror, creating a spherical reflection. However, sometimes it can produce a cross or a double cross, according to how the plates are held by the frames, either with four or six hinges.\" A member of CICAP in Turin, Stefano Bardelli, was even able to find just the perfect conditions, demonstrating very clearly how the phenomenon is created (see photographs). The real mystery The only mystery that remains is why the circles of light cause such marvel. Nobody is surprised at seeing such reflections when walking down the street, because one immediately realizes that they are produced by windows reflecting sunlight. It is only when dozens of pictures of such reflections appear on the World Wide Web, coming from different parts of the world\u2014and newspapers pick up on it\u2014that the \"marvel effect\" strikes. It is not unusual for a phenomenon that has a quite simple explanation to become, by word of mouth, an inexplicable mystery. Orbs are another example. \"These 'circles of light,'\" concludes Bagnasco, \"have always been there, but were unheard of in the past; they were noticed and picked up by the media"}, {"title": "", "text": "street that\u2019s crossing through two cemeteries. On one side there was a dark shadow floating in the air. The best way to describe it would be if you\u2019d imagine a bit of smoke in the dark and shining a beam of light through it from below. The shadow was that kind of a shape some 15 meters above the ground except a dark one. We could walk on the street an observe the shadow from different angles. There were a couple of other people also on the street pointing at it. To this day I\u2019ve wondered what kind of a natural phenomenon could cause a dark shadowy shape to float above the ground in that way. La Brega in Levittown 99% Private Ville Radieuse: Le Corbusier\u2019s Functionalist Plan for a Utopian... Designed in the 1920s by Le Corbusier, one... [Read More]"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the porch into the sitting room, over the edge of the electric blue carpet, which lay untacked on the terrazzo floor. By hiccup, April 17, 2012. Found in Guerrillas, authored by V. S. Naipaul. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the porch into the sitting room, over the edge of the electric blue carpet, which lay untacked on the terrazzo floor. By hiccup, April 17, 2012. Found in Guerrillas, authored by V. S. Naipaul. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house The sunlight makes rainbow diamonds that dance upon the canvas that is the wall. As Earth turns they stretch and fade to the silent applause of eyes. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, September 1, 2019. New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house The sunlight makes rainbow diamonds that dance upon the canvas that is the wall. As Earth turns they stretch and fade to the silent applause of eyes. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, September 1, 2019. New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house The sunlight makes rainbow diamonds that dance upon the canvas that is the wall. As Earth turns they stretch and fade to the silent applause of eyes. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, September 1, 2019. New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight through a window - quotes and descriptions to inspire creative writing Search entire site for sunlight through a window entering a house The sunlight makes rainbow diamonds that dance upon the canvas that is the wall. As Earth turns they stretch and fade to the silent applause of eyes. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, September 1, 2019. New white rays shine through window and curtain just the same, showing the beauty of the many tan hues that weave together to make the fabric I love so much. The browns are as varied as sand dunes at dawn, as pretty as the lightest of wood carried ashore upon windswept waves. Amid the light I see the beams as if they wave with the undulating pleats, yet in truth they are strong and true, giving structure and form. As the moments pass the intensity rises and softens, bold and gentle, telling of the day that passes in the world beyond. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, October 25, 2018. The ancient mullioned window cast a checker board of brilliant noon sunlight onto the dark walnut floor. As the afternoon gave way to early evening Alysa watched the stubby squares elongate to faded rectangles, as if stretching and yawning before waning and finally surrendering to the night. By angela, April 17, 2012. The last rays of the late afternoon sun fell slanting through Ernest's window. By mikeb, May 25, 2013. Found in The House of the Vampire, authored by George Sylvester Viereck. A triangle of white light was advancing from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "against a south-facing wall that 1) is protected from the wind and 2) receives direct sunlight at noon. By 1:00PM the glass will be too hot to touch due to the sunlight that it has absorbed. Then touch the wall behind the glass and you will discover that this clear plate of glass has been \u201cshading\u201d the wall, which will be significantly cooler than the glass.\u201d When I took physics many of the \u2018homework\u2019 problems that I was given to solve stated that I should assume frictionless surfaces and bearings and massless pulleys. From this I conclude that physics majors maybe have not learned to reason about real world problems. In his book about Richard Feynman titled Genius, James Gleick wrote (in a section titled All His Knowledge): \u201cBut a part of him still preferred to give fundamental a different definition. \u201cWhat we are talking about is real and at hand: Nature,\u201d he wrote to a correspondent in India, who had, he thought, spent too much time reading about esoteric phenomena. \u201cLearn by trying to understand simple things in terms of other ideas\u2014always honestly and directly. What keeps the clouds up, why can\u2019t I see stars in the daytime, why do colors appear on oily water, what makes the lines on the surface of water being poured from a pitcher, why does a hanging lamp swing back and forth\u2014and all the innumerable little things you see all around you. Then when you have learned what an explanation really is, you can then go on to more"}, {"title": "", "text": "muscle and tissue, casting shadows on detectors of denser bone and teeth. Dental X-rays. Credit: Dmitry G 12:00 pm: Checking your email, data streams over fiber optic cables, which are made of strands of glass or plastic that carry emails, videos, photos and more in the form of infrared light. Optical fibers. Credit:Optoelectronics Research Centre, Southampton, UK http://lightexhibit.org/fiber_optics.html 1:00 pm: With a quick stop at a store, you hand over your credit card to the clerk. On the back is a watermark that only fully reveals itself in ultraviolet light, enhancing security against theft. Credit: Harrihealey02 cc-by-sa 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Debit_card_exposed_to_ultraviolet_light-_2013-09-28_20-21.jpg 2:00 pm: Once outside, you shield your eyes from the light of the Sun with your hand, creating a shadow across your eyes. Almost any type of light can be blocked to generate a shadow. Credit: pixabay https://pixabay.com/en/beach-person-walking-silhouette-933297/ 3:00 pm: Kaboom! Somewhere in the Universe a black hole is born. Scientists can detect the signature of this event as a powerful blast of gamma rays from space-based telescopes. Illustration Credit: XMM-Newton, ESA, NASA - https://web.archive.org/web/20100416132936/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011015blackhole.html 4:00 pm: You plug in your smart phone to a solar charger that transforms the energy from sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. Credit: Dennis Schroeder/NREL http://lightexhibit.org/bio_image77.html 5:00 pm: Traveling through an airport, you pass through a \u201cmillimeter wave scanner\u201d which scans the passengers for concealed objects in a specific band of radio waves. Credit: Transportation Security Administration. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mmw_large.jpg 6:00 pm: As the Sun sets, you notice it looks more oblong shaped than circular. This is due to the bending of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "live in Edmonton, the other side of said mountains. I love'm too. Born and raised in Toronto, but left there in 1967. I posted my NDE on the main site some years ago. It was labeled as \"Michael C's\" experience. And light bringer is, in Latin, Lucifer. This is beginning to get a bit weird, even for me. I am trying to formulate questions about 'light bringers', for my own bed becoming. That is still in the works. I'll get back to with that in a day or two. My opinion is that all NDErs are people 'bringing light', or showing us what the light is, and where the light comes from. In this respect you are a 'light bringer'. Our world needs them. Talking about light! Another idea that just hit me. Well it's because all material things are catching light one way or another, even glass, crystals, water etc... So when I'm walking outside in sunshine and the sun is on my back then I can see my shadow because I'm taking in sunshine e.g. light and keep it (even so some is reflected) and it cannot go through unhindered. Glass, crystal, water etc.. bend light or are slicing it up into different light waves but they still interact with light, so they also produce shadow. It's good you found us! There are probably many light-bearers, not only the 'lucifer' in literature. That would be like saying there is only one carpenter in a town, and his name is Charlie. But wait! I'm a"}, {"title": "", "text": "live in Edmonton, the other side of said mountains. I love'm too. Born and raised in Toronto, but left there in 1967. I posted my NDE on the main site some years ago. It was labeled as \"Michael C's\" experience. And light bringer is, in Latin, Lucifer. This is beginning to get a bit weird, even for me. I am trying to formulate questions about 'light bringers', for my own bed becoming. That is still in the works. I'll get back to with that in a day or two. My opinion is that all NDErs are people 'bringing light', or showing us what the light is, and where the light comes from. In this respect you are a 'light bringer'. Our world needs them. Talking about light! Another idea that just hit me. Well it's because all material things are catching light one way or another, even glass, crystals, water etc... So when I'm walking outside in sunshine and the sun is on my back then I can see my shadow because I'm taking in sunshine e.g. light and keep it (even so some is reflected) and it cannot go through unhindered. Glass, crystal, water etc.. bend light or are slicing it up into different light waves but they still interact with light, so they also produce shadow. It's good you found us! There are probably many light-bearers, not only the 'lucifer' in literature. That would be like saying there is only one carpenter in a town, and his name is Charlie. But wait! I'm a"}, {"title": "", "text": "man holding up a sheet of dark glass and staring at the sun through it. \u201cIt\u2019s beautiful,\u201d he said to me as I passed him on the sidewalk, \u201cso beautiful.\u201d I smiled in reply to him, secretly wary that he just another cracked, panhandling prophet in a city full of them. \u201cDo you want to look at the sun through it?\u201d he asked, indicating his sheet of glass. I looked at him confused. \u201cIt\u2019s welder\u2019s glass,\u201d he said by way of explanation. Yes, he must be mad, I thought, and just before I was about to smile a \u201cno, thank you,\u201d and carry on walking, albeit at a hurried pace, he held the glass up at me, and through it, like some wonderful magic trick, the sun appeared as dark disc apart from a brilliant cresent of light at the bottom. That there was a partial solar eclipse had completely passed me by. I hadn\u2019t been able to see the effect with the naked eye, the sun looked larger, a little hazier, but nothing out of the ordinary and it would have passed me by, but here on this particularly street corner was this happy, smiling man performing what at first seemed like a magic trick, and making sure that a small moment of joy wouldn\u2019t pass me. So I took hold of this stranger\u2019s sheet of glass and looked straight at the sun through it, and he was right \u2014 it was so beautiful. This week, The Displaced Nation asked if I could write about"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Sun Circle is a sculpture located within the Rillito River Park, a Pima County linear park running along the banks of the Rillito River north of Tucson, Arizona. Inspired by the archaeoastronomy of the southwestern United States Ancestral Puebloans in locations such as Chaco Canyon, Sun Circle uses astronomical alignments to cast shadows and light through apertures (windows) to align with corresponding windows on equinoxes and solstices at sunrise and sunset. Description The sculpture is an outdoor circular concrete pad in diameter circumscribed by eight walls high by wide. Four of the walls are in the cardinal directions, with four adjacent walls situated at angular distances of 23.4 degrees (corresponding with the axial tilt of the Earth) north and south of the east and west walls. The cardinal East and West walls have square windows, the four adjacent walls have isosceles trapezoid windows. At sunrise of any given day, the sunlight hitting the eastern walls will cast shadows across the circle, as light passes through the windows. As the Sun rises the shadows will shorten, appearing to shrink away from the western walls until the Sun reaches solar noon. The shadows of the three western walls then grow towards the eastern walls as the Sun continues west. On the day of a summer solstice at daybreak sunlight passing through the window of the northeastern wall also passes through the window of the southwestern wall. As the Sun rises the light through the window travels down a path sandblasted into the southwestern wall and then travels"}, {"title": "", "text": "my martini glass. And second of all, just as with the balloon, the rate at which the height increases depends on the \u201csurface area\u201d that is expanding, which in this case is just the base of the cone! Thus, again, the reason the water level rises more slowly near the top of the glass has a clear geometric interpretation. (Here\u2019s a real-world application: I argue this works to the benefit of bartenders, who can pour into a martini glass fairly quickly without risk of overflowing, because the beverage level rises slowly near the top of the glass.) I took the next two examples from Cornell\u2019s Good Questions Project; come to think of it, it may be these questions that first planted in my head the idea of looking at related rates problems over time, without numbers. The situations are again standard for related rates problems, but the conclusions are much more interesting than a single rate at a single moment. Consider an actor (say, Benedict) on a stage, illuminated by a light at the foot of the stage. Benedict casts a shadow on the back wall; how does the length of his shadow vary if he walks towards the light at a constant speed? The demonstration of this situation is particularly exciting, because you get to turn off the classroom lights, pull out a flashlight and a doll or figurine, and watch what happens to the shadow of the doll/figurine/actor on the wall as it moves towards the flashlight. Students observe that at first the shadow"}, {"title": "", "text": "dense fog. Visibility effects Depending on the concentration of the droplets, visibility in fog can range from the appearance of haze, to almost zero visibility. Many lives are lost each year worldwide from accidents involving fog conditions on the highways, including multiple-vehicle collisions. The aviation travel industry is affected by the severity of fog conditions. Even though modern auto-landing computers can put an aircraft down without the aid of a pilot, personnel manning an airport control tower must be able to see if aircraft are sitting on the runway awaiting takeoff. Safe operations are difficult in thick fog, and civilian airports may forbid takeoffs and landings until conditions improve. A solution for landing returning military aircraft developed in World War II was called Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation (FIDO). It involved burning enormous amounts of fuel alongside runways to evaporate fog, allowing returning fighter and bomber pilots sufficient visual cues to safely land their aircraft. The high energy demands of this method discourage its use for routine operations. Shadows Shadows are cast through fog in three dimensions. The fog is dense enough to be illuminated by light that passes through gaps in a structure or tree, but thin enough to let a large quantity of that light pass through to illuminate points further on. As a result, object shadows appear as \"beams\" oriented in a direction parallel to the light source. These voluminous shadows are created the same way as crepuscular rays, which are the shadows of clouds. In fog, it is solid objects that cast"}, {"title": "", "text": "and bottom like this photo. ![5](http://7xnp1z.com1.z0.glb.clouddn.com/guitar_nut_real.png) You can check it with a light like this. I just used my iPhone torch and it works fine. If there's gap you can see the light coming through and it's not a good news! ![6](http://7xnp1z.com1.z0.glb.clouddn.com/guitar_nut_light.png) For nut action, this website below is so great. A perfect explanation. I think this part is the main reason you want to replace the nut right? Oh and Is your 808TE a newer model? If yours has a kangaroo inlay and reddish colour back and sides, the nut and saddles are bone. My older model had black nut and saddle made of some mixture of glass and plastic. [http://www.frets.com/FretsPages/Musician/GenSetup/NutAction/nutaction.html](http://www.frets.com/FretsPages/Musician/GenSetup/NutAction/nutaction.html) I learnt everything on the internet. So you can do research by your self too. Just search by \"how to shape a guitar nut\" \"how to file nut slots\". And it will show you lots of links. Lots of videos available on youtube too. One of the important thing I can say is that to do it slowly, don't rush and be patient because once you file a nut too much, you'll have to start a new one again! Let me know if you need anything else. First work on nut then you can change the saddle. If you need my help for the saddle, just write me again and I'll give you some advise. Just be gentle on your guitar because you don't wanna wreck your guitar! No one wants to:) Good luck! Akira"}, {"title": "", "text": "Such strange light mid-morning today. Very bright sun in a cloudless sky, yet also somehow very \u201cgauzy.\u201d It\u2019s not hazy today, nor is it humid or even slightly overcast, so the gauzy quality makes no sense. But you can see how soft some of the shadows are. Even if they are thrown down by more faraway trees, those trees aren\u2019t so distant that I\u2019d expect such faint shadows. Actually, I think I just figured it out, but sadly it\u2019s now almost 1:00 pm, so there\u2019s no chance to check my theory out. I\u2019m guessing that the fainter shadows are the result of sunlight reflecting off the glass of the Grohmann Museum\u2019s atrium and then casting shadows of those branches from a different angle and with a weaker light. I suppose that might also explain the strangely gauzy quality of sunlight, as well. This entry was posted in Life, Milwaukee, Nature, Photography and tagged quality of light, tree shadows. Bookmark the permalink. Not a bad theory. I wonder if light, as does sound, cancels itself out if coming from two different sources. When designing an auditorium placement of the speakers is important or one might create a dead spot where there is no sound (or almost no sound). Light travels faster than sound and the waves are much shorter so\u2026? If two identical light sources were shot directly into each other, I would think, that would they pass right through each other or at least look like they did to the naked eye. \u201cIf you want light"}, {"title": "", "text": "For Those Who Spend Time in a Place movement is always the same. As the sun's path drops lower in the sky dur\u00ad time. Its celebration has often lifted architecture out of the region of fact into the realm of art. In great cathedrals, sun\u00ad light cycles occupy a year in the nave, a day in the transept. In a monastic church of the Middle Ages as well as a basilica of Renaissance Rome, some sort of spatial crossing pro\u00ad portions time. In these places, the perpetually renewed experience of wonder is intensified by For Those Who Spend Time in a Place ing the summer and fall, the shadow moves up. As the sun's path rises in the sky during the winter and spring, the shadow moves down. Ralph Knoivles Whether we occupy an inside or an outside space, two scales of the passage of time can be noted. One measures a day of experi\u00ad ences and actions; the other, a year. People must AM \u2022PM .AM the changing qualities of light, variations of hue as well as value. vrrm. remain a while. They can\u00ad not really know their possi\u00ad bilities, or the possibilities of a place, by passing through just once. Any space that is orient\u00ad ed from north to south hi sharpens our experience of a day. Both main walls are lighted, but at different hours. Every morning, light from the east will cast a shadow that moves quick\u00ad ly down the opposite wall and across the floor. Every afternoon, light from the west"}, {"title": "", "text": "recalled her method of viewing the shadow cast by the window bar across the pillar. She had moved her body so as to see it from below, and then climbed high to view it from above. Perhaps the shared activity of making and watching shadows of her body moved Lydia toward a new disequilibrium about the window bar's shadow that the class had investigated, yet not fully probed. It came to surprise us how the art of Escher reopened the shadow analogy, with questions that deepened into a new understanding. In initiating that process, pensively, tentatively, Lydia asked: Lydia I was wondering: why you could see that shadow [of the window bar on the pillar]!? Yang What a great question! Yang erupted with delight as Lydia struggled to articulate what was so strange about that ''shadow''. Lydia Because -the sun wasn't hitting from behind us!! Yang You know. I didn't think about it!\u2026 Author You didn't think about it then? Yang Now I feel like: the window glass reflects the light but the frame stuff doesn't \u2026 (Cavicchi 2013a) As Yang now described it, sunlight reflected off the windowpanes to fall on the pillar, producing bright areas there, whereas it did not reflect from the window's bar (Fig. 11, Middle). The ''shadow'' was not a shadow; it was a gap in the window's reflected light. Diagram illustrating parallel rays from the sun, striking the window glass and the window bar. Those rays striking the window glass are strongly reflected to the pillar; those striking the bar"}, {"title": "", "text": "What is a Solar Eclipse ? An eclipse of the sun occurs when the moon revolving in its orbit around the earth comes between the sun and the earth. The moon blocks the light of the sun and a shadow of the moon is cast over the earth's surface.. How does the moon bock the sun? By a fortunate coincidence, the sun's diameter is 400 times larger than that of the moon, and at the same time, it is 400 times as far away. From where we are, this creates the illusion that they are the same size. If we look through a filter at the sun, it looks exactly like the moon on a full moon night. When the moon passes in front of the sun, the shadow falls on the earth and it appears to exactly cover the sun's disc. This is what a solar eclipse is - a shadow. Is it evil to watch Solar Eclipse ? In essence, an eclipse is no more evil than the shadow of a tree, or a tall building. The moon just blocks off the light of the sun for a brief, beautiful moment. Where can we see this ? During a solar eclipse, the moon actually casts two shadows towards earth. One shadow shaped like a cone is called the umbra. This becomes narrower as it reaches the earth. No direct sunlight penetrates into this area. The path of this is called the path of totality. If you are positioned in this area than you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "col-md-10 col-md-offset-1\">

            Light forms the primary mood of the world outdoors. The forces of nature move and shape light, filtering and distorting it, focusing it and taking it away. The color, rhythm, and texture of the light outdoors provides a reflection of the conditions of the environment we are in. Each day, these forces affect our mood as we step into the outdoors and become subject to this constantly changing source of light.

            This project seeks to capture just a slice of this variety of lighting scenarios and present it in a handheld, interactive form through the creation of a dynamically illuminated umbrella. We are used to an umbrella being used as a shield from the weather, and something to hide from the elements beneath. What if, instead, this umbrella captured and emitted the feeling of the weather? The unassuming umbrella becomes a canvas for exploring how weather, environment, and mood can be captured and recreated using only light.

            A Sunny Day

            \"\" Cast rays of light

            The simplest of environments is a plain, sunny, cloudless day. Light falls from all directions and fills one\u2019s entire field of view. Though the sun itself is bright and visible, giving a primary direction to the light, the brightness of the sky as the powerful sunlight diffuses across it also diffuses this sense of direction. Shadows are flattened by the brightness filling from all directions. The environment thus is made to feel open, inviting, and relaxed.

            The environment of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "are not told what was the object that cast the shadow, but it must have stood to the west of the staircase, and the top of the staircase must have passed into the shadow first, and the foot of the staircase have remained longest in the light. The royal palace is understood to have been placed southeast of the Temple, and it is therefore probable that it was sonic part of the Temple buildings that had cast its shadow down the stairway in full view of the dying king, as he lay in his chamber. If the afternoon were well advanced the sun would be moving rapidly in altitude, and but little in azi muth; or, in other words, the shadow would be ad- CAMBRIDGE COMPREHENSIVE BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA, THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA; vancing down the steps ai its quickest rate, but !>< moving only slowly toward t he left of I hose who were mounting them. It may well have been the case, therefore, that the time had come when the priests from Ophel, and the officials and courtiers from the palace, were going up the ascent, into the house of the Lord to be present at the evening sacrifice ; pass ing from t lie bright sunshine at the foot of the stairs into the shadow that had already fallen upon the upper steps. The sun would be going st might down behind the buildings and the steps already in shadow would sink into deeper shadow, not to emerge again into the light until"}, {"title": "", "text": "fire during the eclipse. Lunar Eclipse is the eclipse of the moon. It occurs when the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon while orbiting the Sun and blocks the Sun's rays from reaching the moon so that the Earth casts its shadow on the moon. The moon remains behind the Earth and in line with the Sun and the Earth. The moon does not have its own light; it shines because it reflects the light of the Sun. So, when Earth casts its shadow on the moon when it comes between Sun and moon lunar eclipse takes place. It occurs only during the full moon when the moon passes through earth's shadow. Total Lunar Eclipse: It occurs when the Earth's shadow completely covers the moon. Partial Lunar Eclipse: It occurs when the Earth's shadow does not completely cover the moon and sunlight partially reaches the moon. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: It occurs when the Earth blocks some of the Sun's light from reaching the Moon and covers all or some part of the Moon with its outer part of shadow (penumbra). It is the eclipse of the Sun that occurs when the moon comes between Sun and Earth while orbiting the Earth. It is the eclipse of the Moon that occurs when the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon while orbiting the Sun. The Sun's Light is blocked by the moon from falling on the Earth. The Sun's Light is blocked by the Earth from falling on the Moon. The Moon casts its"}, {"title": "", "text": "other. In a solar eclipse, the sun, moon and Earth line up in that order. The moon casts its shadow on the Earth. From Earth, it looks like the moon is blocking out the sun. In a lunar eclipse, the three bodies line up in a different order \u2014 sun, Earth, moon \u2014 and the Earth casts its shadow on the moon, turning the moon a deep red. GPS Abbreviation for global positioning system. GPS device Devices that calculate their position (in terms of latitude and longitude) from any place on the ground or in the air. They do this by comparing how long it takes signals from different satellites to reach them. lens (in physics) A transparent material that can either focus or spread out parallel rays of light as they pass through it. (in optics) A curved piece of transparent material (such as glass) that bends incoming light in such a way as to focus it at a particular point in space. Or something, such as gravity, that can mimic some of the light bending attributes of a physical lens. moon The natural satellite of any planet. recruit (in research) New member of a group or human trial, or to enroll a new member into a research trial. Some may receive money or other compensation for their participation, particularly if they enter the trial healthy. smartphone A cell (or mobile) phone that can perform a host of functions, including search for information on the internet. solar eclipse An event in which the moon passes"}, {"title": "", "text": "This event is also called a solar eclipse. It happens when the moon comes in between the sun and the earth. `, imagePath: '/learning-items/shadow-moon-earth-solar-eclipse.jpeg', }, { id: 'dark-room-shadow-quiz', kind: 'multipleChoiceResponse', time: 1, title: 'Shadow Quiz', presenterImagePath: '/instructors/kunal2.jpg', instructions: dedent` ![dark room shadow quiz](/learning-items/dark-room-shadow.jpeg) Can you see a shadow of yourself in a completely dark room? `, maxSelected: 1, choices: [ { id: 'opt1', text: 'Yes' }, { id: 'opt2', text: 'No' } ], automaticResponses: [ { answerSet: ['opt1',], response: 'This is incorrect. You will not be able to see a shadow of yourself in a completely dark room. Shadows are formed when an opaque objects blocks the path of light. If there is no light, we will not see a shadow.' }, { answerSet: ['opt2'], response: '__Correct__. You will not be able to see a shadow of yourself in a completely dark room.' } ] }, { id: 'shadow-puppet-film', kind: 'video', time: 5, title: 'Shadow Film', instructions: dedent` This is a short YouTube film where you will see amazing shadows that were made by using just hands.`, videoId: 'us7wAnXfzpk', startTime: 5, }, { id: 'how-to-make-shadow-puppets', kind: 'video', time: 2, title: 'How To Make Shadow Puppets?', instructions: dedent` This video will teach you how to make shadow puppets using your hands. You will learn how to make shadows that look like deer, birds and many other animals.`, videoId: 'Uv-MdaBfk8U', }, { id: 'shadow-quiz', kind: 'textResponse', time: 2, short: true, title: 'Shadow Quiz', presenterImagePath: '/instructors/kunal2.jpg', instructions: dedent` Can you think of a shape that would give a circular"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Tower Plan graphic seems to be depicting a very thin vertical of sunlight getting through the slots at this point, indicating that as the sun continues west, this vertical of sunlight will quickly get closed out. What we can say for certain is that from November 1st on, sunlight passing through the slots will reach the ground at Asr prayer times. The sunlight coming through the upper slot at Asr prayer times defines a second tower height, corresponding to the bottom of the upper slot. Only below the slot will the tower shadow become solid. (I applied the same rule for determining the upper tower height, measuring to the bottom of the shadow-casting crescent rather than to its upward reaching tips. This is also why I am measuring shadow length starting from the sun-side of the tower. The bottom of the upper crescent, and the bottom of the upper slot, are both features of the sun-side of the tower.) How much lower is the lower tower height? Just look at the how far down the upper shaft of sunlight comes in the tower shadow from figure 1. These graphics are all CAD generated, and as anyone who has ever used Computer Aided Design programs knows, illumination tools calculate the actual shadows that the defined structures would cast, given a specified light source. Using pixel counts, the tower to the bottom of the upper slot is 82% of the height of the tower to the bottom of the upper crescent. Using this height to determine mid-November"}, {"title": "", "text": "In Austin\u2019s Rollingwood neighborhood, this Texas treasure is an architectural marvel designed to capture light and shadow uniquely. The home is situated on a limestone bluff eight feet above a suburban neighborhood street, creating a private environment with a richly planted landscape and views of downtown Austin. The house stands between live oaks at the rear of the site and an ash tree in the front yard and is organized around a central courtyard and pool, providing an outdoor gathering space for the family. The U-shaped plan floods the pool court with the southern sun. The home was designed by BSC Architecture to be in conversation with the outside world. Large roof planes extend beyond the house, casting shadows and protecting southern and western-facing exposures from direct sun in the summer. Sun-tracking computer modeling was used to calibrate the roof planes to protect the interiors from the direct sun from April through October and provide passive solar heating in the cooler months. Outdoor spaces connect to the interiors through shaded glass walls, and ovable shutters provide sun control, letting dappled light through to animate the interiors. The shutters are formed from water-jet cut aluminum panels inspired by moon phase charts. The perforations are bent at random angles to form a light reflecting louver for each opening. The shadows cast are meant to heighten one\u2019s sense of the movement of the sun and the passing of the day. The perforated panel design is also used for a carport screen, courtyard gates, entry gate, and custom exterior light"}, {"title": "", "text": "hole was discussed by \\citet{Cunningham_Bardeen+73}. Many authors \\citep{Synge+66, Zakharov+14, Takahashi+04, Hioki_Maeda+09, Takahashi+05, deVries+00, Young+76, Yumoto+12, Shipley+16} have studied the characteristics of shadows cast by various black holes. Structures of shadows and images of black holes have been discussed in the context of determining their spins and masses, and in testing general relativity \\citep{Huang+07, Kamruddin_Dexter+13, Johannsen_Psaltis+10}. Implications of black hole shadows on the distribution of dark matter have been explored by \\citet{Lacroix_Silk+13}. Also, \\citet{Schneider_Perlick+18} have calculated the time-dependence of the angular radius of the shadow in the course of formation of a black hole from gravitational collapse. One of the early explorations of images and shadows cast by naked singularities was by \\citet{Nakao+03}. They studied how the central naked singularity that formed during the collapse of a self-similar dust cloud, was observed by distant observers. By investigating radial and non-radial null geodesics emanating from the singularity, they were able to show that the angular diameter of the image is time dependent; it grows monotonically and approaches the value $3\\sqrt{3}M/R_o$ for an observer at $R= R_o \\gg M$. The asymptotic value of the angular diameter comes from the geometry of the exterior Schwarzschild region. % Later, \\citet{Kong+14} studied the radiation emitted by collapsing spherically symmetric dust clouds evolving from different initial data, leading to both black holes and naked singularities as end states. They found that within their simplified model, both these objects had very similar observational features and that it was difficult to differentiate between them based on their light curves. % \\citet{Ortiz+15a} addressed how the redshift"}, {"title": "", "text": "These lamps cast the familiar, ridiculously-bright light that spreads outward in all directions, fading at length. Now, however, in the interests of energy efficiency, municipalities all over the country are switching from the high-pressure sodium lamps to energy-efficient LED fixtures. The LEDs really do cast distinctive pools of light below, with a relatively sharp boundary between the light and the darkness beyond. The light is a natural spectrum, thankfully, so the light doesn't feel false--in fact, it feels even less false than the brilliant burning amber of the old lamps. One thing you discover with LEDs is that unless they are filtered through frosted glass or something similar, their light is extremely directional, which means that shadows made in LED light tend to be very sharp and accurate. This was driven home for me tonight, when we walked our dogs as snow fell from the sky. It was a peaceful night, no breeze, so the snow was able to just flutter down to the ground on its own time and agenda. These are my favorite kinds of nights to walk, during the wintertime...and tonight I noticed something else, when we passed beneath the first of the new streetlights on our street. The snowpile sparkled like snow usually does--but there was something else. Tiny shadows of darkness, all flitting in the same direction across the snow on the ground. It took me a minute to realize that I was seeing something I had never seen before, something I had never thought to see before. I was seeing"}, {"title": "", "text": "the advantage of some of the nicest light in Dublin. A light that shines on an array of characters, such as these. Morning light fills an empty bus. A new age, and a new type of cowboy. For me, a sense of nostalgia surrounds the older bus stops now that they won\u2019t be around much longer. This little old dear seems even smaller against her own shadow. The church of annunciation in Finglas will soon see its last Dublin sun. Light on the dart dances as it passes between buildings. A lady watches from a bus at the passing streets of Dublin. Brutalism, minimalism, a mix of the old and the new. Our fair city\u2019s buildings vary and the lights that flood the streets through the gaps do too. Someone\u2019s left this out to bask in the sun. So yellow. There's a million internet caf\u00e9s scattered around Dublin. But none soak in light and reflect colour quite like this one. These shadows were cast by a bus stop along the Liffey. Something really interesting about a winter sun, shadows seem to add something to places and things I\u2019d never consider photographing. The luas line construction. This worker is hiding from the sun. A harsh light and a hard day. A dog watches the light on the dart pass over passengers shoes. A lady waiting for the bus as the day comes to an end. The suns just hitting the rooftops, there\u2019s not much light left on the streets and these guys won\u2019t be working for much"}, {"title": "", "text": "the H$_2$O snow line produced extremely cold environments near the current Jupiter orbit, leading to the formation of volatile-rich solids there. The dissolution of such ``shadowed solids'' can enrich the abundances of highly volatile elements as much as other elements, even if proto-Jupiter formed near the current orbit. \\section{Method}\\label{sec:Method} \\subsection{Basic idea} The mid-plane temperature in the outer region of protoplanetary disks is determined by the stellar irradiation grazing at the disk surface. Since the stellar light comes from the center of the disk, a shadowed region where the direct stellar light never reaches is potentially generated, depending on the surface structure of the inner region. For example, a puffed inner disk rim can block off stellar light and cast a shadow, so-called self-shadowing \\citep{Dullemond+01,Dullemond&Dominik04}. The presence of the self-shadow has been suggested from several disk observations \\citep[e.g.,][]{Garufi+17,Avenhaus+18}. The shadow can also emerge when dust grains are accumulated somewhere and block off the stellar light. \\citet{Ueda+19} showed that a dust pileup at the inner edge of the dead zone casts a shadow behind it, producing cold regions of ${\\sim}50~{\\rm K}$ at ${\\sim}2$--$7~{\\rm AU}$ around a Herbig-type star. One potential mechanism of the shadowing onto the current Jupiter orbit is a dust pileup at the H$_2$O snow line. The dust surface density inside the H$_2$O snow line can be enhanced by orders of magnitude because efficient fragmentation slows the radial drift of silicate grains \\citep{Birnstiel+10, Banzatti+15,Pinilla+17}. With high surface density and scale height, such fragmented dust may cast a shadow behind the H$_2$O snow line and provide cold"}, {"title": "", "text": "Just kidding! It's a great little brain teaser, especially for young kids. Which of these can you catch but cannot throw? A ball A balloon\u200b The general saying in English when you get the sniffles is to say that you \"caught a cold.\" Now, you cannot throw that at someone, can you? The common cold can be caused by 200 separate viruses. Which is heavier? One-hundred pounds of gold or 100 pounds of feathers? They weigh the same Although you would need plenty more feathers than gold to make up 100 pounds, they weigh exactly the same. Not sure what you are going to do with all those feathers! Every single person on earth has me. And you can't lose me, even if you try. What am I? As Cat Stevens once said, \" Oh, I'm bein' followed by a moon shadow, moon shadow, moon shadow.\" Certainly, if there is a strong source of light around, then we are going to have a shadow. But why? Well, any object through which light cannot pass forces the light around it and essentially, that is how a shadow is cast. What is always coming but never arrives? A lottery win A late train The check in the mail Well, it just makes sense, doesn't it? By the time tomorrow comes, it has become today. And then, there is another tomorrow, but it's today again. So, does tomorrow even exist? Think about that! What Is Your Brain Actually Good At? Test Your Mental Mettle With These Ridiculous Riddles Can"}, {"title": "", "text": "UAV flew directly after the sun went down behind the surrounding topography (no direct lighting in the study area). Conversely, the first flight at midday and thus with no cast shadow in the study area, showed better scores of accuracy (RMSE = 0.21 m, MAE = 0.13 m) and precision (NMAD = 0.14 m) when compared to the TLS. Snow depth maps obtained from UAV flights with cast shadow present data gaps (see left-hand map in Figure 5). The average RMSE of all flights is 0.37 m. When flights with bad lighting conditions (area with cast shadow >50% or no direct solar radiation illuminating the study area due to cloud cover; Figure 3 map coming from the snow-free model is not negligible but in all cases represents less than half of the error estimate of the snow depth ( Figure 6). When a larger extent of the study area is affected by cast shadow, error estimates increased (Figure 7). Additionally, when flights with SCA under 70% are considered (right panel in Figure 7), a linear increase of error estimates as cast shadows increase is observed, independently of the broadband radiation impacting the study area (see Figure 3). This tendency in the accuracy (RMSE) and precision (NMAD), despite it is obtained for few points, shows the remarkable impact of projected shadows in UAV snow observation. The increase referred above may be related to the decrease of point cloud density obtained under these lighting conditions obtained with both high quality and low quality processing options ( Figure 8)."}, {"title": "", "text": "to the left of Aldrin, also reflect significant amounts of light, as evidenced by the illuminated area directly behind him. The Case for Shadow Divergence. Sceptics claim that the divergence of the shadows in the above image is impossible if the sun is the only source of light on the Moon. \u2018Surely\u2019, they argue, \u2018the shadows must fall in the same direction?\u2019 This, they believe, is proof positive that another light source is being used. Not so! This is yet another terrain effect caused in this instance by ground slant, as the simple experiment below demonstrates. Note the shadow effect evidenced in this experiment. Each of these shadows is cast by a single light source. The model LEM in the background, and the marker pen in the foreground, serve as shadow controls showing the directions shadows take on nonslanted ground terrain. The shadow cast by the model rock runs in a different direction due to the ground slant over which it is cast. Helmet Reflection. The reflection circled in red on Aldrin\u2019s helmet above is considered by many conspiracy theorists to be either a helicopter or a metres-tall glass structure of some kind. Even under greater magnification this object does not resolve itself into an identifiable body. How then have the hoax theorists managed to come to their conclusions? In actuality what is being reflected in the visor is nothing more than the American flag. To its left is the Solar Wind Collection experiment. This was determined by the positions of the two astronauts relative to"}, {"title": "", "text": "evidently cast by a horizontal bar in the window frame (Fig. 8). From Yang's present position looking up at it, that shadow curved like a 'U'. If she moved her perspective, would that shadow's curve invert? Yang Suppose I am looking [down] from very high up, what would that shadow look like? Gathering around the window, everyone sighted through it, observing an upward arc in the bar's shadow. Lydia asked if Yang could get ''tall enough'' to look down on it. After standing on a bench of insufficient height, Yang placed a large trash can on it. With classmates' supporting her standing on the can, she gained the perspective of looking down (Fig. 9): Yang Yeah! It [shadow] is slightly curved [upside-down U] Come and see. (Cavicchi 2013a) Oblivious to Yang's invitation that her classmates look for themselves, I passed over my camera for her to photograph the effect from both high and low vantages. Her digital images absorbed the class in collective fascination, not only for the up and down arcing shadows, but also for fluctuating sunlight intensities and their own reflections (Fig. 10, left). Saying ''so that's an example'' of inversion in an image, Yang brought that spontaneously initiated activity to a close. I encouraged the class to take advantage of the fleeting sunlight by revisiting geometrical explorations conducted with their own bodies' sun-cast shadows (Fig. 10, middle). Yet in doing so, I was also torn about turning the class aside from that window phenomenon. Did the students suppose they had settled it? I"}, {"title": "", "text": "in this shot the background naturally appears out of focus. The local terrain and light from the lunar module, which is situated to the left of Aldrin, also reflect significant amounts of light, as evidenced by the illuminated area directly behind him. The Case for Shadow Divergence. Sceptics claim that the divergence of the shadows in the above image is impossible if the sun is the only source of light on the Moon. \u2018Surely\u2019, they argue, \u2018the shadows must fall in the same direction?\u2019 This, they believe, is proof positive that another light source is being used. Not so! This is yet another terrain effect caused in this instance by ground slant, as the simple experiment below demonstrates. Note the shadow effect evidenced in this experiment. Each of these shadows is cast by a single light source. The model LEM in the background, and the marker pen in the foreground, serve as shadow controls showing the directions shadows take on nonslanted ground terrain. The shadow cast by the model rock runs in a different direction due to the ground slant over which it is cast. Helmet Reflection. The reflection circled in red on Aldrin\u2019s helmet above is considered by many conspiracy theorists to be either a helicopter or a metres-tall glass structure of some kind. Even under greater magnification this object does not resolve itself into an identifiable body. How then have the hoax theorists managed to come to their conclusions? In actuality what is being reflected in the visor is nothing more than the American"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u25a0 Space \u25a0 Astronomy \u25a0 Shadows in space? 20 November 2020 / Shadows in space? Hubble gets down and dusty with IC 5063. Credit: NASA, ESA, STScI, WP Maksym (CfA) This Hubble Space Telescope image of the heart of the active galaxy IC 5063, 156 million light-years from Earth, reveals a mixture of bright rays and dark shadows coming from its blazing core, the home of a supermassive black hole. Astronomers suggest that a ring of dusty material surrounding the black hole may be casting its shadow into space. According to their scenario, this interplay of light and shadow may occur when light blasted by the monster black hole strikes the dust ring, which is buried deep inside the core. Light streams through gaps in the ring, creating the brilliant cone-shaped rays. However, denser patches in the disc block some of the light, casting long, dark shadows through the galaxy. This phenomenon is similar to sunlight piercing Earthly clouds at sunset \u2013 such as in the image below from Grand Tetons National Park in the US \u2013 creating a mixture of bright rays and dark shadows formed by beams of light scattered by the atmosphere. The darker regions represent the clouds casting shadows where sunlight could not pass through. The big difference, of course, is that the bright rays and dark shadows appearing in IC 5063 are happening on a much larger scale \u2013 shooting across at least 36,000 light-years. It\u2019s usually pretty near impossible to discern any details at these kind of distance, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "about the day the sun disappeared. Or if you wish the day the moon disappeared. (In the moon poem, for a real challenge, make an allusion to the old tv show, Space 1999, if anyone remembers that!) Fluorescent Lights as Thieves; or Me & My Bones; or In the Event of Light, the Only Safe Place is Under the Desk Where I work is good place. Good, creative people making a fine product. But I noticed something most odd the other day when I was turning the corner. You see, when I turn corners, I listen to hear if anyone is coming, I try to look through the corners (which can be done if you know how) to see if anyone is coming, & I look to the floor for shadows to see if anyone is approaching, for I don\u2019t want to have a collision at the corner. And then I realized, after never seeing a shadow approach a corner despite hearing a person & seeing a person through corner walls that people at work don\u2019t cast shadows. It\u2019s strange. Some of the cubicle walls cast shadows, & there is always a shadow under my desk (or is it just dark?). But people here have no shadows. To which my friend responded, \u201cWe are the shadows.\u201d I think it\u2019s just the fluorescent lights . . . not the people. I mean, I\u2019ve seen their shadows on the sidewalk outside. I\u2019ve seen the shadows get into their owner\u2019s (or does the shadow own the person) car. But"}, {"title": "", "text": "the moon disappeared. (In the moon poem, for a real challenge, make an allusion to the old tv show, Space 1999, if anyone remembers that!) Fluorescent Lights as Thieves; or Me & My Bones; or In the Event of Light, the Only Safe Place is Under the Desk Where I work is good place. Good, creative people making a fine product. But I noticed something most odd the other day when I was turning the corner. You see, when I turn corners, I listen to hear if anyone is coming, I try to look through the corners (which can be done if you know how) to see if anyone is coming, & I look to the floor for shadows to see if anyone is approaching, for I don\u2019t want to have a collision at the corner. And then I realized, after never seeing a shadow approach a corner despite hearing a person & seeing a person through corner walls that people at work don\u2019t cast shadows. It\u2019s strange. Some of the cubicle walls cast shadows, & there is always a shadow under my desk (or is it just dark?). But people here have no shadows. To which my friend responded, \u201cWe are the shadows.\u201d I think it\u2019s just the fluorescent lights . . . not the people. I mean, I\u2019ve seen their shadows on the sidewalk outside. I\u2019ve seen the shadows get into their owner\u2019s (or does the shadow own the person) car. But anyhow. Here is the assignment. Imagine a world where only inanimate objects"}, {"title": "", "text": "day the moon disappeared. (In the moon poem, for a real challenge, make an allusion to the old tv show, Space 1999, if anyone remembers that!) Fluorescent Lights as Thieves; or Me & My Bones; or In the Event of Light, the Only Safe Place is Under the Desk Where I work is good place. Good, creative people making a fine product. But I noticed something most odd the other day when I was turning the corner. You see, when I turn corners, I listen to hear if anyone is coming, I try to look through the corners (which can be done if you know how) to see if anyone is coming, & I look to the floor for shadows to see if anyone is approaching, for I don\u2019t want to have a collision at the corner. And then I realized, after never seeing a shadow approach a corner despite hearing a person & seeing a person through corner walls that people at work don\u2019t cast shadows. It\u2019s strange. Some of the cubicle walls cast shadows, & there is always a shadow under my desk (or is it just dark?). But people here have no shadows. To which my friend responded, \u201cWe are the shadows.\u201d I think it\u2019s just the fluorescent lights . . . not the people. I mean, I\u2019ve seen their shadows on the sidewalk outside. I\u2019ve seen the shadows get into their owner\u2019s (or does the shadow own the person) car. But anyhow. Here is the assignment. Imagine a world where only inanimate"}, {"title": "", "text": "the lights you'd typically use fluorescent tubes for. These are likely to use the same fitting your old tube used, although older fittings may need to be rewired. How Do LEDs Work? LED bulbs emit light when a current passes through a tiny microchip. Once an electrical current passes through a chip, it illuminates the tiny light sources known as light-emitting diodes, or LED. The result is visible light inside a light-emitting diode bulb. LEDs emit light in a specific direction, unlike CFLs and incandescent bulbs. These emit light and heat in all directions. Because of this difference, LEDs can use light and energy more efficiently. LED lights, unlike other forms of light, usually have no filament or moving parts. Unlike CFL bulbs, LEDs contain no mercury. Breakage isn't typically a problem because there's usually no glass to break. Most LEDs are made of durable plastic, although unusual varieties come in glass. However, glass LED lights do come with a filament. Typical LED bulbs don't put out heat or UV rays, which has long been a problem with incandescent and CFL bulbs. This means light from the LED bulb won't cause your lampshade to develop an odd shadow or your curtains to fade, and it won't add heat to your room on a hot day. LEDs are Longer Lasting LED lights use significantly less energy than incandescent bulbs, and they use less energy than CFL bulbs. This is why in the long run, they're cheaper to use. LEDs last up to three times longer than CFL"}, {"title": "", "text": "can you catch but cannot throw? A balloon\u200b The general saying in English when you get the sniffles is to say that you \"caught a cold.\" Now, you cannot throw that at someone, can you? The common cold can be caused by 200 separate viruses. Which is heavier? One-hundred pounds of gold or 100 pounds of feathers? They weigh the same Although you would need plenty more feathers than gold to make up 100 pounds, they weigh exactly the same. Not sure what you are going to do with all those feathers! Every single person on earth has me. And you can't lose me, even if you try. What am I? As Cat Stevens once said, \" Oh, I'm bein' followed by a moon shadow, moon shadow, moon shadow.\" Certainly, if there is a strong source of light around, then we are going to have a shadow. But why? Well, any object through which light cannot pass forces the light around it and essentially, that is how a shadow is cast. What is always coming but never arrives? A lottery win A late train The check in the mail Well, it just makes sense, doesn't it? By the time tomorrow comes, it has become today. And then, there is another tomorrow, but it's today again. So, does tomorrow even exist? Think about that! What Is Your Brain Actually Good At? Test Your Mental Mettle With These Ridiculous Riddles Can You Answer Each General Knowledge Question in Less Than 10 Seconds? Can You Match the Great American"}, {"title": "", "text": "can you catch but cannot throw? A balloon\u200b The general saying in English when you get the sniffles is to say that you \"caught a cold.\" Now, you cannot throw that at someone, can you? The common cold can be caused by 200 separate viruses. Which is heavier? One-hundred pounds of gold or 100 pounds of feathers? They weigh the same Although you would need plenty more feathers than gold to make up 100 pounds, they weigh exactly the same. Not sure what you are going to do with all those feathers! Every single person on earth has me. And you can't lose me, even if you try. What am I? As Cat Stevens once said, \" Oh, I'm bein' followed by a moon shadow, moon shadow, moon shadow.\" Certainly, if there is a strong source of light around, then we are going to have a shadow. But why? Well, any object through which light cannot pass forces the light around it and essentially, that is how a shadow is cast. What is always coming but never arrives? A lottery win A late train The check in the mail Well, it just makes sense, doesn't it? By the time tomorrow comes, it has become today. And then, there is another tomorrow, but it's today again. So, does tomorrow even exist? Think about that! What Is Your Brain Actually Good At? Test Your Mental Mettle With These Ridiculous Riddles Can You Answer Each General Knowledge Question in Less Than 10 Seconds? Can You Match the Great American"}, {"title": "", "text": ">

            The light of a cloudy day is made distinct by the clouds which filter the sunlight. The resulting light feels colder and softer, yet less inviting. It spreads and diffuses out more than sunlight, yet its bleak appearance detracts from its feeling of openness. On a partly cloudy day, the passing clouds cast odd, unpredictable shadows on the ground. Without looking up at the sky, it is impossible to know when or where a shadow will appear. The environment adds an extra dynamic to the pleasantness of a sunny day, and makes the light more fluid in intensity. The constant changes in light can be both a distraction and a nuisance.

            On the umbrella, the feeling of a partly cloudy day is captured by moving randomly-positioned shadows across the canopy. These shadows are amorphous, without a distinct and traceable shape, much like how the shadows left behind by a cloud appear to a person on the ground. The rhythm of the shadow is predictable when overhead, but the delay before the next is made random and unpredictable.

            At Sunset

            As the sun sets, the ambient light begins to fade away; the sky yellows as the light slides away with the sun. Normally a scene which plays out over several minutes, here the same pattern is captured in a brief few seconds. The effect is far more dramatic, especially without the eye having the chance to adjust and catch up to the shifting"}, {"title": "", "text": "away from the eclipse for a minute to give the glasses a break. If you're not sure if this applies to your glasses, read the fine print on the inside of the arm of your solar specs. However, if your glasses are phony, you shouldn't wear them at all. Since counterfeiters are using the names of real companies to market bogus specs, it's hard to tell the real deals from the fakes. Here's one way to be sure. \"You shouldn't be able to see anything through a safe solar filter except the sun itself or something comparably bright, such as the sun reflected in a mirror, a sun glint off shiny metal, the hot filament of an unfrosted incandescent light bulb, a bright halogen light bulb, a bright-white LED bulb (including the flashlight on your smartphone), a bare compact fluorescent (CFL) bulb, or an arc-welding torch,\" the American Astronomical Society explained. If you can see through your glasses they're likely knock offs. But, all is not lost. You can still view the eclipse in selfie mode on your smartphone, or by using a pinhole projection, which you can easily make with your fingers. \"Just cross the outstretched, slightly open fingers of one hand over the outstretched, slightly open fingers of the other,\" the American Astronomical Society explained. \"Then, with your back to the sun, look at your hands\u2019 shadow on the ground. The little spaces between your fingers will project a grid of small images on the ground. During the partial phases of the solar eclipse,"}, {"title": "", "text": "This week, I have tried getting up earlier. To be able to create pockets of time in my day, to do the things I love before I go to work. Not a new year\u2019s resolution, just something I am trying. It has paid off. The sun peeked through the thorn tree on the edge of the patio, creating mottled shadows on the tiles, It was mostly quiet outside. The occasional squawk of a bird and the sound of dogs barking in the distance broke into the quietness. The fridge hummed in the background. As I settled down at the dining room table, the shadows immediately caught my eye. The low sun streaming through the large glass doors was blocked by the table and chairs. They cast long shadows over the shiny laminate floor \u2013 like monsters with ungainly, gangling limbs. Ten minutes later, they have all but faded. If I\u2019d come through then, I would have missed them completely. My daily photography habit nurtured over many years of doing personal 365 projects, and my search for everyday delights has helped me to grow this awareness, slowly and steadily. My new home has lots of light, and at this time of year (summer), it is strong directional light. It moves around the house at different times of the day and is fabulous \u2013 if you look out for it. The house also has an amazing collection of chairs, which I have discovered make superb shadows. I decided to do a shadow theme for my photographs this month"}, {"title": "", "text": "I can show that the sun should be at different angles than what is observed. What's up? A: The sun's light refracts as it enters the atmosphere and continues downward, thus causing light to be bent. Also notice that in cold areas this effect will have a greater effect on the sunlight because the cold air is denser. This also causes light to be bent in the way it is on the Equinoxes and Solstices. Q: How do sunrises/sunsets occur? A: The sun gets to far away for the sunlight to reach us, also caused by the refraction as stated above. Q: How come the sun doesn't get smaller as it moves farther away? A: Unknown. Possibly because of refraction and magnification through the atmosphere. Q: What about the sinking ship effect? On a Flat Earth, shouldn't they ship stay visible? A: Unknown. Possibly the laws of perspective are flawed, mostly the theory of the vanishing point. Q: What about lunar/solar eclipses/phases? A1: There is an unknown object known as the \"Shadow Object\" which passes in front of the moon/sun. A2: The light from the sun that is reflected onto the moon is disrupted by objects on the surface of the Earth. Q: How about Great Circle Routes in the Southern Hemisphere? If the Flat Earth curves in the opposite direction as the Round Earth, they shouldn't work. A1: Unknown. Possibly pilots are misleading passengers. A2: Unknown. Possibly the planes are using jet streams, causing a shorter flight time. Q: What about the Coriolis Effect on"}, {"title": "", "text": "angles than what is observed. What's up? A: The sun's light refracts as it enters the atmosphere and continues downward, thus causing light to be bent. Also notice that in cold areas this effect will have a greater effect on the sunlight because the cold air is denser. This also causes light to be bent in the way it is on the Equinoxes and Solstices. Q: How do sunrises/sunsets occur? A: The sun gets to far away for the sunlight to reach us, also caused by the refraction as stated above. Q: How come the sun doesn't get smaller as it moves farther away? A: Unknown. Possibly because of refraction and magnification through the atmosphere. Q: What about the sinking ship effect? On a Flat Earth, shouldn't they ship stay visible? A: Unknown. Possibly the laws of perspective are flawed, mostly the theory of the vanishing point. Q: What about lunar/solar eclipses/phases? A1: There is an unknown object known as the \"Shadow Object\" which passes in front of the moon/sun. A2: The light from the sun that is reflected onto the moon is disrupted by objects on the surface of the Earth. Q: How about Great Circle Routes in the Southern Hemisphere? If the Flat Earth curves in the opposite direction as the Round Earth, they shouldn't work. A1: Unknown. Possibly pilots are misleading passengers. A2: Unknown. Possibly the planes are using jet streams, causing a shorter flight time. Q: What about the Coriolis Effect on storms? A: This is caused by \"gears\" caused by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the moon disappeared. (In the moon poem, for a real challenge, make an allusion to the old tv show, Space 1999, if anyone remembers that!) Fluorescent Lights as Thieves; or Me & My Bones; or In the Event of Light, the Only Safe Place is Under the Desk Where I work is good place. Good, creative people making a fine product. But I noticed something most odd the other day when I was turning the corner. You see, when I turn corners, I listen to hear if anyone is coming, I try to look through the corners (which can be done if you know how) to see if anyone is coming, & I look to the floor for shadows to see if anyone is approaching, for I don\u2019t want to have a collision at the corner. And then I realized, after never seeing a shadow approach a corner despite hearing a person & seeing a person through corner walls that people at work don\u2019t cast shadows. It\u2019s strange. Some of the cubicle walls cast shadows, & there is always a shadow under my desk (or is it just dark?). But people here have no shadows. To which my friend responded, \u201cWe are the shadows.\u201d I think it\u2019s just the fluorescent lights . . . not the people. I mean, I\u2019ve seen their shadows on the sidewalk outside. I\u2019ve seen the shadows get into their owner\u2019s (or does the shadow own the person) car. But anyhow. Here is the assignment. Imagine a world where only inanimate objects"}, {"title": "", "text": "can happen only during a full moon, when the Moon and the Sun are on opposite sides of Earth. At that point, the Moon can move into the shadow cast by Earth, resulting in a lunar eclipse. However, most of the time, the Moon\u2019s slightly tilted orbit brings it above or below Earth\u2019s shadow. The time period when the Moon, Earth and the Sun are lined up and on the same plane \u2013 allowing for the Moon to pass through Earth\u2019s shadow \u2013 is called an eclipse season. Eclipse seasons last about 34 days and occur just shy of every six months. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth\u2019s shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth's shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech | + Enlarge image Unlike solar eclipses, which require special glasses to view and can be seen only for a few short minutes in a very limited area, a total lunar eclipse can be seen for about an hour by anyone on the nighttime side of Earth \u2013 as long as skies are clear. The Moon passes through two distinct parts of Earth\u2019s shadow during a lunar eclipse. The outer part of the cone-shaped shadow is called the penumbra. The penumbra is less dark than the inner part of the shadow because it\u2019s penetrated by some sunlight. (You have probably noticed that some shadows on the ground are darker than others, depending on how"}, {"title": "", "text": "ft., Volunteer Park, Photo: Spike Mafford Photography. Image courtesy of the Seattle Office of Arts and Culture. Blue Sun, aside from its own crystalline forms, also lets in literal shadows. On the sunny afternoon I spent at the sculpture park a few weeks ago, a long, segmented sliver of light and shadow cast itself along the bottom of Haven\u2019s wall drawing. Its regular rhythm corresponded to the repeated cadence of glass and steel from the west wall of Weiss/Manfredi\u2019s pavilion architecture. The building was throwing both light and its own shadow onto the wall. When I stepped outside, I snapped a few pictures looking back through the pavilion\u2019s glass walls. Later, indoors, when I could look at the images away from the dazzling afternoon light, I saw reflections from the outdoor chairs, the surrounding buildings, and the sky. They all cast their colors and shapes, but mutedly, more hazily, onto the transparent glass and, through it, onto Blue Sun inside. I had seen these things as I walked around that afternoon, but I hadn\u2019t noticed them doubled in the glass. My camera had made its own memory. Blue Sun is on view at the Seattle Art Museum\u2019s Olympic Sculpture Park through March 5, 2017. Filed under: Exhibitions, Seattle Tags: architecture, body, drawing, Isamu Noguchi, landscape, Olympic Sculpture Park, outdoor sculpture, photography, Seattle Art Museum, Victoria Haven"}, {"title": "", "text": "whereas, in rotating BHs the shadow appeared to be flattened on one side, rather than a circular disc \\cite{Perlick}. In recent years, many researchers have been motivated by the astrophysical advances to investigate shadows cast by BHs \\cite{Vries,Abdu1,Haroon,Konoplya}. Researchers accept that very soon, direct examinations of the BHs could be possible \\cite{Cash,Doeleman,Falcke,Bambi}. Henceforth, studying a BH's shadow will be a fruitful way for a better understanding of astrophysical BHs, as well as for the comparison of general relativity to those of modern theories \\cite{Eiroa}. To have information on BHs, the approaches of null geodesics and gravitational lensing are of compelling interest \\cite{Ovgun1,Shahzadi,Khan}. Recently, scientists have finally succeeded in obtaining the first- ever image of a supermassive BH, at the centre of the M87 galaxy \\cite{ETH,Akiyama1,Akiyama2}. Among other evidence, this is the strongest ever assurance to the existence of supermassive BHs, which opens up new windows onto the investigation of BHs. Gravitational lensing (GL), can be defined as the bending of light due to gravity. They can be used to examine the distribution of dark matter in our Cosmos, as well as to explain the far-away galaxies. Using the strong GL, we can detect the location, magnification and time delays of shadows by BHs, whereas, in weak GL the consequence is much weaker yet could still be analysed statistically \\cite{Hu}. Moreover, the weak, as well as strong GL by wormholes and BHs, can be found in \\cite{Virbhadra,Stefanov,Ono1}. The assumption that massive particle bends light rays while passing through it is remarkable in general relativity. The applications of"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2018Surely\u2019, they argue, \u2018the shadows must fall in the same direction?\u2019 This, they believe, is proof positive that another light source is being used. Not so! This is yet another terrain effect caused in this instance by ground slant, as the simple experiment below demonstrates. Note the shadow effect evidenced in this experiment. Each of these shadows is cast by a single light source. The model LEM in the background, and the marker pen in the foreground, serve as shadow controls showing the directions shadows take on nonslanted ground terrain. The shadow cast by the model rock runs in a different direction due to the ground slant over which it is cast. Helmet Reflection. The reflection circled in red on Aldrin\u2019s helmet above is considered by many conspiracy theorists to be either a helicopter or a metres-tall glass structure of some kind. Even under greater magnification this object does not resolve itself into an identifiable body. How then have the hoax theorists managed to come to their conclusions? In actuality what is being reflected in the visor is nothing more than the American flag. To its left is the Solar Wind Collection experiment. This was determined by the positions of the two astronauts relative to the objects and the lunar module reflection on the right of the visor. The reason that the flag and the SWC seem so far away is due to the convex, spherical shaped visor that makes objects appear further away than they really are. The Cross-Hair Anomalies. The reflected light phenomenon is"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the towers and the massively thick concrete and steel floors. It could also create a nice round hole in the Pentagon and Shanksville. It would also mean that the glow we see on the building before impact is the hologram light itself, not an energy beam explosion. But was/is it even possible to create a 3D hologram around a cruise missile? And doing it from another aircraft flying above it \u2013 which itself cannot be seen? How do you disguise a B2 over New York City? The chopper video, the one which shows the towers from a distance and the smoke blowing to the right \u2013 THAT VIDEO CLEARLY SHOWS THE FRONT OF THE AIRLINER COMING THROUGH THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TOWER. But unlike the French video, which seems to show something similar, there is no shadow cast on the tower? How could we have a shadow cast in one video and not another? WHEN THAT VISUAL OF THE FRONT OF THE AIRLINER IS CUT OUT AND PLACED NEXT TO THE VISUAL OF THE FRONT OF THE AIRLINER BEFORE THE CRASH \u2013 THE TWO MATCH UP PERFECTLY. We are seeing the front of the airliner coming through the other side of the building. Since a poor bird would wipe out the nose of an airliner there is no way in Hades it could pass through the tower in one piece, looking like we see it in the video. SO THIS IS CLEARLY VIDEO FORGERY OR A HOLOGRAM \u2013 TAKE YOUR PICK. 1 \u2013 Airliners"}, {"title": "", "text": "\\section{Introduction} Black holes are intriguing astrophysical objects and perhaps the most fascinating objects in Universe and it is hard to find any other object or topic that attracts more attention. However, it is still not clear whether black holes can be observed. Observation of the shadow of black hole candidate Sagittarius A$^*$ or Sgr A$^*$ is one of the most important goals of the Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique. It should able to image the black hole with resolution at the level of the event horizon. At galactic center the black hole candidate Sgr A$^*$, due to the gravitational lensing effect casts a shadow; the shape and size of this shadow can be calculated. There is a widespread belief that evidence for the existence of black holes will come from the direct observation of its shadow. The shape of a shadow could be used to study extreme gravity near the event horizon and also to know whether the general relativity is consistent with the observations. Observation of a black hole shadow may allow us to determine the mass and spin of a rotating black hole \\cite{Vries, Takahashi04, Takahashi041,Bambi:2008jg,Bambi:2010hf,Goddi:2016jrs}. As black holes are basically non emitting objects, it is of interest the study null geodesics around them where photons coming from other sources move to lead to a shadow. To a distant observer, the event horizons cast shadows due to the bending of light by a black hole \\cite{Falcke:1999pj}. A first step towards the study of a black hole shadow was done by Bardeen \\cite{JMB}, who"}, {"title": "", "text": "A quiet couple and a beautiful, lazy sunny day spent lingering at the cafe after the crowd had disappeared. Light and shadow caught my eye and what more says warm summer day than brightly colored umbrellas? Pastel, 12 x 18, framed under museum glass. \u200bThis scene is what summer is about when spending long lazy days at the Cape. I came upon this couple just relaxing mid afternoon, after the crowds had already left. Sunlight coming through those brightly colored umbrellas cast a warm shadow underneath. I knew it was something that I wanted to paint."}, {"title": "", "text": "How To Make a Pinhole Solar Viewer | David Chandler Company, Inc. If you are just getting up to speed on the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse in the United States it may be too late to find safe, certified Eclipse Glasses in your area. Don\u2019t despair, there are other ways to view the event. This is one of them. Many of you may have made a pinhole camera in the past, and a pinhole solar viewer works in exactly the same way. Because we are at such a distance, light from the Sun is traveling in rays that are close enough to parallel that focal distances and hole diameters are not highly critical. In fact, just about any hole in any opaque material will do. The size of the hole can (and should) be much bigger than a pin. The simplest form of this type of viewer can be constructed with just an index card! Simply poke a hole in the card, hold it above the ground (or another index card) while facing AWAY from the Sun and look at the shadow of the card. The light coming through the hole will form an image of the Sun. As the Moon starts to pass in front you will see its round shadow begin to cover the Sun. By constructing the viewer inside a cardboard box we can block some of the ambient light for a better view. Materials needed are a medium sized cardboard box, a small piece of aluminum foil, some tape, a sharp knife"}, {"title": "", "text": "pass through Earth\u2019s shadow \u2013 is called an eclipse season. Eclipse seasons last about 34 days and occur just shy of every six months. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth\u2019s shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth's shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech | + Enlarge image Unlike solar eclipses, which require special glasses to view and can be seen only for a few short minutes in a very limited area, a total lunar eclipse can be seen for about an hour by anyone on the nighttime side of Earth \u2013 as long as skies are clear. The Moon passes through two distinct parts of Earth\u2019s shadow during a lunar eclipse. The outer part of the cone-shaped shadow is called the penumbra. The penumbra is less dark than the inner part of the shadow because it\u2019s penetrated by some sunlight. (You have probably noticed that some shadows on the ground are darker than others, depending on how much outside light enters the shadow; the same is true for the outer part of Earth\u2019s shadow.) The inner part of the shadow, known as the umbra, is much darker because Earth blocks additional sunlight from entering the umbra. At 6:36 p.m. PST (9:36 p.m. EST) on January 20, the edge of the Moon will begin entering the penumbra. The Moon will dim very slightly for the next 57 minutes as it moves deeper into the penumbra. Because"}, {"title": "", "text": "brings it above or below Earth\u2019s shadow. The time period when the Moon, Earth and the Sun are lined up and on the same plane \u2013 allowing for the Moon to pass through Earth\u2019s shadow \u2013 is called an eclipse season. Eclipse seasons last about 34 days and occur just shy of every six months. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth\u2019s shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth\u2019s shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Unlike solar eclipses, which require special glasses to view and can be seen only for a few short minutes in a very limited area, a total lunar eclipse can be seen for about an hour by anyone on the nighttime side of Earth \u2013 as long as skies are clear. The Moon passes through two distinct parts of Earth\u2019s shadow during a lunar eclipse. The outer part of the cone-shaped shadow is called the penumbra. The penumbra is less dark than the inner part of the shadow because it\u2019s penetrated by some sunlight. (You have probably noticed that some shadows on the ground are darker than others, depending on how much outside light enters the shadow; the same is true for the outer part of Earth\u2019s shadow.) The inner part of the shadow, known as the umbra, is much darker because Earth blocks additional sunlight from entering the umbra. During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon first enters into the penumbra,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the shadow of the Earth. But the Earth doesn\u2019t actually cast one super-delineated shadow. There are two components: the penumbra and umbra. \u201cThe reason there are these two portions of the Earth's shadow, umbra and penumbra, is because the sun is not a single small point, it's got this big disk,\u201d says Noah Petro, a research scientist at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. So the penumbra is more a partial shadow, caused by a portion of the sun being blocked by the Earth. image : NASA You can see that light sneaking through in the penumbra. If you glimpse the moon when it\u2019s there, it still won\u2019t have the reddish or orangish or brownish hue it takes on during the so-called blood moon. \u201cOnly once it passes completely into the Earth's umbra does it turn that red color, and the reason for that is because it's very, very dim,\u201d says Petro. \u201cSo just having any part of the moon illuminated by sunlight during an eclipse, washes out that red color that you would eventually see when it's in totality.\u201d That bizarre color comes from Earth itself. As sunlight passes through our atmosphere, it interacts with particles like dust, scattering certain colors. Specifically, blue, which has a shorter wavelength. Red and orange with their longer wavelengths will pass right through. It's nearly impossible to compare the apparent size of the supermoon with a micromoon from memory, but when seen side-by-side as in this graphic, it becomes clear. NASA/JPL-Caltech Think about the different kinds of light you see"}, {"title": "", "text": "is of a rather rapid and accelerating sequence of phenomena -the level of ambient light decreases faster and faster, the lunar shadow materialises more and more noticeably and comes rushing towards the observer, the photospheric crescent shrinks and breaks into rapidly vanishing Baily's beads, often one last bright point of light shimmers past the lunar edge at the same time as the solar corona fully comes into view and then totality begins. The preceding dramatic and rapid progression of events is followed by the rather calm, albeit spectacular, phase of totality that evolves far more subtly. From the limit this familiar experience is upended and turned into a rather alien experience. We would like to describe what we saw from observing the 2017 August 21 st total solar eclipse from just a few hundred meters inside the southern limit of the umbral shadow path. A couple of minutes before second contact, the progression of the eclipse started diverging from the common picture usually reported by seasoned observers. The ambient light level decreased organically without noticeable acceleration -it was as if the entire sky, almost without noticing, took a deep purplish-blue tinge. Instead of an acceleration of transient phenomena, the exact opposite occurred -a deceleration of transient phenomena. The mad rush of the breaking of the photospheric crescent into rapidly vanishing Baily's beads that happens over 10-15 s at the centreline got extended to over a minute or more. From our observing site we observed for 30-35 s, with the naked eye and without eclipse glasses, three"}, {"title": "", "text": "73$^\\circ$ E (2 and 3) due to zonal motions. The B image is shown rotated counterclockwise 90$^\\circ$ from its position in Fig.\\ \\ref{Fig:shadow} to put the cloud features in roughly the same orientation as in A, at a time when the sun is incident from roughly the opposite direction. Note in particular the effects of sun reversal at boundary 3, which in A displays a relatively bright antishadow to its right with sunlight incident from the left, but in B, the antishadow disappears and the same edge casts a shadow to the left resulting from sunlight here coming from the right. If the shadow had been cast by a wall, that wall should appear to VIMS as a bright feature in A, extending to the left, opposite to what is observed.}\\label{Fig:closeup} \\end{figure} \\begin{figure}[!t]\\centering \\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ICARUS-2019-4R1_fig04cmp.eps} \\caption{Photographs of tracing-paper physical models illustrating two alternative shadow production mechanisms: a sharp change in optical depth of a translucent layer (top) or a step change in cloud pressure at an eyewall edge (bottom). Light from the sun is indicated by yellow rays, and light to the observer is indicated by blue rays. Each model produces a shadow on the lower layer when the transition is located on the sun-ward side (left) of the pole. But on the opposite side (right) the translucent layer model displays a moderately bright ``antishadow'' produced by light shining underneath the top layer and providing extra illumination from below, while the alternate model displays a brightly illuminated eyewall. When illuminated and observed at the angles illustrated here,"}, {"title": "", "text": "a great Baja Nap on my front porch in the late afternoon. It had cooled down quite a bit and the breeze made me chuckle about my real estate choice. No doubt I was still smilin\u2019 as I drifted off into what I call..... San Felipe Bliss!!! Marge was kindly impressed. She had seen many a moon like that in the San Felipe skies. So, the world wasn\u2019t ending? The soaring Star Wars music in my head pinched out a few chords through my nose, and dwindled down to something that sounded like a kazoo. Fine then. This moon thing happens here. But how? Here are the basics. White light from the sun is a mixture of all the colors. When a ray of white light passes through the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, just grazing it, molecules and aerosols in the air scatter blue light making the sky blue. The remaining reddish light is bent, refracted into the Earth\u2019s umbral shadow zone. As our planet casts a long shadow twice a month, the moon passes directly through it. This gives the moon a coppery or reddish glow. What you are really seeing is every sunrise and sunset on Earth all at once. There is no other real estate in the world that I would rather be retired in. GEEZ.....if I had only thought of painting my Halloween moon.....red... I might have been a winner. Street Dogs and Pets Experience the Benefits of Spaying & Neutering! Since ZAPP (the Zero Additional PUP-ulation Project) started doing spay and neuter clinics"}, {"title": "", "text": "and casting a shadow on the moon. As the moon moves deeper and deeper into Earth's shadow, the moon changes color before your very eyes, turning from gray to an orange or deep shade of red. The moon takes on this new color because sunlight is still able to pass through Earth's atmosphere and cast a glow on the moon. Our atmosphere filters out most of the blue colored light, leaving the red and orange hues that we see during a lunar eclipse. If there are additional dust particles in the atmosphere, the moon will appear to be a darker shade of red. Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are perfectly safe to view without any special glasses or equipment. All you need is your own two eyes. Our next opportunity to view a total lunar eclipse from the U.S. is April 15, 2014, so mark your calendars! For more information on lunar eclipses, visit http://www.nasa.gov/eclipse or http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Related Atmosphere Articles from Brightsurf: ALMA shows volcanic impact on Io's atmosphere New radio images from ALMA show for the first time the direct effect of volcanic activity on the atmosphere of Jupiter's moon Io. New study detects ringing of the global atmosphere A ringing bell vibrates simultaneously at a low-pitched fundamental tone and at many higher-pitched overtones, producing a pleasant musical sound. A recent study, just published in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences by scientists at Kyoto University and the University of Hawai'i at M\u0101noa, shows that the Earth's entire atmosphere vibrates in an analogous manner, in"}, {"title": "", "text": "mechanics of their tinfoil-and-cardboard pinhole projectors to anyone who\u2019d listen. They gawked, wide-eyed, at the much larger telescopes operated by scientists from the University of Toronto, who organized the free viewing event for CNE goers near the Better Living Centre. Matt Russo, a theoretical astrophysicist who\u2019s worked on translating the structure of planetary systems into music, was no less excited about the cosmic anomaly. \u201cWe\u2019ve got this incredible projection telescope that lets us look at the sun in real time,\u201d he explained, pointing to the white space near the bottom where shadows and light painted an image of the sky. The event wasn\u2019t just an eclipse, he added. Viewers could also look out for a dazzling array of sunspots in Monday\u2019s skies. For those without a projection telescope, methods of viewing the event ranged from simple \u2014 paper-rimmed glasses, which CNE-goers lined up for \u2014 to experimental. Wielding a kitchen colander and a sifter, retired Grade 2 teacher Anna Werbowy of Mississauga demonstrated how to cast tiny shadows onto a surface below. \u201cI was watching the live broadcast about the eclipse and there was a young scientist interviewed,\u201d she said. The scientist suggested using the kitchen apparatus, but Werbowy wasn\u2019t entirely sure how to do it. As she walked through the CNE, she stopped a group of young scientists and asked them if it would really work. \u201cAnd they said, \u2018Sure, that would work!\u2019\u201d she said, laughing. Together, they figured out how to use the equipment to cast shadows of \u201clittle moons, instead of a hole\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shadows,\u201d we\u2019ll be able to speak of photos of the event horizon of a black hole. What will we see? What will we learn about gravity and how it distorts light and matter just outside such a massive black hole? These are exciting times! We have seen black holes colliding and rippling the fabric of space-time, bringing messages to us from the event horizons of newly formed black holes. Soon, we will have a radio image of the event horizon of a black hole. I wonder what can be learned from all of this? \u201cReality in the Shadows (or) What the Heck\u2019s the Higgs\u201d by S. James Gates Jr., Frank Blitzer, and Stephen Jacob Sekula. Available from Amazon.com, Barnes and Noble, Books a Million!, YBK Publishers, and other book retailers. \\$26.95. Description: In recent years, we have learned that the commonplace materials described by the scientific findings we have so far discovered portray but a tiny piece of a much greater universe\u2013a universe ruled by vast mysteries that appear to shape reality at both its largest and smallest sizes. That universe is now coming to be better understood. You will see how this has happened and how the shadows in the unknown slowly continue to be lit and identified. Reality in the Shadows is a chronicle of the men and women who cast light on these mysteries of our existence, a look into some of the brilliant ideas that they presented, and a longer look at the new and even greater mysteries of the cosmos that"}, {"title": "", "text": "began to fade and was intersected by a brightening shadow from a different wall's window. How can this be? If there are two windows, even on different walls, their \"shadows\" of light will always be parallel, not intersect, if there's only one source of (outside) light. Maybe one source was the sun and the other was the moon? Nah. By the time the moon's light was strong enough to cast a \"shadow\", the sun would have gone down. Then a few pages later: ... the window that had admitted a straight rectangular bar of light when he began to wait. The light through this window was coming at an angle more and more oblique. Its shadow had become a parallelogram. The light through the southwest window was straight and reddening. Yeah, unless this is a different planet, he's toying with you. The book is overly long; I'm sure that's just another way of toying with you. There's a cool piece in the New Yorker about how to read this voluminous volume. This overly long book is drenched with neologisms. Wallace likes to bend the language a little. For example, never before have I found any author using the word \"entendre\" without preciding it with \"double\". But you'll find that here. The neologisms can be a resource for you if you wish to devote more time to this book than just slogging through it. It turns out that there are several places on the web devoted (sometimes in great depth) to the book. The easiest way to"}, {"title": "", "text": "the shadows This is my contribution to this week\u2019s Lens-Artists Photo Challenge, Light and Shadow, hosted by Patti. April 27, 2022 November 13, 2022 | Florin Somewhere towards mid-April, this Belgian forest gets covered in millions of bluebells. In the sunlight, trees draw intricate shadow patterns on the carpet of flowers that extends far into the distance. I went there early in the morning, about a week ago. At first, some high-altitude clouds were covering the rising sun. There was a diffuse light that created almost no contrast. Then, the sun pierced through and everything changed. Things moved into focus as if you\u2019d put the right pair of glasses on. February 18, 2022 November 25, 2022 | Florin As the sun goes down, as the shadows grow longer, I find myself among the trees. Alone but not lonely. Just being there, noticing how the light changes, how the smell of the forest changes. There is nothing else to be done, nowhere else I need to be. Just breathing here with the trees. Being one of them, with my roots getting deeper into the ground. Being so inconspicuous that squirrels would come out, climb on me and play on my arms and shoulders. The Secret Life of Trees February 8, 2022 November 25, 2022 | Florin Alone at the edge of the forest. Sap quietly circulating everywhere, like a myriad of creeks finding their way through every twist and turn. Rising through the trunks, splitting at every crossroads, distributing itself evenly through the branches. Feeding everything. A"}, {"title": "", "text": "Time (UT): \u0394T=TT \u2212 UT1. the obscuration of a celestial body caused by its passage through the shadow cast by another body. actually an occultation of the Sun by the Moon in which the Earth passes through the shadow cast by the Moon. It may be total (observer in the Moon's umbra), partial (observer in the Moon's penumbra), annular, or annular-total. the obscuration of one celestial body by another of greater apparent diameter; especially the passage of the Moon in front of a star or planet, or the disappearance of a satellite behind the disk of its primary. If the primary source of illumination of a reflecting body is cut off by the occultation, the phenomenon is also called an eclipse. The occultation of the Sun by the Moon is a solar eclipse. 1. The portion of a shadow in which light from an extended source is partially but not completely cut off by an intervening body. 2. The area of partial shadow surrounding the umbra. the portion of a shadow cone in which none of the light from an extended light source (ignoring refraction) can be observed."}, {"title": "", "text": "The earth and the moon cast their shadows leading to the phenomena of eclipses. At times, the sun, the earth and the moon come to lie in a straight line. The object in between casts a shadow and causes an eclipse. There are two kinds of eclipses, the lunar and solar eclipse. Lunar Eclipse The lunar eclipse occurs when the sun, earth and moon are in a straight line, with the earth in between the sun and the moon. The shadow of the earth is cast on the moon. If the moon is in the umbra cone of the earth, it will not be visible because the moon is non\u2013luminous and since it does not receive any light from the sun, it does not reflect any light. This is called a total lunar eclipse. If the moon is slightly out of line, it will not be completely in the umbra cone of the earth. It then receives some light from the sun which it reflects to the earth and makes itself partially visible. This is called a partial lunar eclipse. A lunar eclipse can occur only on a full moon day. Solar Eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the sun, earth and the moon are in a straight line, with the moon between the sun and the earth. The shadow of the moon is cast on the earth. The portion of the earth falling completely in the umbra region has total solar eclipse. The sun appears as a black circular disc with a ring of light."}, {"title": "", "text": "for the solar calendar/clock Science Mission: First Translucent/Transparent Solar Calendar/Clock Going beyond LEED and Current Practice, a defining artistic and analytical expression of solar traverse at Johnson Hall has been etched into the Main Entry Lobby glass wall facing directly south. A gnomon mounted on the Solar Court side of the glass casts a round shadow and center point of light that moves across the outer symbolic etched pattern (this pattern is the familiar sun angle pattern typically used for reference/analytical purposes). This same point of light passes through to the interior face of the glass, which has a calibrated red grid which provides an observationally correct reading (by month, day, hour) of the moving point of light through the entire year with December (Winter Solstice) at the top and June (Summer Solstice) at the bottom. Resourcefulness: First Principles and Gravity Driven System Going Beyond LEED and Current Practice, Johnson Hall of Science not only achieves the Storm Water + Sustainable Sites Credit, but also (in consultation with St Lawrence Faculty and students) incorporates a new constructed biofiltration wetland next to the Little River which treats both the project\u2019s storm water and, in addition, the previously untreated storm water from the grouping of adjoining buildings on an additional 6.7 acres of campus for a total of 11.2 acres. A key sustainable site attribute for this system design was the advantageous drop in grade down to the Little River. However, a combination of sub-grade obstructions to the east and the continuous line of classroom buildings to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "hard and bedtime kept creeping later and later. Here is our sundial on the beach! (keep reading to find out how it works, how to make your own, and other fun things to try). As the sun shines on the stick in the center of your sundial, a shadow is cast. Depending on where the sun is located in the sky will determine where that shadow line will appear. During the middle of the day, the sun will be high in the sky, and the shadow line will be fairly short. As the days goes on the sun gets closer and closer to the horizon, and the shadow will get longer (Compare the shadow at 12 noon and 8 o\u2019clock in our YouTube video above). A shadow is formed when an object (like our stick), blocks the light (like that coming from the sun). The light path has been stopped by that object. And because the light cannot get through the object, the ground (or surface) appears dark because the light never made it there. Sorry light, this road is closed! That stick that we found on a beach, isn\u2019t JUST a stick, when being used to tell time, we call it a gnomon (some folks pronounce it No-Mon and others say No-Men, either way that G is silent, silly G). It may look like the sun is moving across the sky but in fact we are the ones moving. Earth is the one rotating! Earth rotates one complete cycle once every day. Pick a day"}, {"title": "", "text": "little artificial rainbow had none of those essential attributes. As an adult, I eventually came to realize that my little garden hose rainbow was identical in all essential attributes to a \u201creal\u201d rainbow. But the bigger revelation came when I realized that a rainbow is always located in exactly the opposite direction from the sun. Or more precisely, the highest point in a full arch rainbow is always directly opposite the sun. Now, whenever I stopped the car to find a rainbow, I knew exactly where to look \u2014 in the same direction that my shadow pointed. (Note the shadow of the photographer in the opening photo.) Likewise, I knew that my odds were strongest if the darkest clouds were directly opposite from the sun. However, this revelation also presented a mystery to me. I had heard that the drops of falling rain act like a prism, dividing visible light into its constituent colors. But in a prism, the light goes in one side and comes out the other side, more or less. Therefore, if the rainbow is in the opposite direction from the sun, then the raindrops are NOT acting just like a prism, because the sun is going in one side of the drop and then coming back out the same side, more or less. Ultimately, I learned that raindrops act not only like a prism, but also like a mirror. A mirror is typically a pane of glass to which a silver backing has been applied. Light passes through the glass, reflects off"}, {"title": "", "text": "passengers but for photographers, this is a dream come true. Just think about all the images at the New York Central station where the sun is just merely entering the station through the windows. You can capture images like during the morning or evening when sun is at a lower angle again. For added effect, smoke works wonders with the light rays just passing in. Stations where you are allowed to vape an e-cigarette would be my favorite choice. So far, the sun was mostly the highlight of the scene itself. Creating a scene of high contrast needs the support of the sun as well, but is more built around the shadows and darker areas. Much like the normal shadow pictures, this time we can search for high buildings that are able to cast a massive shadow and leave only little light left to illuminate the scene. Another place where you can capture photos of high contrast is under bridges. Here you need to face the tunnel while the sun is diagonally behind your back. Search for the edges where the shadow begins to start and photograph the people as they are exiting the dark tunnel. Images like these almost look like you have used a flash, but instead, you utilized the natural contrast to create negative space in your photography. I am Sebastian Jacobitz, a 28 year old hobby Street Photographer from Berlin, capturing the everyday life in this city. Street Bounty is your resource for Street Photography and contemporary Documentary Photography. Thanks for summarizing"}, {"title": "", "text": "of all kinds of shapes. | 135 ---|--- Thus we see clouds sometimes grow effortlessly in heaven, and mar the firmament's clear face with air-caressing movement. Often faces of giants seem to float and cast wide shadows; sometimes great mountain-shapes and rugged crags | 140 ---|--- block out the mountains and rise past the sun, then other clouds parade like tethered beasts. How quickly, now, how easily these are formed and ever flow from things, and float away * * * for always, atop all things, there's something extra | 145 ---|--- for casting off. When this meets other things, it passes through them\u2014glass is our best example. But if it meets rough rock or timber, then it's torn and no longer represents an image. But if it's stopped by things compact and bright | 150 ---|--- (our best example: a mirror) no such thing happens: it can't pass through it like glass; it can't be torn, either: high sheen knows how to keep it safe: and thus sends images to us, wave on wave. And however quickly, at any time, you set | 155 ---|--- something to face a mirror; its image appears. Know then: from surfaces forever flow these films of things, fine-textured, finely shaped. Thus in a flash are many images formed, and we may rightly style them instant-born. | 160 ---|--- As in brief time the sun must send up light in abundance, that the world be ever full, just so from things at any point of time in similar fashion images"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why is a gibbous moon possible? This could be a silly question to ask, but I would like to know why is a gibbous moon shape possible. From the few cases I've drawn here, I could not think of a configuration where the Earth's shadow can be cast on the Moon in a way that leads to a gibbous shape of the bright part of Moon. In my diagrams, grey represents bright and black represents shadowed portions of the Moon (smaller circles, with the bigger circles being Earth). As for the order of the celestial bodies, the Sun is out of the screen, Earth is on the screen and the Moon is inside the screen. That could be a crude arrangement but it's the only one I can come up with to cast shadows, though I can accept the fact that there could be more complex 3-D arrangements. A: The shadow in a gibbous Moon is not caused by the Earth's shadow \u2500 Earth plays no role in that arrangement, beyond being the place where the observer sits. Instead, the shadow in a gibbous Moon is simply cast by the Moon itself. The correct arrangement is as follows: (With due apologies for the poor drawing quality.) This means, in particular, that your depiction of how the gibbous Moon looks like is incorrect: the terminator (i.e. the line between the illuminated and dark sides) is a meridian, and it passes (at least, modulo inclinations and so on) through the North and South poles. (This is true"}, {"title": "", "text": "In the real world of facts, lunar eclipses are caused by the Moon passing through the shadow cast by the Earth. During totality, the Moon becomes reddish in color due to the light from the Sun filtering through the atmosphere before reaching the Moon. Obviously, this wouldn\u2019t work in the fantasy land that is Flat Earth. The Sun and the Moon float above the pizza-thin planet so there is no possibility that eclipses could be caused by the alignment of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. The cause of the eclipse is (cue dramatic music and flickering candles): the Shadow Object! The Shadow Object is a satellite of the Sun that orbits too close to our star to be seen but can get in between the Earth and the Moon roughly twice a year. I\u2019ve got to say this is some 'galaxy brain'-level thinking. What if we actually had an object made of shadows that only mattered when we needed it to? I really want to believe that all flat-Earthers are part of a performance art piece because the Shadow Object is truly a masterpiece. According to a post by the Flat Earth Society, the Shadow Object is orbiting the Sun at an angle of 5\u00b010\u2019. If you\u2019re wondering where that number comes from, that\u2019s the angle between the orbital plane of the Earth and the orbital plane of the Moon. I feel that if flat-Earthers want to just copy scientists' work they should at least try to make it look a bit different. We know"}, {"title": "", "text": "parade. No flags. No fireworks. It was going to be hot for our hike out. Blazing sun and perspiration. But first we sit beside the mirror lake on our blue mats sipping tea and mocha, swallowed by the buzzing of a thousand insects. Pollinators. Clear sky, except for a few vague vapor trails drifting east. Later in that calm morning, a pattern of high cirrus would turn the vapor trails into wispy feathers. Dragonflies dance over the water, do-si-doing around each other, dropping to kiss the mirrored surface. Fish, some eight inches long, explode into our rarer medium like Olympians in training. Expanding rings pass through one another. Before the wind comes up. Before the beginning of time. I \"see\" their motion in the everyday moment. Just how wide is the present moment, in which all consciousness takes place? The rising sun casts long shadows. I do not \"see\" them move. With a shadow, it is different. To perceive the motion of a shadow, I must mark a leaf, a twig, a stone, and then look back a few moments later to see if the line between light and dark has advanced. This is not short-term memory. This does not arise in the \"present moment.\" The movement of shadows is a fabrication of the mind. Albert Einstein wrote, \"People like us, who believe in physics, know that the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.\" Is this not the legacy of our larger brains? Natural selection favored the construction of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "full moon, when the Moon and the Sun are on opposite sides of Earth. At that point, the Moon can move into the shadow cast by Earth, resulting in a lunar eclipse. However, most of the time, the Moon\u2019s slightly tilted orbit brings it above or below Earth\u2019s shadow. The time period when the Moon, Earth and the Sun are lined up and on the same plane \u2013 allowing for the Moon to pass through Earth\u2019s shadow \u2013 is called an eclipse season. Eclipse seasons last about 34 days and occur just shy of every six months. When a full moon occurs during an eclipse season, the Moon travels through Earth\u2019s shadow, creating a lunar eclipse. Unlike solar eclipses, which require special glasses to view and can be seen only for a few short minutes in a very limited area, a total lunar eclipse can be seen for about an hour by anyone on the nighttime side of Earth \u2013 as long as skies are clear. During a lunar eclipse, the Moon passes through two distinct parts of Earth\u2019s shadow. The outer part of the cone-shaped shadow is called the penumbra. The penumbra is less dark than the inner part of the shadow because it\u2019s penetrated by some sunlight. The inner part of the shadow, known as the umbra, is much darker because Earth blocks additional sunlight from entering the umbra. During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon first enters into the penumbra, or the outer part of Earth's shadow, where the shadow is still penetrated"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.0556064210832119, 0.10896709561347961, 0.028585370630025864, 0.2395859658718109, 0.15349356830120087, 0.22536273300647736, 0.21484248340129852, 0.1812453716993332, 0.1621389240026474, 0.15991131961345673, 0.16394521296024323, 0.20683985948562622, 0.18057255446910858, 0.16237445175647736, 0.1782495081424713, 0.12679201364517212, 0.158426895737648, 0.17110024392604828, 0.1439584344625473, 0.17324474453926086, 0.1689043492078781, 0.12893633544445038, 0.14102134108543396, 0.1078990176320076, 0.14850789308547974, 0.08885416388511658, 0.14977693557739258, 0.13789591193199158, 0.170221209526062, 0.15915507078170776, 0.1613163948059082, 0.17865420877933502, 0.17548219859600067, 0.23198001086711884, 0.17351192235946655, 0.1659349799156189, 0.11862573027610779, 0.19265472888946533, 0.16007743775844574, 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"text": "Q: Why do the edges of glass blocks create a shadow? I have always observed that the shadow of glass blocks becomes darker as the glass is moved away from the surface where the shadow falls. And I know this is because refracted light rays from the glass block leave the block at an angle which creates the shadow of the glass block in the first place. However, whenever I try to observe the shadow of a glass block I can clearly see a dark outline of the block formed by its edges, irrespective of the distance from the surface where the shadow falls. And it is this outline, I seek an explanation for. Why is it that no matter how the glass block is oriented or how far it is from the surface where its shadow falls, its edges always form a distinct shadow? A: Not all the light shining on the top surface of your glass block can pass straight through the block. Inside the block, total internal reflection occurs at the side faces. The light which was \"supposed\" to exit through the sides is refracted to the inside. This causes the shadow you observe and a slighly brighter middle section, which is hard to see. In fact, you might be able to see a brighter rim on the inside of the side's shadows if you move the block very close to the table. A: Some sources say that about 6-7% of light gets reflected on hitting a glass.A glass seems to be transparent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "light that hits the object passes through, but the light's direction is bent by the object. If the direction is bent enough, the light that passes through the object will be angled out of the forward-traveling beam. As a result, the beam will have a dark spot; a shadow. Consider completely transparent objects such as glass cups, bottles of water, or the lenses of eyeglasses. Even though such transparent objects do not absorb or reflect very much light, they still interact with light through refraction. Refraction is what makes transparent cups visible to our eyes. Refraction also enables clear objects to cast shadows. Take off your eyeglasses and place them on the table at night under the illumination of a single lamp and you will see a distinct shadow caused by the transparent lenses. Although air is almost perfectly transparent, it can still cast shadows via refraction. The key principle regarding refraction is that light is bent when the index of refraction differs from one location to the next. Air and glass are different materials and have different indices of refraction. Light therefore bends when it goes from air into glass, such as at the surface of a glass lens. Refraction does not happen inside a glass lens because the material inside the lens is uniform. Refraction happens at the surface of a glass lens because that is the only place where the index of refraction differs. Uniform air itself cannot refract light and create shadows because the index of refraction does not differ anywhere. But,"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass-air surfaces -- then not all the light reaches you. The result of this is shadows with fairly hard edges. A: It appears to me that your piece of glass is beveled on the edges. When I place a beveled and non beveled piece of glass side by side directly under a light only the beveled one has the shadow.The angled edges are reflecting and refracting the light away from the area directly below."}, {"title": "", "text": "around. The atoms in gases are pretty far apart. Light slows down only a very tiny bit in air; it's almost not even worth mentioning. But in glass, light slows down substantially, from 300,000 km/s to something under 200,000 km/s. The exact amount depends on the type of glass. So when light enters a piece of glass (from air), it slows down suddenly. It's just like running down the beach, then hitting the water and slowing down as you have to struggle to move your legs through the water. Okay, so what's this got to do with the light bending? Imagine you're running down the beach with a group of friends, holding hands or with your arms linked together. You run side by side and at the same speed, so you form a nice straight line sweeping across the sand, straight towards the water. Now everyone in the line hits the water at the same time, and everyone suddenly has to slow down. That's fine, everyone slows down at the same time, so your entire line of friends, considered as a single object, just slows down, and everyone stays in line. This is just like what happens when light hits a piece of glass straight on. It just slows down. Figure 3. Line of people bending as they enter water. Now imagine your line of friends is running across the beach at an angle to the water. Now people on one end of the line are going to hit the water before people in the middle,"}, {"title": "", "text": "heck noticed that? They could presumably make spheres out of clay, but they didn't have any reliable, steady, directed light source. Candles flicker. So who got the idea to look at partially illuminated spherical wads of clay, and then went to the trouble of setting up the light source so they could examine the shape of the illuminated area? It's with some trepidation that I'm starting this section of my blog, because I really don't understand physics very well. Most of it, I suspect, will be about how little I understand. But I'm going to give it a whirl. Sometime this summer it occurred to me that the phenomenon of transparency is more more complex than one might initially think, and more so than most people realize. I went around asking people with more physics education than I had if they could explain to me why things like glass and water are transparent, and it seemed to me that not only did they not understand it any better than I did, but they didn't realize that they didn't understand it. A common response, for example, was that media like glass and water are transparent because the light passes through them unimpeded. This is clearly wrong. We can see that it's wrong because both glass and water have a tendency to refract incident light. Unimpeded photons always travel in straight lines. If light is refracted by a medium, it is because the photons couple with electrons in the medium, are absorbed, and then new photons are emitted"}, {"title": "", "text": "a complete vacuum that we normally think about is outer space, though this still has a few atoms floating around. The atoms in gases are pretty far apart. Light slows down only a very tiny bit in air; it's almost not even worth mentioning. But in glass, light slows down substantially, from 300,000 km/s to something under 200,000 km/s. The exact amount depends on the type of glass. So when light enters a piece of glass (from air), it slows down suddenly. It's just like running down the beach, then hitting the water and slowing down as you have to struggle to move your legs through the water. Okay, so what's this got to do with the light bending? Imagine you're running down the beach with a group of friends, holding hands or with your arms linked together. You run side by side and at the same speed, so you form a nice straight line sweeping across the sand, straight towards the water. Now everyone in the line hits the water at the same time, and everyone suddenly has to slow down. That's fine, everyone slows down at the same time, so your entire line of friends, considered as a single object, just slows down, and everyone stays in line. This is just like what happens when light hits a piece of glass straight on. It just slows down. Figure 3. Line of people bending as they enter water. Now imagine your line of friends is running across the beach at an angle to the water."}, {"title": "", "text": "later, going in a different direction. So the photons are being absorbed; they are not passing through the water unimpeded. (Similarly, light passes more slowly though glass and water than it does through vacuum, because of the time taken up by the interactions between the photons and the electrons. If the photons were unimpeded by electromagnetic effects, they would pass through with speed c.) Sometimes the physics students tell me that some of the photons interact, but the rest pass through unimpeded. This is not the case either. If some of the photons were unimpeded when passing through water or glass, then you would see two images of the other side: one refracted, and one not. But you don't; you see only one image. (Some photons are reflected completely, so you do see two images: a reflected one, and a transmitted one. But if photons were refracted internally as well as being transmitted unimpeded, there would be two transmitted images.) This demonstrates that all the photons are interacting with the medium. The no-interference explanation is correct for a vacuum, of course. Vacuum is transparent because the photons pass through it with no interaction. So there are actually two separate phenomena that both go by the name of \"transparency\". The way in which vacuum is transparent is physically different from the way in which glass is transparent. I don't know which of these phenomena is responsible for the transparency of air. Now, here is the thing that was really puzzling me about glass and water. For transparency,"}, {"title": "", "text": "a rubber ball. Reflection is interesting in itself, but today we're talking about the sort of bending that happens to light when it passes through an object, not when it bounces off one. The things with flat surfaces that bend light are chunks of transparent material (glass usually) in triangle or wedge shapes, things we call prisms. The way a lens and prism bend light is shown in the diagram in Figure 1. Notice that the angle of the glass at the points where the top light beam enters and exits the glass are the same for both the lens and the prism. The way the glass curves (or is straight) away from that point doesn't matter for that beam of light. (It does matter for other beams of light that hit the glass elsewhere, which is where the difference between lenses and prisms comes into play.) Figure 2. Light entering glass. So we've moved from complicated curved shapes to simpler shapes with flat surfaces that still bend light. We can simplify things one step more by considering only one of the two flat surfaces, either where the light goes from air into the glass, or where the light goes from inside the glass back out into the air. If you draw that, you get the diagram shown in Figure 2. So what's going on here? Why does the light bend like that? Why doesn't it just go through in a straight line? This might seem a bit surprising, but the answer depends on how fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "tank is a good way to see this sort of thing. (You don't usually get thick enough glass on its own.) I don't have a fishtank so I can't do that. But I'm happy to know that I was correct about it For once :tongue2: Next time you go to an Indian or Chinese takeaway, see if they have a fishtank (very popular in UK takeaways) and look at the dispersion of light from the edges of light sources behind the tank (it needn't be a slit- you can just look at an edge for the effect to show itself). It's nice to have something to do whilst you're waiting but you may have to explain your weird behaviour by giving a Physics lecture to the assembled customers. A pet / aquarian shop would do. Related Threads for: Formation of spectrum of colors when light passes through a flat pane of glass What happens in terms of absorption when a light passes through a green transparent glass? Why does light intensity decrease when light passes through a glass block? How do I asses the % of light transmission that passes through glass When bulb light passes through a prism Light passing through the normal of a surface Reflection of light through a wine glass with water Light through glass ? When elctrons pass through a bulb it poduces heat and light why? B Is Voltage a measurement of pressure? B What parameters of physics are most important to the existence of life? B Falsifiability -- What"}, {"title": "", "text": "direction. When light passes from air, which is a transparent medium of low density, into glass, which is a transparent medium of much greater density, it alters the direction in which the light is travelling. You can see this if you look at figure 2. Figure 2 \u2013 using an achromatic doublet lens In figure 2 you can see that the light that reaches the lens near the edges is bent inwards, which causes it to be brought to a focus some distance behind the lens. The degree of bending of the light path gets less, the nearer to the centre of the lens the light strikes the lens. Figure 2 shows that the light that strikes the lens at its exact centre is not deviated at all \u2013 it passes straight through. This is because the light is striking the glass surface at an exact right-angle. It is a fact that whenever light strikes, or leaves, glass at an exact right-angle its direction of travel is not altered. If you look at figure 2 you will see that the light that strikes the lens at its edge is not hitting the glass at a right angle, but at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. At places nearer to the centre of the diameter of the lens the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass becomes greater \u2013 nearer to 90 degrees \u2013 so the amount of bending of the light becomes less. This process of light bending as it"}, {"title": "", "text": "if that should possibly be supposed, it will avail nothing; for the reflection is as strong, if not stronger, when the air is drawn away from the glass (suppose in the air-pump invented by Mr. BOYLE) as when it is adjacent to it. Secondly, if light in its passage out of glass into air be incident more obliquely than at an angle of forty or forty-one degrees, it is wholly reflected; if less obliquely, it is in great measure transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined, that light at one degree of obliquity should meet with pores enough in the air to transmit the greater part of it, and at another degree of obliquity meet with nothing but parts to reflect it wholly; especially considering, that in its passage out of air into glass, how oblique soever be its incidence, it finds pores enough in the glass to transmit the greatest part of it. <304> If any man suppose, that it is not reflected by the air, but by the utmost superficial parts of the glass, there is still the same difficulty; besides, that such a supposition is unintelligible; and will also appear to be false, by applying water behind some part of the glass instead of air. For so in a convenient obliquity of the rays, suppose of forty-five or forty-six degrees, at which they are all reflected, where the air is adjacent to the glass, they shall be in great measure transmitted, where the water is adjacent to it; which argues, that their"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Why photons reflect off glass? Why photon reflects and refracts through glass? Some photons pass through glass and some reflects.I know this is due to energy levels of electrons of glass, an incoming photon is unable to excite the electron to a different energy orbit. But I want to know, if an incoming photon is unable to excite an electron, then why not all the photons pass through glass? i.e. photons should not reflect off glass, all the photons should pass through glass. (Not sure! Just a thought)Is this due to atoms of different substances like water,glass or wood etc curve spacetime differently and thus it influences how photons interact with matter? i.e. some photons reflect and some refract. In classical electrodynamics, the process of how much light refracts, passing through the glass, and how much light reflects, is determined by the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This principle, named after Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a method of analyzing the wave propagation patterns of light, especially in diffraction and refraction. It states that every unobstructed point on a wave-front emanates secondary spherical waves in all directions. Hence, the net light amplitude at a given point is the vector sum of all wave amplitudes at that point. This principle makes it very useful in visualizing what happens during light diffraction. Although, as Alex says in his answer, you can use the QFT approach, I would like to provide an alternative answer, using classical, (that is not quantum based) reasoning. It's just easier, for me anyway, to understand"}, {"title": "", "text": "from glass back to let say vacuum - it's quantum effect. BTW, a normal mirror is glass with one side coated with silver (which is what they also use on two-way mirrors IIRC), just a thicker layer. Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I don't think the asymmetry of the metalic film and glass is particularly important to the working of a two-way mirror. Here's an experiment you can try at home: - Take an ordinary piece of glass. You'll have to work out where to get this, but a hobby store would be a good start. - Carefully (use gloves, etc.) smoke up one side of the glass with a candle. Just a bit though, so you have slightly dark glass. - Place the glass in something like a large cardboard box. - From inside the cardboard box, where it's dark, you should be able to see out. - From outside, where it's light, you should be able to see your reflection somewhat. To verify what's important here, you can turn the glass around or try it without smoking it up. (Actually, you might want to try that first.) I apologies for the two-way mirror example, I generally feel convinced now, that they work only because the difference in amount of light - the effect while looking on dark glasses could be explained for example by their curvature. When I was thinking about it, I had a picture of destructive interference from anti-reflective coating. But let's look at such coating... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating Let say: thick"}, {"title": "", "text": "interference filter is on the light source side). Nov 26, 2016 at 18:18 No. I think it can not because; The color of the glass comes from the fact that the glass absorbs all six colors in white light except for the color you see (the color of the glass). If the glass is blue, it absorbs all colors but not the blue color - the blue keeps traveling to your eyes, or into its \"shadow\". \u2022 Hi Vukani, welcome to SE.Physics, as much as I appreciate you answering I expected to get answer like there cannot be material that wouldn't let through light without reflecting it because: ....... Your current answer pretty much repeats what has been said in previous question... Sorry. Sep 13, 2016 at 11:24"}, {"title": "", "text": "it was moving in the water. There's one big difference between light entering glass and leaving glass though. Going in, the light is slowed down and always ends up bent towards what we call the \"normal\", which is simply a line at right angles to the air-glass boundary, as shown in the diagram. That's fine. No matter what angle you come in at, as long as it isn't directly along the normal, you can always bend a little bit more towards the normal. But imagine what happens if you and your friends are moving in a line out of the water at a a really big angle to the normal. The person on the end of the line steps out onto the sand first and starts running faster. If the line was at a small angle to the normal, the second person and third person and so on would emerge from the water soon after, and your line of people would bend as explained already. But now the second person doesn't emerge from the water for quite some time, and the person on the end, now running, has time to swing right around and enter the water again before the second person has had time to leave the water. The result in terms of an actual line of people is a big mess, but if you imagine the people can magically move right through each other, what you end up with is everyone moving back into the water, having kind of \"bounced\" off the sand, instead"}, {"title": "", "text": "they never pass through the glass no false colour is produced."}, {"title": "", "text": "is...very cute.! - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply Due to cylindrical(curve) shape of water(thickness of glass neglected) image is inverted. Try a rectangular glass then arrows direction won't change! - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply Wow!! That is one of the beautiful reasons why i love science, lol!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply Pysics... angle of incedence = angoe of reflection. The curved surface of the glass and the desnsity? Of water causes the light to bend more/differently then if it were traveling through air. - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply It is due to water.water acts as a converging lens and form invertered image. - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply It is due to water, as water acts as converging lens, which gives us an Inverted Real Image.......... - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply yes got it right - 4 years, 2 months ago Log in to reply When we filled water bcs of this the refractive index changes which act like a cylinderical lens and inverted image is formed - 4 years, 1 month ago Log in to reply nice question - 4 years, 1 month ago Log in to reply when the water is filled in glass then it acts as a converging lens which makes real and inverted image - 4 years, 1 month ago Log in to reply Thought it was about refraction when I say"}, {"title": "", "text": "so they swing around and the line ends up running on the sand in a different direction to what it was moving in the water. There's one big difference between light entering glass and leaving glass though. Going in, the light is slowed down and always ends up bent towards what we call the \"normal\", which is simply a line at right angles to the air-glass boundary, as shown in the diagram. That's fine. No matter what angle you come in at, as long as it isn't directly along the normal, you can always bend a little bit more towards the normal. But imagine what happens if you and your friends are moving in a line out of the water at a a really big angle to the normal. The person on the end of the line steps out onto the sand first and starts running faster. If the line was at a small angle to the normal, the second person and third person and so on would emerge from the water soon after, and your line of people would bend as explained already. But now the second person doesn't emerge from the water for quite some time, and the person on the end, now running, has time to swing right around and enter the water again before the second person has had time to leave the water. The result in terms of an actual line of people is a big mess, but if you imagine the people can magically move right through each other, what"}, {"title": "", "text": "together to form a real image -- an image that looks just like the scene in front of the lens. But how can a piece of glass do this? The process is actually very simple. As light travels from one medium to another, it changes speed. Light travels more quickly through air than it does through glass, so a lens slows it down. When light waves enter a piece of glass at an angle, one part of the wave will reach the glass before another and so will start slowing down first. This is something like pushing a shopping cart from pavement to grass, at an angle. The right wheel hits the grass first and so slows down while the left wheel is still on the pavement. Because the left wheel is briefly moving more quickly than the right wheel, the shopping cart turns to the right as it moves onto the grass. The effect on light is the same -- as it enters the glass at an angle, it bends in one direction. It bends again when it exits the glass because parts of the light wave enter the air and speed up before other parts of the wave. In a standard converging, or convex lens, one or both sides of the glass curves out. This means rays of light passing through will bend toward the center of the lens on entry. In a double convex lens, such as a magnifying glass, the light will bend when it exits as well as when it enters."}, {"title": "", "text": "a slanted angle? Also the colours get repeated after some interval which would imply that thickness decreases then increases or that the angle somehow (still confused about the angle argument) to give thaf red which seems unlikely. *You have mentioned that reflected light enhances the effect (which I also think) but putting a mirror where image is formed does not give any colour. So why would reflection from floor only do this and not the mirror? 3)\"The glass changes the angle (and it does so differently for different wave-lengths) at different points, therefore, light gets censored differently at different points\" yet the colours have a width and are uniform. This would imply that the change in angle at different points etc etc would have to happen in a very special way to give this pattern. A: What is happening, in my opinion, is the result of two effects: First one is to notice that the glass of your window is most probably not uniform. Meaning, as a guess, it is thinner on the top and gradually gets thicker to the bottom, but in a very slight manner that only light feels it. What does this cause? Well if the glass also has two different refraction indices, say $n_v$ for vertical refraction index and $n_h$ for horizontal refraction index, then the polarization of the light traveling through the glass will rotate due to this non-isometry $n_h \\neq n_v$. But remember that the glass at some point is thicker than the others; which leads to the fact that"}, {"title": "", "text": "the convex lens, but also because this is the thinnest part of the lens, and it also lies at the furthest point, away from the denser outer bases of the prisms. And it follows that when the speed of a beam of light passing through a glass lens/medium, is measured against the speed of a light beam passing through a vacuum or through the atmosphere; the light speed will be less in the glass medium, because of the \"nucleon gravitational pull\" being exerted on the photons, during their passage through the greater density of the glass medium. And if we were we to use to use a snooker cue, to superimpose/impact the same angles of impact as those angles of light entering the glass sphere as shown in diagram B, onto the solid sphere of a snooker ball; we would find that the snooker ball would travel forward directly in line, with the line of angle extending from/between the point of impact on its solid body, and its centre of gravity. Because there is essentially no difference between the energy of a cohesive beam of light force, entering a solid transparent object, than there is of the energy of a cohesive beam of compacted (Kinetic) force (or the downward acting force of gravity), entering a solid none transparent object. It is only the amounts and types of energy involved, and their methods of delivery that is different; the mechanics of energy passing through an object, always remains essentially the same. Refer to Dr Quantum Double Slit"}, {"title": "", "text": "light is reflected. Now we add another surface of glass behind the first. According to common sense, 8% of the light should be reflected, right? Wrong. Now the amount of light which is reflected varies between 0% and 16%, depending on the distance between the two surfaces. This is truly bizarre; for it seems that the mere presence of second surface of glass alters the reflectiveness of the first. But how does the light \u201cknow\u201d there is a second surface of glass? It seems the light somehow is affected before it comes into contact with either surface. Newton was aware of this awkward problem, and he came up with his theory of \u201cfits of easy reflection or transmission\u201d to explain this phenomenon. But this \u201ctheory\u201d was merely to say that the glass, for some unknown reason, sometimes lets light through, and sometimes reflects it. In other words, it was hardly a theory at all. Every Ray of Light in its passage through any refracting Surface is put into a certain transient Constitution or State, which in the progress of the Ray returns at equal Intervals, and disposes the Ray at every return to be easily transmitted through the next refracting Surface, and between the returns to be easily reflected by it. Also fascinating to the modern reader is the strange dual conception of light as waves and as particles in this work, which cannot help but remind us of the quantum view. The wave theory makes it easy to account for the different refrangibility of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "has a shiny appearance and doesn\u2019t stick to the glass surface of glass. When light encounters a material, it can interact with it in different ways. These interactions depend on the nature of the light and the nature of the material. For instance, light falling on a leaf encounters many pigments molecules, predominantly chlorophyll. These molecules absorb light from the red and blue ends of the visible spectrum. The remaining light is scattered back because molecules in a leaf are tightly packed and so, we see a green leaf. Glass has properties of both a solid (its molecules don\u2019t move very much) and a liquid (the molecules are not arranged in any ordered way). Molecules in glass are not packed into a tight lattice and, unless tinted, it doesn\u2019t contain molecules that capture light with a particular energy. So, when light encounters glass, most o it passes straight through. Hence it is transparent. light and the nature of the material. For instance, light falling on a leaf encounters many pigments molecules, predominantly chlorophyll. These molecules absorb light from the red and blue ends of the visible spectrum. The remaining light is scattered back because molecules in a leaf are tightly packed and so, we see a green leaf. Glass has properties of both a solid (its molecules don\u2019t move very much) and a liquid (the molecules are not arranged in any ordered way). Molecules in glass are not packed into a tight lattice and, unless tinted, it doesn\u2019t contain molecules that capture light with a particular"}, {"title": "", "text": "one that isn't wholly transparent. Any small, recurring artifacts in your ocean of glass will render it opaque at some distance away, not to mention that light itself won't propagate through glass indefinitely. Light loses energy as it passes through glass and eventually is absorbed by it. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 B.fox $\\begingroup$ Also, I would suspect that an ocean of glass would be massive, and have varying levels of densities. Light passing through these densities would owe itself to refraction, and there's hardly any telling in what way it'll become distorted. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ Given that I said \"I'm not talking about atmospheric diffraction (Venus has some weird stuff going on there). Solutions must work for a vacuum world.\" I don't think making the planet transparent should count. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ @TristanKlassen as I said. It is a loophole. However, I doubt you can get the result you want from geometry alone. Any time the three elements of your system align along a line you will have roughly 50% of the planet in daylight. So to have a significantly longer day period always is likely unfeasible. The only way to avoid that would be to never allow the three bodies to align but I'm pretty sure even that is not possible. However if you simply want longer days 90% of the time then I have a sneaking suspicion that binary systems will naturally trend towards have mostly longer days. $\\endgroup$ Does a \"forever\" day count? The moon has a few peaks of eternal light, and it has been theorized"}, {"title": "", "text": "that? From certain points of view you would see quite clearly through it. Some kinds of glass would be more visible than others, a box of flint glass would be brighter than a box of ordinary window glass. A box of very thin common glass would be hard to see in a bad light, because it would absorb hardly any light and refract and reflect very little. And if you put a sheet of common white glass in water, still more if you put it in some denser liquid than water, it would vanish almost altogether, because light passing from water to glass is only slightly refracted or reflected or indeed affected in any way. It is almost as invisible as a jet of coal gas or hydrogen is in air. And for precisely the same reason!\u201d \u201cYes,\u201d said Kemp, \u201cthat is pretty plain sailing.\u201d \u201cAnd here is another fact you will know to be true. If a sheet of glass is smashed, Kemp, and beaten into a powder, it becomes much more visible while it is in the air; it becomes at last an opaque white powder. This is because the powdering multiplies the surfaces of the glass at which refraction and reflection occur. In the sheet of glass there are only two surfaces; in the powder the light is reflected or refracted by each grain it passes through, and very little gets right through the powder. But if the white powdered glass is put into water, it forthwith vanishes. The powdered glass and water"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: How does a one-sided glass work? How does a one-sided glass work? If seen from the outer side, we can see through thinking it is transparent, while if seen from the inside, the glass acts as a mirror. How? A: A one way mirror isn't really a one way mirror. It lets the same amount of light through in both directions. It works because one side of the mirror is light while the other is dark. Suppose you're on the light side looking at the mirror, and suppose that the light side is 99 times as bright as the dark side. Finally assume the mirror lets through half the light and reflects half the light. The light from the dark side hits the mirror and half gets through, so the (relative) intensity passing through the mirror is 0.5%. The light around you (in the bright room) hits the mirror and half of it reflects back, so the (relative) intensity of your reflection is 49.5% or 99 times greater than the light from the dark room. Since the human eye isn't good at dealing with large contrasts, your reflection completely swamps the light from the dark side and you can't see through the mirror - all you can see is your own reflection. If you're looking at the mirror from the dark side excatly the opposite argument applies. The light passing through the mirror from the bright side has an intensity of 49.5% while your own reflection has an intensity of 0.5%. The result is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "in regard to light entering and passing through the lens, is that the light always refracts/bends towards the larger base of the glass prism. And the reason for this is because, it is the larger/thicker and heavier base of the glass prism that possesses the largest quantity of density, relative to the rest/outer reaches of the glass lens. Therefore as photons (as with the nature of the gravitons of gravity) are attracted towards greater densities and quantities of matter and mass; so it follows that each photon when passing through the atoms of the glass lens, will undergo the process of the \"nucleon gravitational to slingshot effect\"; whereby with each successive transit of a photon through the atoms of a glass lens; its passage/path of direction, will become more convergent or divergent, relative to the greatest density and/or thickness of the convex or concave lens. In diagrams A and B it can also be seen, that when a light beam is directed straight towards the centre of a convex lens or a glass sphere; the light beam is not subject to the \"nucleon gravitational to slingshot effect\" because the \"nucleon gravitational pull\" is being exerted in line, and directly forwards towards the opposite side of the lens, by the nucleons present within the greater central density of the convex lens. And In the case of the concave lens it can be seen, that the light beam also passes directly forward and through the centre of the lens; and this occurs for the same reason as for"}, {"title": "", "text": "then more light will shine through it. So a dense heavy elastic you won;t be able to see through it."}, {"title": "", "text": "is a transparent medium of much greater density, it alters the direction in which the light is travelling. You can see this if you look at figure 2. Figure 2 \u2013 using an achromatic doublet lens In figure 2 you can see that the light that reaches the lens near the edges is bent inwards, which causes it to be brought to a focus some distance behind the lens. The degree of bending of the light path gets less, the nearer to the centre of the lens the light strikes the lens. Figure 2 shows that the light that strikes the lens at its exact centre is not deviated at all \u2013 it passes straight through. This is because the light is striking the glass surface at an exact right-angle. It is a fact that whenever light strikes, or leaves, glass at an exact right-angle its direction of travel is not altered. If you look at figure 2 you will see that the light that strikes the lens at its edge is not hitting the glass at a right angle, but at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. At places nearer to the centre of the diameter of the lens the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass becomes greater \u2013 nearer to 90 degrees \u2013 so the amount of bending of the light becomes less. This process of light bending as it passes from air into glass is called REFRACTION. You should also understand that the refraction also happens"}, {"title": "", "text": "be its incidence it finds pores enough in the Glass to transmitt ye greatest part of it; If any man suppose that it is not reflected by the Air but by ye utmost superficiall parts of ye Glasse, there is still the same difficulty: besides that such a supposition is unintelligible, & will also appear to be false by applying water behind some part of ye Glasse instead of Air. For so in a convenient obliquity of ye rayes suppose of 45 or 46 degrees at wch they are all reflected where the Air is adjacent to ye Glasse, they shall be in great measure transmitted where the water is adjacent to it: wch argues that their reflexion or {trans}mission depends on ye constitution of ye Air & water. \\hind the glass, & not on the parts of ye glass/ Thirdly if ye colours made by a Prism placed at ye {illeg} of a beam of light into a darkned Room {illeg} cast on a second Prism placed at a {illeg} the former, in such manner that they {illeg} incident upon it: the second Prism {illeg} <567r> to the incident rayes that those wch are of a blew colour shall be all reflected by it, & yet those of a red colour pretty copiously transmitted. Now if the reflexion be caused by the parts of Air or Glasse I would ask why at ye same obliquity of incidence the blew should wholly impinge on those parts so as to be all reflected & yet the red"}, {"title": "", "text": "of much greater density, it alters the direction in which the light is travelling. You can see this if you look at figure 2. Figure 2 \u2013 using an achromatic doublet lens In figure 2 you can see that the light that reaches the lens near the edges is bent inwards, which causes it to be brought to a focus some distance behind the lens. The degree of bending of the light path gets less, the nearer to the centre of the lens the light strikes the lens. Figure 2 shows that the light that strikes the lens at its exact centre is not deviated at all \u2013 it passes straight through. This is because the light is striking the glass surface at an exact right-angle. It is a fact that whenever light strikes, or leaves, glass at an exact right-angle its direction of travel is not altered. If you look at figure 2 you will see that the light that strikes the lens at its edge is not hitting the glass at a right angle, but at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. At places nearer to the centre of the diameter of the lens the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass becomes greater \u2013 nearer to 90 degrees \u2013 so the amount of bending of the light becomes less. This process of light bending as it passes from air into glass is called REFRACTION. You should also understand that the refraction also happens as the light leaves"}, {"title": "", "text": "slows down on the side it hits first and that tends to spin the light around a bit. A bit like if you're driving a car and you drove one wheel into some sand,, it would spin the car around a bit. It's a bit like that for light. A light ray bends around as it enters the lens, and then when it leaves, the first bit of light to leave the glass will speed up again. causing it to twist around in the opposite direction. So, if light enters a piece of glass where both sides of it are parallel, it will bend as it goes in, but it will do the exact opposite of that bend as it goes out, meaning it will carry on in the same direction it started at. But if you make the two angles on the piece of glass not parallel, so if it's making a curved shape on both sides, then it will get bent differently on the two sides. This means it will end up either pointing inwards, if it's a converging lens or going outwards if it's a diverging lens. If you flip the lens over, even though on the lens from apair of glasses, the two sides don't look identical, it will still be thicker on the outside than on the inside, or thinner on the outside than it is on the inside. And so, the light will also be bent in the same direction it would be otherwise. Although it might not produce quite"}, {"title": "", "text": "window will turn into some sort of deeply frosted glass that will randomly scatter light in every direction. If windows are made of zillions of randomly arranged excitable molecules, then windows can not be transparent. That's what I would predict. The first optical miracle is that windows are transparent. But the second, third and fourth miracle are even better. Ewald proves for random media like glass (and Oseen does the same for ordered media such as crystals), that the net result of all of those zillions of little excited light waves add up to zero in every direction but three. Only three big waves survive the fierce destructive interference between zillions of little waves. The first surviving wave travels in the same direction as the incident wave but vibrates exactly 180 degrees out of phase with the incident wave. Thus the incident wave is extinguished as it passes into the glass over a length of a few tenths of a micron (the extinction length). This exceedingly unlikely mechanism for extincting the incident wave gives the extinction theorem its odd name. Two more waves survive the Great Destruction -- the reflected wave that seems to bounce off the glass but in reality is created by zillions of tiny molecules all radiating with the proper timing to direct a beam only in the reflected direction (and no other) much in the manner of phased-array radar antennas which do not physically move but are aimed by changing the phase relation between separate fixed transmitters. The glass molecules (like the"}, {"title": "", "text": "you need the photons to come out of the medium going in the same direction as they went in. If photons are scattered in all different directions, you get a translucent or opaque medium. Transparency is only achieved when the photons that come out have the same velocity and frequency as those going in, or at least when the outgoing velocity depends in some simple fashion on the incoming velocity, as with a lens. Since the photon that comes out of glass is going in the exact same direction as the photon that went in, something very interesting is happening inside the glass. The photon reaches the glass and is immediately absorbed by an electron. Sometime later, the electron emits a new photon. The new photon is travelling in exactly the same direction as the old photon. The new photon is absorbed by the next electron, which later emits another photon, again travelling in the exact same direction. This process repeats billions of times until the final photon is ejected on the other side of the glass, still in the exact same direction, and goes on its way. Even a tiny amount of random scattering of the photons would disrupt the transparency completely. So, I thought, I would expect to find transparency in media that have a very rigid crystalline structure, so that the electromagnetic interactions would be exactly the same at each step. But in fact we find transparency not in crystalline substances, such as metals, but rather in amorphous ones, like glass and water!"}, {"title": "", "text": "that would slow down the middle paths (around M), and if we\u2019re clever, we can shape the glass just so to where each path to our destination P takes the same amount of time, and therefore all arrows add together. Near every photon emitted would be \u201cfocused\u201d and end up at that location. That\u2019s really the quantum mechanical interpretation of light through a lense, though we didn\u2019t get into the atomic details, such as each atom\u2019s electrons, which quantum mechanics also deals with. Really the light doesn\u2019t \u201cpass through\u201d the lense. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the glass atoms, and is then re-radiated. The time it takes for the atoms to absorb the photons, then emit new ones, and so on and so forth, each atom \u201cpassing on\u201d the photon, one to another, is what slows down the \u201cspeed of light\u201d through the material. But how come we can see through a piece of glass, but not a brick wall? Some materials just absorb the photons, which causes random vibrations in the atoms, and instead of passing through, a new photon of a different magnitude is fired back. In a brick wall, the sunlight both heats up the surface, and also reflects back the red light which allows us to see the wall during the daytime. Or take a black leather car seat in the middle of the summer. The seats are hot as fire when you get in. This is because light made it through the windows and then made its way"}, {"title": "", "text": "the glass are not the same ones that went in to the glass. As photons hit the glass, they scatter off the atoms in the glass \u2014 or rather, they are absorbed by the glass atoms, inducing a vibration of the atom, and then the vibration causes a new photon to be emitted in a random direction. There\u2019s a delay between when the photon is absorbed and when the new one is emitted. https://www.quora.com/When-photons-travel-through-glass-their-speed-is-reduced-When-they-exit-the-glass-e-g-into-a-vacuum-their-speed-will-be-higher-What-gives-them-the-energy-to-accelerate How does image fidelity survive the process, rs? Why does glass not pass IR and UV? Too far out of range for the material to absorb and emit? Windows have \u2018windows\u2019. I could never get a \u2018feel\u2019 for that, Wzrd1 #11. Relativistic Aberration: Half the speed of light, and we\u2019re developing eyes in the back of our head http://www.fourmilab.ch/cship/aberration.html I tried that game, Calli Arcale #22. It is certainly interesting though there is too much \u2018inertia\u2019 in the game mechanic sort of spoiling it \u2014 It\u2019s like trying to be nimble piloting a hovercraft or airboat. Why should a spirit have inertia anyways? Aether frame dragging? p.s. Anyone wishing to try it can safely ignore those \u2018system requirements\u2019; It looks as though they just posted it as the state of the art in 2012. Denice Waltersays: That\u2019s quite hilarious! I often wonder how many of the anti-vaxxers we follow hold *interesting* religious/ philosophical views as well. In other (non) news\u2026 it appears that at least two well-known woo-meisters ( Adams and Null) are again speculating upon the health of one HRC. At"}, {"title": "", "text": "right?. So, I thought a room with windows and caustics active could not get more light than the room without. Nevetheless, it is interesting that 2015 shows the same effect. To me it looks like LW is treating caustics as an independent lighting that gets added on top of the normal lighting instead of being integrated into it. If the window glass were concentrating light from a larger surface than just the window opening, that would make more sense, but the window opening is the same size as the window glass (certainly nowhere near the scale of difference as exists between the light levels). Refraction from an opening-sized piece of glass versus opening alone doesn't explain such a dramatic overall increase in light level. The light level increase is pervasive as well, so it isn't as if some areas' levels are being raised while others' are being lowered by refractive focusing either. Where is all the extra light the window is somehow gathering originating given the window offers minimal additional surface area versus opening itself? There's also the matter of additional layers of glass visibly increasing the light level further, despite contributing minuscule amounts of additional light-gathering surface (at edges) per additional layer. Again, refraction alone doesn't seem to explain where all the extra energy is originating in these cases."}, {"title": "", "text": "the glass before any photon even approaches it. A normal block of glass is full of electrons in motion and vibrating atoms. The thickness of the glass determines the number of wavelengths that can fit into the glass for any given wavelength of vibration. Some of the vibration frequencies will be cancelled out by interference. So the vibration frequencies of the electrons at the surface of the glass are modified in accordance to the thickness of the glass, even before the photon approaches the glass. This is why the exact thickness of the glass determines the precise probability of light of a given frequency being reflected. It is not determined when the photon hits the electron, because the vibration frequencies of the electron have already been determined by the interference of certain frequencies of vibration in the glass. The natural frequencies of vibration in a block of glass depend on the size of the block of glass! These natural frequencies then determine the probability that a photon is reflected. So there is the two-step mechanism behind the dependency of photon reflection probability upon glass thickness. It\u2019s extremely simple. Natural frequency effects are very easy to grasp: take a trip on an old school bus, and the windows rattle with substantial amplitude when the engine revolutions reach a particular frequency. Higher or lower engine frequencies produce less window rattle. The frequency where the windows shake the most is the natural frequency. (Obviously for glass reflecting photons, the oscillations we are dealing with are electron oscillations which are"}, {"title": "", "text": "medium of much greater density, it alters the direction in which the light is travelling. You can see this if you look at figure 2. Figure 2 \u2013 using an achromatic doublet lens In figure 2 you can see that the light that reaches the lens near the edges is bent inwards, which causes it to be brought to a focus some distance behind the lens. The degree of bending of the light path gets less, the nearer to the centre of the lens the light strikes the lens. Figure 2 shows that the light that strikes the lens at its exact centre is not deviated at all \u2013 it passes straight through. This is because the light is striking the glass surface at an exact right-angle. It is a fact that whenever light strikes, or leaves, glass at an exact right-angle its direction of travel is not altered. If you look at figure 2 you will see that the light that strikes the lens at its edge is not hitting the glass at a right angle, but at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. At places nearer to the centre of the diameter of the lens the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass becomes greater \u2013 nearer to 90 degrees \u2013 so the amount of bending of the light becomes less. This process of light bending as it passes from air into glass is called REFRACTION. You should also understand that the refraction also happens as the light"}, {"title": "", "text": "\uf388 Public Lab: Passing Light Through an Object. Passing Light Through an Object. I was trying to work out how to keep the brightness of the image produced. Due to the laws of physics (I know! Those again...) each time the beam of light was bouncing/passing through an object, it was losing energy & thus losing its overall brightness/strength. So, what I did was get three different shaped glasses & fill them with water, so as to record the effects of light passing through them. The result was some interesting revelations about how passing light through different shaped containers could potentially affect resolution. In the image above, you can see what I am calling my circular glass, my square glass and my prism glass (which has an octagon base for those wondering). The .gif above is of me passing a red laser pointer through the circular glass. The point of origin for the laser beam is at the bottom of the image - where I am holding it against the glass. You can see as part of the light beam reflects back off of the other side of the glass, the beam splits, continuing to bounce until the photons escape to the right of the image. So, every time the light beam bounces, it loses intensity, as photons are split between reflecting, refracting and being absorbed by the glass. To see how light is divided, I then passed a light back and forth along an x, y and z axis through the prism glass, to help"}, {"title": "", "text": "fast enough to more than circle the globe seven times. When light goes through a transparent substance, such as glass or water, it is slowed down. It can travel only about two-thirds as fast through a piece of glass as it can through empty space or air, and about three-quarters as fast through water as through air. This slowing down is important, as it makes it possible for us to bend beams of light, and thus to make prisms, lenses, eye-glasses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras and other devices that help us to see better. When a light ray moves from one substance to another so that its speed is changed, the ray changes direction. This is called refraction. There are some objects which do not reflect light, but permit it to pass through, while slowing it down somewhat, according to the density of the object. Water, which is denser than air, will slow the light velocity by about one-fourth, while glass which is more dense, will slow its speed of travel by one-third. One can observe the changed effect in water, by dangling an object partially below and partially above the water\u2019s surface. Light directed head-on at a medium such as glass will not deflect or bend the ray of light. It will pass straight through. In order for refraction to occur, light must strike the medium at an angle other than 90\u00b0. Thus the spectrum colors reach the edge of the surface in different time sequence, so they are \u201csurprised\u201d into manifesting one by one in"}, {"title": "", "text": "tree. So the first way to make something invisible is to cover it with a 'cloaking device'. This makes the light _bend round_ the tree and keep on going, like sticking your finger in a stream of water from a tap: the water bends round your finger, and carries on below as a single stream. Lots of scientists say they are very close indeed to developing cloaking devices, especially for military purposes. I suppose they mean making invisible tanks, or ships or planes or even soldiers, which would be pretty cool, actually. Are you still with me? OK, the second way is to make the light pass straight _through_ the object. This is how glass works and if you've ever walked into a glass door like I did once at the Metrocentre, you'll know how effective it is. If you look at it straight on, glass is invisible. It's also how X-rays work. X-rays are a particular type of light, which can pass through some substances but not others. They'll pass through your flesh, but not through your bones, so doctors can see inside you. So it must be the second one that is causing me to be invisible. Light is passing through me, so even though I am still here, it looks as though I am not. Not that knowing this helps me much. I'm playing the sequence of events back in my mind: getting onto the sunbed, setting the timer, falling asleep, being woken by Lady nudging her bowl, and... Lady. Where is she?"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass about three-fourths full of water. The pencil will appear to be broken at the water surface, and the coin will appear to be on the side of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And why do we have light in the morning before the sun comes into view? You guessed it! It is the law of refraction at work. As the sun\u2019s rays travel through space, they move very rapidly, as if in a vacuum, but when contact is made with the more dense atmospheric medium of the earth, the light decelerates, and is bend around the curvature of the earth by the law of refraction. This law causes the light to reach the surface before the sun appears in the morning, and to trail behind on the surface long after the early evening sun disappears. The great cloud of volcanic smoke will be firmly established as shown in figure 14 by the time the battle of Armageddon occurs. This great encompassing shroud will vertically be thousands of feet thick and, as such, a very dense medium through which the sun\u2019s rays must filter on their way to the earth\u2019s surface. As the rays filter through by refraction and scattering, they will be severely bent around the curvature of the earth\u2019s surface. As you may observe in figure 16, the small island, on the opposite side of the earth from the sun, would normally be"}, {"title": "", "text": "a lecture here. In some liquids and most gases the electronic structure of each individual atom or molecule is enough to describe their spectra. The \"property\" you are looking for in the case of solids is the band ... 1 Parallel rays reflecting on a concave mirror do intersect at one point, the focus, if the mirror is a parabola (in 2d plane geometry) or paraboloid (in 3d space geometry). 1 Although glass is an amorphous material, it behaves surprisingly similar to crystalline materials in some respects. In this case, you can imagine glass to be a semiconductor with a large bandgap, at least large enough to be beyond the visible wavelengths. Therefore, all visible light passes through, which makes glass transparent. Obviously, there will be ... 1 Although the shortfalls of focusing more light on the array have been described, a similar question is why you would not mount mirrors to reflect sunlight toward the array only when the incident angle is well off normal. This might provide some of the advantage of tracking the angle of the sun during the day. I think in this case the placement and size of ... 1 1) A stationary charge that has always been stationary is associated with an electric field and only an electric field. The electric field points towards the charge and every point that us equally far away has an equally strong field and the fields gets four times as weak if you go twice as far away. 2) A uniformly moving charge that"}, {"title": "", "text": "the basin and the arti cles in it were two inches thick, although they are only one of our small silver dishes and a piece of sealing-wax which I have put there. The light which now goes to you from that piece of silver was obstructed by the edge of the basin when there was no water there, and you were unable to see any thing of it; but when we poured in water the rays were at tracted down by it over the edge of the basin, and you were thus enabled to see the articles at the bottom. I have shown you this experiment first, so that you might understand how glass attracts light, and might then see how other substances like rock-salt and calcareous spar, mica, and other stones, would affect the light; and, if Dr. Tyndall will be good enough to let us use his light again, we will first of all show you how it may be bent by a piece of glass. [The electric lamp was again lit, and the beam of parallel rays of light which it emitted was bent about and decomposed by means of the prism.] Now, here you see, if I send the light through this piece of plain glass, it goes straight through without being bent (unless the glass be held obliquely, and then the phenomenon becomes more complicated) ; but if I take this piece of glass [a prism], you see it will show a very different effect. It no longer goes to that"}, {"title": "", "text": "not pass through the bubble, but externally, in that elevated region (curve) due to surface tension and capillarity. If we change the bubble by an opaque cylindrical object, we get the same result as this Picture shows. See that the light from the ceiling lamp of the room, passes around the cylinder and then creates the image in the bottom of the bowl. There is a second image produced by the lens that surrounds the bubble that floats on the surface of the water. This mechanism is equivalent to that which occurs in gravitational lenses and allows us to observe the \"Einstein Rings\". If you put a mirror in the bottom of the bowl over the image, you will only be able to observe an \"Einstein Ring\" when the image in your eye is in the cylindrical-source direction. This image is amazing. We attenuate the light from the ceiling and with this, we get this sequence of images that mimics the \"Einsten rings\" with great perfection. Einstein's Ring See now another photo of this experiment where an obstacle has been placed between the light source and the cylinder. This obstacle also does not impede the passage of light, and its shadow shows its alignment. In the photo below another obstacle was placed between the image and the cylinder. The image remains integrated. A gravitational lens does just that: it can make a signal transpose an obstacle in the same way as the refraction of light in water. I think not just with the light, I believe"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflection or transmission depends on the consitution of the air and water behind the glass, and not on the parts of the glass. Thirdly, if the colours made by a prism, placed at the entrance of a beam of light into a darkened room, be successively cast on a second prism placed at a great distance from the former, in such manner that they are all alike incident upon it; the second prism may be so inclined to the incident rays, that those, which are of a blue colour, shall be all reflected by it; and yet those of a red colour pretty copiously transmitted. Now if the reflection be caused by the parts of air or glass, I would ask, why at the same obliquity of incidence the blue should wholly impinge on those parts so as to be all reflected, and yet the red find pores enough to be in great measure transmitted. Fourthly, where two glasses touch one another, there is no sensible reflection, as was declared in the first observation; and yet I see no reason, why the rays should not impinge on the parts of glass, when contiguous to another glass, a smuch {sic} as when contiguous to air. Fifthly, when the top of a water-bubble (in the seventeenth observation) by the continual subsiding and exhaling of the water grew very thin, there was such a little and almost insensible quantity of light reflected from it, that it appeared intensely black; whereas, round about that black spot, where the water was"}, {"title": "", "text": "and put it against an even backdrop. You'll see where the light does not escape it into your eye, mostly around the sides, depending on the thickness of glass. That's what you missed here. If you can find an angle, you might also catch a reflection of a window or something in one of the flat sides of your vase. That would give it more solidity and substance. Experiment. Also, you've muddled up the water edge. Water forms a meniscus where it touches the glass; it is a crisp, reflecting/refracting curved shape, nothing like the blurry gradation you made. The water might also reflect what's above it, again depending on the angle, and it will most certainly refract the stalks strongly, making them look \"broken\" at the surface. Again you missed that. Last edited by arenhaus; 01-28-2010 at 12:32 AM. F-10, I thought your glass was great! It inspired my attempt. To the person Who critiqued it: can you tell us more about how you \"see\" refraction? Reflection is more obvious. I agree with you on a crisp Line for water in glass but water reflection and refraction are also difficult for us novice \"see-er's. can you discuss how you use very white and very dark colors in painting glass and Water? You \"see\" refraction just like you see anything else: by looking at the patterns it makes. Your brain is wired to recognize glass as transparent, and saves you from registering the actual patterns of color, light and shadow. You have to look specifically for"}, {"title": "", "text": "due to refraction of light. 1. Draw a thick straight line in ink, over a sheet of white paper placed on a table. 2. Place a glass slab over the line in such a way that one of its edges makes an angle with the line. Look at the portion of the line under the slab from the sides. What do you observe? Does the line under the glass slab appear to be bent at the edges? We see the line first in the air medium and then in the glass. So, the line under the glass slab appears bent at the edges-due to refraction. Next, place the glass slab such that it \u00a1s normal to the line. What do you observe now? Does the part of the line under the glass slab appear bent? Now, the line does not appear bent. The reason for this is that the light rays incident normally at the glass and air do not undergo refraction. Look at the line from the top of the glass slab. Does the part of the line, beneath the slab, appear to be raised? Why does this happen? Yes, part of the line under the glass slab appears to be raised. This is due to the refraction of light rays when they travel from glass to air. Activity 10. 1. Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using drawing pins. 2. Place a rectangular gl\u00e5ss slab over the sheet in the middle. 3. Draw the outline of the slab with a"}, {"title": "", "text": "incoming photon of light, causing those electrons to gain energy. But electrons can gain or lose energy only in discrete steps, known as \"quanta.\" But the size of the steps varies from material to material. Silicon dioxide happens to have very large steps, which means that the energy from a single photon of light is not sufficient to bump up the electrons to the higher level of energy. Instead, the light passes through the material. (Most ultraviolet light, however, does have enough energy to be absorbed, which is why you can't get a suntan through a glass window.) But light doesn't simply pass through glass; it can also be bent and distorted or even broken up into its component wavelengths. Glass could be used to change the look of the world, by bending light in precise ways. This turned out to be even more revolutionary than simple transparency. In the monasteries of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, monks laboring over religious manuscripts in candlelit rooms used curved chunks of glass as a reading aid. They would run what were effectively bulky magnifiers over the page, enlarging the Latin inscriptions. No one is sure exactly when or where it happened, but somewhere around this time in Northern Italy, glassmakers came up with an innovation that would change the way we see the world, or at least clarify it: shaping glass into small disks that bulge in the center, placing each one in a frame, and joining the frames together at the top, creating the world's first spectacles."}, {"title": "", "text": "glass also absorbs a small portion of the light."}, {"title": "", "text": "cup or a glass two thirds full with water (I find a straight-sided glass works best) and place a pencil in it so that it crosses from side to side of the glass, going all the way down to the bottom. Take a look at the pencil carefully at the point it enters the water. It looks as though it bends slightly, bringing it closer to going straight down into the cup or glass. It's not a huge deviation, but it is clearly noticeable that the pencil seems to change direction slightly. This is the result of the light bending as it goes into the water, just as it does (though even more so) when it travels from air to glass in a lens. The traditional way of understanding this phenomenon responsible for the focussing of light in your eye is to observe that the light slows down as it goes into the glass of a lens (or the water in your cup). To keep the energy the same, this means the frequency has to go up \u2013 the waves come more often. If you imagine a wide beam of light hitting a piece of glass at an angle, the bit of the beam that hits the glass first will have an increase in frequency, while the light still travelling through air will maintain the same frequency. This will result in the wave bending. Quantum theory's approach to light and matter is rather different. It says a photon will, in effect, take every possible path, with"}, {"title": "", "text": "Formation of spectrum of colors when light passes through a flat pane of glass Thread starter rishch rishch Here's a question from my textbook: \"Why do you not see a spectrum of colors when light passes through a flat pane of glass?\" However I think that a spectrum of colors will be formed when light passes through a flat pane of glass. The colors will all be parallel to one another, unlike a prism where they are diverging. I think so because at the first face of the flat pane they will all disperse, as happens at the first face of a prism and at the second face they will all be refracted in such a way that they are all parallel to the incident angle and hence parallel to each other. Am I right or do they not disperse? PS: The answer in the textbook is, \"Because a flat pane of glass has parallel sides\" Related Other Physics Topics News on Phys.org How biology creates networks that are cheap, robust, and efficient Insights Author Your explanation is an expanded version of \"Because a flat pane of glass has parallel sides\". You do not see shifts of light, unless you have some beam with an extremely small focus and a very narrow angular profile. A different angle for different colors is easier to see. No, my explanation is the opposite of what they said. I'm trying to say that what they said is wrong. They will disperse but the beam will be parallel, not diverging, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "in great measure transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined that light at one degree of obliquity should meet with pores enough in the Air to transmitt the greater part of it, & at another degree of obliquity meet with nothing but parts to reflect it wholly: especially considering that in its passage out of Air into Glasse, how oblique soever be its incidence it finds pores enough in the Glass to transmitt the greatest part of it; If any man suppose that it is not reflected by the Air but by the utmost superficiall parts of the Glasse, there is still the same difficulty: besides that such a supposition is unintelligible, & will also appear to be false by applying water behind some part of the Glasse instead of Air. For so in a convenient obliquity of the rayes suppose of 45 or 46 degrees at which they are all reflected where the Air is adjacent to the Glasse, they shall be in great measure transmitted where the water is adjacent to it: which argues that their reflexion or {trans}mission depends on the constitution of the Air & water. hind the glass, & not on the parts of the glass Thirdly if the colours made by a Prism placed at the {illeg} of a beam of light into a darkned Room {illeg} cast on a second Prism placed at a {illeg} the former, in such manner that they {illeg} incident upon it: the second Prism {illeg} <567r> to the incident rayes that those which"}, {"title": "", "text": "it scatter, like a satellite or a hydrogen cloud. This is called diffuse reflection and is how we interpret light hitting uneven surfaces. The law of reflection we spoke of earlier still applies, but instead of one surface, the light is hitting countless surfaces that are microscopic. Mirrors, on the other hand, do not give a diffused reflection. Rather, they offer a specular reflection that allows light to reflect without disturbing an incoming image on its smooth surface. This complex concept brings up an interesting question: Why do mirrors turn right into left and left into right? Why are up and down not reversed? When you get down to it, mirrors do not actually reverse anything! Mirrors are simply switching front and back, just like a stamp or a printing press would. Try writing your name on a piece of paper with a black marker and hold it up to a mirror; it\u2019s backward. Just as if you were to hold it up to a light and look at it from behind. Your mirror image is essentially a light-print of you! Contact Murray Glass Next time you look in a mirror, you\u2019ll know precisely how mirrors work. For all of your glass and mirror needs, installation or repairs, commercial or residential, the experts at Murray Glass can help. Our number one priority is to ensure you are 100% satisfied. We proudly hold ourselves to the highest standards and offer only the highest-quality glass and mirrors. See why countless homes and businesses across the Wasatch Front in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Glass (in fact most materials) becomes highly reflective at shallow angles which means that there is a lot of internal reflection going on inside organic shapes. This is partly what makes the glass look so good. By applying a filter, we can tint and darken the glass without adding any computational overhead. The effect of a filter color is as if the glass is coated in a thin layer of transparent material. When you want to simulate colored glass, you need to use absorption factors. Truly colored glass absorbs more light in thicker areas since the light has to travel further through the glass. The shape's thickness varies and the glass is still very transparent near the thin parts, whereas it becomes increasingly dark in the thick areas. Dispersion is another property that all refractive materials share in the real world but which is rarely included in renderings. Typically we assign transparent materials an Index-Of-Refraction (IOR) value. IOR controls how sharply the light is bend when it enters the material. In reality, the IOR differs per photon wavelenght. Red light contains less energy than blue light and tends to bend less when refracted (it has a lower IOR for any given material than blue light). Dispersion is also an extremely expensive shader property which will increase render times significantly."}, {"title": "", "text": "examine the glass, and we find that the metal framework forms a cage with four sides, each approximately flat, but really slightly spherical. Each of these sides is called a \"panel.\" In the centre of each is a lens. Peeping through the interstices between the prisms, we perceive that the lamp is inside this structure, exactly in the centre, so that its light shines directly through the central lens or bull's eye. Around this bull's-eye are many circles of glass bar, forming refracting prisms. Around this again are more bars in the form of segments, which together form circles, some being refracting prisms and others reflecting prisms. All the light rays from the lamp which fall on any one prism are deflected, so that they proceed approximately in the same direction. Those prisms in the upper part lay hold of the rays which would otherwise go up into the sky. Those at the bottom collect those which would fall near the foot of the tower. So scarcely any are lost. But for the fact that the lamp itself is comparatively large and not a theoretical point, as already explained, the beam from this panel would be perfectly straight, parallel, and of uniform density everywhere. As it is, it widens slightly as it proceeds, but, practically speaking, we might call it a solid beam of light. Each of the panels sends forth such a beam, so that they strike out in four directions from the central lamp much as four spokes from the hub of a wheel."}, {"title": "", "text": "expect the same result if light were just a wave.\" (Though I suppose I could add that QM is required to understand why the laser pointer works!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Nathaniel May 22 '13 at 2:30 $\\begingroup$ Sorry, I read only first line :) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 user10001 May 22 '13 at 2:32 Among the naked-eye visible effects that require a quantum explanation are fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electroluminescence. Concepts like band gap energy and the connection between energy and wavelength are needed to form plausible, detailed hypotheses which address the readily observed aspects of these phenomena. The transparancy of glass is a quantum phenomenon. It is owed to the fact that the electrons in the silicon crystals require an inordinate amount of energy in order to get exited into a higher orbital. This means that low energy photons like visible light can pass through unhindered. Meanwhile, UV light has enough energy to be absorbed. Glass is transparent, but you don't get a sunburn. Karl Damgaard AsmussenKarl Damgaard Asmussen As an illustration of Dan's answer I get myself a diffraction grating and start looking at florescent lamps. I was frankly really disappointed because you really don't get to see the lines clearly with a grating alone. What you would see is more or less like this But I moved on and told myself that I can make myself a spectroscope and I did just that! I had a big poster and rolled it to a tube. From a brochure I cut myself a thin slit and taped them together."}, {"title": "", "text": "Light's speed is counterintuitive, too. In a vacuum a photon always travels 186,282 miles in a second. Its reputation as a constant is well deserved, but only when it's flying through the emptiness of space. When passing through denser transparent media, such as water or glass, photons seem to slow down. _Seem?_ Well, do they slow or don't they? You decide. Light moves at just two-thirds its regular velocity, at \"just\" 120,000 miles a second, through glass and at 140,000 miles per second through water. This speed change is not at all subtle or cerebral. It makes fish appear in illusory locations in a fishbowl and causes a spoon to appear bent in a half glass of water. The density of glass allows a bottle of soda pop to seem to hold much more than it really does. But look more closely: photons are colliding with the material's atoms, getting absorbed, and then new photons are created to continue on. The images you see through your window are made of different photons from the ones that originally struck the far side of the glass. Since the process of absorption and reemission takes a tiny bit of time, light requires longer to pass through a window than it does through air. But between the glass's atoms each photon really still zooms at its famous, superfast, constant speed. Each of light's colors traverses clear materials at its own speed. This variance makes their paths diverge. Alhazen knew this a millennium ago. The bending of each color's path as"}, {"title": "", "text": "We've touched on visible light combining different wavelengths that bend in a slightly different ways to create different colours. Also how certain wavelengths get absorbed and some reflected when it hits and object. Now what happens when light passes through a substance, like water, or class, or the lens of your camera? Now take into consideration the angle that the light hits the medium; and if it moves from a denser medium to less or the other way around. You can see this when looking through a glass with water. The light will hit the glass and because it is a different density, will slow down and bend, again when it hits the water and again upon exit, distorting the image. Now how does this effect your photography? Ok so you can take some interesting distorted portraits through a fish bowl, but the true reason is lenses. The reason why we are able to capture the quality of light we do now is because we use a piece of glass that will bend and concentrate light onto a surface for us to capture. Different combinations and shapes will bend light to our will. Simplest form is a magnifying glass, combine that idea and you have a telescope. There are two main factors that that determine how much a lens bends the light. The reflective index(n) of a material is how much it slows down the beam. Air being n=1, water n=1.33, glass n=1.5 ect. Then the angle of incidence is the angle at which the light"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Light Absorption of a glass I've the $n$ (refractive index of the glass sheet ) and $t$ (the thickness of the glass sheet) with this information, how can I find the amount light absorption of the glass sheet? A: Possibly some semantic confusion here. Glass, with a simple refractive index, does not \"absorb\" light, it is transparent. Therefore the amount of light that emerges on the other side, for a given angle of incidence, is independent of the thickness of the glass. Instead, some of the incident light is reflected from the first boundary as the light enters the glass, and some is reflected from the second boundary as it exits the glass. Perhaps this is what you are calculating? Have a look at Fresnel Equations. Of course, real materials do absorb/scatter light, but you need a complex refractive index to sort that out. Do you have a complex refractive index? If you do then the light is exponentially attenuated as it travels through the material, but the amount of intensity attenuation depends on the (vacuum) wavelength of the light, $\\lambda$, and the path length through the glass, roughly as $\\exp(-4\\pi \\kappa x/\\lambda)$, where $\\kappa$ is the imaginary part of the refractive index and $x$ is the path length (which will be $t$ for normal incidence, but larger for non-normal incidence). A: To add to Rob Jeffries's answer: the absorption data for glass are separate from the refractive index and are measured by measuring the attenuation of light through a known thickness of glass, after"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why doesn't a light ray bend again when emerging from a lens? This image is a representation for light passing through a convex lens. It shows light entering from air to glass. When the light enters the glass we can see that it bends towards the normal. Now when the ray of light leaves the glass and enters the air again, we see no refraction. What I expect: The ray of light should bend away from normal once it exits the glass because it is going from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium. Is it just a bad representation or the bend is negligible or I am getting something wrong? A: They technically should \"bend\" because of refraction, and a more accurate drawing would be this: But drawings like the one that you show usually just tell you the net effect of the lens, i.e. treating the lens as a black box and not a series of interfaces. In the derivation of the thin lens equation, however, both curved surfaces, refractive indices, and radii of curvature are taken into account. A: You are right. The drawing shown in your question is quite poor. Here is a much better drawing, which correctly shows the refraction of rays on both convex surfaces. The rays bend towards the normal when entering the glass. And they bend away from the normal when exiting the glass. (image from Toppr - Convex Lens) A: That diagram shows what's called the \"thin lens\" approximation. In real life, lenses have thickness,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the suspect is always in a brightly lit room. Also, you'll notice that, from the transparent side, the mirror looks like tinted glass. That's because half or more of the light is being reflected back the other way. Yes - I believe that it's not perfect - it's not making that all photons are on one side. But it's not necessary - the slightest density gradient it would spontaneously create would make it Maxwell's demon - we could connect both parts to constantly equilibrate pressure of both parts. Through this connection would dominate direction from higher to lower pressure, which we can use to create work (from heat) - for example placing there something like water wheel but made of mirrors. I would like to understand how two-way mirror works, could anybody correct me? From wiki it is \"The glass is coated with (or in some cases encases a layer of) a very thin almost transparent layer of metal (generally aluminium).\" - it's asymmetric - metal from one side, glass from the other. I've found information how to check if a mirror is two-way - when You place eg fingernail near normal mirror, there will be a gap between the finger and the reflection. But if Your finger directly touch the surface - it's two-way mirror. So I imply that the reflective side is from metallic surface - looks intuitive. I think that the effect of transparency from the second time is caused by superposition of many reflections thanks of partial internal reflection when light goes"}, {"title": "", "text": "Light interacts with different mediums by transmission including refraction , absorption or scattering. it depends on the medium. While doing so, light follows a set of laws i.e. for reflection , refraction etc. Aim of this experiment is to show the peculiarities of light when passing through different shapes of glass. A wonderful kit to understand the concept of reflection, refraction. A wonderful kit to understand the concept of critical angle and total internal reflection. Correlation between theory and practical becomes easier."}, {"title": "", "text": "I know by experience that glass has a very low thermal conductivity. I could hold a piece of tubing within a couple of inches of where it was being heated with a gas flame and until it was so soften that I could remove it from the flame and smoothly bend it without constricting the glass at the inside of the bend. Try heating a similar copper tubing and holding it within a couple inches of where it was being heated with a gas flame and experience the difference due to the difference in these two materials\u2019 thermal conductivities. So one factor needed to explain the case observed by Carl is that glass has a low thermal conductivity. Another factor is a less known \u2018phenomenon or property\u2019 of matter which is a good absorber is a good reflector. So less known that for a while I did not know where I had learned (been taught) this. However, this time my memory did not fail me. In my graduate program physics was a first minor. So I took a course in theoretical physics and the textbook for it was Introduction to Theoretical Physics\u2014Classical Mechanics and Electrodynamics and the author was Roald K. Wangsness. I am sure you can believe I understood little of the mathematical reasoning taught in this book. However, in Section 29 (Reflection and refraction of plane waves) I read (pp 309): \u201cIn other words, waves which are most strongly absorbed are very strongly reflected. A good example is afforded by the optical properties of"}, {"title": "", "text": "object, like the cup, it is absorbed. Place the glass in front of the graphics. Stop crying. Copyright \u00a9 2020 Mocomi & Anibrain Digital Technologies Pvt. You can use a water bottle\u2026 Login or Register above to download the content. Course: PHY156. 3:42. Because the light from the torch passes from a lower-index medium (air) to a higher-index medium (water) the light rays bend inside the water, then when the light comes out it is spread out around the room. As you sight at the portion of the pencil that was submerged in the water, light travels from water to air (or from water to glass to air). Also let them watch this video to find out how people use light refraction to light their homes! In the experiment that you just completed, light traveled from the air, through the glass, through the water, through the back of the \u2026 Learn the magic of science in this water refraction trick. When light passes from one material to another, it can bend or refract. It is yet another way to show kids light reflection. This bending by refraction allows us to make use of lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms, etc. Copyright \u00a9 2020 rookieparenting.com. That\u2019s why you can still see the penny through the side of the empty glass. Dinosaur Activities & Crafts; Preschool Activities; Preschool Construction Activities; Preschool Dental Health Activities; Spring Crafts & Activities ; Stem Activities; Summer Crafts & Activities. Jiang W, Chen RT, Lu X. In this cool science experiment from Look We\u2019re Learning,"}, {"title": "", "text": "a! The bottle more as it enters the substance that refraction occurs when light slows down or is refracted another..., consult your state \u2019 s Why you can set it up within minutes PHY 156 ) and! Is closer to the drawing its original path experience little or no refraction light paths cross and the.! To the top of a photonic crystal will experiment with radiant energy and the graphics the! Great look at what \u2019 s involved in this case our camera ) coming from the air the! The magic of science in this case, the light reaching your eye ( or this! Glass last summer a total internal reflection and refraction of light watch this video: is! In the path of the piece of paper with an arrow drawn on the note... The simplest experiment to teach kids about light refraction they experience little or no refraction using a. At what \u2019 s Why you can do to wow '' your kids the will. Place the paper behind the glass, it refracts learn the magic of science this... Accessing the science behind the glass and the concept of refraction when the light passes from one material, another! Digital Technologies Pvt with light controlled by computer coding is fascinating is closer to the drawing see the on... How this experiment demonstrates a total internal reflection and refraction of light air surface, incidence... Further information, consult your state \u2019 s involved in this water refraction.... Experiment ( video ) by Rookie Parenting science Updated 05/15/2020 lesson"}, {"title": "", "text": "would reflection from floor only do this and not the mirror? *\"The glass changes the angle (and it does so differently for different wave-lengths) at different points, therefore, light gets censored differently at different points\" yet the colours have a width and are uniform. This would imply that the change in angle at different points etc etc would have to happen in a very special way to give this pattern. To answer these queries it is simpler to imaging that the incident light includes only one frequency (let's say red) of the whole visible spectrum. * *If the thickness of the glass gradually increases from top to bottom, then our red polarized light gradually rotates from top to bottom. Of course, the transformation of rotation is periodic, therefore after a while the direction of polarization comes back to its initial state. This then leads to having an image constructed by ordered bands of dark and light red. *The reflected light is polarized to some extent but there is an optimum angle for polarization that is different in different material. I suspect that if you look at the mirror while holding it with a different angle than the floor (probably almost perpendicular to the incident light) then you might be able to see the same phenomenon. *It is kind of a special way, since it is periodic. A: Your colour effect is somewhat similar to what can be seen through the windows of some trains. A part of the blue sky is a source of polarised light."}, {"title": "", "text": "say or do that will make them change. No matter how wrong they are. It is not worth the fight. Good luck. 13. Nov 14, 2005 ### brewnog Ooh, interesting discussion! I see it most days at work, when we're running the engines at overload. I was astonished the first time I saw it, I did ask myself whether the volutes were actually becoming translucent! Can't say I've ever tried to photograph the effect, I might give it a go next time I've got the camera out. 14. Nov 14, 2005 ### ahrkron Staff Emeritus They have a couple of nice pictures in the forum quoted by [initial steve]. 15. Nov 14, 2005 ### [initial steve] I can forgive people for thinking that metal can become translucent, looking into a glowing stainless steel manifold you can see some very intresting effects :) May i ask what you do? Steve 16. Nov 14, 2005 ### Staff: Mentor Oh, I think I see what the problem is (a few people mentioned it) - they are interpreting the dark areas as being thicker so you can't see through them as well. But the dark areas are thicker, which could make them cooler, making them darker. I had no idea they got so hot, though... edit: I've read a little of the site - your instincts are right about the refractive index: if something is opaque, it doesn't have an index of refraction. Also, refraction and reflection are not the same thing. Also, glass isn't a liquid, it is a....well....glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "incident perpendicularly from air on a film 8.84 microns thick and with refractive index 1.35. The tone of the book also has \u2026 Learn chapter 16 review questions with free interactive flashcards. When you see a mirage on a hot day, what are you actually seeing when you gaze a the \"pool of water\" in the distance? Part A) What is the apparent depth of the fish whe... A simple model of the human eye ignores its lens entirely. I'm sure he hates me and thinks that I didn't want him but I was very young and didn't have a support system. Why does a high flying airplane cast little or no shadow on the ground below while a low flying airplane casts a sharp shadow? How does reflection differ from refraction and diffraction? One is filled with water and the other is empty. You may assume the index of refraction of water is 1.33. How the shape of rainbow-like a Dhanush or parabolic? Does light pass through the vitreous humor? One Question a Day for Moms Daily Reflections of Motherhood Book Description : Track moments of motherhood in a beautiful keepsake journal This multi-year journal encourages mothers everywhere to take a moment to themselves each day and answer simple questions about their thoughts and musings. When white light passes from air to water given that the angle of the child in it be obtained a... Air casts a sharp shadow customers with decadent, imaginative gourmet food for... 61 mom at 16 reflection questions answers e."}, {"title": "", "text": "away from the forward direction as the index of refraction changes from ice (1.31) to glass (1.52). Wine glass caustic An hour-glass-shaped caustic can be observed when a typical wine glass is illuminated under a shallow angle of about or less than 30\u00b0. The following raytracing study was inspired by Joshua S. Harvey et al.'s recent article \"Bow-shaped caustics from conical prisms: a 13th-century account of rainbow formation from Robert Grosseteste\u2019s De iride\", Appl. Optics 56(19), p.G197-204, 2017. More on these investigations can be found in my article \"Wine glass caustic and halo analogies\", Appl. Optics 57(19), pp. 5259-5267 (2018). Using the free 3D CAD program Blender (Blender v2.79b) in combination with the free physics-based render engine LuxRender (LuxRender 1.6.0 Build 16132, LuxCore 1.4+, LuxBlend 2.5), a ray-tracing of the scene gives remarkably similar results to the actual real-world scene for the light source inclination of 24\u00b0 (corresponding to the solar elevation of the image taken in Trondheim above). Several volumetric caustics have been made visible by adding volumetric scattering in air. Only those rays show scattering which have first interacted with any part of the geometry (i.e. liquid, glass). Several online tutorials exist on how to model a wine-glass, e.g. here. The trick to get accurate refractions is to use LuxRender's volume precedence system. The liquid volume is not only a copy of the inner glass geometry closed off by the water-air surface (with a meniscus), but it is slighty up-scaled by 1% after modeling to have it overlap with the glass wall volume. Assigning"}, {"title": "", "text": "Atr\u00e1sAtr\u00e1s Cambios al paso #17 Editado por Miroslav Djuric \u2014 mi\u00e9 30 may 2012 17:25:55 Aprobaci\u00f3n pendiente Sin cambios L\u00edneas de Paso [* black] The glass over the E-ink screen takes the light from the eight LEDs at the top and evenly distributes it. [* black] How you ask? [* black] Optics. The glass is specially designed using two principles of optics: internal reflection and diffraction. [* black] Light coming from the LEDs goes into the glass which has a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating|diffraction grating] on it. This diffraction grating bounces the light around using internal reflection. Barnes and Noble really did their homework on this one, because instead of a simple linear diffraction grating, the diffraction grating seems to change throughout the glass to compensate for the local conditions. [* black] Light coming from the LEDs goes into the glass, which contains a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating|diffraction grating] -- an optical component that has slits or grooves as part of its structure. Usually a diffraction grating is a separate piece of an assembly, but B&N's engineers integrated it into the glass. [* black] This diffraction grating bends and disperses the light throughout the screen. Barnes and Noble really did their homework on this one, because instead of a simple linear diffraction grating (think of a bunch of parallel slits), the diffraction grating appears to change throughout the glass to evenly disperse the light. [* black] How do we know its a diffraction grating? [* black] [http://shaktronics.com/files/2010/02/big-scary-laser.gif|Lasers]. We took a laser and shined it though the glass panel onto the wall. Unlike"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Why does light refract toward the normal 1. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc why does light refract toward the normal when passing through glass? 2. Apr 17, 2015 ### robphy 3. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc 4. Apr 17, 2015 ### robphy The paths of light are reversible. Instead sending light from medium 1 to medium 2, send light from medium 2 to medium 1. (Try the PhET simulation.) Since the Law of Refraction says: $n_1\\sin\\theta_1 =n_2\\sin\\theta_2$, or equivalently $\\frac{n1}{n2}=\\frac{\\sin\\theta_2}{\\sin\\theta_1}$, if $\\frac{n1}{n2}<1$ (when entering a higher-n-medium), then $\\frac{\\sin\\theta_2}{\\sin\\theta_1}<1$... but this means $\\frac{\\theta_2}{\\theta_1}<1$ since the sine function is always increasing between 0 and 90. 5. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc Explain further 6. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc The light slows down, but how can it be explained that this slowing down causes it to be refracted toward the normal? 7. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc I answered it: because it covers less distance in the same time. 8. Apr 17, 2015 ### robphy Yes... check out the \"wave\" (as opposed to the \"ray\") version of the PhET simulation. 9. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc Thanks 10. Apr 17, 2015 ### physdoc If you draw a triangle, with each of the rays as legs and connect them with a straight line running perpendicular to the normal, which shows that the original leg is longer than the refracted ray, right? 11. Apr 17, 2015 ### Drakkith Staff Emeritus Remember that rays are only an approximation to real light, which is a wave. The light refracts towards the"}, {"title": "", "text": "different speeds in a particular medium. The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of$c$, the speed of light in vacuum, to$vthe speed of light in the medium; \\begin{align} n = \\frac{c}{v} \\end{align} Therefore, as you essentially point out, if the index depends on wavelength, then so does ... 0 A teacher I very highly regard explained it at a high school level to me as follows: (I was already taught something about interference of waves) You have a light-wave incident on the medium. The light-wave is just an oscillating electric field (plus magnetic field, but we know that electric effects are dominant in such situations). The oscillating electric ... 0 The explanation is very simple! The reason light changes direction (\"bends\") when traveling through glass, is because light travels slower in glass than in air. If now, you also want to know why light travels slower in glass than air, it is because the density of glass is higher than air and the electromagnetic fields of the glass molecules interfere more, ... 0 Apparent depth of the object is given by the following equation, $$AD=\\frac{RD}{n_{ab}}$$ WhereAD$is apparent depth,$RD$is real depth, and$n_{ab}\\$ is the refractive index of medium b (denser medium) w.r.t medium a (rarer medium). As real depth and refractive index is going to be constant always (for the given pair of medium), apparent depth will be ... 1 Keeping in mind that a surface cannot have a refractive index, but rather the bulk material which has that surface, what shape"}, {"title": "", "text": "depending on the distance between the two surfaces. This is truly bizarre; for it seems that the mere presence of second surface of glass alters the reflectiveness of the first. But how does the light \u201cknow\u201d there is a second surface of glass? It seems the light somehow is affected before it comes into contact with either surface. Well, Newton was aware of this awkward problem. He famously comes up with his theory of \u201cfits of easy reflection or transmission\u201d to explain this phenomenon. But this \u201ctheory\u201d was merely to say that the glass, for some unknown reason, sometimes lets light through, and sometimes reflects it. In other words, it was hardly a theory at all. Every Ray of Light in its passage through any refracting Surface is put into a certain transient Constitution or State, which in the progress of the Ray returns at equal Intervals, and disposes the Ray at every return to be easily transmitted through the next refracting Surface, and between the returns to be easily reflected by it. Also fascinating to the modern reader is the strange dual conception of light as waves and as particles in this work, which can\u2019t help but remind us of the quantum view. The wave theory makes it easy to account for the different refrangibility of the different colors of light (i.e. the different colors reflect at different angles in a prism). Do not several sorts of Rays make Vibrations of several bignesses, which according to their bignesses excite Sensations of several Colours, much after"}, {"title": "", "text": "shown in the figure below. The first lens collects the divergent light cone from the ... 1 The colours are formed by thin film interference, much like a soap bubble or an oil slick. Light is partially reflected off of the front surface of the coating and also off of the back surface. The two reflected light waves experience a difference in path length of twice the thickness of the film. This leads to light interference which can be constructive,... 0 Exactly this phenomenon is used in beam splitters. A beam splitter is normally designed to have a 50% chance of reflection and a 50% chance of reflection, while your glass block will (probably) not have equal reflection and transmission probabilities. However the basic principle is the same. Incidentally there is a related question at What happens when a ... 2 There reason I can think of is the strength of interaction. The force exerted by the electric field on a charged particle is $eE$ which is much stronger than the force by magnetic field $ev\\times B$. Magnetic force only get comparable to electric force when velocity of particle (usually induced by electric field) approaches light velocity. Due to this ... 0 Pretty sure one of the processes is electrons going into orbitals with lower energy, releasing the energy difference as light. Quantum mechanics describes rules for how this may happen. They probably ended up in an orbital of high energy by the system absorbing external light. 0 It is not possible to write a closed"}, {"title": "", "text": "light. Light travels more quickly through water than through glass. Which is optically denser : water or glass? If a ray of light passes from glass into water, which way will it bend : towards the normal or away from the normal? if it hits the glass block at an angle other than 90\u00b0 (that is, obliquely to the glass block). Explain why, a stick half immersed in water appears to be bent at the surface. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain why a tank full of water appears less deep than it actually is. Name the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface. With the help of a diagram, show how when light falls obliquely on the side of a rectangular glass slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. Show the lateral displacement of the ray on the diagram. State two factors on which the lateral displacement of the emergent ray depends. Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface. State whether the bending of pencil will increase or decrease if water is replaced by another liquid which is optically more dense than water. Give reason for your answer. Which of the following diagrams shows the ray of light refracted correctly? What is the angle of incidence? What is the angle of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Make a bottle disappear before your very eyes. Super easy experiment with amazing results! What about same shade square. what type of illusion is this. What is the material of square? As light enters glass (or water) it slows down, in doing so it changes direction. Think of a straw in a glass of water. The light is bent as it enters and exits the water, and you see the straw in a different apparent location. Since the indices in this experiment are the same, the light passes through the glass and oil unphased, and it appears to VANISH! If you don't fill the inner bottle with glycerin, then you have a volume of air, with a lower refractive index, and it destroys the illusion. I saw something like this on Beakman's World when I was little. It was a little bit different though. The inner vessel was filled with water and the larger outer jar was filled with light cornsyrup. Something about the way light refracts through it makes the inner glass appear missing. Doesn't this happen because the index of refraction is the same on both the bottle and the water? Wow. I had no idea that was possible. Very interesting! hmmm interesting, why does this happen? does the glycerin have the same refracting properties as the glass? not sure, But I think it's also necessary to fill the inner bottle with glycerin."}, {"title": "", "text": "mirror to the left must total 100%, since the mirror is the middle layer in the sandwich, and that's true no matter what material we use for that layer. So, (100-m) + k must be 100%, which can only be true if m=k. In short, if the mirror reflects more light on one side than the other, the \"brighter\" side ends up with more total energy, and objects placed on that side of the mirror will warm up, while objects on the \"dimmer\" side of the mirror will cool off. The second law says that can't happen. Consider a sheet of ordinary glass. When light enters it, not all the light goes in -- some is reflected. Call that fraction k%. Again, when the light exits the other side, some light is reflected inside the glass, and doesn't get out; call that fraction m%. Let's just consider light which strikes the glass perpendicularly (at a 90 degree angle), so we don't have to worry about the effects of refraction. Can we say anything about the values of k and m? We can, if we can eliminate one surface from consideration -- and that's something we can do. By careful choice of coatings on one surface of the glass, we can (nearly) eliminate reflections, both internal and external, from that surface. This is done commercially with multicoated camera lenses; they reflect far less light than ordinary (uncoated) glass. While real coatings only affect certain frequencies, we'll assume for the moment we can have an ideal anti-reflective coating,"}, {"title": "", "text": "mirror to the left must total 100%, since the mirror is the middle layer in the sandwich, and that's true no matter what material we use for that layer. So, (100-m) + k must be 100%, which can only be true if m=k. In short, if the mirror reflects more light on one side than the other, the \"brighter\" side ends up with more total energy, and objects placed on that side of the mirror will warm up, while objects on the \"dimmer\" side of the mirror will cool off. The second law says that can't happen. Consider a sheet of ordinary glass. When light enters it, not all the light goes in -- some is reflected. Call that fraction k%. Again, when the light exits the other side, some light is reflected inside the glass, and doesn't get out; call that fraction m%. Let's just consider light which strikes the glass perpendicularly (at a 90 degree angle), so we don't have to worry about the effects of refraction. Can we say anything about the values of k and m? We can, if we can eliminate one surface from consideration -- and that's something we can do. By careful choice of coatings on one surface of the glass, we can (nearly) eliminate reflections, both internal and external, from that surface. This is done commercially with multicoated camera lenses; they reflect far less light than ordinary (uncoated) glass. While real coatings only affect certain frequencies, we'll assume for the moment we can have an ideal anti-reflective coating,"}, {"title": "", "text": "this feature of the moth is effective to admit more light and also show no reflection, plant surfaces can go a step further, by also rearranging the light rays that they pass so that they can be better used by the underlying light mechanism, the authors say. Light, as we know, consists of a combination of electric and magnetic waves, each being the cause and also the effect of the other, as they pass through, vacuum, in space, or the air, or glass, or water, etc. We can imagine that passage of the waves, particularly their speed, depends on how electric or magnetic fields behave in different media. And in the case of all media, the effect is that the speed of light is less than what it is in vacuum, and for most materials, less than what it is in air. This is why a light beam bends when it enters glass or water, and it is thanks to this that we have cameras, telescopes and the magnifying glass. Apart from affecting the speed and the direction of light, these properties of materials also affect how much of incident light would pass through or reflect off a surface. For all materials, hence, a part of the light that falls on a surface is not transmitted, but is reflected. This is so for almost all the angles at which light strikes the surface, with more reflection when the angle is shallow. Some of the light is thus always lost to reflection by the normal cornea of"}, {"title": "", "text": "a single metal layer, Science (2017). DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5953 Journal reference: Science Provided by: ETH Zurich Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-11-optoelectronics-glass.html#jCp[url=https://phys.org/news/2017-11-optoelectronics-glass.html#jCp] Along the vines of the Vineyard. With a forked tongue the snake singsss... EA Posting Freak Posts: 9,721 Threads: 146 Joined: Jan 2006 Reputation: 16 11-12-2017, 09:12 PM (This post was last modified: 11-12-2017, 09:17 PM by EA.) The path length of light in opaque media November 10, 2017 Light on its way through a liquid: In case of a transparent liquid (left) light paths are straight lines. In case the liquid is made opaque through nanoparticles (right) light paths get more complicated through scattering. Some of the paths become longer, others shorter - on average though the length of light paths is the same as in the transparent case. Credit: Vienna University of Technology A seemingly paradoxical prediction in physics has now been confirmed in an experiment: No matter whether an object is opaque or transparent, the average length of the light's paths through the object is always the same. What happens when light passes through a glass of milk? It enters the liquid, is scattered unpredictably at countless tiny particles and exits the glass again. This effect makes milk appear white. The specific paths that the incident light beam takes depend, however, on the opacity of the liquid: A transparent substance will allow the light to travel through on a straight line, in a turbid substance the light will be scattered numerous times, travelling on more complicated zig-zag trajectories. But astonishingly, the average total distance"}, {"title": "", "text": "to refract it must pass through a medium different from the one it was travelling through. In space light travels at 100% because there is nothing to impede its progress. Its speed is reduced to 99.7% when it travels through air, and is further reduces to 75% when it travels through water. Because light waves slow down when passing through a denser medium, they bunch up. That is why if you place a pencil in a glass of water it appears to bend. Therefore, as there is neither air nor water on the Moon, refraction cannot occur. It was this phenomenon of refraction to which Aldrin had alluded, and not reflection. Note, too, the fall-off areas in the Aldrin photograph. Because the Moon has no atmosphere to pollute the light, hoax theorists claim these areas should be bright and crisp and not gradually fade into darkness. This so-called \u2018anomaly\u2019 is due to simple optic and lighting effects, however. The mid-to-foreground surface regions are being viewed from a different angle than that of the distant background surface. As Armstrong is focussing specifically on Aldrin in this shot the background naturally appears out of focus. The local terrain and light from the lunar module, which is situated to the left of Aldrin, also reflect significant amounts of light, as evidenced by the illuminated area directly behind him. The Case for Shadow Divergence. Sceptics claim that the divergence of the shadows in the above image is impossible if the sun is the only source of light on the Moon."}, {"title": "", "text": "you end up with is everyone moving back into the water, having kind of \"bounced\" off the sand, instead of emerging out onto the sand. And this is pretty much what happens to a beam of light as well, if it's heading from the glass towards the air at a big angle to the normal. It bounces off the surface and goes back into the glass. We call this total internal reflection. Lenses and microscope. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University. Now of course a beam of light isn't made up of lines of tiny people with their hands held together. But mathematically speaking, the changes in speed as light travels in different materials does cause exactly that \"crack the whip\" effect, causing light to bend when it enters or leaves glass. It also causes the total internal reflection effect. What's more, if you use the \"crack the whip\" analogy, and you calculate the geometry mathematics based on how fast the light moves in the different materials, you get exactly the angles that the light beam will travel in each case. Using this analogy actually gets you the right answer. As an analogy goes, that's pretty good. To finish off, let's return to the difference between lenses and prisms. I started talking about prisms because they have flat surfaces and it's easier to see what's going on when light enters a flat surface. All the light that hits a prism from the same direction hits a surface at the same angle, so the prism"}, {"title": "", "text": "and light rays get refracted both when entering and exiting the material. But in practice, this thickness tends to be very small compared to the lenses' focal length. Ignoring it makes the equations much simpler. So in introductory discussions of optics, physicists tend to use the \"thin lens\" approximation: pretend that the lens has no thickness, and is just a plane that magically changes the angle of any light that touches it. This makes it easier to discuss the most important properties of lenses (the way they focus or un-focus light to make images) without getting bogged down by smaller details. That's what's happening in this image: the diagram-maker is pretending that light only gets refracted once, when it passes through the magic plane, instead of twice, when it enters and exits the glass. (Of course, like any approximation, the thin lens approximation isn't perfect. Ignoring the actual details of the lens material means you can't predict things like chromatic aberration. So this approximation is mainly used to get an intuition for how lenses work, and isn't actually used in, say, manufacturing real lenses for cameras.) A: You can think of a convex-convex lens as (approximately) one prism on top of another. The light rays bend at both air interfaces."}, {"title": "", "text": "established a law in nature where this is predictably possible \u2013 The law of refraction. Laws are not theories. They are like God because they are made by God. They are consistent and can always be counted to act in a predictable, unchanging manner. It is not my purpose to teach physics, so I will refrain from a technical discussion of the law itself, and will rather refer those interested in such a dissertation to any general physics textbook. Refraction occurs because light waves travel at different speeds through different substances. Refraction involves the bending of light waves as they move from one medium to another. In figure 15 you can see the bending effect on light as it passes from a less dense medium (air) into a more dense medium (water). If you want to see this bending of light in action, drop a pencil and a coin into a glass about three-fourths full of water. The pencil will appear to be broken at the water surface, and the coin will appear to be on the side of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And why do we have light in the morning before the sun comes into view? You guessed it! It is the law of refraction at work. As the sun\u2019s rays travel through space, they move very rapidly, as if in a vacuum, but when contact is made with the more dense"}, {"title": "", "text": "How Do Mirrors Work? BY Anna Green Most of us use mirrors every day without stopping to reflect on how they actually work. Why is it that mirrors reflect images of their surroundings when other objects don\u2019t? Why can we see ourselves in mirrors, and what\u2019s actually happening when we look into a looking glass? Considering the near-magical function mirrors perform, their construction is surprisingly simple. Most household mirrors are made of glass with a thin layer of metal backing (usually aluminum), and several layers of paint. It turns out glass isn\u2019t the most important component of a looking glass. Instead, the glass surface of a mirror performs a predominantly protective function, preserving the extremely thin, extremely smooth layer of metal behind it. Light passes through the glass part of the mirror and is reflected by the metal. The layer of paint at the back of the mirror serves a similar protective function, keeping the metal in place. But why are mirrors uniquely reflective? When light hits a mirror, it reflects every color in the visible spectrum. Most objects absorb some colors and reflect others, giving rise to our perception of the color properties of things. For example, when light hits a banana, it absorbs every color except for yellow, which it reflects, making the banana appear yellow. You might also remember from school that, much like mirrors, white objects (like a piece of printer paper or a white wall) reflect all the colors of the visible spectrum. The reason mirrors are reflective and other flat"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflected portions add up and the transmitted portions cancel out, so in aggregate nearly all of the light is reflected. Sorry; wrong reference. What I said is what Carl Zimmer said in the NYT, who presumably talked to the authors: The layers of tiles are separated by thin layers of fluid, and as a ray of light passes through them, it gets bent further and further from its original direction. Eventually the light gets turned completely around, heading back toward the front of the eye. https://www.nytimes.com/?mcubz=0 You\u2019re right that that\u2019s what Zimmer says (correct link here), but I think he just got that part of it garbled. Everything else about his description \u2014 the alternative layers of tiles and fluid (with different refractive index), and the fact that it\u2019s optimized for a particular wavelength \u2014 is characteristic of the kind of dielectric mirror described in the Physics 162 explanation and in this Wikipedia article. You\u2019re probably right; I\u2019ll take that part out, thanks. guanine crystals in the shape of squares (not their natural crystalline configuration\u2014how does the scallop do this In general, this is no news. I recall \u201cnews\u201d reports from the late 18xx that table salt (NaCl, halite) would form cubic forms when grown from solution in pure water, but if grown from water with (IIRC) 1% urea in solution, it would form octahedral form crystals. This requires no change in the internal, atomic even, structure of the crystals, but the energy of the crystal surface relative to the solution in which it grows. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflected portions add up and the transmitted portions cancel out, so in aggregate nearly all of the light is reflected. Sorry; wrong reference. What I said is what Carl Zimmer said in the NYT, who presumably talked to the authors: The layers of tiles are separated by thin layers of fluid, and as a ray of light passes through them, it gets bent further and further from its original direction. Eventually the light gets turned completely around, heading back toward the front of the eye. https://www.nytimes.com/?mcubz=0 You\u2019re right that that\u2019s what Zimmer says (correct link here), but I think he just got that part of it garbled. Everything else about his description \u2014 the alternative layers of tiles and fluid (with different refractive index), and the fact that it\u2019s optimized for a particular wavelength \u2014 is characteristic of the kind of dielectric mirror described in the Physics 162 explanation and in this Wikipedia article. You\u2019re probably right; I\u2019ll take that part out, thanks. guanine crystals in the shape of squares (not their natural crystalline configuration\u2014how does the scallop do this In general, this is no news. I recall \u201cnews\u201d reports from the late 18xx that table salt (NaCl, halite) would form cubic forms when grown from solution in pure water, but if grown from water with (IIRC) 1% urea in solution, it would form octahedral form crystals. This requires no change in the internal, atomic even, structure of the crystals, but the energy of the crystal surface relative to the solution in which it grows. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "the same as it enters the glass, but its wavelength,$\\lambda'$, is altered in the optical dense medium. Last edited: Jan 21, 2006"}, {"title": "", "text": "#1, and the rest is transmitted through the glass and incident on the second surface where a part of it is reflected and goes back up as indicated by the arrow #2. Rest of light emerges from the other side of the glass plate indicated by the dotted arrow. Two more things to be noted: What is plotted on the right side of the figure is the light signal in the reflected beams #1 and #2. Variable on the X-axis of that figure is the thickness of the glass plate (L). 4. The first thing one would expect is to have a fraction of light (about 8%) to be reflected via path #1. In fact, that is what one WILL observe with normal light (with all wavelengths in the visible region). However, as we can see in the experimental data to the right in the figure, that reflected signal varies from 0% to 16% as the thickness of the glass plate in increased for light with a well-defined wavelength (like from a laser). It is interesting to see that the reflected signal is zero (very low) at some thicknesses of the glass plate. This is a KEY feature that cannot be explained without our interpretation of QM. If anyone can, please post at the discussion forum. Feynman explicitly said that he could not, on p. 10 of his book. 5. Normally, one would expect the light reflected from the front surface (#1) to be at a constant level since photons are particles, i.e., a photon hitting"}, {"title": "", "text": "slab). Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path in glass. A ray of light travelling in glass emerges into air. State whether it will bend towards the normal or away from the normal. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why? A ray of light goes from water into air. Will it bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Q 10 | Page 219 State two effects caused by the refraction of light. Name the phenomenon due to which a swimming pool appears less deep than it really is. When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is the angle of refraction greater than or less than the angle of incidence? A ray of light passes from air into a block of glass. Does it bend towards the normal or away from it? As light rays pass from water into glass, are they refracted towards the normal or away from the normal? In which material do you think light rays travel faster-glass or air? Which phenomenon of light makes the water to appear shallower than it really is? Refraction occurs because light slows down in denser materials. Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium to another? Q 19.1 | Page 220 Fill in the following blank with suitable word: Light travelling along a normal is ...............refracted. Light bends when is passes from water into air. We say"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Tag Info 5 The answer is \"almost no\" - the wavelength of the photon is virtually unchanged (in the initial rest frame of the mirror, the \"lab frame\"). Because the mirror is much more \"massive\" than the photon, it serves as a \"momentum sink\" and picks up almost no energy. The best way to develop an intuition for this is to consider a collision between two balls: one ... 3 If you paint the inside surfaces flat black, or cover them with black felt, a \"maze\" will let air through but stop 99.9% of the light. 3 It will behave as a concave mirror with a convex lens in front of it, or just as a convex mirror if the other side is reflecting (with a lens behind it that doesn't really do anything because it's blocked). You would have to do ray tracing to see more precise behavior for the former case. 2 You are seeing fringes of equal thickness where light from a source is being reflected off the top of the soap film and the bottom of the soap film and then entering your eye to form an interference pattern on the retina of your eye with your eye focussed on the soap film. The condition for a maximum is $2 \\, n\\, t_{\\rm m} = (m+\\frac 12) \\lambda$ where $... 2 I have done some calculations, and in my solution, the law of reflection does apply in this case. Am I right? Yes, you're right. However, I offer you to use"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of the water cladding is 1. It is the dispersion of light by ordinary glass that is responsible for the familiar splitting of light into its component colors by a prism. Given n lines L and a point P L on each line, find the locus of points Q such that the lengths of the line segments QP L satisfy certain conditions. Light can be transmitted along an optical fibre with almost zero energy loss. This means that a person can be diagnosed and treated through a small incision cut. The critical angle is: If, instead of your finger, a high-speed bullet passes through the light beam, the resulting shadow will move even faster. The speeds of the shadow in the above example are still well below c , but you can extend this analogy to a wall 20 m away where the beam is 40 m in diameter or to a wall 2,, m away. Of course, a flashlight that would have measureable intensity over a wide angle at that distance would blind individuals near it, but one could still imagine the situation. It is, after all, analagous to a star that radiates uniformly in all directions with an appreciable intensity at exceptionally far distances. A planet or a giant cloud of interstellar dust passing between that star and the observer would cast a shadow, however small, that could move faster than c at the observer's location. True Believers: The Tragic Inner Life of Sports Fans Advances in Computers: Architectural Advances: 69 Unquenchable Fire"}, {"title": "", "text": "the table through the water (refractive index, $\\mu = 1.33$) and then into the glass ($\\mu = 1.5$) rather than from air ($\\mu = 1$) into glass ($\\mu = 1.5$) more of the light is transmitted than reflected at the interface. Image 3 shows the effect of filling the tumbler with water. There is a greater contrast between the water drop and no water drop regions. Image 4 has the whole of the base of the tumbler standing in water. Being anxious to get reasonable images I only noticed the different regions $a,\\,b,\\,c$ and $d$ when I was processing the images. Image 5 shows the bevel on the tumbler which was responsible for region $c$ in image 6. It then became clear to me that region $d$ showed a reflection of light from the bottom of the tumbler. I suspected that it was total internal reflection at the air - outside surface of glass interface. Image 7 shows what happened when I placed a finger outside the glass. My finger was seen through the bevel region $c$ but note in region $d$. Image 8 shows my finger touching the outside of the glass in region $d$ resulting in any reflection not being visible. I conclude that the effect is due to the water layer providing improved coupling to allow more light to enter the tumbler and the tumbler with water in it acting as an optical fibre."}, {"title": "", "text": "pure. Light must be able to pass through the length of the fiber without being scattered, or losing brightness. Though the glass in an eyeglass lens looks perfect, a three-foot-thick piece of this kind of glass would stop a beam of ordinary light. Tiny particles of iron, chromium, copper, and cobalt absorb or scatter the light. The glass in an optical fiber is nearly free of impurities and so flawless that light travels through it for many miles. If ocean water were as pure, we would be able to see the bottom of the Mariana Trench, over thirty-two thousand feet down, from the surface of the Pacific. An optical fiber has a glass inner core. Light travels through this highly transparent part of the fiber. The core of an optical fiber is surrounded by an outer covering called the cladding. The cladding is made of a different type of glass from the core of the fiber. For this reason, the cladding acts like a mirror. Light traveling through the core of the fiber is reflected back into the core by the cladding\u2014much like a ball bouncing off the inside wall of a long pipe. In this way, light entering one end of an optical fiber is trapped inside the core until it comes to the other end."}, {"title": "", "text": "Exactly 100 years ago a remarkable paper appeared in Annalen der Physik, a prestigious German physics journal in which both Max Planck and Albert Einstein published their findings. This paper, by German physicist Paul Peter Ewald explained how light behaves when it strikes a sheet of glass. Ewald, in 1915, explained, in effect, how a window works. A few year later, Swedish physicist Carl Wilhelm Oseen extended these findings to explain how light behaves when it strikes a crystal. Together the work of these two men is known as the Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem. What's so mysterious about how a window works. Isn't a window merely a sheet of glass? When light strikes a window some of it bounces off (about 10%) and the remainder is refracted (bent) into the glass at an angle that depends on a number \"n\" called the refractive index which is different for different materials. If n is greater than 1, the light bends deeper into the material; if n is less than 1, the light bends towards the surface. In a vacuum the speed of light is equal to a constant c. But in material media, the velocity v of light is equal to: v = c/n. For visible light in glass, the refractive index is about 1.5, so light travels at about 70% of its vacuum speed: inside glass, light travels SLOW. On the other hand, for X-rays in many materials, the refractive index is less than 1, so X-ray light travels FAST -- faster than light in a vacuum."}, {"title": "", "text": "passes through a parallel sided glass block: if it hits the glass block at 90\u00b0 (that is, perpendicular to the glass block) if it hits the glass block at an angle other than 90\u00b0 (that is, obliquely to the glass block). Explain why, a stick half immersed in water appears to be bent at the surface. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain why a tank full of water appears less deep than it actually is. Name the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface. With the help of a diagram, show how when light falls obliquely on the side of a rectangular glass slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. Show the lateral displacement of the ray on the diagram. State two factors on which the lateral displacement of the emergent ray depends. Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface. State whether the bending of pencil will increase or decrease if water is replaced by another liquid which is optically more dense than water. Give reason for your answer. Light travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium along a normal to the boundary: (a) is refracted towards the normal (b) is refracted away from the normal (c) goes along the boundary (d) is not refracted A ray of light passes"}, {"title": "", "text": "is especially effective if an imperfect wine glass is used as our model. Furthermore, if glass or other refractive material is used that has a colour tint, the caustic will also be tinted as the glass (etc) acts as a gel (a coloured filter). This can be simulated by tinting the caustic map; the bottle\u2019s shadow colour should also be tinted to simulate this gel effect. Initially published: Computer Arts magazine, Issue 86, August 2003. Copyright \u00a9 Pete Draper, August 2003. Reproduction without permission prohibited."}, {"title": "", "text": "both air and glass, light's most likely path from A to B will depend on the thickness of glass it needs to traverse, as well as the total distance it needs to cover. That means that the light may sometimes prefer to bend. This is the quantum-mechanical basis of refraction. In order to maximise the probability that photons from A will end up precisely at B, those going in a straight line need to be slowed down relative to those taking a more circuitous route, so that, in effect, all hit B the same time. This can be done by forcing the former to pass through more glass than the latter. The result is a round piece of glass that is thick in the middle, where the straight-line path crosses, and tapers off towards the edge, where the less direct routes do\u2014in other words, a focusing lens, with its focal point at B. Dr Capasso's lens, described in Nano Letters, also slows photons down. But instead of using varying thickness of glass to do the job, he and his team created an array of antennae which absorb photons, hold on to them for a short time and then release them. In order for this trick to work, though, the distance between the antennae has to be smaller than the wavelength of the light being focused. In Dr Capasso's case that means less than 1,550 nanometres, though he thinks that with tweaking it could be made to work with shorter-wavelength visible light, too. Creating the array involved"}, {"title": "", "text": "direction at the interface, separating the two media, i.e., water and air. \u2022 This path is chosen by light ray so as to minimize time of travel between ball and eye. \u2022 This can be possible only when the speed of light changes at interface of two media. \u2022 In another way the speed of light is different in different media. Hypothesis : Speed of light changes when it travels from one medium to another medium. Question 11. Take a glass vessel and pour some glycerine into it and then pour water up to the brim. Take a quartz glass rod. Keep it in the vessel. Observe the glass rod from the sides of the glass vessel. 1) What changes do you notice? 2) What could be the reasons for these changes? (AS2) 1. We cannot see the glass rod in glycerine but we can see the rod in water. 2. We can also observe an apparent image of glass rod in water. 3. Reasons: i) Glycerine has essentially same refractive index as glass. ii) So, any light passing through these is bent equally. iii) Since both are transparent, it is not possible for our eye to distinguish the boundary by a change in the angle of reflection, and the glass seems to vanish. iv) But, the refractive index of glass and water are different. v) So the glass rod is visible to our eye in water. . Question 12. Do Activity-7 again. How can you find critical angle of water? Explain your steps briefly. (AS3)"}, {"title": "", "text": "wave. A rainbow is made by raindrops which work like millions of tiny prisms to split up sunlight. Light waves hit mirror Light is directed back, giving a back-to-front reflection Light waves bounce off a mirror. Like sound, light bounces off surfaces which are very smooth. This is called reflection. A mirror is smooth, hard and flat. When you look at it, you see your reflection. Light passes through certain materials, like clear glass and plastic. Materials which let light pass through, to give a clear view, are transparent. Those which do not allow light through, like wood and metal, are opaque. Mirrors and lenses are important parts of many optical (light-using) gadgets. They are found in cameras, binoculars, microscopes, telescopes and lasers. Without them,we would have no close-up photographs of tiny microchips or insects or giant planets \u2013 in fact, no photos at all. A concave lens, which is thin in the middle, makes things look smaller. A convex lens, which bulges in the middle, makes things look larger. Glass and water bend, or refract, light waves. This makes a drinking straw look bent where it goes behind the glass and then into the water. Light does not usually go straight through glass. It bends slightly where it goes into the glass, then bends back as it comes out. This is called refraction. A lens is a curved piece of glass or plastic that bends light to make things look bigger, smaller or clearer. Spectacle and contact lenses bend light to help people see more"}, {"title": "", "text": "property called the refractive index, and for stars, it is the warping nature of gravity. This was confirmed in observation during a total solar eclipse: stars that became visible around the Sun were displaced somewhat from their true positions. Light can therefore be made to spread out more by reducing the beam width or by increasing the wavelength of the light. Bending the rules. We posed this question to Andrew Pontzen from the University of Cambridge... Andrew - Regardless of the mass of the object, the acceleration caused by gravitational pull is the same for any object. Light does bend due to gravity, but not in the formation of a rainbow. Refraction at plane surfaces. Wave speed becomes less in shallower water. Get your Action Lab Box Now! Many textbooks imply that all diffraction is caused by light interacting with an object. In reality we only have a narrow beam of light, a ray of light is idealization. When light passes into a denser medium, the ray is bent toward the normal. \"The Airy function is a solution for an approximate case,\" says Segev. Refraction at plane surfaces. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. neither did Carl Sagan or Hoyle. But despite such applications, he points out that the light itself doesn't actually curve, it only appears to, because of the way in which the interference bright-spots line up. Light is thought to be both a wave and particle. But now researchers have shown that light can also travel in a curve, without any external influence. The amount"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 obviously something close will reflect the laser faster than something far away, because the light doesn\u2019t have to travel as far. So the reason glass \u2018doesn\u2019t work\u2019 is that the normal emit-reflect-detect process is disrupted, and if the glass is fully transparent to the incident laser light, the scanner won\u2019t realise there\u2019s anything there at all. Which is pretty boring. But the cool stuff happens when the material in question is not just semi-transparent, but highly defective, such that the incident light is fragmented/scrambled and reflects in unpredictable and unrepeatable ways. Come along to our post-production session in Wrexham on Friday 14th December to find out what we end up doing, why we did it and what we thought of the whole process. Details on Datrys.co.uk."}, {"title": "", "text": "It is not my purpose to teach physics, so I will refrain from a technical discussion of the law itself, and will rather refer those interested in such a dissertation to any general physics textbook. Refraction occurs because light waves travel at different speeds through different substances. Refraction involves the bending of light waves as they move from one medium to another. In figure 15 you can see the bending effect on light as it passes from a less dense medium (air) into a more dense medium (water). If you want to see this bending of light in action, drop a pencil and a coin into a glass about three-fourths full of water. The pencil will appear to be broken at the water surface, and the coin will appear to be on the side of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And why do we have light in the morning before the sun comes into view? You guessed it! It is the law of refraction at work. As the sun\u2019s rays travel through space, they move very rapidly, as if in a vacuum, but when contact is made with the more dense atmospheric medium of the earth, the light decelerates, and is bend around the curvature of the earth by the law of refraction. This law causes the light to reach the surface before the sun appears in the morning, and to trail behind on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Now people on one end of the line are going to hit the water before people in the middle, who hit before the people at the other end. When the first person hits the water, they slow down, but everybody else is still running at full speed. If you've ever played crack the whip, you'll know what's about to happen. When someone at one end of the line slows down, everyone else begins to whip around in a curve. The result is that as successive people in the line enter the water, they end up running in a different direction to the direction they were running on the sand. So if a line of people holding hands runs in one direction and hits something that makes everyone in the line slow down, and they hit it at an angle, then everyone ends up running in a different direction. The path of motion is bent. And that's pretty much what happens with a beam of light when it enters a piece of glass at an angle. The light is slowed down, and it slows down on one side of the beam before the other side, so the beam does a \"crack the whip\" and curves around, bending at the boundary. The same thing happens in reverse when light goes from the glass back into the air. It's like running out of the water with your line of friends. If one end of the line emerges first, the people at that end can run faster than everyone else,"}, {"title": "", "text": "in light refraction glass or.. Rays travel through air, they experience little or no refraction in coding circuit... Bag water refraction trick of of card or paper refraction at the bottom until blocks! Zip Lock Bag water refraction is the bending of light | Solved Example-12 o practical experiment in refraction of. Word that still makes sense if you put it behind the glass and the image appears to be when. And a helpful explanation of how this experiment demonstrates a total internal reflection ( )... Love ) can learn more about refraction of light reaching your eye ( or in this our. Don \u2019 t see light move in waves just like sound light and glass_Passion. Incidence angle the interface between the light slow down and change direction more as it enters the.. The principle of optical fibres passes through substances, such as oil juice. ) can learn more about light refraction with a water bottle experiment of light rays that reach our eyes of or. Makes it possible for us to have its reversed picture can learn more go to 1 Liter of is! Get weekly videos, articles, play ideas and mocomi updates in your inbox, |. Them watch this video to find out how light refraction with a water bottle experiment use light refraction and light reflection from transparent! Experiments for kids when our magazine is published on, and a helpful explanation of how this demonstrates. In speed this light ray bends when it passes from one material to another, it bends all."}, {"title": "", "text": "finger placed behind the device is readily visible, but a finger placed within the cloak vanishes! For about \\$50, you too can make your own \u201ccloaking device\u201d, albeit an oversimplified and crude one! Let\u2019s take a look at how it is done. The device is constructed out of eight glass right-angle prisms arranged as shown in the top-down photograph below. The operation of the cloak is really simple to explain. Suppose we look through the device from the bottom up; light coming from above bounces through the system as shown in the following image. (Rays have been color-coded to clearly show path of travel.) The illusion is obviously not perfect \u2014 looking at the \u201ccloak\u201d from any direction other than directly in front of one of the flat faces will not provide any effect, other than a highly distorted image. This is not exactly a flaw, as more recent cloaking investigations have focused on such \u201cdirectional\u201d cloaks as a way to simplify the design requirements. But an interesting question arises: the prisms are made of clear glass: why doesn\u2019t some of the light passing through the system just go right through the side of the prism and into the diamond-shaped cloaked region? For that matter, why doesn\u2019t some of the light escape out through the sides of the cloak as it bounces around? The answer is that the light is totally internally reflected at the glass interfaces, and none escapes until it hits the exit surface head on. What is total internal reflection? As discussed in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Published 04/25/2019 05:53:47 am at 04/25/2019 05:53:47 am in Does Glass Bend. does glass bend different colours bend with different angles because of its speed in denser medium red colour light goes faster than violet colour light in glass bbc gcse bitesize science refraction of waves revision page when light passes from air through a glass block that has parallel sides it emerges. material science why does glass break at the line where you score bend glass, eyeglasses how can i stop my glasses from slipping down my nose answers , ways to fix bent glasses wikihow image titled fix bent glasses step , flexible glass could bring back the flip phone mit technology review , how to melt glass bottles steps with pictures wikihow image titled melt glass bottles step , whats the difference between plastic and glass screen protectors whats the difference between plastic and glass screen protectors which should you get mobile reviews eh, the reversing arrow illusion an amazing easy trick for all ages the reversing arrow illusion an amazing easy trick for all ages the kid should see this, how do they do it how do they make curved glass video at how do they do it how do they make curved glass video at yourdiscoverycomflv youtube, heated glass vitro glass education center heat treated glass process video, quick solution iphone x broken back glass repairreplacement quick solution iphone x broken back glass repairreplacement, why does this straw look like its broken popular science ."}, {"title": "", "text": "15 you can see the bending effect on light as it passes from a less dense medium (air) into a more dense medium (water). If you want to see this bending of light in action, drop a pencil and a coin into a glass about three-fourths full of water. The pencil will appear to be broken at the water surface, and the coin will appear to be on the side of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And why do we have light in the morning before the sun comes into view? You guessed it! It is the law of refraction at work. As the sun\u2019s rays travel through space, they move very rapidly, as if in a vacuum, but when contact is made with the more dense atmospheric medium of the earth, the light decelerates, and is bend around the curvature of the earth by the law of refraction. This law causes the light to reach the surface before the sun appears in the morning, and to trail behind on the surface long after the early evening sun disappears. The great cloud of volcanic smoke will be firmly established as shown in figure 14 by the time the battle of Armageddon occurs. This great encompassing shroud will vertically be thousands of feet thick and, as such, a very dense medium through which the sun\u2019s rays must filter on their way to the earth\u2019s surface. As"}, {"title": "", "text": "goes away if the mirror is absolutely perfect. Real world mirrors will absorb some photons, though.) There will be a considerably stronger (but still infinitesimal) sideways force imposed on the mirror by the light bouncing off it. Even if the room is evenly lit this still pushes on the shiny side vs the non-reflecting back side. Note that both of these factors apply relative to the mirror's orientation. Dirk Bruere's answer is force #2 applied to a mirror laying down. A: While some light energy may be absorbed by the mirror, the only light that has an effect on the image is the light that bounces back off. For the same reason a ball touching a bat isn't considered as an increase in bat weight, the mirror's weight is not considered as an increase when the light hits the glass. Further, the light photons that are absorbed (and are not affecting the image appearance) affect nearly every object in similar ways. Thus it is not special to the image either."}, {"title": "", "text": "total internal reflection.\u201d Yes, that\u2019s what I figured . . and I\u2019m wondering about very small \u201cparticles\u201d, in general, of which some might be close enough to spherical to act as those glass beads do. Other shaped particles would (theoretically) not cancel/nullify such a unidirectional effect, so it seems to me it might be a \u201cnegative feedback\u201d . . peerhaps of some small significance anyway. I just so happen to have posted this comment on another post here, two weeks ago; \u2018Settled Science: Clusters of small satellites could help estimate Earth\u2019s reflected energy\u2019 \u201cI\u2019m a nobody who had read about these matters for about a decade, and there is this idea that has at times rattles around in my ignorant skull . . Water molecules at the edge of space, being \u201caligned\u201d into sheet-like thin layers, sometimes, by magnetic fields, which creates a slight \u201csheen\u201d, sometimes, deflecting some light in some places . . So, please abuse me of my affliction if it\u2019s silly, experts ; ) \u201c To quote Sean Connery, \u201cNever say never!\u201d But, other than wind, I\u2019m personally unacquainted with anything that might align small water droplets or ice crystals. And, if you are talking about the upper reaches of the stratosphere, I wouldn\u2019t expect much water and I would expect it to be frozen. \u201d I \u201cdiscovered\u201d years ago that if one looks up into the blue, on a clear dry summer day, one can see (what I assume to be) water droplets in the air . . \u201d Ever since I"}, {"title": "", "text": "represents an eye, looking at the image of a vase, reflected by a mirror; it must see it in the direction of the ray A B, as that is the ray which brings the image to the eye; prolong the ray to C, and in that spot will the image _Caroline._ I do not understand why a looking-glass reflects the rays of light; for glass is a transparent body, which should transmit them! _Mrs. B._ It is not the glass that reflects the rays which form the image you behold, but the silvering behind it; this silvering is a compound of mercury and tin, which forms a brilliant metallic coating. The glass acts chiefly as a transparent case, through which the rays find an easy passage, to, and from, the quicksilver. _Caroline._ Why then should not mirrors be made simply of mercury? _Mrs. B._ Because mercury is a fluid. By amalgamating it with tinfoil, it becomes of the consistence of paste, attaches itself to the glass, and forms, in fact, a metallic mirror, which would be much more perfect without its glass cover, for the purest glass is never perfectly transparent; some of the rays, therefore, are lost during their passage through it, by being either absorbed, or irregularly reflected. This imperfection of glass mirrors, has introduced the use of metallic mirrors, for optical purposes. _Emily._ But since all opaque bodies reflect the rays of light, I do not understand why they are not all mirrors. _Caroline._ A curious idea indeed, sister; it would be very"}, {"title": "", "text": "pass through liquids and gasses is because we simply push them into the surrounding empty space or around each other."}, {"title": "", "text": "ray emitted by the sphere bounces multiple times off of the surface of the two mirrors before it reaches the eye. Figure 4: objects we see through transparent objects are distorted due to refraction. Figure 5: different types of rays cast into a scene made of reflective, transparent and diffuse objects. Figure 3 shows an example in which the sphere is reflected a couple of times by the two mirrors before its image finally reaches the eye. What about transparent objects? We should see though transparent surfaces, though material such as water or glass bend light rays due to the phenomenon of refraction. The optical (and physical) laws governing the phenomena of reflection and refraction are well known. The reflection direction only depends on the surface orientation and the incoming light direction. The refraction direction can be computed using Snell's law and depends on the surface orientation (the surface's normal), the incoming light direction and the material refractive index (around 1.3 for water and 1.5 for glass). If you know these parameters, computing these direction is just a straight application of the laws of reflection and refractions whose equations are quite simple. Case 1: if the surface at the intersection point is opaque and diffuse, all we need to do is use an illumination model such as the Phong model, to compute the color of the object at the intersection point. This process also involves to cast a ray in the direction of each light in the scene to find if the point is in shadow."}, {"title": "", "text": "it passes from one medium into another (for example, from air into glass). The amount of refraction depends on how much the light wave is bent. In general, the more the light wave is bent, the farther it travels before reaching the next obstacle. For example, if a light wave enters water at an angle greater than 45 degrees, it will be refracted and spread out over a large area when it reaches the opposite side. On the other hand, if the entry angle is less than 45 degrees, most of the wave will continue along its original path. Mirrors and polished metals, for example, have smooth, bright surfaces that reflect light brilliantly. Surfaces that are dull and dark, such as dark textiles, do not reflect light well. These types of surfaces may appear shiny to the eye. Metals that are not polished can also be used as mirrors - including non-polished metal sheets you pick up at a hardware store. However, because they are not smooth, no light is reflected at all times. Instead, only when an object directly in front of the mirror breaks down the surface tension of water or oil, then light is reflected. So, while glass, ceramic, and some other materials can act like mirrors under certain conditions, for general purposes we consider anything with a solid surface to be reflective. Mirrors reflect light from one side to the other, while lamps emit light from both sides. Therefore, objects that contain lamps will also contain mirrors (such as yourself!). Because you"}, {"title": "", "text": "white surfaces aren\u2019t is because they\u2019re smooth on a microscopic level. While surfaces like walls or paper may look smooth to the naked eye, if you zoom in close enough, they\u2019re actually quite bumpy. When rays of light hit rough surfaces, they bounce the light back in all directions. This is called diffuse reflection. Metal and glass, meanwhile, are very smooth, and reflect light back more directly. This is called specular reflection. If that\u2019s hard to visualize, imagine throwing a bunch of tennis balls at a wall. If all of the balls are thrown at a straight angle, you\u2019d expect them all to bounce back at the same angle, no matter where they hit the wall. Now imagine throwing the tennis balls at an uneven surface like a craggy rock face\u2014depending on where they hit, the balls will bounce back at different angles. Their trajectories will be different because they\u2019re hitting an uneven surface. The same principle is at work when light hits other smooth surfaces, like a calm body of dark water. If you look into a lake on a windless day, you\u2019ll be able to see your reflection because the smooth surface of the water is producing a specular, rather than diffuse, reflection. But if a strong gust of wind comes and ripples the water, your reflection will become distorted, or more diffuse."}, {"title": "", "text": "tend to reflect and scatter light. If passing vertical thru the atmosphere, light would go thru about 10 tons of transparent gases per square meter. Normal window glass has density of about 2600 kg per cubic meter, so if have window glass about 4 meter thick that is roughly like earth atmosphere- both are transparent and both you could see thru. Or one could compare it to 10 meter depth of water- water is also transparent to visible light. But if leaving earth not vertically, you go thru more atmosphere. So if leave at 45 degree angle, you go thru about 1.4 times more atmosphere, and at 30 degree angle is twice as much atmosphere. And similar to 40% of earth surface is the tropics, if leaving surface in random direction 40% of the direction would below 23 degrees, or about 1/2 would below 35 degrees or 45 to 90 degree is about 25% of the direction something going at random direction would go. And sunlight is reflected and scattered going thru earth atmosphere. Or some of spectrum of sunlight absorbed by gases but all of the spectrum has some portion which is reflected/scattered by our atmosphere- blue light does this more strongly- and hence the blue skies. And so the IR light also would need to get thru this transparent barrier. But anyhow, Mars has 25 trillion tonnes of CO2, and I do think that all this CO2 does slow the cooling, but it doesn\u2019t slow it by much. \u201cThere is always water in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "a glass2 material linked to a glass volume with higher priority than the water volume will ensure that the part of the water that overlaps is not considered while at the same time the volumes \"touch\" perfectly and refractions are taken into account properly according to the two media's relative index of refraction. Essential parts of the wine glass construction process are otherwise: a polygon segment tracing out the wine-glass exterior, use of the spin tool, removal of duplicates (vertices) to join the mesh, application of the solidify modifier to the bowl-part of the generated geometry & application of a subdivision modifier (level: 3). The liquid volume was set to absorb and cause a reddening of white light transmitted through it. The degree of the reddening is linked to the path length within the liquid of the light rays which traverse the volume. This allows to readily identify the geometrical origin of the rays for different parts of the projected and the volumetric caustic. The blender model / scene is available upon request. The caustic's shape is mostly insensitive towards different wine glass geometries. However, certain details change of course. Most notably is the effect on the pattern boundary away from the stem of the glass. One may notice that rays emanate not from the entire bottom of the bowl anymore as the downwards-refracted rays passing the liquid-air interface do not reach down to the bowl's bottom. This brings the refraction scenario even closer to the analytical model described in my Applied Optics article. Different filling"}, {"title": "", "text": "in, they all turn the same way alright so that if they come in parallel they're also going to be parallel inside the new medium. Alright we can understand this just by looking at for example a flat piece of glass, you've got 2 parallel light rays that come in so they're going to come in at the same index of or at the same or angle of incidence because this is flat. So then they both turn the same amount, the amount that they turn is actually determined by Geometry and the fact that the speed of light is slower in the glass than it is in the air. Remember that we know this qualitative idea because glass is like a crowded hallway so the light is going to bend toward the normal when it goes into the glass. So then it travels through the glass for a little while and then it comes back out these guys are still parallel comes back out and now it's back in the empty hallway so it bends away from the normal again by the same amount. So parallel light rays go through the glass still parallel on the other side and that means I won't see distortion when I look though plain glass alright. Let's look at some indices of refraction so here's a very simple table gives us the materials and their index of refraction. Remember that the index of refraction is dimensionless, doesn't have any unit. So air 1 is also the same as vacuum"}, {"title": "", "text": "light should be reflected or transmitted."}, {"title": "", "text": "broad daylight. If there had been a way for me to take the light at high levels and direct it downward, it would have produced light on the surface below, where darkness had enshrouded Texas. It is not by accident that the God of light, who is Light, has very conveniently established a law in nature where this is predictably possible \u2013 The law of refraction. Laws are not theories. They are like God because they are made by God. They are consistent and can always be counted to act in a predictable, unchanging manner. It is not my purpose to teach physics, so I will refrain from a technical discussion of the law itself, and will rather refer those interested in such a dissertation to any general physics textbook. Refraction occurs because light waves travel at different speeds through different substances. Refraction involves the bending of light waves as they move from one medium to another. In figure 15 you can see the bending effect on light as it passes from a less dense medium (air) into a denser medium (water). If you want to see this bending of light in action, drop a pencil and a coin into a glass about three-fourths full of water. The pencil will appear to be broken at the water surface, and the coin will appear to be on the side of the glass. This is a phenomenon produced by refraction. Why is it that we still have light long after the sun has disappeared over the horizon? And"}, {"title": "", "text": "eye. 13. Light reflects from a shiny surface in an arbitrary manner. 14. Light is reflected from smooth mirror surfaces but not from non-shiny surfaces. 15. Curved mirrors make everything distorted. 16. Light shines on a translucent material and illuminates it so it can be seen. Light does not travel from the translucent material to the eye. 17. Light always passes straight through a transparent material without changing direction. 18. When an object is viewed through a transparent solid or liquid material the object is seen exactly where it is located. 19. Students will often think about how a lens forms an image of a self-luminous object in the following way. They envision that a \"potential image\" which carries information about the object leaves the self-luminous object and travels through the space to the lens. 20.When passing through the lens, the \"potential image\" is turned upside down and may be changed in size. 21.When sketching a diagram to show how a lens forms an image of an object, only those light rays are drawn which leave the object in straight parallel lines. 22.Blocking part of the lens surface would block the corresponding part of the image. 20.The purpose of the screen is to capture the image so that it can be seen. The screen is necessary for the image to be formed. Without a screen there is no image. 21.An image can be seen on the screen regardless of where the screen is placed relative to the lens. To see a larger image on the screen,"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of light in a vacuum. However, the refractive index of air is not a monolith. A medium\u2019s index varies with its density. When air heats it becomes less dense. So, the bendiness of light through the air will change depending on the temperature! When light from one of Hooke\u2019s candles passed through the area of the other, it passed through temperature gradients, which caused some angled fun. When we throw mirrors into the mix, some interesting visuals can emerge. Graphic from NPR/Skunk Bear With parabolic mirrors, the above setup becomes possible. A light shining through a slit can bounce off the two mirrors and refocus at a point. We can then place a camera right behind that new focal point. If we introduce a candle and a new trick, incredible images materialize. The trick is to block some of the light with a fine edge, something like a razor blade. The setup then appears like this: When we add a candle to the equation, a couple of things happen. The light that hits the body of the candle does not pass, which leaves a shadowed silhouette in our camera. The light that passes through the heated air above the flame will bend more than light normally would, as indicated by the red line in the graphic above. Since we\u2019ve added a barrier, in this case, a razor blade, to the focal point, the red beam is blocked and never reaches the camera. The result is a darker image that actually reveals distortions in the air."}, {"title": "", "text": "looks like, however, by pressing a powerful flashlight against the \"one-way\" mirror, and thus illuminating the chamber behind it, which he can then see by looking through the mirror. Clarke then explains that there is no such thing as a \"true\" one-way mirror; all a one-way glass really is, is a semi-silvered mirror with a darkened room on one side. From time to time over the years, I've thought of this, and wondered if it was really correct. Can we do better than Clarke's semi-reflective mirror? As we saw above, a semi-silvered mirror is necessarily symmetric -- if that's all that's used, then you can indeed see through it equally easily from either side, and the only thing which makes it \"one way\" is that the \"observer\" sits in a dark room, while the \"subject\" is in a brightly lit chamber. And in that sense Clarke was indeed correct. However, though we can't find a true \"one-way\" glass, we can do a little better than a simple semi-silvered mirror, as we shall now see. First, though, I should point out that it appears to be impossible to make the image of the \"observer\" which is seen by the \"subject\" any dimmer than the image of the \"subject\" as seen by the \"observer\". That is to say, if the glass transmits k% of the light going one way, it's going to transmit k% going the other way, too, and there's nothing we can do about it. I don't have an airtight proof (cf. Non-Symmetric Semi-Transparent Materials, above),"}, {"title": "", "text": "looks like, however, by pressing a powerful flashlight against the \"one-way\" mirror, and thus illuminating the chamber behind it, which he can then see by looking through the mirror. Clarke then explains that there is no such thing as a \"true\" one-way mirror; all a one-way glass really is, is a semi-silvered mirror with a darkened room on one side. From time to time over the years, I've thought of this, and wondered if it was really correct. Can we do better than Clarke's semi-reflective mirror? As we saw above, a semi-silvered mirror is necessarily symmetric -- if that's all that's used, then you can indeed see through it equally easily from either side, and the only thing which makes it \"one way\" is that the \"observer\" sits in a dark room, while the \"subject\" is in a brightly lit chamber. And in that sense Clarke was indeed correct. However, though we can't find a true \"one-way\" glass, we can do a little better than a simple semi-silvered mirror, as we shall now see. First, though, I should point out that it appears to be impossible to make the image of the \"observer\" which is seen by the \"subject\" any dimmer than the image of the \"subject\" as seen by the \"observer\". That is to say, if the glass transmits k% of the light going one way, it's going to transmit k% going the other way, too, and there's nothing we can do about it. I don't have an airtight proof (cf. Non-Symmetric Semi-Transparent Materials, above),"}, {"title": "", "text": "also its speed on the balcony floor. Similarly, light travels with different speeds in different places. The ray of light changes its direction or refraction takes place because of the difference in speeds in different media. Refraction is why water appears shallower than it really is.\u201d \u201cWhere do we use this?\u201d Nitin asked. Eeshan answered, \u201cWell, you are able to see yourself in the mirror because of reflection. Spectacles make use of refraction to correct the vision of people who are nearsighted or farsighted. This is also used in telescopes. Did you understand?\u201d \u201cYes, Eeshan. Thank you!\u201d said Nitin. Looking for more Physics articles and videos? Go to: Physics for Kids. Wheel and Axle How Does A Vacuum Cleaner Work? The Science of Swing Bowling How does Atmospheric Pressure work? How Many Colours Does Sunlight Have? How does a Refrigerator Work? Aerodynamics of Paper Planes How does a Light Bulb Work? Elasticity vs Plasticity How do Night Vision Goggles work?"}, {"title": "", "text": "the polarization rotates more at those points that are thicker. The second is to note that the incoming light is probably polarized to some extent since, from the looks of it, it is reflected from the wall in front of your window. In general reflected light gets polarized and this effect is more intense for certain reflection angles. So you have a polarized light which rotates differently at different points and then gets one more time reflected from the ground. This second reflection also polarizes the light one more time and cuts out those lights that are opposing its direction of polarization. Therefore, essentially, some of the reflected light from the ground gets censored (by the procedure of polarization). Which light is censored depends on the angle of polarization of the light. The glass changes the angle (and it does so differently for different wave-lengths) at different points, therefore, light gets censored differently at different points and for different colors; leading to the pattern you are seeing. Now you might ask: * *How does the thicker thinner argument reconcile with the uniform colours and almost constant widths of each colour at a slanted angle? Also the colours get repeated after some interval which would imply that thickness decreases then increases or that the angle somehow (still confused about the angle argument) to give that red which seems unlikely. *You have mentioned that reflected light enhances the effect (which I also think) but putting a mirror where image is formed does not give any colour. So why"}, {"title": "", "text": "was going to call me for something. Now, where was I, Mrs. Garland? Ten light-years compressed into a quarter of an inch means . . .\" I ceased to listen, partly because I was already sold, partly because I had heard the story of slow glass many times before and had never yet understood the principles involved. An acquaintance with scientific training had once tried to be helpful by telling me to visualize a pane of slow glass as a hologram which did not need coherent light from a laser for the reconstitution of its visual information, and in which every photon of ordinary light passed through a spiral tunnel coiled outside the radius of capture of each atom in the glass. This gem of, to me, incomprehensibility not only told me nothing, it convinced me once again that a mind should concern itself less with causes than effects. The most important effect, in the eyes of the average individual, was that light took a long time to pass through a sheet of slow glass. A new piece was always jet black because nothing had yet come through, but one could stand the glass beside, say, a woodland lake until the scene emerged, perhaps a year later. If the glass was then removed and installed in a dismal city flat, the flat would\u2014for that year\u2014appear to overlook the woodland lake. During the year it wouldn't be merely a very realistic but still picture\u2014the water would ripple in sunlight, silent animals would come to drink, birds would"}, {"title": "", "text": "transmitted, that is, pass through the body; or it may be absorbed, that is, stop in it.\" \"Very well stated, Samuel. In regard to reflection I need to say very little. You know how light is reflected from a polished surface, such as a lamp reflector: heat is reflected in the same manner. One fact you must bear in mind touching reflected heat: it does not heat the reflecting body. \"There is no need of telling you that light passes through certain substances. It passes through gases and through some liquids and some solids. The best of glass, though it is so solid, interposes very little hindrance to the passage of light. Heat in like manner radiates through certain solids. Luminous heat is radiated through glass. Rock-salt transmits dark heat also. A plate of alum permits light to pass, but stops both luminous heat and dark heat. Remember that transmitted heat, as was said of reflected heat, does not heat the body through which it passes. I have seen boys make burning-glasses of ice. The heat passes through them and burns that upon which it is concentrated, while the ice itself through which the heat passes is not melted. \"If a body have a good radiating surface, that is, if its surface be dull and rough, the heat which falls upon it will be mostly absorbed. The reflecting and absorbing qualities hold an inverse ratio to each other; the better the reflecting qualities, the worse the absorbing, and the worse the reflecting, the better the absorbing."}, {"title": "", "text": "who hit before the people at the other end. When the first person hits the water, they slow down, but everybody else is still running at full speed. If you've ever played crack the whip, you'll know what's about to happen. When someone at one end of the line slows down, everyone else begins to whip around in a curve. The result is that as successive people in the line enter the water, they end up running in a different direction to the direction they were running on the sand. So if a line of people holding hands runs in one direction and hits something that makes everyone in the line slow down, and they hit it at an angle, then everyone ends up running in a different direction. The path of motion is bent. And that's pretty much what happens with a beam of light when it enters a piece of glass at an angle. The light is slowed down, and it slows down on one side of the beam before the other side, so the beam does a \"crack the whip\" and curves around, bending at the boundary. The same thing happens in reverse when light goes from the glass back into the air. It's like running out of the water with your line of friends. If one end of the line emerges first, the people at that end can run faster than everyone else, so they swing around and the line ends up running on the sand in a different direction to what"}, {"title": "", "text": "The outer rings are spaced more closely than the inner ones because the slope of the curved lens surface increases outwards. The radius of the Nth bright ring is given by: rN=[(N\u221212\u03bbR)]1/2\\text{r}_\\text{N} = \\left[\\left(\\text{N} - \\frac{1}{2} \\lambda \\text{R} \\right ) \\right] ^{1/2}rN\u200b=[(N\u221221\u200b\u03bbR)]1/2 where N is the bright-ring number, R is the radius of curvature of the lens the light is passing through, and \u03bb is the wavelength of the light passing through the glass. A spherical lens is placed on top of a flat glass surface. An incident ray of light passes through the curved lens until it comes to the glass-air boundary, at which point it passes from a region of higher refractive index n (the glass) to a region of lower n (air). At this boundary, some light is transmitted into the air, while some light is reflected. The light that is transmitted into the air does not experience a change in phase and travels a a distance, d, before it is reflected at the flat glass surface below. This second air-glass boundary imparts a half-cycle phase shift to the reflected light ray because air has a lower n than the glass. The two reflected light rays now travel in the same direction to be detected. As one gets farther from the point at which the two surfaces touch, the distance d increases because the lens is curving away from the flat surface. Formation of Interference Fringes: This figure shows how interference fringes form. If the path length difference between the two reflected light"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Tag Info 54 The mechanism at play here is surface tension. The cohesion of the molecules of water is what keeps the wasp afloat. Due to this cohesion, the surface of the water behaves like a membrane and is curved inwards. The light rays that would be refracted from the perfectly flat surface are now incident at an altered angle and are reflected or refracted by ... 36 I drew an image to illustrate the forces at play. For any curved surface of the bubble, the tension pulls parallel to the surface. These forces mostly cancel out, but create a net force inward. This compresses the gas inside the bubble, until the pressure inside is large enough to counteract both the outside pressure, as well as this additional force from ... 36 Have a look at the Wikipedia article on raindrop formation. You'll also find lots of articles on raindrop formation and growth by Googling raindrop formation or something like that. Raindrops do coalesce, but they also fragment, and the eventual size is a balance of the two processes. The fragmentation occurs because of the forces from turbulent air flow. ... 24 It's a combination of two effects: buoyancy and adhesion. Buoyancy lifts the cork up as much as possible, until it displaces its own weight of water (Archimedes' principle). For this reason, the cork will seek the highest point of the water level. Because of adhesion between the water molecules and the glass, the water level is highest at the edges (the ... 20"}, {"title": "", "text": "a way to make On a Thread of Glass: Optical Fibers for Communication I have heard a ray of the sun laugh and cough and sing! \u2014 Alexander Graham Bell It was a bright idea: use sunlight to transmit the human voice. In 1880, American innovator Alexander Graham Bell tried it, using a thin, flexible mirror to reflect a light beam onto a distant receiver. His voice Getting the Whole Picture: Bundled Glass Fibers Glass rods could transmit light, but could they transmit an image? A professor at a French agricultural college found himself faced with that question in the 1890s while he was tinkering with an early version of television. Henri C. Saint-Rene needed to find a way to transmit an image onto his Lighting the Way: Fresnel Lens The most dangerous part of a sailing trip used to be returning to shore. Lighthouses were built to signal the safest route, but often the weak light from their lamps was not visible until too late. The large, thick lens that was supposed to project the light absorbed much of the signal. Hollowing A Break with Tradition: Fused Silica After you see something work, then you realize that it\u2019s not so complicated after all. \u2014 J. Franklin Hyde It\u2019s exquisitely pure and remarkably transparent. It expands and contracts very little with changes in temperature. It is the simplest of all glasses, yet for years it was nearly Continuous Perfection: Optical-Quality Glass They make glass. By day and night, the fires burn on \u2026 and bid the"}, {"title": "", "text": "confine of common glass and crystal there is a weak reflection, and a stronger relection in the confine of common and metalline glass: but in the confine of two glasses of equal density, there is not any sensible reflection, as was shewn in the first observation. And the same may be understood of the superficies of two crystals or liquors, or any other substances, in which no refraction is caused: whence it comes to pass, that uniform mediums have no sensible reflexion but in their external superficies, where they are adjacent to their mediums of a different density. Prop. 2. The least parts of natural bodies are in some measure transparent; and the opacities of those bodies arise from the multitude of reflections caused in their internal parts. <298> That this is so, will easily be granted by them, that have been conversant with microscopes: and it may also be tried by applying any substance to a hole, through which the light is emitted into a dark room; for how opake soever that substance may seem in the open air, it will, by that means, appear very manifestly transparent, if it be of a sufficient thickness: only metalline bodies must be exempted, which, by reason of their excessive density seem to reflect almost all the light incident on their first superficies. Prop. 3. Between the parts of opake or coloured bodies are many interstices, replenished with mediums of other densities, as water between the tinging corpuscles, wherewith any liquor is impregnated; air between the aqueous globules"}, {"title": "", "text": "is passing through a medium that is different in density than our atmosphere. Mind if I ask how you missed this ? The image is reversed because of how the path of light is refracted. The order of the wavelengths in an image are reversed. A mere reflection would not reverse the image. A reversal of the image happens when the speed at which light is absorbed and then emitted changes it's velocity in the medium. ..Reflection as you call it is refraction. Nope. Reflection and refraction are two completely different things. Why does anything have color ? Because it is refracting light. No, because some wavelengths are absorbed, and others are reflected or just simply pass through (such as colored glass). This means it absorbs it on certain wavelengths and then emits a different wavelength that we perceive as color. Wavelength does change. Absorption DESTROYS light...utterly. ..When a mirror reflects light that light is passing through a medium that is different in density than our atmosphere. True. That is why mirrors can distort the image, sometimes producing a color fringe around the image or even double images. Mind if I ask how you missed this ? The image is reversed because of how the path of light is refracted. Nope. The image is reversed because of reflection. The back of the mirror is silvered. Light must pass through the glass twice. This can produce distortions in the image due to refraction, but the prevalent image you see is due to reflection from the silvered coating."}, {"title": "", "text": "strongly absorbed by water. Move up to slightly higher frequency, and infrared is strongly absorbed by both glass and water, but both substances transmit visible light. Ultraviolet is stopped by glass, but not so readily by water."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Explaining this optical phenomenon Sometimes when you blow/direct a ring of smoke at a glass window(you can see both your reflections if you stand in front of it as well as the outside) the ring,after some time seems to pass through the pane into the outside surroundings. How can i explain this? Does this have something do with the brightness of the object becoming comparable to the brightness of the objects outside and the brain perceiving this a s being a part of the outside ore this there a more mathematical/rigorous explanation for this?"}, {"title": "", "text": "in Europe, artisans in glass-making centers like Venice and Florence had already found practical techniques for grinding and polishing glass relatively cheaply and easily. Moreover, people of that time were aware that the condition known today as presbyopia, in which the aging eye can no longer focus on something held at a comfortable distance, could be helped with a simple magnifying glass. But two smaller disks of glass, convex on both sides and supported in a... Basic optical properties Wed, 03 Aug 2016 | Electronic Imaging In this section we summarize and apply useful relationships that are derived in any good book on optics. It is well-known that when a ray of light strikes the boundary between two different transparent materials, such as air and glass, it is divided into a reflected ray (which is why you can see a faint reflection of yourself in a transparent window) and a transmitted ray whose direction in the glass is different from that in the air for oblique incidence this ray is said to be refracted. A ray... Clock Voltages And Basic Electrical Factors Sun, 01 May 2016 | Electronic Imaging CCD manufacturers provide a data sheet which gives the electrical pin connection diagram for the device (Figure 8.1), the names and symbols for each pin, the voltages or range of voltages to be applied to each pin, and the timing diagram (i.e., a diagram showing the time sequence of the CCD drive signals and the relationship between them). Terminology varies, but certain basic functions are common to"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the glass sheet. There in front of you, you can see the electric fields of the light waves. The peaks are all lined up beautifully, and we can draw a line along that peak across the laser beam. This line is called a phase-front. Light always travels in a direction that is exactly at right angles to the phase-front. That's the picture before the light hits the rough surface of the frosted glass. When the light wave hits this interface, the line along the peak of the electric field is distorted and forms a replica of the surface of the glass. Now, our line becomes a jagged mess\u2014each part of the light wave has traveled a slightly different distance through the glass. While the phase-fronts don't fall on a nice smooth line, the light wave still travels perpendicular to the phase-front at every location. As a result, the light heads off in all directions. Amazingly, we can repair the damage to the light wave before it even happens. The glass distorts the phase-front in the same way every time, because the surface does not change much. So, if you measure that distortion, you can insert a device that modifies the phase-front in such a way that the light wave passes through the glass undisturbed. Essentially, the light entering the glass looks blurry and horrible, and the glass corrects all the distortions that you introduced. It sends out a beautiful light beam. This process is really cool. You can even turn your bit of frosted glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "plate glass suspended in midwater (Fig. 20.5A). The glass is invisible because the background light passes right through it; an observer sees the water column background, not the glass. Because light attenuates uniformly with depth and is distributed symmetrically around the vertical, a flat mirror suspended underwater achieves the same effect as clear glass. The mirror reflects light of an intensity and color that is identical to the light that would be passing through a piece of glass suspended at the same locale, i.e., as if the mirror were not there. Light coming from a 45\u00b0 angle above the horizontal and reflecting off the mirror and into the eyes of an observer located 45\u00b0 below horizontal is identical to light that would pass through the mirror if it were clear glass. An observer comparing the light reflected off the fish with the background light sees no difference; the mirror, or fish, consequently disappears into the background. Crucial to the function of mirror sides is that the fish maintains a vertical orientation at all times, since any deviation from verticality will reflect light that is either brighter or darker than the background (Johnsen & Sosik 2003). Anyone who has watched a school of bait fishes has witnessed periodic bright flashes as individuals deviate from vertical swimming. Mirror-sided fishes maximize verticality by being laterally compressed. The guanine and hypoxanthine crystals that actually reflect the light are embedded in the scales and skin and are stacked together in platelets. The reflecting crystals are separated by a space equal to"}, {"title": "", "text": "it reflects these photon always in the mirror like direction? How and why does that happen that way if this is the case? I am trying to put in one single pictures all the pieces of the puzzle together. Light can only be either reflected or refracted, however objects are coloured because they absorb some light frequencies, but I am told that \"mirror reflection\" does not affect the incident light color (in other words, that the reflected light color and the incident light color are the same in the case of mirror like reflections). I am totally lost and would really appreciate if someone could shed light on this mystery. There's quite a lot to say about this, 18490. The tl;dr for Mythbusters fans is at the end. 1. Most materials are somewhat transparent. This is why you often need two or three coats of paint on a wall. The light enters the material, travelling many microns before it is eventually absorbed or scattered back. The result is usually that most of the light is absorbed (most materials are rather dark), and the light scattered back is diffuse and usually coloured. This is true even if the surface is smooth. 2. Even if the material is somewhat transparent, or completely transparent like glass, there will be some reflection at the surface due to the difference in refractive index between the material and the air, but this is usually only a few percent. This occurs by a different mechanism, and is not strongly dependent on wavelength. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "of emerging out onto the sand. And this is pretty much what happens to a beam of light as well, if it's heading from the glass towards the air at a big angle to the normal. It bounces off the surface and goes back into the glass. We call this total internal reflection. Lenses and microscope. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University. Now of course a beam of light isn't made up of lines of tiny people with their hands held together. But mathematically speaking, the changes in speed as light travels in different materials does cause exactly that \"crack the whip\" effect, causing light to bend when it enters or leaves glass. It also causes the total internal reflection effect. What's more, if you use the \"crack the whip\" analogy, and you calculate the geometry mathematics based on how fast the light moves in the different materials, you get exactly the angles that the light beam will travel in each case. Using this analogy actually gets you the right answer. As an analogy goes, that's pretty good. To finish off, let's return to the difference between lenses and prisms. I started talking about prisms because they have flat surfaces and it's easier to see what's going on when light enters a flat surface. All the light that hits a prism from the same direction hits a surface at the same angle, so the prism bends it all in the same direction. The result is that if you look through a prism, all the"}, {"title": "", "text": "travels from one transparent substance to another, less dense, transparent substance, it bends towards the surface. This is called refraction, and it\u2019s the reason that, for example, streams look shallower than they really are, when viewed from the bank. If the first substance is very dense, or the light ray is approaching the surface at a glancing angle, the ray might not escape at all, instead bouncing back down. This is called total internal reflection, and it\u2019s the science behind mirages. The heated sand heats the air above it, and so we get an inversion of the density gradient: low density along the heated surface, higher density in the cooler air above. Light rays are turned down, and then up, so that the scorched and weary traveller sees an image of the sky, and the images looks like a pool of cool water on the face of the desert. 3. Pinhole images pop up in unexpected places. Most of us have made a pinhole camera at some point in our childhood, creating an upside-down image on a tissue paper screen by admitting light rays through a tiny opening. Make the opening bigger and the image becomes a blur, unless you have a lens to focus the light, as in a \u201cproper\u201d camera or indeed our eyes. But the pinhole imaging effect can occur naturally too. I\u2019ve sometimes lain in bed in the morning, watching images of passing traffic or flapping laundry on a line projected onto my bedroom ceiling through the little gap where the curtains"}, {"title": "", "text": "plane of incidence. Such light is described as p-polarized. An incident light ray IO strikes the interface between two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 at point O. Part of the ray is reflected as ray OR and part refracted as ray OT. The angles that the incident, reflected and refracted rays make to the normal of the interface are given as \u03b8i, \u03b8r and \u03b8t, respectively. The relationship between these angles is given by the law of reflection and Snell's law: The fraction of the incident power that is reflected from the interface is given by the reflectance or reflectivity R and the fraction that is refracted is given by the transmittance or transmissivity T (unrelated to the transmission through a medium). If you can follow the math, mostly just trigonometry, you can get the proportion of light passing through the glass, and the proportion that reflects, here: Refraction and Reflection Coefficients It's not easy , for me at least, to immediately find an answer to your question based on QFT, as most of the QFT explanations seem to deal with mirrors and how they reflect light, rather than explain how some goes through the glass and some reflects, (as in your particular question), but a good explanation, which is basically a copy of Feymann's book, can be found here: Light Reflection Just a thought. Is this due to atoms of different substances like water,glass or wood etc curve spacetime differently and thus it influences how photons interact with matter? i.e. some photons reflect"}, {"title": "", "text": "said: Sort of, ish. Light is not energy of course: it has energy (E=pc = \u03bd\u03bb), which can be added to that of an entity that absorbs it, which will then gain mass according to E=mc\u00b2. Of course. I should've said \"such as that of light\" or something similar. Otherwise, yes, this is what I mean. I have a picture in mind where the light remains light, i.e. is not absorbed in a sense of being converted into something else. It will be there with no mass, but the entity will gain mass still. Edited January 16, 2022 by Genady minor grammar correction Hmm, do you mean that a glass prism gains mass if you shine a light through it? I struggle to see how that would work, I must admit. Unless..........you mean that the coupling of the radiation to the medium \"lends\" some of its energy to it as it passes through, which I guess it does if its refractive index deviates from unity. Just now, exchemist said: No, I just mean mirrors. I take a box with internal walls being mirrors, let light in, say, through a little opening. Light just bounces inside from mirror to mirror (we can close the opening to make sure it doesn't escape). The mass of the box increased. On 1/16/2022 at 9:51 AM, exchemist said: Hmm, do you mean that a glass prism gains mass if you shine a light through it? On 1/16/2022 at 9:54 AM, Genady said: I don't think the light has to be confined,"}, {"title": "", "text": "explanation when he said there is no refracted light on the Moon, thereby supporting their contention that another source of light (i.e. studio lighting) was responsible. In fact, both statements are true and are not diametrically opposed. How so? Though the words refraction and reflection sound similar, there meanings are entirely different. Refraction occurs when light passes through a transparent material. Whereas, reflection occurs when it bounces off an opaque material. For light to refract it must pass through a medium different from the one it was travelling through. In space light travels at 100% because there is nothing to impede its progress. Its speed is reduced to 99.7% when it travels through air, and is further reduces to 75% when it travels through water. Because light waves slow down when passing through a denser medium, they bunch up. That is why if you place a pencil in a glass of water it appears to bend. Therefore, as there is neither air nor water on the Moon, refraction cannot occur. It was this phenomenon of refraction to which Aldrin had alluded, and not reflection. Note, too, the fall-off areas in the Aldrin photograph. Because the Moon has no atmosphere to pollute the light, hoax theorists claim these areas should be bright and crisp and not gradually fade into darkness. This so-called \u2018anomaly\u2019 is due to simple optic and lighting effects, however. The mid-to-foreground surface regions are being viewed from a different angle than that of the distant background surface. As Armstrong is focussing specifically on Aldrin"}, {"title": "", "text": "of optically denser material in between, so the apparent depth is again less than the real depth. However, the ratio of real to apparent depth is not as small as it would be if $O$ were inside the block. Your formula does not work in this case because the ratio also depends on the thickness of the glass block. It is correct when there is 1 interface between different optical media - here there are 2 interfaces. The order of the media is also important. The refractive index is more properly given not only for 2 media but also for the direction in which rays are travelling : ie air-to-glass or glass-to-air. For this reason the index is sometimes written as $$_a n_g = \\frac{1}{_g n_a}$$"}, {"title": "", "text": "How do one-way mirrors work? One-way mirrors are coated with a half-silvered layer, allowing the mirror to reflect half the light that strikes its surface. Just about everyone has seen a television show or movie in which a criminal suspect is questioned while detectives watch from behind a one-way mirror. How does a piece of glass manage to reflect light from one side while remaining clear on the other? The secret is that it doesn't. A one-way mirror has a reflective coating applied in a very thin, sparse layer -- so thin that it's called a half-silvered surface. The name half-silvered comes from the fact that the reflective molecules coat the glass so sparsely that only about half the molecules needed to make the glass an opaque mirror are applied. At the molecular level, there are reflective molecules speckled all over the glass in an even film but only half of the glass is covered. The half-silvered surface will reflect about half the light that strikes its surface, while letting the other half go straight through. It turns out that half-silvered mirrors are also essential to many types of lasers -- see How Lasers Work for details. So why doesn't the \"criminal suspect\" see the detectives in the next room? The answer lies in the lighting of the two rooms. The room in which the glass looks like a mirror is kept very brightly lit, so that there is plenty of light to reflect back from the mirror's surface. The other room, in which the glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "as because the straitness of the medium, pent in on all sides, may a little alter its motions, or other qualities, on which the reflexion depends. But yet I cannot much suspect the last, because I have observed of some small plates of Muscovy-glass, which were of an even thickness, that through a microscope they have appeared of the same colour at their edges and corners, where the included medium was terminated, which they appeared of in other places. However, it would add much to our satisfaction, if those corpuscles could be discovered with microscopes, which if we shall ever attain to, I fear it will be the utmost improvement of this sense; for it seems impossible to see the more secret and noble works of nature within those corpuscles, by reason of their transparency. This may suffice concerning the constitution of natural bodies, on which their colours depend. But for further understanding the nature of reflections, I shall add these two following propositions. Prop. 8. The cause of the reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid and impervious parts of bodies, as is commonly supposed. This will appear by the following considerations: first, that in the passage of light out of glass into air, there is a reflection as strong or stronger than in its passage out of air into glass, and by many degrees stronger than in its passage out of glass into water. And it seems not probable, that air should have more reflecting parts than water or glass. But"}, {"title": "", "text": "when it enters glass from air, and optical engineers design sophisticated lenses by understanding and controlling the precise angles at which light bends at the transition. The path of least time requires us to enter the water approximately 51.5 meters down the shore from location A, then swim directly to location B."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Is my window's semi-transparency a consequence of elementary quantum mechanics? Studying mathematical concepts of quantum mechanics, I have recently become familiar with the classical model of one-dimensional particle being scattered by a potential barrier. As a mathematician, I didn't really have an idea of where such model might be applied in practice. But I have observed that the window beside me has some interesting characteristics similar to this model. I can see both through it, and my reflection in it - clearly some light particles pass through the glass, and others are reflected with unchanged velocity. The thicker the glass would be, the less particles would pass - which is also true for increasing potential barrier width. If I substituted glass with shiny metal, no visible light would pass through and more particles would be reflected, which resembles increasing the potential value in the barrier. And finally (as far as the mathematician I am knows) not all electromagnetic waves pass through glass - which also seems related, because the amount of particles passing through barrier depends on the wave velocity/frequency. Is there actually some correlation between these models? Is the window semi-transparent behavior induced by this particular quantum scattering phenomena? Or maybe there is a more genera (universal) partial reflection model, that works both in the case of potential barrier and a glass window?"}, {"title": "", "text": "above the central maximum, we have \u2206 _\u2113_ = \u03bb. 3. **B** As light travels into an optically dense medium, it will refract in towards the normal and away from the surface. So the light in the glass will always be at a greater angle from the surface than the light in the air, so (B) is correct. Note that total internal reflection (C) will not occur in this situation because it only happens with the initial medium being more optically dense. 4. **C** Any convex lens made of a material with an index of refraction larger than the surroundings will create a real image, so (D) is incorrect. Because the glass to air index difference is greater than the water to air index difference, the glass to air transition result in a greater angle of refraction, so the light in air bends the exiting rays more than the water will. As a result, in point where the rays intersect will be farther from the lends than _d i_. 5. **A** If the speed of light is less in Medium 2 than in Medium 1, then Medium 2 must have the higher index of refraction; that is, _n_ 2 > _n_ 1. Snell's Law then implies that _\u03b8_ 2 < _\u03b8_ 1: The beam will refract toward the normal upon transmission into Medium 2. 6. **A** The critical angle for total internal reflection is computed as follows: _n_ 1 sin _\u03b8 c_ = _n_ 2 sin 90\u00b0 Total internal reflection can happen only if the incident"}, {"title": "", "text": "Millions of light waves pass through or are reflected from an insulating glass unit. The reason that Brewster\u2019s fringes are observed more often in units made of float glass than of drawn glass is the fact that float glass, which is a much better quality product, is very flat and presents relatively small differences in thickness. However, as already mentioned, a necessary condition for the appearance of the Brewster\u2019s fringes is the presence of two panes of almost identical thickness in the insulating glass unit. The difference in thickness should be approx. 0.00035 to 0.0007. This condition, although rare, is more often met by float glass than by drawn glass. In addition, drawn glass has defects that mask the Brewster fringes that may occur. What are Newton\u2019s rings? This optical effect occurs only in defective insulating glass units, when two panes touch (one to the other) or almost touch at the centre of the insulating glass unit. This optical effect is a series of concentric colour rings with the centre being the point of contact or close contact between the two panes. The rings are approximately circular or elliptical in shape. Newton\u2019s rings are caused by interference, in which light waves have different path lengths when passing through a defective thermal insulation unit or are reflected from it. In this case, however, it is not the nearly equal thickness of the panes that causes the waves to be phase-shifted; the interference occurs inside a thin, wedge-shaped air film adjacent to the contact \u2013 or near contact"}, {"title": "", "text": "when viewed from the side, which is a good basis for evolving questions regarding this topic. The theoretical laws of refraction can then be demonstrated by building a simple experiment with a shoebox. The experiment should be done in groups of two or three as it is a bit tricky. Depending on the students\u2019 age and on how much time the lesson offers, the teacher could also prepare the shoeboxes beforehand in order to shorten the time dedicated to handicraft work in class. As explained in the detailed documentw1 you can download from the reference section, you will need a torch, a shoebox, a craft knife, and a glass of water. Carefully cut two vertical slits into the short end of the shoebox. The space between the slits should not be wider than the glass. When the torch is shined through the two slits you should see two straight lines of light. Now, place the glass of water in the box so that the two strips of light hit the glass. When the glass of water is placed behind the slits, however, they cross each other. This is the result of the light being slowed down by the water, as it has a higher optical density than air. According to the law of refraction, the light is bent inwards and so the two light rays eventually cross. The solar bulb Having demonstrated refraction, you can show how the solar bulb exploits it to light rooms and houses with about as much light as a 50\u201360 Watt"}, {"title": "", "text": "an optical fiber, which is made of transparent glass, manage to trap light within it? The answer is the phenomenon of total internal reflection, which I have discussed in a previous \u201cbasics\u201d post. In short: when light travels from an optically dense medium (such as glass) into an optically rare medium (such as air), the direction of the light gets bent towards the surface. If light is incident upon the interface at an angle nearly parallel to the surface, it will completely reflect and no light will be transmitted. When light is passed into an optical fiber, then, it tends to \u201cbounce\u201d in the fiber, completely trapped, until it reaches the other end. Ray of light bouncing around in a fiber. This picture is a little too simple, however, for a variety of reasons. The most important of these is that light has wavelike properties, and this means that light cannot follow just any bouncy path through the fiber, even if it satisfies total internal reflection. In fact, there are only a finite number of discrete directions of propagation that light can take through a fiber, and these different ways that light can propagate in the fiber are known as the modes of the fiber. The number of modes a fiber can hold is dependent upon the material of the fiber, the structure, and its size. The total number of modes is limited by total internal reflection (TIR): the higher-order modes bounce around at steeper angles, and rays outside the TIR limit aren\u2019t confined at all."}, {"title": "", "text": "rare. Investigate how the angle of refraction is affected by different inputs of the angle of incidence through a glass block. In other words the angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence. When light leaves a transparent material, it bends away from the normal. Snell's law The law of refraction relates the angle of incidence (angle between the incident ray and the normal) to the angle of refraction (angle between the refracted ray and the normal). This law, credited to Willebrord Snell, states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence, i, to the sine of the angle of refraction, r, is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in the original medium, vi , to the speed of light in the refracting medium, vr , or sin i /sin r = vi / vr . Energy is imparted to the glass molecules and causes them to resonate. The motion of your hand sets up a wave of vibration travelling through the glass. The vibrating glass causes air molecules to vibrate at the same frequency and this is the sound wave that you hear.1 Day 1 Aim Investigate how the volume of water in a wine glass affects the frequency it produces when resonated. * Stand * Selotape * Scissors * Measuring Cylinder Equipment * Wine Glass * Oscilloscope * Water * Sensitive Microphone Setting Up I plan to attach the microphone to the oscilloscope and position it closely to the rim of the wine glass. Graphs illustrating"}, {"title": "", "text": "useful. Here is a meta post on the culture and style of Worldbuilding.SE, just to help you understand our scope and methods, and how we do things here. Have fun! $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Gryphon Jan 7 at 16:14 $\\begingroup$ A thin layer of ice may let enough light through, but it won't have any significant lensing effect, not to mention it wouldn't survive without collapsing spectacularly for more than a few days after being conjured at best, let alone form naturally in the first place. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 John Dvorak Jan 7 at 16:42 $\\begingroup$ \"If it orbited at the right distance\": the focal distance of a ball lens is $f = nD / 4(n - 1)$, with n being the index of refraction of the material and D the diameter of the sphere. For glass, this works out at about 0.8 D, so that orbit must be very close to the surface. Not to mention that the focus lies on the optical axis, so that it wont fall on the surface unless the moon is in conjuction with the Sun. And ball lenses are horrible lenses, they won't focus the light in a nice focal spot. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 AlexP Jan 7 at 16:57 $\\begingroup$ Won't work, for reasons more than just absorption. See Would a Moon made of water pose a threat to Earth during eclipses? $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Phil Frost Jan 7 at 17:13 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged astronomy weather or ask your own question. Would a Moon made of water"}, {"title": "", "text": "of light in water air surface, varying incidence angle. Angle a directed ray of light to the underneath of the surface and total internal reflection can be seen (it is easier to see with the lights off). Fill the glass almost to the top. In this demo light will continually \u2026 The pencil in water experiment is a lesson in light refraction. Place the paper behind the glass and watch as the arrow points the other way. Refraction of light at the interface of two media is described by Snell\u2019s law $n_1 \\sin\u2061 \\alpha=n_2 \\sin\u2061 \\beta,$ wherre $$\\alpha$$ is the angle of incidence, $$\\beta$$ angle of refraction and n 1, n 2 are refractive indices of the media. Rookieparenting.com provides science activity ideas for \u2026 In the experiment light traveled from the air, through the glass, through the water, through the back of the glass, and then back through the air, before hitting the arrow. Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another (ie. It moves to glass, into another, it bends in all situations glasses... A few sheets of ( TIR ) is produced in a straight line a magical to... Refraction trick that I have given them a magical liquid to fill the glass of water to the normal which! Why they Work it up within minutes is covered by Rookieparenting.com \u2019 s Why you can demonstrate how light be! Are bent at the surface of a stack of books so the hole is facing bucket. Internal reflection ( TIR ) is"}, {"title": "", "text": "truly broken out or refracted by laying across the brass arrow a square bar of plate glass. (Fig. 288). [Illustration: Fig. 288. A. Rays of light from the electric light. B. The cap, with figure of arrow cut out. C. The bar of plate glass. D. The double convex glass to focus E, the image on the disc, and portion refracted at B.] There are many simple ways in which the refraction of light is displayed, such as the apparent breaking of an oar where it enters the water, or the remarkable manner in which the bottom is lifted up when we look, at any angle, through the clear water of a deep river or lake; the latter circumstance has unhappily led to most serious accidents, in consequence of children being induced by the apparent shallowness of [Page 301] the water to get in and bathe. Fish, again, unless seen perpendicularly from a boat, always appear nearer than their true position, and the Indians, when they spear fish, always take care to strike as near the perpendicular as possible; experienced shots know they must aim a little lower and nearer than the apparent position of a fish in order to hit it. Having learnt that light is bent from its course, it might be supposed that all objects looked at through plate glass should appear distorted; but it must be remembered that the sides of the glass being nearly parallel, an equal amount of refraction occurs in every direction--so that, unless the window is glazed with"}, {"title": "", "text": "comes from a location close enough to the surface (or the angle of incidence is larger than water\u2019s critical angle) the light bends so much that instead of passing out into the air, all of it reflects back into the water as if the water \u2026 Activities for Kids. See January 20th, 2012 for the Arrow/Water Glass experiment on light refraction & a link to the light & color absorption / reflection activity with red jello. In this demo light will continually \u2026 Simple Light Refraction Experiment. When the light passes from one material, into another, it bends or refracts i.e. Finally pour water into the glass and watch in amazement as the arrow changes its direction! Refraction, on the other hand, means bending of the light.Bending happens whenever light changes medium in which it\u2019s traveling. Above that, the laser beam can pass through the stream of water and you should be able to see some points of refraction, which visualises the demonstrated phenomenon. It\u2019s a fun experiment to teach kids how light moves in waves just like sound. Stand the soda bottle on top of a stack of books so the hole is facing the bucket. Light refraction with a water bottle . 23. The simplest experiment to show total internal reflection is to fill a perspex tank with water. Have you noticed that things look a little funny when you see them through a glass of water? For the Refraction Bottle, light rays are bent at the interface between the outside air and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of light that bends around a corner depends on the exact situation. Light is a lot more complex than many people realize. Light behaves often as a wave. Is it working? Light is a jumble of waves, and their peaks and troughs can interfere with one another. For light to bend by itself, however, is unheard of\u2014almost. To understand why light bends, imagine you're pushing a shopping cart across a parking lot. You may wonder how light can bend, because you\u2019re used to being told that light always travels in a straight line. This is a basic property of light and all other waves. Light does bend due to gravity, but not in the formation of a rainbow. The problem with the Airy function, says Segev, is that the shape of its oscillations specify the right phases only at small angles; at angles much greater than 8\u00b0, the shape becomes a crude approximation. When light rays pass from air into water, for instance, they take a sharp turn; that's why a stick dipped in a pond appears to tilt toward the surface. The light bends away from the normal line. Refraction and light bending. Light can therefore bend around the corner of an object by riding the curved surface of the object. Category: Physics Published: February 7, 2014. There are two mechanisms that cause light to bend around corners. Snell's law example 2. Light is always waving against itself, leading to internal interference of the different wave components in what we call internal diffraction. The ray"}, {"title": "", "text": "that they become much quieter. This is because some objects absorb sound waves. When sound and light waves pass across a boundary between two substances, like air and glass, they change speed. This is because the substances have different densities. The change is speed causes the waves to change direction, which is known as refraction. Because of refraction, things in water look closer than they really are and water appears shallower than it really is. And a straw in a glass of water looks like it bends at the surface, because the refracted light wavelengths make you think the straw is in a different place to where it actually is. When waves meet a gap in a barrier, they pass through the gap. They then spread back out after they pass through the gap \u2013 this is diffraction. The way the waves re-spread depends upon how big the gap is compared to the incoming wavelengths. We have diffraction to thank for loudspeakers. Sometimes waves depart from the expected path, and spread out in multiple directions. This is known as scattering. We have scattering to thank for making the sky appear to be blue. The white light coming from the sun hits the molecules in our atmosphere, which cause the shorter blue wavelengths to scatter out in all directions. So waves behave in a variety of ways, depending upon what material they hit."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"No.\" Then I asked, \"If this book was made of glass, and I was looking at something on the table through it, what would happen to the image if I tilted the glass?\" \"It would be deflected, sir, by twice the angle that you've turned the book.\" I said, \"You haven't got it mixed up with a mirror, have you?\" \"No, sir!\" He had just told me in the examination that the light would be displaced, parallel to itself, and therefore the image would move over to one side, but would not be turned by any angle. He had even figured out how much it would be displaced, but he didn't realize that a piece of glass is a material with an index, and that his calculation had applied to my question. I taught a course at the engineering school on mathematical methods in physics, in which I tried to show how to solve problems by trial and error. It's something that people don't usually learn, so I began with some simple examples of arithmetic to illustrate the method. I was surprised that only about eight out of the eighty or so students turned in the first assignment. So I gave a strong lecture about having to actually try it, not just sit back and watch me do it. After the lecture some students came up to me in a little delegation, and told me that I didn't understand the backgrounds that they have, that they can study without doing the problems, that they have already"}, {"title": "", "text": "constitution of naturall bodies on which their colours depend. But for further understanding the nature of reflexions I s{illeg}|h|all add these t{illeg}|w|o following Propositions. Prop: 8. The cause of r|R|eflexion is not ye impinging of light on ye solid & impervious parts of bodies, as is coonly supposed. This will appear by the following considera{illeg}|t|ion First that in ye passage of li{illeg}|g|ht out of glasse into Air <566v> their|re| is a reflexion as strong or stronger then in its passage out of Air into Glasse & by many degrees stronger then in its passage out of Glasse into water. And it seems not probable that Air should have more reflecting parts then water or Glasse. But if t{illeg}|h|at should possibly be supposed it will availe nothing: for the reflexion is as strong \\if/ not . \\perhaps/ stronger when the Air is drawn away from the Glasse, (suppose in the Air-Pump invented by Mr Boyle) as when it is adjacent to it. Secondly, if light in its passage out of Glasse into Air be incident more oblily then at an angle of 40 or 41 degrees it is wholly reflected, if lesse obliquely it is in great measure transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined that light at one degree of obliquity should |meet| wth pores enough in the Air to transmitt the greater pt of it, & at another degree of obliquity meet wth nothing but parts to reflect it wholly: especially considering that in its passage out of Air into Glasse, how oblique soever"}, {"title": "", "text": "the air, it is again refracted by the glass, but in a contrary direction to the first refraction, and in consequence proceeds to E. Now you must observe that the ray B C and the ray D E being parallel, the light does not appear to have suffered any refraction: the apparent, differing so little from the true place of any object, when seen through glass of ordinary thickness. _Emily._ So that the effect which takes place on the ray entering the glass, is undone on its quitting it. Or, to express myself more scientifically, when a ray of light passes from one medium into another, and through that into the first again, the two refractions being equal, and in opposite directions, no sensible effect is produced. _Caroline._ I think the effect is very sensible, for, in looking through the glass of the window, I see objects very much distorted; articles which I know to be straight, appear bent and broken, and sometimes the parts seem to be separated to a distance from each other. _Mrs. B._ That is because common window glass is not flat, its whole surface being uneven. Rays from any object, falling upon it under different angles, are, consequently, refracted in various ways, and thus produce the distortion you have observed. _Emily._ Is it not in consequence of refraction, that the glasses in common spectacles, magnify objects seen through them? _Mrs. B._ Yes. Glasses of this description are called _lenses_; of these, there are several kinds, the names of which it will"}, {"title": "", "text": "atoms speed up, collide with other atoms in the material, and then give up as heat the energy they acquired from the vibrations. The absorption of light makes an object dark or opaque to the frequency of the incoming wave. Wood is opaque to visible light. Some materials are opaque to some frequencies of light, but transparent to others. Glass is opaque to ultraviolet light, but transparent to visible light. The atoms in some materials hold on to their electrons loosely. In other words, the materials contain many free electrons that can jump readily from one atom to another within the material. When the electrons in this type of material absorb energy from an incoming light wave, they do not pass that energy on to other atoms. The energized electrons merely vibrate and then send the energy back out of the object as a light wave with the same frequency as the incoming wave. The overall effect is that the light wave does not penetrate deeply into the material. In most metals, electrons are held loosely, and are free to move around, so these metals reflect visible light and appear to be shiny. The electrons in glass have some freedom, though not as much as in metals. To a lesser degree, glass reflects light and appears to be shiny, as well. A reflected wave always comes off the surface of a material at an angle equal to the angle at which the incoming wave hit the surface. In physics, this is called the Law of Reflectance."}, {"title": "", "text": "enters and exits the glass in the same direction, i.e., the original path is not deviated *in angle* upon exiting. The lateral translation induced in non-perpendicular light rays leads to the apparent displacement of objects which are sufficiently near that parallax is perceptible. So, in layman's terms you are saying that the armored glass would not reduce the visible lower framework (\"bar\") of the windscreen? Didn't say that, or even address the issue specifically. But the answer was implied in a subtle way when I stated that the refraction operated in the downward direction when the plate is angled back. Furthermore, I elaborated at length on the fact that *nearby* objects are more displaced that those farther away, and the outer frame which is in actual contact with the glass would most certainly qualify as being close--as close as something on the outside could get. Holding the thick glass plate in hand right now, this is amply verified. That is, the outside lower frame would be quite noticeably displaced downward, so that it would probably extend upward to one-half to two-thirds the un-refracted height. Just conducted an experiment, by making a crude \"model\" of the front of a plane to gauge the effect of the tilted thick glass plate. And it confirmed my thoughts on the matter. In a nutshell, the thick plate has the effect of raising the pilot's viewing position by an amount equal to the lateral displacement of the refracted light path. How did I conduct this experiment? In this crude \"model\" the"}, {"title": "", "text": "C. Saint-Rene needed to find a way to transmit an image onto his Lighting the Way: Fresnel Lens The most dangerous part of a sailing trip used to be returning to shore. Lighthouses were built to signal the safest route, but often the weak light from their lamps was not visible until too late. The large, thick lens that was supposed to project the light absorbed much of the signal. Hollowing A Break with Tradition: Fused Silica After you see something work, then you realize that it\u2019s not so complicated after all. \u2014 J. Franklin Hyde It\u2019s exquisitely pure and remarkably transparent. It expands and contracts very little with changes in temperature. It is the simplest of all glasses, yet for years it was nearly Continuous Perfection: Optical-Quality Glass They make glass. By day and night, the fires burn on \u2026 and bid the sand let in the light. \u2014 Carl Sandburg, In Reckless Ecstasy, 1904. To see the unseeable: the quest is unending. But lenses and prisms are only as good as their glass. Optical-quality glass must be flawless. Even tiny flecks, Countless Variations: Lens Combinations The world began to realize that so far it had only toyed with glass. Now a brand new material was born. \u2014 Walter Kioulehn, Odyssey of the 41 Glassmakers, 1959 By the mid-1800s, there were still only two kinds of optical glass: soda-lime crown glass and lead-containing flint glass. Opticians Reflections on Glass: Telescope Mirrors I contrived heretofore, a perspective by Reflexion. \u2014 Sir Isaac Newton, c. 1668 The"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Why glass is transparent 1. Sep 18, 2009 ### hagopbul hello my question is why glass is transparent why the photon are traveling in it with out being absorb use equation & explanation , please this Q? for high level Physicist not for any one so pleas if you cant use proper equations DONT REPLY and why its path are so specific and strait ? 2. Sep 19, 2009 ### alxm Re: photon Well, a \"high level physicist\" should already know that there is no single equation that will directly explain the absorbance spectrum of glass or any other material, that such spectra can't be calculated analytically to begin with, and that explaining how to calculate an absorbance spectrum from first principles would require at least a book's worth of text. I don't think anyone's going to write a textbook for you, so I'd suggest that you either accept a simplified, non-rigorous answer or don't ask. 3. Sep 19, 2009 ### hagopbul Re: photon {Well, a \"high level physicist\" should already know that there is no single equation that will directly explain the absorbance spectrum of glass or any other material, that such spectra can't be calculated analytically to begin with, and that explaining how to calculate an absorbance spectrum from first principles would require at least a book's worth of text. I don't think anyone's going to write a textbook for you, so I'd suggest that you either accept a simplified, non-rigorous answer or don't ask. } ok i said equations not equation ,"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u00d7 # Experiment proving light bends its path.. Take a look at this video from $$2:44$$ to $$3:00$$ . Can anyone explain why does the light bends ? Note by Vighnesh Raut 2 years ago Sort by: It's TIR- total internal reflection. You can pretty much do it with any transparent tube with a higher optical density than air. I did it with a glue stick from my glue gun. It diffused the light, but you could see it reflecting instead of passing through the side. Antifreeze, some glycol (ethylene or propylene) works better than water. Engineer guy, on youtube, had a similar demonstration, but it was much clearer than the video that you linked. \u00b7 2 years ago \u00d7"}, {"title": "", "text": "A transparent glass rod that makes light travel so slowly that it can trap light within its depths. You've heard of burning bugs with sunlight concentrated with a magnifying glass? That's for sissies who can't figure out a different way to concentrate sunlight - by slowing it down. He held a contraption made of a glass rod and assorted wires. Methuen sighted along his glass rod and pressed a button. A pop... and a flash! \"By applying the right e.m.f. to pure crown glass, its possible to raise its index of refraction to a remarkable degree. The result is that the light striking the glass is so slowed up that it takes weeks to pass through it in the ordinary manner. The light that is thus trapped can be released by making a small spark near the glass. \"I can shoot an hour's accumulated light energy out the front end of the rod in a very small fraction of a second. From The Exalted, by L. Sprague de Camp. Science fans will recognize one of the main properties of Bose-Einstein condensates, which can actually trap light waves, or slow them down to an inch a minute. Read a bit more about Bose-Einstein condensates; also, read about a modern experiment in which light is captured in a crystal. Science fiction fans may recall the scenedows from Bob Shaw's 1968 story Light of Other Days."}, {"title": "", "text": "substance is) in a straight line. But they aren't going to get through as quickly if they spend time being absorbed and re-emitted, which they inevitably do. So the light slows down. In an opaque substance the photon comes back out in another direction, away from the one it arrived in. It is from these new photons arriving at our eyes that we are able to see the object. It used to be thought that the light bounced off the object to get to our eyes, like a ball bouncing off a wall, but it really gets absorbed and re-emitted. Most objects are better at permanently eating up some colours (converting the energy to heat) than others. Depending on what colours of light the object absorbs totally and which it re-emits, we will see the object as a particular colour. For example, if an object absorbs all the colours of the rainbow except red, we will see it as a red object. ## Looking through a lentil Because of the shape of a lens like the one in your eye \u2013 roughly that of a lentil, which is where the word 'lens' comes from \u2013 the photons that spray out from a point are brought back to a point on the other side. The curved shape of the lens means that photons that hit it at different angles are bent by the angles necessary to bring them all together again. In the case of the lens at the front of your eye this process, focusing, produces"}, {"title": "", "text": "the whole quantity of light and heat is spread out over the surface of a sphere with a radius of one foot. At a distance of two feet from the centre it is spread over the surface of a sphere of radius two feet. Now to find an area we multiply two lengths; in the case of a sphere both lengths are the radius of the sphere. As both lengths are doubled the area is four times as great\u2026 We have the same amounts of light and heat spread over a sphere four times as great, and so the illumination and heating effect are reduced to a quarter as great. 2. MIRAGES ARE DUE TO Total internal reflection. This is one of the things I dimly remember being taught in school, which this book has considerably refreshed me on. When light travels from one transparent substance to another, less dense, transparent substance, it bends towards the surface. This is called refraction, and it\u2019s the reason that, for example, streams look shallower than they really are, when viewed from the bank. If the first substance is very dense, or the light ray is approaching the surface at a glancing angle, the ray might not escape at all, instead bouncing back down. This is called total internal reflection, and it\u2019s the science behind mirages. The heated sand heats the air above it, and so we get an inversion of the density gradient: low density along the heated surface, higher density in the cooler air above. Light rays are"}, {"title": "", "text": "pointer) through a prism, lens, thick piece of glass, or a container of water. Ask students to observe the path of the light. Encourage them to notice how the light bends when it enters a new substance. For example, the light bends when it passes from air into glass when it enters a prism or lens, AND it bends again when it leaves the prism or lens and passes back out into air. As in demonstration option 1, ask students if they have ever seen anything like this before and encourage them to state a possible explanation about what is going on in the demonstration. Ask students whether they think the material that the light passes through (such as glass vs. water) makes a difference in the amount of refraction. This option requires a bit more time and materials, but also produces a relatively dramatic demonstration of a light ray bending. In this demonstration, a laser pointer first shines a beam of light in a straight line through air, but then is clearly deflected when it shines through water instead. First, remove the plastic tub. Turn on the laser and note the position where it shines on the graph paper. Place a mark on the paper to record the baseline position of the beam when neither the tub nor water is in its path. Next, place the tub back onto the center of the graph paper. Mark the positions of the corners of the tub on the paper, so you can return the tub to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the bending of light. Effects of refraction of light An object appears to be raised when paced under water. Pool of water appears less deep than it actually is. If a lemon is kept in a glass of water it appears to be bigger when viewed from the sides of glass. It is due to refraction of light that stars appear to twinkle at night. Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave\u2019s speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water. Glass. Glass is a perfect everyday example of light refraction. Looking through a glass jar will make an object look smaller and slightly lifted. If a slab of glass is placed over a document or piece of paper, then the words will look closer to the surface because of the different angle the light is bending. 1 : deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different. Is Etsy Plus Worth It 2020? What handmade items sell best? Bath bombs and soaps. Question: Can A Person Forget His First Love? Do you always have feelings for your first love? Question: What Are The 5 Things You Should Never Eat? What are the four foods to avoid?"}, {"title": "", "text": "different distances between the glass and the graphics. We did the water refraction experiment. When the light passes from one material, into another, it bends or refracts i.e. Because the light from the torch passes from a lower-index medium (air) to a higher-index medium (water) the light rays bend inside the water, then when the light comes out it is spread out around the room. Can Water Bend a Straw Video. Step 2/3 \u2013 Put the dry erase board vertically on the ground and place the bottle \u2026 Angle a directed ray of light to the underneath of the surface and total internal reflection can be seen (it is easier to see with the lights off). Paper or card. You\u2019ll find printable instructions, a video demonstration, and a helpful explanation of how this experiment works, below. When filling the bottle, it is recommended to seal the hole and the bottle so that the water does not spill until the experiment \u2026 A piece of paper with an arrow drawn on it. You can\u2019t see light move in waves until something blocks the light (the water) and bends the light. This experiment demonstrates a total internal reflection and shows the principle of optical fibres. Passion for Learn. Want to be notified when our magazine is published? This Zip Lock Bag Water Refraction is good to try. In fact, you have just demonstrated a physics concept called refraction, the bending of light. I love this light box experiment. This water refraction science experiment has such a \u201cwow factor\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "A tree trunk partly submerged in water appears to be bent. For hundreds of years people have known that this is caused by refraction, i.e. the light changes its direction when traveling from one medium (water) to another (air) at an angle. Refraction is also the underlying physical principle behind lenses which play an indispensable role in everyday life: They are a part of the human eye, they are used as glasses, contact lenses, as camera objectives and for controlling laser beams. This is remarkable work, truly thinking 'outside the box'. Hopefully, this leads to breakthroughs in the XUV lithography involved with chip manufacture. We have been stumbling over problems with it for years now."}, {"title": "", "text": "night because the cooler air near the ground is denser: Image from Rod Nave\u2019s hyperphysics, see refraction of sound In similar vein a light wave \u201cveers\u201d downwards rather like a car veers left when it encounters mud at the side of the road. We can do something similar with light with something as simple as a piece of glass. That\u2019s why we have lenses in spectacles. But we can also do it with an energy-density gradient in space. That\u2019s why we have gravitational lensing. See Professor Ned Wright\u2019s Deflection and Delay of Light article for more. He doesn\u2019t say the light is deflected because spacetime is curved. Instead he says this: \u201cIn a very real sense, the delay experienced by light passing a massive object is responsible for the deflection of the light. The figure below shows a bundle of rays passing the Sun at various distances\u201d: Gif from Ned Wright\u2019s Deflection and Delay of Light Once you know this, you can make sense of the rubber-sheet analogy. It\u2019s sometimes said to be a tautology, in that gravity is used to try to explain gravity. However it can explain gravity rather well provided you know what it\u2019s really depicting. The rubber sheet analogy The starting place for that is that the curvature you can see in the images relates to spacetime curvature. That\u2019s associated with a \u201ccurved metric\u201d, and a metric is associated with measurement. As for what you\u2019re measuring, imagine you could place a 15 x 15 array of optical clocks throughout a horizontal slice"}, {"title": "", "text": "waves until something the! Bends when it moves to glass due to change in speed course: physics II ( PHY 156 Reection... Are caused by the imperfection in the bottle informational purposes only a jar and have different line... Play ideas and mocomi updates in your inbox, experiments | 7-14 yrs | Animation video... 7 years old ) super nerdy kids ( I say that with love ) learn. What conclusions do we reach about the general trend for light entering water from air your kids are appropriate all... Mocomi & Anibrain Digital Technologies Pvt the principles of light here / STEAM Projects and Why they.... 5 year old ) stays on, and a helpful explanation of how this experiment,! On what our eyes see commonly observed phenomena, but other waves light refraction with a water bottle experiment sound into...: physics II ( PHY 156 ) Reection and r efraction consult your state \u2019 s Terms Service. 2016 - here is a super simple, yet magical, experiment on refraction of light | Solved o! When you put water in the bottle, it is just water \u2019 also... Incidence ( I say that light refracts when it moves to glass due to the top of glass! Wow '' your kids to fill a perspex tank with water stream water. Activity with water lighting system made out of recycled materials if you put water in and see happens... 'S Law ) Objective: that arise thereof when light passes from one transparent medium Aim of paper! To bend rather"}, {"title": "", "text": "Box: You\u2019ll need a big box, plastic water bottle\u2026 Now try to think of a word that still makes sense if you put it behind the glass. Practical experiment in refraction. refraction of light. Investigate the refraction of light in a transparent medium Aim of the experiment. Try glasses and jars of different shapes. This light ray changes medium and subsequently undergoes refraction. That\u2019s why you can still see the penny through the side of the empty glass. The incident ray form an angle with the normal, called as angle of incidence (i). Experiment Steps : Refraction of Light. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Don\u2019t fool me mom, it is just water\u2019! When light travels through a cylindrical glass, it bends when entering the glass and water, and then it bends again when leaving the water and glass. Jiang W, Chen RT, Lu X. Lab 10 Reflection and Refraction. Rookieparenting.com provides science activity ideas for \u2026 All Rights Reserved. Experiment Steps : Refraction of Light Step-1 Firstly, ask your kids to fill the glass jar carefully with the clean and clear water. Then put the empty glass in front of the piece of paper with the arrow on it. A. Refraction. The light bends away from the normal line. In the refraction experiment above light travels from the arrow through the air, through the glass, the water, the glass again and air again before reaching your eyes. will experiment with radiant energy and the concept of refraction to develop a lighting system made out of recycled materials."}, {"title": "", "text": "amount light reflected from either side. If the two films are now separated slightly to allow for a small air gap between them, and we repeat the process with the same light, what will we see in the way of light reflections from the two sides? Solution The only change that occurs with the separation is that the second reflection in both thin films is now off a surface in contact with air. This means there will be no phase shift at that reflection, since air has a lower index of refraction than either film. Before the separation, the second reflection within the plastic was off a faster medium (glass), so there is no change to the phase shift for the plastic, and the same interference as before (destructive) will result. But the second reflection for the glass film was previously off a slower medium (plastic), so changing that reflection so that it is off air will make it go from a $$\\pi$$ radian phase shift to no phase shift. With the film thickness the same as before, this means that light that previously emerged from the glass $$\\pi$$ out of phase with the first reflection is now in phase with it, so light will be seen reflected off the glass film. ## Light in a Medium There is one element of this phenomenon that we have not yet accounted for. Clearly the film thickness has to be just right for the timing of the two reflected waves to come out exactly $$\\pi$$ out of phase."}, {"title": "", "text": "to each other and laterally dispersed. Thus, no dispersion occurs. You have seen that a prism splits up light into different colours as it bends different colour lights by different amounts. Why does a glass slab not cause dispersion? (HINT: Observe the path of light in a glass slab\u2212especially what happens to it when it emerges from the slab.) Both faces of a glass slab are parallel. So, when a ray of light falls on one end of the slab, it is laterally displaced; however, all the deviated incident rays meet together to form the white light again while emerging out of the glass slab. Suppose a swimming pool is filled with an imaginary liquid which is optically rarer than air. For a person looking at the pool from outside, will the apparent depth of the pool be less than or greater than the real depth? Give reasons. The apparent depth of the pool will be greater than its real depth. This is because the light rays from the bottom of the pool will bend away from the normal, making the apparent point seem deeper than its real depth. What type of image is formed when rays of light coming from a point on the object diverge after reflection or refraction\u2212real or virtual? A virtual image is formed when rays of light coming from a point on an object diverge after reflection or refraction. This is because the refracted or reflected rays will never meet each other. Will a spectrum be formed if blue light falls"}, {"title": "", "text": "mostly seen in rainbows, camera lenses, and binoculars, all involving how light is reflected and seen. When taking the photograph, I tried to avoid as much outside light as possible in order to allow only natural light to effect the appearance of the object. The deflection of the object can be considered a part of refraction. The natural light shining through the glasses allows the object to be warped in the way that it is. As the light passes through the glass, the portrayal of the object behind it changes. In conclusion, as light shines through the water filled glasses, the shape of the glass effects the appearance of the flowers viewed through the transparent glass. The convex and concave shapes in the glasses shrink or magnify the flowers behind them. The edges and shapes in the glass lead to different distortions of the flowers through the glass. The changes in the appearance of the flowers are a result of the geometry of the flowers and the glasses, the optics and how the appearance of the flowers changes through the glass, and the refraction of light through the glass changing the shape of the flowers in the first place. A combination of these different types of mathematics is what explains the altered appearance of the flowers resting behind the glasses. June 15, 2020 June 15, 2020 cdsinclair Math & Aesthetics The project I will conduct will observe the path taken by a frisbee in flight from a \u201cbackhand huck.\u201d There are two facets to my project,"}, {"title": "", "text": "our brain as pink and so it looks pink, It transmits green light so it will have a \"shadow\" which is green. Now consider this filter which lets in red and blue parts of visible light and reflects green part. Now this filter has a pink \"shadow\" because it transmits red light and blue light which is perceived by our brain as pink, and it reflects green light so it looks green. Filters are made out of normal glass, but they have optical coatings on them which are very thin and these coatings are what reflect some frequencies of light and transmit others. These optical coatings are made of metal like aluminium. What part of visible light is reflected is dependent on the metal you use for coating. \u2022 Hi Kosta, thanks for the answer, do you by any chance know what material these filters are made of? Or they are using cuts in surface to let higher frequencies to go through while lower ones hit the cuts and get reflected Thanks. Sep 13, 2016 at 15:40 \u2022 They are made out of normal glass but they have optical coatings on them which are very thin and these coatings are which reflect light and transmit others. These optical coatings are made of metal like aluminium. What part of visible light is reflected is dependent on the metal you use for coating. Sep 13, 2016 at 15:49 \u2022 Moreover, you could also have non-complement reflection and transmission if the glass absorbed some of non-reflected wavelengths (assuming the"}, {"title": "", "text": "adequate Newtonian ... 1 What is happening, in my opinion, is the result of two effects: First one is to notice that the glass of your window is most probably not uniform. Meaning, as a guess, it is thinner on the top and gradually gets thicker to the bottom, but in a very slight manner that only light feels it. What does this cause? Well if the glass also has two different ... 0 As I vaguely remember, Newtonian gravity does not have any affect on light. Einstein's General Relativity was the first prediction about gravity bending light, and this was confirmed a few years later by seeing the effect in a telescope during a full solar eclipse. 0 The trick is that the system is designed in layers, and the data for one layer includes the metadata for the next layer. Here's how a hypothetical system could work: Layer A: So the fiber-optic transmitter - the physical layer - only knows how to transmit a 1, transmit a 0, or turn off. Layer B: The next layer understands that if the transmitter was off and ... 0 The key point here I think is that the path difference must be calculated at a wavefront, which is orthogonal to the rays. See the diagram below and note that the path difference is$\\ell_1 + \\ell_2$instead of$2\\ell_1$.$\\ell_1 = \\dfrac{d}{\\cos\\theta}$indeed, but$\\ell_2 = \\ell_1 \\cos(2\\theta)$. Therefore, $$\\Delta = \\ell_1 + \\ell_2 = \\left(1+\\cos(2\\theta)... 1 Having made a hash of my original answer which was pointed out by @Pieter, I have"}, {"title": "", "text": "inner wall of the glass. Intuitively, this may seem like a mistake or an odd property, but this is actually the correct way to model a liquid-glass interface in computer graphics- see this article and this other article for details on why. So why do these two cases complicate things? As a ray enters each new medium, we need to know what medium the ray is in so that we can execute the appropriate BSDF and get the correct attenuation for that medium. We can only evaluate the attenuation once the ray exits the medium, since attenuation is dependent on how far through the medium the ray traveled. The easy solution is to simply remember what the BSDF is when a ray enters a medium, and then use the remembered BSDF to evaluate attenuation upon the next intersection. For example, imagine the following sequence of intersections: 1. Intersect glass upon entering glass. 2. Intersect glass upon exiting glass. 3. Intersect water upon entering water. 4. Intersect water upon exiting water. This sequence of intersections is easy to evaluate. The evaluation would go something like: 1. Enter glass. Store glass BSDF. 2. Exit glass. Evaluate attenuation from stored glass BSDF. 3. Enter water. Store water BSDF. 4. Exit water. Evaluate attenuation from stored water BSDF. So far so good. However, remember that in the first case, sometimes we might not have a surface intersection to mark that we\u2019ve exited one medium before entering another. The following scenario demonstrates how this first case results in missed attenuation evaluations:"}, {"title": "", "text": "when looking through a long column of water. The blueness in water is not caused by the scattering of light, which is responsible for the sky being blue. It\u2019s not only not a color, it\u2019s totally orthagonal to colors. Any color can be \u201cclear\u201d, meaning transparent or translucent, or opaque, meaning the opposite. Basically, \u201cclear\u201d is just a shortened way to refer to something that\u2019s transparent, or sometimes translucent. With nothing in it, not even light, it would be all completely dark \u2013 \u201clooking\u201d like an infinite space of nothing. \u2026 However, for some light to exit the tube, one mirror isn\u2019t 100% reflective. Looking inside such a tube (When it is not operating) you would see a very long tube which has dark ends far far away. greenishRegular, Clear Glass Although clear glass does not have substantially high iron content, it is higher than low-iron glass. Due to this higher iron content, clear glass has a greenish tint. Most glass is made of silica (sand), lime, and soda ash. These ingredients have natural impurities (like iron oxide), so they produce a greenish glass. So a mirrors are gray and specular reflectors and therefore the colour we commonly call silver is, also, simply gray and specular. A single reflection through one layer of the glass won\u2019t have a noticeable color change, but bounce the image through more and more layers and it will. \u2026 Mirrors are most efficient at reflecting light of green wavelengths, so they give off a tiny bit more green light than other"}, {"title": "", "text": "larger _n_ to a smaller one, Snell's law tells us that if there is refraction, the outgoing ray will be at a larger angle to the normal than the incident ray, as illustrated in the lower half of Figure 23.5. Imagine gradually increasing the angle of the incident light. At some point, the outgoing refracted light will reach an angle of 90\u00b0. In our example, that will occur when sin( _\u03b8_ a) = \u00bd or _\u03b8_ _a_ = 30\u00b0. A light ray that is 90\u00b0 from the normal is skimming right along the boundary between the two media. If the incident light comes in at any angle greater than 30\u00b0 it will be impossible for any refraction to happen! In that case, all of the light will definitely be reflected, and no light will pass through the boundary. This phenomenon is known as \"total internal reflection.\" **Lenses** Even though window glass has an index of refraction _n_ \u2248 1.5, we don't normally worry about refraction when looking out of a window. Why not? For one thing, we usually look straight out, so that the angle of incidence is small. But even when we look through the window at an angle, the light we see is not changed very much by the window, if the glass is thin and its two sides are parallel to each other. This is illustrated in Figure 23.6, where we also show a second order reflection. Figure 23.6 _Refraction occurs both on entering and leaving a pane of glass. If the sides"}, {"title": "", "text": "the total path in air. This way, the longer part of the total path will be traveled by light in air (faster then glass), and only a shorter path will be traveled in glass (slower then air). So your total travel time for the EM wave will be the minimal."}, {"title": "", "text": "speeds up it slows down it curves through the glass it bends when entering the glass it separates into colors 1 See answer beckhamschooling is waiting for your help. Light does NOT have mass, and gravity does not \"slow everythinng down. When it comes to speed limits, the ultimate one set by the laws of physics themselves is the speed of light. 1) The speed of light is an absolute. So, there is a drag on the wave, and it slows down. The first statement is the backbone of all of modern physics (relativity), and the second helps explain things like diffraction and rainbows. 2) Light slows down when it passes through a medium (like water, glass, air, \u2026). The light waves that go through the glass don't actually slow down. How to slow down light until it stops In vacuum, light always travels at a constant speed of 299,792,458 metres per second. From that point onward, everything proceeds according to normal physics. The effect is only apparent and applies to the speed of light 'in the material' as opposed to the speed of light 'in vacuum' where light ALWAYS travels at the speed of light c. The reason you treat the light as if it did slow down is an effect of the wave nature of light. What causes an orbit to happen? Let\u2019s set aside the question of how we got the baseball moving that fast. So if a wave slows down, its wavelength will decrease. The effect of this can be shown using"}, {"title": "", "text": "to understand about lenses is that they bend light. This is the principle behind their use in all sorts of devices, such as cameras, telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, magnifying glasses, and eyeglasses, which I think covers most of the applications people would immediately think of. These devices all gather light and allow you to look at objects in particular ways that you can't do otherwise. Lenses are also used in things like movie projectors, torches (flashlights for the Americans), car headlights, and lighthouses, to project beams of light. And the other important place you can find lenses is in eyes; you're reading this now through lenses in the front of your own eyeballs (unless you're using a screen reader). If you examine some lenses, one thing you can notice pretty quickly is that they are all transparent, so that they let light pass through them. The next thing you might notice is that they all have curved surfaces. Here is an important hint about how lenses work. Figure 2. Light entering glass. So we've moved from complicated curved shapes to simpler shapes with flat surfaces that still bend light. We can simplify things one step more by considering only one of the two flat surfaces, either where the light goes from air into the glass, or where the light goes from inside the glass back out into the air. If you draw that, you get the diagram shown in Figure 2. So what's going on here? Why does the light bend like that? Why doesn't it just"}, {"title": "", "text": "doesn\u2019t exit the higher refractive index object and instead ONLY reflects back into the object, because the reflective amount becomes 100%. When this happens, it\u2019s called \u201cTotal Internal Reflection\u201d for hopefully obvious reasons (: There isn\u2019t a whole lot to say about this, because you can see that this is even accounted for in the GLSL Fresnel function from the last section. However, if you are ever under water in a swimming pool and look up to see the water surface looking like a mirror, that is total internal reflection in action. You can also see it in the render below, where you can see reflections on the inside of the walls of the object, especially on the bottom (floor) of the object: # Beer\u2019s Law Beer\u2019s law is the last item to talk about, and relates to transparent surfaces. Beer\u2019s law deals with light being absorbed over distance as it travels through a material. Beer\u2019s law is why a thin piece of jello is mostly colorless, but a thicker piece of jello has a much richer and deeper color. Here\u2019s a cube with beer\u2019s law absorbing red and green light over distance. You should notice that where the light travels less distance through the cube that it\u2019s not as blue, because not as much red and green light has been absorbed: To apply beer\u2019s law, you first figure out how long a ray has traveled through the absorbing material (by tracing the ray inside the object to see where it hits the back side). You"}, {"title": "", "text": "disk behaves in certain situations (change also the temperature to be maintained by taking, for example, from 20 degrees C to 15 or 13 degrees like in a garage and then take look at it). We have explored some elements of consideration on the behaviour of glass disks according to their own temperature and ambient temperature, which as a reflection it is also the behaviour of the wave-front mirrored by our optics. Without wishing to overload our explanatory journey, it is interesting to consider that a further \u201cpassive\u201d factor -i.e. not dependent on external thermoregulation aspects- in addition to the thickness of the glass is that related to the type of glass. While for refracting lenses there is very little that can be done since the glass is chosen according to the functioning requirements and final optical performance, for reflecting mirrors is a different matter. Each type of glass for mirrors has a well-defined behaviour, specific technical features identified during design and production, and levels of performance in relation to the environment in which it operates. That said, remains outstanding the matter of the price, which is a sore point for amateur astronomers, although much less than it is generally thought to be. Would you like an example? As can be seen from the program and graphs used above, we are been asked the type of glass on which to apply the formulas for calculating the acclimatization times. Remember that with just a few Euros it is very often possible to automatically obtain better results. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "oil. Because the mineral oil has the same refractive index as the glass rod as light moves through the beaker and into the glass rod, there is no refraction and as a result the glass rod will appear to disappear. With acrylic, we can demonstrate refraction and again with the laser pointer, as the laser moves through air and into the acrylic, we'll see that the laser bends into the acrylic as a more dense material and using complete internal refraction we can actually have a laser pointer move through a curled object. And that's refraction."}, {"title": "", "text": "A light ray is refracted (bent) when it passes from one medium to another at an angle and its speed changes. At the interface, it is bent in one direction if the material it enters is denser (when light slows down) and in the OTHER direction if the material is less dense (when light speeds up). Because different wavelengths (colors) of light travel through a medium at different speeds, the amount of bending is different for different wavelengths. Violet is bent the most and red the least because violet light has a shorter wavelength, and short wavelengths travel more slowly through a medium than longer ones do. Because white light is made up of ALL visible wavelengths, its colors can be separated (dispersed) by this difference in behavior. When light passes through glass, it encounters TWO interfaces--one entering and the other leaving. It slows down at the first interface and speeds back up at the second. If the two interface surfaces are parallel to each other, as in a 'slab' of glass, all of the bending (and dispersion) that takes place at the first interfaces is exactly reversed at the second, 'undoing' the effect of the first interface; so although the emerging ray of light is displaced slightly from the entering ray, it travels in the same direction as the incoming ray and all wavelengths that separated at the first interface are re-combined. If the second interface is NOT parallel to the first, as in a prism, the effects of the first interface are NOT reversed"}, {"title": "", "text": "a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal (at the point of incidence). Light ray incident on a Window glass at different angles The light rays entering from a one medium and emerging out back in to the same medium will be parallel. Consider the pane of thick window glass as shown in the figure. When light falls normally to the surface of a glass slab (from point A through the glass to point B), it will go in a straight\u2013line path. In this case, light encounters the glass perpendicularly and hence there is no bending of the ray of light. But when it goes from A to C, the emerging light is displaced but parallel to the incident light. A ray of light Aa travelling in air is incident on the glass block. On entering the glass block, it gets refracted and bends towards the normal. Again a change of direction takes place when the ray of light ac, travelling in glass emerges into air at point c. Since the ray of light ac goes from a denser medium glass into the rarer medium air, it bends away from the normal and goes in the direction cC. The incident ray Aa and the emergent ray cC are parallel to each other."}, {"title": "", "text": "applied to a surface they subtract from the amount of light they reflect, eventually reducing the colour seen by an observer to black. The frequency of incident light is unchanged as it travels from air into glass so its colour remains the same! The wavelength of incident light decreases as it travels from air into glass! Yes! Every wavelength of light is affected to a different degree by the refractive index of a material and as a result, changes direction by a different amount when passing from one medium to another! Yes! Light travels faster in air than in glass! The angles of incidence and reflection are measured between the rays and the normal! Yes! The angle of incidence of a ray of light as it strikes a surface is always the same as the angle of reflection! Yes! As light crosses the boundary from one medium to another through which it travels more slowly, then it will bend towards the normal! Every wavelength of light is affected to a different degree by the refractive index of a material and as a result changes direction by a different amount when passing from one medium (such as air) to another (such as glass)! Chromatic dispersion refers to the way that light separates into its component wavelengths (and so colours), under certain conditions! The angle of refraction as light crosses their boundary! In mathematics, the sine of an angle within a triangle is produced by calculating the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that"}, {"title": "", "text": "I mean to say is that when light enters your liquid it will refract in one way, and then when it enters a (more dense) crystal suspended in the liquid it refracts more, then it exists the dense crystal medium back to a liquid and refracts less. You've given no indication of how you plan to align the crystals in the medium, so really your ideal of pass light through some sort of liquid crystal is nothing more than you saying \"I know that electronically controllable liquid immersed crystals exist, surely they could be used in some other way...\" - and that is not science! I understand how light is refracted and focused in the eye, critically it is via a process where a lens is controlled, the density of the lens does not change the width of the lens changes, in a VERY controlled way, when that control is lost you pretty much loose sight. You haven't proposed any control. 2, you made one post, I made one reply, I'd hardly say that was \"constantly attacking\" but, whatever makes you happy. But I get it, if someone comes and takes a crap on your ideas it's much easier to call them names than defend your ideas. I really think that my post had slightly more science in it than your clip art extravaganza. For example I actually described how a transistor worked, and explained why your idea does not work. Clearly we've gotten off to a bad start. as a serious question, is this a"}, {"title": "", "text": "the same thing is the bent appearance of a stick when held partly in water, the explanation being, that the light from every part of the stick under water is refracted, so that it seems to be raised up, as was the case with the coin. So, too, objects at the bottom of a clear stream or pond appear to be raised up, and the water seems less deep than it really is. The principle on which these phenomena take place is, that light when passing from a rarer to a denser medium (for example, water and glass are denser than air, and air is said to be rarer than water or glass) is refracted towards the perpendicular; and on passing from a denser into a rarer, is refracted from the perpendicular; and this in proportion to the relative velocity with which light passes through the different media. Thus, suppose a ray of light to pass through a piece of glass: on entering the glass, it is turned towards the perpendicular to a certain extent; but on leaving the glass and entering the air again, it will be refracted from the perpendicular ; and as this must be exactly to the same extent as it was turned towards it on entering the glass, it is ear that the ray, on emerging from the glass, will proceed in the same direction as it was doing before it entered. Having hitherto treated of media with parallel surfaces, we will now consider the case of a medium the surfaces"}, {"title": "", "text": "the earth which has been dug out of them; for apparently some air occupies the space excavated, and for this reason it does not hold all the earth. 9 \u00b7 Why is it that, though air is denser than light, it can pass through solids? [10] Is it because light travels in a straight line only, and so the sight cannot see through porous substances like pumice-stone, in which the pores are irregular, whereas they are not so in glass? The air, on the other hand, is not obstructed, because it does not travel in a straight line through anything through which it passes. [15] 10 \u00b7 Why is it that the air becomes cold by touching water but not moist, even though one blows so hard upon water as to cause waves? That it becomes cold is clear from the change which it undergoes; for the air from water causes cold. Is it because it is the nature of air to be cold or hot, and it changes by touching anything [20] with which it comes into contact; but it does not also become moist, because it is too light and so never penetrates below the level of the water, but always remains in contact only with the surface, even though it be forced downwards, and the water then recedes still lower, so that the air can never penetrate into its depth? 11 \u00b7 Why is the air from bubbles and the air which comes up from beneath [25] the water never wet? Is it"}, {"title": "", "text": "for crown glass is often given as being 1.52. This table shows how that figure alters with wavelength The diagram \u2022 The diagram shows six different wavelengths (ROYGBV) of incident light approaching the boundary between air and glass. \u2022 The wavelengths form a single ray and were emitted by a single point light source. \u2022 As the ray crosses the boundary between the air and the glass refraction takes place and it bends towards the normal (the dotted green line). \u2022 At the same time, the different wavelengths separate out from one another as dispersion takes place. \u2022 All six wavelengths are refracted towards the normal because they are travelling from air, the faster, less optically dense medium with a smaller refractive index into the glass, a slower, more optically dense medium with the higher refractive index. \u2022 The different paths each wavelength takes in the course of their dispersion results from the fact that the refractive index of the glass is different for each wavelength of light (ROYGBV). Remember: \u2022 In the right conditions, all transparent media cause incident light to change direction and to disperse into their component colours. \u2022 When light is refracted and changes direction, the angle is determined by the refractive index of the medium it enters. \u2022 Refractive index (n) is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum (c) divided by the speed of light in the medium (v) \u2022 Light travels at 299.792 kilometres per second in a vacuum. \u2022 Only a narrow range of wavelengths that"}, {"title": "", "text": "studio lighting) was responsible. In fact, both statements are true and are not diametrically opposed. How so? Though the words refraction and reflection sound similar, there meanings are entirely different. Refraction occurs when light passes through a transparent material. Whereas, reflection occurs when it bounces off an opaque material. For light to refract it must pass through a medium different from the one it was travelling through. In space light travels at 100% because there is nothing to impede its progress. Its speed is reduced to 99.7% when it travels through air, and is further reduces to 75% when it travels through water. Because light waves slow down when passing through a denser medium, they bunch up. That is why if you place a pencil in a glass of water it appears to bend. Therefore, as there is neither air nor water on the Moon, refraction cannot occur. It was this phenomenon of refraction to which Aldrin had alluded, and not reflection. Note, too, the fall-off areas in the Aldrin photograph. Because the Moon has no atmosphere to pollute the light, hoax theorists claim these areas should be bright and crisp and not gradually fade into darkness. This so-called \u2018anomaly\u2019 is due to simple optic and lighting effects, however. The mid-to-foreground surface regions are being viewed from a different angle than that of the distant background surface. As Armstrong is focussing specifically on Aldrin in this shot the background naturally appears out of focus. The local terrain and light from the lunar module, which is situated"}, {"title": "", "text": "and below the coating (or \"film\"); in the simplest case, these three layers are the air, the coating, and the glass. Thick film coatings do not depend on how thick the coating is, so long as the coating is much thicker than a wavelength of light. Thin film effects arise when the thickness of the coating is approximately the same as a quarter or a half a wavelength of light. In this case, the reflections of a steady source of light can be made to add destructively, and hence reduce reflections by a separate mechanism. In addition to depending very much on the thickness of the film, and the wavelength of light, thin film coatings depend on the angle at which the light strikes the coated surface. Reflection Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another (for example, when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the \"interface\") between the two media. This can be observed when looking through a window, for instance, where a (weak) reflection from the front and back surfaces of the window glass can be seen. The strength of the reflection depends on the refractive indices of the two media as well as the angle of the surface to the beam of light. The exact value can be calculated using the Fresnel equations. When the light meets the interface at normal incidence (perpendicularly to the surface), the intensity of light reflected is given by"}, {"title": "", "text": "lit room at night looking at the window, and you will see a reflection of the room. But go outside and you see into the room. So, despite some of the light from inside reflecting off the glass back into the room, the rest passes through the glass. This is classic quantum probabilistic behavior. Around five percent of the light reflects back into the room and ninety-five percent passes through. But how does a photon know whether to pass through or reflect? This was a puzzle to Isaac Newton, who believed light was made of particles. Newton thought the effect might be due to imperfections in the surface of the glass\u2014but polishing the glass doesn't make it go away. From a quantum viewpoint, we can see that there are no surface blemishes required to make the split. The photon exists merely as probabilities of passing through or reflecting, producing the statistical result. A sheet of glass isn't a great beam splitter\u2014for experiments, more sophisticated devices involving part-silvered mirrors or prisms, which split light 50/50, are used. **SCHR\u00d6DINGER'S EQUATION** **QUANTUM DOUBLE SLIT** **BELL'S INEQUALITY** **DRILL DOWN |** When light reflects back off window glass, the probability of the photon reflecting from the inner surface depends on the thickness of the glass. Somehow, the photon \"knows\" how thick the glass is. With a wave-based approach, this is easy to explain as an interaction between waves that pass through the glass and reflect back from the outer surface and those that reflect off the inner surface. But with particles"}, {"title": "", "text": "straw (normal) from shutterstock.com What scientists call \"light\" is not just what we can see, but all electromagnetic radiation \u2013 from low-frequency radio waves to high-frequency X-rays. Normally, light moves through a material at a slower speed. For example, visible light travels through glass about 33 percent slower than it does through air. A material's fundamental resistance to the transmission of light at a particular frequency is called its \"index of refraction.\" While this number changes with the light's frequency, it starts at 1 \u2013 the index of refraction for a vacuum \u2013 and goes up. The higher the index, the slower the light moves, and the more its path bends. This can be seen when looking at a straw in a cup of water (see below) and is the basis of how we make lenses for eyeglasses, telescopes and other optics. Scientists have long wondered if they could make a material with a negative index of refraction at any given frequency. That would mean, for example, that light would bend in the opposite direction when entering the material allowing for new types of lenses to be made. Nothing in nature fits into this category. The properties of such a material \u2013 were it to exist \u2013 were predicted by Victor Veselago in 1967. These odd materials have properties that look very strange compared with our everyday experiences. In the picture below, we see two cups of water, each with a straw in it. The picture on the left is what happens normally \u2013 the section"}, {"title": "", "text": "find a new method to give to large pieces of glass, or metal, a curve sufficiently slight, there would still result but a very inconsiderable advantage. But to proceed regularly, it was necessary first to see how much light the sun loses by reflection at different distances, and what are the matters which reflect it the strongest; I first found, that glasses when they are polished with care, reflect the light more powerfully than the best polished metals, and even better than the compounded metal with which telescope mirrors are made; and that although there are two reflectors in the glasses, they yet give a brighter and more clear light than metal. Secondly, by receiving the light of the sun in a dark place, and by comparing it with this light of the sun reflected by a glass, I found, that at small distances, as four or five feet, it only lost about half by reflection, which I judged by letting a second reflected light fall on the first; for the briskness of these two reflected lights appeared to be equal to that of direct light. Thirdly, having received at the distances of 100, 200, and 300 feet, this light reflected by great glasses, I perceived that it did not lose any of its strength by the thickness of the air it had to pass through. I afterwards tried the same experiments on the light of candles; and to assure myself more exactly of the quantity of weakness that reflection causes to this light, I made"}, {"title": "", "text": "absorbed. When light hits the water in the bottle, it bends in all different directions. It bends because the water makes the light slow down. This is called refraction. The water makes the light spread out in the box. I also gave the example of being by the pool. I told the kids we have to wear lots of sunscreen by the pool because the water makes the light spread out and we can burn easily from the light. You can also show the children what the light does when there are just holes in the top of the box and no water bottle. What do you think about this experiment? Have you done an experiment with light refraction? If you liked this post please visit me at True Aim for more fun learning activities for kids. They glow in the dark? Great fun, really quick to do. Rather than the slit we lay a blanket over the side so we could all stick our heads in. Also added glycerin and glitter to the water for added sparkle. That looks great! Rather than wait for the cardboard manna that is a refrigerator box (or any other giant appliance), perhaps use the magic and mystery of 123D Make to manipulate cardboard into a much-larger light box? That'd set you up for a cool camera obscura project, too. If you had a really big box, you could replace that viewing slot with a door to get inside. I know! That would be really awesome."}, {"title": "", "text": "waving of the electromagnetic field. For this reason, the direction that the path of a light wave bends depends on whether the light wave is traveling from a more dense (slow) medium to \u2026 If light hits an object made out of conducting material (such as metal), the electromagnetic fields in the light exert a force on and accelerate the free charges in the conductor, thereby inducing electric currents in the surface of the conducting object. 03. Refraction through glass slab. Development of unique Australian COVID-19 vaccine halted, FDA panel backs Pfizer\u2019s COVID-19 vaccine, paving way for emergency use in the United States, China launches gamma ray\u2013hunting satellites to trace sources of gravitational waves, Scientists are rethinking where life originated on Earth, These shrews can shrink and regrow their brains, Breast milk contains coronavirus antibodies, study suggests, Hurricanes are retaining their strength after reaching land, study suggests, Ecologists push for more reliable research, Scientists rally around plan for fusion power plant, Tasmanian devils claw their way back from extinction, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Also, note that the fuzziness of shadows in everyday life is not caused by diffraction, but is instead caused by the fact that an extended light source creates many, slightly-offset, shadows of the object which blur together. The work of Segev's group might have remained theoretical, but by coincidence, a group led by John Dudley at the University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 in Besan\u00e7on, France, has been performing its own experiments on self-bending light. In the demonstration, a line of students (representing"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why do the edges of glass blocks create a shadow? I have always observed that the shadow of glass blocks becomes darker as the glass is moved away from the surface where the shadow falls. And I know this is because refracted light rays from the glass block leave the block at an angle which creates the shadow of the glass block in the first place. However, whenever I try to observe the shadow of a glass block I can clearly see a dark outline of the block formed by its edges, irrespective of the distance from the surface where the shadow falls. And it is this outline, I seek an explanation for. Why is it that no matter how the glass block is oriented or how far it is from the surface where its shadow falls, its edges always form a distinct shadow? A: Not all the light shining on the top surface of your glass block can pass straight through the block. Inside the block, total internal reflection occurs at the side faces. The light which was \"supposed\" to exit through the sides is refracted to the inside. This causes the shadow you observe and a slighly brighter middle section, which is hard to see. In fact, you might be able to see a brighter rim on the inside of the side's shadows if you move the block very close to the table. A: Some sources say that about 6-7% of light gets reflected on hitting a glass.A glass seems to be transparent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "light that hits the object passes through, but the light's direction is bent by the object. If the direction is bent enough, the light that passes through the object will be angled out of the forward-traveling beam. As a result, the beam will have a dark spot; a shadow. Consider completely transparent objects such as glass cups, bottles of water, or the lenses of eyeglasses. Even though such transparent objects do not absorb or reflect very much light, they still interact with light through refraction. Refraction is what makes transparent cups visible to our eyes. Refraction also enables clear objects to cast shadows. Take off your eyeglasses and place them on the table at night under the illumination of a single lamp and you will see a distinct shadow caused by the transparent lenses. Although air is almost perfectly transparent, it can still cast shadows via refraction. The key principle regarding refraction is that light is bent when the index of refraction differs from one location to the next. Air and glass are different materials and have different indices of refraction. Light therefore bends when it goes from air into glass, such as at the surface of a glass lens. Refraction does not happen inside a glass lens because the material inside the lens is uniform. Refraction happens at the surface of a glass lens because that is the only place where the index of refraction differs. Uniform air itself cannot refract light and create shadows because the index of refraction does not differ anywhere. But,"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass-air surfaces -- then not all the light reaches you. The result of this is shadows with fairly hard edges. A: It appears to me that your piece of glass is beveled on the edges. When I place a beveled and non beveled piece of glass side by side directly under a light only the beveled one has the shadow.The angled edges are reflecting and refracting the light away from the area directly below."}, {"title": "", "text": "a rubber ball. Reflection is interesting in itself, but today we're talking about the sort of bending that happens to light when it passes through an object, not when it bounces off one. The things with flat surfaces that bend light are chunks of transparent material (glass usually) in triangle or wedge shapes, things we call prisms. The way a lens and prism bend light is shown in the diagram in Figure 1. Notice that the angle of the glass at the points where the top light beam enters and exits the glass are the same for both the lens and the prism. The way the glass curves (or is straight) away from that point doesn't matter for that beam of light. (It does matter for other beams of light that hit the glass elsewhere, which is where the difference between lenses and prisms comes into play.) Figure 2. Light entering glass. So we've moved from complicated curved shapes to simpler shapes with flat surfaces that still bend light. We can simplify things one step more by considering only one of the two flat surfaces, either where the light goes from air into the glass, or where the light goes from inside the glass back out into the air. If you draw that, you get the diagram shown in Figure 2. So what's going on here? Why does the light bend like that? Why doesn't it just go through in a straight line? This might seem a bit surprising, but the answer depends on how fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflects off the metal, goes back through the glass interface (glass-to-air), and gets to your eye. The ghosts come from extraneous reflections at those glass/air interfaces (5%, as I mentioned before). The first ghost comes from that first interface (appearing to one side of the regular image). The second ghost comes from the second interface, sent back to the metal (appearing to the other side of the regular image). There will actually be more reflections, 3rd and 4th etc., getting progressively (and quickly) weaker. Check out Floris' answer to this question. I don't think the bevel is relevant for the ghosts around your LED. I'll say it again: Good eye! And good for you for wondering about it. This is kind of hard to answer from only this one picture, but I'll give it a shot. My guess is that the centre LED in the mirror is the one reflected by the actual reflective coating (most likely silver) at the back of the mirror. The one appearing to be closer to the mirror is the reflection from the bare glass surface that you would see even without the coating. Just like you see yourself in your windows when it's dark outside. The one appearing farther from the mirror (i.e. the rightmost in the picture) is then probably the same effect but for the light coming back from the silver through the glass, reflected at the glass-air surface, that is then again reflected back to you from the silver coating. The reflectance of an air-glass surface is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Fun Physics Quiz People will never stop admiring the miracles and mysterious phenomena discovered in nature. Thanks to the development of physics and other sciences, most phenomena finally received a rational explanation. The world around us is full of amazing things, you just need to look closely! What do you need to do to prevent a raw egg from sinking on the bottom of a glass with water? It's all about water density. Since an egg has a higher density than pure water, it sinks when put into a glass. However, salted water has a higher density than an egg, which makes an egg float close to the surface. Heat the water Put a magnet close to the glass Add some salt to the water Say a spell You're holding a lit match 10-15 cm from the wall. Then you light a flashlight at the match. What is it that you won't see on the wall? Fire doesn't throw a shadow because the light comes through the flame freely, without meeting any obstacles. Shadow of your hand Shadow of the match Shadow of the flame The wall itself A mirror lies on the bottom of a bowl filled with water. You light a flashlight at the mirror and catch the reflected light on a piece of paper. What will you see on the paper? When coming through water, a ray splits into separate colors. It looks like a rainbow. Secret messages A wet coin lies on the neck of an open empty bottle. How do you"}, {"title": "", "text": "Fun Physics Quiz People will never stop admiring the miracles and mysterious phenomena discovered in nature. Thanks to the development of physics and other sciences, most phenomena finally received a rational explanation. The world around us is full of amazing things, you just need to look closely! What do you need to do to prevent a raw egg from sinking on the bottom of a glass with water? It's all about water density. Since an egg has a higher density than pure water, it sinks when put into a glass. However, salted water has a higher density than an egg, which makes an egg float close to the surface. Heat the water Put a magnet close to the glass Add some salt to the water Say a spell You're holding a lit match 10-15 cm from the wall. Then you light a flashlight at the match. What is it that you won't see on the wall? Fire doesn't throw a shadow because the light comes through the flame freely, without meeting any obstacles. Shadow of your hand Shadow of the match Shadow of the flame The wall itself A mirror lies on the bottom of a bowl filled with water. You light a flashlight at the mirror and catch the reflected light on a piece of paper. What will you see on the paper? When coming through water, a ray splits into separate colors. It looks like a rainbow. Secret messages A wet coin lies on the neck of an open empty bottle. How do you"}, {"title": "", "text": "tank is a good way to see this sort of thing. (You don't usually get thick enough glass on its own.) I don't have a fishtank so I can't do that. But I'm happy to know that I was correct about it For once :tongue2: Next time you go to an Indian or Chinese takeaway, see if they have a fishtank (very popular in UK takeaways) and look at the dispersion of light from the edges of light sources behind the tank (it needn't be a slit- you can just look at an edge for the effect to show itself). It's nice to have something to do whilst you're waiting but you may have to explain your weird behaviour by giving a Physics lecture to the assembled customers. A pet / aquarian shop would do. Related Threads for: Formation of spectrum of colors when light passes through a flat pane of glass What happens in terms of absorption when a light passes through a green transparent glass? Why does light intensity decrease when light passes through a glass block? How do I asses the % of light transmission that passes through glass When bulb light passes through a prism Light passing through the normal of a surface Reflection of light through a wine glass with water Light through glass ? When elctrons pass through a bulb it poduces heat and light why? B Is Voltage a measurement of pressure? B What parameters of physics are most important to the existence of life? B Falsifiability -- What"}, {"title": "", "text": "tank is a good way to see this sort of thing. (You don't usually get thick enough glass on its own.) I don't have a fishtank so I can't do that. But I'm happy to know that I was correct about it For once :tongue2: Next time you go to an Indian or Chinese takeaway, see if they have a fishtank (very popular in UK takeaways) and look at the dispersion of light from the edges of light sources behind the tank (it needn't be a slit- you can just look at an edge for the effect to show itself). It's nice to have something to do whilst you're waiting but you may have to explain your weird behaviour by giving a Physics lecture to the assembled customers. A pet / aquarian shop would do. Related Threads for: Formation of spectrum of colors when light passes through a flat pane of glass What happens in terms of absorption when a light passes through a green transparent glass? Why does light intensity decrease when light passes through a glass block? How do I asses the % of light transmission that passes through glass When bulb light passes through a prism Light passing through the normal of a surface Reflection of light through a wine glass with water Light through glass ? When elctrons pass through a bulb it poduces heat and light why? B Is Voltage a measurement of pressure? B What parameters of physics are most important to the existence of life? B Falsifiability -- What"}, {"title": "", "text": "lit room at night looking at the window, and you will see a reflection of the room. But go outside and you see into the room. So, despite some of the light from inside reflecting off the glass back into the room, the rest passes through the glass. This is classic quantum probabilistic behavior. Around five percent of the light reflects back into the room and ninety-five percent passes through. But how does a photon know whether to pass through or reflect? This was a puzzle to Isaac Newton, who believed light was made of particles. Newton thought the effect might be due to imperfections in the surface of the glass\u2014but polishing the glass doesn't make it go away. From a quantum viewpoint, we can see that there are no surface blemishes required to make the split. The photon exists merely as probabilities of passing through or reflecting, producing the statistical result. A sheet of glass isn't a great beam splitter\u2014for experiments, more sophisticated devices involving part-silvered mirrors or prisms, which split light 50/50, are used. **SCHR\u00d6DINGER'S EQUATION** **QUANTUM DOUBLE SLIT** **BELL'S INEQUALITY** **DRILL DOWN |** When light reflects back off window glass, the probability of the photon reflecting from the inner surface depends on the thickness of the glass. Somehow, the photon \"knows\" how thick the glass is. With a wave-based approach, this is easy to explain as an interaction between waves that pass through the glass and reflect back from the outer surface and those that reflect off the inner surface. But with particles"}, {"title": "", "text": "\uf388 Public Lab: Passing Light Through an Object. Passing Light Through an Object. I was trying to work out how to keep the brightness of the image produced. Due to the laws of physics (I know! Those again...) each time the beam of light was bouncing/passing through an object, it was losing energy & thus losing its overall brightness/strength. So, what I did was get three different shaped glasses & fill them with water, so as to record the effects of light passing through them. The result was some interesting revelations about how passing light through different shaped containers could potentially affect resolution. In the image above, you can see what I am calling my circular glass, my square glass and my prism glass (which has an octagon base for those wondering). The .gif above is of me passing a red laser pointer through the circular glass. The point of origin for the laser beam is at the bottom of the image - where I am holding it against the glass. You can see as part of the light beam reflects back off of the other side of the glass, the beam splits, continuing to bounce until the photons escape to the right of the image. So, every time the light beam bounces, it loses intensity, as photons are split between reflecting, refracting and being absorbed by the glass. To see how light is divided, I then passed a light back and forth along an x, y and z axis through the prism glass, to help"}, {"title": "", "text": "\uf388 Public Lab: Passing Light Through an Object. Passing Light Through an Object. I was trying to work out how to keep the brightness of the image produced. Due to the laws of physics (I know! Those again...) each time the beam of light was bouncing/passing through an object, it was losing energy & thus losing its overall brightness/strength. So, what I did was get three different shaped glasses & fill them with water, so as to record the effects of light passing through them. The result was some interesting revelations about how passing light through different shaped containers could potentially affect resolution. In the image above, you can see what I am calling my circular glass, my square glass and my prism glass (which has an octagon base for those wondering). The .gif above is of me passing a red laser pointer through the circular glass. The point of origin for the laser beam is at the bottom of the image - where I am holding it against the glass. You can see as part of the light beam reflects back off of the other side of the glass, the beam splits, continuing to bounce until the photons escape to the right of the image. So, every time the light beam bounces, it loses intensity, as photons are split between reflecting, refracting and being absorbed by the glass. To see how light is divided, I then passed a light back and forth along an x, y and z axis through the prism glass, to help"}, {"title": "", "text": "direction. When light passes from air, which is a transparent medium of low density, into glass, which is a transparent medium of much greater density, it alters the direction in which the light is travelling. You can see this if you look at figure 2. Figure 2 \u2013 using an achromatic doublet lens In figure 2 you can see that the light that reaches the lens near the edges is bent inwards, which causes it to be brought to a focus some distance behind the lens. The degree of bending of the light path gets less, the nearer to the centre of the lens the light strikes the lens. Figure 2 shows that the light that strikes the lens at its exact centre is not deviated at all \u2013 it passes straight through. This is because the light is striking the glass surface at an exact right-angle. It is a fact that whenever light strikes, or leaves, glass at an exact right-angle its direction of travel is not altered. If you look at figure 2 you will see that the light that strikes the lens at its edge is not hitting the glass at a right angle, but at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. At places nearer to the centre of the diameter of the lens the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass becomes greater \u2013 nearer to 90 degrees \u2013 so the amount of bending of the light becomes less. This process of light bending as it"}, {"title": "", "text": "object, like the cup, it is absorbed. Place the glass in front of the graphics. Stop crying. Copyright \u00a9 2020 Mocomi & Anibrain Digital Technologies Pvt. You can use a water bottle\u2026 Login or Register above to download the content. Course: PHY156. 3:42. Because the light from the torch passes from a lower-index medium (air) to a higher-index medium (water) the light rays bend inside the water, then when the light comes out it is spread out around the room. As you sight at the portion of the pencil that was submerged in the water, light travels from water to air (or from water to glass to air). Also let them watch this video to find out how people use light refraction to light their homes! In the experiment that you just completed, light traveled from the air, through the glass, through the water, through the back of the \u2026 Learn the magic of science in this water refraction trick. When light passes from one material to another, it can bend or refract. It is yet another way to show kids light reflection. This bending by refraction allows us to make use of lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms, etc. Copyright \u00a9 2020 rookieparenting.com. That\u2019s why you can still see the penny through the side of the empty glass. Dinosaur Activities & Crafts; Preschool Activities; Preschool Construction Activities; Preschool Dental Health Activities; Spring Crafts & Activities ; Stem Activities; Summer Crafts & Activities. Jiang W, Chen RT, Lu X. In this cool science experiment from Look We\u2019re Learning,"}, {"title": "", "text": "that? From certain points of view you would see quite clearly through it. Some kinds of glass would be more visible than others, a box of flint glass would be brighter than a box of ordinary window glass. A box of very thin common glass would be hard to see in a bad light, because it would absorb hardly any light and refract and reflect very little. And if you put a sheet of common white glass in water, still more if you put it in some denser liquid than water, it would vanish almost altogether, because light passing from water to glass is only slightly refracted or reflected or indeed affected in any way. It is almost as invisible as a jet of coal gas or hydrogen is in air. And for precisely the same reason!\u201d \u201cYes,\u201d said Kemp, \u201cthat is pretty plain sailing.\u201d \u201cAnd here is another fact you will know to be true. If a sheet of glass is smashed, Kemp, and beaten into a powder, it becomes much more visible while it is in the air; it becomes at last an opaque white powder. This is because the powdering multiplies the surfaces of the glass at which refraction and reflection occur. In the sheet of glass there are only two surfaces; in the powder the light is reflected or refracted by each grain it passes through, and very little gets right through the powder. But if the white powdered glass is put into water, it forthwith vanishes. The powdered glass and water"}, {"title": "", "text": "of an object distinguish es whether that object exhibits diffuse or total reflection when striking a given surface? This is similar to the previous question. Since the tennis balls are so much bigger than the irregularities in a concrete wall, each tennis ball will have approximately the same angle of incidence when averaged over the portion of the ball in contact with the wall. Light, on the other hand, interacts at a much smaller scale. The wavelength of light provides a general scale for interactions, and the irregularities in a concrete wall are generally much larger than the wavelengths of visible light. Thus the individual interactions of light with the wall will occur at different angles of incidence, leading to diffuse reflection. What angle will the reflected light make with the surface? What is the angle of reflection? What was the angle of incidence? What are the physical limits on the index of refraction? According to the theory of relativity, information cannot move between two points any faster than c , the speed of light in vacuum. Yet a shadow can move much faster than c. You shine this super-flashlight at a large white wall 10 m away, then pass your finger in front of the lamp. On the wall, the shadow of your finger also passes through the beam in 0. But the shadow must travel through a distance of 20 meters in that 0. With the development of modern optical and electromagnetic theory, the ancient Snell's law was brought into a new stage. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "of an object distinguish es whether that object exhibits diffuse or total reflection when striking a given surface? This is similar to the previous question. Since the tennis balls are so much bigger than the irregularities in a concrete wall, each tennis ball will have approximately the same angle of incidence when averaged over the portion of the ball in contact with the wall. Light, on the other hand, interacts at a much smaller scale. The wavelength of light provides a general scale for interactions, and the irregularities in a concrete wall are generally much larger than the wavelengths of visible light. Thus the individual interactions of light with the wall will occur at different angles of incidence, leading to diffuse reflection. What angle will the reflected light make with the surface? What is the angle of reflection? What was the angle of incidence? What are the physical limits on the index of refraction? According to the theory of relativity, information cannot move between two points any faster than c , the speed of light in vacuum. Yet a shadow can move much faster than c. You shine this super-flashlight at a large white wall 10 m away, then pass your finger in front of the lamp. On the wall, the shadow of your finger also passes through the beam in 0. But the shadow must travel through a distance of 20 meters in that 0. With the development of modern optical and electromagnetic theory, the ancient Snell's law was brought into a new stage. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"white\" for having the mixed colors. You can still see the effect of dispersion in broad sunlight sometimes, particularly when hanging a prism in front of a window. However, note that you have still simplified the setup to do so: by hanging in front of a window, you're guaranteed that all the sunlight is coming in at the same angle, that the floor will be dark enough to see the colors clearly, that the prism will be parallel to the floor or table it casts light on, and that the prism will slowly twist until you happen to notice the effect when the entry angle is best. This is why uhoh suggested restricting the light to a narrow beam and letting it pass through a glass of water halfway between the center and the edge. The narrow beam solves (2), and the positioning ensures an angled entry and exit to solve (1). (You may notice that if you took the sides of the glass at that position and \"flattened\" them out, you'd get a triangular prism-like shape!)"}, {"title": "", "text": "in great measure transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined that light at one degree of obliquity should meet with pores enough in the Air to transmitt the greater part of it, & at another degree of obliquity meet with nothing but parts to reflect it wholly: especially considering that in its passage out of Air into Glasse, how oblique soever be its incidence it finds pores enough in the Glass to transmitt the greatest part of it; If any man suppose that it is not reflected by the Air but by the utmost superficiall parts of the Glasse, there is still the same difficulty: besides that such a supposition is unintelligible, & will also appear to be false by applying water behind some part of the Glasse instead of Air. For so in a convenient obliquity of the rayes suppose of 45 or 46 degrees at which they are all reflected where the Air is adjacent to the Glasse, they shall be in great measure transmitted where the water is adjacent to it: which argues that their reflexion or {trans}mission depends on the constitution of the Air & water. hind the glass, & not on the parts of the glass Thirdly if the colours made by a Prism placed at the {illeg} of a beam of light into a darkned Room {illeg} cast on a second Prism placed at a {illeg} the former, in such manner that they {illeg} incident upon it: the second Prism {illeg} <567r> to the incident rayes that those which"}, {"title": "", "text": "sort of constructive/destructive interference? Thank you for your time. As spooky as this was to discover, I am genuinely interested in how and why this was happening. UPDATE: I got my housemate to come in the bathroom with me, and he confirmed my observation. What's more, we could see the rings in our own eyes, but not each other's eyes. A: Sorry for my poor english. My native language is French. It is possible that what you saw were Quetelet fringes, or Newton diffusion rings. They are discribed in this link : Quetelet rings with another interesting link. In general, in physical optics, the fringes only appear with well-worked glass slides, under certain lighting conditions. While these fringes can be observed with thick slides of any kind of glass. They are well described in old optical books and dew on the glass helps to see them, hence the interest of a bathroom ! They are also described in the book by Craig F. Bohren: \"What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks\" Chapter 2 : interference patterns on garage door windows\". I can't do better than quote it : A particle on a window illuminated by a beam scatters toward the back surface of the window, and part of this scattered light is reflected to the observer. But light from the incident beam also is reflected by the back-surface and illuminates the particle, which scatters some of this reflected light to the observer. Interference between these two beams with different histories -scattered by the particle, then reflected by"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflection or transmission depends on the consitution of the air and water behind the glass, and not on the parts of the glass. Thirdly, if the colours made by a prism, placed at the entrance of a beam of light into a darkened room, be successively cast on a second prism placed at a great distance from the former, in such manner that they are all alike incident upon it; the second prism may be so inclined to the incident rays, that those, which are of a blue colour, shall be all reflected by it; and yet those of a red colour pretty copiously transmitted. Now if the reflection be caused by the parts of air or glass, I would ask, why at the same obliquity of incidence the blue should wholly impinge on those parts so as to be all reflected, and yet the red find pores enough to be in great measure transmitted. Fourthly, where two glasses touch one another, there is no sensible reflection, as was declared in the first observation; and yet I see no reason, why the rays should not impinge on the parts of glass, when contiguous to another glass, a smuch {sic} as when contiguous to air. Fifthly, when the top of a water-bubble (in the seventeenth observation) by the continual subsiding and exhaling of the water grew very thin, there was such a little and almost insensible quantity of light reflected from it, that it appeared intensely black; whereas, round about that black spot, where the water was"}, {"title": "", "text": "the following ways: \u2714 Light can travel through glass or plastic threads in order to deliver information. \u2714 Light can deliver information through glass or plastic threads. A: Fibre optics: the use of very thin glass or plastic threads [through which light can travel to carry information]. First, there's nothing at all wrong with this sentence; it's impeccable. In the bracketed relative clause, \"which\" is complement of the preposition \"through\" and has the nominal \"very thin glass or plastic threads\" as antecedent. Your two alternants are A) the use of very thin glass or plastic threads through which light can travel _____ to carry information. B) the use of very thin glass or plastic threads through which light can travel to carry information _____ In both cases the gap notation '____' represents the PP \"through very thin glass or plastic threads', the only difference being the linear position of gap. I can't see any motivation for B) which postposes the PP \"through very thin glass or plastic beads\" over the infinitival clause adjunct \"to carry information\". Semantically the PP belongs more naturally with \"travel\"."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why do headlights through a window move around a room? As I lay in bed this evening a few cars have passed by and my blinds are down. As they come down the street, you can see a sliver of light on the wall on the side of the room that is in the direction they are traveling (this is wall A). As they get closer and closer to the window and eventually pass it, the light moves from wall A to its adjacent wall B, and eventually to wall C which is adjacent to B. Since the source of light is essentially traveling a line that is parallel to the window, why does this movement occur? I\u2019m thinking perhaps refraction but I\u2019m still learning the basics. A: Refraction isn't needed to explain this. If you draw a straight line from the car's headlight to your window (the part that's not covered by the blinds), and extend that line into your room until it hits a wall, then that's the part of the wall that will be illuminated by the cars headlight. Here's a picture:"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Does infrared rays pass through polarized glass? Actually I had asked in another post that \"Does infrared rays pass through active shutter glass\" but someone just commented that infrared rays dont pass through polarized glass. If infrared rays doesnt pass through polarized glass can someone explain the reason or give reference link to look through. A: Infra-red radiation will pass through a polarised medium just like visible light does i.e. the component at right angles to the plane of polarisation will be blocked. So there's nothing special about the fact the glasses are polarised. However most materials are only transparent over a restricted range of wavelengths. Optical glass only transmits light with a wavelength from about 300nm to around 2500nm. There's a good article on the optical properties of glass here. However I think passive 3D glasses are made from conventional polarisers, which are made from a polymer called polyvinyl alcohol. I struggled to find much about the spectra of PVA polarisers, though I found this article that lists some polarisers that work down to 3000nm. So it seems PVA polarisers will transmit at least the near infra-red. However the term infra-red covers a huge range of wavelengths from 750nm - 1mm. I can't think of anything, even air, that is transparent right across this range of wavelengths so everything absorbs infra-red light to some extent. Generally speaking, ultra-violet light is absorbed because it has enough energy to excite the electrons in atoms and infra-red light is absorbed because it has the right energy to"}, {"title": "", "text": "that would slow down the middle paths (around M), and if we\u2019re clever, we can shape the glass just so to where each path to our destination P takes the same amount of time, and therefore all arrows add together. Near every photon emitted would be \u201cfocused\u201d and end up at that location. That\u2019s really the quantum mechanical interpretation of light through a lense, though we didn\u2019t get into the atomic details, such as each atom\u2019s electrons, which quantum mechanics also deals with. Really the light doesn\u2019t \u201cpass through\u201d the lense. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the glass atoms, and is then re-radiated. The time it takes for the atoms to absorb the photons, then emit new ones, and so on and so forth, each atom \u201cpassing on\u201d the photon, one to another, is what slows down the \u201cspeed of light\u201d through the material. But how come we can see through a piece of glass, but not a brick wall? Some materials just absorb the photons, which causes random vibrations in the atoms, and instead of passing through, a new photon of a different magnitude is fired back. In a brick wall, the sunlight both heats up the surface, and also reflects back the red light which allows us to see the wall during the daytime. Or take a black leather car seat in the middle of the summer. The seats are hot as fire when you get in. This is because light made it through the windows and then made its way"}, {"title": "", "text": "it passes from one medium into another (for example, from air into glass). The amount of refraction depends on how much the light wave is bent. In general, the more the light wave is bent, the farther it travels before reaching the next obstacle. For example, if a light wave enters water at an angle greater than 45 degrees, it will be refracted and spread out over a large area when it reaches the opposite side. On the other hand, if the entry angle is less than 45 degrees, most of the wave will continue along its original path. Mirrors and polished metals, for example, have smooth, bright surfaces that reflect light brilliantly. Surfaces that are dull and dark, such as dark textiles, do not reflect light well. These types of surfaces may appear shiny to the eye. Metals that are not polished can also be used as mirrors - including non-polished metal sheets you pick up at a hardware store. However, because they are not smooth, no light is reflected at all times. Instead, only when an object directly in front of the mirror breaks down the surface tension of water or oil, then light is reflected. So, while glass, ceramic, and some other materials can act like mirrors under certain conditions, for general purposes we consider anything with a solid surface to be reflective. Mirrors reflect light from one side to the other, while lamps emit light from both sides. Therefore, objects that contain lamps will also contain mirrors (such as yourself!). Because you"}, {"title": "", "text": "My major complaint about glass? It just isn't transparent enough. And not just because I don't clean my windows enough. I mean, think about it: you can still see reflections in it. You call that see-through? Researchers at Japan\u2019s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research shared my reservations, so they set out to create an entirely new 100% transparent material \u2014a metamaterial that they made out of nano-coils of gold and silver embedded in a glass-like material that light passes through with no reflection at all. You can read the crazy Japanese press release here, but really, the diagram above should make it totally clear . Sorry. Sorry. The benefits of this new material are manifold: new telescopes, cameras, and better fiber optics. Not to mention, of course, the hilarity that will ensue when people constantly walk into your metamaterial patio door."}, {"title": "", "text": "finger placed behind the device is readily visible, but a finger placed within the cloak vanishes! For about \\$50, you too can make your own \u201ccloaking device\u201d, albeit an oversimplified and crude one! Let\u2019s take a look at how it is done. The device is constructed out of eight glass right-angle prisms arranged as shown in the top-down photograph below. The operation of the cloak is really simple to explain. Suppose we look through the device from the bottom up; light coming from above bounces through the system as shown in the following image. (Rays have been color-coded to clearly show path of travel.) The illusion is obviously not perfect \u2014 looking at the \u201ccloak\u201d from any direction other than directly in front of one of the flat faces will not provide any effect, other than a highly distorted image. This is not exactly a flaw, as more recent cloaking investigations have focused on such \u201cdirectional\u201d cloaks as a way to simplify the design requirements. But an interesting question arises: the prisms are made of clear glass: why doesn\u2019t some of the light passing through the system just go right through the side of the prism and into the diamond-shaped cloaked region? For that matter, why doesn\u2019t some of the light escape out through the sides of the cloak as it bounces around? The answer is that the light is totally internally reflected at the glass interfaces, and none escapes until it hits the exit surface head on. What is total internal reflection? As discussed in"}, {"title": "", "text": "far more luminous directly. \"Now, Tom,\" said his uncle, \"I'm going to show you something in reflection. The sun is not quite high enough for the speculum, so give me that piece of looking-glass.\" This was handed to him, and he held it on high, so that the low-down sun shone into it, and a reflection was cast from it back upon the wall just above the window. \"See that?\" \"Yes, uncle. Done that many a time. Used to call it making jack-o'-lanterns.\" \"Well, that is the effect of a reflection from a flat or plane surface; the rays of light strike back at the same angle as they hit the surface. Now then, I'll show you what happens from a curved surface.\" He passed the sponge rapidly over the ground speculum again, so as to glaze it--so to speak--with water, raised it upon its edge with the carefully-ground face directed at the window just as the sun rose high enough to shine in; and then by turning the great mirror slightly, the light reflected from it struck upon the wall at the side of the window. \"Now, Tom, what do you see?\" \"A round spot of light about as big as a two-shilling piece,\" said the boy. \"Yes; all the rays of light which fall upon our mirror, gradually drawn together to where they form an image of the sun. It is only dull, my boy, but so far finely perfect, and we can say that we have gone on very successfully.\" As he spoke"}, {"title": "", "text": "When this pair of polaroid film squares are aligned, light passes through them appearing much as it would if viewed through sunglasses. However, if one square is rotated 90 no light passes through at all! A great way to demonstrate the principles of polarization and the wave properties of light."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Working of a lightboard or glass board? While watching an YouTube tutorial in which the tutor was teaching on some sort of glass board from the behind of this board or which is called as \"Lightboard\" also, I wondered to know how this thing could work? I looked up on the web but couldn't get a well written descriptive answer. Can someone please explain its working? Thanks in advance !!! A: If I have the right \"Lightboard\" in mind, these work by putting a piece of very transparent glass between the tutor and the camera. The glass has some white LEDS on the top and the bottom edges that send light through the glass (due to something called total internal reflection, the light does not exit the glass for the most part). When the tutor writes on the glass, this puts a thin layer of the fluorescent marker on the glass, and allows light to exit through where the writing is. This light reaches the camera and thus we can see the writing. Another interesting question is why doesn't the writing appear backwards since the tutor is behind the glass. It would, if you did not do anything to prevent this! Two ways to make the writing not be backwards: (1) point the camera at a mirror which reflects the tutor/lightboard (2) digitally flip the video image. (Interestingly, if the tutor is right-handed, then it will appear as them being left-handed in the video.) Sources: * *https://lightboard.info/home/construction.html *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCOuu0-o5YI"}, {"title": "", "text": "transmitted, that is, pass through the body; or it may be absorbed, that is, stop in it.\" \"Very well stated, Samuel. In regard to reflection I need to say very little. You know how light is reflected from a polished surface, such as a lamp reflector: heat is reflected in the same manner. One fact you must bear in mind touching reflected heat: it does not heat the reflecting body. \"There is no need of telling you that light passes through certain substances. It passes through gases and through some liquids and some solids. The best of glass, though it is so solid, interposes very little hindrance to the passage of light. Heat in like manner radiates through certain solids. Luminous heat is radiated through glass. Rock-salt transmits dark heat also. A plate of alum permits light to pass, but stops both luminous heat and dark heat. Remember that transmitted heat, as was said of reflected heat, does not heat the body through which it passes. I have seen boys make burning-glasses of ice. The heat passes through them and burns that upon which it is concentrated, while the ice itself through which the heat passes is not melted. \"If a body have a good radiating surface, that is, if its surface be dull and rough, the heat which falls upon it will be mostly absorbed. The reflecting and absorbing qualities hold an inverse ratio to each other; the better the reflecting qualities, the worse the absorbing, and the worse the reflecting, the better the absorbing."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Explaining this optical phenomenon Sometimes when you blow/direct a ring of smoke at a glass window(you can see both your reflections if you stand in front of it as well as the outside) the ring,after some time seems to pass through the pane into the outside surroundings. How can i explain this? Does this have something do with the brightness of the object becoming comparable to the brightness of the objects outside and the brain perceiving this a s being a part of the outside ore this there a more mathematical/rigorous explanation for this?"}, {"title": "", "text": "if that should possibly be supposed, it will avail nothing; for the reflection is as strong, if not stronger, when the air is drawn away from the glass (suppose in the air-pump invented by Mr. BOYLE) as when it is adjacent to it. Secondly, if light in its passage out of glass into air be incident more obliquely than at an angle of forty or forty-one degrees, it is wholly reflected; if less obliquely, it is in great measure transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined, that light at one degree of obliquity should meet with pores enough in the air to transmit the greater part of it, and at another degree of obliquity meet with nothing but parts to reflect it wholly; especially considering, that in its passage out of air into glass, how oblique soever be its incidence, it finds pores enough in the glass to transmit the greatest part of it. <304> If any man suppose, that it is not reflected by the air, but by the utmost superficial parts of the glass, there is still the same difficulty; besides, that such a supposition is unintelligible; and will also appear to be false, by applying water behind some part of the glass instead of air. For so in a convenient obliquity of the rays, suppose of forty-five or forty-six degrees, at which they are all reflected, where the air is adjacent to the glass, they shall be in great measure transmitted, where the water is adjacent to it; which argues, that their"}, {"title": "", "text": "Though they keep together when moving in a straight line, at the first sharp corner they will fan out into a band. How do rainbows form? Newton explains this as raindrops acting like a cloud of tiny prisms, refracting the light of the sun behind them. What about those \"odd phenomena\" involving colored glass and other materials in which the same stuff gives off different colors? These are \"no longer riddles,\" Newton says, for they are materials that reflect and transmit different kinds of light in different conditions. Newton accounted for an \"unexpected experiment\" made by Robert Hooke, the Royal Society's Curator of Experiments. Hooke had shined light through a jar of red liquid and a jar of blue liquid. Each one let light through\u2014but when he tried to shine light through both jars together, they blocked all light. Hooke had not been able to explain this: Why, if each individual jar allowed light to pass through, would the combination block all light? Hooke's puzzlement, Newton said, was evidently due to the assumption that light was a uniform substance; instead, light was composed of many types of rays. The blue jar let through one type but blocked all others; the red jar let through a second type, and blocked all others. Because the two jars did not allow the same type of light to pass, \"no rays could pass through both.\" Newton was now also able to explain the color of natural bodies\u2014they reflect \"one sort of light in greater plenty than another\"\u2014and he described his"}, {"title": "", "text": "parts of the prism. He rocked the prism back and forth on its axis. He changed the size of the hole in the window, and tried putting the prism outside in the sunlight so that the beam came through the prism before passing through the hole in the window. He checked to see if imperfections in the glass of the prism might be responsible. None of this affected the shape of the outline. Its puzzling oblong shape remained, and each color was always refracted\u2014sent off at an angle while passing through the prism\u2014in the same way. _Figure 4.1. Newton's diagram of the oblong shape produced by a beam of_ _sunlight after passing through a prism._ Newton remembered times when he had seen \"a tennis-ball, struck with an oblique racket,\" following an arc through the air. Maybe, he began to suspect, the shape of the spot could be explained if the prism somehow caused the light rays to travel in curved paths in the vertical direction. Thus drove him to another set of experiments. The gradual removal of these suspicions at length led me to the _Experimentum Crucis,_ which was this: I took two boards, and placed one of them close behind the Prisme at the window, so that the light might pass through a small hole, made in it for that purpose, and fall on the other board, which I placed at about 12 foot distance, having first made a small hole in it also, for some of the Incident light to pass through. Then I"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Synopsis: A light beam passes through it Experiments confirm a decades-old prediction that carefully tailoring the shape of a barrier lets light of many colors pass through it without reflection. Abrupt interfaces disrupt wave propagation. For example, light passing from air into a sheet of glass will partially reflect backwards. When the light exits back into air, there is a second reflection that can cancel the first for light of just the right frequency, given the refractive index and thickness of the sheet. The wave nature of electrons creates similar effects when they encounter a region with a changing electrostatic potential. But early in the history of quantum mechanics, theorists realized that certain smoothly varying potential profiles could eliminate the reflection of electrons over a wide range of frequencies. As it turns out, the same concepts work for light: intense light pulses known as solitons create precisely this kind of profile in the refractive index of the surrounding medium, eventually becoming trapped. Creating permanent versions of such \u201creflectionless potentials\u201d has, however, proved difficult. In Physical Review Letters, Alexander Szameit of the Technion in Haifa, Israel, and colleagues in Germany and Australia at last implement the lack of light reflection in the laboratory. In their experiments, a beam of light travels along an array of closely spaced, parallel waveguides created in a glass sample through direct laser-writing. By changing the spacing between some of the waveguides, the researchers construct a stripe along the length of the array that has a different refractive index modulation relative to"}, {"title": "", "text": "due to scattering of light by translucent layer over the iris. When a beam of light is directed at a glass of milk, the light is scattered as milk is a colloidal solution of globules of fat and protein. Differentiate between a glass slab and a glass prism. What happens when a narrow beam of a monochromatic light, and white light passes through (a) glass slab and (b) glass prism? [3] A rectangular glass slab is a refracting medium with three parallel refracting surfaces A glass prism is a refracting medium with two or more non-parallel refracting surfaces. When a monochromatic light passes through a glass slab, then it displaces parallel to itself and when it passes through a glass prism it gets deviate. When a white light passes through a glass slab, then it displaces parallel to itself only and when white light passes through a glass prism get dispersed and deviated.18. Draw a labelled diagram to show (i) reddish appearance of the sun at the sunrise or the sunset and (ii) white appearance of the sun at noon when it is overhead [3] (i) Reddish appearance of the sun at the sunrise or the sunset (ii) White appearance of the sun at noon when it is overhead 19. (a) List in tabular form two differences between binary fission and multiple fission. [3] (b) What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length? Binary Fission Multiple Fission It occurs during favourable conditions It can occur under favourable as well as unfavourable conditions. Cytoplasm divides"}, {"title": "", "text": "community at the time was the real nature of light or more precisely, whether its physics should be described as a wave or particles. The popular opinion on Newton\u2019s experiments was that the glass prism was responsible for the colorization of light, which itself was a combination of light and darkness. The experiment involved a small circular hole in a window shutter, through which a beam of light can enter a very dark room. A glass prism is then placed on the path of the light beam. After passing through the prism the light is refracted into a vibrant colorful line on the wall. Newton called it the spectrum (greek for image/to see). Experiment \u21161 \u201c I procured a triangular glass prism, to try therewith the celebrated phaenomena of colours. And for that purpose having darkened my chamber, and made a small hole in the window shuts, to let in a convenient quantity of the sun's light, I place my prism at his entrance, that it might be thereby refracted to the opposite wall. It was at first a very pleasing diversion to view the vivid and intense colours produced thereby; but after a while applying myself to consider them more circumspectly, I was surprised to see them in an oblong form; which, according to the received laws of refraction, I expected would have been circular. They were terminated at the sides with straight lines, but at the ends, the decay of light was so gradual, that it was difficult to determine justly what was the"}, {"title": "", "text": "to pass through? I An idea involving polarised light and photography -- can what I suggest work?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bishop Creighton Academy - The Magic of Refraction! More science this week as the Tigers learn about refraction. Today, Mr. Dean showed us a magic trick! It's as simple as having a glass of water and a small sheet of paper. Fill a glass (with straight sides - curved or patterened glass won't work!) with water. Draw an arrow on a small piece of paper - small enough that you will be able to see it through the glass. Hold the arrow behind the glass around 5cm away. Which way does the arrow face? If you did it right, you'll notice that the arrow is now pointing the other way entirely! This is due to a property of light called refraction. When light passes through a transparent material, it sometimes changes it's speed. Light passes through water more slowly than it does through air, and because of this the light changes direction. The overall effect is that the images you see are not true images - they are distorted. Try it at home! Another place you can see refraction are when you put a straw into a glass of water - the straw will appear to be bent where it touches the water! On the subject of looking at things under water, the Tigers will begin their swimming lessons next term. Parents should recieve a letter soon about when we will be going swimming, and the cost for this activity. Please make sure to come to school on time on the correct dates with your swimming"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bishop Creighton Academy - The Magic of Refraction! More science this week as the Tigers learn about refraction. Today, Mr. Dean showed us a magic trick! It's as simple as having a glass of water and a small sheet of paper. Fill a glass (with straight sides - curved or patterened glass won't work!) with water. Draw an arrow on a small piece of paper - small enough that you will be able to see it through the glass. Hold the arrow behind the glass around 5cm away. Which way does the arrow face? If you did it right, you'll notice that the arrow is now pointing the other way entirely! This is due to a property of light called refraction. When light passes through a transparent material, it sometimes changes it's speed. Light passes through water more slowly than it does through air, and because of this the light changes direction. The overall effect is that the images you see are not true images - they are distorted. Try it at home! Another place you can see refraction are when you put a straw into a glass of water - the straw will appear to be bent where it touches the water! On the subject of looking at things under water, the Tigers will begin their swimming lessons next term. Parents should recieve a letter soon about when we will be going swimming, and the cost for this activity. Please make sure to come to school on time on the correct dates with your swimming"}, {"title": "", "text": "cup or a glass two thirds full with water (I find a straight-sided glass works best) and place a pencil in it so that it crosses from side to side of the glass, going all the way down to the bottom. Take a look at the pencil carefully at the point it enters the water. It looks as though it bends slightly, bringing it closer to going straight down into the cup or glass. It's not a huge deviation, but it is clearly noticeable that the pencil seems to change direction slightly. This is the result of the light bending as it goes into the water, just as it does (though even more so) when it travels from air to glass in a lens. The traditional way of understanding this phenomenon responsible for the focussing of light in your eye is to observe that the light slows down as it goes into the glass of a lens (or the water in your cup). To keep the energy the same, this means the frequency has to go up \u2013 the waves come more often. If you imagine a wide beam of light hitting a piece of glass at an angle, the bit of the beam that hits the glass first will have an increase in frequency, while the light still travelling through air will maintain the same frequency. This will result in the wave bending. Quantum theory's approach to light and matter is rather different. It says a photon will, in effect, take every possible path, with"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Tag Info 5 The answer is \"almost no\" - the wavelength of the photon is virtually unchanged (in the initial rest frame of the mirror, the \"lab frame\"). Because the mirror is much more \"massive\" than the photon, it serves as a \"momentum sink\" and picks up almost no energy. The best way to develop an intuition for this is to consider a collision between two balls: one ... 3 If you paint the inside surfaces flat black, or cover them with black felt, a \"maze\" will let air through but stop 99.9% of the light. 3 It will behave as a concave mirror with a convex lens in front of it, or just as a convex mirror if the other side is reflecting (with a lens behind it that doesn't really do anything because it's blocked). You would have to do ray tracing to see more precise behavior for the former case. 2 You are seeing fringes of equal thickness where light from a source is being reflected off the top of the soap film and the bottom of the soap film and then entering your eye to form an interference pattern on the retina of your eye with your eye focussed on the soap film. The condition for a maximum is $2 \\, n\\, t_{\\rm m} = (m+\\frac 12) \\lambda$ where $... 2 I have done some calculations, and in my solution, the law of reflection does apply in this case. Am I right? Yes, you're right. However, I offer you to use"}, {"title": "", "text": "wave. A rainbow is made by raindrops which work like millions of tiny prisms to split up sunlight. Light waves hit mirror Light is directed back, giving a back-to-front reflection Light waves bounce off a mirror. Like sound, light bounces off surfaces which are very smooth. This is called reflection. A mirror is smooth, hard and flat. When you look at it, you see your reflection. Light passes through certain materials, like clear glass and plastic. Materials which let light pass through, to give a clear view, are transparent. Those which do not allow light through, like wood and metal, are opaque. Mirrors and lenses are important parts of many optical (light-using) gadgets. They are found in cameras, binoculars, microscopes, telescopes and lasers. Without them,we would have no close-up photographs of tiny microchips or insects or giant planets \u2013 in fact, no photos at all. A concave lens, which is thin in the middle, makes things look smaller. A convex lens, which bulges in the middle, makes things look larger. Glass and water bend, or refract, light waves. This makes a drinking straw look bent where it goes behind the glass and then into the water. Light does not usually go straight through glass. It bends slightly where it goes into the glass, then bends back as it comes out. This is called refraction. A lens is a curved piece of glass or plastic that bends light to make things look bigger, smaller or clearer. Spectacle and contact lenses bend light to help people see more"}, {"title": "", "text": "air, water, and clear glass, but can not go through ________ materials such as a brick wall, and can only travel partially through _____________ material such as frosted glass. transparent (see through), opaque (such as a brick wall), translucent (frosted glass) Rough surfaces tend to scatter lightwaves in _________ direction(s). many Smooth surfaces tend to scatter lightwaves in _________ direction(s). one ____________ occurs when light passes through a transparent material like water at a slant angle, the ray of light bends or changes direction. Light always travels in a _________ ___________. straight line _______________ occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object. diffraction ___________ is a branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light. Optics provides information about the behavior and properties of light and its interaction with __________. matter ______________ provides information about the behavior and properties of light and its interaction with matter. Optics A ___________ is a piece of transparent and curved material. lens _____________ lenses are thicker in the middle and are used as magnifying glasses and to help correct the vision of nearsighted people. convex A _________ is a transparent object with flat polished surfaces that refracts or diffuses light. prism _________ is a branch of physics that studies the physical properties of matter. optics A type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density is called ___________. A ______ is a piece of transparent and curved material. lens ______________ is a physical occurrence related to stationary and moving"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: How does a one-sided glass work? How does a one-sided glass work? If seen from the outer side, we can see through thinking it is transparent, while if seen from the inside, the glass acts as a mirror. How? A: A one way mirror isn't really a one way mirror. It lets the same amount of light through in both directions. It works because one side of the mirror is light while the other is dark. Suppose you're on the light side looking at the mirror, and suppose that the light side is 99 times as bright as the dark side. Finally assume the mirror lets through half the light and reflects half the light. The light from the dark side hits the mirror and half gets through, so the (relative) intensity passing through the mirror is 0.5%. The light around you (in the bright room) hits the mirror and half of it reflects back, so the (relative) intensity of your reflection is 49.5% or 99 times greater than the light from the dark room. Since the human eye isn't good at dealing with large contrasts, your reflection completely swamps the light from the dark side and you can't see through the mirror - all you can see is your own reflection. If you're looking at the mirror from the dark side excatly the opposite argument applies. The light passing through the mirror from the bright side has an intensity of 49.5% while your own reflection has an intensity of 0.5%. The result is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "is all that prevents its being so entirely transparent as to be totally invisible. It is not theoretically impossible, mind you, to make a glass which shall not reflect a single ray of light,\u2014a glass so pure and homogeneous in its atoms that the rays from the sun will pass through it as they do through the air, refracted but not reflected. We do not see the air, and yet we feel it.\" \"That's all very well, Hammond, but these are inanimate substances. Glass does not breathe, air does not breathe. This thing has a heart that palpitates,\u2014a will that moves it,\u2014lungs that play, and inspire and respire.\" \"You forget the phenomena of which we have so often heard of late,\" answered the Doctor, gravely. \"At the meetings called 'spirit circles,' invisible hands have been thrust into the hands of those persons round the table,\u2014warm, fleshly hands that seemed to pulsate with mortal life.\" \"What? Do you think, then, that this thing is\u2014\u2014\" \"I don't know what it is,\" was the solemn reply; \"but please the gods I will, with your assistance, thoroughly investigate it.\" We watched together, smoking many pipes, all night long, by the bedside of the unearthly being that tossed and panted until it was apparently wearied out. Then we learned by the low, regular breathing that it slept. The next morning the house was all astir. The boarders congregated on the landing outside my room, and Hammond and myself were lions. We had to answer a thousand questions as to the state"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Why photons reflect off glass? Why photon reflects and refracts through glass? Some photons pass through glass and some reflects.I know this is due to energy levels of electrons of glass, an incoming photon is unable to excite the electron to a different energy orbit. But I want to know, if an incoming photon is unable to excite an electron, then why not all the photons pass through glass? i.e. photons should not reflect off glass, all the photons should pass through glass. (Not sure! Just a thought)Is this due to atoms of different substances like water,glass or wood etc curve spacetime differently and thus it influences how photons interact with matter? i.e. some photons reflect and some refract. In classical electrodynamics, the process of how much light refracts, passing through the glass, and how much light reflects, is determined by the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This principle, named after Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a method of analyzing the wave propagation patterns of light, especially in diffraction and refraction. It states that every unobstructed point on a wave-front emanates secondary spherical waves in all directions. Hence, the net light amplitude at a given point is the vector sum of all wave amplitudes at that point. This principle makes it very useful in visualizing what happens during light diffraction. Although, as Alex says in his answer, you can use the QFT approach, I would like to provide an alternative answer, using classical, (that is not quantum based) reasoning. It's just easier, for me anyway, to understand"}, {"title": "", "text": "tree. So the first way to make something invisible is to cover it with a 'cloaking device'. This makes the light _bend round_ the tree and keep on going, like sticking your finger in a stream of water from a tap: the water bends round your finger, and carries on below as a single stream. Lots of scientists say they are very close indeed to developing cloaking devices, especially for military purposes. I suppose they mean making invisible tanks, or ships or planes or even soldiers, which would be pretty cool, actually. Are you still with me? OK, the second way is to make the light pass straight _through_ the object. This is how glass works and if you've ever walked into a glass door like I did once at the Metrocentre, you'll know how effective it is. If you look at it straight on, glass is invisible. It's also how X-rays work. X-rays are a particular type of light, which can pass through some substances but not others. They'll pass through your flesh, but not through your bones, so doctors can see inside you. So it must be the second one that is causing me to be invisible. Light is passing through me, so even though I am still here, it looks as though I am not. Not that knowing this helps me much. I'm playing the sequence of events back in my mind: getting onto the sunbed, setting the timer, falling asleep, being woken by Lady nudging her bowl, and... Lady. Where is she?"}, {"title": "", "text": "from glass back to let say vacuum - it's quantum effect. BTW, a normal mirror is glass with one side coated with silver (which is what they also use on two-way mirrors IIRC), just a thicker layer. Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I don't think the asymmetry of the metalic film and glass is particularly important to the working of a two-way mirror. Here's an experiment you can try at home: - Take an ordinary piece of glass. You'll have to work out where to get this, but a hobby store would be a good start. - Carefully (use gloves, etc.) smoke up one side of the glass with a candle. Just a bit though, so you have slightly dark glass. - Place the glass in something like a large cardboard box. - From inside the cardboard box, where it's dark, you should be able to see out. - From outside, where it's light, you should be able to see your reflection somewhat. To verify what's important here, you can turn the glass around or try it without smoking it up. (Actually, you might want to try that first.) I apologies for the two-way mirror example, I generally feel convinced now, that they work only because the difference in amount of light - the effect while looking on dark glasses could be explained for example by their curvature. When I was thinking about it, I had a picture of destructive interference from anti-reflective coating. But let's look at such coating... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating Let say: thick"}, {"title": "", "text": "from glass back to let say vacuum - it's quantum effect. BTW, a normal mirror is glass with one side coated with silver (which is what they also use on two-way mirrors IIRC), just a thicker layer. Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I don't think the asymmetry of the metalic film and glass is particularly important to the working of a two-way mirror. Here's an experiment you can try at home: - Take an ordinary piece of glass. You'll have to work out where to get this, but a hobby store would be a good start. - Carefully (use gloves, etc.) smoke up one side of the glass with a candle. Just a bit though, so you have slightly dark glass. - Place the glass in something like a large cardboard box. - From inside the cardboard box, where it's dark, you should be able to see out. - From outside, where it's light, you should be able to see your reflection somewhat. To verify what's important here, you can turn the glass around or try it without smoking it up. (Actually, you might want to try that first.) I apologies for the two-way mirror example, I generally feel convinced now, that they work only because the difference in amount of light - the effect while looking on dark glasses could be explained for example by their curvature. When I was thinking about it, I had a picture of destructive interference from anti-reflective coating. But let's look at such coating... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating Let say: thick"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Hollow Prism Q & A Question (one option correct type): A beam of light passes through a hollow glass prism. Then, A) the beam of light undergoes lesser but some dispersion compared to solid glass prism B) the beam of light is totally internally reflected and does not come out through the opposite face C) the beam of light does not undergo dispersion at all and comes out parallel to the incident ray D) the beam of light undergoes angular deviation Solution When a ray enters glass slab from air and again goes away from the glass slab, the emerging ray is parallel to the incident ray. This means that ray 2 is parallel to ray 1. Further, ray 3 is parallel to ray 2. This means that ray 1 is parallel to ray 3."}, {"title": "", "text": "together to form a real image -- an image that looks just like the scene in front of the lens. But how can a piece of glass do this? The process is actually very simple. As light travels from one medium to another, it changes speed. Light travels more quickly through air than it does through glass, so a lens slows it down. When light waves enter a piece of glass at an angle, one part of the wave will reach the glass before another and so will start slowing down first. This is something like pushing a shopping cart from pavement to grass, at an angle. The right wheel hits the grass first and so slows down while the left wheel is still on the pavement. Because the left wheel is briefly moving more quickly than the right wheel, the shopping cart turns to the right as it moves onto the grass. The effect on light is the same -- as it enters the glass at an angle, it bends in one direction. It bends again when it exits the glass because parts of the light wave enter the air and speed up before other parts of the wave. In a standard converging, or convex lens, one or both sides of the glass curves out. This means rays of light passing through will bend toward the center of the lens on entry. In a double convex lens, such as a magnifying glass, the light will bend when it exits as well as when it enters."}, {"title": "", "text": "Cutting through fog with laser focus by University of Queensland Dr Mickael Mounaix and Dr Joel Carpenter. Credit: University of Queensland Research from The University of Queensland aimed at controlling light in scattering materials, such as fog or biological tissues, will benefit future biomedical imaging and telecommunications. Optics researchers Dr. Mickael Mounaix and Dr. Joel Carpenter have found a new way of controlling how light travels through different materials at different times using optical fibers. \"The reason you can't see through a solid brick wall is pretty straightforward\u2014the wall absorbs the light so no image or information can get through,\" Dr. Mounaix said. \"The reason you can't see through scattering materials like fog is quite different\u2014most of the light gets through, it's just completely scrambled and unrecognizable.\" Scattering materials like fog, cloud, a glass of milk or biological tissues have complex microscopic structures, and when light travels through these materials, it interacts with them. \"Light may enter the cloudy material as a single spot at a single point in time, however as it travels through the material the light gets scattered,\" Dr. Carpenter said. \"On the other side, you end up with light arriving at many different places at many different times.\" Most of the research during the past ten years has focused on controlling the spatial properties of beams of light, but the UQ-based research shows how to control light's properties in time. \"For many applications, it's more important that the light arrives at the desired time, rather than what the light beam looks like"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cutting through fog with laser focus by University of Queensland Dr Mickael Mounaix and Dr Joel Carpenter. Credit: University of Queensland Research from The University of Queensland aimed at controlling light in scattering materials, such as fog or biological tissues, will benefit future biomedical imaging and telecommunications. Optics researchers Dr. Mickael Mounaix and Dr. Joel Carpenter have found a new way of controlling how light travels through different materials at different times using optical fibers. \"The reason you can't see through a solid brick wall is pretty straightforward\u2014the wall absorbs the light so no image or information can get through,\" Dr. Mounaix said. \"The reason you can't see through scattering materials like fog is quite different\u2014most of the light gets through, it's just completely scrambled and unrecognizable.\" Scattering materials like fog, cloud, a glass of milk or biological tissues have complex microscopic structures, and when light travels through these materials, it interacts with them. \"Light may enter the cloudy material as a single spot at a single point in time, however as it travels through the material the light gets scattered,\" Dr. Carpenter said. \"On the other side, you end up with light arriving at many different places at many different times.\" Most of the research during the past ten years has focused on controlling the spatial properties of beams of light, but the UQ-based research shows how to control light's properties in time. \"For many applications, it's more important that the light arrives at the desired time, rather than what the light beam looks like"}, {"title": "", "text": "Light interacts with different mediums by transmission including refraction , absorption or scattering. it depends on the medium. While doing so, light follows a set of laws i.e. for reflection , refraction etc. Aim of this experiment is to show the peculiarities of light when passing through different shapes of glass. A wonderful kit to understand the concept of reflection, refraction. A wonderful kit to understand the concept of critical angle and total internal reflection. Correlation between theory and practical becomes easier."}, {"title": "", "text": "this turns out to be the case for only one surrounding medium\" ( [27], p. 6). In addition, the students realize \"that brightness varies as they move through the room\" ( [27], p. 5) and \"the conditions that make a surface appear bright and in a certain colour to us are discussed\" ( [27], p. 6). Refraction and Apparent Depth The second chapter focuses on the principle of light refraction. The students approach this topic by performing experiments on apparent depth: they observe a coin in a basin of water by means of a straw, which they place obliquely on the edge. Pushing a skewer through the straw the coin is not hit. In this way, the pupils derive further evidence of the discrepancy between visual and tactile space. The explanation for what has been observed can be summarized using the principle of light refraction: for this purpose, the students observe the kink shadow on the boundary surface of an aquarium. Finally, they formulate preconditions for the occurrence of the optical phenomenon of light refraction. The explanation for what is seen is summarized in the principle of light refraction. For this purpose, the pupils observe the bending shadow at the boundary surface of an aquarium. Finally, they formulate requirements for the optical phenomenon of light refraction to occur. The Look Through a Prism In this chapter, the students build water prisms themselves using overhead film and a glass slide. A description of how to build these water prisms can be found in [27]. Looking through the"}, {"title": "", "text": "this turns out to be the case for only one surrounding medium\" ( [27], p. 6). In addition, the students realize \"that brightness varies as they move through the room\" ( [27], p. 5) and \"the conditions that make a surface appear bright and in a certain colour to us are discussed\" ( [27], p. 6). Refraction and Apparent Depth The second chapter focuses on the principle of light refraction. The students approach this topic by performing experiments on apparent depth: they observe a coin in a basin of water by means of a straw, which they place obliquely on the edge. Pushing a skewer through the straw the coin is not hit. In this way, the pupils derive further evidence of the discrepancy between visual and tactile space. The explanation for what has been observed can be summarized using the principle of light refraction: for this purpose, the students observe the kink shadow on the boundary surface of an aquarium. Finally, they formulate preconditions for the occurrence of the optical phenomenon of light refraction. The explanation for what is seen is summarized in the principle of light refraction. For this purpose, the pupils observe the bending shadow at the boundary surface of an aquarium. Finally, they formulate requirements for the optical phenomenon of light refraction to occur. The Look Through a Prism In this chapter, the students build water prisms themselves using overhead film and a glass slide. A description of how to build these water prisms can be found in [27]. Looking through the"}, {"title": "", "text": "front of a plane mirror seems to be _______m away from his image. Here is the activity to show the seven different colors of sunlight. The objects which does not have their own light. \u2192 Light casts shadow. We see only those objects from which reflected rays enter our eyes. (b) A diffused reflection takes place on a chalk powder because its surface is uneven. Name the ray which comes back from the surface after reflection. All types of questions are solved for all topics. wave as well as particle. Clean it and put it on a white sheet of paper. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Lesson Extensions. Soln: The law of reflection states that. (d) Marble floor with water spread over it. (c) Real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged. The light reflected from the wall, from the trees, from whatever rough surface, these are the examples of diffused reflection. Target Vocab: Santa (G.B. These solutions for Reflection Of Light are extremely popular among Class 8 students for Science Reflection Of Light Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. Light Class 8 Science Chapter 16 as per NCERT Book used in CBSE and other Schools. Wash your eyes with cold water at least three times a day. NCERT Class 8 Physics Chapter 16 Explanation and Question Answers. The process when light falls on a surface may pass through the surface is known as transmition. Convex and Concave Lenses. Rainbow is the natural phenomenon in"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of light in a vacuum. However, the refractive index of air is not a monolith. A medium\u2019s index varies with its density. When air heats it becomes less dense. So, the bendiness of light through the air will change depending on the temperature! When light from one of Hooke\u2019s candles passed through the area of the other, it passed through temperature gradients, which caused some angled fun. When we throw mirrors into the mix, some interesting visuals can emerge. Graphic from NPR/Skunk Bear With parabolic mirrors, the above setup becomes possible. A light shining through a slit can bounce off the two mirrors and refocus at a point. We can then place a camera right behind that new focal point. If we introduce a candle and a new trick, incredible images materialize. The trick is to block some of the light with a fine edge, something like a razor blade. The setup then appears like this: When we add a candle to the equation, a couple of things happen. The light that hits the body of the candle does not pass, which leaves a shadowed silhouette in our camera. The light that passes through the heated air above the flame will bend more than light normally would, as indicated by the red line in the graphic above. Since we\u2019ve added a barrier, in this case, a razor blade, to the focal point, the red beam is blocked and never reaches the camera. The result is a darker image that actually reveals distortions in the air."}, {"title": "", "text": "index of light in a vacuum. However, the refractive index of air is not a monolith. A medium\u2019s index varies with its density. When air heats it becomes less dense. So, the bendiness of light through the air will change depending on the temperature! When light from one of Hooke\u2019s candles passed through the area of the other, it passed through temperature gradients, which caused some angled fun. When we throw mirrors into the mix, some interesting visuals can emerge. Graphic from NPR/Skunk Bear With parabolic mirrors, the above setup becomes possible. A light shining through a slit can bounce off the two mirrors and refocus at a point. We can then place a camera right behind that new focal point. If we introduce a candle and a new trick, incredible images materialize. The trick is to block some of the light with a fine edge, something like a razor blade. The setup then appears like this: When we add a candle to the equation, a couple of things happen. The light that hits the body of the candle does not pass, which leaves a shadowed silhouette in our camera. The light that passes through the heated air above the flame will bend more than light normally would, as indicated by the red line in the graphic above. Since we\u2019ve added a barrier, in this case, a razor blade, to the focal point, the red beam is blocked and never reaches the camera. The result is a darker image that actually reveals distortions in the air."}, {"title": "", "text": "incoming photon of light, causing those electrons to gain energy. But electrons can gain or lose energy only in discrete steps, known as \"quanta.\" But the size of the steps varies from material to material. Silicon dioxide happens to have very large steps, which means that the energy from a single photon of light is not sufficient to bump up the electrons to the higher level of energy. Instead, the light passes through the material. (Most ultraviolet light, however, does have enough energy to be absorbed, which is why you can't get a suntan through a glass window.) But light doesn't simply pass through glass; it can also be bent and distorted or even broken up into its component wavelengths. Glass could be used to change the look of the world, by bending light in precise ways. This turned out to be even more revolutionary than simple transparency. In the monasteries of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, monks laboring over religious manuscripts in candlelit rooms used curved chunks of glass as a reading aid. They would run what were effectively bulky magnifiers over the page, enlarging the Latin inscriptions. No one is sure exactly when or where it happened, but somewhere around this time in Northern Italy, glassmakers came up with an innovation that would change the way we see the world, or at least clarify it: shaping glass into small disks that bulge in the center, placing each one in a frame, and joining the frames together at the top, creating the world's first spectacles."}, {"title": "", "text": "through the glass sheet. There in front of you, you can see the electric fields of the light waves. The peaks are all lined up beautifully, and we can draw a line along that peak across the laser beam. This line is called a phase-front. Light always travels in a direction that is exactly at right angles to the phase-front. That's the picture before the light hits the rough surface of the frosted glass. When the light wave hits this interface, the line along the peak of the electric field is distorted and forms a replica of the surface of the glass. Now, our line becomes a jagged mess\u2014each part of the light wave has traveled a slightly different distance through the glass. While the phase-fronts don't fall on a nice smooth line, the light wave still travels perpendicular to the phase-front at every location. As a result, the light heads off in all directions. Amazingly, we can repair the damage to the light wave before it even happens. The glass distorts the phase-front in the same way every time, because the surface does not change much. So, if you measure that distortion, you can insert a device that modifies the phase-front in such a way that the light wave passes through the glass undisturbed. Essentially, the light entering the glass looks blurry and horrible, and the glass corrects all the distortions that you introduced. It sends out a beautiful light beam. This process is really cool. You can even turn your bit of frosted glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the glass sheet. There in front of you, you can see the electric fields of the light waves. The peaks are all lined up beautifully, and we can draw a line along that peak across the laser beam. This line is called a phase-front. Light always travels in a direction that is exactly at right angles to the phase-front. That's the picture before the light hits the rough surface of the frosted glass. When the light wave hits this interface, the line along the peak of the electric field is distorted and forms a replica of the surface of the glass. Now, our line becomes a jagged mess\u2014each part of the light wave has traveled a slightly different distance through the glass. While the phase-fronts don't fall on a nice smooth line, the light wave still travels perpendicular to the phase-front at every location. As a result, the light heads off in all directions. Amazingly, we can repair the damage to the light wave before it even happens. The glass distorts the phase-front in the same way every time, because the surface does not change much. So, if you measure that distortion, you can insert a device that modifies the phase-front in such a way that the light wave passes through the glass undisturbed. Essentially, the light entering the glass looks blurry and horrible, and the glass corrects all the distortions that you introduced. It sends out a beautiful light beam. This process is really cool. You can even turn your bit of frosted glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: What happens when you breathe on glasses and look at white light? Something interesting happens when I breathe on glasses and look directly at a source of white light: I see a circle-like spectrum of some colors (which kind of look like infrared visuals, sorry if I can't explain it well but you can try it to see yourself). Is that a chemical reaction? And what happens to light when it passes through the glasses at that state? A: This is the same thing as the colors you see in an oil film on water. It is related to anti-reflection coatings on glasses. Light is a wave. if you have two waves with just the same frequency and in phase, so the peaks of one line up with peaks of the other, then the waves reinforce. They add to a bigger wave. If you have them out of phase, so the peaks of one line up with valleys of the other, they cancel. You get nothing. When you breathe on glasses, you put a very thin layer of water on the glasses. Light partly bounces off the top of the water, and partly is transmitted through the water. Right underneath is glass. The light is partly reflected from the glass and partly transmitted through. Light from the glass has traveled farther. Some places, the distances and angles are just right for a stronger wave. In others, they are just right for cancellation. So you get bands of bright and dark. That is the first part"}, {"title": "", "text": "triangle\" using a laser pointer and front-silvered mirrors. Students can use the geometric properties of an equilateral triangle combined with their understanding of the Law of Reflection to decide how to place the mirrors at each vertex so that the \"laser triangle\" fits their equilateral triangle. Students witness light refracting through air everyday. On hot days, \"ripples\" rise from the ground or roadways. Stars twinkle in the night sky. The Sun looks squashed on the horizon at sunrise and sunset. Students can explore the interaction between air and light through this \"Hot Air\" activity in order to understand more complicated everyday phenomena. In this activity, students test the Law of Reflection based on experimental evidence. However, the back-silvered glass mirrors present a twist. As light travels from air into glass, it changes direction (refracts), reflects off the shiny metal back coating, then changes direction again upon emerging from the glass. The reflected ray may not match up with students' expectations, and offers them a challenge to work out what happened as the light traveled into and out of the mirror. Subjects: Observing the Sky, Galaxies and Cosmology Stretching across the dark night sky, not easily visible when the Moon is in the sky, is a faint irregular glowing strip of light. For thousands of years peoples of various cultures tried to explain what they saw, sometimes using stories. In this activity students create their own stories about our galaxy, the Milky Way. Stars and Galaxies | 107K pdf Galaxies contain billions of stars. Students apply the"}, {"title": "", "text": "it reflects these photon always in the mirror like direction? How and why does that happen that way if this is the case? I am trying to put in one single pictures all the pieces of the puzzle together. Light can only be either reflected or refracted, however objects are coloured because they absorb some light frequencies, but I am told that \"mirror reflection\" does not affect the incident light color (in other words, that the reflected light color and the incident light color are the same in the case of mirror like reflections). I am totally lost and would really appreciate if someone could shed light on this mystery. There's quite a lot to say about this, 18490. The tl;dr for Mythbusters fans is at the end. 1. Most materials are somewhat transparent. This is why you often need two or three coats of paint on a wall. The light enters the material, travelling many microns before it is eventually absorbed or scattered back. The result is usually that most of the light is absorbed (most materials are rather dark), and the light scattered back is diffuse and usually coloured. This is true even if the surface is smooth. 2. Even if the material is somewhat transparent, or completely transparent like glass, there will be some reflection at the surface due to the difference in refractive index between the material and the air, but this is usually only a few percent. This occurs by a different mechanism, and is not strongly dependent on wavelength. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of the water cladding is 1. It is the dispersion of light by ordinary glass that is responsible for the familiar splitting of light into its component colors by a prism. Given n lines L and a point P L on each line, find the locus of points Q such that the lengths of the line segments QP L satisfy certain conditions. Light can be transmitted along an optical fibre with almost zero energy loss. This means that a person can be diagnosed and treated through a small incision cut. The critical angle is: If, instead of your finger, a high-speed bullet passes through the light beam, the resulting shadow will move even faster. The speeds of the shadow in the above example are still well below c , but you can extend this analogy to a wall 20 m away where the beam is 40 m in diameter or to a wall 2,, m away. Of course, a flashlight that would have measureable intensity over a wide angle at that distance would blind individuals near it, but one could still imagine the situation. It is, after all, analagous to a star that radiates uniformly in all directions with an appreciable intensity at exceptionally far distances. A planet or a giant cloud of interstellar dust passing between that star and the observer would cast a shadow, however small, that could move faster than c at the observer's location. True Believers: The Tragic Inner Life of Sports Fans Advances in Computers: Architectural Advances: 69 Unquenchable Fire"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of the water cladding is 1. It is the dispersion of light by ordinary glass that is responsible for the familiar splitting of light into its component colors by a prism. Given n lines L and a point P L on each line, find the locus of points Q such that the lengths of the line segments QP L satisfy certain conditions. Light can be transmitted along an optical fibre with almost zero energy loss. This means that a person can be diagnosed and treated through a small incision cut. The critical angle is: If, instead of your finger, a high-speed bullet passes through the light beam, the resulting shadow will move even faster. The speeds of the shadow in the above example are still well below c , but you can extend this analogy to a wall 20 m away where the beam is 40 m in diameter or to a wall 2,, m away. Of course, a flashlight that would have measureable intensity over a wide angle at that distance would blind individuals near it, but one could still imagine the situation. It is, after all, analagous to a star that radiates uniformly in all directions with an appreciable intensity at exceptionally far distances. A planet or a giant cloud of interstellar dust passing between that star and the observer would cast a shadow, however small, that could move faster than c at the observer's location. True Believers: The Tragic Inner Life of Sports Fans Advances in Computers: Architectural Advances: 69 Unquenchable Fire"}, {"title": "", "text": "a lecture here. In some liquids and most gases the electronic structure of each individual atom or molecule is enough to describe their spectra. The \"property\" you are looking for in the case of solids is the band ... 1 Parallel rays reflecting on a concave mirror do intersect at one point, the focus, if the mirror is a parabola (in 2d plane geometry) or paraboloid (in 3d space geometry). 1 Although glass is an amorphous material, it behaves surprisingly similar to crystalline materials in some respects. In this case, you can imagine glass to be a semiconductor with a large bandgap, at least large enough to be beyond the visible wavelengths. Therefore, all visible light passes through, which makes glass transparent. Obviously, there will be ... 1 Although the shortfalls of focusing more light on the array have been described, a similar question is why you would not mount mirrors to reflect sunlight toward the array only when the incident angle is well off normal. This might provide some of the advantage of tracking the angle of the sun during the day. I think in this case the placement and size of ... 1 1) A stationary charge that has always been stationary is associated with an electric field and only an electric field. The electric field points towards the charge and every point that us equally far away has an equally strong field and the fields gets four times as weak if you go twice as far away. 2) A uniformly moving charge that"}, {"title": "", "text": "passes from air into glass is called REFRACTION. You should also understand that the refraction also happens as the light leaves the glass and passes into air; this is also shown in figure 2. 5. Rays of light and ray diagrams. Whenever diagrams are used to describe the passage of light through lenses or prisms the accompanying text will use the word \u2018rays\u2019 to describe the path that the light follows. In the diagrams, such as our figure 2, the \u2018rays\u2019 of light are shown as straight lines that are bent as they pass in and out of the lenses and prisms. These straight-line diagrams that illustrate how the light travels are called RAY DIAGRAMS, but science books never explain what these \u2018rays\u2019 of light really are, so here is that explanation: Light \u2018rays\u2019 are lines drawn on a diagram to show the direction in which the light waves are travelling. Light travels through space as WAVES of light. These light waves start at the source of the light (perhaps the tip of a leaf on a distant bush, or a distant electric light or a star) and they spread out from that source in all directions, much as the ripples on a calm pond radiate outward from the point where a tiny pebble is dropped into the pond. All the ripples are curved and they are circles that have as their centre the source of their energy. If you look at the waves on a calm pond you can see that the diameter of these"}, {"title": "", "text": "expect the same result if light were just a wave.\" (Though I suppose I could add that QM is required to understand why the laser pointer works!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Nathaniel May 22 '13 at 2:30 $\\begingroup$ Sorry, I read only first line :) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 user10001 May 22 '13 at 2:32 Among the naked-eye visible effects that require a quantum explanation are fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electroluminescence. Concepts like band gap energy and the connection between energy and wavelength are needed to form plausible, detailed hypotheses which address the readily observed aspects of these phenomena. The transparancy of glass is a quantum phenomenon. It is owed to the fact that the electrons in the silicon crystals require an inordinate amount of energy in order to get exited into a higher orbital. This means that low energy photons like visible light can pass through unhindered. Meanwhile, UV light has enough energy to be absorbed. Glass is transparent, but you don't get a sunburn. Karl Damgaard AsmussenKarl Damgaard Asmussen As an illustration of Dan's answer I get myself a diffraction grating and start looking at florescent lamps. I was frankly really disappointed because you really don't get to see the lines clearly with a grating alone. What you would see is more or less like this But I moved on and told myself that I can make myself a spectroscope and I did just that! I had a big poster and rolled it to a tube. From a brochure I cut myself a thin slit and taped them together."}, {"title": "", "text": "expect the same result if light were just a wave.\" (Though I suppose I could add that QM is required to understand why the laser pointer works!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Nathaniel May 22 '13 at 2:30 $\\begingroup$ Sorry, I read only first line :) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 user10001 May 22 '13 at 2:32 Among the naked-eye visible effects that require a quantum explanation are fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electroluminescence. Concepts like band gap energy and the connection between energy and wavelength are needed to form plausible, detailed hypotheses which address the readily observed aspects of these phenomena. The transparancy of glass is a quantum phenomenon. It is owed to the fact that the electrons in the silicon crystals require an inordinate amount of energy in order to get exited into a higher orbital. This means that low energy photons like visible light can pass through unhindered. Meanwhile, UV light has enough energy to be absorbed. Glass is transparent, but you don't get a sunburn. Karl Damgaard AsmussenKarl Damgaard Asmussen As an illustration of Dan's answer I get myself a diffraction grating and start looking at florescent lamps. I was frankly really disappointed because you really don't get to see the lines clearly with a grating alone. What you would see is more or less like this But I moved on and told myself that I can make myself a spectroscope and I did just that! I had a big poster and rolled it to a tube. From a brochure I cut myself a thin slit and taped them together."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: through + relative clause fibre optics:the use of very thin glass or plastic threads through which light can travel to carry information. I am unsure about where through should go to in the relative clause. Which of the following is correct? A) Light can travel through glass or plastic threads to carry information. B) Light can travel to carry information through glass or plastic threads. A: Both of those sentences sound awkward. From a semantic perspective, the way they are both phrased (the order doesn't matter) makes it sounds like light is travelling through glass or plastic threads in order to get to the destination of \"carry information,\" which is bizarre and I'm sure not the intended meaning\u2014since it's fairly meaningless. Forgetting about the ordering of the specific words, consider the following: Chickens can cross the road to the other side. Rockets can travel through the atmosphere to space. Tourists can pass through customs to another country. Now look at the first of your sentences: \u2754 Light can travel through glass or plastic thread to carry information. (The second sentence has the same issue.) The construction makes it sound like carry information is a destination consisting of a compound noun, rather than an activity involving a verb and a noun. In order to prevent that puzzling interpretation, the following versions would sound much more natural: \u2714 Light can travel through glass or plastic threads while carrying information. \u2714 Light can carry information through glass or plastic threads. Alternatively, you can replace carry with deliver in"}, {"title": "", "text": "redistributes it. Thus when light waves are passed through a diffraction slit, the resulting pattern is formed by the diffracted light rays constructively and destructively interfering with each other. Constructive and destructive interference of two waves by Haade - Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons When light is able to traverse through matter of some sort, perhaps its most useful behavior emerges. Refraction is the bending of light rays as they travel across the interface between two different materials, such as air and water. The cause of this behavior is that light travels at different speeds through different materials. It is well known that the speed of light is constant in a vacuum, and it doesn't slow down much when traveling through air. But light travels only 3/4 as fast through water and only 2/3 as fast through glass. The slower light travels through a substance, the more it will be bent through refraction. Snell's Law which describes refraction by Cristan - Public Domain via Commons Large portions of the science of optics largely proceed from the very simple rules of refraction. Because translucent materials such as glass bend light rays, we can create lenses that manipulate and focus the light that passes through them to serve various purposes. The lenses in eyeglasses, microscopes and telescopes all harness the refractory behavior of light, which is only possible because light observably behaves like all waves do. Of course, light also behaves in some ways as a particle (see the photoelectric effect, for example), but that is"}, {"title": "", "text": "but those from the outlying parts of it are somewhat diffused. This difficulty cannot possibly be overcome, and hence even in the finest examples of lighthouse architecture the flashes are not quite sharp and clear-cut. There is a central moment, so to speak wherein the flash is almost blinding in its intensity, but it is preceded by a period of growing brightness and succeeded by one of decreasing light. In the modern apparatus, however, metallic mirrors are entirely dispensed with, their place being taken by reflecting prisms of glass. The metallic ones had to be continually rubbed to keep them clean, and this soon dulled their brightness, while the glass prisms need only to be wiped carefully, which operation has little effect upon their It may come as a surprise to some that reflecting prisms are possible. The idea of refraction through a prism is quite familiar. Such forms the essential principle of the spectroscope. Refraction is explained to every school child in order to account for the rainbow. But _reflection_ by a piece of the clearest glass seems a contradiction in terms almost. Yet it is only a question of shape. In some prisms the light is simply bent as it passes through. In others it is bent twice, so that it leaves the prism just as if it had been reflected off a mirror. Both devices are used in the lighthouse. Let us see how they are combined so as to perform the work to be done. Take first of all the case of"}, {"title": "", "text": "light on its first pass through the frosted pane is distorted in a complicated way by irregularities in the glass. The phase conjugate mirror reverses the distorted beam, and as it passes back through the glass it precisely retraces its steps and thus returns to its original undistorted form. The beam reflected from the phase conjugate mirror has the curious property that it encodes information for the original image in a distorted, unrecognizable form, and as time passes, the distortion is reduced and the information contained by the beam becomes clearly manifest. Normally, we expect to see just the opposite -- a pattern containing meaningful information will gradually degrade until the information is irretrievably lost. Thompson further elucidates the connection between the material and transcendental levels of existence with an example similar to that of optical phase conjugation. Suppose we have an arrangement in which pictures are being transmitted through a sheet of frosted glass. On one side of the glass we would see a series of images but we would not be able to determine the source of the images on the other side of the opaque glass. But in thinking about it, one would expect that the light coming through the frosted glass would become distorted. The fact that it does not seems to indicate that there is some sort of intelligence which is organizing or ordering the transmitted images. This is a simplified example of optical phase conjugation. Similarly, the order and complexity we find in matter must have intelligence behind it, although"}, {"title": "", "text": "one that isn't wholly transparent. Any small, recurring artifacts in your ocean of glass will render it opaque at some distance away, not to mention that light itself won't propagate through glass indefinitely. Light loses energy as it passes through glass and eventually is absorbed by it. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 B.fox $\\begingroup$ Also, I would suspect that an ocean of glass would be massive, and have varying levels of densities. Light passing through these densities would owe itself to refraction, and there's hardly any telling in what way it'll become distorted. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ Given that I said \"I'm not talking about atmospheric diffraction (Venus has some weird stuff going on there). Solutions must work for a vacuum world.\" I don't think making the planet transparent should count. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ @TristanKlassen as I said. It is a loophole. However, I doubt you can get the result you want from geometry alone. Any time the three elements of your system align along a line you will have roughly 50% of the planet in daylight. So to have a significantly longer day period always is likely unfeasible. The only way to avoid that would be to never allow the three bodies to align but I'm pretty sure even that is not possible. However if you simply want longer days 90% of the time then I have a sneaking suspicion that binary systems will naturally trend towards have mostly longer days. $\\endgroup$ Does a \"forever\" day count? The moon has a few peaks of eternal light, and it has been theorized"}, {"title": "", "text": "one that isn't wholly transparent. Any small, recurring artifacts in your ocean of glass will render it opaque at some distance away, not to mention that light itself won't propagate through glass indefinitely. Light loses energy as it passes through glass and eventually is absorbed by it. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 B.fox $\\begingroup$ Also, I would suspect that an ocean of glass would be massive, and have varying levels of densities. Light passing through these densities would owe itself to refraction, and there's hardly any telling in what way it'll become distorted. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ Given that I said \"I'm not talking about atmospheric diffraction (Venus has some weird stuff going on there). Solutions must work for a vacuum world.\" I don't think making the planet transparent should count. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ @TristanKlassen as I said. It is a loophole. However, I doubt you can get the result you want from geometry alone. Any time the three elements of your system align along a line you will have roughly 50% of the planet in daylight. So to have a significantly longer day period always is likely unfeasible. The only way to avoid that would be to never allow the three bodies to align but I'm pretty sure even that is not possible. However if you simply want longer days 90% of the time then I have a sneaking suspicion that binary systems will naturally trend towards have mostly longer days. $\\endgroup$ Does a \"forever\" day count? The moon has a few peaks of eternal light, and it has been theorized"}, {"title": "", "text": "As light travels its path, through space, it often encounters matter in one form or another. We should all be familiar with reflection since we see bright reflections when a light hits a smooth shiny surface like a mirror. This is an example of light interacting with matter in a certain way. When light travels from one medium to another, the light bends. This is called refraction. If the medium, in the path of the light, bends the light or blocks certain frequencies of it, we can see separate colors. A rainbow, for example, occurs when the sun's light becomes separated by moisture in the air. The moisture bends the light, thus separating the frequencies and allowing us to see the unique colors of the light spectrum. Prisms also provide this effect. When light hits a prism at certain angles, the light will refract (bend), causing it to be separated into its individual frequencies. This effect occurs because of the shape of the prism and the angle of the light. If you look closely at what happens as the light wave enters the prism in the second diagram, you will notice that it bends down. This bending occurs because the light travels faster through the air than it does through the prism. When the lower portion of the wave enters the prism, it slows down. Since the upper portion of the wave (still in the air) is traveling faster than the lower portion, the wave bends. Similarly, as the wave exits the prism, the upper portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "As light travels its path, through space, it often encounters matter in one form or another. We should all be familiar with reflection since we see bright reflections when a light hits a smooth shiny surface like a mirror. This is an example of light interacting with matter in a certain way. When light travels from one medium to another, the light bends. This is called refraction. If the medium, in the path of the light, bends the light or blocks certain frequencies of it, we can see separate colors. A rainbow, for example, occurs when the sun's light becomes separated by moisture in the air. The moisture bends the light, thus separating the frequencies and allowing us to see the unique colors of the light spectrum. Prisms also provide this effect. When light hits a prism at certain angles, the light will refract (bend), causing it to be separated into its individual frequencies. This effect occurs because of the shape of the prism and the angle of the light. If you look closely at what happens as the light wave enters the prism in the second diagram, you will notice that it bends down. This bending occurs because the light travels faster through the air than it does through the prism. When the lower portion of the wave enters the prism, it slows down. Since the upper portion of the wave (still in the air) is traveling faster than the lower portion, the wave bends. Similarly, as the wave exits the prism, the upper portion"}, {"title": "", "text": "travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word ray comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns). The word \u201cray\u201d comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. Figure 1. Three methods for light to travel from a source to another location. (a) Light reaches the upper atmosphere of Earth traveling through empty space directly from the source. (b) Light can reach a person in one of two ways. It can travel through media like air and glass. It can also reflect from an object like a mirror. In the situations shown here, light interacts with objects large enough that it travels in straight lines, like a ray. Experiments, as well as our own experiences, show that when light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength, it travels in straight lines and acts like a ray. Its wave characteristics are not pronounced in such situations. Since the wavelength of light"}, {"title": "", "text": "travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word ray comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns). The word \u201cray\u201d comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. Figure 1. Three methods for light to travel from a source to another location. (a) Light reaches the upper atmosphere of Earth traveling through empty space directly from the source. (b) Light can reach a person in one of two ways. It can travel through media like air and glass. It can also reflect from an object like a mirror. In the situations shown here, light interacts with objects large enough that it travels in straight lines, like a ray. Experiments, as well as our own experiences, show that when light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength, it travels in straight lines and acts like a ray. Its wave characteristics are not pronounced in such situations. Since the wavelength of light"}, {"title": "", "text": "used by Galileo. Newton solved the problem by swapping the lenses for curved mirrors so that the light rays did not have to pass through glass but reflected off it. At around the same time, the Dutch scientist CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS came up with the convincing but wholly contradictory theory that light travels in waves like ripples on a pond. Newton vigorously challenged anyone who tried to contradict his opinion on the theory of light, as Robert Hooke and Leibniz, who shared similar views to Huygens found out. Given Newton\u2019s standing, science abandoned the wave theory for the best part of two hundred years. 1704 \u2013 \u2018Optiks\u2019 published. In it he articulates his influential (if partly inaccurate) particle or corpuscle theory of light. Newton suggested that a beam of light is a stream of tiny particles or corpuscles, traveling at huge speed. If so, this would explain why light could travel through a vacu\u00fcm, where there is nothing to carry it. It also explained, he argued, why light travels in straight lines and casts sharp shadows \u2013 and is reflected from mirrors. His particle theory leads to an inverse square law that says that the intensity of light varies as the square of its distance from the source, just as gravity does. Newton was not dogmatic in Optiks, and shows an awareness of problems with the corpuscular theory. In the mid-eighteenth century an English optician John Dolland realized that the problem of coloured images could largely be overcome by making two element glass lenses, in which a"}, {"title": "", "text": "other bigness, and the Prism at a distance from the hole, provided things be so ordered, that the light appear of a round form, if intercepted perpendicularly at its coming out of the Prism. Nor needs there any curiosity in the day. The clearer it is the better; but if it be a little bit cloudy, that cannot much prejudice the Experiment, so the Sun do but shine distinctly through the cloud. These things being thus ordered, if the refracted light fall perpendicularly on a wall or paper at 20 foot or more from the Prism, it will appear in an oblong form, cross to the axis of the Prism, red at one end, and violet at the other; the length five times the breadth (more or less according to the quantity of the refraction,) the sides, streight lines, parallel to one another, and the ends confused, but yet seeming semi-circular. I hope therefore, Mr. Linus's Friends will not entertain themselves any further about incongruous surmises, but try the Experiment as Mr. Gascoin has promised. And then, since Mr. Gascoin tells you, That the Experiment being of it self extraordinary and surprizing, and besides ushering in new Principles into Opticks, quite contrary to the common and received, it will be hard to perswade it as a truth, till it be made so visible to all as it were a shame to deny it: if he esteem it so extraordinary, he may have the priviledg of making it so visible to all, that it will be a"}, {"title": "", "text": "When viewing that part of the sky through a birefringent window and a linear polarisation analyser, it is possible to see the colour pattern. It is more likely (and cheaper) a window is birefringent due to a polymer plastic film, than due to the glass. The sky seen through a train window, with a linear polariser on the camera. There is no film in the corner. A: Thanks for making (and showing) extra pictures. In the second extra picture, I can see faintly the described effect in the reflection by the floor but not in the reflection by the mirror. Just look on your screen at a small angle from below, which enhances the effect. So even if the window is open, the effect is visible, so we can eliminate the effect of the window. In the first picture (is it taken on a cloudy day?), no pattern is visible indeed. But you took the picture much closer to the window (so changing the angle). As the effect I describe is angle-dependent this could be possible (you write: That is when I move a little closer then look at the reflection the left part of the window becomes transparent and the pattern is only seen in the middle and the end). Plate glass has only one refractive index (independent of the orientation see here: 1.52). Its thickness may vary but this gives no visible interference effects because of the thickness of the plate. So we are left with only one possibility: The floor is responsible. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Is my window's semi-transparency a consequence of elementary quantum mechanics? Studying mathematical concepts of quantum mechanics, I have recently become familiar with the classical model of one-dimensional particle being scattered by a potential barrier. As a mathematician, I didn't really have an idea of where such model might be applied in practice. But I have observed that the window beside me has some interesting characteristics similar to this model. I can see both through it, and my reflection in it - clearly some light particles pass through the glass, and others are reflected with unchanged velocity. The thicker the glass would be, the less particles would pass - which is also true for increasing potential barrier width. If I substituted glass with shiny metal, no visible light would pass through and more particles would be reflected, which resembles increasing the potential value in the barrier. And finally (as far as the mathematician I am knows) not all electromagnetic waves pass through glass - which also seems related, because the amount of particles passing through barrier depends on the wave velocity/frequency. Is there actually some correlation between these models? Is the window semi-transparent behavior induced by this particular quantum scattering phenomena? Or maybe there is a more genera (universal) partial reflection model, that works both in the case of potential barrier and a glass window?"}, {"title": "", "text": "eye. 13. Light reflects from a shiny surface in an arbitrary manner. 14. Light is reflected from smooth mirror surfaces but not from non-shiny surfaces. 15. Curved mirrors make everything distorted. 16. Light shines on a translucent material and illuminates it so it can be seen. Light does not travel from the translucent material to the eye. 17. Light always passes straight through a transparent material without changing direction. 18. When an object is viewed through a transparent solid or liquid material the object is seen exactly where it is located. 19. Students will often think about how a lens forms an image of a self-luminous object in the following way. They envision that a \"potential image\" which carries information about the object leaves the self-luminous object and travels through the space to the lens. 20.When passing through the lens, the \"potential image\" is turned upside down and may be changed in size. 21.When sketching a diagram to show how a lens forms an image of an object, only those light rays are drawn which leave the object in straight parallel lines. 22.Blocking part of the lens surface would block the corresponding part of the image. 20.The purpose of the screen is to capture the image so that it can be seen. The screen is necessary for the image to be formed. Without a screen there is no image. 21.An image can be seen on the screen regardless of where the screen is placed relative to the lens. To see a larger image on the screen,"}, {"title": "", "text": "eye. 13. Light reflects from a shiny surface in an arbitrary manner. 14. Light is reflected from smooth mirror surfaces but not from non-shiny surfaces. 15. Curved mirrors make everything distorted. 16. Light shines on a translucent material and illuminates it so it can be seen. Light does not travel from the translucent material to the eye. 17. Light always passes straight through a transparent material without changing direction. 18. When an object is viewed through a transparent solid or liquid material the object is seen exactly where it is located. 19. Students will often think about how a lens forms an image of a self-luminous object in the following way. They envision that a \"potential image\" which carries information about the object leaves the self-luminous object and travels through the space to the lens. 20.When passing through the lens, the \"potential image\" is turned upside down and may be changed in size. 21.When sketching a diagram to show how a lens forms an image of an object, only those light rays are drawn which leave the object in straight parallel lines. 22.Blocking part of the lens surface would block the corresponding part of the image. 20.The purpose of the screen is to capture the image so that it can be seen. The screen is necessary for the image to be formed. Without a screen there is no image. 21.An image can be seen on the screen regardless of where the screen is placed relative to the lens. To see a larger image on the screen,"}, {"title": "", "text": "passed through the magnifying glass they bend to form a converging beam. The point at which the rays meet is called the focus of the lens. The distance from the centre of the lens to the focus is called the focal length. If you can fix the lens to a stand and allow sunlight to pass you can get sufficient heat to start a fire. More wonders Ali and Nelly found that a magnifying glass can do more wonders than just magnifying a letter. The first success was almost accidental. Ali stood near a window inside a room. When Nelly held the lens near an opposite wall , an upside down image appeared. They were a bit puzzled at first. After much deliberation they came to the conclusion that the light rays would have crossed at the lens. Their thought is illustrated here. Fig, 4. Nelly got an upside down image of Ali on the wall. It appeared that the light had crossed at the magnifying glass. How could this happen? But actually what happened is explained here. Some light reflected from the body of Ali go through the lens. By considering only two rays, it is possible to get the size and the position of the image. In the diagram above the lens is shown by a vertical dotted line. The black line drawn through the middle of the lens is called the principal axis. The blue line above represents a light ray emerging parallel to the principal axis. All rays parallel to the principal"}, {"title": "", "text": "find a new method to give to large pieces of glass, or metal, a curve sufficiently slight, there would still result but a very inconsiderable advantage. But to proceed regularly, it was necessary first to see how much light the sun loses by reflection at different distances, and what are the matters which reflect it the strongest; I first found, that glasses when they are polished with care, reflect the light more powerfully than the best polished metals, and even better than the compounded metal with which telescope mirrors are made; and that although there are two reflectors in the glasses, they yet give a brighter and more clear light than metal. Secondly, by receiving the light of the sun in a dark place, and by comparing it with this light of the sun reflected by a glass, I found, that at small distances, as four or five feet, it only lost about half by reflection, which I judged by letting a second reflected light fall on the first; for the briskness of these two reflected lights appeared to be equal to that of direct light. Thirdly, having received at the distances of 100, 200, and 300 feet, this light reflected by great glasses, I perceived that it did not lose any of its strength by the thickness of the air it had to pass through. I afterwards tried the same experiments on the light of candles; and to assure myself more exactly of the quantity of weakness that reflection causes to this light, I made"}, {"title": "", "text": "for how it's happening. The first is that Arlington County sprayed the middle line with some kind of glass-based coating that refracts light in a microcosmic ring, kind of like a majestic 22-degree halo but at ankle level. Here's Cowley explaining on Space Weather how a \"glass bead bow\" can form: \"Crews marking paint lines on roads often scatter small glass beads onto the paint. The glass beads retro-reflect light and this enhances the visibility of the markings at night. The glass beads \u2013 if sufficiently spherical \u2013 also produce rainbows. The difference is that the refractive index of glass is greater than that of water and the bow is only about 21\u00b0 in radius compared to the rainbow's 42\u00b0. The glow around the shadow of Geoff's head is an antisolar point phenomenon... produced by refraction through the glass spheres.\" The other conclusion is that particles of highly refractive material \u2013 perhaps quartz crystals \u2013 have blown over from a nearby road bed and settled into tiny fissures in the path, causing the weird illumination. Chester plans to go out on Saturday to take a little sample from the ground to study it under the microscope. \u201cIt's piqued the nerd in me,\u201d he says, \u201cto find out what's going on.\u201d (UPDATE DEC. 3: Chester says \"the mystery is definitively solved! As the first comment poster suggested, the culprits are indeed glass beads. They were spread quite liberally on the trail, filling the spaces between the aggregate pebbles in the asphalt. I collected some during my ride"}, {"title": "", "text": "for how it's happening. The first is that Arlington County sprayed the middle line with some kind of glass-based coating that refracts light in a microcosmic ring, kind of like a majestic 22-degree halo but at ankle level. Here's Cowley explaining on Space Weather how a \"glass bead bow\" can form: \"Crews marking paint lines on roads often scatter small glass beads onto the paint. The glass beads retro-reflect light and this enhances the visibility of the markings at night. The glass beads \u2013 if sufficiently spherical \u2013 also produce rainbows. The difference is that the refractive index of glass is greater than that of water and the bow is only about 21\u00b0 in radius compared to the rainbow's 42\u00b0. The glow around the shadow of Geoff's head is an antisolar point phenomenon... produced by refraction through the glass spheres.\" The other conclusion is that particles of highly refractive material \u2013 perhaps quartz crystals \u2013 have blown over from a nearby road bed and settled into tiny fissures in the path, causing the weird illumination. Chester plans to go out on Saturday to take a little sample from the ground to study it under the microscope. \u201cIt's piqued the nerd in me,\u201d he says, \u201cto find out what's going on.\u201d (UPDATE DEC. 3: Chester says \"the mystery is definitively solved! As the first comment poster suggested, the culprits are indeed glass beads. They were spread quite liberally on the trail, filling the spaces between the aggregate pebbles in the asphalt. I collected some during my ride"}, {"title": "", "text": "represents an eye, looking at the image of a vase, reflected by a mirror; it must see it in the direction of the ray A B, as that is the ray which brings the image to the eye; prolong the ray to C, and in that spot will the image _Caroline._ I do not understand why a looking-glass reflects the rays of light; for glass is a transparent body, which should transmit them! _Mrs. B._ It is not the glass that reflects the rays which form the image you behold, but the silvering behind it; this silvering is a compound of mercury and tin, which forms a brilliant metallic coating. The glass acts chiefly as a transparent case, through which the rays find an easy passage, to, and from, the quicksilver. _Caroline._ Why then should not mirrors be made simply of mercury? _Mrs. B._ Because mercury is a fluid. By amalgamating it with tinfoil, it becomes of the consistence of paste, attaches itself to the glass, and forms, in fact, a metallic mirror, which would be much more perfect without its glass cover, for the purest glass is never perfectly transparent; some of the rays, therefore, are lost during their passage through it, by being either absorbed, or irregularly reflected. This imperfection of glass mirrors, has introduced the use of metallic mirrors, for optical purposes. _Emily._ But since all opaque bodies reflect the rays of light, I do not understand why they are not all mirrors. _Caroline._ A curious idea indeed, sister; it would be very"}, {"title": "", "text": "3D based on polarizing lenses is today\u2019s topic. In this video I do visual demonstrations of linear and circular (As in RealD 3D system) polarizing glasses. I discuss the need for a silver screen and do a demonstration of why you need one. This is a great tutorial on what polarization is all about and how it works. Quite honestly it\u2019s the best example I\u2019ve seen of precisely how today\u2019s polarization glasses work. Anybody thinking of installing a RealD or similar polarization 3D digital cinema system should be watch this first so they know a little bit more about the technology. We\u2019d demonstrated all this to the kids \u2013 but why does one of the pairs of realD glasses have to point backwards in order to block the light? There\u2019s a moment in your video when you can see what happens if they point the same way \u2013 light through both sides. That stumped us embarrassingly fast, so how does it work? I am no expert on this but form my understanding there are different layers/coatings involved in a Polarised glass.. The light needs to pass through the different coatings in a certain order. As such, the polarised glass only works correctly when light passes through it a certain way. I think you can double coat the glass as well so they work both directions. However as the 3D glasses are only suppose to be used in a certain way, to save costs, they are not double coated for both directions. Saves in production costs too."}, {"title": "", "text": "glass also absorbs a small portion of the light."}, {"title": "", "text": "light that hits the object passes through, but the light's direction is bent by the object. If the direction is bent enough, the light that passes through the object will be angled out of the forward-traveling beam. As a result, the beam will have a dark spot; a shadow. Consider completely transparent objects such as glass cups, bottles of water, or the lenses of eyeglasses. Even though such transparent objects do not absorb or reflect very much light, they still interact with light through refraction. Refraction is what makes transparent cups visible to our eyes. Refraction also enables clear objects to cast shadows. Take off your eyeglasses and place them on the table at night under the illumination of a single lamp and you will see a distinct shadow caused by the transparent lenses. Although air is almost perfectly transparent, it can still cast shadows via refraction. The key principle regarding refraction is that light is bent when the index of refraction differs from one location to the next. Air and glass are different materials and have different indices of refraction. Light therefore bends when it goes from air into glass, such as at the surface of a glass lens. Refraction does not happen inside a glass lens because the material inside the lens is uniform. Refraction happens at the surface of a glass lens because that is the only place where the index of refraction differs. Uniform air itself cannot refract light and create shadows because the index of refraction does not differ anywhere. But,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why do the edges of glass blocks create a shadow? I have always observed that the shadow of glass blocks becomes darker as the glass is moved away from the surface where the shadow falls. And I know this is because refracted light rays from the glass block leave the block at an angle which creates the shadow of the glass block in the first place. However, whenever I try to observe the shadow of a glass block I can clearly see a dark outline of the block formed by its edges, irrespective of the distance from the surface where the shadow falls. And it is this outline, I seek an explanation for. Why is it that no matter how the glass block is oriented or how far it is from the surface where its shadow falls, its edges always form a distinct shadow? A: Not all the light shining on the top surface of your glass block can pass straight through the block. Inside the block, total internal reflection occurs at the side faces. The light which was \"supposed\" to exit through the sides is refracted to the inside. This causes the shadow you observe and a slighly brighter middle section, which is hard to see. In fact, you might be able to see a brighter rim on the inside of the side's shadows if you move the block very close to the table. A: Some sources say that about 6-7% of light gets reflected on hitting a glass.A glass seems to be transparent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: How does interference move energy from destructive to constructive regions? I recently read (sorry but I don\u2019t have a reference) that interference is not only about destructive and constructive interference but moving energy from destructive to constructive regions according to conservation of energy. The place where this really bothers me is when light is being transmitted through glass. As light moves through the glass there is forward scattering of light where there is constructive interference between the primary and secondary waves; so light propagates forward. On the other hand, the light that back-scatters (or side scatters as well) destructively interferes with the primary waves (I am assuming that the light has already passed the surface atoms so reflection has already been accounted for). Said another way, I can set up a thin film such that the reflectance is zero (R = 0) and transmittance is one (T = 1), don\u2019t I need energy in the waves to cause destructive interference to begin with? So how does interference account for this energy exchange? A: The basic surprise here is that energy is always conserved when waves superimpose. This seems like it shouldn't be true, since superposition causes amplitudes to add, whereas energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude. This nonlinear relationship makes it seem like energy should not be additive, and therefore can't be conserved. This is a generic issue for waves, not just light waves, so let's consider it first in the case of waves on a string. For example, if you take"}, {"title": "", "text": "shown in Fig. 3. Consider monochromatic (single color) light incident from the top that reflects from both the bottom surface of the top lens and the top surface of the optical flat below it. The light passes through the glass lens until it comes to the glass-to-air boundary, where the transmitted light goes from a higher refractive index (n) value to a lower n value. The transmitted light passes through this boundary with no phase change. The reflected light undergoing internal reflection (about 4% of the total) also has no phase change. The light that is transmitted into the air travels a distance, t, before it is reflected at the flat surface below. Reflection at this air-to-glass boundary causes a half-cycle (180\u00b0) phase shift because the air has a lower refractive index than the glass. The reflected light at the lower surface returns a distance of (again) t and passes back into the lens. The additional path length is equal to twice the gap between the surfaces. The two reflected rays will interfere according to the total phase change caused by the extra path length 2t and by the half-cycle phase change induced in reflection at the flat surface. When the distance 2t is zero (lens touching optical flat) the waves interfere destructively, hence the central region of the pattern is dark, as shown in Fig. 2. A similar analysis for illumination of the device from below instead of from above shows that in this case the central portion of the pattern is bright, not dark,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Does infrared rays pass through polarized glass? Actually I had asked in another post that \"Does infrared rays pass through active shutter glass\" but someone just commented that infrared rays dont pass through polarized glass. If infrared rays doesnt pass through polarized glass can someone explain the reason or give reference link to look through. A: Infra-red radiation will pass through a polarised medium just like visible light does i.e. the component at right angles to the plane of polarisation will be blocked. So there's nothing special about the fact the glasses are polarised. However most materials are only transparent over a restricted range of wavelengths. Optical glass only transmits light with a wavelength from about 300nm to around 2500nm. There's a good article on the optical properties of glass here. However I think passive 3D glasses are made from conventional polarisers, which are made from a polymer called polyvinyl alcohol. I struggled to find much about the spectra of PVA polarisers, though I found this article that lists some polarisers that work down to 3000nm. So it seems PVA polarisers will transmit at least the near infra-red. However the term infra-red covers a huge range of wavelengths from 750nm - 1mm. I can't think of anything, even air, that is transparent right across this range of wavelengths so everything absorbs infra-red light to some extent. Generally speaking, ultra-violet light is absorbed because it has enough energy to excite the electrons in atoms and infra-red light is absorbed because it has the right energy to"}, {"title": "", "text": "BK 7 glass (nt = 1.51673). Optical interference is just the interaction of two or more light waves. Classical optics is divided into two main branches: geometrical (or ray) optics and physical (or wave) optics. The title quantum optics covers a large range of possible courses, and so this introduction intends to explain what this course does and does not aim to provide. The deviation of a light ray passing through a glass Brewster\u00e2\u0080\u0099s angle window on a HeNe laser is then: At 10,000 ft. altitude, air pressure is 2/3 that at sea level; the deviation is 0.30 mrad. The intensities (watts/area) must also be corrected by this geometric obliquity factor: This relation holds for p and s components individually and for total power. The displacement is the same, but the angular deviation \u03b4 is given by the formula below. Light shining past an opaque boundary will not cast a sharp shadow of the boundary on the screen. Finally, prisms increase the optical path. EQUATIONS. F-Number . Although effects are minimal in laser applications, focus shift and chromatic effects in divergent beams should be considered. SAG is an abbreviation for \"sagitta,\" the Latin word for arrow. ... Research & Technology education University of Edinburgh Europe Americas light sources optics light wave Dyakonov\u2013Voigt surface waves James Clerk Maxwell lightwave For a right angle prism of index n, rays should enter the prism face at an angle \u03b8: In the visible range, \u03b8 = 5.8\u00c2\u00b0 for BK 7 (n = 1.517) and 2.6\u00c2\u00b0 for fused silica (n ="}, {"title": "", "text": "\"white\" for having the mixed colors. You can still see the effect of dispersion in broad sunlight sometimes, particularly when hanging a prism in front of a window. However, note that you have still simplified the setup to do so: by hanging in front of a window, you're guaranteed that all the sunlight is coming in at the same angle, that the floor will be dark enough to see the colors clearly, that the prism will be parallel to the floor or table it casts light on, and that the prism will slowly twist until you happen to notice the effect when the entry angle is best. This is why uhoh suggested restricting the light to a narrow beam and letting it pass through a glass of water halfway between the center and the edge. The narrow beam solves (2), and the positioning ensures an angled entry and exit to solve (1). (You may notice that if you took the sides of the glass at that position and \"flattened\" them out, you'd get a triangular prism-like shape!)"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Do and can phone signals come inside AC car which is glass-packed Can phone signals penetrate glass, so can I expect phone signals to come if I am sitting inside a closed AC car. Thanks, A: I assume you mean an Air Conditioned (AC) car with the windows rolled up. Yes, your cell phone will work wonderfully inside your car. Cell phone signals are electromagnetic (E-M) waves, just like light; but the cell phone E-M waves are longer than the E-M waves which make up visible light. The reason we see differnt colors is that objects reflect and absorb light based on the material's interaction with different wavelengths of light. For instance, you see a blue object, because it absorbs all other colors, but reflects blue. Glass is transparent because is doesn't reflect or absorb any visible color. You can think of E-M waves outside the visible spectrum as 'colors' of light which we can't see. It just so happens that glass doesn't significantly reflect or absorb the 'color' of E-M waves that cell phones use (neither does wood, brick, drywall, and most other non-metallic substances). A: This seems like a situation tailor-made for an experiment! Get in your car, close the windows, and call someone. But anyway, the answer is yes, these signals do pass through glass, as well as other solid materials: you can get mobile phone calls in your home, for instance, even if you're not near a window."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why removing one slab in Michelson-Morley experiment causes an elliptical fringe pattern? I performed Morley experiment using He-Ne laser. Two glass slabs were there and circular fringes were formed but when I removed one slab elliptical fringes were there (and less intense fringes). Why? In general is there any benefit of using two slabs? A: Look carefully at the two paths that the split beam of light covers, and think about the glass that the light goes through. Beam #1 bounces off the front of the beam splitter, goes over and off the front of a mirror, comes back and goes through the beam splitter at a $45^{\\circ}$ angle. (One pass through the glass of the beam splitter) Beam #2 goes through the beam splitter, over to the other mirror, comes back and goes through the beam splitter from behind at a $45^{\\circ}$ angle, bounces off the back of the half-silvered surface, and goes back through the beam splitter again at a $45^{\\circ}$ angle. (Three passes through the beam splitter glass) Adding a clear piece of the beam splitter glass at a $45^{\\circ}$ angle to the first path makes the two beams optically equivalent."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: What happens when you breathe on glasses and look at white light? Something interesting happens when I breathe on glasses and look directly at a source of white light: I see a circle-like spectrum of some colors (which kind of look like infrared visuals, sorry if I can't explain it well but you can try it to see yourself). Is that a chemical reaction? And what happens to light when it passes through the glasses at that state? A: This is the same thing as the colors you see in an oil film on water. It is related to anti-reflection coatings on glasses. Light is a wave. if you have two waves with just the same frequency and in phase, so the peaks of one line up with peaks of the other, then the waves reinforce. They add to a bigger wave. If you have them out of phase, so the peaks of one line up with valleys of the other, they cancel. You get nothing. When you breathe on glasses, you put a very thin layer of water on the glasses. Light partly bounces off the top of the water, and partly is transmitted through the water. Right underneath is glass. The light is partly reflected from the glass and partly transmitted through. Light from the glass has traveled farther. Some places, the distances and angles are just right for a stronger wave. In others, they are just right for cancellation. So you get bands of bright and dark. That is the first part"}, {"title": "", "text": "the equality of time resulting in the lens maker's formula and the lens equation requires a numerical approach? A: Of course, the slowing of light in the lens does introduce a phase difference, but light going through different thicknesses of glass also goes along paths of different total length. And light that travels longer paths (And still arrives at the focus) goes through less glass. It isn't obvious that the two contributions come out equal, but they do. Taken in light of Fermat's Principle, the fact that a continuous bundle of rays come to a focus guarantees that this is the case because if it were not only light following the least time path would arrive at the putative \"focus\". And of course, the spherical aberration that Farcher mentions manifests as a failure to come to a precise focus. A: You can simply use geometry to determine how much distance the ray is travelling in the glass and how much in air for the various rays. Then find the times with the different velocities in air and glass. Finally sum it all up. Will be tedious. Rest assured it will all compensate."}, {"title": "", "text": "incident perpendicularly from air on a film 8.84 microns thick and with refractive index 1.35. The tone of the book also has \u2026 Learn chapter 16 review questions with free interactive flashcards. When you see a mirage on a hot day, what are you actually seeing when you gaze a the \"pool of water\" in the distance? Part A) What is the apparent depth of the fish whe... A simple model of the human eye ignores its lens entirely. I'm sure he hates me and thinks that I didn't want him but I was very young and didn't have a support system. Why does a high flying airplane cast little or no shadow on the ground below while a low flying airplane casts a sharp shadow? How does reflection differ from refraction and diffraction? One is filled with water and the other is empty. You may assume the index of refraction of water is 1.33. How the shape of rainbow-like a Dhanush or parabolic? Does light pass through the vitreous humor? One Question a Day for Moms Daily Reflections of Motherhood Book Description : Track moments of motherhood in a beautiful keepsake journal This multi-year journal encourages mothers everywhere to take a moment to themselves each day and answer simple questions about their thoughts and musings. When white light passes from air to water given that the angle of the child in it be obtained a... Air casts a sharp shadow customers with decadent, imaginative gourmet food for... 61 mom at 16 reflection questions answers e."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: How does a one-sided glass work? How does a one-sided glass work? If seen from the outer side, we can see through thinking it is transparent, while if seen from the inside, the glass acts as a mirror. How? A: A one way mirror isn't really a one way mirror. It lets the same amount of light through in both directions. It works because one side of the mirror is light while the other is dark. Suppose you're on the light side looking at the mirror, and suppose that the light side is 99 times as bright as the dark side. Finally assume the mirror lets through half the light and reflects half the light. The light from the dark side hits the mirror and half gets through, so the (relative) intensity passing through the mirror is 0.5%. The light around you (in the bright room) hits the mirror and half of it reflects back, so the (relative) intensity of your reflection is 49.5% or 99 times greater than the light from the dark room. Since the human eye isn't good at dealing with large contrasts, your reflection completely swamps the light from the dark side and you can't see through the mirror - all you can see is your own reflection. If you're looking at the mirror from the dark side excatly the opposite argument applies. The light passing through the mirror from the bright side has an intensity of 49.5% while your own reflection has an intensity of 0.5%. The result is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "13,500 lines/inch - Double Axis 5ft Long x 6 inches Wide. Required fields are marked *. By doing this and by changing the angle of the prism, it is possible The same can be said for red light on the upper edge of the beam. Apply Snells law at each of the two refracting surfaces: $\\frac{\\sin\\theta_1}{\\sin\\phi_1} =n \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\frac{\\sin\\theta_2}{\\sin(\\alpha - \\phi_1)}=n, \\label{eq:1.6.2a,b}$, $\\sin\\theta_2 = \\sin\\alpha\\sqrt{n^2-\\sin^2\\theta_1} -\\cos\\alpha\\sin\\theta_1. The dotted line indicates the beam of light coming through the window, and the path it would take if not refracted by the prism. New York, Letchworth State Park, Middle Falls, Top View of Prism Refracting Light to Create Shadows and Rainbow, Beam of sunlight with spectrum colors goes over white fabric, physical refraction effect. For instance, the prism experiment also demonstrate how light dispersion can happen. In general, the dispersion properties of various glass formulations are compared through Abbe numbers, which are determined by measuring the refractive indices of specific reference wavelengths passed through the glass. Light dispersion, rainbow spectrum and optical effect realistic 3D vector illustration, Light rays in prism. Very fine particles scatter largely blue light whereas particles of larger size scatter the light, which has longer wavelengths. Light refraction can also be used in photography. Check this Prism Ideal for Teaching Light Spectrum on Amazon. On dark background, Stormy sky & rainbow, E. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) tree, Summer, MN, USA, by Dominique Braud/Dembinsky Photo Assoc. These activities are designed to be carried out by children working with a parent, guardian or other appropriate adult."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Light dispersion in water Simple question: Water is clearly not disspersive if we have it, for example, in a glass of water. We don't see the rainbow through a glass of water. However drops of water disperse light in the atmosphere and allow us to see the rainbow, am I right? Why is this? In which conditions is water disspersive and in which conditions it's not?. A: The dispersion that leads to the rainbow effect generated by transparent media results from an intrinsic property of the medium being considered: the dependence of its refractive index $n$ on the wavelength of light $\\lambda$ passing through it. In this sense, water in a glass is just as dispersive as water droplets in a rainbow. When different wavelengths pass from air into a sample of water, they refract by different amounts according to Snell's law, and the fact that the index of refraction of water varies as a function of wavelength. So why don't you see a rainbow in some situations, but you do see a rainbow in others? Well, it's because being able to see the rainbow depends on the geometry of the sample of water, at what angle the light is incident, and where the dispersed light is being viewed from. For example, suppose we have a sample of white light (containing all wavelengths) that is normally (perpendicular to the surface) incident on a rectangular prism of water, then by Snell's law, the the light does not refract at all when it passes through the sample,"}, {"title": "", "text": "object, like the cup, it is absorbed. Place the glass in front of the graphics. Stop crying. Copyright \u00a9 2020 Mocomi & Anibrain Digital Technologies Pvt. You can use a water bottle\u2026 Login or Register above to download the content. Course: PHY156. 3:42. Because the light from the torch passes from a lower-index medium (air) to a higher-index medium (water) the light rays bend inside the water, then when the light comes out it is spread out around the room. As you sight at the portion of the pencil that was submerged in the water, light travels from water to air (or from water to glass to air). Also let them watch this video to find out how people use light refraction to light their homes! In the experiment that you just completed, light traveled from the air, through the glass, through the water, through the back of the \u2026 Learn the magic of science in this water refraction trick. When light passes from one material to another, it can bend or refract. It is yet another way to show kids light reflection. This bending by refraction allows us to make use of lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms, etc. Copyright \u00a9 2020 rookieparenting.com. That\u2019s why you can still see the penny through the side of the empty glass. Dinosaur Activities & Crafts; Preschool Activities; Preschool Construction Activities; Preschool Dental Health Activities; Spring Crafts & Activities ; Stem Activities; Summer Crafts & Activities. Jiang W, Chen RT, Lu X. In this cool science experiment from Look We\u2019re Learning,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: through + relative clause fibre optics:the use of very thin glass or plastic threads through which light can travel to carry information. I am unsure about where through should go to in the relative clause. Which of the following is correct? A) Light can travel through glass or plastic threads to carry information. B) Light can travel to carry information through glass or plastic threads. A: Both of those sentences sound awkward. From a semantic perspective, the way they are both phrased (the order doesn't matter) makes it sounds like light is travelling through glass or plastic threads in order to get to the destination of \"carry information,\" which is bizarre and I'm sure not the intended meaning\u2014since it's fairly meaningless. Forgetting about the ordering of the specific words, consider the following: Chickens can cross the road to the other side. Rockets can travel through the atmosphere to space. Tourists can pass through customs to another country. Now look at the first of your sentences: \u2754 Light can travel through glass or plastic thread to carry information. (The second sentence has the same issue.) The construction makes it sound like carry information is a destination consisting of a compound noun, rather than an activity involving a verb and a noun. In order to prevent that puzzling interpretation, the following versions would sound much more natural: \u2714 Light can travel through glass or plastic threads while carrying information. \u2714 Light can carry information through glass or plastic threads. Alternatively, you can replace carry with deliver in"}, {"title": "", "text": "BPF off-axis in order to pass through the objective at its ends, allowing for the angle to be sufficiently greater than the critical angle. The beam must also be focused at the BPF because this ensures that the light passing through the objective is collimated, interacting with the cover slip at the same angle and thus all totally internally reflecting. Sample The sample should be adsorbed to the surface of the glass cover slide and stained with appropriate fluorophores to resolve the features desired within the sample. This is in protocol with any other fluorescent microscopy technique. Dichroic (Dichromatic) Filter The dichroic filter is an edge filter used at an oblique angle of incidence (typically 45\u00b0) to efficiently reflect light in the excitation band and to transmit light in the emission band. The 45\u00b0 angle of the filter separates the path of the excitation and emission beam. The filter is composed of a complex system of multiple layers of metals, metal salts and dielectrics which have been vacuum-deposited onto thin glass. This coating is designed to have high reflectivity for shorter wavelengths and high transmission for longer wavelengths. While the filter transmits the selected excitation light (shorter wavelength) through the objective and onto the plane of the specimen, it also passes emission fluorescence light (longer wavelength) to the barrier filter and reflecting any scattered excitation light back in the direction of the laser source. This maximizes the amount of exciting radiation passing through the filter and emitted fluorescence beam that is detected by the detector. Barrier"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Why photons reflect off glass? Why photon reflects and refracts through glass? Some photons pass through glass and some reflects.I know this is due to energy levels of electrons of glass, an incoming photon is unable to excite the electron to a different energy orbit. But I want to know, if an incoming photon is unable to excite an electron, then why not all the photons pass through glass? i.e. photons should not reflect off glass, all the photons should pass through glass. (Not sure! Just a thought)Is this due to atoms of different substances like water,glass or wood etc curve spacetime differently and thus it influences how photons interact with matter? i.e. some photons reflect and some refract. In classical electrodynamics, the process of how much light refracts, passing through the glass, and how much light reflects, is determined by the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This principle, named after Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a method of analyzing the wave propagation patterns of light, especially in diffraction and refraction. It states that every unobstructed point on a wave-front emanates secondary spherical waves in all directions. Hence, the net light amplitude at a given point is the vector sum of all wave amplitudes at that point. This principle makes it very useful in visualizing what happens during light diffraction. Although, as Alex says in his answer, you can use the QFT approach, I would like to provide an alternative answer, using classical, (that is not quantum based) reasoning. It's just easier, for me anyway, to understand"}, {"title": "", "text": "comes from a location close enough to the surface (or the angle of incidence is larger than water\u2019s critical angle) the light bends so much that instead of passing out into the air, all of it reflects back into the water as if the water \u2026 Activities for Kids. See January 20th, 2012 for the Arrow/Water Glass experiment on light refraction & a link to the light & color absorption / reflection activity with red jello. In this demo light will continually \u2026 Simple Light Refraction Experiment. When the light passes from one material, into another, it bends or refracts i.e. Finally pour water into the glass and watch in amazement as the arrow changes its direction! Refraction, on the other hand, means bending of the light.Bending happens whenever light changes medium in which it\u2019s traveling. Above that, the laser beam can pass through the stream of water and you should be able to see some points of refraction, which visualises the demonstrated phenomenon. It\u2019s a fun experiment to teach kids how light moves in waves just like sound. Stand the soda bottle on top of a stack of books so the hole is facing the bucket. Light refraction with a water bottle . 23. The simplest experiment to show total internal reflection is to fill a perspex tank with water. Have you noticed that things look a little funny when you see them through a glass of water? For the Refraction Bottle, light rays are bent at the interface between the outside air and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why doesn't a light ray bend again when emerging from a lens? This image is a representation for light passing through a convex lens. It shows light entering from air to glass. When the light enters the glass we can see that it bends towards the normal. Now when the ray of light leaves the glass and enters the air again, we see no refraction. What I expect: The ray of light should bend away from normal once it exits the glass because it is going from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium. Is it just a bad representation or the bend is negligible or I am getting something wrong? A: They technically should \"bend\" because of refraction, and a more accurate drawing would be this: But drawings like the one that you show usually just tell you the net effect of the lens, i.e. treating the lens as a black box and not a series of interfaces. In the derivation of the thin lens equation, however, both curved surfaces, refractive indices, and radii of curvature are taken into account. A: You are right. The drawing shown in your question is quite poor. Here is a much better drawing, which correctly shows the refraction of rays on both convex surfaces. The rays bend towards the normal when entering the glass. And they bend away from the normal when exiting the glass. (image from Toppr - Convex Lens) A: That diagram shows what's called the \"thin lens\" approximation. In real life, lenses have thickness,"}, {"title": "", "text": "passes through the mirror and travels away from the glass plate. For a light beam passing through the mirror after multiple reflections, the position of the line-focus can be seen in the virtual image when observed from the light output side. Therefore, this light beam travels as if it originated at a virtual light source located at the position of the line-focus and diverged from the virtual light source. The positions of the virtual light sources for all the transmitted light beams automatically align along the normal to the glass plate with a constant spacing, that is, a number of virtual light sources are superimposed to create an optical phased array. Due to the interference of all the light beams, the phased array emits a collimated light beam in one direction, which is at a wavelength dependent angle, and therefore, an angular dispersion is produced. Wavelength resolution Similarly to the resolving power of a diffraction grating, which is determined by the number of the illuminated grating elements and the order of diffraction, the resolving power of a VIPA is determined by the reflectivity of the back surface of the VIPA and the thickness of the glass plate. For a fixed thickness, a high reflectivity causes light to stay longer in the VIPA. This creates more virtual sources of light and thus increases the resolving power. On the other hand, with a lower reflectivity, the light in the VIPA is quickly lost, meaning fewer virtual sources of light are superimposed. This results in lower resolving power. For"}, {"title": "", "text": "Fun Physics Quiz People will never stop admiring the miracles and mysterious phenomena discovered in nature. Thanks to the development of physics and other sciences, most phenomena finally received a rational explanation. The world around us is full of amazing things, you just need to look closely! What do you need to do to prevent a raw egg from sinking on the bottom of a glass with water? It's all about water density. Since an egg has a higher density than pure water, it sinks when put into a glass. However, salted water has a higher density than an egg, which makes an egg float close to the surface. Heat the water Put a magnet close to the glass Add some salt to the water Say a spell You're holding a lit match 10-15 cm from the wall. Then you light a flashlight at the match. What is it that you won't see on the wall? Fire doesn't throw a shadow because the light comes through the flame freely, without meeting any obstacles. Shadow of your hand Shadow of the match Shadow of the flame The wall itself A mirror lies on the bottom of a bowl filled with water. You light a flashlight at the mirror and catch the reflected light on a piece of paper. What will you see on the paper? When coming through water, a ray splits into separate colors. It looks like a rainbow. Secret messages A wet coin lies on the neck of an open empty bottle. How do you"}, {"title": "", "text": "index of the water cladding is 1. It is the dispersion of light by ordinary glass that is responsible for the familiar splitting of light into its component colors by a prism. Given n lines L and a point P L on each line, find the locus of points Q such that the lengths of the line segments QP L satisfy certain conditions. Light can be transmitted along an optical fibre with almost zero energy loss. This means that a person can be diagnosed and treated through a small incision cut. The critical angle is: If, instead of your finger, a high-speed bullet passes through the light beam, the resulting shadow will move even faster. The speeds of the shadow in the above example are still well below c , but you can extend this analogy to a wall 20 m away where the beam is 40 m in diameter or to a wall 2,, m away. Of course, a flashlight that would have measureable intensity over a wide angle at that distance would blind individuals near it, but one could still imagine the situation. It is, after all, analagous to a star that radiates uniformly in all directions with an appreciable intensity at exceptionally far distances. A planet or a giant cloud of interstellar dust passing between that star and the observer would cast a shadow, however small, that could move faster than c at the observer's location. True Believers: The Tragic Inner Life of Sports Fans Advances in Computers: Architectural Advances: 69 Unquenchable Fire"}, {"title": "", "text": "used by Galileo. Newton solved the problem by swapping the lenses for curved mirrors so that the light rays did not have to pass through glass but reflected off it. At around the same time, the Dutch scientist CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS came up with the convincing but wholly contradictory theory that light travels in waves like ripples on a pond. Newton vigorously challenged anyone who tried to contradict his opinion on the theory of light, as Robert Hooke and Leibniz, who shared similar views to Huygens found out. Given Newton\u2019s standing, science abandoned the wave theory for the best part of two hundred years. 1704 \u2013 \u2018Optiks\u2019 published. In it he articulates his influential (if partly inaccurate) particle or corpuscle theory of light. Newton suggested that a beam of light is a stream of tiny particles or corpuscles, traveling at huge speed. If so, this would explain why light could travel through a vacu\u00fcm, where there is nothing to carry it. It also explained, he argued, why light travels in straight lines and casts sharp shadows \u2013 and is reflected from mirrors. His particle theory leads to an inverse square law that says that the intensity of light varies as the square of its distance from the source, just as gravity does. Newton was not dogmatic in Optiks, and shows an awareness of problems with the corpuscular theory. In the mid-eighteenth century an English optician John Dolland realized that the problem of coloured images could largely be overcome by making two element glass lenses, in which a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Is my window's semi-transparency a consequence of elementary quantum mechanics? Studying mathematical concepts of quantum mechanics, I have recently become familiar with the classical model of one-dimensional particle being scattered by a potential barrier. As a mathematician, I didn't really have an idea of where such model might be applied in practice. But I have observed that the window beside me has some interesting characteristics similar to this model. I can see both through it, and my reflection in it - clearly some light particles pass through the glass, and others are reflected with unchanged velocity. The thicker the glass would be, the less particles would pass - which is also true for increasing potential barrier width. If I substituted glass with shiny metal, no visible light would pass through and more particles would be reflected, which resembles increasing the potential value in the barrier. And finally (as far as the mathematician I am knows) not all electromagnetic waves pass through glass - which also seems related, because the amount of particles passing through barrier depends on the wave velocity/frequency. Is there actually some correlation between these models? Is the window semi-transparent behavior induced by this particular quantum scattering phenomena? Or maybe there is a more genera (universal) partial reflection model, that works both in the case of potential barrier and a glass window?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: why can't electromagnetic waves make through holes that are smaller than the waves wavelength There's this theory that electromagnetic waves can't make through holes that are smaller than their wavelength its supposed to be how microwaves stop microwave radiation from coming out... But that doesn't make sense. I mean it would make sense if the theory said that em waves couldn't make through holes smaller than the amplitude of the wave but I just don't get how the wavelength affects the passing of the wave through holes. So can anyone explain this to me. It would be great if you could explain it to me using funder mental electromagnetic equations or maxwells equations but Anything would be helpful... Thanx in advance A: When an Electromagnetic wave goes through a hole or a grid, it propagates new waves and you have superposition of the new waves. The size of the hole or the grid only affects how the new waves will look like and at what degree they will be diffracted. What actually stops Electromagnetic waves is the material. Every material can absorb, reflect and transmit different wave-lengths. A simple example is a mirror, it will reflect all visible light wavelengths. If you hold a piece of red-stained glass in front of your eyes it will only allow red-light wavelength to go through, this is why you see everything redish. The absorption and reflection phenomena are explained with quantum mechanical oscillations of the electrons. A: For an electromagnetic wave approaching to a hole with diameter d,"}, {"title": "", "text": "definition of the concept while the example of the multimedia display provided was presented in Figure 7. From the two MBI 2 displays, students were trained to identify patterns of formation of light trajectories that passed through convex lenses. Students observed how the light passing through the lens was refracted so that it intersected at a certain point. The video display at the first Figure 7 aimed to guide students to identify the nature of the convex lens that was collecting light passing through it. In the second Figure 7, a simulation displays of the shaping of objects based on the path diagram of light. Light from objects passing through the convex lens produced intersections of light paths where the object's shadow was formed. Students were trained to be able to identify the nature of the formation of shadows based on the comparison of the shape of the object's original shadow shape. The aspect of giving further explanation became the aspect which had the highest N-gain value compared to other aspects. It was inversely related to clarifying aspects. There were two items of the critical thinking skills test instrument in the form of multiple choice which were used to test aspects of giving further explanation. Both of these items tested students to explain the further meaning of a concept that was raised. Figure 8 presented one example of the items used to test the critical thinking skills aspects of providing further explanation. For this aspect, students were expected to be able to define the meaning of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Light Absorption of a glass I've the $n$ (refractive index of the glass sheet ) and $t$ (the thickness of the glass sheet) with this information, how can I find the amount light absorption of the glass sheet? A: Possibly some semantic confusion here. Glass, with a simple refractive index, does not \"absorb\" light, it is transparent. Therefore the amount of light that emerges on the other side, for a given angle of incidence, is independent of the thickness of the glass. Instead, some of the incident light is reflected from the first boundary as the light enters the glass, and some is reflected from the second boundary as it exits the glass. Perhaps this is what you are calculating? Have a look at Fresnel Equations. Of course, real materials do absorb/scatter light, but you need a complex refractive index to sort that out. Do you have a complex refractive index? If you do then the light is exponentially attenuated as it travels through the material, but the amount of intensity attenuation depends on the (vacuum) wavelength of the light, $\\lambda$, and the path length through the glass, roughly as $\\exp(-4\\pi \\kappa x/\\lambda)$, where $\\kappa$ is the imaginary part of the refractive index and $x$ is the path length (which will be $t$ for normal incidence, but larger for non-normal incidence). A: To add to Rob Jeffries's answer: the absorption data for glass are separate from the refractive index and are measured by measuring the attenuation of light through a known thickness of glass, after"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Differential equation and solution involving light passing through a glass. I been stumped on this question for a few days and can't seem find an elegant solution ($x = 8.66cm$). I have found $k = 0.0811$. Any help appreciated. The intensity I of light diminishes as it passes through glass, the reduction in intensity being proportional to the thickness x of glass. The intensity is 15 as it enters a block of glass 5cm thick, and is 10 when it leaves, find the minimum thickness of glass required to reduce the intensity to zero for the same light source. I have been using the differential equation $\\frac{dI}{dx} = -kI.$ Thanks in advance Postscript: Thanks to A-Level Student the DE to find the solution is $\\frac{dI}{dx} = -kx.$ This reduces the problem to $I = \\frac{x^2}{5} + 15.$ Then setting $I = 0$ gives $x = 8.66cm.$ A: The equation that you use is incorrect: $$dI=-k\\ dx$$ The solution of this is $$I_0-I(x)=kx$$ So first you calculate $k$: $$k=\\frac{I_0-I(5)}{5}=1$$ Then you calculate $x$ for $I(x)=0$ $$I_0-0=kx\\\\15-0=x\\\\x=15$$ A: I don't think you can reduce it to zero unless you account for the quantum nature of light. Proportion means it will scale the intensity down. But if k and x are greater than zero , then k*x will always be nonzero. The exception is when you reduce the intensity to less than a photon. The intensity can be made as close to zero as you want, however."}, {"title": "", "text": "and those are sometimes specially treated to minimize it, known as \"antireflection coating\". An effect similar to \"afterghost\" is deliberately exploited in so called \"infinity mirrors\". Instead of internal reflection they employ a second, partially transmissible mirror faced inside to increase the reflection into useful levels. \u2022 OP: Try turning off the light: Do you see the 3rd ghost? Change the angle, so the light passes through more or less glass, and see if the distance between the ghosts change, too. \u2013 Ole Tange Sep 11 '17 at 10:58 \u2022 Note that this is similar to how Rearview Mirrors work when they are altered for bright lights. \u2013 David Starkey Sep 11 '17 at 19:27 \u2022 IIRC reflection from glass surface is around 4%. So the ghost before and the first after are around 4% of the main reflection and then each is 96% dimmer. \u2013 Jan Hudec Sep 14 '17 at 11:13 Yes, good eye! My suspicion is that the ghost images are from reflections off the glass on your mirror. The entire image is getting ghosted (not just your LED), but the ghosts are weak (~5% of the normal reflection), so you can only see it for the bright green light on the black background. So why is there a ghost to the left and right of the image? Remember, your mirror consists of a clear slab of glass with a smooth metal film on the back. The \"regular\" image you see comes from the light that goes through the top glass interface (air-to-glass),"}, {"title": "", "text": "Do I Need Glasses? Vision can change; need an eye exam? How do you know when it's time to get glasses? Short answer is, get an eye exam. If your eyes are bugging you in any way, it's time to get them checked out! But sometimes our vision changes without us realizing. Sometimes we just need a little more light for doing close-up work. Either way, you shouldn't be straining or squinting. Seeing well is important for healthy eye development and can be a matter of life and death, if you're a driver. So you're wondering \"Do I need glasses?\" You might, but there are a myriad of reasons why. The main cause of vision problems are refractive errors. When light passes through an object, it bends. This is called refraction. Light must pass through the cornea and the lens and reach the retina in order for you to see. When the shape of the eyeball or the cornea prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, that is a refractive error. The natural aging of the lens can also cause refractive errors. Being nearsighted (also called Myopia.) Nearsightedness means that you can see things that are close but they become blurrier the further away they get. Being farsighted (also called Hyperopia.) Farsightedness means things in the distance are clearer than things that are close-up. Presbyopia also affects close-up vision, but is a result of the natural aging of the eye. It can affect anyone over the age of 35 but is more likely the older"}, {"title": "", "text": "front of a plane mirror seems to be _______m away from his image. Here is the activity to show the seven different colors of sunlight. The objects which does not have their own light. \u2192 Light casts shadow. We see only those objects from which reflected rays enter our eyes. (b) A diffused reflection takes place on a chalk powder because its surface is uneven. Name the ray which comes back from the surface after reflection. All types of questions are solved for all topics. wave as well as particle. Clean it and put it on a white sheet of paper. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Lesson Extensions. Soln: The law of reflection states that. (d) Marble floor with water spread over it. (c) Real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged. The light reflected from the wall, from the trees, from whatever rough surface, these are the examples of diffused reflection. Target Vocab: Santa (G.B. These solutions for Reflection Of Light are extremely popular among Class 8 students for Science Reflection Of Light Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. Light Class 8 Science Chapter 16 as per NCERT Book used in CBSE and other Schools. Wash your eyes with cold water at least three times a day. NCERT Class 8 Physics Chapter 16 Explanation and Question Answers. The process when light falls on a surface may pass through the surface is known as transmition. Convex and Concave Lenses. Rainbow is the natural phenomenon in"}, {"title": "", "text": "specific wavelengths of light, fluorophore dyes will reemit light at longer wavelengths (which contain less energy). In the context of TIRFM, only fluorophores close to the interface will be readily excited by the evanescent field, while those past ~100 nm will be highly attenuated. Light emitted by the fluorophores will be undirected, and thus will pass through the objective lens at varying locations with varying intensities. This signal will then pass through the dichromatic mirror and onward to the detector. Cover Slip & Immersion Oil Glass cover slips typically have a reflective index around , while the immersion oil refractive index is a comparable . The medium of air, which has a refractive index of , would cause refraction of the excitation beam between the objective and the coverslip, thus the oil is used to buffer the region and prevent superfluous interface interactions before the beam reaches the interface between coverslip and sample. Objective Lens The objective lens numerical aperture (NA) specifies the range of range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. To achieve the greatest incident angles, it is desirable to pass light at an off-axis angle through the peripheries of the lens. Back focal plane (BPF) The back focal plane (also called \u201caperture plane\u201d) is the plane through which the excitatory beam is focused before passing through the objective. Adjusting the distance between the objective and BPF can yield different imaging magnification, as the incident angle will become less or more steep. The beam must be passed through the"}, {"title": "", "text": "causes the paths to bend with a radius proportional to the particles velocity and with a sense that dependent on both the particles charge and the direction of the particles velocity. In high energy (compared to $m_e$ events) such as the one pictured, the particles are nearly co-linear at the ... 2 The violation of gauge invariance by this term is the \"only\" reason why it's never written down \u2013 as long as we define the word \"only\" to include all other reasons that may be shown to be \"physically equivalent\" to gauge symmetry. Gauge symmetry is extremely important and its violation would make a similar theory inconsistent, especially at the quantum ... 2 In classical electrodynamics, the process of how much light refracts, passing through the glass, and how much light reflects, is determined by the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This principle, named after Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a method of analyzing the wave propagation patterns of light, especially in diffraction and refraction. It ... 2 Photons come with chirality, so you should consider angular momentum conservation as well. For $1\\gamma \\to 2\\gamma$ scattering, this will not be possible. (I'm assuming production of collinear photons only; it's obvious when two are not collinear, energy and momentum conservation will be violated) 1 But I want to know, if an incoming photon is unable to excite an electron, then why not all the photons pass through glass? i.e. photons should not reflect off glass, all the photons should pass through glass. While I don't know the exact"}, {"title": "", "text": "$$\\require{cancel}$$ # 4.5: Thin Lenses ## Building a Lens While it is interesting to see how images are formed as light passes from one index of refraction to another through a spherical surface, this only rarely happens in the real world. It is far more common for light to come from an object that is in the air ($$n=1.00$$), pass through a transparent region with a higher index of refraction, then return again to the air before being observed. The light will then be refracted at both surfaces of the region during its journey from the object to the point of observation. If both surfaces of the region are spherical, then the light will either converge or diverge at each surface (depending upon which of the four cases of Section 4.4 applies). Such an optical device is called a lens. Let's take a look at a glass lens that is convex on both sides, which is in air. When light enters one side, it is going from a lower index of refraction (air) to a higher one (glass) that is convex, which means we have case #1, which is a converging refraction. Now the light is inside the glass, and its next encounter is with a concave surface (from the perspective of inside the glass), passing from a higher index of refraction to a lower one. This is case #3, which is also a converging refraction. [See Figure 4.4.2 for references to the four possible cases.] A double-convex lens is therefore a converging lens. Figure 4.5.1"}, {"title": "", "text": "finger placed behind the device is readily visible, but a finger placed within the cloak vanishes! For about \\$50, you too can make your own \u201ccloaking device\u201d, albeit an oversimplified and crude one! Let\u2019s take a look at how it is done. The device is constructed out of eight glass right-angle prisms arranged as shown in the top-down photograph below. The operation of the cloak is really simple to explain. Suppose we look through the device from the bottom up; light coming from above bounces through the system as shown in the following image. (Rays have been color-coded to clearly show path of travel.) The illusion is obviously not perfect \u2014 looking at the \u201ccloak\u201d from any direction other than directly in front of one of the flat faces will not provide any effect, other than a highly distorted image. This is not exactly a flaw, as more recent cloaking investigations have focused on such \u201cdirectional\u201d cloaks as a way to simplify the design requirements. But an interesting question arises: the prisms are made of clear glass: why doesn\u2019t some of the light passing through the system just go right through the side of the prism and into the diamond-shaped cloaked region? For that matter, why doesn\u2019t some of the light escape out through the sides of the cloak as it bounces around? The answer is that the light is totally internally reflected at the glass interfaces, and none escapes until it hits the exit surface head on. What is total internal reflection? As discussed in"}, {"title": "", "text": "this reddit discussion - in which they talk about the fact that both sides of the mirror are actually reflective. That type of mirror doesn't reflect just one way - light from both sides are transmitted and reflected. It only works when there is a huge discrepancy in lighting conditions - for example, the interrogation room is brightly lit, while the observation room is dark. The mirror works by reflecting only a percentage of light. Since there is so much light coming from the interrogation room, whatever percentage that is reflected drowns out any light that is transmitted from the observation room, so to them it looks like a mirror. ref But from the language point of view, both 'one way mirror' and 'two way mirror' are synonymous. A: I think more commonly \"two-way mirror\" is used. It makes sense to think of the common mirror as a simple \"one-way mirror\". That makes some sense scientifically as the photons radiate off your body, then bounce off the mirror and into your eye. The photons are going one way (with a bounce). In the Interrogation Room the photons radiate off the suspect's body, then some bounce back to the suspect, but others pass through the glass to reach the observer's eyes. The photons are going two ways."}, {"title": "", "text": "a 4.5-mm diameter double convex glass lens (lens focus 6 mm) was coated on one side with a 30-nm gold film. The lens was placed with the gold-coated side down on top of a flat glass slide coated with a 70-nm gold film. The air gap between these surfaces has been used as an adiabatically changing waveguide. A simplified schematic of the test geometry is shown in Fig. 2 (not to scale). The point of contact between two gold-coated surfaces is visible in Fig. 3(a). Newton rings appear around the point of contact upon illumination of the waveguide with white light from the top. The radius of the l th ring is given by the expression, where 0 r is the lens radius. Figure 1(b) shows the central area around the point of contact; it appears bright since light reflected from the two gold-coated surfaces has the same phase. Light from an argon ion laser was coupled to the waveguide via side illumination. Light propagation through the waveguide was imaged from the top using an optical microscope. Figures 3(e-h) show microscope images of the light propagation through the waveguide in an experiment in which a gold particle cut from a 50-\u00b5m diameter gold wire is placed inside the waveguide. A pronounced long shadow is cast by the particle inside the waveguide (Fig. 3(e,g)). This is natural since the gold particle size is approximately equal to 100\u03bb (note that the first dark Newton rings magnified in Figs. 3(f,h) have approximately the same size). Since the gold particle"}, {"title": "", "text": "and we see no dispersion. On the other hand, if there is a droplet on a table, then we can arrange for white light to be shone on the droplet in such a way that it is not normally incident on the droplet and exits the droplet in such a way that it hits the table allowing us to see all of the separated colors. A: As the other answer states, water is equally \"dispersive\" in the sense of how much the index of refraction changes for different wavelengths of light. However, the ability to see/detect/observe the effects of dispersion requires a good geometrical setup, and that requirement can be made more clear with some examples. Firstly, note that a normal glass prism is always a triangular prism, and shown with a thin beam of light passing through it and splitting apart. This is all deliberate: * *If you have the light pass through parallel sides, then the exit angle will be the same as the entry angle, and so you'd have to be able to tell the difference between colored beams of light all traveling parallel to one another. Very hard to see. So instead of using a rectangular prism, use a triangular prism so that the output angle depends on the index of refraction, not just the exit position. *If you use a wide beam of light (or open sunlight) then the splitting of one section of light will overlap with the splitting of the section next to it, making it all seem more"}, {"title": "", "text": "Newton's rings seen in two plano-convex lenses with their flat surfaces in contact. One surface is slightly convex, creating the rings. In white light, the rings are rainbow-colored, because the different wavelengths of each color interfere at different locations. The light rings are caused by constructive interference between the light rays reflected from both surfaces, while the dark rings are caused by destructive interference. The outer rings are spaced more closely than the inner ones because the slope of the curved lens surface increases outwards. The radius of the Nth bright ring is given by: $\\text{r}_\\text{N} = \\left[\\left(\\text{N} - \\frac{1}{2} \\lambda \\text{R} \\right ) \\right] ^{1/2}$ where N is the bright-ring number, R is the radius of curvature of the lens the light is passing through, and \u03bb is the wavelength of the light passing through the glass. A spherical lens is placed on top of a flat glass surface. An incident ray of light passes through the curved lens until it comes to the glass-air boundary, at which point it passes from a region of higher refractive index n (the glass) to a region of lower n (air). At this boundary, some light is transmitted into the air, while some light is reflected. The light that is transmitted into the air does not experience a change in phase and travels a a distance, d, before it is reflected at the flat glass surface below. This second air-glass boundary imparts a half-cycle phase shift to the reflected light ray because air has a lower n than"}, {"title": "", "text": "which brings in a new way of showing the behavior of waves: wave-front motion maps. In some sense, just imagine a ray diagram with lines added to show the wave fronts (I\u2019ll try to add pictures at some point, but the server here is way to slow). One thing that we noticed in discussing this worksheet is that we needed to build the relationship between index of refraction \u201c$n$,\u201d the speed of light in a vacuum, and the speed of light in a given medium. I\u2019m not sure if that jump to light is needed here, rather I think this might be better served taught separately as just mechanical waves (more on this to come in a later blogpost). From there, we started a lab to show the diffraction of light. The group set up a flashlight with a screen (open 3-ring binder) casting a shadow on a wall. They then asked us, if a laser is placed under the flashlight and just touches the edge of the binder, where will the laser dot hit the wall in relation to the edge of the shadow? We said that it should hit right at the edge of the shadow. Once they set it up, we saw that the laser hit a few inches away, on the light side of the shadow\u2019s edge. I think care needs to be taken when setting this up to make sure that the students see that the laser is directly underneath the flashlight, and that the flashlight is small. Several \u201cstudents\u201d (myself"}, {"title": "", "text": "sort of constructive/destructive interference? Thank you for your time. As spooky as this was to discover, I am genuinely interested in how and why this was happening. UPDATE: I got my housemate to come in the bathroom with me, and he confirmed my observation. What's more, we could see the rings in our own eyes, but not each other's eyes. A: Sorry for my poor english. My native language is French. It is possible that what you saw were Quetelet fringes, or Newton diffusion rings. They are discribed in this link : Quetelet rings with another interesting link. In general, in physical optics, the fringes only appear with well-worked glass slides, under certain lighting conditions. While these fringes can be observed with thick slides of any kind of glass. They are well described in old optical books and dew on the glass helps to see them, hence the interest of a bathroom ! They are also described in the book by Craig F. Bohren: \"What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks\" Chapter 2 : interference patterns on garage door windows\". I can't do better than quote it : A particle on a window illuminated by a beam scatters toward the back surface of the window, and part of this scattered light is reflected to the observer. But light from the incident beam also is reflected by the back-surface and illuminates the particle, which scatters some of this reflected light to the observer. 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Round elements, convex or concave surfaces create a distorted projected image as light rays are reflected in a different angle than the incident ones on the surface. Thicker elements can also create distortions compared to thinner ones; if we look at a structural glass pane perpendicularly it appears transparent, while if we look at it longitudinally it appears translucent. Free-Form Shape Cold-Bent Structural Silicone Glazed Fa\u00e7ades - Design Concept and Challenges This is more obvious when we stack glass panes on top of each other; they transmit light but prevent visual connection. Similarly, cast glass produced in larger thicknesses can create more distortion compared to thinner float glass, due to the larger distance the light has to travel through the medium. Given the fact that a flat glass surface can transmit, absorb and reflect the light, the more the layers the greater the optical illusions (Brzezicki 2017). This phenomenon is evident in cavity geometries, such as hollow glass, where the double panes create more reflections and alter the perceived image, or alternatively, in the overall configuration of the structure. A monolithic cast glass wall would create less distortion than a wall of the same thickness comprising of fins and plates under certain angles of view; the more the overlapping elements, the greater the optical phenomena (Fig. 11). Figure 11. Degrees of optical illusions related to the surface treatment, geometry and configuration of the glass elements: a) Translucent surface diffuses the light and allows for"}, {"title": "", "text": "the way light passes through glass creates an unusual and special beauty that few other mediums provide. If you have the chance to visit Seattle, you cannot miss this mind-blowing exhibit. It is unforgettable and unlike anything else we've ever seen. What a spectacular sight to see!! I would LOVE to visit!!"}, {"title": "", "text": "that the end of the metal rod, which is clearly visible through the transparent glass, is glowing far brighter than the glass. The rod is glowing bright red; the glass is glowing a relatively dim orange. In fact, if we look carefully, we see that the part of the glass immediately next to the end of the rod actually looks dark; that part of the glass may be the coolest part, though it's certainly at least as hot as the rod end. The visible orange glow seems to be limited to the portion a finger's width away from the end of the rod, where we might expect the glass to be substantially hotter than the rod. So, what can we say? The glass is apparently transparent, or nearly so; it is glowing, but apparently quite a bit less strongly than the metal rod embedded in it. The second law predicts that transparent glass should glow less brightly than the opaque rod, and that to the extent that the glass glows, it must not be fully transparent. While these photos don't let us conclude anything quantitative about either the brightness or transparency of the glass, they seem to be consistent with what was predicted. Unfortunately we also can't tell from these pictures whether the glass has become any less transparent when heated to the point of glowing. This is an unsatisfactory conclusion, and I may add to this section if I can obtain some more quantitative results. Figure 6.3a -- Shadow of candle, cast by flashlight Candle"}, {"title": "", "text": "that the end of the metal rod, which is clearly visible through the transparent glass, is glowing far brighter than the glass. The rod is glowing bright red; the glass is glowing a relatively dim orange. In fact, if we look carefully, we see that the part of the glass immediately next to the end of the rod actually looks dark; that part of the glass may be the coolest part, though it's certainly at least as hot as the rod end. The visible orange glow seems to be limited to the portion a finger's width away from the end of the rod, where we might expect the glass to be substantially hotter than the rod. So, what can we say? The glass is apparently transparent, or nearly so; it is glowing, but apparently quite a bit less strongly than the metal rod embedded in it. The second law predicts that transparent glass should glow less brightly than the opaque rod, and that to the extent that the glass glows, it must not be fully transparent. While these photos don't let us conclude anything quantitative about either the brightness or transparency of the glass, they seem to be consistent with what was predicted. Unfortunately we also can't tell from these pictures whether the glass has become any less transparent when heated to the point of glowing. This is an unsatisfactory conclusion, and I may add to this section if I can obtain some more quantitative results. Figure 6.3a -- Shadow of candle, cast by flashlight Candle"}, {"title": "", "text": "particular light does justice to your work; but the artist in glass is always very much at the mercy of chance in this respect. He cannot choose the light in which his work shall be seen, and the painter of Chalons may have been more unfortunate than in any way to blame. There comes, however, a degree of heaviness in painted glass about which there can be no discussion. When the paint is laid on so thick that under ordinary conditions of light the glass is obscure, or when it is so heavy that the light necessary to illuminate it is more than is good for the rest of the window, the bounds of moderation have surely been passed. And in the latter half of the sixteenth century it was less and less the custom to take heed of considerations other than pictorial; so that by degrees the translucency of glass was sacrificed habitually to strength of effect depending not so much upon colour, which is the strength of glass, as upon the relief obtained by shadow, just the one quality not to be obtained in glass painting. For the quality of shadow depends upon its transparency; and shadow painted upon glass, through which the light is to come, must needs be obscure, must lack, in proportion as it is dark, the mysterious quality of light in darkness, which is the charm of shadow. The misuse of shading which eventually prevailed may best be explained by reference to its beginnings, already in the first half of"}, {"title": "", "text": "their glass confines."}, {"title": "", "text": "sections casting shadows, questions arose: Which is more beautiful; intact or sectioned, outside or inside, shapes or shadows? Why was I so drawn to this form and now its broken remnants? The glass sculptures that I make are related to this experience. They are an exploration of external and internal form; a study of shadow, reflection and light, and a metaphor for relationships. I strive to create objects that push the material beyond its simple inherent beauty. When I look at a finished piece, it should be apparent to me that it should only exist in glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "glass So, even one of very modest means could manage to acquire some kind of window, just as servants could afford glass hand mirrors even when a psyche (a two meter tall dressing room mirror) would have been out of question. We tend to take windows for granted, without giving much thought to how they benefit us. In essence, windows allow light to enter a structure, while blocking the movement of heat. They prevent heat transfer by three different mechanisms. First, as a physical barrier to the outward movement of the indoor air, they block loss of heat by convection. Secondly, because glass conducts heat poorly, the loss of heat by conduction is slow. Finally, the most common types of glass, while transparent to visible light, strongly absorb infrared (heat) radiation. Thus, glass inhibits the loss of heat by radiation from the contents of the room. Without glass windows, we either must live in totally enclosed rooms, lit only by artificial lighting (which has its own problems), or we must let light in through simple openings, which also allow hard-won heat to escape. In 1632, glass windows were expensive enough so that only a chosen few could enjoy their advantages. The quality of the window glass is a further indication of the power or affluence of the owner. It is no accident that there is window glass \"almost as clear as modern glass would have been\" in the royal St. James Tower, while Admiral Simpson, in more provincial Magdeburg, has to content himself with glass which"}, {"title": "", "text": "Glass is an extremely interesting material, as it simultaneously possesses both interior space and exterior form. The technique I use is casting, which I consider analogous to sculpting,because it is a free-form process of artistic expression. Casting is a process through which glass as a material is shaped by time and consciousness. 2012 Glass Masters of Japan and the U.S.A. Studio Glass Movement : A Conversation, Dorothy Uber Bryan Gallery, U.S.A."}, {"title": "", "text": "even stronger if not for the glass shielding."}, {"title": "", "text": "with a plan in mind next time lol!!! For a first attempt at glass, this came out great. The objects look like they are inside. Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. Greg...you're really putting the grins on my face today... quote Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. unquote LOL! All mine looked like that before AND they looked like they were made of an alien composition...a metal/wood/concrete/crap compostition LOL!!!! I'm with Greg, love glass but wouldn't know how to begin to do it, my one attempt looked like plastic. I too love the shadow. As I look at your picture I can just imagine the shadow moving across the wall. You have created a light dreamy feeling. I like it. Well, Mo...I wouldn't go to say it's spot on but there is some weird optical thing going on where it looks like it's tilting a touch at the top...in daylight part of the back part of the elipse shows but it didn't last night...not really trying to make excuses...can handblown glass be off a little??? :D ok...maybe a LITTLE excuse..but even straight on it looks odd...anyways...I adjusted that early today lol! At first I ran back and forth and then just settled for tweaks until I felt it looked better...oh...do you mean on the shadow??? because it does look like you're looking down on that...the whole thing was really strange...had two light sources and it just threw not what you'd expect as a shadow...see"}, {"title": "", "text": "even stronger if not for the glass shielding."}, {"title": "", "text": "also explain why sound cannot penetrate. The internals of this wall are effectively a vacuum. As for the power requirements, a civilisation that has time/space sheering knowledge to the ability of this wall, could easily transmit power through a much smaller time/space shear from some astronomical power source such as a neutron star/black hole/etc... Necreaux Kain0_0Kain0_0 You need a secondary structure, a primary one, and transparent cladding Modern day skyscrapers are often clad in glass, to form full height glass 'walls'. This is achieved with what is called a 'curtain walling system'. It is essentially a primary structure, with a secondary structure attached that supports smaller glazed panels. This enables the following advantages: The wall is not supported by glass, but instead a protected robust structure behind it. The wall is partially flexible, wind loads could slightly bend the wall as the glass is segmented. The secondary structure under could cater for deflection, while the primary structure caters for the main static load. The glass could be as thick, strong or rigid as needed, just being accommodated with a thick structure as needed behind it. The structure behind can be a truss-like structure, using lightweight steel elements (much like high voltage towers), in particular if you do not require the wall to be habitable. The interior structure has the added advantage that it is protected from weather. The primary structure being protected could be large concrete columns, or thick steel columns, as large as is necessary The glass could be replaced individually from behind if any"}, {"title": "", "text": "Reflection in the glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "inherent stiffness which came with the change in geometry from flat to curved was sufficient to require only two 12mm-thick-plies of glass laminated together to span the 9m height. As a comparison, a flat glass would have required approximately 10 layers of 10mm glass, to achieve a similar performance over the span of 9m. The thinness of the glass also increased its transparency with the thicker build up having an increased light absorption. The curvature results in an increase in light transmission of 20%. But this was not the only benefit of the thinness of the glass. \u201cThe colour plays a very important role in the perception of transparency,\u201d says Eckersley O\u2019Callaghan Associate Director Lisa Rammig. \u201cThe smaller the perceivable tint in the material, the clearer the glass appears. \u201cEven on a glass tube with a reduced iron content as used in this installation, a tint is existent, which becomes more visible when more layers of glass are stacked and laminated together.\u201d \u201cThe two layers that are to be laminated, have to be curved together in the same mould to achieve the dimensional precision that was lacking in the initial borosilicate tube splice test. There is then a negotiation between exposure time in the oven to achieve the desired geometrical precision and the quality of the glass surface. Longer exposure to heat can cause visible mould marks on the surface of the glass. CRICURSA did an excellent job at testing and optimising this throughout the manufacturing period\u201d Image courtesy of New World Development Company Limited A"}, {"title": "", "text": "light scattering. The translucent glass optimally uses the incident daylight and distributes it evenly throughout the room without any shadow. The glare from the sunlight is greatly reduced."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why can you not look through glass? I have this table but I cannot find out why I cannot look through the side of it."}, {"title": "", "text": "There are strong similarities between metal and glass, though in a sense they are opposites. Both have hard, smooth and reflective surfaces, but while metal reflects all the light falling on it, glass lets most of it through. Painting objects made of shiny metals can seem daunting at first. Instead of a solid form to grasp which obeys familiar rules of light and shade, you are suddenly plunged into an upside down world where many of the strongest tones and shapes derive from things out side the object. In the case of a very shiny object such as a stainless-steel, the form seems to be a sum of other objects, shapes and colours around it. Move it to a different place or even just shift your position slightly and you have a completely subject. Glass is one of the simplest of textures to render as long as you understand what is going on. You will need to learn how to deal with its two main characteristics, transparency and refraction. Transparency can be a difficult concept for the painter. A common mistake made by beginners is to make the glass object more prominent and dense than it actually appears. The edges tend to be over-emphasized and the middle transparency filled in as though trying to make the whole object into a solid form. See if you can approach the problem from the other direction by asking yourself what is the least you can do to indicate glass. A few brushstrokes are sometimes all that is required, some"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "falls earlier and they need more light. So transparency comes about on the strength of two assumptions: on the one hand, the need for light to work and live; on the other, a religious, moralistic issue of not having anything to hide. The adoption of a correct stance, since there\u2019s no absolution, no escape. As for Southern countries, with their Catholic culture, we find three window obscuring layers: firstly shutters, then thinner curtains, and then drapes. While some need to behave because neighbours are looking in, others have confession to save themselves. And with the Dom-Ino structure, which is set back, the fa\u00e7ade is independent and self-supporting, and can be entirely in glass. This is particularly useful for the real estate sector since office buildings have problems at the rear, from lack of light in the areas furthest away from windows. That\u2019s why extending the glass until the ceiling allows for deeper illumination. All these issues are instrumental. I\u2019m convinced that the History of Architecture has variants but it always starts from a need. Perhaps it\u2019s a pragmatic illusion of mine, but I believe that everything is born out of a primary function, which then gives way to digressions or semantics that bestow a given meaning on a use. All this takes on a different symbolism when companies do not see a functional need in glass but a question of status because glass is expensive and modern. That\u2019s why the Seagram was entrusted to Mies, the architect who most used glass, just as bronze was chosen"}, {"title": "", "text": "for glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "scan because the glass is curved. I'll be happy for you to include them."}, {"title": "", "text": "how the lid is cocked in the glass? (no matter how many times I straighten it, it goes back that way) Well in the shadow it looked perfectly straight!!!! I didn't think I better start trying to 'correct' it...as I think it has lots to do with more how we perceive it than how it is, I think the shadow is showing the BACK part of the elipse....anyways...I'm really just glad it looks like the glass vase....close is good enough for me on this one LOL!!!!! Never thought I could get this close without real measuring and griding...I'm content to blame it on the painter and not the glass blower lol!!! Thanks Nori....I love the vase...used to be encased in a glass ball you could shake and rearrange...it got dropped :mad: :crying: and I came up with another way to have it. I finally saw what you are talking about and you know what is throwing everybody off is the sand in the jar - that is an opposite ellipse and it makes your eye want the lower ellipse to be the edge. I know this does not make sense - but that is what it is doing. Oh, I get it. I see what Mo is talking about. I was so enamoured by the work on the glass I didn't see it the first time. Consider what I have attached here. The lid, at least to me, looks like it's wedged inside the opening. According to your shadow on the wall, you'd expect to find"}, {"title": "", "text": "tree and beyond that a brick wall and beyond that my neighbour\u2019s window. There are security bars that cast shadows on the windowsill and wall. I first try to study the window\u2014the glass, which is dirty and smudged. The day begins. I get distracted. But when I look again sunlight is coming through, but not without a refractive change, as though this change is the cost of its passage through the glass (Baudelaire in The Painter of Modern Life: \u201c\u2026his eyes see the boisterous sun beating a tattoo upon his window-pane\u2026\u201d). I suspect the magic of glass has everything to do with this tattoo, this passage\u2014with light moving through atoms that are as rigid as crystal but as disorderly as liquid; the fastest thing in the universe entering my room where it has nothing much to do but reveal a dusty floor. The window allows light to enter so that it can loiter, hang about in my room with the dust that, now illuminated, is beginning to look like an array of miniature galaxies. It\u2019s easy to see why glass became a crucial material to places of worship, why it is heavy with the symbolism of creation, wisdom, knowledge, magic and so forth. Nothing remains mundane for long in its presence, entering from above, moving through an amorphous solid, wriggling all the way from the permanent storm of the sun into our interiors. Even the dust\u2014a collection of dirt, skin, hair, crumbs, fingernail clippings and who-knows-what\u2014hints at something superlunary in the light. Walter Benjamin, high on"}, {"title": "", "text": "Plate Glass? What is Offhand Glass Blowing? What is Glass Blowing? You cannot see through spandrel glass from the outside, whereas you can see through vision glass from outside. Spandrel glass, from a heat gain standpoint, can pretty much be considered opaque. It hardly lets any light in and is very good for stopping the suns radiation. Vision glass lets a lot more heat in, and a film or tint on the glass helps reduce heat gain. @ Aplenty- I would just like to point out the difference between spandrel glass and the glazed glass on a building. Spandrel glass is designed to hide the structure, so it is created to be only opaque enough to give the glass depth and dimension. The glazed glass that covers the windows is meant to be translucent. The coatings are designed to let light in, but control heat transfer, brightness, and condensation. Babalaas @ Aplenty- You are right about what spandrel glass is. Architects use spandrel glass to create the flowing glass curtains that wrap around some structures. A perfect example of a building cloaked in spandrel glass and tinted double insulated glass would be the Mandalay Bay Casino in Las Vegas. The entire hotel is covered in insulating glass coated with an optically thin 24K gold film. Do not quote me on this, but I am pretty sure that the spandrel glass is flecked with 24K gold as well to match the insulating glass. There are also vertical stone columns that run up three quarters of the building"}, {"title": "", "text": "the magnitude of the effect produced by our method might be dependent on the floor pattern and object shape. Specifically, the effect of the proposed method was greater for wood grains with a uniform pattern and less for checker patterns with a complex pattern. This might be attributable to the fact that the shadow inducer becomes conspicuous due to the misalignment of high-frequency patterns. In terms of virtual transparent object selection, the effect obtained by the glass sphere was greater than that obtained by the diamond. This is consistent with some participants' comments, in which they stated that they could not perceive the shadow cast by the real diamond. Therefore, the effect of the proposed method might have been diminished in the environment comprising a diamond shape and checkered pattern. Main Experiment The results of the preliminary experiment revealed that, even if the shadow and caustics were represented as illusions using the proposed method, their optical characteristics would be perceived to be quite similar to those produced by an actual transparent object. In the main experiment, we determined whether the proposed method enhances the realism of virtual transparent objects. Experimental Environment The virtual transparent objects and floor patterns used in the experiment are shown in Figure 3. A glass sphere and diamond were used as the transparent objects, and wood grain and stone tile patterns were prepared as floor patterns. Three virtual transparent object representations were used: (a) no phenomenon, (b) caustics, and (c) shadow + caustics. Because they had a complex and realistic pattern, stone"}, {"title": "", "text": "will persist for a long time and it\u2019s safer than regular glass Lee, SE12. It\u2019s like seeing shapes in cumulus clouds on a reasonable moment. You can select from various patterns to fit your taste and to match your house decor. Many colors are available and a few manufacturers will also offer customized colours. The quantity of light that may pass through an object depends upon its density of molecules. A material through which it cannot pass at all. Also, starting and keeping a fire demands patience and savvy. The very best thing to say about aluminum is due to its strength the frames are inclined to be very narrow allowing more glass Lee, SE12. Obscure glass Lee, SE12 can be made so in two or three various ways. The lovely glass Lee, SE12 can work nicely with any kind of office dAcor and it may also be utilized as an accent on several different kinds of office desk materials. A wine glass Lee, SE12 consists of red wine. In this instance, the wood has to be pressure treated wood to steer clear of rot from the water it\u2019s going to be subjected to constantly. With the additional benefit of having the ability to angle light away from precious furniture to stop it fading. Whether you\u2019re thinking about redoing your bathroom, replacing old windows or doors throughout the home, or including a distinctive flare to a specific window in your house, taking the opportunity to check at your options is well worth the effort. Installing an"}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Through the glass lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "one hand, you do business with them as artists. On the other hand, you discover that you really like each other and you become friends. And now we have this second opportunity to work with them. And what was happening there was when we went to tear the walls down, we would wind up with two caves basically, because the apartments were built that way. And the question was, how do you transmit light through the apartment- MRS. ANDERSON: Without it being a clear window, because you need to have privacy. MR. ANDERSON: And a lot of what they do, and you were talking before about Paul's lecture at the GAS [Glass Art Society] conference, a lot of what they do in the way they structure their castings has to do with moving light. And it's really quite unbelievable. Sometimes I'll get up in the morning in Florida, and I'll know that it's too early, not because I'm looking at the clock, but because one of their windows, an internal window, isn't glowing. When it starts to glow, I know it's time to get up. If it's not glowing, I know it's time to roll over. And they're fabulous. MS. OLDKNOW: That's great. MR. ANDERSON: And they're not only beautiful works of craftsmanship. They all have some thinking that goes into them. So they were concerned in Florida to do beach grass. They were taken by beach grass in South Florida, so each of the windows has that theme, and butterflies and things built in. And"}, {"title": "", "text": "Furniture Gallery\u2019s Old-Fashioned Christmas Festival Women of the Ag World Take the Lead Richmond Shakespeare Festival Paul Hartig One small edit is needed. You have the following comment: \u201cThe reflection of bright colors through light captivates us.\u201d When you refer to colors THROUGH, you need to either use the word TRANSMISSION or REFRACTION instead of \u201cREFRACTION,\u201d as these require light to pass THROUGH the glass. There is a special, dichroic, glass which does utilize some reflected light, and there is also a type of glass treatment call IRRIDIZED, which utilizes reflection, but none of these are implied in your statement which incorrectly uses the term REFRACTION. Drat! I should have edited my own comment\u2026 I should have said \u201cinstead of \u2018REFLECTION'\u201d instead of \u201cREFRACTION.\u201d Editing is so important!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Furniture Gallery\u2019s Old-Fashioned Christmas Festival Women of the Ag World Take the Lead Richmond Shakespeare Festival Paul Hartig One small edit is needed. You have the following comment: \u201cThe reflection of bright colors through light captivates us.\u201d When you refer to colors THROUGH, you need to either use the word TRANSMISSION or REFRACTION instead of \u201cREFRACTION,\u201d as these require light to pass THROUGH the glass. There is a special, dichroic, glass which does utilize some reflected light, and there is also a type of glass treatment call IRRIDIZED, which utilizes reflection, but none of these are implied in your statement which incorrectly uses the term REFRACTION. Drat! I should have edited my own comment\u2026 I should have said \u201cinstead of \u2018REFLECTION'\u201d instead of \u201cREFRACTION.\u201d Editing is so important!"}, {"title": "", "text": "The shadow box is constructed with a wood frame and two plates of coated glass. Light and illusion frame this creation and define the objective. Depending on the light source, various colors in the spectrum are visible."}, {"title": "", "text": "(https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2019/05/9-8-efficient-transparent-solarglass-product-clearview-power-finds-globalglass-manufacturer/) 9,15% (28 W/m2) for a level of transparency of 30% (https://www.onyxsolar.com/product-services/technical-specifications). [8] Y. Zhao, G.A. Meek, B.G. Levine, R.L. Lunt, \u201cNearInfrared Harvesting Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators\u201d, in Advanced Optical Materials, 2014, May 7 [9] Corning\u2019s video \u201cA day made of glass\u201d (2011) features a series of possibilities for glass-made devices, yet few for windows. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cf7IL_eZ38 [10] Alberti, De pictura I, 19; Cecil Grayson (ed.), Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting and Sculpture. The Latin Texts of De Pictura and De Statua Edited with Translations, Introduction and Notes, London 1972, 55. [11] Although windows at the time of Alberti were neither rectangular nor transparent. See G\u00e9rard Wajcman, Fen\u00eatre. Chroniques du regard et de l\u2019intime, Lagrasse 2004, 51\u201380; and Anne Friedberg, The Virtual Window. From Alberti to Microsoft, Cambridge (Mass.) 2006, 26-35. [12] The humanoid alien in the film Phantom from Space (1953) is supposedly invisible because of his silicon-based metabolism \u2014 like glass \u2014 rather than carbon. http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/invisibility [13] Rimi B. Chatterjee\u2019s Signal Red (2005) features a kind of medieval glass that could be used to manufacture implants of thin layers of glass into an eye, allowing soldiers to see even in darkness. Cf. Mark Bould, Sherryl Vint, The Routledge Concise History of Science Fiction, Routledge, 2011, p. 196. [14] The term emerged in the science-fiction short story \u201cLight of Other Days\u201d by Irish writer Bob Shaw, published in August 1966 in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, who later reused it. [15] Glasses with similar properties feature in earlier fiction of the 1930s and 1940s as well"}, {"title": "", "text": "of glass block is made especially for daylighting design. It is called light-directing because of built-in prisms that refract the light up toward the ceiling for even and deep penetration of daylight into a space (Fig. 13.12d bottom). These light-directing blocks were once very common but are now quite hard to obtain. At least one Japanese firm (Nippon Electric Glass Co.), however, still exports them to the United States. **Figure 13.12d** Light-directing glass blocks refract the light up to the ceiling. Keep blocks high on the wall to avoid glare. Translucent glazing material with very high light transmittance is not usually appropriate for window glazing for several reasons. It becomes a source of glare when illuminated by the sun (see Figs. 13.10i and 12.3b). Because it diffuses light in all directions equally, it is not very helpful in improving the illumination gradient across the room. And, of course, translucent glazing does not allow for a view. On the other hand, translucent glazing materials of relatively low light transmittance can be used successfully for daylighting when the glazing area is quite big. A large area of low-transmittance glazing, especially overhead, creates a large, low-brightness source that will contribute a significant amount of light without glare (Fig. 13.17a). A discussion of translucent walls and roofs will follow later. Section 9.18 describes various glazing types with an emphasis on shading rather than daylighting. Because shading and daylighting are so intertwined, a good understanding of shading is a prerequisite for understanding daylighting. To choose the appropriate glazing for any window,"}, {"title": "", "text": "its original transparency. But the exchange is a thermal process, and the more heat the lens can transfer into the air, the faster it can change. By comparison, in hot environments, the glasses will take longer to release heat and lose their shading properties. There are two ways to apply this darkening material. In the beginning, manufacturers mixed the material in with the glass, so that it permeated the lenses. But the glass versions of photochromatic glasses were heavy and awkward, and as technology advanced, they were replaced with both plastic and polycarbonate materials. The silver halide substance was mixed in with these materials in the same way, but the glasses were much lighter and more flexible. Since the lens material darkened throughout with this permeation approach, how dark the lens become depended on how thick it was. Thin lenses did not provide as much shading protection, and thick lenses could become too dark for users. To solve this problem, manufactures began also applying the silver halide as a film over the top of lenses, allowing them to control the darkening qualities much more precisely."}, {"title": "", "text": "all glass looks similar at very oblique angles due to the uniform surface, this required one type to have a surface treatment on the outermost face of the glass. A full-scale visual mockup was erected on a nearby site to review 20 different options for the two needed spandrel glass types [Figure 21]. The eventual solution was a simple inversion: one type would be a true acid etch on the #1 surface, with a mirrored low-e coating on the innermost surface; and a second type that consisted of a \u201csimulated acid etch\u201d ceramic frit (translucent white) facing a laminate, and the same mirrored low-e coating on the innermost surface. The matte reflection of the first type causes it to go \u201cdark\u201d in direct light conditions and oblique viewing angles, and \u201clight\u201d in more diffuse light and perpendicular angles when reflecting bright scenes. The second type behaves just the opposite, looking \u201clight\u201d in direct light conditions and oblique viewing angles, and \u201cdark\u201d in diffuse light or in perpendicular viewing angles when reflecting bright areas. The result is a dynamic reading of the fa\u00e7ade that continuously changes its pixilation as one moves around the towers, blending the gridded fa\u00e7ades into uniformly pixilated surfaces. Glass Industry Development Through careful selection, the architects and designers of the projects shown above have enhanced the architectural expression of their projects through the materiality of glass. To support these efforts, the glass industry will need to continue to develop current and future architectural glass products available on the market. For transparency, reduce anisotropy"}, {"title": "", "text": "A mirror is created by applying a film of silver to the reverse side of a glass. Protective coats of copper and resin are then applied over the silver film.When we look at ourselves in a mirror, we are actually seeing light reflected from the silver film through the sheet of glass. Because silver is able to reflect the majority of visible light, it seems brighter than other metals and presents a more natural light."}, {"title": "", "text": "body of the glass through the edge and illuminate it. Interior shading devices and shadow boxes can affect perceived color. Glazing constructed of different glass types\u2014such as spandrels, laminated glass, and glass with dot/line patterns\u2014can affect how the color is perceived. Provided heat strengthening or tempering is done properly, the resultant color is not affected. 08 81 00 Glass Glazing B2010.40 Glazed Curtain Wall Color uniformity Curtain wall Division 08 Glass color Low-e coatings Testing national One comment on \u201cThe nuances of vision glazing color\u201d Scott Diaz says: When viewing in transmission is that meant to always view the glass from the interior pane outward?"}, {"title": "", "text": "optical qualities of annealed glass. The induced stress condition sometimes produces a slight bow in tempered glass lights. Tempered glass that has been manufactured in a vertical tempering oven contains small surface depressions resembling dimples along one edge. These marks are caused by the pointed metal tongs which support the glass during its passage through the oven. Glass which is passed horizontally through an oven may contain a very slight surface wave caused by contact with the rollers. The waviness can sometimes be detected when viewing reflected images from a large distance. Finally, the air quench nozzles discharge air in a fixed, reciprocating or rotating motion. The area of air quench can be seen through polarized glass as arrays of irridescent spots or lines. Under some lighting conditions these patterns can be seen in ordinary light. Architectural: Myst\u2122 Acid-Etched Myst\u2122 Color Switchable Glass Anti-Reflective (Non-Glare) UV Blocking Elevator Interiors Glass Floor Panels Glass Stairs Partitions / Railings - About Us - Contact Us - Home - Copyright \u00a9 GrayGlass Company"}, {"title": "", "text": "structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in the University of Maryland\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also, the room would be more equally lighted at all times.\" Working with transparent wood is similar to working with natural wood, the researchers said. However, their transparent wood is waterproof due to its polymer component. It also is much less breakable than glass because the cell structure inside resists shattering. The research team"}, {"title": "", "text": "another post.) People who live in glass houses should not throw stones, or maybe we just need to be more careful about rocks lying near lawn tools and windows. Yet the resulting door looked, to me, deliberate, and beautiful. We take transparency for granted, imagining that glass lets our sight out and light in without calling any attention to itself, an invisible shield against the outside. We can be indoors but not see the door itself; instead, we think we see the world as it is. The cracks made me see the window rather than through it, bringing the difference between insides and outsides into sharp relief. Not just through the looking glass, but at looking the glass. It has been over a week now and I\u2019m still waiting for the replacement window to arrive, but I\u2019m in no rush anyway. I find myself looking at and out the broken glass more than any of the others in the house. I\u2019m glad that I can\u2019t see right through it, and that, unlike the other three adjacent glass doors, it does not reflect back on me in the same way anymore. I prefer for mirrors to be mirrors and glass to be glass. And as any car\u2019s side mirror will tell you, Objects in Mirror are Closer Than They Appear. It\u2019s less a warning to drivers than a snippet of found poetry, an accidental koan. We rely on reflections to represent reality, when in reality they are only reflections. I just finished creating and teaching a new"}, {"title": "", "text": "can do when you thicken it up, or thin it down and how the light moves through it as different shapes and how drop-dead amazing that is from a phenomenological point and the capacity with which one, in mastering that material, can manipulate that phenomenon. That is a perfectly good subject to play with. It is what Rothko did with colour.\" Glass makes itself available to light, and light in interaction with glass can present to us as ambiguity. The ambiguity of glass and light emotively engages us as phenomenon and enables us to experience the transcendental. \"The intrinsic enigma of glass, as an extraordinarily chameleon-like substance created in fierce heat of the furnace from common and utterly unremarkable ingredients, accounts in part for the apparently universal obsession with glass metaphor and imagery. Glass has been employed, with no small degree of paradox, to signify transience as well as endurance, ambiguity and clarity, turmoil and tranquillity, purity and evil, deception and truthfulness, rarity and worthlessness. It may be that glass is the most universal of all \u2018material\u2019 sources of metaphor. \" I speak of the fecundity of glass and in great part this lies in the conceptual richness of its history, which in turn provides a prolific ground for allusion and metaphor. Metaphor can also come from the physicality of the glassmaking process. These metaphors can expose what lies at the centre of our existence. Conceiving the transience of physical expressions of our being, such as breath, artist/educator Gabriella Bisetto recreated these physical expressions as permanent"}, {"title": "", "text": "often casts a shadow and reflects a version of itself through even a closed window. This serves as a reminder to the viewer that even if the window to our mind is not open, the outer environment will always cast a reflection, which is visible to the outside. Decorated with beautiful natural plants, this eye-catching beauty will be a perfect addition to your home."}, {"title": "", "text": "Glass in the Built Environment | Glass Design | Corning \uc778\uc7ac\ucc44\uc6a9 \uc5f0\ub77d\ucc98 \uae00\ub77c\uc2a4 \uc5d0\uc774\uc9c0 \uc720\ub9ac \uacfc\ud559 \ub514\uc790\uc778 & \uc5b4\ud50c\ub9ac\ucf00\uc774\uc158 \uae00\ub77c\uc2a4 \uc5d0\uc774\uc9c0 \ud22c\ub370\uc774 \ub0b4 \uc81c\ud488 \ubaa9\ub85d \ud601\uc2e0 Glass in the Built Environment Credit: James Carpenter Design Associates Inc. Feature contributed by James Carpenter, founder, James Carpenter Design Associates Inc. What is the significance of glass in the built environment? Light carries information about the world around us and glass allows us to layer many different components of light simultaneously, augmenting our ability to share a transcendent experience of nature. Beyond the problems defining glass scientifically, I am interested in the simultaneity that glass possesses. It is a dense material with the ability to appear weightless and its mass is literally transparent, but once we understand the full range of optical properties found in glass - transparency, reflection, diffusion, refraction and diffraction \u2013 it becomes evident that glass has the potential to capture and represent many levels of light information simultaneously, and that this information can also be deployed across the depth of the glass at all scales. Often called upon as an interpreter of a site\u2019s inherent natural character, my studio has remained focused on the transformative potential of integrating phenomenal light into the public realm while proving our expertise in both the technical details of glass construction and techniques required to integrate light into the urban fabric. At the same time, the studio has always brought into its practice fundamental concerns with climate engineering and other issues. As a designer, my interest in architecture is focused"}, {"title": "", "text": "to glass onto the outside. If it placed out, attempt to shade it with some kind of shader in order that it will not grow to be hot once you get it done. The shader will even prevent the glass to become faded and dirty."}, {"title": "", "text": "reflected off the glazing. Note the long shadow of the pushpin and the reflections onto the ground below the window. Even complicated shading problems are easy to solve by physical modeling. For example, the analysis of a shading system for a complex building with odd angles and round features (Fig. 9.17g) is no more difficult than the analysis for a conventional building. Figure I.4g in Appendix I also shows how a sundial can be used with a heliodon to test models. See Appendix I, Section I.4, for an explanation of this alternate method of testing models. **Figure 9.17g** No matter how complicated the shading problem is, physical modeling can help the designer. Reflections from a pool are also simulated. Also note the sundial, which can be used as an alternative method to test models (see Appendix I). Since heliodons can also easily simulate the shading from trees, neighboring buildings, and landforms, their use is also very appropriate for site planning and landscape architecture (Chapter 11). ## 9.18 GLAZING AS THE SHADING ELEMENT Even the clearest and thinnest glass does not transmit 100 percent of the incident solar radiation. The radiation that is not transmitted is either absorbed or reflected off the surface (Figs. 9.18a\u2013d). The amount that is absorbed depends on the type of, additives to, and thickness of the glazing. The amount that is reflected depends on the nature of the surface and the angle of incidence of the radiation. Each of these factors will be explained below, starting with absorption. **Figure 9.18a** The total"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in UMD\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also, the room would be more equally lighted at all times.\" Working with transparent wood is similar to working with natural wood, the researchers said. However, their transparent"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "20. Glass sculptures, by the artist Karen La Monte, demonstrate the level of detailing that glass casting can achieve (La Monte 2007). Fig. 21b illustrates the proposed restoration of the Lichtenberg Castle in Maastricht with cast glass masonry. The masonry consists of interlocking units, which are translucent and textured in order to match the appearance of the existing historic masonry and at the same time retain their distinct character (Oikonomopoulou et al. 2017). In a similar way cast glass monolithic elements would be ideal for the practice of anastylosis, placed in-between the remaining structure, which appears to float in the air. Figure 21. a) Abstract interpretation of Corinthian style column using float glass fins (Gnosis Architettura and Bardeschi 2017), b) Glass masonry that consists of interlocking cast glass units, developed by the authors for the 3TU.Bouw project \u201cRestorative Glass\u201d for the restoration of Lichtenberg Castle in Maastricht (Oikonomopoulou et al. 2017) and c) Hypothetical case of restoration of Gothic and Neogothic style bundled column with extruded glass tubes (Van den Broek 2017). \u2022 Extruded glass The use of extruded glass could be adequate for the restoration of linear structural elements of standard cross-sectional area, such as gothic columns (Fig. 21c). In a smaller scale, glass profiles could also be used as ornamental elements of very small thicknesses that cannot be achieved by cast glass. Special thermal treatment could be considered to add flexibility and freedom to the shape. A modern and abstract configuration of extruded glass profiles is also possible in the form of truss structures,"}, {"title": "", "text": "in those occurrences, the glass panel has to remain perceptible. We decided to gift it with some physical yet stylized properties of real glass: glare and reflection. The Importance of Light Just as for the \u201cspace haze\u201d, we relied on light to make our glass panel shine. First stop: the glare. Even if it serves as a display for our user interface, the glass panel is not a typical screen and, as light comes through, we could not produce a glare effect similar to the one you can experience with your own computer monitor. However, stars have an important place in our game and we ended up with a half-halo half-glare effect that helps grounding the glass panel and understanding the actual movement in space during interplanetary travels. The glare \u201cring\u201d can be seen during the travel phases as the screen-space position of the star changes This is basically a screen-space effect relative to the position of the current star. The further away from the screen-space position of the star (simulating a grazing light), the grayer the glass becomes. And as we only consider the center of the star, with its light radiating around it, the effect produces a round shape on the glass panel. The rest consists of a subtle mix of gradient interpolations and careful blending. A Reflection on Life To create a mirror, you need a sheet of glass and some reflecting coating (generally some kind of silver nitrate compound) on the back. But in the end, it is the combination of all"}, {"title": "", "text": "shots of something at the back of a dimly-lit parking garage, physics doesn\u2019t really care about your feelings\u2026 or your job. Slightly less than one percent of an awful lot is going to drown out 80 percent of next to nothing. You\u2019d need to make sure that the light doesn\u2019t make it to your side of the glass in that case (with shades), to the extent that you can. Black materials can only do so much."}, {"title": "", "text": "for the interior. In every building, it looks different. In glazing with screen printing on, where the image is constructed with the use of a halftone (Figure 3b) or bigger geometrical features (Figure 6a) which are prepared using white enamel, the printed image acts as a white curtain. The glazing not only obscures the view into the interior from the outside, but also enables partial integration of the interior into the surroundings. One of the basic functions of glazing is controlling the intensity of light going into the building. It also provides partial protection against sunlight and overheating of the interior. In coloured and transparent glazing, the glass layer acts as a filter for the light going into the interior. It considerably influences the perception of the interior and the way we see space, as well as any objects that are present there. Light that travels through a glass fa\u00e7ade casts a colourful shadow on the walls and the floor. The shadow changes its shape over the course of the day, and interacts with the compositional features of the interior. In this context, the most frequent interference phenomena are those occurring between two layers of glass covered with an image that is created of a halftone (Figure 6b). Geometrical layouts, which can occur, for instance, between some fine spots, move along with the viewer. Both monochromatic as well as coloured glazing, act inside the building as a decorative wall, incorporated compositionally into the structure of the interior's concept. Glass roofs and skylights Glass roofs and skylights"}, {"title": "", "text": "thin glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "This starts with glass. Again. I would suggest that there are two primary paths through clay and toward the sculptural: one through (or into) the vessel, and the other not so much."}, {"title": "", "text": "to the glass surface, where a collision would be unlikely to cause injury. ABC's tunnel test cannot replicate the range of possible reflections on a glass sample, so our tests model situations where the pattern must be visible against a competing view. In the tunnel, the pattern is always seen against a complex background (seen in figure 2), modeling situations where either the glass has a strong reflection or when birds can see through the glass to a landscape beyond. While it might seem at first that \u201creflection\u201d and \u201csee-through\u201d conditions are quite different, in this context they are similar. In figure 4a, below, we cannot determine whether the image is a photo of a tree, a tree seen through a window, or the reflection of a tree. With the information in 4b, showing mullions, a crack, and right angles, we know glass is involved, but only with the information in figure 4c can we confirm that the image is a reflection and that we are not looking out the window at trees. ABC does not test materials with greater than 15% reflection at the outside surface of the glass, unless the pattern itself is on the outside surface, because internal patterns would not be sufficiently visible, overwhelmed by the reflection on the surface. Because the amount and type of reflection on glass is both site and product specific, reflections should be considered early in the design process. Recommended design phase analysis ideally involves samples of glass viewed on the project site from a variety of"}, {"title": "", "text": "distortion when bowing inwards. The effect will be more noticeable when reflective coatings are incorporated within the IGU, and in larger units. 8. Haze Haze is the scattering of light rays when visible light passes through a transparent material. The amount of haze in ordinary glass is very low and is not detected by the human eye. High performing IGUs often incorporate Low E coated glass. With any coated glass it is possible to see the presence of the coating under certain lighting conditions. When bright sunlight shines directly onto partly shaded, coated glass and there is deep shade on both sides of the glass, haze may be visible and usually has the appearance of a blue-grey film or dust on the glass. The shaded area will be free of the effect, giving a clean appearance in the shadow. The effect will be more noticeable on some types of coated glass than on others. Vacuum or sputter coated Low E glass products generally have a very low amount of haze, Pyrolytic coatings tend to have higher levels of haze that can be more readily seen by the human eye. Haze is not a manufacturing flaw, rather an industry known and recognised inherent feature of IGUs. 1. Newton's Rings Newton\u2019s rings are named after Sir Isaac Newton who first studied the phenomena. These are interference patterns caused by the reflection of light between two surfaces, a spherical surface and an adjacent nearly flat surface. They appear as concentric rings of rainbow colours and occur only near the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shadows of stained glass: an analytical look at animated horror Posted byJGS editor July 19, 2020 October 31, 2020 Posted inAnime, Movies, Science Fiction Nalin Bhardwaj University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Email: nalinbhardwaj (at) nibnalin (dot) me One of my favorite \u201cthings of beauty\u201d are stained glass windows. By themselves, they contain intricate works of art with vivid color palettes that overlay silhouettes of the outside world. They\u2019re like a dreamy, imaginative capture of the beauty of nature and of the precise capability of human to weave intricacy into the commonplace object. But what make stained glass an extremely unique medium is its shadow. The shadows stained glass windows cast serve a utilitarian architectural purpose (that of lighting insides of churches and other buildings) while being a deep expression of color and emotion (Figs. 1, 2). It is almost as if every stained-glass panel has the capability to tell a multifaceted story by itself. Figure 1: The north rose window of the Chartres Cathedral, France. Photograph by Eusebius (Guillaume Piolle), 2009; extracted from Wikimedia Commons. Figure 2: Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran. Unknown artist; extracted from Pinterest (imgfave). Films, as an art form, have the unique ability to fully engage our auditory and visual senses, just like the beautiful imagery of stained glass. Unfortunately, a side effect of the format of films is that our untrained brains are so engrossed in the momentary frames that they tend to miss the larger patterns of filmmaking. They neglect the \u201cshadows\u201d films cast. Most of us give very"}, {"title": "", "text": "I first discovered the joy of glass through casting. You can see an overview of the process in the slideshow below. I revel in this industrial process: the heavy-duty tools, the heat and science behind melting and cooling, and the physicality of the work. I appreciate both the destruction and creation involved in casting: glass melts under the intense heat, and parts join together to become a single unit. When casting a piece of sculpture, an idea transmutes from nothing into something. It must undergo a physical metamorphosis changing from a liquid to a solid before complete--a kind of alchemy. I enjoy the way light can be transmitted and reflected in glass; a sculpture becomes a beacon, amplifying my message."}, {"title": "", "text": "on tiny model house with a transparent wood panel in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood's cell structure in the University of Maryland's Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also,"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Shape of Light Glassblower \u2013 Meticulously shapes glass using heat and air How do you lend form to light? With glass, as glassmakers and bespoke light fittings expert Lasvit demonstrates. Yuen Lin Koh investigates The gentle vibrancy of the day\u2019s first light, seen on the sparkle of a morning dew. The liveliness of sunrays scattered into a dance by the ripples of a stream. The calm of a shaft of luminosity, soundlessly pouring through the oculus of the Pantheon. For what is essentially electromagnetic radiation \u2014 if we are to break it down by physical science \u2014 light possesses magic. It\u2019s magic that can be seen, and certainly can be felt, yet has no form. Or does it have to be that way? Translating to \u201cLove and Light\u201d in Czech, Czech Republic-based glassmaker the Lasvit Group lends physical form to light with every piece created. The medium is perfect in the dualities it presents. Crystalline clear, it is visible \u2014 yet invisible in its see-through quality. An amorphous substance, its atomic structure resembles that of supercooled liquid, yet displays all the mechanical properties of a solid \u2014 like fluidity frozen in time. The company founded in 2007 might be young, but the craft is one that has been perfected through centuries. By combining the traditional artistry of North Bohemian glassmaking with the innovative creativity of world class designers, architects, engineers and lighting technology, Lasvit brings Bohemian glassmaking and designing to a new level. Well-known for its high profile collaborations with cutting-edge design leaders including the"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass surface would ever become a concern."}, {"title": "", "text": "will persist for a long time and it\u2019s safer than regular glass Sydenham, SE26. It\u2019s like seeing shapes in cumulus clouds on a reasonable moment. You can select from various patterns to fit your taste and to match your house decor. Many colors are available and a few manufacturers will also offer customized colours. The quantity of light that may pass through an object depends upon its density of molecules. A material through which it cannot pass at all. Also, starting and keeping a fire demands patience and savvy. The very best thing to say about aluminum is due to its strength the frames are inclined to be very narrow allowing more glass Sydenham, SE26. Obscure glass Sydenham, SE26 can be made so in two or three various ways. The lovely glass Sydenham, SE26 can work nicely with any kind of office dAcor and it may also be utilized as an accent on several different kinds of office desk materials. A wine glass Sydenham, SE26 consists of red wine. In this instance, the wood has to be pressure treated wood to steer clear of rot from the water it\u2019s going to be subjected to constantly. With the additional benefit of having the ability to angle light away from precious furniture to stop it fading. Whether you\u2019re thinking about redoing your bathroom, replacing old windows or doors throughout the home, or including a distinctive flare to a specific window in your house, taking the opportunity to check at your options is well worth the effort. Installing an"}, {"title": "", "text": "out, that you\u2019re not even consciously aware of in most cases. So again, it arrests your attention. And there is a quality about that that you just go, well, now what is that or why am I drawn to this? You might not even know. But light is energy. And glass deals with that in so many fascinating ways. That\u2019s part of its seductive quality. But I find reflection very confusing. It can be fun to a point. But it can be like the strong wind out there right now. It can become annoying after a while. I look over at that print that I love and sometimes I just get really irritated by the reflection. Yes. MS. RIEDEL: Yes. Was there an intentional effort to replicate the surfaces of other materials? Or \u2014 MR. MORRIS: Not an intention to, but realizing that that was \u2014 the qualities of the material could go to these parameters. And I didn\u2019t realize it. We would do something and go, God, that looks like zebra skin or this looks like \u2014 this is leather. This looks like granite. This looks like bone. Or you say to yourself, I want this to look like bone. How are we going to do that? MS. RIEDEL: So was it playing with a sense of almost 3D trompe l\u2019oeil? MR. MORRIS: Yes, you know, you wouldn\u2019t say so much trompe l\u2019oeil, because there are characteristics to the glass. So what you would do is, you would take a certain characteristic that I had"}, {"title": "", "text": "tree and beyond that a brick wall and beyond that my neighbour\u2019s window. There are security bars that cast shadows on the windowsill and wall. I first try to study the window\u2014the glass, which is dirty and smudged. The day begins. I get distracted. But when I look again sunlight is coming through, but not without a refractive change, as though this change is the cost of its passage through the glass (Baudelaire in The Painter of Modern Life: \u201c\u2026his eyes see the boisterous sun beating a tattoo upon his window-pane\u2026\u201d). I suspect the magic of glass has everything to do with this tattoo, this passage\u2014with light moving through atoms that are as rigid as crystal but as disorderly as liquid; the fastest thing in the universe entering my room where it has nothing much to do but reveal a dusty floor. The window allows light to enter so that it can loiter, hang about in my room with the dust that, now illuminated, is beginning to look like an array of miniature galaxies. It\u2019s easy to see why glass became a crucial material to places of worship, why it is heavy with the symbolism of creation, wisdom, knowledge, magic and so forth. Nothing remains mundane for long in its presence, entering from above, moving through an amorphous solid, wriggling all the way from the permanent storm of the sun into our interiors. Even the dust\u2014a collection of dirt, skin, hair, crumbs, fingernail clippings and who-knows-what\u2014hints at something superlunary in the light. Walter Benjamin, high on"}, {"title": "", "text": "This is a beautiful, bright, handmade Fused Glass Rainbow wave curved panel. The glass is all transparent, meaning the light coming through is a beautiful rainbow shadow. Have it on your windowsill and you\u2019ll love the gorgeous colours coming through. Or you could put it on a table, fireplace or any surface with some tealights behind and it\u2019ll cast lovely, colourful shadows. Each strand of coloured glass is contoured, not flat, against the transparent clear, giving wonderful tactile properties. The wave measures approx 22cm wide and 20cm high."}, {"title": "", "text": "on tiny model house with a transparent wood panel in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood's cell structure in the University of Maryland's Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also,"}, {"title": "", "text": "on tiny model house with a transparent wood panel in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood's cell structure in the University of Maryland's Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also,"}, {"title": "", "text": "chose a rather subtle dialogue with the surrounding landscape and regional architecture. Delicately filtered daylight passes through the glass structure and creates a luminous impression in the spaces, especially the grand hall. \u2018In the beginning the shadows bothered me,\u2019 admitted Pei in his interview with Gero von Boehm. \u2018But now I no longer worry about it, because the shadow patterns change all the time. In fact, I find the constantly changing pattern quite fascinating.\u2019 At night the pavilions emanate a warm glow like lanterns \u2013 here more scattered in comparison to the one luminous pyramid in Paris. At the Miho Museum in Shigaraki, south east of Kyoto, Japan, delicately filtered daylight passes through the glass structure to create a luminous impression in the interior spaces Overleaf: the German History Museum, Berlin (2003). After 2000, Pei\u2019s museums began to reveal different reinterpretations of his trademarks of pyramid, glass and stone"}, {"title": "", "text": "often casts a shadow and reflects a version of itself through even a closed window. This serves as a reminder to the viewer that even if the window to our mind is not open, the outer environment will always cast a reflection, which is visible to the outside. Decorated with beautiful natural plants, this eye-catching beauty will be a perfect addition to your home."}, {"title": "", "text": "often casts a shadow and reflects a version of itself through even a closed window. This serves as a reminder to the viewer that even if the window to our mind is not open, the outer environment will always cast a reflection, which is visible to the outside. Decorated with beautiful natural plants, this eye-catching beauty will be a perfect addition to your home."}, {"title": "", "text": "an indistinct countertop leaning against an indistinct wall. In each of its sixteen hollows a glint of refracted light hovers slightly off center like the highlights that radiate presence in the eyes of cartoons. From within these glints the tray feels surprised as if we snuck up on it, caught it doing something shameful. It\u2019s there, hiding something behind its back, utterly present and aware of us and in the same moment receding into its unknowability: into the soft focus and muted tones of the rendering and the perspectival instability of the tray\u2019s relationship to the surfaces that support it. Encountering residual fleck (ice tray) is akin to encountering an opossum in the dark, an effect that many of Getz\u2019 paintings achieve. As I approach Containers, I am surprised by a thin glass vessel sitting precariously near the edge of a surface, casting its shadow on the wall behind it. The flat light is coming from behind me as if I opened a pantry door onto this private scene and the shadow on the wall\u2015the shadow vessel behind (within) the glass\u2015is visible through the translucent container that\u2019s casting it. It\u2019s another species of image/after-image superimposition that sparks a recognition of presence in the painting. In this instance, seeing the shadow of the glass within the glass evokes an intense recognition of vulnerability and identification with the subject. Its shadow becomes something profoundly private, a self-image that it\u2019s attempting and failing to conceal. In that failure there\u2019s a twang, a reverberation between the volume of glass and"}, {"title": "", "text": "The shadow box is constructed with a wood frame and two plates of coated glass. Light and illusion frame this creation and define the objective. Depending on the light source, various colors in the spectrum are visible."}, {"title": "", "text": "The shadow box is constructed with a wood frame and two plates of coated glass. Light and illusion frame this creation and define the objective. Depending on the light source, various colors in the spectrum are visible."}, {"title": "", "text": "evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in UMD\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also, the room would be more equally lighted at all times.\" Working with transparent wood is similar to working with natural wood, the researchers said. However, their transparent"}, {"title": "", "text": "something which until then it disrespectfully bathed the steppes, beaches and wheat fields, but which now has to knock doors, hit roofs or spy through windows. Louis Khan liked to quote the poet Wallace Stevens when he described the operation of open gaps on fa\u00c3\u00a7ades like the appropriation of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153slices of the sun\u00e2\u20ac\u009d (\u00e2\u20ac\u0153What slice of sun does your building have?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d) \u00c2\u00b2. A type of architecture which claims its existence from the inside to the outside and not the other way around. The builder of the habitable shadow limits fissures on its borders by means of which he takes over slices of light that come from a bright mass without shape there outside and that needs artisan hands, to be divided, sieved, made bounced ricochet till it softens, distilled or made to rain on the shape of golden threads. The artist James Turrell has built his trajectory from the expression of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153sewing light\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, proposing \u00e2\u20ac\u0153spaces that catch light and keep it in order to be able to feel it physically\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. In a reflection that goes back to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153praise of the shadow\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, he assures that \u00e2\u20ac\u0153we are not made for so much light, we are made for twilight. What I want to say is that our pupil just dilates when very low intensities of light are reached. When it finally dilates we start to feel light, almost like if we touch it\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. The single family home in the street Carmelo Torres in Jaen is shown to the street like an opaque prism of marble where two cuts"}, {"title": "", "text": "something which until then it disrespectfully bathed the steppes, beaches and wheat fields, but which now has to knock doors, hit roofs or spy through windows. Louis Khan liked to quote the poet Wallace Stevens when he described the operation of open gaps on fa\u00c3\u00a7ades like the appropriation of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153slices of the sun\u00e2\u20ac\u009d (\u00e2\u20ac\u0153What slice of sun does your building have?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d) \u00c2\u00b2. A type of architecture which claims its existence from the inside to the outside and not the other way around. The builder of the habitable shadow limits fissures on its borders by means of which he takes over slices of light that come from a bright mass without shape there outside and that needs artisan hands, to be divided, sieved, made bounced ricochet till it softens, distilled or made to rain on the shape of golden threads. The artist James Turrell has built his trajectory from the expression of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153sewing light\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, proposing \u00e2\u20ac\u0153spaces that catch light and keep it in order to be able to feel it physically\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. In a reflection that goes back to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153praise of the shadow\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, he assures that \u00e2\u20ac\u0153we are not made for so much light, we are made for twilight. What I want to say is that our pupil just dilates when very low intensities of light are reached. When it finally dilates we start to feel light, almost like if we touch it\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. The single family home in the street Carmelo Torres in Jaen is shown to the street like an opaque prism of marble where two cuts"}, {"title": "", "text": "be perfected. Blowing glass usually produces something which is concave. This creates a distorted reflection. In the end alchemy played a decisive role. The global obsession with vanity got dirty. Where money is involved this invariably occurs. The first mirrors were very valuable objects and rumours abound that someone even offered an entire country estate for one. Supposedly they thought it was a good deal. This demand led to the final stage in mirror development. Witches got involved in the spread of this much-sought-after technology. One of them broke the cardinal rule of not influencing the real world. Financial reward was not the catalyst. Looking good was. Vanity is an affliction not confined to naturals. An especially vain witch, using her alchemist connections, encouraged industrial espionage. Strategically dropped hints were placed in open ears, and the technique of adhering a perfect reflective surface to a glass coating presented the Venetians with a golden opportunity to cash in. The modern mirror achieved near perfection. In order for them to work properly, mirrors depend on reflecting a high quantity of light. Without light there is no reflection. So how do shades see themselves? They are shadows, after all. A light burns within all of us. Dead or alive this inner source of power shines through. I cannot tell you why this is or how it exists. Just take my word for it. Religious beliefs and other organisations have given it a name. Witches also have a name for it. They call it the source. You know you have"}, {"title": "", "text": "Portals 2 Freaky Friday June 29, 2018 Terri Reid Last week we talked about ghostly portals and this week I want to explore a little about extraterrestrial portals. But, before I get into that, I wanted to share a little bit of a conversation Sarah (my daughter and assistant) and I had about last week\u2019s blog. Mirrors. Sarah thought it would be unfair or unlikely that Heavenly Father would \u201ctrap\u201d a spirit in a mirror. What is a mirror other than a piece of glass placed above a painted reflective board or a piece of glass with a painted back? What makes that glass different than a window? The other piece of material or the reflective paint? That really doesn\u2019t seem to make sense, does it? Then why are spirits seemingly \u201ccaught\u201d in the old mirrors? So, here\u2019s my totally unscientific hypothesis. Remember when I discussed my conversation with Dale Kaczmarek of the Chicago-based, Ghost Research Society? Dale told me that the corners of our eyes have elongated rods, and because of that, we can see things at different light spectrums than when we look at something straight on. Paranormal things tend to be in that spectrum, which is why we are always seeing things out of the corners of our eyes \u2013 that\u2019s the part of our eyes that can pick up the frequencies. I wonder if old mirrors with their wavy and uneven glass, or even the space between the glass and the reflective backing, creating that same kind of illusion or light spectrum."}, {"title": "", "text": "can offer as much advice or as little advice as they like. I really enjoy that part of the job. How about lighting? Does lighting ever come to lighting making all the difference in the world? So for example, when you walk into the Portland Art Gallery, it's the pieces you see. All you see is the pieces and in people's homes, I often look for the place where the light is the best. This is gonna get an afternoon light. Do you have a nice spotlight on it? The people who think about the lighting, whether they're renovating a home or moving into a new home, you can really tell because it makes all the difference in the world. Obviously we like to see an artificial light on the artwork just because of the longevity and the archival, this as you know, you walk into the museum and there's never a piece in sunlight. So even with all of the technology today in UV filtering glass, if a piece is sitting in direct light, especially a print, it will fade over time. So, So is that a bit of a conundrum ever, the idea that you may need to put a piece under glass to protect it, but then you're potentially creating a little bit of a barrier, maybe a glare on the, on the light. How do you? These are some of the challenges that we deal with every day and part of the excitement of the job, the glass adds a lot of"}, {"title": "", "text": "in such a manner that the reflection of the light shall only shine through the hole: then placing a light of just sufficient brilliancy to show the design of the buildings before it, and making a hole for the sight at the front end of the box, you will have a tolerable representation of illuminated buildings. The best way of throwing the light in front is to place an oiled paper before it, which will cast a mellow gleam over the scenery, and not diminish the effect of the illumination. This can be very easily planned, both not to obstruct the sight, nor be seen to disadvantage. The lights behind the picture should be very strong, and if a magnifying glass were placed in the sight hole it would tend greatly to increase the effect. The box must be covered in, leaving an aperture for the smoke of the lights to pass through. The above exhibition can only be shown at candle light; but there is another way, by fixing small pieces of gold on the building, instead of drilling the holes, which gives something like the appearance of illumination, but by no means equal to the foregoing experiment. N. B.--It would be an improvement if paper of various colors, rendered transparent by oil, were placed between the lights behind the aperture in the buildings, as they would then resemble lamps of different colors. Sun and Spirit. Put a small quantity of spirits of wine into a glass, and put a cent or coin in with"}, {"title": "", "text": "sections casting shadows, questions arose: Which is more beautiful; intact or sectioned, outside or inside, shapes or shadows? Why was I so drawn to this form and now its broken remnants? The glass sculptures that I make are related to this experience. They are an exploration of external and internal form; a study of shadow, reflection and light, and a metaphor for relationships. I strive to create objects that push the material beyond its simple inherent beauty. When I look at a finished piece, it should be apparent to me that it should only exist in glass."}, {"title": "", "text": "the curtain also makes a direct reference to photography and film that reveals these supposedly indexical mediums to be the magical and duplicitous agents of fictions. When the curtain is blown aside or slightly open, reality rushes in, but for Westman this is just another of the perceptual conceits that film and photography perform. In its essence every film is a special effect of still photography, animated by projection at 24 frames per second, which contains many other special effects. One of the partially revealed images to appear through separated curtains in for nights bathed in sodium vapour is a cuculoris. A simple device used in lighting for theatre, film and still photography, the cuculoris is basically a stencil that shapes light and shadow. The stencil is cut into a stiff material that simultaneously casts a shadow and allows light to pass through it in a pattern. Film noir cinematographers favoured the effect to create shadow silhouettes, venetian blind shadows and the effects of sunlight or moonlight passing through tree branches and windows. For the cuculorises she uses in the films Westman makes tracings of light, cast by sunlight or sodium vapour streetlamps, which she cuts out of plywood, zebrawood or cedar to create the natural effects of dappled light shining through leaves. Moving images of illumination found in the world, they parallel to the moving images made by light shining through projected celluloid film. One might say that for Westman the cuculoris and the curtain present the crux of the poetics of film, the projections"}, {"title": "", "text": "the curtain also makes a direct reference to photography and film that reveals these supposedly indexical mediums to be the magical and duplicitous agents of fictions. When the curtain is blown aside or slightly open, reality rushes in, but for Westman this is just another of the perceptual conceits that film and photography perform. In its essence every film is a special effect of still photography, animated by projection at 24 frames per second, which contains many other special effects. One of the partially revealed images to appear through separated curtains in for nights bathed in sodium vapour is a cuculoris. A simple device used in lighting for theatre, film and still photography, the cuculoris is basically a stencil that shapes light and shadow. The stencil is cut into a stiff material that simultaneously casts a shadow and allows light to pass through it in a pattern. Film noir cinematographers favoured the effect to create shadow silhouettes, venetian blind shadows and the effects of sunlight or moonlight passing through tree branches and windows. For the cuculorises she uses in the films Westman makes tracings of light, cast by sunlight or sodium vapour streetlamps, which she cuts out of plywood, zebrawood or cedar to create the natural effects of dappled light shining through leaves. Moving images of illumination found in the world, they parallel to the moving images made by light shining through projected celluloid film. One might say that for Westman the cuculoris and the curtain present the crux of the poetics of film, the projections"}, {"title": "", "text": "the piece of glass right you'll just see the stuff on the other side so that's like the situation shown on the left you have your spotlight on some scene your viewer is somewhere back here and yeah there's a piece of glass but you're just seeing right through it and now you want a ghost to show up so you turn on a light and that light adds light to the something that in the reflected direction of the piece of glass which was before just dark so now suddenly there's a light source and the light source because it's bright enough gets reflected off of the surface of the glass and back toward your eye and so this is a clever way to make like a ghost suddenly appear in your scene although in order to do this you needed two copies of your scene with very similar structure let's see so here's a fun demo uh using pepper's ghost effect in combination with legos located off to one side where it's out of view the plexiglas is set at a 45 degree angle to both the audience and the ghost at this angle the background remains clearly visible but the plexiglas also partially reflects an image of the ghost to the audience it looks like there's a transparent ghost in the scene in front of them it's pretty simple so now i'm going to show you some ways that you can implement this technique the simplest way to apply it is in photographs"}, {"title": "", "text": "with a plan in mind next time lol!!! For a first attempt at glass, this came out great. The objects look like they are inside. Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. Greg...you're really putting the grins on my face today... quote Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. unquote LOL! All mine looked like that before AND they looked like they were made of an alien composition...a metal/wood/concrete/crap compostition LOL!!!! I'm with Greg, love glass but wouldn't know how to begin to do it, my one attempt looked like plastic. I too love the shadow. As I look at your picture I can just imagine the shadow moving across the wall. You have created a light dreamy feeling. I like it. Well, Mo...I wouldn't go to say it's spot on but there is some weird optical thing going on where it looks like it's tilting a touch at the top...in daylight part of the back part of the elipse shows but it didn't last night...not really trying to make excuses...can handblown glass be off a little??? :D ok...maybe a LITTLE excuse..but even straight on it looks odd...anyways...I adjusted that early today lol! At first I ran back and forth and then just settled for tweaks until I felt it looked better...oh...do you mean on the shadow??? because it does look like you're looking down on that...the whole thing was really strange...had two light sources and it just threw not what you'd expect as a shadow...see"}, {"title": "", "text": "with a plan in mind next time lol!!! For a first attempt at glass, this came out great. The objects look like they are inside. Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. Greg...you're really putting the grins on my face today... quote Mine came out like they were pasted to the wall behind it. unquote LOL! All mine looked like that before AND they looked like they were made of an alien composition...a metal/wood/concrete/crap compostition LOL!!!! I'm with Greg, love glass but wouldn't know how to begin to do it, my one attempt looked like plastic. I too love the shadow. As I look at your picture I can just imagine the shadow moving across the wall. You have created a light dreamy feeling. I like it. Well, Mo...I wouldn't go to say it's spot on but there is some weird optical thing going on where it looks like it's tilting a touch at the top...in daylight part of the back part of the elipse shows but it didn't last night...not really trying to make excuses...can handblown glass be off a little??? :D ok...maybe a LITTLE excuse..but even straight on it looks odd...anyways...I adjusted that early today lol! At first I ran back and forth and then just settled for tweaks until I felt it looked better...oh...do you mean on the shadow??? because it does look like you're looking down on that...the whole thing was really strange...had two light sources and it just threw not what you'd expect as a shadow...see"}, {"title": "", "text": "Passing through the lens, light is partially reflected from glass surfaces, their faces, and inner parts of the lens housing. Part of the reflected light overlays image as scattered light distributed evenly over the whole frame area. The scattered light causes additional unwanted lighting of objects. If there is no scattered light, a lens would give an image with relative brightness of different areas matched with brightness of corresponding object areas. Brightness ranges of the object and its image could be same. But it is not so in real life. Light scattering in modern coated lenses is about 1-2%, sometimes 3% (non-coated lenses may have light scattering of 10-15%). But even this small value may affect image quality significantly in some cases. A scattered light overlay shadow parts of the image and makes them brighter that decreases overall image brightness range. Larger overall brightness range leads to higher effect of scattered light. Image contrast drops in bright and dark areas not evenly. Bright areas almost not affected. But in dark shadows scattered light produces noticeable effect. So, scattered light decreases overall image contrast and causes non-uniform rendering of brightness in shadows and at bright spots. On the color film, light scattering may cause unwanted toning of shadows with bright color of the object since such color will dominate in the scattered light spectrum. Taking into account large impact of the scattered light on the image quality, it is necessary to use lenses with as small light scattering ratio as possible, and protect lenses against side light"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. While larger sizes may be a challenge \u2014 picture windows are probably not an option \u2014 the team is working on scalability and says that any single piece of wood will work. This may be good news for the beleaguered forest industry, which is seeking new wood based applications aside from cross-laminated timber (CLT). The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in the University of Maryland\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. While larger sizes may be a challenge \u2014 picture windows are probably not an option \u2014 the team is working on scalability and says that any single piece of wood will work. This may be good news for the beleaguered forest industry, which is seeking new wood based applications aside from cross-laminated timber (CLT). The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in the University of Maryland\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in"}, {"title": "", "text": "of destruction. Light shifting in refraction through, and reflection off glass creates a visual event, and a visual event was (and for humanity instinctively remains) a matter of survival. An example lies in the \u2018glittering reflections\u2019 about which Noris Ioannou wrote. We learnt to expect that the environment is, to some degree, consistent in its provision of elements that help or hinder our survival. We have expectations that objects and events around us behave in consistent ways and those objects and events function dependably in the cost-benefit transactions of our living. Holding these expectations we are sensitive to pattern, and desire to assess, fix and register the identity of any pattern against our experience of the world. Ambiguity within a pattern intrigues us, triggers our interest; makes us curious to the nature of that pattern and what that pattern may deliver. Shift or movement in that pattern has our special attention and therefore engages us, because our survival depends upon recognising the patterns of the world and reacting to disturbances in those patterns. We bring an expectation of how things are into every situation. We expect solids to be substantial and opaque. Where one expects that a surface should not permit the penetration of light, translucency draws one in. When glass, as a solid, allows light to penetrate, it confuses the boundaries between substance and medium, and in this glass creates paradox. Paradox is contradiction, an uncertainty, and it draws attention to itself, as does movement in pattern. It is a matter of human physiology that"}, {"title": "", "text": "Special types of glass that rotate with different speeds cause a vivid play of light and lead to an alternating performance of the space and its environment. One\u2018s look at the glazed space is refracted in mirroring, transparency, change of colour and movement of the glasses. The fluctuating intensity of light and the changing light situation create new states of reflection. Lights and shadow migrate, fade, disappear and emerge elsewhere. Depending on the condition of light and air current as well as on the position of the recipient, the venue conveys an ever-changing variety of insights."}, {"title": "", "text": "Special types of glass that rotate with different speeds cause a vivid play of light and lead to an alternating performance of the space and its environment. One\u2018s look at the glazed space is refracted in mirroring, transparency, change of colour and movement of the glasses. The fluctuating intensity of light and the changing light situation create new states of reflection. Lights and shadow migrate, fade, disappear and emerge elsewhere. Depending on the condition of light and air current as well as on the position of the recipient, the venue conveys an ever-changing variety of insights."}, {"title": "", "text": "where the glass looks dark, where it is really transparent, where it reflects, and where it distorts what's behind it, to see it."}, {"title": "", "text": "divider. \" Their limitations to experience visual graphic makes their tactile sense stronger. Those two participants explained their stories regarding unusual type of wall such as repetitive surface to contrast in natural surface such as water that flow through the wall. Those type of wall qualities will definitely enrich their experience while being at common building. \"While I was at the lounge, I felt like water were running through the wall, I like the sound of the water there.\" -Participant Didi, 06.00 pm, 3 February 2020. \"The most impressed spatial experience was visiting Malang Regional Court yesterday. It was my first time entering the custody room and I was thrilled touching the bars, it feels connected to the room function.\" -Participant Fajar, 09.00 am, 2 February 2020. B. Apeture Pallasmaa (2005) discussed Significance of the Shadow that nowadays, light is merely a quantitative issue and overlook the window's significant role as a mediator between two boundaries; open and close, interiority and exteriority, private and public, shadow and light. Windows become the absence of the wall [12]. Many artworks apply window element in large scales. This unconsciously removes the intimacy of the building character itself, vanishes the traits of shadow and its qualities [12]. Proportion of window element in a large scale has forced us to build a public living space and diminish user's privacy, even though it would be much evoking if contemporary artwork spaces use spatial qualities with less intensity of light with uneven distribution [12]. Homogenous bright light feels decreasing the spatial experience [12]."}, {"title": "", "text": "of superstitious mumbo-jumbo about the mystical properties of silver. After all, you never see vampire hunters or the like cry 'Halt, vile spectre, for I wield the power of sacred aluminum!' Side note: Telescope and other special optical instrument mirrors place the reflective surface on the front, to prevent refraction as light passes through the glass. They are called 'first surface' mirrors for this reason. That science moment brought to you by the letter I (for incredulous). If you want to get really snippy with the whole ghost trap critique, wouldn't it be necessary for each and every interior seam to be perfectly reflective? Since that's impossible to achieve with flat mirrors cut and glued to plywood, wouldn't the 'ghost' (which hasn't been proven to exist anyway) simply slide out through any imperfect and therefore unreflective joining of walls? Okay. Forget all that. I'll give them a pass -- let's say some mystical property of mirrored surfaces does act to block the movement of spirits. You've caught a ghost, huzzahs and Miller Lites all around. That still doesn't explain what these ghost hunters did with the trap after confining their ghost. They took the trap outdoors, put dynamite around it, and blew it up. Eat C4, Casper. Okay, that's a first for a TV ghost hunting show. Dynamite, things blowing up? Not the usual visuals. But really? Let's say the mirrored cube did somehow trap a disembodied spirit. What possible good would blowing up the trap do? Wouldn't the spirit simply be freed? One second it's"}, {"title": "", "text": "Torn and rusted, a shelter for the lost, for the temporal. A shimmering world lays beyond this portal. It twists, turns and distorts to accommodate our gaze. An ephemeral glance. The last of Frank Gehry\u2019s IAC shots. These play on sunlight and reflection, a glimmer of another world beyond. Posted in Light, Reflection | Share & Bookmark | Your Thoughts? In which our protagonist sees the levels constructed of metal and glass, and thinks of ways to scale the mountain of steel. A glass arrangement reflects light through a window and mirror. Artificial elegance at its most transparent. A luxury indulgence of shattered illusion. Which one of these worlds would you rather inhabit? The one on the foreign side of the reflection seems like a lot more fun. In the second entry in this series, the shadow-crane makes its appearance. This is a nice effect: harsh light hits a jagged structure, but projects a soft abstraction onto the building surface. Bits of texture can be picked up among the different panels."}, {"title": "", "text": "Torn and rusted, a shelter for the lost, for the temporal. A shimmering world lays beyond this portal. It twists, turns and distorts to accommodate our gaze. An ephemeral glance. The last of Frank Gehry\u2019s IAC shots. These play on sunlight and reflection, a glimmer of another world beyond. Posted in Light, Reflection | Share & Bookmark | Your Thoughts? In which our protagonist sees the levels constructed of metal and glass, and thinks of ways to scale the mountain of steel. A glass arrangement reflects light through a window and mirror. Artificial elegance at its most transparent. A luxury indulgence of shattered illusion. Which one of these worlds would you rather inhabit? The one on the foreign side of the reflection seems like a lot more fun. In the second entry in this series, the shadow-crane makes its appearance. This is a nice effect: harsh light hits a jagged structure, but projects a soft abstraction onto the building surface. Bits of texture can be picked up among the different panels."}, {"title": "", "text": "that shines onto the opening of the tube. Greisen said: \u201cThe project team passed 5,000 light guides through all three sections of the first BrightWall to produce a facade that is fully insulating and that allows controlled daylight to pass through into the building.\u201d When placed within the concrete, the light guides transfer so much daylight into a room that the total window area needed is significantly reduced. The light guides and a slight modification of the concrete casting process have enabled researchers to create a building material that is really a wall and a window all in one. Let us know what you would like to enquire about\u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "that shines onto the opening of the tube. Greisen said: \u201cThe project team passed 5,000 light guides through all three sections of the first BrightWall to produce a facade that is fully insulating and that allows controlled daylight to pass through into the building.\u201d When placed within the concrete, the light guides transfer so much daylight into a room that the total window area needed is significantly reduced. The light guides and a slight modification of the concrete casting process have enabled researchers to create a building material that is really a wall and a window all in one. Let us know what you would like to enquire about\u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "inside. \u201cBut the wall was so thick that the light from the window stayed near the window.\u201d That window was made of greased paper, not glass. Pioneers didn\u2019t put glass in their windows until they were sure they were going to stay a good long while; glass was expensive. It was an investment in longevity. A house with glass windows represented people who were there for the duration. Most pioneers started out with greased paper windows because they weren\u2019t sure how long they might be in that particular house. The window had to be covered so the insects and wild animals couldn\u2019t get in, but it also needed to let the light in. Whatever the window cover was, it had to be super cheap. Voila: greased paper. Now, you might be wondering how a window covered with paper could be of much use. How much light could get through paper? Not much. But GREASED paper, now, that was an entirely different thing. When you grease a piece of paper, the grease fills in all the fiber gaps, and any light that hits it doesn\u2019t scatter; it passes right through. Water doesn\u2019t do this; it dissolves the paper, whereas grease or oil just reinforces the paper and lets the light pass though. Not transparent, exactly, but certainly translucent. It let enough light through to be useful. Until someone accidently poked a hole in the paper, or a bear punched through, the family inside had enough light to get by until they could afford glass. Jane Goodwin is"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 along with the environment \u2013 activate the screen drawings in order to allow the work to inhabit the space. (Fig. 8) Quilt 5, 2015. basswood and ink. Image retrieved from cristintierney.com The physical object \u2013 yarn, mesh, metal and wooden frames \u2013 as well as viewer, come together to produce a transfer of images from one surface to the next. The works fundamental attachment to its environment is not a bolt or hinge, but the reflection of light and color \u2013 while fleeting and in flux. Alois\u2019s prior works, such as his Polychromatic Structure series, have a similar preoccupation with shadow (Fig. 8). The basswood rod lines extend beyond its material presence in the form of shadows, producing a doubling effect. It can be difficult to decipher where a rod ends and its shadow begins; so much so that the shadows often appear cognitively stronger than the rods. (Fig. 9) Detail from Untitled, 2017 With the new work, light seeps through the colored yarn allowing a more optically complex response than mere shadow reflections. Light \u2013 whether natural or artificial \u2013 affects the vibrancy of the colors and the intensity of the reflection marked upon the wall. With careful viewing, when the light is strong enough, the color of the yarn faintly reflects off the surface of the wall. Light also has the effect of altering the original colors of the yarn. When standing perpendicular to one of the window screens, the diagonal alternating lines of orange and blue yarn read as magenta. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 along with the environment \u2013 activate the screen drawings in order to allow the work to inhabit the space. (Fig. 8) Quilt 5, 2015. basswood and ink. Image retrieved from cristintierney.com The physical object \u2013 yarn, mesh, metal and wooden frames \u2013 as well as viewer, come together to produce a transfer of images from one surface to the next. The works fundamental attachment to its environment is not a bolt or hinge, but the reflection of light and color \u2013 while fleeting and in flux. Alois\u2019s prior works, such as his Polychromatic Structure series, have a similar preoccupation with shadow (Fig. 8). The basswood rod lines extend beyond its material presence in the form of shadows, producing a doubling effect. It can be difficult to decipher where a rod ends and its shadow begins; so much so that the shadows often appear cognitively stronger than the rods. (Fig. 9) Detail from Untitled, 2017 With the new work, light seeps through the colored yarn allowing a more optically complex response than mere shadow reflections. Light \u2013 whether natural or artificial \u2013 affects the vibrancy of the colors and the intensity of the reflection marked upon the wall. With careful viewing, when the light is strong enough, the color of the yarn faintly reflects off the surface of the wall. Light also has the effect of altering the original colors of the yarn. When standing perpendicular to one of the window screens, the diagonal alternating lines of orange and blue yarn read as magenta. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 along with the environment \u2013 activate the screen drawings in order to allow the work to inhabit the space. (Fig. 8) Quilt 5, 2015. basswood and ink. Image retrieved from cristintierney.com The physical object \u2013 yarn, mesh, metal and wooden frames \u2013 as well as viewer, come together to produce a transfer of images from one surface to the next. The works fundamental attachment to its environment is not a bolt or hinge, but the reflection of light and color \u2013 while fleeting and in flux. Alois\u2019s prior works, such as his Polychromatic Structure series, have a similar preoccupation with shadow (Fig. 8). The basswood rod lines extend beyond its material presence in the form of shadows, producing a doubling effect. It can be difficult to decipher where a rod ends and its shadow begins; so much so that the shadows often appear cognitively stronger than the rods. (Fig. 9) Detail from Untitled, 2017 With the new work, light seeps through the colored yarn allowing a more optically complex response than mere shadow reflections. Light \u2013 whether natural or artificial \u2013 affects the vibrancy of the colors and the intensity of the reflection marked upon the wall. With careful viewing, when the light is strong enough, the color of the yarn faintly reflects off the surface of the wall. Light also has the effect of altering the original colors of the yarn. When standing perpendicular to one of the window screens, the diagonal alternating lines of orange and blue yarn read as magenta. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 along with the environment \u2013 activate the screen drawings in order to allow the work to inhabit the space. (Fig. 8) Quilt 5, 2015. basswood and ink. Image retrieved from cristintierney.com The physical object \u2013 yarn, mesh, metal and wooden frames \u2013 as well as viewer, come together to produce a transfer of images from one surface to the next. The works fundamental attachment to its environment is not a bolt or hinge, but the reflection of light and color \u2013 while fleeting and in flux. Alois\u2019s prior works, such as his Polychromatic Structure series, have a similar preoccupation with shadow (Fig. 8). The basswood rod lines extend beyond its material presence in the form of shadows, producing a doubling effect. It can be difficult to decipher where a rod ends and its shadow begins; so much so that the shadows often appear cognitively stronger than the rods. (Fig. 9) Detail from Untitled, 2017 With the new work, light seeps through the colored yarn allowing a more optically complex response than mere shadow reflections. Light \u2013 whether natural or artificial \u2013 affects the vibrancy of the colors and the intensity of the reflection marked upon the wall. With careful viewing, when the light is strong enough, the color of the yarn faintly reflects off the surface of the wall. Light also has the effect of altering the original colors of the yarn. When standing perpendicular to one of the window screens, the diagonal alternating lines of orange and blue yarn read as magenta. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "more aware of themselves and their surroundings. Used in advertising for the exhibition, Your Uncertain Shadow (colour) proved to be popular with the majority of visitors. Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide (HMI) lamps light up the far wall of one of the rooms, which everyone must walk in front of to reach the next section. Rather than a simple shadow showing up on the wall when someone blocks the light source, four shadows appear instead, each one a different colour. Green, orange, blue and magenta human shapes are reflected on the wall, overlapping each other to create a rainbow of colours. Seeing a shadow is not a new thing, they appear wherever there is a light source. Seeing multiple shadows in different colours, however, has a vastly different effect. Just as humans are captivated by rainbows in the sky, visitors spend several minutes making shapes on the wall, fully aware of their bodies. The presence of other people in the room is also taken into consideration as their shadows merge into others, making their way from one doorway to the next. How do we live together? That is what one room-sized exhibit asks. There is no answer but, if the behaviour of the visitors is anything to go by, it may have something to do with staring at the ceiling. A foil mirror stretches from corner to corner of the ceiling, reflecting everything on the ground below. A black stainless steel upside-down arch joins the floor to the ceiling, creating the illusion of a full circle in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "large frame of Light Grid diffusion whilst there is Hampshire frost on the window itself. I also had white muslin laid on the ground between the Light Grid and the window as I felt the sunlight would illuminate this and soften the whole effect. We were in for a few days of uninterrupted sunlight so this seemed to make sense. The sunlight hitting the diffusion was not a problem but we did need some overheads to cut the direct light off the Saloon window. Every shot we were making here was always intended to be part of a voice over montage so we went for our special lens vignette effect, which we had decided on for these sections. I have been asked in the forum for a little more information about this night interior scene between Brad Pitt and Sam Rockwell. I don\u2019t have any diagram for this, as it was something we just worked out on the day. One of the key decisions we made during prep was that we would use period \u2018hand made\u2019 glass on the windows throughout the film. We were keen on this because of the rippled effect this gives when you are shooting through it but also because of the same effect when you project a light through it. The closer the lamps are to point sources then the stronger this effect becomes. Consequently I was using open eye 1K Fresnel lamps, which is just a regular Fresnel without the lens. There are usually two lamps playing on any one"}, {"title": "", "text": "can also project wind-animated reflected sunlight onto indoor surfaces by placing a shallow tray of water on a sun-facing balcony. This effect can even be recreated at night by directing an external security light onto the water surface. The same setup can also project ripples caused by rain. Rather than thinking of the weather as an adversary that we need to shield ourselves from, then, it might be better to consider it a friend and welcome it back into our homes \u2013 particularly if we\u2019re going to be spending a lot more more time there in the future. On the subject of mistaking the weather as a foe, the late-20th century Indian mystic Osho used the following metaphor to describe the folly of trying to protect ourselves from all of life\u2019s uncertainties: \u201cExistence is trying from everywhere to reach you, but you are closed. Not a single window is open. You have filled even small cracks in the wall out of fear, for the sake of security. This is not security, this is suicide. Open all the doors, all the windows. Let the sun come in, let the wind come in, let the rain come in.\u201d We might do well, it seems, to also heed Osho\u2019s advice in the design of our homes. Article originally published on fastcompany.com Wind-animated sunlight shining through a glass roof pond at the Mansion of Water, designed by Toshihito Yokouchi, in Himeji, Japan. [Photo: courtesy of the author] Wind-animated foliage shadows cast on a sun shade. [Photo: courtesy of the author]"}, {"title": "", "text": "see into the lighted room but not vice versa. The glass is coated with (or in some cases encases a layer of) a very thin almost transparent layer of metal (generally aluminum). The result is what appears to be a mirror from one side, and tinted glass from the other. A viewer in the brightly lit area has difficulty seeing into the darkened room, through what appears to be a mirror. To take full advantage of the partially mirrored surface, the target side should be brightly lit, to obscure any hint of light coming through the glass from the viewer\u2019s side. The darkened room is only completely obscured when it is in complete darkness. Sometimes a darkened curtain or a double door type vestibule is used to keep the viewer\u2019s side darkened. A flashlight held against the glass can be used to illuminate the darkened viewer\u2019s side, allowing someone on the lit side to see through. Two-way mirrors are used for: providing security, through covert viewing of public spaces for the protection of covert cameras for some police interrogation rooms\u201d Air's favorite bookseducationGulliver's TravelsHuckleberry FinnLegend of Sleepy Hollowone-way glass interrogation roomPeter Pan \"Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy\", \"past lives\", \"prison planet\", IS-BE, Is-Be Alliance, Top Secret A LETTER FROM NURSE MACELROY Image January 2, 2023 admin \u201c\u2026all IS-BEs could be helped to become more aware of the actual situation on Earth through the information in this envelope. This is why I sent these letters and transcripts to you. I want you to get these documents published. I want"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the window from within is retained. At night, however, if you have lights on inside the building, bystanders would be able to peek in from outside; conversely, the film would make it harder for you to see out at nighttime. Because the lighting inside would make the interior brighter than the outside, it would now be easier to see in through the window than to see out. Where to use the film: It is important to remember that the film requires a difference in brightness between the two sides in order to only allow viewing in one direction. It is harder to achieve this difference in an interior partition, so ordinarily these films are installed on windows located between the outside and the building interior. When you have lights on inside at night, it is recommended to have curtains or blinds closed over the window during nighttime to keep people from looking in. During the day, you can leave the curtains or blinds wide open to enjoy the view of the outdoors while still having privacy. One way mirror: A one way mirror film is a window film that can be seen through in one direction, but looks like a mirror when seen in the other direction, when there is a difference in the amount of light. From the side with more light, observers will not see the darker side behind the film, only their own reflection. Observers from the side with less light, on the other hand, can see the brighter side (albeit with"}, {"title": "", "text": "were placed on top of washes of coloured pigment. This created swells and fades of colour as they melted onto the paper beneath. In The presence of absence pavilion 2019, a bronze cast makes visible the empty space left by a block of glacial ice that melted away. Glacial spherical flare 2019 is constructed with glass made from small rock particles created by glacial erosion. So this is the kind of art you have to a) read about and then b) respond to with the appropriate sentiments \u2013 \u2018Global warming, isn\u2019t it terrible, somebody ought to do something, that wonderful Greta Thunberg\u2019 etc. Optical illusion art Eliasson likes kaleidoscopes, and prisms, and distorting lenses and mirror balls. Thus as you stand in the queue to enter the gallery space, outside in the foyer is hanging a huge geometric ball with light projected through it to cast a complex shadow on the wall. Stardust particle by Olafur Eliasson (2014). Photo by the author There is a room with one vast jagged mirror ball casting rainbow-prism colours all over the walls. Another with a big white silk screen onto which is projected a continually changing swirling white shape. There\u2019s a sort of catwalk which lets you walk through a \u2018tunnel\u2019 made of thousands of jagged fragments of reflecting metal, which reflect your moving image into thousands of fragments. There\u2019s a concave lens embedded in the wall of one of the galleries so you can see the visitors in the next room amusingly distorted. Installation view of Olafur Eliasson:"}, {"title": "", "text": "were placed on top of washes of coloured pigment. This created swells and fades of colour as they melted onto the paper beneath. In The presence of absence pavilion 2019, a bronze cast makes visible the empty space left by a block of glacial ice that melted away. Glacial spherical flare 2019 is constructed with glass made from small rock particles created by glacial erosion. So this is the kind of art you have to a) read about and then b) respond to with the appropriate sentiments \u2013 \u2018Global warming, isn\u2019t it terrible, somebody ought to do something, that wonderful Greta Thunberg\u2019 etc. Optical illusion art Eliasson likes kaleidoscopes, and prisms, and distorting lenses and mirror balls. Thus as you stand in the queue to enter the gallery space, outside in the foyer is hanging a huge geometric ball with light projected through it to cast a complex shadow on the wall. Stardust particle by Olafur Eliasson (2014). Photo by the author There is a room with one vast jagged mirror ball casting rainbow-prism colours all over the walls. Another with a big white silk screen onto which is projected a continually changing swirling white shape. There\u2019s a sort of catwalk which lets you walk through a \u2018tunnel\u2019 made of thousands of jagged fragments of reflecting metal, which reflect your moving image into thousands of fragments. There\u2019s a concave lens embedded in the wall of one of the galleries so you can see the visitors in the next room amusingly distorted. Installation view of Olafur Eliasson:"}, {"title": "", "text": "were placed on top of washes of coloured pigment. This created swells and fades of colour as they melted onto the paper beneath. In The presence of absence pavilion 2019, a bronze cast makes visible the empty space left by a block of glacial ice that melted away. Glacial spherical flare 2019 is constructed with glass made from small rock particles created by glacial erosion. So this is the kind of art you have to a) read about and then b) respond to with the appropriate sentiments \u2013 \u2018Global warming, isn\u2019t it terrible, somebody ought to do something, that wonderful Greta Thunberg\u2019 etc. Optical illusion art Eliasson likes kaleidoscopes, and prisms, and distorting lenses and mirror balls. Thus as you stand in the queue to enter the gallery space, outside in the foyer is hanging a huge geometric ball with light projected through it to cast a complex shadow on the wall. Stardust particle by Olafur Eliasson (2014). Photo by the author There is a room with one vast jagged mirror ball casting rainbow-prism colours all over the walls. Another with a big white silk screen onto which is projected a continually changing swirling white shape. There\u2019s a sort of catwalk which lets you walk through a \u2018tunnel\u2019 made of thousands of jagged fragments of reflecting metal, which reflect your moving image into thousands of fragments. There\u2019s a concave lens embedded in the wall of one of the galleries so you can see the visitors in the next room amusingly distorted. Installation view of Olafur Eliasson:"}, {"title": "", "text": "were placed on top of washes of coloured pigment. This created swells and fades of colour as they melted onto the paper beneath. In The presence of absence pavilion 2019, a bronze cast makes visible the empty space left by a block of glacial ice that melted away. Glacial spherical flare 2019 is constructed with glass made from small rock particles created by glacial erosion. So this is the kind of art you have to a) read about and then b) respond to with the appropriate sentiments \u2013 \u2018Global warming, isn\u2019t it terrible, somebody ought to do something, that wonderful Greta Thunberg\u2019 etc. Optical illusion art Eliasson likes kaleidoscopes, and prisms, and distorting lenses and mirror balls. Thus as you stand in the queue to enter the gallery space, outside in the foyer is hanging a huge geometric ball with light projected through it to cast a complex shadow on the wall. Stardust particle by Olafur Eliasson (2014). Photo by the author There is a room with one vast jagged mirror ball casting rainbow-prism colours all over the walls. Another with a big white silk screen onto which is projected a continually changing swirling white shape. There\u2019s a sort of catwalk which lets you walk through a \u2018tunnel\u2019 made of thousands of jagged fragments of reflecting metal, which reflect your moving image into thousands of fragments. There\u2019s a concave lens embedded in the wall of one of the galleries so you can see the visitors in the next room amusingly distorted. Installation view of Olafur Eliasson:"}, {"title": "", "text": "an illusion. In addition to her sensibilities about memory and perception, Holly seems especially in tune with this nature of film as a medium. Resonances between her images and their realities stoke our awareness as we watch them. We become aware of our position as spectators of shadows on the screen, wake us up to our own realities, where most films attempt to drag us into the dream life of a fictional world. Glass Shadows shows us windows, the sunlight streaming in, shadows of the filmmaker herself on the wall framed in window light. The nature of glass and the nature of shadows are thus displayed. Most films transform the screen into a window onto a make-believe world: we see cops and robbers, lovers and fighters, epic dramas or poetic moments. This film transforms the screen into a window too, but it is a window of windows. Windowness is all around us. We are made aware of the screen\u2019s opacity even as it displays transparency. Furthermore, we realize that film itself is a transparency, and the image we see is only the shadows it casts on the screen. We see lens flares and discover they are like windows in the darkness of the emulsion. Where light once hit the filmstrip, windows of light now appear in the silver darkness. The windows in the film are a series of squares, like a succession of frames, a picture of the filmstrip itself. Soon we realize that the sun piercing the darkness is in fact the projector bulb beaming"}, {"title": "", "text": "of one another to produce 3D effects within a sheet of glass. Even the clear pieces show character, e.g., cracks, bubbles, and slight distortions. The glass in my third panel is in a vastly more sophisticated league than those that came before it. We ultimately decided against iridescent and dichroic glass, but Sondra incorporated a number of beveled glass jewels. They scatter light when the sun shines through them. She took my idea of a hummingbird throat and reinterpreted it as a wave. This is the panel she created: A close-up makes it easier to appreciate the glass's complexity, as well as the skill with which Sondra selected, cut, and arranged the pieces: Alas, the panel isn't as successful as I'd hoped. It's my fault. I made two serious mistakes. First, I failed to consider the view through the window when I used clear glass in the design. I'd imagined the colored glass against a white background (as in my conceptual mockup), but the view through the window is largely of trees. That makes it harder to appreciate the colors in the panel. It looks best after a snowfall: My second error was failing to realize that the window is too high and the deck ceiling too wide to allow sunlight to directly reach the panel. That means the prismatic effect I'd hoped for from the glass jewels doesn't occur. I'm still happy with the panel. It's a big artistic step up from the panels that preceded it, and it has the attractive property that the"}, {"title": "", "text": "One-Way Window Mirror Film is silver reflective on one side, and 5-7% black on the backside, allows you to see out while others cannot see in. The one-way mirror film uses the phenomenon of swinging light: the film becomes a reflective screen in reaction to a stronger light. It shows the image like a mirror on one side and keeps the glass transparency on the other side. It allows you to see without being seen."}, {"title": "", "text": "This material must make OnoSendai cringe ;) However, it allows for modelling of glass windows as a single plane and always lets the sun shine through without long render times! Great for plane glass windows. Not recommended for glassware due to lack of fresnel effect."}, {"title": "", "text": "glass. Inboard of the glass is an opaque layer that is often formed by insulation or a metal panel mounted to the mullion frame. Monolithic glass is often provided in lieu of insulating glass because of the other curtain-wall insulation that is provided in these areas. Architects often like to include shadow boxes with dark backups into curtain-wall systems with non-reflective vision glass, rather than opaque spandrel glass, because shadow boxes can more closely mimic the appearance of the non-reflective vision glass, providing a more uniform appearance to the curtain wall. When used with lighter backups, shadow boxes add an element of depth to the curtain-wall design. The top, bottom, back and sides of the insulation or back pan are typically sealed to the surrounding framing to prevent the migration of warm moist air from within the building into the shadow box. Common shadow box problems include the following: Imperfect seals permit moist interior air to reach the shadow box area and condense on the inboard face of the spandrel glass. Such condensation can lead to staining of the spandrel glass and leakage to the interior surfaces below. It is almost inevitable that some imperfect workmanship, such as small air leaks into the shadow box, will occur because of the large number of joints in the framing, gaskets, insulation facers and other materials that must be sealed. In addition, the shadow box becomes hot from solar radiation, causing the organic seals to degrade and off-gas volatiles that stain the interior face of the glass. When combined"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass. Inboard of the glass is an opaque layer that is often formed by insulation or a metal panel mounted to the mullion frame. Monolithic glass is often provided in lieu of insulating glass because of the other curtain-wall insulation that is provided in these areas. Architects often like to include shadow boxes with dark backups into curtain-wall systems with non-reflective vision glass, rather than opaque spandrel glass, because shadow boxes can more closely mimic the appearance of the non-reflective vision glass, providing a more uniform appearance to the curtain wall. When used with lighter backups, shadow boxes add an element of depth to the curtain-wall design. The top, bottom, back and sides of the insulation or back pan are typically sealed to the surrounding framing to prevent the migration of warm moist air from within the building into the shadow box. Common shadow box problems include the following: Imperfect seals permit moist interior air to reach the shadow box area and condense on the inboard face of the spandrel glass. Such condensation can lead to staining of the spandrel glass and leakage to the interior surfaces below. It is almost inevitable that some imperfect workmanship, such as small air leaks into the shadow box, will occur because of the large number of joints in the framing, gaskets, insulation facers and other materials that must be sealed. In addition, the shadow box becomes hot from solar radiation, causing the organic seals to degrade and off-gas volatiles that stain the interior face of the glass. When combined"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the yard was oozing, the snow melted on the roofs of the buildings; she stood on the threshold, went to fetch her sunshade and opened it. The parasol, made of an iridescent silk that let sunlight sift through, colored the white skin of her face with shifting reflections. Beneath it, she smiled at the gentle warmth; drops of water fell one by one on the taut silk. This is how Gustave Flaubert describes Emma in Madame Bovary. Without the sifting sunlight, Charles couldn\u2019t catch her beauty. Perhaps that is why God created light on the first day. Ancient Chinese people contributed many inventions to human civilization, but we did not invent glass, nor did we use glass often (even though we did have it as early as the late Spring and Autumn period, i.e., early fifth century B.C.). It seems to me that the reason is more due to aesthetic considerations than practical ones. Glass lets in too much sunlight, rendering the space totally exposed. Ancient Chinese people frowned at the idea of a complete view of a place. How boring! How unromantic! They preferred shadows to light. In traditional East Asian architecture, we cover the window frames and door frames with paper. Paper softens the strong sunlight. The shapes of window frames and door frames\u2014flowery patterns, shapes of Chinese characters\u2014can cast their long mellow shadows to the inside of a house. Toilets become poetic, too! The fabulous Japanese writer Junichiro Tanizaki praised the Japanese toilet as \u201ca place of spiritual repose.\u201d Like Chinese ones,"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the ground, in which a light (before the days of electricity) was usually placed. Its height enabled it to diffuse the light in the room and minimised the shadows. The background of the wall and the sides of the niche helped to throw the light well into the room, and if the wall was white-washed, it also acted as a reflector: the opening in front made the way for the light. So with the spiritual Light; it is placed high, above worldly things; it has a niche or habitation of its own, in Revelation and other Signs of Allah; its access to men is by a special Way, open to all, yet closed to those who refuse its rays. (2) The Lamp is the core of the spiritual Truth, which is the real illumination; the Niche is nothing without it; the Niche is actually made for it. (3) The Glass is the transparent medium through which the Light passes. On the one hand, it protects the light from moths and other forms of low life and from gusts of wind, and on the other, it transmits the fight through a medium which is made up of and akin to the grosser substances of the earth (such as sand, soda, potash, etc.), so arranged as to admit the subtle to the gross by its transparency. So the spiritual Truth has to be filtered through human language or human intelligence to make it intelligible to mankind. The glass by itself does not shine. But when the light"}, {"title": "", "text": "light from one end to the other and how to present it. My first thought, coming through the corridor as you enter the cube, is of course you interrupt the beam with your own physical passage through these little squares that shoot the light across the space. And I thought, they could have easily prevented that, they could have sent it around people or just have them come in at the very end and not follow a path. But they\u2019ve come up with a really interesting, architecturally a really interesting shape that does something very similar to what I\u2019m talking about, which is demand a recognition of the formation of the image, and how it comes to be. And you see it twice. You move past the little hole, and then you can see another larger hole, and then you move past that and into another zone, and then finally you\u2019re presented with what almost is like an easel or an architectural desk. MR: Like a drafting table. AM: A drafting table, where you sit and watch this show. And I was reminded of a lot of camera obscuras I\u2019ve seen, especially the one in San Francisco, down by the water, I think it\u2019s still around, where they\u2019ve put essentially a periscope with a lens on the roof, and it rotates, slowly rotates and gives you a view of the landscape and then beams down at an angle here and you get again this thing that\u2019s a flat image that you\u2019re looking down on as opposed"}, {"title": "", "text": "added effect, consider changing the location of the shadow or adding additional shadows to make light appear to come from different directions. A rectangular selection modified with the Perspective tool, filled with black, and then placed behind the box with the bottom edges closely aligned can give the appearance of a light source shining directly on the front of the box and that the box is set atop a surface. Adjusting the brightness of the side panel is another trick that you can play with lighting in this project. # 4.3 Reflective Glass Advertising is a name game, and attention spans are running short. If you want to get your message across, you'll need to establish the _who_ and the _what_ quickly. A logo is the centerpiece of a corporate identity, and it can do a lot to increase name recognition. While logo designs themselves are often quite simple, they can be placed near or inside other objects for added effect. Glass can reflect a company's identity in a big way. Glass effects are really just tricks with lighting and shadows. In previous tutorials you used lighting to simulate depth in an image. Shadows, too, provide a sense of depth by implying that another surface exists behind or below the main subject. Reflections can also be used to lend texture to a surface. In this tutorial you'll learn how to use reflections to simulate a rounded, glassy surface. This technique is easy to learn, but you may need to experiment to get the reflections just right."}, {"title": "", "text": "the room. You can buy prisms online from scientific supply stores or use old chandelier crystals, which can often be found in antique shops for a dollar or two. Ridged or etched glassware can have a similar effect, creating rainbows from a glass of water. Some architects have even used prismatic glass to create windows or skylights that bathe a space in rainbow reflections. Wind and sunlight are not the only ambient sources of magic. Depending on where you live, you might find specific conditions that give rise to unique effects. One dry night in February I climbed into bed in the darkness and saw flickers of yellow light in between the covers. It was the static electricity created by the friction between my pajamas and the sheets, but it felt as if I had discovered a hidden mystical power. Each night I rustled around to re-create the spectacle until the cold snap passed. If you live in a rainy area, you might find magic by installing a rain chain, an alternative to a typical downspout, which hangs from the edge of the roof and channels water to the ground through a series of metal cups or links. Rather than concealing the flow of rainwater inside an aluminum gutter, the chain celebrates it, turning a storm into a small waterfall. The extreme temperatures of the desert can produce magical mirages: illusory images that appear in the distance due to the bending of light as it passes through fields of hot and cold air. And of course,"}, {"title": "", "text": "one 'see through' the images. Glass can be a window or a doorway, can suggest isolation or entrapment, and can also reflect insight to inner life and thoughts. Glass and reflective metal are surreal materials - it is there and yet not there. You see the surface, but do you really see the surface? You see what is reflected in it, or what is beyond it. In painting these reflective elements, although the end product is a realistic looking piece, I find an exercise in abstract thinking. The process of creating the illusion of glass and metal involves breaking down the image into individual shapes and colors, and when viewed as a whole, creates a finished object. Similar to life, sometimes we only see bits and pieces of what is going on around us, but once we step back, we can get a clear perspective on the whole picture. CLICK HERE to View Amy's Virtual Gallery!"}, {"title": "", "text": "one 'see through' the images. Glass can be a window or a doorway, can suggest isolation or entrapment, and can also reflect insight to inner life and thoughts. Glass and reflective metal are surreal materials - it is there and yet not there. You see the surface, but do you really see the surface? You see what is reflected in it, or what is beyond it. In painting these reflective elements, although the end product is a realistic looking piece, I find an exercise in abstract thinking. The process of creating the illusion of glass and metal involves breaking down the image into individual shapes and colors, and when viewed as a whole, creates a finished object. Similar to life, sometimes we only see bits and pieces of what is going on around us, but once we step back, we can get a clear perspective on the whole picture. CLICK HERE to View Amy's Virtual Gallery!"}, {"title": "", "text": "one 'see through' the images. Glass can be a window or a doorway, can suggest isolation or entrapment, and can also reflect insight to inner life and thoughts. Glass and reflective metal are surreal materials - it is there and yet not there. You see the surface, but do you really see the surface? You see what is reflected in it, or what is beyond it. In painting these reflective elements, although the end product is a realistic looking piece, I find an exercise in abstract thinking. The process of creating the illusion of glass and metal involves breaking down the image into individual shapes and colors, and when viewed as a whole, creates a finished object. Similar to life, sometimes we only see bits and pieces of what is going on around us, but once we step back, we can get a clear perspective on the whole picture. CLICK HERE to View Amy's Virtual Gallery!"}, {"title": "", "text": "mark both distance and the passage of time. In many ways, I seek to close the loop and bring the past back to the present. Sound has this ability. While I don\u2019t claim to have found a magic recipe for artmaking, I know that by embracing both the visual and the transmission, I can connect to my audience on a deeper level. You can always look away from a sculpture, but you can\u2019t close your ears. Jeremy Newman Jeremy Newman has directed numerous documentary and experimental videos. His work is frequently shown at film festivals and has also aired on several PBS stations. He is Associate Professor of Communications at Stockton University. Newman earned an MFA in Media Arts from The Ohio State University. My experimental videos involve light and the act of seeing as mediated by transparent objects and through the camera\u2019s lens. In Quasar, sunlight passes through a red water bottle. By rotating the plastic bottle, I control the shape and the direction of the light. Movement and the corresponding shifts in light suggest an evolving celestial body. In The Crystalline Darkness, sunlight passes through a glass doorknob while it turns. Through video effects, I suggest an alternate dimension where light emerges from the void in a series of delicate forms. In Mantis, I film a praying mantis through a glass door at night with artificial illumination coming from both inside the house and outside the door. Although this encounter between human and insect is intimate due to proximity, separation exists. By stylizing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "mark both distance and the passage of time. In many ways, I seek to close the loop and bring the past back to the present. Sound has this ability. While I don\u2019t claim to have found a magic recipe for artmaking, I know that by embracing both the visual and the transmission, I can connect to my audience on a deeper level. You can always look away from a sculpture, but you can\u2019t close your ears. Jeremy Newman Jeremy Newman has directed numerous documentary and experimental videos. His work is frequently shown at film festivals and has also aired on several PBS stations. He is Associate Professor of Communications at Stockton University. Newman earned an MFA in Media Arts from The Ohio State University. My experimental videos involve light and the act of seeing as mediated by transparent objects and through the camera\u2019s lens. In Quasar, sunlight passes through a red water bottle. By rotating the plastic bottle, I control the shape and the direction of the light. Movement and the corresponding shifts in light suggest an evolving celestial body. In The Crystalline Darkness, sunlight passes through a glass doorknob while it turns. Through video effects, I suggest an alternate dimension where light emerges from the void in a series of delicate forms. In Mantis, I film a praying mantis through a glass door at night with artificial illumination coming from both inside the house and outside the door. Although this encounter between human and insect is intimate due to proximity, separation exists. By stylizing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "If photography is the art of fixing a shadow, glass is the medium that transfers shadows onto film. For Joel-Peter Witkin, whose elaborate tableaux reverberate with the extreme conditions of life and death, glass holds powerful associations. \"Oldenberg,\" says Witkin, \"once described glass as 'lightning trapped in sand.' \" A day before the New York opening of Witkin's retrospective exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, he spoke with Michael Sand about photography, morality, and human remains. My father had four brothers, all glaziers, and he would include me in their work. The first job we had was to take two-by-fours and break industrial glass, which he would replace. So my job was to break the glass. Of course, we had no goggles, no safety precautions. In the first two or three hours or so, I got a splinter in my eye. And he took it out. His hands were huge. He rolled my eyelash up with a wooden match--his hands smelled of putty, cigars, and dirt--and he took the splinter out. The splinter was in the white of my eye, and I was going crazy. Still, this was closest communication I had with my father, except when he would come over to the house and talk to my mother. They'd talk about money and things like that, because he had to pay alimony. He would visit later on, too, and show strange photographs. He took me aside and showed me some clips from Life magazine or Look magazine, the Daily Mirror, or the News (he wasn't a"}, {"title": "", "text": "If photography is the art of fixing a shadow, glass is the medium that transfers shadows onto film. For Joel-Peter Witkin, whose elaborate tableaux reverberate with the extreme conditions of life and death, glass holds powerful associations. \"Oldenberg,\" says Witkin, \"once described glass as 'lightning trapped in sand.' \" A day before the New York opening of Witkin's retrospective exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, he spoke with Michael Sand about photography, morality, and human remains. My father had four brothers, all glaziers, and he would include me in their work. The first job we had was to take two-by-fours and break industrial glass, which he would replace. So my job was to break the glass. Of course, we had no goggles, no safety precautions. In the first two or three hours or so, I got a splinter in my eye. And he took it out. His hands were huge. He rolled my eyelash up with a wooden match--his hands smelled of putty, cigars, and dirt--and he took the splinter out. The splinter was in the white of my eye, and I was going crazy. Still, this was closest communication I had with my father, except when he would come over to the house and talk to my mother. They'd talk about money and things like that, because he had to pay alimony. He would visit later on, too, and show strange photographs. He took me aside and showed me some clips from Life magazine or Look magazine, the Daily Mirror, or the News (he wasn't a"}, {"title": "", "text": "changing its basic functions, in addition, it creates a considerable business advertising revenue for users. The glass wall can be transparent or opaque at the flick of a switch. When it is transparent, it allows light to pass through. When power off, it shades and protects your privacy. In the meantime, it have good blocking effect for infrared, visible and ultraviolet light. Widely applicable to exterior glass walls, no matter it is newly constructed or existing glass walls."}, {"title": "", "text": "to be a right of passage for CNC users. Check this video for an in depth look at the finishing technique: https://youtu.be/rmqtZjZHpYM The cubes look a bit dingy in places, but that sort of fit with the effect I was going for, sort of a recently dug up artifact. Clear cubes The next idea was to try a new material and see what happened. I had some acrylic laying around and so I cut a cube and used the same pattern with a diamond drag bit to etch. The whole thing is put together with Weld-On Acrylic Adhesive. One word on the adhesive, if you get it, take the applicator bottle with needle and throw it as far away as possible. It creates a sloppy mess and fogs the glass. Use a small bristle brush and apply a thin coat to the edges. The brush has much greater control. I also had some mirror acrylic which I etched from behind with a circuit pattern, removing the mirror portion so that light shines through. It makes for an interesting effect. These photos are simply lit from below with a single iPhone. I am working on a base to edge light the cubes and I will post more images when I do. The shadows they throw are really wonderful. Exploring Shadows The shadows got me thinking about hollow wooden forms, so I took some quarter inch sapele and set to work. This time instead of just etching the design, I cut straight through to create the pattern. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "a clever bit of artistry all the same. The glass of the window was more a shade than anything else. There was an attempt, I think, to guide the light not only over the rotating images, but the window itself. Portions, small lines, were lighter than the rest. To cast an image in lighter shadows perhaps\u2026too small to be entirely successful. But still! I wondered what I might find, in this new window. After it was cleared, I gathered my things, looked upward into the dark. It was like a looming eye looking down on me, a slumbering giant that dwarfed the house. As the sun shifted across it, I stared longer. I waited for some vision or sight beyond. I waited for a world in the dark glass\u2014but I saw nothing. Not quite nothing. I saw myself in the glass. Reflected, distorted. The curves stretched by body, my face and body\u2014it was like a grotesque flower formed of my features. The thin lines looked like abandoned strings falling off my face. Like my reflection hanging from the ceiling, by thin fibirous puppet strings. So perfectly cast, I could feel my own weight above me. It was\u2026disorienting, to see an empty shell of yourself, staring down from a dark and starless sky. Even at noon, there was no color to my reflections skin. I am not surprised such a window was covered\u2026but I held out hope that day that, in my work, this would open a new insight. A new window into the world beyond. After"}, {"title": "", "text": "In the brilliant light of May I can't even see the glass. The sun streams in like a flamboyant guest, not waiting for an invitation. No longer can I see the white vinyl frame, just the shape. I think this window is what sold me on the house, it's like an arched doorway: low to the ground and reaching high to the ceiling. Perhaps sun-bleaching of the floors and couch should concern me, but it doesn't. The rays warm the couch and lift me to notions of gardening and walking the dog. I know he needs it, I think we both do. By Angela Abraham, @daisydescriptionari, January 21, 2015. Will always said when a door closes another one opens but, the way I see it, when a window closes you can only see what could have been through it's transparent surface. They're devious, sly, and tricky the way they allow you to see through them, though you can't get to your past option.regret. The images that they reflect are flawless they don't come out backwards like a mirror so you can see who you really are. A real eye-opener. On rainy days they only want to shape the way you think, so they distort all on the other side. On sunny days they glare brightly so you can't see, blinding you completely, leaving you vulnerable. Sometimes it's hard to hang onto what Will said especially since he's no longer by my side. By ratoriravenwolf, September 25, 2014. Ryan could feel the cuffs digging into his wrists"}, {"title": "", "text": "structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at. The team photographed the transparent wood\u2019s cell structure in the University of Maryland\u2019s Advanced Imaging and Microscopy (AIM) Lab. Transparent wood still has all the cell structures that comprised the original piece of wood. The wood is cut against the grain, so that the channels that drew water and nutrients up from the roots lie along the shortest dimension of the window. The new transparent wood uses theses natural channels in wood to guide the sunlight through the wood. As the sun passes over a house with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass changes as the sun moves. With windows or panels made of transparent wood instead of glass, as the sun moves across the sky, the channels in the wood direct the sunlight in the same way every time. \"This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,\" Li said. \"The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also, the room would be more equally lighted at all times.\" Working with transparent wood is similar to working with natural wood, the researchers said. However, their transparent wood is waterproof due to its polymer component. It also is much less breakable than glass because the cell structure inside resists shattering. The research team"}, {"title": "", "text": "understand something about the cultural system you are addressing, you might be able to pass right through its protective cell walls and get your message across. Reflecting on polarized light Imagine looking into a room where everything looks completely ordinary. But when you look into the mirrors, then all sorts of spooky things appear about the room \u2014 images, faces, writing. This could be an interesting way to tell an immersive ghost story. You could do such a thing using circularly polarized light. In ordinary linearly polarized light (as in many sunglasses and projectors), all the light waves vibrate at the same angle. But in circularly polarized light, the light waves spiral \u2014 either clockwise or counterclockwise. Most 3D movies are shown with linearly polarized light. When you wear those funny glasses, the filter over your left eye shows only polarized light slanting diagonally one way, and the other shows only polarized light slanting diagonally the other way. This works fine as long as you don\u2019t tilt your head to one side or the other. If you do that, then the angles don\u2019t line up anymore, and each eye ends up seeing both images, which ruins the effect. Some more expensive 3D projection works with circularly polarized light. The left eye filter sees only light waves that spiral one way (say, counterclockwise), and the right eye filter see only light waves that spiral the other way (say, clockwise). And the effect works just as well even if you tilt your head. In fact, you can rotate"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is much more calculated, two sets of symmetries determine the window positions, ranges of three equally spaced windows on the bottom two floors centred on the overall width of the tower with a pair of sashes centred on the spaces between them on the floor above, but with a single sash above these centred in the corner turrets and apparently not related to the windows below. Here, the arrangement appears not like that of a practically built castle but rather a very dynamic composition of diagonals, with a pyramidal arrangement of windows overlaid with an upside-down pyramid of windows. I noticed something did not seem right with the entrance to the Cathedral and eventually worked out that the lighting was not correct; it would be much more complex than what I had painted. I had in fact, painted all the light as coming from the left. If the source of light is on the left, it should, in the arched openings, reflect off the right hand wall onto the recessed wall parallel to the facade, so that, in effect, it is coming from the right in these shaded openings. Much better now, although it still needs a little tidying up. This is the kind of thing which makes painting buildings which do not exist such a challenge. It is necessary to imagine the effects of light, weather, age, the colour of materials. I think more thought needs to go into the colours in the shadows here, the reflected light probably giving some of the brick"}, {"title": "", "text": "Engineers at the University of Maryland (UMD) demonstrate in a new study that windows made of transparent wood could provide more even and consistent natural lighting and better energy efficiency than glass. In a paper just published in the peer-reviewed journal Advanced Energy Materials, the team, headed by Liangbing Hu of UMD\u2019s Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Energy Research Center lay out research showing that their transparent wood provides better thermal insulation and lets in nearly as much light as glass, while eliminating glare and providing uniform and consistent indoor lighting. The findings advance earlier published work on their development of transparent wood. The transparent wood lets through just a little bit less light than glass, but a lot less heat, said Tian Li, the lead author of the new study. \u201cIt is very transparent, but still allows for a little bit of privacy because it is not completely see-through. We also learned that the channels in the wood transmit light with wavelengths around the range of the wavelengths of visible light, but that it blocks the wavelengths that carry mostly heat,\u201d said Li. VIDEO: See the wood window in action The team\u2019s findings were derived, in part, from tests on tiny model house with a transparent wood panel in the ceiling that the team built. The tests showed that the light was more evenly distributed around a space with a transparent wood roof than a glass roof. The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell"}, {"title": "", "text": "within a glass tube, intended to prevent any escape of mercurial vapour\u2014a purpose hardly \u2018fulfilled in this case, as the apparatus had been fitted up hastily in an improvised sort of way, and was imperfect\u2014the condensation of vapour on the inside of the glass dimmed and somewhat obscured the light But it was nevertheless exceedingly vivid, and of a very decided bluish tinge\u2014so blue, indeed, that it was noticed that crystals of proto-sulphate of iron appeared quite colourless. It was also very steady, of great volume as compared with the spark produced by the usual carbon points, and, as the result showed, intensely actinic. Setting to work, I placed a piece of sculpture in bas-relief at a distance of about two feet from the lamp, at such an angle as to obtain the best effect, suspending a sheet of paper at one side to reflect light into the cast shadows, which were very black indeed. I used Ross\u2019s \u2018Orthographic lens (a favourite of mine at the time, as with it I had produced some of my best work), and worked with a large stop. I have, unfortunately, no note of the exposure, but it was just right, and the result all I could desire, no solarization of the lights (if I may use the term in this instance), and the shadows full of detail. I was much struck with the peculiarly penetrating power of the new light; so, when I returned the following evening to my improvised studio to print the negative I had taken, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "within a glass tube, intended to prevent any escape of mercurial vapour\u2014a purpose hardly \u2018fulfilled in this case, as the apparatus had been fitted up hastily in an improvised sort of way, and was imperfect\u2014the condensation of vapour on the inside of the glass dimmed and somewhat obscured the light But it was nevertheless exceedingly vivid, and of a very decided bluish tinge\u2014so blue, indeed, that it was noticed that crystals of proto-sulphate of iron appeared quite colourless. It was also very steady, of great volume as compared with the spark produced by the usual carbon points, and, as the result showed, intensely actinic. Setting to work, I placed a piece of sculpture in bas-relief at a distance of about two feet from the lamp, at such an angle as to obtain the best effect, suspending a sheet of paper at one side to reflect light into the cast shadows, which were very black indeed. I used Ross\u2019s \u2018Orthographic lens (a favourite of mine at the time, as with it I had produced some of my best work), and worked with a large stop. I have, unfortunately, no note of the exposure, but it was just right, and the result all I could desire, no solarization of the lights (if I may use the term in this instance), and the shadows full of detail. I was much struck with the peculiarly penetrating power of the new light; so, when I returned the following evening to my improvised studio to print the negative I had taken, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have a question about shooting through the front window of a moving vehicle. I have tried this a couple of ways so far, but haven't yet gotten the results that I am looking for. One method was to place a 4x4 black flag over the window to block out all reflections so that I could clearly see the two actors sitting in the front seats. They were clearly visible (with some battery powered lighting), but it looks a little unrealistic to me without the reflections. The other method was to dial the reflections out as much as possible with a polarizer, but the filter has a limited effect on the curved glass. I liked this much better, but at times it was still a bit of a strain to see the actors through the reflection of the sky. I chose a street with tall buildings and trees to give nice dark reflections to see through, but there was still a lot of bright sky obscuring the actors. How can I minimize the reflections without getting rid of them entirely? I am looking for some kind of net to put over the window, but wouldn't a regular single or double net be visible in the reflection? Some sort of thin, fine woven black fabric (translucent) would seem to do the trick, but it would be difficult to rig it so that it is not visible flapping in the wind. Any suggestions? If this question is a bit below the \"pro\" benchmark, forgive me. You can improve"}, {"title": "", "text": "Artist Tet Speirs photographs sunsets through glass to stunning effect. My pieces draw on the associations between light and spirituality, idealism and perception, focussing especially on light in terms of its universal role in the creation of life. Transparent glass is used in the creation of every piece to capture different light behaviours. One set of images portrays a sunset photographed through parallel sheets of glass, the resultant multiple reflections producing a layered effect and refraction causing some separation between the colours. These pieces highlight the similarities and necessary overlaps between shifting perceptions. The other set portrays a different sunset photographed through a concave lens, altering and widening the reach of the sunlight. The emphasis in these pieces is on the infinite possibilities and differences in thought, reflection and impact that are possible within philosophy, and which are required for progression and positivity to exist within human life."}, {"title": "", "text": "droplets, and the light scatters as it passes through. This results in the translucent, \"milky white\" appearance (OFF state). But when we apply the voltage, the LC droplets align, allowing the light to pass through. This results in a transparent state of the glass (ON state). The amount of light that passes through can be controlled by the value of applied voltage. If lower voltage is applied, there will be more LC droplets out of alignment, resulting in more light scattering and lower transparency. Conversely, as we increase the voltage, more droplets will align, thus resulting in less scattering and more transparency. An example can be seen below. The transparent state of \"smart\" window (left) and the opaque state (right) There are still several potential problems in the way of wide-spread use of \"smart\" glass: high level of haze in transparent state high driving voltage around 100 V short time of operation State-of-the-art \"smart\" glass State-of-the-art technology today is on the way to solve at least some of the problems described above [9]. One of the front-runners in this field is Scienstry, the company that developed the latest generation of \"smart\" glass - NPD-LCD Film. They utilized a novel non-linear polymer system that has been successfully used to solve all long lasting problems in switchable window industry, such as high haze in clear state,high driving voltage and short operational life time. The NPD-LCD technology has : theoretically and practically blocked all chemical factors that can cause the film to deteriorate. reduced haze in transparent state from"}, {"title": "", "text": "droplets, and the light scatters as it passes through. This results in the translucent, \"milky white\" appearance (OFF state). But when we apply the voltage, the LC droplets align, allowing the light to pass through. This results in a transparent state of the glass (ON state). The amount of light that passes through can be controlled by the value of applied voltage. If lower voltage is applied, there will be more LC droplets out of alignment, resulting in more light scattering and lower transparency. Conversely, as we increase the voltage, more droplets will align, thus resulting in less scattering and more transparency. An example can be seen below. The transparent state of \"smart\" window (left) and the opaque state (right) There are still several potential problems in the way of wide-spread use of \"smart\" glass: high level of haze in transparent state high driving voltage around 100 V short time of operation State-of-the-art \"smart\" glass State-of-the-art technology today is on the way to solve at least some of the problems described above [9]. One of the front-runners in this field is Scienstry, the company that developed the latest generation of \"smart\" glass - NPD-LCD Film. They utilized a novel non-linear polymer system that has been successfully used to solve all long lasting problems in switchable window industry, such as high haze in clear state,high driving voltage and short operational life time. The NPD-LCD technology has : theoretically and practically blocked all chemical factors that can cause the film to deteriorate. reduced haze in transparent state from"}, {"title": "", "text": "to control the amount of light that passes through the liquid crystal molecules that make up the moving layer of the screen, which is sandwiched between clear glass panels. The currents can force the naturally twisted molecules to unwind or coil tighter, thereby changing the amount of light that can pass from the bulb behind the glass to the eye of the viewer. It may help you understand this process by imagining that light filters through an LCD screen the same way that sunlight filters through the leaves of a tree. Now, imagine that the tree is being blown in the wind, and you will see that the amount and placement of the light that comes through the leaves changes. This is very similar to the dynamic that powers an LCD screen, except that the sun is a small light bulb, the leaves are molecules of liquid crystal, and the wind is made up of electric currents sent by the computer and designed to create a specific light pattern that your eye will interpret as words or images. Compatible Inkjet Cartridge Which One Will You Choose Five Reasons to Outsource your 3D Visualizations"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass pane. An observer looking directly at the mirror from the front would see nothing but a reflected image, no different than a traditional mirror. The reflective surface is so thin, however, that some light penetrates the pane instead of being reflected back to the observer. A person looking through the back of the mirror can see an image as if he or she were looking through a tinted window, which is essentially what he or she is doing. If that two-way mirror is installed between two rooms, it will look like a large mirror in one room and a large pane of tinted glass in the other. In order to get the maximum benefit, the mirrored room must be significantly brighter than the observation room. The additional light makes it difficult to see through the reflective side and also provides more illumination for the observers on the other side. It is this pronounced difference in lighting levels which make the two-way effect possible. If the lighting circumstances were reversed, a person on the mirrored side could see directly into the other room. There are several ways to tell if a two-way mirror is present in a room. One way is called the fingernail test. The observer should touch the surface of the suspected mirror with a fingernail and observe the reflection. In a traditional mirror, the two fingernails should not meet directly. Because the second layer of the mirror is silvered, there will be a gap between the object and its reflected image. If there"}, {"title": "", "text": "glass pane. An observer looking directly at the mirror from the front would see nothing but a reflected image, no different than a traditional mirror. The reflective surface is so thin, however, that some light penetrates the pane instead of being reflected back to the observer. A person looking through the back of the mirror can see an image as if he or she were looking through a tinted window, which is essentially what he or she is doing. If that two-way mirror is installed between two rooms, it will look like a large mirror in one room and a large pane of tinted glass in the other. In order to get the maximum benefit, the mirrored room must be significantly brighter than the observation room. The additional light makes it difficult to see through the reflective side and also provides more illumination for the observers on the other side. It is this pronounced difference in lighting levels which make the two-way effect possible. If the lighting circumstances were reversed, a person on the mirrored side could see directly into the other room. There are several ways to tell if a two-way mirror is present in a room. One way is called the fingernail test. The observer should touch the surface of the suspected mirror with a fingernail and observe the reflection. In a traditional mirror, the two fingernails should not meet directly. Because the second layer of the mirror is silvered, there will be a gap between the object and its reflected image. If there"}, {"title": "", "text": "I'm having trouble figuring out how to correctly add a glass material to an object inside a building. Basically, I have this room (see image below), the left side of the room opens [with curtain wall] to the outside. Inside you have this \"mini town\" with all this storefronts. I hid most of the model so I can highlight the import area. My problem is with adding glass to an object. For some reason the material bypasses all my walls, specifically the exterior wall, and reflects the sky and horizon outside my scene. I only want the glass to reflect what's around it, like it should in a realistic setting. I can't seem to figure out why this is happening. I tested my scene further by putting a wall right outside my curtain wall so that no sunlight should be able to enter my scene. But for whatever reason, as soon as I designate a \"glass\" material to my glazing it ignores that wall and reflects the horizon. Update : Figured it out, you have to add \"Reflection Control\" object and...tada...everything is fixed. Good to hear that, amartindill, and thanks for sharing the solution too."}, {"title": "", "text": "I'm having trouble figuring out how to correctly add a glass material to an object inside a building. Basically, I have this room (see image below), the left side of the room opens [with curtain wall] to the outside. Inside you have this \"mini town\" with all this storefronts. I hid most of the model so I can highlight the import area. My problem is with adding glass to an object. For some reason the material bypasses all my walls, specifically the exterior wall, and reflects the sky and horizon outside my scene. I only want the glass to reflect what's around it, like it should in a realistic setting. I can't seem to figure out why this is happening. I tested my scene further by putting a wall right outside my curtain wall so that no sunlight should be able to enter my scene. But for whatever reason, as soon as I designate a \"glass\" material to my glazing it ignores that wall and reflects the horizon. Update : Figured it out, you have to add \"Reflection Control\" object and...tada...everything is fixed. Good to hear that, amartindill, and thanks for sharing the solution too."}, {"title": "", "text": "glass, or windows themselves, and particularly glass that is patterned or frosted to add an extra sense of mystery. Then look for a silhouette! If possible focus on the silhouette and not the door or window frame to avoid distractions. This is especially important as a shot like this is likely to be in low light, and so using a wide aperture with narrow depth of field will make the point of focus all the more crucial. I\u2019ve been attempting to make a surreal silhouette street shot for months now, and this is first photo I\u2019ve been remotely happy with, though it could be so much better to be a properly powerful image. This was shot as I walked past the doorway of a lighted church at night. I saw these mysterious figures in the doorway, and their silhouettes really stood out against the bright lights of the church. I made several attempts to get a photo, but the figures kept moving. Most of the shots I made were just too abstract \u2013 the figures were too far from the glass to be clear enough, and I couldn\u2019t frame the doorway without it being lost in a sea of inky blackness because of the darkened street. This shot was the best I made \u2013 I took a step back to show the light spilling out of the doorway to illuminate the railings, and I waited until some people walked past to add an extra element of interest to the composition. It was just too \u2018minimal\u2019 otherwise."}, {"title": "", "text": "the Afternoon the exploration of the space in which a couple live. In Glass Shadows this space is a loft apartment bordered on two sides by windows. The woman, Fisher, does all the filming, but both she and the man move through the spaces, nude, more as models than actors, taking rather stationary poses. They become statues of a sort, though by no means statuesque; rather, they simply stand. A mirror on a dresser provides an important interior frame reflecting the positions of the filmmaker and the man, as the hand-held camera pans and tilts through this space. Superimposition overlays the images, creating a great ambiguity of window-mirror reflection. Sometimes the two figures appear to be mere traces that embody a potential sexuality. Light through glass on a glass combines with the transparency of the layered images to efface the opacity of presence into a more ephemeral suggestion of the having been or the perhaps being. The images are voluptuous and airy all at once. Mostly the figures are distanced in the frame, sometimes fragmented by the framing. One close-up mirror-reflected tilt covers the curve of the filmmaker\u2019s body, a region from breast to hip, the curve a certain feminine. This image contrasts graphically with other images of the filmmaker shooting, her gaze characterized by the camera which she holds, though not always at eye level. When the camera is held lower, centered on her body, we sometimes see her gaze echoing that of the camera, intent, serious, concentrated. The great fluidity is filled with ambiguities"}, {"title": "", "text": "paintings. These installations often use barbed wires to imitate the movement of ink lines. Barbed wires, as ready-made material for art, are sharp, pliable and tough, so they are metaphoric of ink as well as social violence. Overflowing Light builds an \u201coverflowing\u201d scene with glittering, transparent glass tube and shining barbed wires, as well as light and shadow. Sharp wires are pressed through the fragile glass tube, leaving shards scattered on the ground, shining in riotous profusion. Beautiful as these shards are, they seem dangerous when you come closer. Here is the metaphor and tension of life and reality. Division of Space builds an enclosed space with curtains in which the barbed wires, glinting in the light, create a poetic atmosphere of ink painting, both imaginary and real. Seeing the moving and poetic light and shadow replaced by barbed wires, viewers may experience an inspiring visual and perceptual shock. The installation Haunts1 was made site specifically for the exhibition The Garden of Mystery: Wang Huangsheng Art Works in Suzhou Museum. The artists chose the extremely harmful barbed wire and the soft gauze with represented healing of the wound, with the gauze twining around the wire. On one hand, the new language is full of aggression, making him reflect on various pains brought by the rapid development of the society and the time form the superficial sensory pains; on the other hand, he paid much more attention to the questions related with the pure expression of pains, what to do for preventing the pains and how to"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Crusader era in Palestine. Another example of stained glass windows produced in Hebron are those adorning the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem. \"Hebron's medieval reputation in glassmaking is corroborated by some of the many Christian pilgrims who visited the city over the centuries. Between 1345 and 1350, Franciscan friar Niccol\u00f2 da Poggibonsi noted that \"they make great works of art in glass.\" In the late 15th century, the friar Felix Faber and his companions also stopped in this \"exceeding ancient city,\" and he described how \"we came forth from our inn, and passed through the long street of the city, in which work-people of divers crafts dwelt, but more particularly workers in glass; for at this place glass is made, not clear glass, but black, and of the colors between dark and light.\" While acknowledging that the production of glass in Palestine dates back to Roman period, Nazmi Ju'beh, director of RIWAQ: Centre for Architectural Conservation, contends that the practices of today's glass industry in Hebron most likely emerged in the 13th century CE. This corresponds to what foreigners observed, like Jacques de Vitry who around 1080 mentioned Acre and Tyre, (but not Hebron), as glass-producing cities, while by 1483, when Felix Fabri visited the city, he described passing \"through the long street of the city, in which work-people of divers crafts dwelt, but particularly workers in glass; for at this place glass is made, not clear glass, but black, and of the colours between dark and light.\" Ju'beh notes"}, {"title": "", "text": "Live Glass interprets the colorful shadows produced by stained glass found in the Isabella Stewart Gardner museum and transforms them into a wearable piece that can be experienced by both the model and the audience. This wearable looks at color and light and the relationship between the two when water is added. The piece is made up of three parts: a central frame that holds the \u201cstained glass\u201d pieces, the \u201cstained glass\u201d made from heat-sealed vinyl pouches that hold dyed water inside, and a lighting system to cast shadows. Live Glass, inspired by the stain glass piece on display in the museum, is meant to challenge the way that art is typically viewed. In order to make the artwork feel more alive, the piece will be worn and shown off, casting ever-changing shadows. The user wears the piece around their waist and uses the attached lighting system to cast shadows onto themselves and the floor. The shadows produced by the piece are variegated which adds a new level of complexity and attraction to the piece. The variegated shadows are produced by shinning an led light through the pouches of dyed water. The effect that is created is similar to when sunlight reflects on a pool. Live Glass is to be worn in multiple fashion shows, including one at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and two for Boston fashion week. An educational exhibit that teaches people about binary communication, by providing a fun and accessible demonstration of how computers encode and send text data. For those who"}, {"title": "", "text": "An ethereal brutalism. Bertrand Jayr This collection is like a tasting menu: each new bite is a surprise. Gourmets of design love to be surprised by details. Furniture of the Curb collection can\u2019t be taken in with just one glance. Each of their faces is unique and impacts differently the scenography of your interior. It is up to you to choose the orientation of these pieces of furniture accordingly. Matter, forms and light to cultivate shadows. Each side of the Curb collection is unique and has its own way of playing with light. The light is sometimes stopped by the concrete mass, sometimes filtered by the tinted glass.When it hits the bas-relief frieze, it casts bold shadows. The glass globe of the side table is mouth-blown. Its beautiful irregularities are revealed with the light that passes through it. When the light is low, the shadow cast by the table accentuates the contrast between the finesse of the legs and the slab of concrete. The tinted glass is a subtle homage to the late 1970s. The browns and greens that were so popular at that time have been replaced by a dark gray color that\u2019s both elegant and timeless. \u201cOrnamentation is an economic, moral and cultural crime.\u201d \u2013 Adolf Loos, 1908. \u201cOr not.\u201d \u2013 Lyon b\u00e9ton, 2021. Bas-relief, cornices, imposts, mantling, molding \u2026 At the beginning of the 20th century, the Modernist movement, under the influence of Alfred Loos (\u201cOrnament and Crime,\u201d 1908), set out to eliminate all ornamentation from buildings, furniture and other objects. Even Le"}, {"title": "", "text": "bespoke glass shelves, you don\u2019t need to look any further than their transparent nature. Light is able to pass freely through the glass, giving the space a brighter and more airy feeling. If you\u2019ve got a lot of shelving in a room, it can easily become quite dark and oppressive as each one casts its own shadow. Bespoke glass shelves also work particularly well with LED lights which can provide a soft and subtle illumination. These can be positioned underneath, above or to the side of the shelf, depending on what look you\u2019re trying to achieve. LED lights are available in a variety of colours and so can easily be tied into your existing colour scheme. When it comes cleaning and ongoing maintenance, bespoke glass shelves are far easier to deal with than wooden ones. If something is split on them, the glass doesn\u2019t stain or start to warp. All you need to clean glass is a lint-free cloth and for more stubborn dirt, a glass cleaning spray. Over time, wood can begin to discolour and paint can start to chip, so you have to spend time and effort staining or painting it. Bespoke glass shelves don\u2019t have that problem. When we say bespoke glass shelves, we truly mean it. Glass can be cut to fit even the most awkward of angles and a number of different finishes can be applied, including colour tints, etching and frosting. If you\u2019re thinking about how to light up your home with bespoke glass shelves, get in touch with Glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "particular light does justice to your work; but the artist in glass is always very much at the mercy of chance in this respect. He cannot choose the light in which his work shall be seen, and the painter of Chalons may have been more unfortunate than in any way to blame. There comes, however, a degree of heaviness in painted glass about which there can be no discussion. When the paint is laid on so thick that under ordinary conditions of light the glass is obscure, or when it is so heavy that the light necessary to illuminate it is more than is good for the rest of the window, the bounds of moderation have surely been passed. And in the latter half of the sixteenth century it was less and less the custom to take heed of considerations other than pictorial; so that by degrees the translucency of glass was sacrificed habitually to strength of effect depending not so much upon colour, which is the strength of glass, as upon the relief obtained by shadow, just the one quality not to be obtained in glass painting. For the quality of shadow depends upon its transparency; and shadow painted upon glass, through which the light is to come, must needs be obscure, must lack, in proportion as it is dark, the mysterious quality of light in darkness, which is the charm of shadow. The misuse of shading which eventually prevailed may best be explained by reference to its beginnings, already in the first half of"}, {"title": "", "text": "clear face image with the cast shadows, eyeglasses or other outliers removed. Thus, the clear face image should be a column of the estimated low-rank matrix while the cast shadows or eyeglasses should be a column of the sparse matrix Each image is of size $243\\times 320$, which we reduce to $122\\times 160$. All images are re-arranged as long vectors and a mean image is subtracted from each of them. The mean image is computed as the empirical mean of all images in the training data. For the training data, $\\M_G$, we use images of subjects with no glasses, which is 12 subjects out of 15 subjects. We keep four face images per subject -- taken with center-light, right-light, left-light, and normal-light -- for each of these 12 subjects. Thus the training data matrix $\\M_G$ is ${19520\\times48}$. We compute $\\G$ by keeping its left singular vectors corresponding to $99\\%$ energy. This results in $r_G = 38$. We use another two face images per subject for each of the twelve subjects, some with glasses and some without, as the test data, i.e. the measurement matrix $\\M$. Thus $\\M$ is ${19520\\times24}$. In the experiments, we compare modified-PCP with PCP \\cite{rpca} and ReProCS \\cite{rrpcp_allerton,rrpcp_tsp} and also with some of the other algorithms compared in \\cite{rrpcp_tsp}: robust subspace learning (RSL) \\cite{Torre03aframework}, which is a batch robust PCA algorithm that was compared against in \\cite{rpca}, and GRASTA \\cite{grass_undersampled}, which is a very recent online robust PCA algorithm. We also compare against Dense Error Correction (DEC) \\cite{error_correction_PCP_l1,wright2009robust} since this first addressed this"}, {"title": "", "text": "Light, shadow and pattern are some of the themes I explore in my work. Glass is a material I use as a vehicle to capture light, energy, and fragility. There is a time in the day in my studio when the sun pours in and everything comes to life as sunlight slowly travels around my studio, casting beams of light through all of the glass sculptures, jewelry, lighting, and experiments. I often have to drop what I am doing and absorb this fleeting moment. Light vibrates through the skeletal facets, corners and open planes. The shadow cast on surfaces is this energy broken up into patterns, which can be used as a vehicle for meditation by the viewer. I view my jewelry and lighting work as functional art. A ring can function as a sculptural object sitting in your home, waiting to be worn and experienced in another way. I try to create calm, meditative artwork."}, {"title": "", "text": "that, otherwise fashion a 'sewing needle' from a paper clip. * Straighten the paper clip out and then fold it back on itself with a small 'eye' left in the bend. * Thread your twine through the eye. * Now just pass your needle through the center hole of the bead as many times as you can: * ![Bead Wrapping](images/bead.jpg) * As you continue threading it will become harder and harder to pull the twine through. Needle nose pliers will aid at this point. * Make as many wraps as you can. The more fully the bead is covered, the more consistent the sound will be and the less likely it will be to crack your glasses: ![Bead Wrapping 2](images/bead2.jpg) * The twine is so tight in the bead that you can just trim off the excess to make a nice tight ball. Cut the other end so you have about 4\" of twine left. * We used two small washers on a screw-top mandrel to hold the twine. Slip the thread in between the two washers and tighten the screw just enough to hold the twine. * Before tightening fully, take the striker over to the instrument and check to see the length that you need. You want the striker to come as close to the glasses as possible without striking them. When you get the length correct, tighten down the screw and trim off the excess twine. * Here is what it looks like when complete: * ![Bead Final](images/beadFinal.jpg) * Fire it up and"}, {"title": "", "text": "(2014) by Thomas Scoon is a cast glass and granite sculpture. Just short of 5 feet (57 inches to be exact), the figures are meant to show people rising from the external landscape. He tried to choose rocks that evoked the feeling and gesture of human forms, specifically torsos and heads. The layering of kiln-cast glass and stone allows light to pass through the figures and embodies the spiritual and physical essence of human nature into the sculpture. He felt the combination of the materials expresses both the fragility and the enduring qualities and humanity. Scoon continued with his granite and glass theme with Companion Series I-IV (2016). Similar to the One In One sculpture,this work shows human figures made of cast glass and granite. I suppose he didn\u2019t want his other sculpture to feel lonely. Earth/Sky (2016) by Tom Patti is one of the more unusual works at the exhibit. Patti wanted to show the ambiguous condition between the literal and the phenomenal. Patti felt the unique quality of the reflection combines the transparency of glass in his design. This combination results in an ambiguous sense of space that obscures any references to the physical solidity of the materials, revealing the natural essence of the environment. This work of art, like many more in the exhibit, was not as provocative because of the lack of light on the day of my visit. If the sun had been out the shadows would have played off the work of art more dramatically. One of the more unique"}, {"title": "", "text": "an indistinct countertop leaning against an indistinct wall. In each of its sixteen hollows a glint of refracted light hovers slightly off center like the highlights that radiate presence in the eyes of cartoons. From within these glints the tray feels surprised as if we snuck up on it, caught it doing something shameful. It\u2019s there, hiding something behind its back, utterly present and aware of us and in the same moment receding into its unknowability: into the soft focus and muted tones of the rendering and the perspectival instability of the tray\u2019s relationship to the surfaces that support it. Encountering residual fleck (ice tray) is akin to encountering an opossum in the dark, an effect that many of Getz\u2019 paintings achieve. As I approach Containers, I am surprised by a thin glass vessel sitting precariously near the edge of a surface, casting its shadow on the wall behind it. The flat light is coming from behind me as if I opened a pantry door onto this private scene and the shadow on the wall\u2015the shadow vessel behind (within) the glass\u2015is visible through the translucent container that\u2019s casting it. It\u2019s another species of image/after-image superimposition that sparks a recognition of presence in the painting. In this instance, seeing the shadow of the glass within the glass evokes an intense recognition of vulnerability and identification with the subject. Its shadow becomes something profoundly private, a self-image that it\u2019s attempting and failing to conceal. In that failure there\u2019s a twang, a reverberation between the volume of glass and"}, {"title": "", "text": "already set. But studio glass is about so much more than just color. Using just a semi-transparent white and touches of black the chandelier would have to rely solely on the layering of the glass and on the way the light passes through those layers in order to create a sufficiently fascinating statement. Using this opalescent white and building up piece over piece this chandelier creates depth and stunning visual texture through the transfer of light through the glass alone. I think one of the most interesting things about this piece is the way that your eyes keep finding new detail in it. The shadows and reflections cause you to look at the form of the glass and trace the component shapes with your eye without the distraction of color. Because of the transparency and the simplicity of the white on white, all of the intricacies of the form start to reveal themselves. Even after having created and installed so many chandeliers over the years this one causes me to pause and look at how it all fits together and how the light moves through it. Complex and simple, intricate and elegant \u2013 I believe this one will draw the eye of many lucky guests for years to come, and sorry no black curtains. This chandelier measures 72\u2033 in height by 38\u2033 in width. The 30 individual plates average 10\u2033 in diameter and the total weight of the chandelier is 250 lbs. It was installed using an Aladdin Light Lift."}, {"title": "", "text": "for the interior. In every building, it looks different. In glazing with screen printing on, where the image is constructed with the use of a halftone (Figure 3b) or bigger geometrical features (Figure 6a) which are prepared using white enamel, the printed image acts as a white curtain. The glazing not only obscures the view into the interior from the outside, but also enables partial integration of the interior into the surroundings. One of the basic functions of glazing is controlling the intensity of light going into the building. It also provides partial protection against sunlight and overheating of the interior. In coloured and transparent glazing, the glass layer acts as a filter for the light going into the interior. It considerably influences the perception of the interior and the way we see space, as well as any objects that are present there. Light that travels through a glass fa\u00e7ade casts a colourful shadow on the walls and the floor. The shadow changes its shape over the course of the day, and interacts with the compositional features of the interior. In this context, the most frequent interference phenomena are those occurring between two layers of glass covered with an image that is created of a halftone (Figure 6b). Geometrical layouts, which can occur, for instance, between some fine spots, move along with the viewer. Both monochromatic as well as coloured glazing, act inside the building as a decorative wall, incorporated compositionally into the structure of the interior's concept. Glass roofs and skylights Glass roofs and skylights"}, {"title": "", "text": "with the way light goes through the glass, casting colored lights and shadows. A lot of the work I create is about the process. In my blown pieces, I like the viewer to be able to see the movement and how I worked with glass. I enjoy the organic material and like to use the material in a way that it is moving. In my weavings, I like people to see the process, how it is put together, a part of a whole. Each wire, each piece of glass are entwined together to create a whole piece. The weavings are very personal to me and are what I would consider my signature look. My mother was a weaver before I was born and sold her loom to make room for me. However, we still raised silk warms and I quite often visited the loom and became familiar with the weaving process. During my travels, I have seen how every culture has a fabric, a weaving, that relates to their journey. All of these moments were key elements in my creation of this process and continuing to develop the pieces into different series and bodies of work. I love the combination of glass and metal, both the stainless and copper. The way the glass looks hanging from the ceiling casting light in the environment or how it drapes on the wall, creating colored shadows beneath."}, {"title": "", "text": "performance as well. This type of coating is most appropriate for cooling-dominated climates and buildings with large internal loads, where the goal is primarily to stop the buildings from overheating. In a heating-dominated climate, the second type of low-e coating is more appropriate. This is Passive Low-E, where the goal is to retain heat inside the building. These coatings don't block as much of the short-wave infrared light from the sun, but do block any long-wave infrared light coming from the inside, functioning as somewhat of a greenhouse. These coatings are placed on the inner pane of glass, on the outer face if less solar heat gain is desired, and on the inner face if more solar heat gain is desired. Especially when combined with double-or-triple-paned windows, the R-values achieved with low-e coatings can be quite high, with a 3-paned window filled with argon with one low-e coating having an R-value of 5.4. One trade-off of low-e coatings is that while they are primarily aimed at reducing the amount of infrared light passing through the window, they do also somewhat reduce the amount of visible light passing through, and the building may incur higher lighting demand as a result. There are two methods of applying the Low-E coating to the glazing: Hard Coat and Soft Coat. Hard Coat is applied either in or directly after the tin bath in the float glass manufacturing process. This produces a coating which is very durable and inexpensive, as it is added during the existing production process. However, it is"}, {"title": "", "text": "into space. Importantly, Claesz harmonized his arrangements with a remarkable sensitivity to light. In this painting, light flooding the scene creates shadows along the folds and creases of the tablecloth.[9] [9] A somewhat undefined diagonal between the pewter pitcher and the rose in the muted background may be a suggestion of light falling onto the scene from the upper left. A similar effect is also found in the Rijksmuseum painting, but in that instance a clearer distinction exists between the dark area to the left of the diagonal and the lighter wall to its right. The objects on the table cast shadows of varied weight and density, among them the cream-colored shadows caused by light passing through a translucent glass of wine. Particularly remarkable is the array of reflections Claesz captured on the surface of the bulbous-shaped pewter pitcher, including various images of the sunlit window and even the effect of light passing through the berkemeier. Claesz\u2019s most important innovations were the ways by which he strove to connect his still lifes with the viewer. For example, the life-size pictorial elements in Still Life with Peacock Pie make the painting seem to be an extension of the viewer\u2019s space, an effect made even more pronounced by the tipped-over glass, partially eaten flat biscuits (known as tweeback),[10] [10] Julie Berger Hochstrasser, Still Life and Trade in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven and London, 2007), 2, 65. Although these biscuits were a common form of daily bread, Hochstrasser emphasizes that the grain for making bread was imported"}, {"title": "", "text": "a logical recession into space. Importantly, Claesz harmonized his arrangements with a remarkable sensitivity to light. In this painting, light flooding the scene creates shadows along the folds and creases of the tablecloth.[9] [9] A somewhat undefined diagonal between the pewter pitcher and the rose in the muted background may be a suggestion of light falling onto the scene from the upper left. A similar effect is also found in the Rijksmuseum painting, but in that instance a clearer distinction exists between the dark area to the left of the diagonal and the lighter wall to its right. The objects on the table cast shadows of varied weight and density, among them the cream-colored shadows caused by light passing through a translucent glass of wine. Particularly remarkable is the array of reflections Claesz captured on the surface of the bulbous-shaped pewter pitcher, including various images of the sunlit window and even the effect of light passing through the berkemeier. Claesz\u2019s most important innovations were the ways by which he strove to connect his still lifes with the viewer. For example, the life-size pictorial elements in Still Life with Peacock Pie make the painting seem to be an extension of the viewer\u2019s space, an effect made even more pronounced by the tipped-over glass, partially eaten flat biscuits (known as tweeback),[10] [10] Julie Berger Hochstrasser, Still Life and Trade in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven and London, 2007), 2, 65. Although these biscuits were a common form of daily bread, Hochstrasser emphasizes that the grain for making"}, {"title": "", "text": "Motorized shades are ideal for the upper panes of a window wall. Whether it\u2019s inaccessible due to its architectural placement or your furniture arrangement, dressing a window you can\u2019t reach gets tricky. Dressing it with a window treatment you keep closed means blocking the natural light. Leaving the window treatment open or the window uncovered puts you and your home on view once the sun sets. Even with an upper or back-facing window, you may need some sort of treatment for decoration and light control. Translucent window film reduces glare while allowing natural light to pass through the glass. The film also obscures the view. Passersby may detect movement through the film, but they won\u2019t have a clear view of you or your home. Frosted window film comes in plain or patterned styles. Some versions have opaque designs that look like shadows cast by exterior trees or potted plants. Full-color window film options include bird, botanical and butterfly motifs, as well as those designed to look like stained glass. Window film typically comes in rolls, so you can cut off the amount you need to fit your glass. To apply static-charged versions, spray your window glass with soapy water and attach the film while the mixture is wet. Adhesive-backed window film is also available. Though you may need an adhesive remover for the latter, both film types are removable, which makes window film ideal for renters. Numerous paint manufacturers make spray-on frosting for window glass. Though it\u2019s more permanent than window film, spray-on frosting also minimizes"}, {"title": "", "text": "Think about where you are going to \u2018display\u2019 them. Mine are on a metal table by a window out to my garden on a sunny day. Gather more than you need so you can rearrange, change your mind, or be generally playful. I use my phone to take the photos. This is step one of an ongoing project that I hope to return to. This will form part of a Still Life project that includes Self Portrait. Move things around Move yourself around \u2013 look under, look from above, change the light, background, objects Try to surprise yourself with how things look, include shadows, reflections, colour Do not be afraid to edit the photos \u2013 change the size, colour, saturation, black and white, whatever you can do. We would love to see your work. If you use Instagram just add the hashtag: #hampshireartstudio Cornelia Parker\u2019s experiments in photography and printmaking are of twenty large-scale photogravures from three series: Thirty Pieces of Silver (exposed) (2015), One Day This Glass Will Break (2015) and Fox Talbot\u2019s Articles of Glass(2017). One Day This Glass Will Break arose from Cornelia Parker\u2019s investigations into the photogravure \u2013 a photomechanical process which produces images through the exposure of a photographic positive onto a copper printing plate. Although her principle interest appears to be the process the results show unexpected forms and unfamiliar viewpoints. The prints Parker produces capture the shadows cast by glass or melting ice, arranged informally on a photogravure plate. Where the surface of a light bulb or vase comes"}, {"title": "", "text": "This is a beautiful, bright, handmade Fused Glass Rainbow wave curved panel. The glass is all transparent, meaning the light coming through is a beautiful rainbow shadow. Have it on your windowsill and you\u2019ll love the gorgeous colours coming through. Or you could put it on a table, fireplace or any surface with some tealights behind and it\u2019ll cast lovely, colourful shadows. Each strand of coloured glass is contoured, not flat, against the transparent clear, giving wonderful tactile properties. The wave measures approx 22cm wide and 20cm high."}, {"title": "", "text": "Macchia series, which sets itself apart from the surrounding architecture. One of the highlights of the Chihuly Sanctuary is a cone-like structure that is intended to provide comfort, peace and meditation. Natural light will pass through the glass and cast shadows that will shift and change throughout the day. The idea of the sanctuary so inspired Chihuly that he created a new body of work he calls Glass on Glass \u2013 a combination of painting and sculpture that is both two- and three-dimensional, transparent and opaque. The Glass on Glass pieces will make their world premiere at the Chihuly Sanctuary. To create these pieces, Chihuly paints with vitreous-glass enamel on glass panels \u2013 glass on glass. He then creates overlapping compositions that are encased within a frame. When lit, they come to life as dynamic, multidimensional paintings in color, light and glass. \u201cI really wanted to create a space for people to meditate and find a moment of peace,\u201d Chihuly said. Chihuly selected two of his favorite colors to accent the exterior of the Chihuly Sanctuary. The roof line has been defined in a bright chartreuse color inspired by the lipwraps from his Macchia series, while the exterior color of the cone of the Chihuly Sanctuary will welcome patients, researchers and caregivers in a warm yellow tone. The defining colors of the Chihuly Sanctuary can be easily seen from many vantage points at the cancer center, Chihuly said, signifying to everyone that the space is something truly unique and special \u2013 a place where art and"}, {"title": "", "text": "this effect by hooking your antique or vintage crystal chandelier up to a dimmer switch. Stained glass wall sconces can create extraordinarily warm accent lighting, depending on the color of the glass. Enclosed sconces that mount flush against the wall tend to push light back against the wall, allowing only a small amount through the glass. This creates a cozy glow and sense of intimacy. Glitzy reproduction candle sconces, on the other hand, can cast a lot of light into a small area. These fixtures can help brighten large spaces. Pendant fixtures come in an array of styles, and some of them act like sconces in that they push light toward the ceiling as well as directing light downward through the glass shade. These lights make great fixtures for entryways because they provide enough light to illuminate the darkness but also cast warm shadows onto the ceiling for a welcoming touch. Of course, you always want to include a variety of light sources within your design scheme, including up lights that cast light up from the floor, floor and table lamps that illuminate their immediate surroundings, and chandeliers or flush-mount ceiling fixtures that cast light downward. By integrating each type of lighting into your design, you\u2019ll be able to set any mood you desire. This entry was posted in Home Design Ideas, Vintage Lighting & Chandeliers and tagged chandeliers, crystal chandeliers, light fixtures, lighting, mood, mood lighting, pendant lights, Tiffany lamps, wall sconces on November 15, 2012 by euroluxantiques. Although we thought we were finished with"}, {"title": "", "text": "Delicate cast glass incorporated with solid concrete distinguishes the work of Junichiro Baba. As light passes through the solid glass pieces, the simple transition between light and shadow is revealed. Baba received his BA degree from Tokyo University and his MFA degree from the Rochester Institute of Technology (NY). He has exhibited extensively in the Japan and the United States including the Mint Museum of Craft + Design (NC) and the Tucson Museum of Art (AZ). His work is in the collections of The Museum of American Glass (NJ), Tokyo Glass Art Institute (Japan), and the Wallace Library (NY)."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"cut\" the darkness of the dungeon. The contrast created by the narrow and bright \"plates\" of light and darkness, together with the rough texture of the walls, creates an atmosphere of tranquillity. The direction of light flows has a significant influence on the image of the interior. The directional light creates sharp light and shadow contrasts and makes the outlines clear. Diffuse lighting, on the other hand, causes objects to lose their volume, while shadows and outlines to become smoother. Six main types of light space based on the directions of light flows are formulated: directed contrast, directed, selectively directed, variable, reflected, diffuse. The use of light filters that change the spectral composition of the light flow opens up a wide range of possibilities for the architect. The use of chromatic light -a technique that has been widely used in Gothic cathedral stained-glass windows -has an incredibly powerful effect on human emotions. Mark Chagall, speaking about the power of the impression made by stained-glass window, calls it \"a transparent partition between his heart and the heart of the universe\" [5]. A striking example of lightspace, which is based on a change in the spectral composition of light -the \"Seashore chapel\", built by Vector Architects. Natural light penetrates the space through a narrow opening between two roof planes. Passing through coloured sheets of glass, the sun rays create a pattern on the white rough surface of the chapel wall, giving birth to a light and spiritually filled atmosphere of divine involvement. Techniques based on modelling the temporal"}, {"title": "", "text": "A teleprompter, also known as an autocue, is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a teleprompter is similar to using cue cards. The screen is in front of, and usually below, the lens of a professional video camera, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the presenter using a sheet of clear glass or other beam splitter, so that they are read by looking directly at the lens position, but are not imaged by the lens. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents unwanted light from entering the lens. Mechanically this works in a very similar way to the Pepper's ghost illusion from classic theatre: an image viewable from one angle but not another. Because the speaker can look straight at the lens while reading the script, the teleprompter creates the illusion that the speaker has memorized the speech or is speaking spontaneously, looking directly into the camera lens. Notes or cue cards, on the other hand, require the presenter to look at them instead of at the lens, which can cause the speaker to appear distracted, depending on the degree of deflection from the natural line of sight to the camera lens, and how long the speaker needs to glance away to glean the next speaking point; speakers who can internalize a full sentence or"}, {"title": "", "text": "sensor with silicone dispersion. We applied two more coats of dispersion to the sensor and exposed steel leads. The result is shown below. Figure: Water-Proof RT1000 Sensor. Sensors like this are rugged and water-proof. They can withstand temperatures of at least 200\u00b0C. The 150-mm steel leads give it an offset of approximately 4.5\u00b0C. We used three 1000-\u03a9RTDs to observe how convection acts to cool down illuminated surfaces. We placed a 60-W lamp over a black-anodized aluminum plate with side walls. For a photograph of our open greenhouse, see here. We arranged three sensors upon and above the plate. One we taped to the plate with black electrical tape (the plate sensor). Another was just above the plate but in shadow cast by a piece of black electrical tape (the shade sensor). The third was in the open at a height just below the side walls of the plate (the light sensor). Between the lamp and the plate we placed a rock salt crystal. The rock salt is held just above the plate with three metal posts. We choose rock salt instead of glass because it is transparant to both visible and infrared light. Infrared radiation from the black plate will pass out through the rock salt just as easily as visible radiation from the lamp passes in. Note: We are pretty sure this crystal is NaCl. It tastes like salt. We can scratch off fragments with a scalpel, but we cannot scratch it with our fingernails. Fragments do not react with HCl. It is soluble in"}, {"title": "", "text": "white brushstrokes would be imperceptible. Shimmery, reflected light from the glass beads is powered by strong exhibition spotlights in the ceiling overhead. The luminescence reveals the otherwise hidden marks of Corse\u2019s paintbrush. Brushstrokes go in and out of view, depending on your angle of vision. The composition\u2019s geometric pattern is resolutely flat, but it recalls a diagram of a shadow box. In a way, that\u2019s what the painting is: A viewer standing in front of it casts multiple shadows across the canvas, since your body comes between the spotlights\u2019 rays and the illuminated surface. Your silhouette appears on the painting, sometimes surrounded by a glowing aura. Elsewhere, the aqueous shimmer evaporates. Flat canvas emerges into view. At places where light rays from the external spotlights cross each other, your bodily shadow warps and darkens to create a faint illusion of deep space. Like a spectral ghost, your moving shadow seems locked within the painting. Mary Corse, \u201cUntitled (White Inner Band),\u201d 2003. Glass microspheres and acrylic on canvas. (Flying Studio / LACMA) Corse\u2019s painting is a souped-up version of Robert Rauschenberg\u2019s \u201cWhite Paintings\u201d from 1951, which are still controversial. His modular panels are painted smooth white to function as receptive screens. Composer John Cage famously described them as \u201cairports for lights, shadows and [dust] particles,\u201d open to the random passage of whatever passed in front of them. Reproductions are often iffy as indicators of art\u2019s key qualities, and little of what is integral to Corse\u2019s paintings is seen in photographs. You really do have to be there."}, {"title": "", "text": "my tabletop. There were reading glasses already on the table so I just added them to the collection. I think the glasses provide an element of interest to the photo; although I\u2019m not sure if there is enough of an association between the items. I also liked the shadows cast by the light. Here is a variation where I moved the glasses to a different corner spot. And, this was one of the first shots with only the natural outdoor elements. I tried not to over analyze the set up, but I did try to consider the rule of thirds when placing items and cropping photos. I think flat lay worked to make these simple items seem more interesting! Which photograph do you think is best? I have decided to take part in Julie Powell\u2019s Sunday Stills photography class. The Week 1 focus was on light. I have to admit, I didn\u2019t exactly follow the rules to set up the scene and photograph it across the day to observe the light changes. I discovered that finding a natural light area for photos in my house was quite a challenge due to window pane shadows! Plus, I only had an hour when I was inspired to set up the scene with light through the window of my back door into my kitchen. Even then, I was challenged with shadows as the afternoon sunlight was shining through tree branches, and I had to avoid blocking the light when taking pictures. I did immerse myself in setting up the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the curtain also makes a direct reference to photography and film that reveals these supposedly indexical mediums to be the magical and duplicitous agents of fictions. When the curtain is blown aside or slightly open, reality rushes in, but for Westman this is just another of the perceptual conceits that film and photography perform. In its essence every film is a special effect of still photography, animated by projection at 24 frames per second, which contains many other special effects. One of the partially revealed images to appear through separated curtains in for nights bathed in sodium vapour is a cuculoris. A simple device used in lighting for theatre, film and still photography, the cuculoris is basically a stencil that shapes light and shadow. The stencil is cut into a stiff material that simultaneously casts a shadow and allows light to pass through it in a pattern. Film noir cinematographers favoured the effect to create shadow silhouettes, venetian blind shadows and the effects of sunlight or moonlight passing through tree branches and windows. For the cuculorises she uses in the films Westman makes tracings of light, cast by sunlight or sodium vapour streetlamps, which she cuts out of plywood, zebrawood or cedar to create the natural effects of dappled light shining through leaves. Moving images of illumination found in the world, they parallel to the moving images made by light shining through projected celluloid film. One might say that for Westman the cuculoris and the curtain present the crux of the poetics of film, the projections"}, {"title": "", "text": "and unsaid, and \u201cthe weird routes that information takes through translation.\u201d In conversation, ironically, she finds aspects of her work hard to articulate, but her pieces express the ineffable in sublime form, inviting us to consider how we perceive words, gestures, signs, and signals. \u201cSomething about the way glass holds light, to me, resonates with the way that we ask words to hold meaning,\u201d she says. \u201cGlass is this elusive state of matter, visually interesting in that it\u2019s not fixed but fluid, which is how I relate to language.\u201d Light translates her pieces, illuminating their messages. The pieces translate light, revealing information in shadows and reflection. Text is often present in Lee\u2019s work, sometimes in Verre, a glass-inspired typeface she designed. In Words Are Not Things (2015), shining glass letters spell out the work\u2019s title, prompting us to ponder how something intangible can carry such weight. The glass letters of Placeholder Shelf (2010) cast the shadow of a mysterious phrase, \u201cLorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet,\u201d from the gibberish Latin used in print and web design before the actual content is ready; a one-time graphic designer, Lee finds it intriguing that while the sentence is nonsense, \u201cviewers always want to know what it means.\u201d Some pieces don\u2019t incorporate glass but still center on a theme of communication: My Grandmother Held a Pencil Like a Brush (2011) is simply a pencil suspended straight up and down, a nod to Chinese calligraphy technique. Always fascinated by linguistics, Lee was an avid writer in high school, who \u201ctotally identified as"}, {"title": "", "text": "the two spaces, and has also been designed as a sculptural object in its own right. \"The screen is not simply a way of getting to the gallery, but a state in its own right. It is visible from the street above, from the house and from the garden and it's intended as a light collector,\" said the architect. It features blocks of cast plaster set against a delicate sheet of translucent glass, which creates an inter-play between light, shadow and shape. \"The glass mutes direct sunlight as it comes through the blocks and the blocks appears as muffled white shapes behind the glass. The screen is intended to gather light from both sides and hold it on a single surface,\" explained McLaughlin. The glass sheet also acts as a canvas for the changeable shadow from the neighbour's tree, creating constant movement on the surface. An old doorway on the street-facing wall has been glazed to create a view through to the new addition, and the roof of the gallery has been designed to provide off-street parking. Rooms in the existing house have been restored to their original simplicity, with Georgian detailing kept intact. They have also been adapted to showcase artworks and ceramics. \"We worked carefully on a room-by-room basis, discussing with the client the placement of each piece,\" said McLaughlin. The five-storey house occupies a corner site. The main access is from a side street and leads to stairs in the centre of the plan. These bisect the house, creating place for a room"}, {"title": "", "text": "play of light and shadow on a clean backdrop of a wall is to be celebrated. Just watch Agatha Christie\u2019s Poirot for glass block that is on point and in context. It has its advantages. It\u2019s inexpensive (kind of), it can be easy to install and it provides limited privacy. Most importantly, it lets in glorious, beautiful natural light that is refracted into an interior space through the inherent patterning of the glass. What\u2019s not to like about that you ask? In my opinion, these qualities do not redeem its ugliness when used out of context. Although glass block can provide access to natural light while covering up an unsightly wall or exterior view, there are many more effective ways to do this, like installing an operable window, or a sliding or overhead door. If that is out of the question, work with your neighbour to beautify your view: paint a mural, build a community garden wall, hire a graffiti artist if you wish to celebrate an urban landscape and your neighbourhood. Chances are if you could haul away the unsightliness, you would. If you can\u2019t, make lemonade out of lemons. But, please don\u2019t hide away from humanity and context \u2013 embrace it. Glass block imposes an inherent grid pattern obstructing the view and casts a gridded and mottled pattern into the interior space. It can limit you to embrace the shadow cast as the main event. As a designer, nothing drives me crazy more than when a door or small window is removed to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u00bb Washington, DC News \u00bb Glass artist Preston Singletary:\u2026 Glass artist Preston Singletary: Shattering expectations in DC At the Smithsonian's Museum of the American Indian, in Washington, D.C., an immersive play of light and shadows tells a tale of the beginning of time. \u25b6 Watch Video: Glass artist Preston Singletary: Shattering expectations At the Smithsonian\u2019s Museum of the American Indian, in Washington, D.C., an immersive play of light and shadows tells a tale of the beginning of time. \u201cI\u2019ve come, now, to think about the shadows as kind of a spirit within the piece,\u201d said artist Preston Singletary. \u201cIt\u2019s something that, you know, when the lighting is just right and all the voluminous qualities of the glass \u2026 it really had this mystical appeal to it.\u201d The exhibition illustrates a Native American folk tale, entirely in glass. A view of the exhibition \u201cRaven and the Box of Daylight,\u201d which tells a Native American folktale entirely through glass art. CBS News \u201cRaven and the Box of Daylight\u201d is a traveling exhibition created by Singletary, a member of the Tlingit tribe of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. The show, which travels next to Norfolk, Va.\u2019s Chrysler Museum of Art, tells the story of how the world gained daylight thanks to the insatiable curiosity of the white raven. \u201cRaven is kind of a supernatural being,\u201d he said. \u201cHe is a trickster, and he\u2019s a shape-shifter. He can change form. This is a time when the world is in darkness. And so, Raven decides that he wants to find"}, {"title": "", "text": "for light and texture in urban spaces: the sculpted scale of glass and steel, the thin section of waning daylight that illuminates a downtown hotel\u2019s neon facade, the crunchy detail of snowy boots on neighborhood sidewalks. In the back of the exhibition, a small set of color prints also illustrate Ishimoto\u2019s decades-long experiments with abstract imagery assembled from multiple exposures of landscapes and architecture in various locations. The black-and-white photos, which comprise the bulk of his work in the exhibition, contrast scenes of under-resourced neighborhoods with the glitzy structures and skyline of the downtown core being transformed by so-called \u201curban renewal.\u201d While his images of the built environment tend to emphasize its formal qualities, Ishimoto maintains a subtle social commentary by giving equal weight to everyday moments such as the jubilant play of neighborhood children, or to public protests calling for desegregation, housing justice, and other civil rights. Image: Clarissa Bonet, Street, 2012, pigment print. From the series City Space. Two pedestrians pass in opposite directions on the sidewalk, as sunlight casts long shadows from the right side of the frame. The word \u201cstreet\u201d is etched into the stonework of a building in the background. Photo courtesy of the artist. At first glance, Clarissa Bonet\u2019s City Space series seems to borrow some of the modernist vocabulary of Ishimoto, Callahan, and their colleagues, as her photographs explore downtown urban space in Chicago through light, shadow, color, composition, and texture. However, whether through tiny clues or our own careful investigation, we may come to discover that these works"}, {"title": "", "text": "George Thiewes BIO / STATEMENT b. 1943, Waseca, MN In the fields of sculpture and drawing, George Thiewes creates sharp, angular work with a focus on the interaction of light and dark. That interest began in the 1990s while Thiewes was working on theatrical set designs, where he had to learn to create the illusion of space through lighting. Thiewes\u2019 sculptures are mounted on or in the wall and painted the same color as the gallery, making them hardly noticeable, except for their cast shadows. The sculptures exist autonomously, while also defining and interacting with the surrounding space through their placement and the use of shadow. Thiewes explores shadow as a sculptural medium; specifically how the work changes throughout the course of a day as both the natural and artificial light change in intensity, temperature, and direction. The angles created by light and shadow give the appearance of folds, an illusion that Thiewes also investigates in his drawings. George Thiewes attended several colleges in the Midwest before receiving his BFA from Mankato State College and his MFA from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago. After graduate school Thiewes had a successful career as a glass artist and was part of the studio glass movement of the 1960s and 1970s before turning to sculpture in the mid-1980s. His work is included in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago; Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Chrysler Museum in Norfolk, VA; Toledo Museum of Art; Arkansas Art Center; Rochester Institute of"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to the Arts in the Queen\u2019s Jubilee Birthday Honours List 2022. She was the UK's official Election Artist for the 2017 general election, making several artworks that are now housed in The Parliamentary Art Collection. Cristea Roberts Gallery has been publishing Parker's editions since 2008. Cornelia Parker lives and works in London. Fox Talbot's Articles of Glass One Day This Glass Will Break Thirty Pieces of Silver (Exposed) Through A Glass Darkly Back to selected works Black Bouquet, 2020 Black Tulips, 2020 Light Passes, Shadows Fall, 2020 Being and Un-being, 2020 Cut Glass and Thistles, 2019 Thistle from the North, 2015 Worry Lines 1, 2008 Making a Mark with Cornelia Parker Cornelia Parker: One of Britain's best loved and most acclaimed contemporary artists on printmaking Cornelia Parker: Through a Glass Darkly Exhibition Film In this short film made to coincide with the artist's solo exhibition at Cristea Roberts Gallery, Cornelia Parker discusses her new prints; how they are made; her ch\u2026 Cornelia Parker in conversation with Jonathan Watkins Cornelia Parker talks to Jonathan Watkins, Director of Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, about her biggest print project to date, One Day This Glass Will Break. Cornelia Parker: Light Passes, Shadows Fall 14 July - 16 September 2022 Cornelia Parker: Through a Glass Darkly Cornelia Parker: One Day This Glass Will Break Exhibition: Breaking the Mould: Sculpture by Women Since 1945 This major touring exhibition challenges the male-dominated narratives of post-war British sculpture by presenting a diverse and significant"}, {"title": "", "text": "centuries, the Spanish and Dutch put rugs like these on their tables, rather than on the ground. Walking on them would have been considered the height of conspicuous consumption. The display of these rugs by Rica Basagoiti seemed to return these rugs to a level of prestige that was appropriate to their era. In the above image, a large magnifying glass is placed several feet from the rug, making the richly-preserved colors jump out at anyone passing by. Jim\u00e9nez was a Spanish painter who had moved to Paris, where he regularly participated in the annual Salons--one of the few Spanish painters to do so. His work careful attention to detail and tendency to paint figures in period costume are reminiscent of the French painter Meissonier, who was popular in Paris at the time. Though this is a small work, it shows off Jim\u00e9nez's arsenal of skils and powers of observation. The figure seems to be well relaxed and effortlessly painted, but close inpection reveals countless tiny strokes. The light coming through the window casts a series of complicated shadows. I found myself wondering how much easier it would have been to have the light coming from a different direction or having the window at his front rather than his back. By far, my favorite piece from the Fair was this German tankard, which stands nearly 25 centimeters in height. Made of several ivory sections seemlessly pieced together, it is a wonder of craftsmanship and artistry. Rather than discuss it at length, I believe a lengthy look"}, {"title": "", "text": "rhythm, beating in sync with its storyline: high and low, night and day, good and bad, hot and cold, the passing of time. Army of Concrete tells the human stories in the shadow of Hitler\u2019s enormous defense project, the Atlantic Wall; Gold of the West Coast is Western Europe\u2019s most comprehensive exhibition of amber, presented in an enchanting amber forest; and West Coast Stories tells 100,000 years of west coast history and is turned into a nighttime 4D theatre twice an hour. From the sunken galleries, visitors are able to walk into the historic bunker, which grounds the tale of an impressive war machine. In the dark visitors can play with light and activate shadow plays that reveal how the bunker should have functioned. \u201cTIRPITZ is a unique opportunity to combine nature and culture in a spectacular fashion. A visit to the museum is not a visit to an exhibition gallery, but a scenic journey through time and space of West Jutland. The idea is that the whole place itself comes to life following the rhythms of nature.\u201d Erik B\u00e4r, Partner/Director Tinker imagineers. Erik B\u00e4r, Partner/Director Tinker imagineers. Tinker imagineer\u2019s intriguing exhibition design. photos by Mike Bink The building consists of four main materials and elements which are also found in the existing structures and natural landscape of the area \u2013 concrete, steel, glass, and wood. The walls of the exhibition rooms are made of concrete cast on site, supporting the landscape and carrying the fascinating roof decks that cantilever out 36 m. The largest roof"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Fresnel lens to create the signal indication. The light from a 150 W PAR46 sealed-beam lamp in these \"programmable visibility\" signals passes through a set of two glass lenses at the back of the signal. The first lens, a frosted glass diffusing lens, diffuses the light into a uniform ball of light around five inches in diameter. The light then passes through a nearly identical lens known as an optical limiter (3M's definition of the lens itself), also known as a \"programming lens\", also five inches in diameter. Using a special aluminium foil-based adhesive tape, these signals are \"masked\" or programmed by the programming lens so that only certain lanes of traffic will view the indication. At the front of these programmable visibility signals is a 12\" Fresnel lens, each lens tinted to meet United States Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) chromaticity and luminance standards. The Fresnel lens collimates the light output created by the lamp and creates a uniform display of light for the lane in which it is intended. In addition to being positioned and mounted for desired visibility for their respective traffic, some traffic lights are also aimed, louvered, or shaded to minimize misinterpretation from other lanes. For example, a Fresnel lens on an adjacent through-lane signal may be aimed to prevent left-turning traffic from anticipating its own green arrow. Intelight Inc. manufactures a programmable traffic signal that uses a software-controlled LED array and electronics to steer the light beam toward the desired approach. The signal is programmed unlike the 3M and"}, {"title": "", "text": "retail sales performance, and found that stores with skylight systems had increased sales by 40% -even though the design and operation of all the store sites was remarkably uniform, except for the presence of skylights in some of the stores. Skylights were found to have a major positive impact on the overall operation of the chain and were positively and significantly correlated to higher sales. The study showed that all other things being equal, an average nonskylit store in the chain would likely increase their sales by an average of about 40% just by adding skylights. HMG professes that this was determined with 99% statistical certainty. Many architects are now specifying high-performance glass with spectrally selective coatings that only allows the visible light to pass through the glass while keeping out the infrared wavelength. This eliminates most of the infrared and ultraviolet radiation while allowing the majority of the visible light spectrum through the glass. But even with high-performance glass, much of the light can be converted to heat. Glass with high visiblelight transmittance still allows light energy into a building, and when this light energy then hits a solid surface it is absorbed and reradiated into the space as heat. The combination of daylighting and efficient electric lighting strategies can provide substantial energy savings. The building's planning module can often give indications on how best to organize the lighting. In any case, the lighting system must correlate to the various systems in place including structural, curtain wall system, ceiling system, and furniture system. Likewise, initial"}, {"title": "", "text": "Europe to find the very finest studio glass artists. So pleased, to fall into that category with some of the best Czech Republics and UK\u2019S glass artists. I have a colour palette in mind I just need to see if the colours are available. Making small glass colour samples to see how they are affected by the light. It's great designing a new collection, but at some point you have to design your exhibition space. Spent most of last week designing, making and painting exhibition plinths. so please to have that job out the way. Zigzag occasional tables are designed to create a bold graphic zigzag image that blends from light to dark. The tabletop forms a design which allows light to cast shadow beneath the table. Below shows some of the technical side to the design process, the table is designed in three sizes ranging from 90cm to 65cm. The tabletop is cut from one sheet of grey and one sheet of clear 10 mm glass and it takes several hours to cut the individual strands needed to create each tabletop. These images follow the current theme of optical illusion, using digital drawings which are converted into a CAD program for a waterjet cutter to follow. The machine uses a fine jet of high-pressured water mixed with garnet sand, to enable cutting through glass, metal, wood, plastic in fact, almost any material required to complete the piece. This video shows the slow process of the water jet cutter cutting through 10mm CrystalClear float glass the"}, {"title": "", "text": "between sash and frame Condensation resistance (CR), measured between 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the higher the resistance of the formation of condensation) The European harmonised standard hEN 14351\u20131, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351\u20132), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034). Construction Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer. Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes to reduce the transfer of heat. Grids or muntins These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room. Frame and sash construction Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials: Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another. A special class of PVC window frames,"}, {"title": "", "text": "universal message that reaches across time, gender, race, rank and branch of service. The individual glass panels that comprise the three glass walls are made of five layers of clear laminated glass. The selected quotations, or \u201cvoices of disabled veterans,\u201d are both etched into the surfaces and encapsulated within the glass layers of the walls. These \u201cvoices\u201d represent the full continuum of American military conflict, past and present, and express timeless ideals of patriotism, dedication to service, and the pain and devastation of war. Four cast bronze sculptural panels with reverse silhouettes stand close behind the glass in carefully selected locations. Large images of veterans and those who care for them emerge or bloom within the translucent glass. These images are asymmetrically paired with the cutout bronze figures. Additional single images are interspersed along the walls. These montages are brought to life by changing daylight and artificial light in the evening, illuminating and passing through the figurative bronze windows and translucent glass to powerful effect. The glass surfaces of the walls are further animated by the reflections and shadows of visitors and daily passersby. The threading of voices, layered images and silhouettes, constantly shifting and changing with the light, capture a sense of memory and loss, struggle and strength. The overall effect is a seamless integration of message, image, form and movement that will create a memorable experience for the visitor and serve as a powerful metaphor for the trials and triumphs of America\u2019s disabled American veterans. From the Revolutionary War to the present day, disabled"}, {"title": "", "text": "because track lights are an easy way to provide multiple ceiling light sources without using multiple electrical sources. Track lighting can provide multiple light sources while utilizing only a single outlet. Martini: Martini glass fixtures are one of the most popular style of pendant lighting. It includes any style of lamp that looks like an upside-down glass (whether or not it is actually a martini glass). The glass can be colored and can include decorations of various kinds. These lights are popular, since the light both goes downward onto a table or counter, and upward onto the ceiling, providing general ambient lighting. Be very careful with color on martini glass fixtures, as you can throw off the coloration of your entire room with colored ambient lighting. Lamp-style: Lamp-style fixtures have a translucent shade that diffuses the light that comes from the light, while still casting light downward. The quality of light isn\u2019t much different from martini pendants, but the style is quite different. The lamp itself is less bright to look at, and the color changes are less severe than with martini styles. Because the light is diffuse before it reaches the track, the track will cast a less strong shadow on your ceiling. Tube: Tube-style fixtures require a special mention. Unlike most fixtures, they do not diffuse the light that goes upward. This has two effects. First, you will have much brighter ambient lighting that reflects off the ceiling. Second, you will see the shadow of the track much more clearly, since there is nothing"}, {"title": "", "text": "Whatever the style of your home, IDSystems can help you create new light and space with a unique, individual design to suit your home, your budget and your lifestyle. From the simplest project through to the most ambitious and dramatic extensions, at IDSystems they can help you develop your aspirations and make them real. They have market-leading expertise in bespoke architectural glazing, bi-fold doors and glazed roofing, open design and structural building work. Everything you need to create your perfect space. This month, they are featuring a contemporary kitchen extension, which was recently completed to a Regency terrace in Colchester. Their client was looking to use large amounts of glass with minimal framework to let as much light as possible into their new extension and their existing home. The clever flat roof design incorporates an overhang, which casts a shadow over the floor-to-ceiling bi-fold doors during the summer to prevent the room overheating. While casting a shadow at the peak of summer, the tall glass doors and windows allow light and heat to radiate in during the autumn, winter and spring months, allowing free energy from the sun to assist in heating the room during the day. They specified two sets of SF55 bi-fold doors because of their narrow frames and high quality German engineering. The systems come together at a steel corner post, which has been cloaked in an aluminium pressing to create a uniform appearance across the entire facade. The bi-fold doors feature a flush track design allowing a seamless transition between inside and"}, {"title": "", "text": "it's directly above me when showering, my own head casts an enormous shadow on whatever it is I'm trying to see. And yes, I have an enormous head. A bobble head. Buying hats and helmets is a nightmare, because few manufacturers bother to make headgear for freaks. No, I don't wear hats in the shower. Or helmets. I haven't forgotten what I was talking about. Even with an overhead light in our shower, I still like to have substantial light coming in from the side. When we first moved in, the shower door in the master bathroom had the type of glass that Home Depot calls \"hammered.\" You know, the glass is all bumpy so that light gets through but you can't make out any details of what's on the other side. I never liked it, because I also like to see out through the shower door. We keep a clock in the bathroom, and if I'm running late, I like to be able to check on the time. (I don't shower with my glasses on, but I can read a clock -- or, for that matter, a book -- without them, when I have to.) If I'm running late, I don't, like, skip the rinse and towel off with the soap still on me. I do a complete shower -- I just spend the time composing my excuses. Or singing, \"I'm late, I'm late, for a very important date, no time to say hello, good-bye, I'm late I'm late I'm late I'm late,\" thus proving"}, {"title": "", "text": "so that predators cannot spot them anywhere. Glass octopus If you ever come across some eyes and guts swimming ominously through the ocean, remind yourself that it is a transparent glass octopus, one of the most strange animals. As most transparent organisms inhabit the pelagic region of the oceans, these transparent animals that can grow up to a length of 45cms are a native of the same region. They are entirely transparent except for their eyes, digestive system, and optic nerves. While these opaque surfaces can make them more conspicuous to predators, the octopuses have oblong-shaped eyes that cast a minimum of shadow. It also directs its body to cast minimal shadows, hence helping them attain the required transparency. Tomopteris deep-sea worm These transparent animals of the pelagic region of the oceans are entirely translucent to the passage of light without the usage of other evolved organs. The group of these marine worms can also be found in bottomless oceans, where they make use of their bioluminescence property. About 11 species of this genus can produce bright blue light, which contradicts its predator-fleeing property of transparency. Apart from being one of the most strange animals \u2013 Tomopteris nisseni, a species of these worms produce yellow light, being one of the very few organisms, which can do so. Sea Sapphires Another enigmatic organism species, the sea sapphires possess the transparency of the organisms of the pelagic region of the ocean, too. They can appear from vividly colored organisms to invisible in no time. Their iridescent colors and"}, {"title": "", "text": "existing solutions for making tea, see how they work, and try to come up with something new.

            Right now they're presenting research they did about how people prepare and drink tea, and how tea fits into their lives.

            Including research into your decision making process is important. It's going to help keep your work grounded. Although wild, fun ideas are great for learning, in a real world situation you'll want to be sure you're solving a problem that actually exists.

            https://www.flickr.com/photos/iitdesign/albums/72157624095302884

            https://www.flickr.com/photos/iitdesign/albums/72157624095302884

            Parameters:
            • i (int) \u2013 Index of first site
            • j (int) \u2013 Index of second site
            Starting point: We started the lesson knowing a bit about CLS
            Target for this lesson? To learn more about CLS
            Did I reach my target? (add details to \"Lesson Review\") I think I definitely reached my target.
            Lesson Review
            How did I learn? What strategies were effective?
            The effective learning strategies that I used were, when I was listening to what my partner had to say, and thinking about how the code worked before moving on to something new straight away.
            What limited my learning? Which habits do I need to work on?
            What limited my learning was that when I found a challenge I immediately asked someone instead of thinking about it.
            What will I change for next time? How will I improve my learning?
            What I will change for next time is when I find a challenge or difficulty, I will try and solve it instead of asking someone because then I don't learn.
            "}, {"title": "", "text": "by mother-in-law or rival wives: Interviewer: What does depression after birth mean to you? Patient: When someone feels sad, or not be in a good mood which would result to deep thought [thinking] after giving birth. Interviewer: What caused your deep thought? Patient: What can bring about deep thought is that when someone hurts you, you would continue to think about it. Interviewer: From what you are saying it seems someone hurt you? Patient: It was my mother-in-law, she is a troublesome woman. Interviewer: What kind of trouble did she make for you? Patient: She shouts on me without [having] offended her. Interviewer: How does your husband react to it? Patient: He would pet me not to be annoyed. Not resting after delivery was a cause identified by women who attributed their illness to ignoring admonitions that they should not carry out household chores and physical exertion, and \"rest\" while family (in-laws in particular) attended to her and her baby. This postnatal traditional practice was understood to allow the body needed time to recuperate and restore its balance (physical and mental) after childbirth: In the excerpt above, the woman linked her illness to a failure to \"rest\" and allow in-laws to help out, and to not heeding her mother's advice that she \"rest\". Spiritual attack or \"\u1ecdw\u1ecd aiye\" (which literally translates as malign influence) explained illness in terms of the impact of supernatural influences, including witchcraft attacks, spirits or other extramundane causes that could not be explained in terms of ordinary causation (\"not ordinary sickness\" or"}, {"title": "", "text": "seen as the ideal man, the perfect human, the perfect Muslim. That means that the highest commandment for a male Muslim is to imitate Muhammad, to live his life. This does not happen according to our social standards and laws. Because he was a warlord, he had many women, to put it like this, and liked to do it with children. And according to our standards, he was not a perfect human. We have huge problems with that today, that Muslims get into conflict with democracy and our value system \u2026The most important of all Hadith collections recognised by all legal schools: The most important is the Sahih Al-Bukhari. If a Hadith was quoted after Bukhari, one can be sure that all Muslims will recognise it. And, unfortunately, in Al-Bukhari the thing with Aisha and child sex is written\u2026 I remember my sister, I have said this several times already, when [S.W.] made her famous statement in Graz, my sister called me and asked: \u2018For God\u2019s sake. Did you tell [S.W.] that?\u2019 To which I answered: \u2018No, it wasn\u2019t me, but you can look it up, it\u2019s not really a secret.\u2019 And her: \u2018You can\u2019t say it like that!\u2019 And me: \u2018A 56-year-old and a six-year-old? What do you call that? Give me an example? What do we call it, if it is not paedophilia?\u2019 Her: \u2018Well, one has to paraphrase it, say it in a more diplomatic way.\u2019 My sister is symptomatic [sic]. We have heard that so many times. \u2018Those were different times\u2019 \u2013"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Taming the Harsh Critic: An Appreciation for People Who Create and Share with the World author: Manal Ghosain categories: tags: --- ![Thumbs down](/images/thumb.jpg) This movie sucks. I don't know what were they thinking when they made it. I don't think this book is worth the paper it's printed on. This song is so bad, it makes my ears bleed. All of these and more are opinions I've expressed in the past. I thought as a consumer, I had the right to say whatever I want and freely express my dissatisfaction \u2026 until recently when I tried to write a book or make music myself and realized the monumental amount of work and dedication involved. I don't have to like everything I consume. But it doesn't mean I have to be smug about it. > \u201cA critic is someone who never actually goes to the battle, yet who afterwards comes out shooting the wounded\u201d ~Tyne Daly There is a harsh critic within all of us. Most of the time it\u2019s busy wounding the ever-fragile egoic self. It\u2019s this same critic that cruelly judges others when the opportunity arises. In today\u2019s environment of 24-hour television and social media anyone and everyone is a critic. And as we all know so well, negativity pays off. It\u2019s a form of entertainment that has mass appeal. What if we stopped before casting judgment and took a deeper look at what it takes to share anything with the world? We might think and act differently. ## A different perspective:"}, {"title": "", "text": "else is the most fun and rewarding part of pairing plus the fact that you get a chance to get to know the people that are going to Dev Bootcamp at the same time as you even if they will be in New York or Chicago.
            Was there something frustrating or difficult for you?
            Yes, I am always nervous before I pair with someone new because I don't know anything about this person and I don't know if we will interact well together so this is what I find difficult.

            FEEDBACK:

            How do I feel when I read my feedback?
            For the most part I feel great about what I have read. I always try to give 100% every time I pair with someone. Sometimes I don't understand my pair's correlation between what they wrote in the paragraph portion verses their answers in the questions section. If my pair tells me I'm doing great and they had an awesome experience but then they say that they sometimes benefited technically from having me on their team it makes me feel hurt. How can you give me awesome feedback and then say that you only sometimes benefited technically from having me on your team? Personally, I always benefit technically from everyone that I have paired with regardless of whether I knew more technically or not. I feel that I learn something technical from every person regardless of their level of technical ability.
            Was the feedback I received helpful to my learning?
            I would say yes, the feedback is"}, {"title": "", "text": "needs involve social interaction to make the person feel comfortable and satisfy the need for self-esteem. This is done by Will when he tries not to shake hands but he just needs to be respected by just bowing. Stubborn Character The last of Will's character is stubborn. Parvez (2014) defined stubbornness as a personality trait when someone refuses to change their opinion about a decision they have made. Despite Will is a good man, hence he is also a selfish man. The scene in D8 is when they are on their last night vacation, Will has a conversation with Louisa: Will and Louisa are on a holiday in France, in the light of the stars, Louisa sitting on Will's lap. They are having a conversation, he says, \"the doctors know it and I know it. When we get back, I am going to go to Switzerland. So, I'm asking you, if you really feel the things, you say you feel. Come with me\". It means that after they both return from this holiday, Will plans to go to Switzerland, and he is asking her to accompany him. However, she does not want to force him to do crazy things, so she thought Will's idea was to commit suicide. At that moment, Will immediately says that \"nothing was ever going to change my mind. I promised my parents six months and that's what I've given them\", which means no one can change his mind and his decision. Then she disagrees, she states that Will is very selfish"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: article title: \"iPod Battery Settlement Program Status\" excerpt: \"A short update on the status of my iPod 3G battery settlement claim.\" category: articles tags: [settlement, apple, tech geek] --- Last week I finally got an iPod return kit for my busted 3G iPod and dropped it off at DHL. The next day Apple's repair status page informed me that the problem was identified and that I was awaiting a replacement iPod. It has now said the same thing for the past five days: > Product replacement pending

            \"iPod
            iPod battery replacement status screenshot
            Which according to Apple means: *a replacement iPod will be shipped to me shortly*. Does this mean my iPod is toast and there were more problems than just a bad battery? Most reports online indicate I'm getting a refurbished one, which often come looking and acting brand new. Mine is pretty old so would it be far fetched for them to send me a newer generation model? Maybe one with a color display? I doubt it\u2026 but I don't really care what I get at this point. Just give me an iPod that has 40GB's or more of hard drive space so I can enjoy some tunes in the car. I can't stand the radio for much longer. Update. Wow a package from DHL was waiting for me when I got home from work today. Looks like the replaced just the battery because my iPod appears to be the same. Good. Tomorrow is"}, {"title": "", "text": "I wanted to get more into Java and creat more ~~complex~~ programs, although someone experienced would say this isn't complex, but just a lot a of code. I'm a beginner in Java. Nothing much to say really. Adios. # What is Orion # Orion is a basic replica of the stock market. It's purely educational. It's supposed to be used to know the very basics/overview of what happens in the stock market. Stocks go down, and up, sometimes it seems random. orion does this. # How does Orion work? # It's basically a little game. You simulate days, stocks prices fluctuate, after it's done simulating, you can buy, or sell stocks. You play till the amount of money you have hits 0. # What inspired me to make Orion? # It was in my History class. My History teacher wanted to show us the basics of the stock market. I liked the idea, and I ended with the second most money, so I made almost a replica of that History activity. # Why the name Orion # Well to be totally honest, I just like that word. Something about it sounds... Hacker-ish. **Cough** Chuck Bartowski's Dad **Cough**."}, {"title": "", "text": "For example, one male participant in his mid-50s said, \"I'm starting to attend my church more\u2026becoming more spiritual.\" This is not to say that participants did not spend money on alcohol. One participant explained: \"I think the liquor stores are busier, none of them have closed down\" (Male, age 51). Consistently, we found that when drinking alcohol was part of a participant's narrative, there was a shift in what it meant depending on whether the economy was doing well or poorly. During bust times, casual drinking changed from an opportunity to socialize to a coping strategy used to cope with feelings of failure. As one participant said: \"I think people reach out to different things [during a bust] they feel might be able to help them cope\u2026churches and liquor stores\" (Male, age 30). Both spirituality and alcohol consumption can initiate participation in communal activities, where the individual can seek comfort in the company of others. With regard to participants' work lives, economic busts changed how much people earned, but did not improve work-life balance. As one participant said: \"They paid you well [during the boom] but there was a lot of what I call criminal exchange, like, we want you to work, you know, 12-14 h days, 7 days a week until you're done, and yes you got paid\" (Female, age 50). Though the experience may have had its advantages (e.g., more discretionary income), bust periods offered an opportunity to slow down and recuperate. As another participant said: \"When there is a boom, you work till"}, {"title": "", "text": "say things like \u201cAs soon as I\u2019m done with this season of my life,\u201d or \u201cas soon as these three weeks go by and this crazy time is over.\u201d If-only and as-soon-as derive their authority from this sense of something like \u201cin three weeks my life will become easy.\u201d Has that ever happened? No\u2026why? Because balance is a myth. I remember years ago once listening to a sermon on this very subject. To paraphrase the Pastor: \u201cCan you think of one person in Scripture who lived a balanced life? When you think of King David, do you think, Oh, there\u2019s a man who has got it all together? I mean, whether that guy is living in caves or he\u2019s ruling the kingdom, he is a man after God\u2019s own heart right? What about Nehemiah\u2026spending twelve years busting his chops to accomplish what God called him to do. What about the Apostle Paul, does he strike you as somebody living a balanced life? Jesus came myth-busting, didn\u2019t he? I love when he routinely says, \u201cYou\u2019ve heard it said \u2026 But I say to you.\u201d He uses this statement to drive home the truth. To bust myths! In Scripture and in Christ what we see modeled is not balance but a great deal of consistency, a great deal of peace, a great deal of certainty and purpose in the midst of some pretty dramatic and out-of-whack circumstances. Simply put\u2026A great deal of surrender! My challenge to you\u2026don\u2019t worry about a balanced life. Instead shoot for a surrendered life."}, {"title": "", "text": "6 September. She made her first on screen appearance as Jade in December 2010. During an interview published the Neighbours official website, Pranita revealed that she had found the filming schedule was \"quite full-on\" and that she was still getting used to the early starts. Development Characterisation Jade has been described as being \"vivacious, confident and beautiful\" by a writer for the official Neighbours website. She has a flirtatious side and a \"fighting spirit\", which means nothing will stand in her way. Jackie Brygel, writing for TV Week, said Jade \"clearly isn't backward in coming forward when it comes to getting what she wants in life.\" Pranita told Brygel that Jade is a feminist and a bit of a man eater. The actress believed that she was not that similar to her character, saying \"She is very opinionated which I can be, but I don't think I'm brash with my ideas or assert my ideas on to people which she does.\" Pranita also said Jade is \"anti-relationships\" and more interested in having fun, whereas she has been in a relationship for five years. However, when she was asked about what she would like to see in Jade's future, Pranita said she wanted her to meet a love interest who \"really challenges her and breaks her down a bit, because she's a little bit of a martyr.\" Jade is a personal trainer and a \"fitness freak\". Pranita took up exercise during her research for the role, something she had not done before, and commented that she had"}, {"title": "", "text": "just called them out of the blue without scheduling a call. So, that was the toughest thing of living alone.\" However, for participant 13, living with someone had helped them feel like they reacted better to the shelter at home orders, \"Maybe, that's why I'm reacting better because I have people around me to talk to but, if I did not, that it would have been really, really difficult\u2026 Obviously, there were challenges as well, but I think I handled these better than expected \u2026\" (P13). Most participants faced difficulties and challenges with their living situation due to the pandemic. As participant 6 stated, \"I think everyone's mental health kind of took a little hit during this time \u2026 And I think for us [PhGS], like, kind of worrying about what does this mean for my research? What does this mean for my thesis or dissertation? I think just having increased anxiety\u2026\" The second sub-dimension of the social dimension is relationships. Relationships of PhGS, be it professional or social, were also hampered due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This can be seen in a quote from participant 8, \"I'd say the social support system has gotten very small just because you can't physically be there for each other. It's only so many times you can facetime.\" PhGS professional relationships were also affected. With classes and communication with faculty being shifted to online platforms, PhGS relationships with their faculty advisor/ mentor were also impacted. As participant 4 said, \"My advisor is super busy usually, and at least when"}, {"title": "", "text": "little disingenuous, more accurately I'm disillusioned with how I've seen Clojure written. ## Mental Models ## My close friend, [Bruce Durling](https://twitter.com/otfrom) is oft quoted as saying your feelings on whether the steep learning curve for Clojure is worth it are predicated on whether 'you want to take your pain up front or gradually over time'. I agree with this assessment but I would use the same phrase as justification for most of my complaints about the impact of using Clojure without a lot of discipline. Most of the pain I've felt on the larger evolving Clojure/Clojurescript codebases I've worked on comes down to one thing, holding a mental model of the system in my head. All codebases require a developer to build, maintain and persist a mental model of the system in her head. This mental model is the reason that context switching is so harmful to software development productivity. If you're a developer you will have experienced someone asking you a question or insisting you attend a meeting right when you're in the middle of a problem and you dropping that mental model on the floor. It can take many minutes or even an hour or more to re-assemble this mental model to the same point so you can continue your work. ### Why mental models matter? ### Why does supporting the building a mental model matter? It's been annocadotely cited developers typically spend 70%+ reading code [[What do Programmers do anyway?](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/peterhal/2006/01/04/what-do-programmers-really-do-anyway-aka-part-2-of-the-yardstick-saga/)]. There is research that suggests that when maintaining code 62% of the code"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: article title: \"What is a shallow copy and why is it screwing up slice() ?\" categories: articles modified: 2015-01-12T11:57:41-04:00 tags: toc: image: feature: teaser: shallowNoDivingTeaser.jpeg thumb: comments: ads: --- ##I've gotten weird results with `Array.slice()`. What's going on? `slice()` returns a copy of an array. This is awesome! But there's this weird line in the [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/slice) docs that says slice 'returns a shallow copy'. The [MSDN](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/tkcsy6fe(v=vs.94).aspx) and [W3Schools](http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/jsref_slice_array.asp) docs don't mention this at all, so what in the world does this mean? Let's think back for a moment to [how variables work](http://prestonparry.com/articles/VariableNamesAsLinks/). They're basically just links to some other place on the hard drive where the actual data is stored. ##What hapens if there are variables in my array? What slice does is copy over the variable, not the data that variable points to. Say you make a change to the object a variable is pointing to. The 'copied' array will still include a variable pointing to that same object, which has now been changed. **Slice copies over variables as pointers, and does not create a copy of the data each variable points to.** ##How to create a 'deep' copy Creating a 'deep' copy means your new copy will have no linkages to the original object. The easiest to create a deep copy by far is to use JSON. {% highlight css linenos=table %} var mySuperNestedArr = [myFavoriteSuperHeroesArr,myFavoriteCatGifsObj,taySwiftsEntireCatalogueObj]; var completelySeparateCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(mySuperNestedArr)); {% endhighlight %} When you JSON.stringify a variable, it creates a whole new object. Then you can just immediately JSON.parse it, and blam,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Paste a link to your [USERNAME].github.io repository. -https://github.com/jordanfox15/jordanfox15.github.io Explain how to create a repository on GitHub and clone the repository to our local computer to a non-technical person. -Login to your Github account and use the plus sign in the upper right corner and choose the option to create a new repository. Here you will name your repository, choose your options and hit create repository. Then copy the URL in the text box on the right where it says clone URL, then go to your command line and type \"git clone \" and then paste in the URL after and hit enter. Describe what open source means. -Open source means that anyone using a program has access to the code of that program meaning that anyone can alter/re-write that program instead of just being able to run it on their computer. What do you think about Open Source? Does it make you nervous or protective? Does it feel like utopia? -I think open source is rather amazing. It allows coders from all over the world to work on the same project without ever even contacting one another. Assess the importance of using licenses. -I would say it is very important if for now other reason than that it would seem that without them someone could take the code you have written and claim it was completely written by them without changing a thing. What concepts were solidified in the challenge? Did you have any \"aha\" moments? What did you struggle with? -I recieved a better understanding"}, {"title": "", "text": "Puts prints something out to the console with a new line. It also returns nil. ## What is an integer? What is a float? An integer is a whole number, without a decimal. A float is number with a decimal. ## What is the difference between float and integer division? How would you explain the difference to someone who doesn't know anything about programming? Integers are whole numbers. When dealing with integer division, the computer only sees integers and can only produce an integer. That means the computer can only return the integer value. This becomes a problem if you are dividing two numbers, say 3 and 2, that cannot result in an integer. In this case, the computer returns the nearest integer rounded down. For 3 / 2, that would be 1. For float division, the computer would see 3.0 and 2.0. The computer now understands past that decimal point! That means, when the computer divides 3.0 / 2.0, it can include the 5 for 1.5. ## Calculate the number of hours in a year ``` valueNotEntered = true; while valueNotEntered do puts \"Is it a leap year? Y/N\" isLeapYear = gets.chomp if isLeapYear == \"N\" puts \"There are #{365*24} hours in a year.\" valueNotEntered = false; elsif isLeapYear == \"Y\" puts \"There are #{366*24} hours in a leap year.\" valueNotEntered = false; else puts \"Invalid input. Answer must be Y/N. Is it a leap year? Y/N\" end end ``` ## How does Ruby handle addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers? Ruby ## What"}, {"title": "", "text": "I heard firsthand when someone said that women work like this late at night, I don't care. Life goes on, eating every day neighbors who do not feed it anyway. So, I will continue\". Likewise, what was conveyed by Mujiatun who revealed that so far people did not give a negative impression so far to her, \"The environment here is also all women workers, bro, but not all become single mother like me. When I get home from work later than my friends, they all understand what my position in the factory is, and it's not possible or impossible if someone says \"not worthy\". But if it's like there and I don't know, let it go, bro, I live straight, just walk without having to pay attention to what people say\". Mujiatun revealed that in the community the scope of work is not only her. The majority of women as workers make the culture of the community around their neighborhood provide reinforcement. Strengthening is like no one has given a sneer or negative assumption on it. The surrounding community seemed to understand the conditions experienced by her with evidence that Mujiatun did not often get negative assumptions or comments from the surrounding community. However, it is different from what is obtained by Nila who sometimes gets bad prejudice from the people around her current profession. \"If the people directly seem to understand my condition right now, even though someone said that before, mas. There was also a time when I talked about being unkind like \"naughty"}, {"title": "", "text": "Erendira in front of 25,000 people. A week later, they were married. \"I don't know if either of us could be married to someone who didn't perform\", says Erendira. \"I can't see either of us ever being happy sitting behind a desk.\" Wallenda credits God for his success, saying that what he does on the high-wire is a gift from God. He grew up in \"a Bible-believing, God-fearing family\" and describes himself as a \"born-again Christian\". Faith is \"the most important part of my life\", he says. Wallenda and his wife have three children. Before every wire walk, Wallenda joins his family in prayer and he always wears a cross as he performs. He remarks, \"The Bible says pray without ceasing and I'm always praying.\" He denies that his stunts \"test\" God. \"To test God would be to never train, never practice, and then to walk across the Grand Canyon; or to jump off a building, or throw myself in front of a truck\", he says. Wallenda says he tries to live \"an upright life\" and be a good example. Despite his success, Wallenda wants people to think of him as just a regular guy. \"I want people to like me, just for who I am\", he says. \"What you get is a regular person. I want people to relate to me.\" Wallenda believes that through hard work, one can achieve anything they desire. \"I think [challenges are] what life is about\", he remarks. \"We all go through challenges. But once we get through them, we"}, {"title": "", "text": "by defending or justifying their approach - if that, **just listen and allow them** to say their piece - more ofthen than not they will still make the changes, but **knowing that you heard their side of things will make them feel better** * **\u628a\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u524d\u56e0\u540e\u679c\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a**\uff0c \u540c\u65f6\u660e\u786e\u544a\u77e5\u9700\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4e8b\u9879 * reference - [Giving Feedback \u2013 learning to criticize in a way that actually works](http://katemats.com/giving-feedback-learning-to-criticize-in-a-way-that-actually-works/) #### Learning to coach and delegate * you are not just be the person who is the expert, you will be **someone who makes everyone better** #### The art of **delegating** * change your mindset - have to **focus on growth and education**, not necessarily efficiency. * Adopt a **leader:leader** model instead of a leader:follower - Being a good leaders means allowing the people around you to be the experts in their domains - **transform my team to stop asking me questions**, and **instead make recommendations and ask for permission** - **encourage your teammates to take more ownership** and lead their own areas - like \"What do you think I would say\" * Don't look for perfection - open to the differences and you accept that other people may not do things the same way you would - If worried about quality, define your quality up front when you assign the task * **Setup some guard rails** - try to **identify what information you need to feel good** about the progress, and then **the best way to get the information** without being overbearing or micromanaging the details + like setup daily status meetings to go"}, {"title": "", "text": "for a little less than a week now, but one thing I can say for certain is that version control and GitHub will be an important part of my life as I progress as a programmer. A version control system (VCS) is a way to track changes to software and a means for developers to work on the same project simultaneously, while avoiding conflicts or overwriting each other's code.

            The key benefits to using a VCS are:

            • Orginization. Every time a set of changes is commited, it is logged and a version of the repository is saved. Team members can see the entire history of changes to the project and view messages regarding what changes were made and when. It also eliminates the need to manage, save, and name mutiple versions of your files on your own.
            • Teamwork. With a VCS, every member of the team working on a project can work without restrictions or fear of overwriting a file someone else is working on because every memeber has a full version or the repository on their computer. Adding messages to each commit helps your teammates know what work has been done.
            • Security. Because a version of the repository is saved after each commit, the project can be rolled back to an earlier version if something goes wrong. There's no need to worry about hardware failure, accidental damage, or inadvertant overwriting of data when you use a VCS. All you need to do to recover what you lost is pull the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Haley refuses to admit it. However, when they arrive at the venue that is close to the cafe where Andy is waiting for his flight, Haley goes to find him and to talk to him about his girlfriend. She tells him that he is able to get a better girlfriend than Beth, who does not deserve him, using examples of her own previous treatment of boys to show him how Beth is not treating him well. Haley quickly leaves as she gets a call from her mother, but she later receives a call from Andy who asks if she was referring to someone in particular earlier. Haley refuses to admit that by \"someone better\" she meant herself, so Andy, who took a cab and came to the wedding to find her, does not say he is there, and he leaves. Luke and Manny wonder if it is difficult to officiate a marriage, so they ask Phil who says that it's not, and he demonstrates what he is required to say. While doing so, Luke and Manny inadvertently appear to be a bridal couple, saying the marriage vows and unknowingly standing in front of a wedding arch, something that Alex records on her phone. Throughout the rest of the day, Luke and Manny constantly argue, which Alex finds amusing since they appear to be acting like a married couple. This continues until after Cam and Mitch have left for their honeymoon. Ratings In its original American broadcast, \"The Wedding (Part 1)\" was watched by 9.08 million; up"}, {"title": "", "text": "came to my mind is 'how much is this service going to cost me'y is it something that you pay through your health fund or whether it's going to be charges in addition to what are covered.' (patient from focus group 1) If I am concerned about my professional care 'Cause even my Mum now, she doesn't want to go to a second person to get an opinion because she's scared. She doesn't want to betray the doctory that needs to be broken down, that sort of stuff.' (carer from focus group 5) 'You need someone to say look if you're not yfeeling comfortable, like for example, maybe someone doesn't feel comfortable with a man, or someone doesn't feel comfortable with a woman. I think the y important point y is really the crux of it is your relationship with your health care person. You have to feel you can trust them, you're comfortable with them, that they respect you, that you respect them, their opinion.' (patient individual interview 2) For carers 'There seems to be a reluctance to discuss what happens if I can't cope y more from the carers y it's all very well saying he can go home to be looked after but when it gets a bit more complicated, it's often hard for them I think to ask, 'well what happens if I don't cope?''(nurse 2) End-of-life issues 'There's a lot of people who would like to knowy what to expect when they're actually dying, but I think they're afraid to ask.'"}, {"title": "", "text": "order * 'M' enable use of memory-mapped files when supported * 'm' disable use of memory-mapped files * 'C' enable strip chopping support when reading * 'c' disable strip chopping support * 'h' read TIFF header only, do not load the first IFD * '4' ClassicTIFF for creating a file (default) * '8' BigTIFF for creating a file * 'D' enable use of deferred strip/tile offset/bytecount array loading. * 'O' on-demand loading of values instead of whole array loading (implies D) * * The use of the 'l' and 'b' flags is strongly discouraged. * These flags are provided solely because numerous vendors, * typically on the PC, do not correctly support TIFF; they * only support the Intel little-endian byte order. This * support is not configured by default because it supports * the violation of the TIFF spec that says that readers *MUST* * support both byte orders. It is strongly recommended that * you not use this feature except to deal with busted apps * that write invalid TIFF. And even in those cases you should * bang on the vendors to fix their software. * * The 'L', 'B', and 'H' flags are intended for applications * that can optimize operations on data by using a particular * bit order. By default the library returns data in MSB2LSB * bit order for compatibility with older versions of this * library. Returning data in the bit order of the native CPU * makes the most sense but also requires applications to check *"}, {"title": "", "text": "read/write information using host bit order * 'M' enable use of memory-mapped files when supported * 'm' disable use of memory-mapped files * 'C' enable strip chopping support when reading * 'c' disable strip chopping support * 'h' read TIFF header only, do not load the first IFD * '4' ClassicTIFF for creating a file (default) * '8' BigTIFF for creating a file * * The use of the 'l' and 'b' flags is strongly discouraged. * These flags are provided solely because numerous vendors, * typically on the PC, do not correctly support TIFF; they * only support the Intel little-endian byte order. This * support is not configured by default because it supports * the violation of the TIFF spec that says that readers *MUST* * support both byte orders. It is strongly recommended that * you not use this feature except to deal with busted apps * that write invalid TIFF. And even in those cases you should * bang on the vendors to fix their software. * * The 'L', 'B', and 'H' flags are intended for applications * that can optimize operations on data by using a particular * bit order. By default the library returns data in MSB2LSB * bit order for compatibiltiy with older versions of this * library. Returning data in the bit order of the native cpu * makes the most sense but also requires applications to check * the value of the FillOrder tag; something they probably do * not do right now. * * The"}, {"title": "", "text": "7 males and 1 female out of the 16 participants said that their focus was on woman who was patient, respectful and understanding hence, they echoed the following words: \"I needed someone who was respectful, someone who could understand me as a man and someone who was patient.\" John \"As for me, I needed someone who could understand me and whom I could understand as well, someone who could respect my being.\" Davis \"I preferred a man who was respectful and understanding.\" Natasha \"I married her because she was disciplined and could not unnecessarily pick fights and this was vital for me because I grew up in a home where my father and mother were always fighting so I did not want my own marriage to be like that.\" Jack While Roy had this to say: \"My wife was well-disciplined and less of a talker so I knew that someone who does not talk much can protect my dignity by not embarrassing me in front of people and she will not go out there to tell my mistakes to others.\" \"I was once married, and then we divorced so this is my second marriage. Thus, in terms of understanding, I needed someone who could understand me because usually when a woman has had a history of divorce, there is that stigma that comes with it saying \"why did she fail in her first marriage?\" and even if we give excuses it is difficult for people to understand since they were not there but this was not"}, {"title": "", "text": "My insurance company won't pay for my prescription for Viagra without a letter from my doctor saying that I have been evaluated. As far as I know, I am the only one who can tell whether I have impotence. What does the insurance company want?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q What does your job entail? A My job title states that I am the matron of a 45-bed nursing home. The term 'matron' is one that I have stuck to as older people relate more easily to it than they do to, say, 'nurse manager'. In reality, when you have your own business you must be able to turn your hand to a number of jobs and tasks. Joy, our deputy, takes a share of the nursing responsibility from my shoulders, but basically I am responsible, with my husband, for 45 patients, all their needs and for all our staff."}, {"title": "", "text": "elsewhere, and she's a total lioness when it comes to protecting and defending her children. Which means that she is more often than not, fighting some kind of battle on someone's behalf and forgetting to worry about herself.\" The Coopers In August 2010, it was announced that the rest of the Cooper family would be arriving on screen beside Wendy. Nairn was pleased with the family unit, saying; \"Wendy's storylines have mainly been based around what goes on at work, so I'm really looking forward to exploring another aspect of her life. I'm also intrigued about how the Coopers will weave themselves into Ferndale and Shortland Street hospital.\" Nairn also enjoyed working with the actors, stating; \"The actors who are playing my children are awesome. We are having a lot of fun connecting and I think viewers are really going to enjoy learning about the Coopers over the next little while.\" On describing the dynamics of the family, she thought they were a close knit family unit, stating; \"My kids are just fantastic. They are wonderful young actors and we are having the best time creating the Cooper family. The Coopers are an incredibly close family. Wendy wants to have an open, honest relationship with her children, so they feel they can tell her everything, but as anyone with teenagers will know, parents can never know everything!\" After producers saw an article on the high rate of infidelity and divorce in New Zealand and realised that a majority of the collapsed couples were seemingly happy, they"}, {"title": "", "text": "turns out, the answer is complex and I got tired of cutting-n-pasting the same email over and over again. So I started a blog entitled \u201cOverseas Exile.\u201d I posted several times a week for many years, but I let the domain lapse and now someone else has snapped it up. You can still read my old posts , but I felt, given the current climate in the US, that it\u2019s worth sharing some of this here.

              This wasn\u2019t my first post, but it was one of the most important, despite the silly premise.

              Count von Europe

              So your eccentric great-aunt Gertrude has invited you over for dinner and when you arrive, you find a mysterious stranger with her. She introduces him as \u201cCount von Europe\u201d. After a long and pleasant conversation over food and drinks, the Count says \u201cyour aunt invited you over because I need someone to watch my Bavarian castle while I\u2019m away for a year. I\u2019ll also pay you \u20ac50,000 a year and let you borrow the Bentley when you want to travel around Europe on your days off. When can you fly to Germany?\u201d

              Sadly, for many people I\u2019ve spoken with, their \u201cdream\u201d of living abroad is little more than \u201cCount von Europe.\u201d I see people on message boards saying things like \u201cI want to move to Italy. Anybody got a job/marriage/house for me?\u201d Honestly, it\u2019s not going to be that easy. However, you can do it if you plan things right and understand what\u2019s involved."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the people who said \"yes\" were either Asian or Latino, but everyone who said \"no\" was White . . . . you never have seen a White girl be like, \"hmm, does this White guy like White girls?\" No, because they're the beauty standard. (E02, age 16) Even when interacting with Black teen boys, participants shared experiences of colorism and backhanded compliments: [A guy might say] 'oh, you're pretty for a dark skin.' Like what? I'd rather you not say anything to me. Don't compliment me at all if you're going to say 'you're pretty for a dark-skinned girl.' Or 'you're pretty when your hair is straight.' (B01, age 16) Across all focus groups, participants shared their experiences of blatant stereotyping and cultural invalidation: One thing that really annoys me is when I'm talking to someone and obviously, I'm African American. I start telling them my interests in music, for example, and then they tell me \"you're the whitest Black person that I've ever met.\" (C03, age 16) Participants also recounted instances of being accused by Black teen boys of using their \"white voice\" (C01, age 15): When people say you talk White, they just mean that you talk articulately. And by you saying that that's a White characteristic, you're saying . . . to talk eloquently is something that is reserved for White people and cannot belong to you. And that's just another example of self-hatred in the Black community. (E02, age 16) Finally, participants pointed out the ways in which they were stereotyped,"}, {"title": "", "text": "joy and unspeakable pleasure at being alive\". In \"The Impossible Planet\" (2006), the Doctor and Rose share an awkward moment when they have to consider settling down in one time period and Rose suggests they do so together. She later plants a kiss for good luck on the Doctor's spacesuit prior to his descent into the pit. In \"The Satan Pit\" the Doctor, fearing for his life, tells someone \"If you see Rose, tell her... tell her... oh, she knows.\" In \"Doomsday\", when the Doctor says his goodbye to Rose, she finally tells him that she loves him. He begins to reply, but the message is cut off, and he is unable to reciprocate; in the episode's audio commentary, executive producer Julie Gardner had stated that \"he absolutely was going to say it... he was going to tell her he loved her.\" Executive producer Russell T Davies states in Doctor Who Confidential that the reunion between the Doctor and Rose in the 2008 episode \"The Stolen Earth\" is a parody of romantic film conventions because the heightened emotional content is abruptly interrupted by the Doctor being shot by a Dalek. In the next episode, \"Journey's End\", Rose challenges the Doctor to say what he did not get to say before, to which he replies, \"Does it need saying?\" His half-human duplicate, however, does whisper it into Rose's ear, and the two of them kiss; Rose gets an emphatically romantic resolution to her romance storyline, as the duplicate Doctor and Rose continue to live together on a"}, {"title": "", "text": "origin: http://pseudoweb.net/2013/03/04/who-is-your-user/ layout: post title: Who is your user? location: San Francisco, CA time: 17:22:59 published: true --- [David Horn](https://twitter.com/Madrox) poised a great question to me the other day: \"Who is your user?\" This sounds kind of cheesy at first, and is usually posed to companies, not individuals, but it is something to think about. As a creator, who are you creating for? Who do you want to help with your work? What group of individuals in your life are the most important to you? Which users do you think about when you are making you choices? First off, before we dive in, lets remember that the answer \"It depends\" is incorrect. While your day job might not be about helping those most important to you, you still probably know who that most important group is. Also, just because you change who you design for for every project, does not necessarily mean you don't have one overall group you are aiming for. All of that being said, the easiest answer is definitely \"Myself\". When thinking about problems, most people tend to think about problems that affect themselves. This is probably why there are so many curation and offer sites. Someone said \"man, my life would be so much easier if someone just told me where to eat\" or \"jeeze, why can't I have others tell me when this is on sale\" or even \"gosh, wouldn't it be cool if it was easy to sell my old stereo?\" This probably also explains why there are so many"}, {"title": "", "text": "prompting Burley to say \"Lots of demonstrators shouting 'fair votes now' \u2013 not sure what they mean by that\" and \"They don't like The Sun, they don't like us, they don't like Rupert\". In September 2010, commenting on the News International phone hacking scandal, part of an exchange between Labour MP Chris Bryant and Burley went viral, whereby Burley asks Bryant to cite information claiming that phone hacking was \"endemic\" in other newspapers. Bryant did, accusing Burley of being \"a bit dim\" and saying: Burley also falsely claimed that if he had changed his PIN, Bryant would not have been hacked. Bryant responded in an article for The Independent, saying that \"My PIN had nothing to do with my phone being hacked. Someone phoned Orange, my mobile network provider, and tried to pretend to be me in order to gain access to my voicemails\". Bryant has since asked on air for Burley to apologise about the interview. 2012\u20132015 On 5 October 2012, Burley was accused of insensitivity after she broke the news of the probable death of missing five-year-old April Jones live on air to volunteers who had been assisting in the search for her. The interviewees were unaware that the case had become a murder inquiry. 2015\u2013present During the 2015 general election, Channel 4 and Ofcom received more than 400 complaints against bias in their treatment against Labour leader Ed Miliband in favour of Conservative leader and Prime Minister David Cameron, including a \"town hall\" part of the programme which Burley moderated. Burley repeatedly questioned"}, {"title": "", "text": "not helping \u2026 so disclosure is a problem and it also affects adherence\", professional nurse, GP. \"I haven't told my husband about my illness \u2026 there are already problems in our marriage; it will torment us even more\", P7 EC. \"There is this cousin sister of mine staying at Jabulani Township; I went there to tell her about what I had found out and she said ooh! as though shocked but then we spoke, she advised me that you are like this, you need to take the treatment. Furthermore, she said I must buy myself food and eat. But then after, I heard that she went around speaking about me behind my back. That hurt me very badly but I told myself, oh well it's okay; it doesn't matter \u2026 You know what makes a person afraid is that when you tell someone,then, that very someone goes outside and talk about you, it's how they say it and they laugh\", P2 GP. Polypharmacy -Difficulty with taking more than one treatment -Pill burden \"They feel like they can be off the medication; they decide which one is more dangerous between HIV and hypertension. Oh! It's HIV \u2026 So they only want to take the treatment for HIV and not the other treatment\", professional nurse, GP. \"When you start combining another condition, they become discouraged \u2026 I mean I was starting to comply with this one and now you are coming with this other one \u2026 when you start introducing something else and adding more pills, they feel"}, {"title": "", "text": "![](imgs/steven-site-map.png) ###What are the 6 Phases of Web Design? 1. Information Gathering 2. Planning 3. Design 4. Development 5. Testing and Delivery 6. Maintenance ####What is your site's primary goal or purpose? What kind of content will your site feature? My site's purpose is to be a professional website where I can share work history, my blog, and projects. ####What is your target audience's interests and how do you see your site addressing them? My target audience is fellow DBC students, guides, and eventually potential employers. I hope to engage with all three of these groups in a professional yet personal way. That is to say, I hope my tone comes across as professional but my personality is able to come through. ####What is the primary \"action\" the user should take when coming to your site? Do you want them to search for information, contact you, or see your portfolio? It's ok to have several actions at once, or different actions for different kinds of visitors. I hope that each user's primary action is to search for information about me. ####What are the main things someone should know about design and user experience? I think that the most important thing is that though one design may not fit all, websites should be designed with the user in mind. ####What is user experience design and why is it valuable? UX design is designing a website or app, keeping in mind how a user will feel when using it. It's making a website pleasant and easy to use."}, {"title": "", "text": "title: \"Saying No\" date: 2013-12-03 00:00 --- Hello my name is Ash and I have a problem. I love saying \"yes.\" I love telling people I can do what they ask. I love the satisfaction I get out of starting a new project. I love the thrill, the excitement, everything. Except finishing projects is hard and telling people \"I'm sorry I can't finish this\" sucks. When I was in university, someone very smart taught me how to say \"no\" and it changed my life. By learning to tell people that, while I'm excited about the possibility of working with them, I already have a full plate, I get to work on things that continue to excite me the morning after having slept on it. My technique involves telling people that I'd love to work on their project, but I can't because I don't want to make a commitment I can't keep. It's honest, it shows that I'm mature, and that I respect the other person's time. "}, {"title": "", "text": "# Frequently Asked Questions ## Most Important! - [How to ask and get your question answered - A MUST READ!](#q-how-to-ask-and-get-your-question-answered-a-must-read) ## Computer and Environment Setup - [What is a terminal and how do I open it?](#q-what-is-a-terminal-and-how-do-i-open-it) - [What is a command prompt?](#q-what-is-a-command-prompt) - [Why does `ls` not work in the terminal?](#q-why-does-ls-not-work-in-the-terminal) - [What is meant by a \u2018path\u2019?](#q-what-is-meant-by-a-path) - [The terminal is saying that it cannot find the path I supplied, what is going on?](#q-the-terminal-is-saying-that-it-cannot-find-the-path-i-supplied-what-is-going-on) - [I followed the instructions to setup my computer as presented in the video, but I am still having problems. What could be wrong?](#q-i-followed-the-instructions-to-setup-my-computer-as-presented-in-the-video-but-i-am-still-having-problems--what-could-be-wrong) ## Sublime Text, browser-sync, and Other Course Tools - [I am unable to install browser-sync](#q-i-am-unable-to-install-browser-sync) - [How do I use the Sublime Text HTML shortcuts demonstrated in the lecture videos?](#q-how-do-i-use-the-sublime-text-html-shortcuts-demonstrated-in-the-lecture-videos) - [Sublime text is not auto-completing after I hit `ctrl+space`](#q-sublime-text-is-not-auto-completing-after-i-press-ctrlspace) - [How do I edit multiple lines at the same time in Sublime Text?](#q-how-do-i-edit-multiple-lines-at-the-same-time-in-sublime-text) - [What Sublime Text packages or extensions or plugins does Yaakov use in the Lecture videos?](#q-what-sublime-text-packages-or-extensions-or-plugins-does-yaakov-use-in-the-lecture-videos) - [I\u2019m making changes to my CSS and JavaScript and also running browser-sync, why aren\u2019t my changes showing up in the browser?](#q-im-making-changes-to-my-css-and-javascript-and-also-running-browser-sync-why-arent-my-changes-showing-up-in-the-browser) ## Git - [I am unable to clone the github repo or upload my assignment](#q-i-am-unable-to-clone-the-github-repo-or-upload-my-assignment) - [While typing in my password during an attempt to push files to GitHub, nothing is showing up while I type. What is going on?](#q-while-typing-in-my-password-during-an-attempt-to-push-files-to-github-nothing-is-showing-up-while-i-type--what-is-going-on) - [Why am I seeing \u201cPlease tell me who you are\u201d when trying to commit to git?](#q-why-am-i-seeing-please-tell-me-who-you-are-when-trying-to-commit-to-git) - [Where is the link to clone the"}, {"title": "", "text": "(or at least, as close to guaranteed as anything is in this complicated and confusing world of buggy software and broken protocols).

              Once you're satisfied that everything's secure, time to select who you're interested in! Go through the list of usernames, and if you're interested in someone, check off the box in the “DTF?” column; otherwise, leave it blank. (Note: “DTF” means nothing. “DTF” means everything. “DTF” means whatever you want it to mean. kataomoi is not exclusively, or even primarily, designed for finding sexual partners; our only reason for using “DTF” is to comply with tradition.)

              When you're done selecting people, click the “Send Choices” button; the code running in your browser will perform cryptographic exchanges with the code running in everyone else's browsers, and eventually give you a “Yes” or “No” answer for each user in the list. A Yes answer indicates mutual interest; a No answer indicates that at least one of you isn't interested in the other one. Therefore, if you leave someone's checkbox blank, you're guaranteed to see a No answer for that person. If you check someone's checkbox, then the answer you see indicates whether they checked your box or not.

              Once you've found out everyone's answers, what you do next is all up to you. If you found a match, we recommend going and talking to them, either immediately or shortly afterward, and figuring out what kind of things you'd like to do together. “Hey,” you might say, “So, um, it looks like"}, {"title": "", "text": "class=\"sheet-col\">

              Harm Boxes

              Dinged

              Bent

              Busted (-1 Force)

              Glitched (-1 Steel)

              Totalled

            Death Move
            When you mark off your Totalled box, anyone can erase a technological Surplus (knowledge, weaponry, transport, etc.) in a place of safety to bring you back to action fully healed. Alternatively, you can be scrapped for 5 Tech and Surplus: Knowledge.

            Looks

            Masculine, feminine, asexual, utterly inhuman.

            Uncanny-valley face, blank face, fluid face, robotic face.

            Techno-organic body, artificial-flesh body, sleek casing, heavy duty casing.

            Cold voice, soft voice, robotic voice, inhuman voice.


            Roles Trigger one at character creation:

            Leader: Mark when you must take charge to save your Family from the edge of extinction. Say what in you saves them: compassion or callousness.

            Agent: Mark when you are sent somewhere no organic should survive. Say what the experience awakens in you: altruism and self-sacrifice, or self-centred coldness.

            Rebel: Mark when you use violence to liberate people from your Family or kill someone they were keeping safe. Say who the victims are and how you become more like them.

            Outsider: Mark when you go through an experience too strange for organics to comprehend. State one fundamental truth about"}, {"title": "", "text": "The wave II Yay!!!! I\u2019m at a basketball game, sitting in the \u2018nosebleed\u2019 section, where the players are smaller than what I can see on my iPhone (in simulcast!). We\u2019re doing the \u2018wave\u2019. Wait, here it comes again. Yay!!!!! In case you\u2019ve never attended a sporting event, the wave is not a bunch of people saying \u201chi.\u201d (Do they do waves at soccer matches? No wait, you just have riots at those, right? No, I bet you do. Not at cricket matches, though, you\u2019d have to put down the book you\u2019re reading.) Anyway, the wave is something called \u2018metachronal rhythm\u2019which I think means, \u2018raising both hands in the air when the person next to you does, and then bringing them down.\u2019Apparently the first wave was invented by Krazy George Henderson, who saw it happen accidently at an Edmonton Oilers hockey game, and then managed to lead the first documented wave at an Oakland A\u2019s game on October 15, 1981. Okay, why did someone attend a hockey game in the Frozen North and then go see baseball in California? History doesn\u2019t say, but then, his moniker was \u2018Krazy George.\u2019 Sorry, here it comes again. Yayyyyyyy!!!!! Earlier today, I heard a seminar from a scientist, Prof. Cheetah who apparently does a lot of TV appearances, talking about viral outbreaks and howwe hunt the culprits down and treat them (or plan to). I have to say, it was terrific. At the end, I thought we were going to do the wave, we were clapping so much. But there were"}, {"title": "", "text": "it. \u00df You don't really dare to believe that you'll find someone and then you don't dare to believe anything is going to happen. \u00df Therefore the boys especially seem on the one hand to be constantly prepared to seize sexual opportunities when they occur, but on the other feel they are unable to actively anticipate such opportunities and feel they should give an image of sexual encounters being unplanned. However, some of the girls have somewhat ambivalent feelings towards the phenomenon of a onenight-stand, a finding that does not feature in the boys' accounts. At first, the girls say it is okay to have one-night-stands but later on, several of them say that they personally cannot imagine a sexual relationship and not being in love. But I'm the kind of person who really wants feelings, lots of feelings involved when I have sex. I don't want to go around with a bag over my head. Just meeting someone in a club who does want to go home with me, you know . . . I don't want to be like that. I want to be someone who has feelings and is in love. \u00e0 When the teenagers talk about unprotected sex it is not the possibility of contracting an STI that is the greatest threat, instead it is an unwanted pregnancy. I think more people think about pregnancy then venereal infections. \u00df Venereal infections are more taboo, oh my God it does not exist, kind of. So you are more afraid of getting pregnant. \u00e0"}, {"title": "", "text": "Replaces the standard jQuery timer loop with `requestAnimationFrame` where supported. NOTE: jQuery 3.0.0 & newer uses `requestAnimationFrame` natively if it's available in the browser. This plugin is only needed for older versions of jQuery. If it detects jQuery 3.0 or newer it warns and does nothing. **Requires jQuery 1.8+** ## What is `requestAnimationFrame`? `requestAnimationFrame` is a [W3C spec](http://www.w3.org/TR/animation-timing/#requestAnimationFrame) (at [Candidate Recommendation](http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#q74) level) that attempts to improve our animation performace by better syncing up with the frame rate of the browser. For more information, read this article on [Jank Busting](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/speed/rendering/) ## Why should I use it? To quote part of the Jank Busting article: > * Animations in background tabs get paused, conserving system resources and battery life. > > * If the system can't handle rendering at the screen's refresh rate, it can throttle animations and produce the callback less frequently (say, 30 times a second on a 60Hz screen). While this drops framerate in half, it keeps the animation consistent -- and as stated above, our eyes are much more attuned to variance than framerate. A steady 30Hz looks better than 60Hz that misses a few frames a second. ## Download Download the [production version][min] or the [development version][max] of version 0.1.2. [min]: https://unpkg.com/jquery.requestanimationframe@0.2.2/dist/jquery.requestanimationframe.min.js [max]: https://unpkg.com/jquery.requestanimationframe@0.2.2/dist/jquery.requestanimationframe.js In your web page: ```html ``` ## Documentation There isn't anything you need to do other than include the `jquery.requestanimationframe.js` file to use `requestAnimationFrame`. You should however beware of the first point above: **Animations in background tabs get paused**. This means if you are using"}, {"title": "", "text": "didn\u2019t understand what you are saying because Drew hasn\u2019t been busting my chops on whether or not I read the Bible every day enough. This is so bizarre to me that I even had trouble figuring out what you and he are talking about. To be sure, I\u2019m not trying to make this a matter of \u201clegalism.\u201d But if a guy said, \u201cI didn\u2019t pray Monday.\u201d I\u2019d say, \u201cWhy not?\u201d If he said, \u201cI didn\u2019t want to pray that day, and I don\u2019t have to sit down everyday and pray. That\u2019s legalism. Stop making me feel guilty about stuff.\u201d That would be bizarre to me. Seriously, if someone said that you have to have a time in Scripture to \u201cjust read\u201d besides sermon listening, sermon prep, lesson prep, and simple interested study\u2026.I\u2019d just blow that off. It\u2019s ridiculous. And certainly, people can read the Bible every day and not grow in holiness. I think that I am not understanding what you mean by \u201cquiet times.\u201d Do you mean that \u201cquiet time\u201d is defined as time sitting and physically reading a Bible for a certain amount of time every day? Bible reading is certainly an essential discipline, and if someone didn\u2019t have a consistent practice of it that would be cause for concern. But if by \u201cquiet time\u201d people mean \u201ctime spent with the Lord\u201d, I can\u2019t imagine that 15 minutes would be sufficient. The entire life is meant to be spent before the Lord, even down to the eating of food. Even when we sin, Christ"}, {"title": "", "text": " Review for What About Bob? (1991)

            What About Bob? (1991)

            reviewed by
            Frank Maloney


             WHAT ABOUT BOB? A film review by Frank Maloney Copyright 1991 Frank Maloney

            WHAT ABOUT BOB? is a film starring Bill Murray and Richard Dreyfuss.

            My expectations were not high going into the auditorium. Bill Murray is one of the most uneven, undisciplined stars in Hollywood today and Richard Dreyfuss isn't far behind. Which means mugging, smirking, doing this eye-thing with the camera that says hey watch me I'm being pretty cute over here.

            Leaving the auditorium, I felt I had been entertained, albeit in a rather predictable, formulaic way, but, yes, I had had a pretty decent time back there in the dark with Bill and Richard.

            Bill Murray's character Bob is a near-basket case of neuroses. Agoraphobia, haphephobia (irrational fear of being touched -- old Peanuts joke \"Haphephobia is better than none\"), manipulative, dependent.

            Richard Dreyfuss is his new, ambitious, success-obsessed doc. He had a bust of Freud in his office, he's named his children Sigmund and Anna, his wife is a doormat, and he's out the door, on vacation until Labor Day.

            Bob's wants treatment now and follows his new doc to his New England retreat (Virginia stands in for Vermont here). The doc expects a live remote for Goodmorning America and gets Bob.

            Whose crazy, Bob, the doc, or the audience? One gets better, one will"}, {"title": "", "text": "more than two different actions are possible) **Why do we indent the second conditional by 4 spaces?** (To show that it is inside the first conditional.) **What does it mean when an action is indented by 8 spaces?** (It depends on two expressions being True or False) ### Coding Time (30-45 mins) Allow the students to go through the game at their own pace, keeping notes about every level on paper or digital document. We recommend using following format, which you can also print out as templates: [Progress Journal [PDF]](https://files.codecombat.com/docs/resources/ProgressJournal.pdf) ``` Level #: _____ Level Name: ____________________________________ Goal: __________________________________________________________ What I did: What I learned: What was challenging: ``` Circulate to assist. Make sure students are reading all the comments in the starter code before they start making changes. The goals are complex, so understanding each sub-goal is important. Encourage collaboration and allow students to help each other. ### Written Reflection (5 mins) **Tell me about cleave.** >Cleave smashes a bunch of enemies all around you. You do it by saying hero.cleave(). You have to put (), but you don\u2019t need to say cleave(enemy). It just does it to everyone. Cleave takes a while to warm up, so you can check if it\u2019s ready with the watch, and if it\u2019s not ready yet just do a normal attack. **Debate: Is your hero a good guy or a bad guy?** >My hero is sort of a good guy and sort of a bad guy. He is a good guy because he protects the villagers from getting hurt."}, {"title": "", "text": "other, but Imogen\u2019s voice didn\u2019t sound real to me until I\u2019d finalised the plot and understood what she\u2019d lived through and how she would react to threatening situations.

            4. Is there anything you can tell us about your current work in progress?

            My next book is about a woman who has been recently released from prison. She starts a new life with a new identity but, as we all know, the past has a nasty habit of popping up when we least want it to.

            It\u2019s about forgiveness, and whether we really believe that people have served their time once they come out of prison, or does that sentence continue long afterwards? It\u2019s due for release summer 2019.

            5. What is on your \u2018to read\u2019 list at the moment?

            I am currently listening to The Seven Deaths of Evelyn Hardcastle by Stuart Turton on audiobook, while also reading Three Little Lies by Laura Marshall. Next on the list is Jane Harper\u2019s new book Force of Nature because her debut, The Dry, was one of my favourite reads of 2017.

            6. Do you have a message for your readers in Suffolk Libraries?

            I\u2019d like to say a huge \u2018thank you\u2019! The idea that someone is taking the time to request and read my book is overwhelming, especially as I relied on libraries as a child and would spend many happy hours there. I am thrilled that my book will be available to people using the libraries in Suffolk.

            7."}, {"title": "", "text": "I can hear the urgency in my alpha\u2019s voice. Dwam wants a pack meeting as soon as possible.

            Accalia follows soon after, and then Ula and Chantelou, as usual. Ula is with Dwam and Accalia, by the sounds of things. Then the rest of us chime in, one by one. Of course, as the newest and lowest-ranked pack member, I am last.

            I was expecting this. She means well, but as soon as I told Ula what was going on, I knew this would happen. Dwam knows her too well not to notice when something is up.

            I walk slowly to the clearing where the pack will gather. Someone has started a fire - probably Chinua or Larentia. They spend more time in their human forms than any of the rest of us. Honestly, although I like them, those two are probably part of the reason the rest of my pack can be so wary around technology.

            As much as I try to delay, it isn\u2019t long before I reach the clearing. Dwam gives me a look that says, \u201cYou took your time.\u201d and I have to look away to avoid the shame.

            It is Accalia, however, that speaks up.
            \u201cNow that we are all here,\u201d she starts, emphasising the idea that she has been waiting for some time, \u201cMaybe our new leader would like to tell us her plan to move us all halfway across the country?\u201d She exudes an aura of anger and threat.

            Apparently, this was not the best idea. But before I"}, {"title": "", "text": " Molly L Dixon

            MLDixon

            PAIRING AND GIVING FEEDBACK

            September 26, 2014

            PAIRING:

            What is it like to pair with others to solve challenges?
            On one hand it can be fun and and on the other hand it can be scary, in my opinion, especially if you and your pair are at different learning levels. I had paired with individuals that are at the same level as myself and at a higher and lower level of understanding as me. I have the most fun when I pair with someone that is at the same level of learning as myself. I definitely feel scared when I pair with someone that is at a higher level of learning because I'm afraid that I won't be able to contribute as much to the process as the other person. It also scares me to pair with someone that is at a lower level of learning as myself because I'm afraid that I won't be able to answer this person's questions because I don't have enough confidence in my knowledge.
            What has been particularly fun or rewarding?
            I would say that solving the challenge with someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "went all the way up to\u2026to get the [wheelchair] van.\" One participant stated that his father \"taught me to be very responsible\u2026my mother she's taught me to express myself and to be very understanding and supportive of others.\" Another expressed \"Having a good time together [with family].\" Some participants expressed mixed feelings about being with family and wanting to be independent. One youth said, \"I'm not being myself, [when I say to my parents] I don't want to live here\", but at the same time was frustrated about not being able to meet age-expected milestones: \"I can't get my driver's license, my Dad said I can't.\" Another youth said more wheelchair accessible places would mean \"I won't need my Mom or Dad around every day.\" One participant stated, \"As long as I am away from my parents, [be]cause my Mom and my Dad always, they lecture me a lot.\" The majority of youth identified friends as being important to their QOL. As one youth explained, \"I like spending quality time with people my own age.\" Friends, like family were often seen as being helpful and supportive. One participant talked about how \"friends give you acceptance, encouragement, someone to talk to, [and] someone to learn from.\" Talking with teens in similar situations was seen as important. As one youth explained, \"because then I feel like I'm not the only one that may struggle in this area, so I like it, because then I don't feel so alone in my struggle.\" Another youth named several friends and what"}, {"title": "", "text": "want anything to do with him and that she never loved him. This devastates Matt. After the surgery is completed, Ava abandons Raphael when she learns that he will have permanent scarring from the procedure. That night, Matt goes to Christian's apartment to pick up his daughter, where he has a discussion with Christian about what it means to be a father. Christian tells him that fatherhood means sacrificing everything for one's children, and that he does not think Matt is capable of doing that. Matt says that he knows he can be a good father, and that he wants to make Christian proud of him. Matt tricks Christian into allowing him to leave with his daughter, Jenna, by lying and saying he and his ex-fianc\u00e9, Ramona, are going to get married and be a family. In truth (as seen by the audience during his story to Christian), Ramona had berated Matt for jilting her, spitting on him. Finally, as Ava is preparing to leave, Matt approaches her at the airport. He says he has bought tickets and that he wants to leave with her to Paris. Ava says that she does not love him, but Matt says he can see \"the smoke\" in her eyes. He tells her that even though he has made bad decisions, Jenna is a good daughter, and she needs a good mother that she can look up to. He goes on to say that he has always loved her and always will. Ava agrees or seems to agree to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "old code and re-wrote it. It was a massive task, but it was definitely worth it as in my mind it made it take a leap 10 years ahead of the competition in terms of just pure technical quality. It was of course a risk, how much time would we spend on it? Would it even be feasible possible to do? Wouldn't we miss all that crazy stuff we spent hours on during a caffeine-infused night in 2008? Based on the last few years I must say that it was clearly the right decision. It would not have been possible without the team being so incredibly experienced with doing what we do best. As someone who has over the last 20 years written thousands of lines of code that now lives at /dev/null I must say that there are few things more liberating than deleting code. Less code almost always mean less problems. So, build that quick prototype, take the experience... Then chuck it in the bin and start on planning out your real implementation."}, {"title": "", "text": "am a man of principles in that sense. I was explaining something to him, \u201cKshitij yeh galat hai yaar, aisa nahin hona chahiye, \u201c and I started giving some fundas about God. At that time someone overheard me, Animesh Mishra probably, and said, \u201darey tum toh baba ho yaar!\u201d So that\u2019s the story behind \u2018baba\u2019! It became pretty popular among my friends, so much so that there was a time when my actual name was completely forgotten. Thankfully it\u2019s back now! _(whatever happened to creativity in nicknames, sigh)_ **WONA:** What got you into astronomy? **Ashmeet:** It started when I was in class ninth. It was more of a distraction offered by my mother to get my mind away from cricket as I was a sporty guy playing day and night. She wanted me to be focused towards something more academic and so I joined the astronomy club of my school. _(and rest, as they say, is history!)_ **WONA:** So whats on your things-to-do-before-leaving-Roorkee List? **Ashmeet:** There are multiple tanks in the campus. I want to climb one some day! The Astronomy club is very close to me, so I would want to make it reach new heights. A few years ago people had this mindset that \u2018star gazing toh chill hai\u2019, but my year has worked a lot. I want that whenever people think of astronomy, they think of a very beautiful science and remember that I contributed to this section. I want to make this difference when I pass out. **WONA:** You have a very"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the emergence of the normative truth that how we teach and the way we are have an impact on who our students will become and where they will go. My future is a 'lucky packet' and still holds many surprises, but my subjective truth is that, as long as my feet keep moving and I am engaged in understanding learning and in guided reflection, my personal insight, my teaching and the meaning of my life will blossom. . To cut a long story short, I moved from one state to another, mostly in South and Central India, every six years. It meant learning a new language, joining a new school, making new friends, and adapting to a new culture. In each place, while I felt a part of the culture, I was considered an outsider. The funny part is I never stayed in Bihar, so I never identified with it. Today, when someone asks me where I am from, I have a tough time explaining. I feel like saying 'pan-Indian'. I find it easier to explain to a foreigner that I am Indian, than to my countrymen! And though I feel at home everywhere, I can't say I am accepted as one of their own anywhere within India. Yet, in all honesty, I cannot say that I have ever been denied any opportunities or rights because of this 'identity crisis'. I have blended in quite easily everywhere. . Dance macabre. Who does not remember the angst accompanying that first cut through the skin in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "owner. For example, \\textit{chatbot: I would like to go to the hospital for my postnatal confinement; chatbot: I had a nightmare yesterday, and I woke up scared}. The post owner expresses their interest in the chatbot (The reply rate was 44.6\\%): \\textit{post owner: When is your postnatal confinement? post owner: What did you dream that was so scary?} Besides, when the chatbot replies \\textit{Me too} or \\textit{I feel the same as you}, and so on, people are also interested in the chatbot. Because they think they have found someone similar to themselves. For example, there was the post: \\textit{Frequent urination at night slept poorly}. The chatbot replied: \\textit{Me too}. The human reply was: \\textit{How many months have you been pregnant? Let us follow each other}. If chatbot replied, \"I do not know\" or asked if someone else can help, it could seem useless, but most people thank the chatbot and express their feelings to the chatbot. It seems that when someone replies on it, it means that person was concerned, and that has already been a comfort \\subsubsection{Other Members Replies to Chatbot There were 29 posts with the chatbot's replies in which members other than post's post owner participated. The maximum number of rounds in the dialogues reached ten rounds. We categorized the reason that other members replied to chatbot: \\begin{itemize} \\item Join the discussion and express one's personal situation. \\textit{Other member: In my case, the doctor helped me listen to the fetal heart, but I could not hear it, but the B-scan showed that it"}, {"title": "", "text": "[define variables](https://github.com/lindsey-s/phase-0/blob/master/week-4/defining-variables.rb) ### Simple Strings Methods Solution [simple strings](https://github.com/lindsey-s/phase-0/blob/master/week-4/simple-string.rb) ### Local Vairables and Basic Arithmetical Operations Solution [local variables and basic arithmetic](https://github.com/lindsey-s/phase-0/blob/master/week-4/basic-math.rb) ## What does `puts` do? `puts` simply prints whatever follows it to the console. It's important to understand that it actually **returns** `nil`, which means that Ruby won't store anything for later when you use `puts` instead of `return`. ## What is an integer? What is a float? An integer is any whole number, negative or positive. A float is a floating point integer, or, an integer with any number of decimal places specified. 2 is an integer and 2.0 is a float. ## What is the difference between float and integer division? How would you explain the difference to someone who doesn't know anything about programming? Float division is the normal division you are used to from calculators and math class. 5/2 is 2 and a half, or 2.5. To make Ruby express this, you **must** use floats. In this case, you would use 5.0/2.0 in order to get 2.5 as the result. Otherwise, if you just use the integers 5 and 2, the result of this integer division is 2. It may be most helpful to think of this as rounding down to the nearest whole number - and that is certainly true - but it's important to understand the implications here. Integer division is saying that 2 fits into 5 2 times only. This is useful when you think about things that cannot be divided. ## Hours in a year: ```"}, {"title": "", "text": "asked if Kogo has land in Kesses she pointed out \"No I came to Kesses to live with Kogo because she was staying in the house of a kinsman who had gone to Maasai land, so she came to take care of that house.\" 67 One of the respondents points out that this kind of marriage of being married by a woman is similar to 'being married into the home'; however, it is different from what it was in the past. The female husbands do not mind the societal perception of this kind of marriage. When asked if people appreciate this kind of marriage, grandmother Tapkurgoi says: - Respondent Agnes acknowledges this kind of marriage is good and that she has lived with Kogo Taplelei well. \"I control my behaviour and I respect Kogo, so I find no problem.\" 70 When asked if she sees this as preferable to not getting married or being married to a man and not being happy in the marriage, she responds, \"yes, I see this as very good for me. I have had a good life.\" 71 However, she notes some challenges she encounters \"This life is ok, but I encounter the challenges when I deal with issues of the land; I would have preferred someone who can act as an \"umbrella\", meaning they are there shielding me.\" 72 When asked if sometimes men might mistreat her because she does not have any man as a protector, Agnes says she has not experienced that though it is possible that others"}, {"title": "", "text": "to me, just like I'm connected to the Father. You may not see that I'm connected to the Father, but I'm still living. He's living through me. You can't see that, but he is. The baby is in me, living through me. Neesha also juxtaposes the \"evil\" of killing with \"choice\" that comes from free will: I don't feel like anybody should tell someone what they should do with their body. The consequences that we face, we'll have to deal with it on our own, because that was our choice. If God wants you to handle this, you know, by-I mean, you reap whatever you sow. I definitely reaped mine, and it still hurts to this day, but I have forgiven myself. She says that her forgiveness is \"the most important thing.\" Regarding his own faith-informed views on abortion, Marco says that prior to his conversion, he believed that abortion was acceptable for a young unmarried woman who was \"not looking to get married, but her career, her education, all those things are in play.\" But, coming to the Lord meant \"changing\" and \"softening\" Marco's heart. He relayed a conversation with a friend in which he summarized a biblical stance on abortion: [My friend] said, \"So where does it say about abortion in the bible?\" I said, well, it talks about killing. And we're not supposed to do that. So, in my view, if I were to say, you know, that abortion is killing, then that's biblical. We're not supposed to do that. Marco adds that"}, {"title": "", "text": "44, 2019: 44 min 11), thus encouraging Anna to question her recollection of the event. Anna: You like her? Maura just told me. Jordan: I'm having a conversation with her, I never said that I like her. Anna: You just asked me out, and you like her? Is that how much of a f***ing idiot you are? Jordan: I'm having a conversation. Anna: What're you talking about then? I have the right to know, you're my boyfriend. Jordan: I'm just talking about how I feel, which I tried to explain to you today but you started losing your head about it. Anna: You ask a girl out, you ask a girl to be your girlfriend and 2 days later you're hitting on her? You tried to tell me today that you like another girl? 2 days, 2 days! What kind of guy asks a girl to be their girlfriend then 2 days later starts cracking on with someone else? Jordan: Get out of my face. I'm not cracking on with her, I'm just having a conversation. Am I not allowed to have a conversation with someone? Anna: You have a f***ing girlfriend, you idiot. Jordan: I've never said that I like the girl. When did I say that I like her? Anna: You just said to me there that you were trying to tell me today. Jordan: When did I say that? What did I say? You're the most negative person I've ever met in my whole life. Why're you shouting about like that? Anna: Why"}, {"title": "", "text": "me to tell my husband about counseling, he will say, \"What do you know!\" but he is afraid of the health workers. \"These people know something, they are well trained\" and so he just listens attentively, and he may also just take medications (Female, age 59). The notion of accepting medical recommendations out of fear introduces the issue of power. Describing a patient-provider interaction as charged with fear acknowledges the provider's power to shape how a patient feels. A different patient expanded on this dynamic: If you look at someone who is the health worker and is putting on that uniform it adds some grain of believability unlike someone that is from the community where we live. We believe that the health worker will answer most of our problems \u2026 The other reason why a health worker is more believable than someone from the community is because the health worker had to go to school to do what he or she does unlike member of the community whose education will always be questionable \u2026 The moment the patient sees the health worker, psychologically he or she feels they have been helped (Male, age 48). The importance of medical credibility and power became more pronounced when interviewers asked how a patient might react when receiving a depression diagnosis. Given depression services would be new to NCD clinics, and moderate depression was not viewed as a medical condition, the ability to transfer medical knowledge to the patient becomes critical. Patients cautioned that the initial depression diagnosis could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "the error of counting the hours required and trying to squeeze the yes in. Stop! We are the worst people at estimating the time required to complete a task. One time I told a friend it would take me a few days to write an article an it'll take me a few minutes to write one but it totally didn't work out because I didn't realize then that a few minutes means waking up fresh and it didn't happen too much then because I was saying yes to too many things.) 4. I would love to but my resources are limited (at this time). This is the real answer. I'm disgusted at myself for playing the poverty card. I always want to look good in front of my friends. Bad decision. I'm lying to people in their face. I'm actually broke. I have money. I have time but that time and money is committed or intended for someone or something else. I'm not broke as a result of spending all my money but I'm allocating my resources to what I personally want to go after. Lately I've been learning from my former boss who's a really successful Christian businessman and he has a habit of telling people he doesn't have the money to pay for it. I felt like he's a loaded with money and the statement is bullshit so I confronted him and called him in because I felt like lying. He told me that the reason why I'm broke is that I unconsciously use"}, {"title": "", "text": "thought for a while and said with a sulky expression \"I consult a nurse, or, when it does not work, I have no choice but to tolerate it. \" I tried to praise her for the way she had dealt with the situation, saying \"I see. That is why you always come to us for consultation. It takes courage to consult someone. \" However, she looked down, and said \"No. \" The way she talked led me to think that she had no confidence in herself. I tried to encourage her and said \"You have the courage to say that you feel bad. I think you should be proud of yourself for that. \" However, she started crying and trying to contain her anger, she said \"Why do I have to work so hard? When I told you that, I have to continue struggling forever, don't I?\" I was very surprised with that because I did not mean to push her hard at all. It was the first time that one of my patients had become upset by what I had said with good intentions. I was lost for words and stopped talking. Soon, another nurse came at the end of the day's work shift to take care of the patient. For the first time, I realized that some people get hurt even when they are complimented. Interpretation The patient always visits the nurse station and complains \"I do not know why, but I feel bad. \" If a nurse advises her to think why she"}, {"title": "", "text": " Motivational Motivation

            Motivational Quotes

            Harry Potter Quotes

            It matters not what someone is born, but what they grow to be.

            I am what I am, an\u2019 I\u2019m not ashamed. 'Never be ashamed,\u2019 my ol\u2019 dad used ter say, \u2018there\u2019s some who\u2019ll hold it against you, but they\u2019re not worth botherin\u2019 with.'

            It is important to fight, and fight again, and keep fighting, for only then will evil be kept at bay, though never quite eradicated.

            Numbing the pain for a while will only make it worse when you finally feel it.

            What's comin' will come, and we'll meet it when it does.

            Understanding is the first step to acceptance, and only then can there be recovery.

            Happiness can be found in the darkest of times, if one only remembers to turn on the light.

            "}, {"title": "", "text": "way off achieving such an ideal. eli7vh See it, say it, sort it! Evignity Shitty reddit-jokes aside, as someone from North Africa that has had its history looted by the west: For the love of gods do NOT give the rosetta stone to anyone in the area. I'm sorry but Egypt is a fucking shithole corrupt military oligarchy, to trust them to protect one of (if not THE) history's most important objects is idiocy. This is just populists in Egypt pretending this somehow matters more than not looting and robbing the country. kitkat9000take5 Does anyone else remember when Dr Zahi Hawass asked Germany to give back Nefertiti's bust? And then, just days later, the Cairo museum was looted by a mob\u2026 Yeah, pretty sure that sealed the fate of that statue as Germany's and they're not giving it back. 3AKite A similar sentiment cropped up when South Africa requested the crown jewels be returned after Queen Elizabeth's death. Someone from SA in the reddit comments basically said \"please don't return them, they will be stolen, chopped up, and sold on the black market\" CaesarManson Came here to day this. Half of my family is from Egypt and they all would say this same thing. Keep it in the UK where it's safe. Stockwhore Yeah the people asking for it to be returned have absolutely no concept that those nations tend to destroy or sell off artifacts. Say what you want about the west but they are really great at maintaining and putting proper care and funding"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Interview with Danny Bowman: atmospheric low frequency sound\" date: 2015-12-30 08:43:59 author: \"Dustin Mayfield-Jones and Colin Diesh\" tags: Interviews abstract: \"Not very long ago, Danny Bowman, was launching and testing his first balloons in the New Mexico desert. Now, he uses high altitude balloons to study sounds in the middle of the stratosphere. Little is known about what exactly those sounds mean, but he is hearing something similar to what was heard the last time someone listened in the \u201860s! His message to those new to HABs is about their wonder and accessibility. When talking about his first latex-based HAB, he says, \u201cThe [flight] was not genius. It was something anyone who put their mind to it could do. We went 1/3 of the way to space, and it is within reach!\u201d If you keep tinkering with an idea, you can do really cool things. If you are tolerant of things going wrong, if you keep working forward, eventually you can send a balloon over 100,000 ft and get the pictures back to prove it.\" thumb: https://twitter.com/dannycbowman/profile_image?size=bigger --- # Interview with Danny Bowman: atmospheric low frequency sound **Not very long ago, Danny Bowman, was launching and testing his first balloons in the New Mexico desert. Now, he uses high altitude balloons to study sounds in the middle of the stratosphere. Little is known about what exactly those sounds mean, but he is hearing something similar to what was heard the last time someone listened in the \u201860s! His message to those new to"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Post a collection of ViewModel's to a MVC Action with jQuery category: jQuery --- Maybe I searched for the wrong thing, but I couldn't find what I was looking for :( My Bing and Google fu failed me. Basically I wanted to post a collection of ViewModels to an MCV action. Turns out it's rather simple. Lets say I have a bunch of Products, and Products are managed in a WarehouseLocation. A product doesn't have a warehouse location, since it could exist in multiple locations. If I'm currently working in Location A, I want to post a collection of Products to an action, as well as the WarehouseLocationId. So given a simple ViewModel, and an Action: public class ProductViewModel { public int Id { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } public decimal Price { get; set; } } and public JsonResult Update(int warehouseLocationId, IEnumerable products) { //Do something with the products... return Json(new {Staus = \"success\"}); } I think usually when someone sends data from jQuery it's usually a single parameter,so the JSON would look something like: var data = { id: 1,name: 'test name', price: 15.95 }; This would populate an action that looked like: public JsonResult Update(ProductViewModel product) But what I was faced with was passing in two parameters, one of which is a collection... MVC seems to pair up the posted result with the parameter name, in the same way they it does for Route parameters. So to the JSON needs to look like: var"}, {"title": "", "text": "a lot).

            Another thing that tends to be an issue for AR people, according to Gregorc, is accepting criticism, even if it's positive. I definitely struggle with that in my day to day life, and I can't even imagine how hard it's going to be for me once we hit the on-site portion of DBC. I think I'll just need to try taking everything with a grain of salt and use the criticism instead of being upset by it. In my last job, my boss criticized every little thing I did, and there were points I had to walk away from him so I didn't cry, and I don't want that to be what happens every time someone says something to me. I desperately want to get better at that, I don't like that my emotions can run away with me like that.

            When it comes to mindset, I definitely want to be in the growth category. I know a lot of people that are in the fixed mindset and I feel sorry for them sometimes. Other times I want to hit them in the head with a big rock, but that's a different story. I don't want someone to think about me that way, though, and I think that going through DBC is really going to help me with that. I know that I know nothing about all of this, and that's OK! I'm learning something incredibly new and different from ANYTHING I have ever done, but I'm learning ways to apply"}, {"title": "", "text": "you can\u2014Linux and Windows are the most important, it's increasingly important to make sure that tests run on 64 bit as well as 32 bit platforms. If you only have access to one operating system\u2014don't worry, if you have karma, commit the test but watch for reports of failures on other platforms. If you don't have karma to commit have a look at the next section. When you are testing your test case it's **really** important to make sure that you clean up any temporary resources (eg files) that you used in the test. There is a special `--CLEAN--` section to help you do this\u2014see [here](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php#clean). Another good check is to look at what lines of code in the PHP source your test case covers. This is easy to do, there are some instructions on the [PHP Wiki](http://wiki.php.net/doc/articles/writing-tests). ### What should I do with my test case when I've written and tested it? The next step is to get someone to review it. If it's short you can paste it into a note and send it to . If the test is a bit too long for that then put it somewhere were people can download it ([pastebin](http://www.pastebin.ca/) is sometimes used). Appending tests to notes as files doesn't work well\u2014so please don't do that. Your note to should say what level of PHP you have tested it on and what platform(s) you've run it on. Someone from the PHP QA group will review your test and reply to you. They may ask for some"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bush Administration's policies in Iraq, but said \"I'm a mom, and my son is going to get deployed in September, and we better have a real clear plan for this war. And it better not have to do with oil and dependence on foreign energy.\" Iran, Syria During the 2008 vice-presidential debate on October 2, 2008, Palin said that \"A leader like Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who is not sane or stable when he says things like that, is not one whom we can allow acquiring nuclear energy, nuclear weapons.\" She also further criticized Obama's proposal in 2007 to meet with Ahmadinejad without preconditions, saying that such an action \"is downright dangerous because leaders like Ahmadinejad, who would seek to acquire nuclear weapons and wipe off the face of the Earth an ally as we have in Israel, should not be met with without preconditions and diplomatic efforts being undertaken first.\" In her June 2013 address to the Faith and Freedom Coalition's Road to Majority Conference, Palin declared her opposition to American involvement in the ongoing Syrian civil war: \"Militarily, where is our Commander-in-Chief? We're talking now about more new interventions. I say, until we know what we're doing, until we have a Commander-in-Chief who knows what he's doing, well, Chief, in these radical Islamic countries who aren't even respecting basic human rights, where both sides are slaughtering each other as they scream over an arbitrary red line, 'Allah Akbar,' I say, until we have someone who knows what they're doing, I say, let Allah sort"}, {"title": "", "text": "= {\", \" '//flag:flag': 'right',\", \" },\", \" transitive_configs = ['//flag:flag'],\", \")\"); assertThat(getConfiguredTarget(\"//java/com/google/android/foo:foo\")).isNotNull(); assertNoEvents(); } @Test public void testFeatureFlagPolicyIsNotUsedIfFlagValuesNotUsed() throws Exception { overwriteFile( \"tools/allowlists/config_feature_flag/BUILD\", \"package_group(\", \" name = 'config_feature_flag',\", \" packages = ['*super* busted package group'])\"); writeFile( \"java/com/google/android/foo/BUILD\", \"android_local_test(\", \" name = 'foo',\", \" srcs = ['Test.java', ':FooFlags.java'],\", \")\"); assertThat(getConfiguredTarget(\"//java/com/google/android/foo:foo\")).isNotNull(); // the package_group is busted, so we would have failed to get this far if we depended on it assertNoEvents(); // NOTE: someone should verify that this test actually does what we think it does. reporter.removeHandler(failFastHandler); assertThat(getConfiguredTarget(\"//tools/allowlists/config_feature_flag:config_feature_flag\")) .isNull(); assertContainsEvent(\"*super* busted package group\"); } @Test public void androidManifestMergerOrderAlphabeticalByConfiguration_MergeesSortedByPathInBinOrGen() throws Exception { useConfiguration( \"--fat_apk_cpu=k8\", \"--android_manifest_merger_order=alphabetical_by_configuration\"); scratch.overwriteFile( \"java/android/BUILD\", \"android_library(\", \" name = 'core',\", \" manifest = 'core/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" exports_manifest = 1,\", \" resource_files = ['core/res/values/strings.xml'],\", \")\", \"android_library(\", \" name = 'utility',\", \" manifest = 'utility/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" exports_manifest = 1,\", \" resource_files = ['utility/res/values/values.xml'],\", \" deps = ['//java/common:common'],\", \")\"); scratch.file( \"java/binary/BUILD\", \"android_binary(\", \" name = 'application',\", \" srcs = ['App.java'],\", \" manifest = 'app/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" deps = [':library'],\", \")\", \"android_library(\", \" name = 'library',\", \" manifest = 'library/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" exports_manifest = 1,\", \" deps = ['//java/common:theme', '//java/android:utility'],\", \")\"); scratch.file( \"java/test/BUILD\", \"android_local_test(\", \" name = 'test',\", \" srcs = ['Test.java'],\", \" manifest = 'testing/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" deps = ['//java/binary:application', '//java/binary:library'],\", \")\"); scratch.file( \"java/common/BUILD\", \"android_library(\", \" name = 'common',\", \" manifest = 'common/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" exports_manifest = 1,\", \" resource_files = ['common/res/values/common.xml'],\", \" deps = ['//java/android:core'],\", \")\", \"android_library(\", \" name = 'theme',\", \" manifest = 'theme/AndroidManifest.xml',\", \" exports_manifest = 1,\", \" resource_files = ['theme/res/values/values.xml'],\", \")\"); ConfiguredTarget test = getConfiguredTarget(\"//java/test:test\"); assertNoEvents(); assertThat(test).isNotNull(); // each entry"}, {"title": "", "text": "Awards, holding the record for most awards in the Best Actor category. The 2002 book East Asian Film Stars describes Leung as \"undoubtedly one of the most successful and widely-acclaimed Hong Kong actors of his generation, with a broad and diverse filmography.\" Early life Leung was born in Hong Kong to a family of Taishan, Guangdong ancestry. Leung's early childhood was punctuated with parents' quarrels and arguments about money. A mischievous boy in his early years, Leung's personality changed when his father, a chronic gambler, left the family when he was eight; he and his younger sister were brought up by their mother. Leung was a slightly reticent, quiet child. He has said that his childhood experiences paved the way for his acting career, which allows him to openly express his feelings:You don't know what happened, just one day your pop disappears. And from that day on I try not to communicate with anyone. I'm so afraid to talk to my classmates, afraid that if someone says something about family I won't know what to do. So I became very isolated. So that's why I love acting, because I can express all my feelings the way I couldn't for so long. I'm a quiet person. And then when I went to TV it all came out; I cried and I wasn't ashamed. The audience thinks it's the character's feelings, but really it's my feelings, all coming out in a rush.Leung went to private school, but he quit at the age of 15 due to financial difficulties."}, {"title": "", "text": "A piece of my mind. Making it from home to first. YOU HAVE TERRIBLE ARTHRITIS IN YOUR FINGERS,\u201d THE orthopedist said immediately after an x-ray image of two hands appeared on his computer screen. Even as a cardiologist I could see that the distal interphalangeal joints of all the fingers were absent the cartilage seen in other joints. \u201cBone on bone there,\u201d he added, pointing to several places on the image. He had obtained an x-ray because I showed him a small, tender nodule on one finger that I assumed to be a Heberden node, and thus a sign of focal osteoarthritis. As I looked at the image I thought, How could I have severe arthritis of my hands when I can swim, garden, and swing my baby granddaughter around without limitation? I suspected that the orthopedist had mistakenly brought someone else\u2019s x-ray up on the screen. But there it was, disappointingly but convincingly visible on the image, my name. I cannot say that seeing the findings on the x-ray has been devastating, but I haven\u2019t felt the same, or as good, since. My knowing especially that the cartilage is not coming back has imposed a sense of self disturbingly different from what I had known. There have been other incidents in the past decade signifying that something was changing about who I am, or at least what I am. Who is that guy in our family photo, for instance, and why does his face look so different from the one I see in the mirror?"}, {"title": "", "text": "previous episode, which was watched by 9.30 million viewers and attained an 18-49 rating/share of 2.4/7. However, this also marks a significant decrease in viewership and ratings from the first season's fall finale, which brought in 11.67 million viewers and an 18-49 rating/share of 3.2/9. The show placed first in its timeslot, and second for the night, behind only its lead-in show The Voice. Including DVR viewing, the episode was watched by a total of 15.96 million viewers, and attained an 18-49 rating of 4.5. The Canadian broadcast received 1.99 million viewers, making it the third most-watched telecast of the night and the twelfth of the week. Critical reception Commentators gave the episode highly positive reviews, saying that the episode lived up to its anticipation. Jodi Walker of Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a highly positive review, commenting mainly on the episode's anticipation paying off: \"Does The Blacklist still have it? This season's self-proclaimed \"huge reveals\" have all been largely foreshadowed in previews and Voice commercial breaks: Tom behind the door, Zoe as Berlin's daughter, Fitch as Berlin and Red's common enemy. But, The Blacklist stuck the landing where it counted tonight, when we finally got to see what all of those reveals mean to the world of Red and Lizzie. After the plethora of reveals in the last 10 minutes - or as NBC marketing would say, \"You won't believe the. LAST. TEN. MINUTES\" - my jaw has resumed its formerly gaping position\". Brent Furdyk of ET Canada said \"the gripping thriller ended the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "How many pages, and how many changes are involved? - Have we built a test like this before? How long did it take? - Do we need original designs for this test? - Is the site a Single Page App? - Will QA involve any complicated processes or special access? (E.g. the need to create fake accounts, or run several test purchases) - What kind of face does my dev make when I tell her about this test? ### Why it matters It's crucial to disentangle these two concepts because _impact makes you money, and complexity costs you money._ And unless you have evidence to the contrary, there's no reason to believe they're correlated. It's possible to run easy, high impact tests. Some braggadocious individuals even write [blog posts](https://medium.com/@briandavidhall/i-wrote-a-9-million-line-of-code-92cd6c78416c) celebrating these victories. It's also possible - tragically common - to run complex tests with _no_ impact. I know a heroic developer who once put in _28 hours_ rebuilding and reordering a 7-step onboarding flow in AngularJS. Results were flat. $7k down the drain. Hearts were broken. The worst case scenario is that you and your team come to [embrace complexity for its own sake](https://briandavidhall.com/hidden-kpi-complex-tests/), spending more time to launch fewer tests with lower impact. **What to do** You probably already get this distinction \ud83d\ude07. So please help bring understanding to the rest of the world. When discussing test ideas with stakeholders and other team members, make sure _they_ get it, too. If you hear someone dismiss a straightforward copy test by saying \"Well, it probably won't"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Alliance for Childhood Cancer. \u201cWe just felt for us, we were so fortunate and blessed with the experience we had, and the positive outcome, that we wanted to give back,\u201d Gail says. Jennifer\u2014who first worked on the surgical floor at CHOP before moving into oncology\u2014doesn\u2019t always volunteer her backstory when talking with patients and their families. But she doesn\u2019t try to hide it, either. Occasionally, someone will notice her hearing aid\u2014which she wears due to the high-frequency hearing loss from chemotherapy, the only long-term effect she suffered\u2014and will ask if she\u2019s a cancer survivor. Other times, if she can sense someone needs a pick-me-up, she\u2019ll share what she overcame, or think back to what her old nurses might have said in a particularly challenging situation. \u201cI want my patients to have feelings about being understood and cared for in the way my family felt,\u201d she says. \u201cOne of the things I love about my job is getting to work with the entire family\u2014educating them, supporting them, trying to bring a little bit of normalcy into their lives when nothing is normal.\u201d Jennifer is slated to earn her second degree from Penn in August, graduating from the pediatric acute nurse practitioner program with a concentration in oncology. She\u2019ll then apply for nurse practitioner jobs around the country. \u201cCHOP will always have a special place in my heart,\u201d she says\u2014but that doesn\u2019t mean she\u2019ll limit her search. If she does end up at another children\u2019s hospital, though, perhaps one day she\u2019ll find her way back to CHOP."}, {"title": "", "text": "This is my official personal portfolio website repo hosted on my local web server accepting traffic for michaellouie.xyz queries. While a strong resume gives recruiters and hiring managers a general idea about I did and what time, it does not convey cleary on how proficient I am at a particular skill or technology. Extending the resume to more than one page would be too much to read. Using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and Material Design framework \"[Materialize](http://materializecss.com/)\", I have created this website allowing me to showcase my skills and expertise in a visually pleasing and navigable fashion. I injected a bit of my personality into each page and more details to my portfolio projects and experiences. ### --- Possible questions --- #### Q. How do I go about claiming my domain and/or building my website? A. I am currently writing a separate tutorial from the prospective of someone not too web-dev-savy but knows enough to talk about it. In the mean time, there are many tutorials out there that can give you the information you need to get started. Here's a rough idea though: 1. Buy a domain from a registrar (e.g. GoDaddy). To make it easier for visitors to memorize your domain name, avoid extra characters such as hyphens. 2. Search the Internet to find example websites that you like. There are many out there with different purposes, designs, and functionalities. 3. Identity the purpose of your website, what you would like to see on it, and what you want your visitors to do with"}, {"title": "", "text": "both.

            Elizabeth Rossiello: Yeah, exactly. I mean, it's very amazing. I mean, it's very easy to get a official looking document. It's not always easy if someone contest that document to prove that it's authentic. Even if you jump through 12 hoops to get it, you know, somebody else could have jumped through the same 12 hoops or not.

            So, I mean, you know we had the time with IP right now. We had another webstie that's copying us quite closely and we could take out patent how would we enforce it.

            Trace Mayer: Right.

            Elizabeth Rossiello: I mean, sometimes it's easy to go through the legal process so when it come to like enforce those rules.

            Trace Mayer: So what are you kind of most optimistic about over there in Africa? Like what projects like, I mean, we're talking about changing the lifestyle of an entire generation in such a fast time period.

            Elizabeth Rossiello: Right.

            Trace Mayer: Like really raising standard of living.

            Elizabeth Rossiello: So, okay. I'm not going to over reach and say I'm going to solve a continent's worth of problems because there's a lot of smart people thinking about that, a lot of money go into that.

            But I will say one thing, I mean, high speed internet has just come to the region a few years ago. People thought it was going to become one of the call center heads of the world. Because it's Anglo and East Africa and"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: next-post category: blog, post, tumblr title: \"Movie Review: Zeitgeist Addendum\" date: 2008-10-12 permalink: /blog/:title.html draft: true --- # ZEITGEIST: ADDENDUM *Warning: the film is about two hours long.* This film is a sequel to one of the most downloaded films, or as I\u2019m told, on the internet that\u2019s free. (I guess it\u2019s not considered pirated to download this film then) They make interesting points and is only a skim of topics that doesn\u2019t actually go in too much depth into. It goes through the lunacy of religious establishment and our banking system, as well as the corporate system of \u201ccorpora-trocracy\u201d or taking initiative for profits no matter what the consequences might be. In the end, it tells us that a system we live in that is governed by politicians and the social elite (But they\u2019re not really called that, it\u2019s MSM in my mind) will crash and if we don\u2019t do anything, the people will riot and totalitarian governments will ensue. But if we do something now, like look into the \u201cVenus Project,\u201d then we can see a glimpse of where we really could be headed, not that I personally think that\u2019s the only solution. Watch it and take it as it is. It\u2019s still an opinion that presents problems and solutions, so don\u2019t think you can\u2019t judge it or criticize it. However, do take in what they say into some consideration; no where does it say you have to be bounded by someone\u2019s words or beliefs."}, {"title": "", "text": "But know this, I am committed to my artists... my team a 100%. The lights go off, and I\u2019m still there. I\u2019m no longer Dans \u201ccoach\u201d but if he\u2019ll have me as a friend and mentor to guide him, I will try my best to get Dans story told. It just wasn\u2019t his time. I know Dan and all he needs is a guide. Let me be that guide. Be positive, let's support both artists...\" Ma\u00f1alac again received negative feedback with his choice after he picked Paolo Onesa over the Cordovales Father & Son duo during the third episode of the Battles aired on August 4, 2013. However, he insisted that he does not play favoritism in choosing his team in the show. \"Like I always say, people are confusing you as a judge as a coach. I always say I am a coach first. It\u2019s about making an artistic connection with someone. It\u2019s about having an artistic connection with someone. Importante iyon, hindi puwedeng black and white lang,\" he said. \"I spend a lot of time with my guys, I love my team. I\u2019ll fight for all 13. Yes, may hard choice kami kaya nga mahirap eh. You put both singers in a position na they\u2019ll both shine. At the end of the day, ang goal ko lang naman is pareho silang lumipad. To get to a decision, iba na iyon. It\u2019s a tough thing to do. Pero again, coach first ako. I have to say, the 13 artists I have on my team, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "tickets and the push to get back in the stadium and support this club\u2014it\u2019s beautiful. That\u2019s all I can say.\u201d On what, as someone who knows Dr. Edwards, Crew fans should know about Dr. Edwards as part owner of the Crew: \u201cYou couldn\u2019t ask for a more loyal, honest individual to be involved in this club, and a guy who truly believes in the value of what has been built there over time. On top of that, I was with Brian McBride here in Chicago. We kind of stumbled into each other after busting each other\u2019s chops on social media, and we were both in awe of what has been done in Columbus. \u201cQuick little side story just to show you how much this club means in terms of family\u2026 \u201cWhen I was playing in Sweden, I tore my meniscus and I did not have U.S.-based health insurance, but I needed knee surgery. I reached out to Dr. Edwards and he made it financially viable for me to go under the knife and get healthy. He helped me and he protected me and went out of his way to do something he most definitely didn\u2019t have to do. I will always remember that. I think, for me, that\u2019s a perfect example of who he is and what he\u2019s about. Even if you\u2019re not a current player, and even if you\u2019re just someone who came through for a short amount of time like myself, he was there for me in my time of need when he didn\u2019t"}, {"title": "", "text": "here at the hospital. When I informed my wife, she was astonished and in those days HIV issues were a big threat in the society. So she went straight to tell her relatives. From that day, she was very rude to me. I knew that my life was in danger which was contrary to the advice on positive living that I was given at the hospital. She used to say that: 'I cannot stay with a person who has a virus; it means you will also kill me. ' However I used to tell her that she must also go for a test at the hospital in order to know how she was. She never followed my advice. Even her relatives were saying that; I must go back to my home village because they were uncomfortable to stay with me in their compound since I might infect them. I stayed on and followed the advice that I was given from the hospital. But the family was not showing love to me, I was discriminated and I felt that I was going to die faster. One day our relatives met for discussion and during the meeting she [ (HIV), why did you decide to get married in the first place?' That is where the problem comes in. As such I just decided to get married to someone who is also like me because if I will be sick, he will know what to do, he is the one who will be able to take care of me,"}, {"title": "", "text": "are read-only and must be specified at build time (unluckily this is not fully true in real life, being the mother the only really required, but let's keep the example simple!). Now you can consume your class using objects as follows: ```perl my $father = Person.new( name => 'John', surname => 'Richardson', age => 30 ); my $mother = Person.new( name => 'Sandra', surname => 'Loreston', age => 30 ); my $baby = Baby.new( name => 'Luca', surname => 'Richardson', age => 2, mother => $mother, father => $father ); say $baby.say; say \"Mother: \" ~ $baby.mother.say; say \"Father: \" ~ $baby.father.say; ``` Note that the baby inherits all methods from the parent person class, that is what we expected. ### Containers In the above I wrote that accessing a writable member was like using an *lvalue method*, that is not true in Perl 6. In fact, in Perl 6 each variable (within a class or not) holds a *pointer* to a container, and the container in turn holds the value of the variable. **When you call an accessor to a member, it always returns the *container* of the member itself**. So when you define the member as ```is rw``` what you are truly stating is that the **container must be writable**, not the member itself. And this leads to how things work: ```perl $f.name = 'Luca'; ``` means that the method ```name``` returns the ```$!name``` container, that is writable, and therefore the assignment puts a new value into the container. The next time you will"}, {"title": "", "text": "and another case against the EPA dealing with sewer runoff problems. Mayor Plusquellic accuses Judge Adams of judicial impropriety when Adams was a state court judge, saying \"Your bias towards me personally was evident on occasions when you were trying to please the Summit County chair of the Republican Party. During a meeting in your office, while you were Common Pleas Judge, you tried to persuade a top law enforcement official to go after me and my wife because you thought I influenced someone to give my wife a job at the Oriana House.\" Mayor Plusquellic ends the letter by saying \"You have created an atmosphere where nobody believes that you are ruling on these cases based on the law, but rather, on your obvious bias towards me and the City.\" In a follow-up article from the editorial board of the Akron Beacon Journal, the board noted that Judge Adams is unable to respond to the allegations because of judicial ethics. The Akron Bar Association argued the Mayor should have filed a formal motion with the court, rather than \"delivering blows from the op-ed page of the newspaper.\" The editorial board goes on to argue that \"On too many occasions, Judge Adams has failed to measure up. Many who practice and work in the federal court long have been dismayed. They have seen and discussed the displays of poor temper, the careless treatment, the absence of reason, the mean spirit. This behavior has become a problem for the Akron community.\" The editorial board cites two cases"}, {"title": "", "text": "stream will be smaller than what originally asked for. For example, if someone tried to read 64KB from my custom encoding stream, I might return just a couple of KB even if there's further data in the original stream. Granted, it is not the most efficient implementation, but it ensures I use little memory during the encoding operations.

            Note: This is not a problem in the .NET Stream API; if you're reading from a stream you must be prepared to deal with partial reads. A partial read does not mean that you've read the end of the stream nor that a problem was encountered.

            Now, I know this works, as I unit tested the encoding stream and component in isolation (using my PipelineTesting library). However, when I went to try my custom pipeline component in a real messaging scenario with the File adapter, it failed, and miserably: The BizTalk host would pretty much crash (after a huge spike of 100% processor usage) with the following error: \"The parameter is incorrent\". Humm, not much useful.

            At this point I took out the debugger and attached to BTSNTSvc.exe to try and repro the error. I was able to track my custom pipeline component getting called, and see BizTalk read off my custom stream. At this point I noticed weird things.

            The first thing I noticed was that the file adapter (or is it the BizTalk messaging engine itself?) uses very small buffers to read of the message streams. Indeed, it only reads it in 4KB chunks. That seems"}, {"title": "", "text": " Review for My Life (1993)

            My Life (1993)

            reviewed by
            Jeremy Krug


             MY LIFE
             A film review by Jeremy Krug
             Copyright 1993 Jeremy Krug

            Absolutely amazing. They say you never really know how much something means to you until someone takes it away. Similarly, some people never learn how to live until they lose their life. It is amazing the things which we keep bottled inside, afraid to show anyone, little things that tear our emotions to shreds, just because we can't let go of them; such as anger, hurt, and fear. And what do we do, if we have lived our entire life like this, and suddenly found that our life is about to end, and we are not really sure of what is important, and whether all that we have done was right, or wrong. That's the general idea that I picked up, I won't go into any plot because you haven't seen it yet, and I don't want to ruin things. Most people that I asked said they felt Nicole's acting was a little rough at first, but it certainly improved by the end. That is something you would have to decide for yourself, other people thought she did a fine job throughout. You also asked if you should bring a box of tissues along. I personally haven't been able to cry in a very long, but this movie made me feel as though I"}, {"title": "", "text": "This Teacher Lesson Guide - [Download](http://d1pmarobgdhgjx.cloudfront.net/education/pause-think-online-2.mp4) or [prepare](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/videos/pause-think-online) the \"Pause and Think\" video - Common Sense Media's [Follow the Digital Trail](followthedigitaltrail.pdf) game - Print one set of [Animal Tracks](followthedigitaltrail.pdf) from this PDF - Print one [Animal Tracks](followthedigitaltrail.pdf) chart (page 7) for each student - Print one [Digital Footprint Assessment](/curriculum/course2/18/Assessment18-DigitalFootprint.pdf) for each student [/together] [together] ## Getting Started (20 min) ### 1) Review This is a great time to review the last lesson that you went through with your class. You can do this as one large group or have students discuss with an elbow partner. Here are some questions that you can ask in review: - What did we do last time? - What do you wish we had had a chance to do? - Did you think of any questions after the lesson that you want to ask? - What was your favorite part of the last lesson? [tip] # Lesson Tip Finishing the review by asking about the students' favorite things helps to leave a positive impression of the previous exercise, increasing excitement for the activity that you are about to introduce. [/tip] ### 2) Vocabulary This lesson has one new and important word:
            [centerIt] ![](vocab.png) [/centerIt] **Digital Footprint** - Say it with me: Dih-jih-tal Foot-print
            The information about someone on the Internet ### 3) Pause and Think - Ask What does it mean to be safe? - When you walk down the street or play in your neighborhood without a trusted adult there, how do you"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"Could not open '$parsefile': $!\"; my $inpod = 0; my $package = $self->{DISTNAME}; $package =~ s/-/::/g; while (<$fh>) { $inpod = /^=(?!cut)/ ? 1 : /^=cut/ ? 0 : $inpod; next if !$inpod; chop; next unless /^($package(?:\\.pm)? \\s+ -+ \\s+)(.*)/x; $result = $2; last; } close $fh; return $result; } =item parse_version my $version = MM->parse_version($file); Parse a $file and return what $VERSION is set to by the first assignment. It will return the string \"undef\" if it can't figure out what $VERSION is. $VERSION should be for all to see, so C or plain $VERSION are okay, but C is not. C<> is also checked for. The first version declaration found is used, but this may change as it differs from how Perl does it. parse_version() will try to C before checking for C<$VERSION> so the following will work. $VERSION = qv(1.2.3); =cut sub parse_version { my($self,$parsefile) = @_; my $result; local $/ = \"\\n\"; local $_; open(my $fh, '<', $parsefile) or die \"Could not open '$parsefile': $!\"; my $inpod = 0; while (<$fh>) { $inpod = /^=(?!cut)/ ? 1 : /^=cut/ ? 0 : $inpod; next if $inpod || /^\\s*#/; chop; next if /^\\s*(if|unless|elsif)/; if ( m{^ \\s* package \\s+ \\w[\\w\\:\\']* \\s+ (v?[0-9._]+) \\s* ; }x ) { local $^W = 0; $result = $1; } elsif ( m{(?Spending frenzy: Heath-less Gemma's retail therapy


          Have Your Say

          Latest Comments:

          Kylie Minogue a dive? Please spare me!

          Posted by: The Old Salt of Brisbane 9:49pm January 08, 2008

          Kylie is sooooooo the Queen of pop... Can't wait to see her on the show and what she has to say... Go Kylie, Love and light to you!!

          Posted by: Shaun of New Zealand 5:22pm January 08, 2008

          I wish someone would tell that Ch 7 guy what "humbled" actually means. It DOES NOT mean the same thing as "honoured".

          Posted by: the grinch of sYDNEY 1:52pm January 08, 2008

          What a load of rubbish Steve. Her"}, {"title": "", "text": "and saw my LambdaConf t-shirt. I usually opt for t-shirts that are tech-y but a bit esoteric. A lot of people wear things at the event like \"I ate Pi\" tshirts or \"I need my space\" t-shirts. But you'd have to dig a bit to figure out what Coq is (LOL), or be in the field, so usually if someone starts talking to me excitedly, it tends to be a scientist or fellow programmer. :D One scientist in particular teases me every year because I like Haskell. - Anyways, programmer guy told me about how they downloaded and received data and how they multi-thread everything. - I told him I'd *love* a talk on that at Von Karman. I wish they'd discuss how they actually get and receive data. Basically it goes into this mode autonomously where it sends a bunch of stuff and it says \"done\" on disk. Every year I go, they always try to convince me that I need to come work with them on lab. Maybe one semester it will work out. We'll see. Maybe they'll run after me more when I start doing my PhD. Unfortunately, my specialization may not line up as much with what they do, unless there is some sort of compiler system involved or something. My friend is going to do his Master's to become a roboticist, and is interning there, so that makes more sense. I seem definitely more in line with the kind of work for tech companies in the Valley doing research and stuff,"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Getting through Assignment 3\" date: 2016-10-26 19:45:31 +0530 categories: [\"blogging\", \"about\"] author: Amanda Haney --- I just finished working through Assignment 3. I'm not going to lie, at times, it seemed like a bit of a doozy. Definitely was easier than creating my own website, but it still held its own challenges. One of the first things involved with assignment 3 was to create a workspace specifically for the assignment. During class, we downloaded all of the necessary tools into the workspace to allow it to run the pandoc files. After doing this, I got one of my old essays and turned it into a markdown file. This was relatively easy because I just dragged the DOCX file over into the folder on cloud 9. Then I used the following command to convert it to markdown: ``` pandoc -o philosophy-essay.md philosophy-essay.docx ``` This command allowed pandoc to know that I was taking the DOCX file and converting it to markdown. After that I renamed a doc.sh script that was already in place, renamed the script and edited the script that only had commands. I edited the commands to show someone who may go and look at the script what was going to happen, and then told the script what to say and do. Using `# Say hi to user` I told anyone who might look at the script what was about to happen. Then, saying `echo`, I told the script to say hello and ask the user's name. After asking the person's name,"}, {"title": "", "text": "with my passport and words are exchanged. She comes back, speaking quickly (unlike everyone in CDMX) and then realizing that I can't speak Spanish, indicates in English that she can book me on a flight to Bogota and that I'll still be able to make my connection in BA. The original flight check-in is closing and the flight is full; no seats are available. **Terminal 1, 1PM**. Her supervisor has decided that she can't do this, because I came to the airport late (no sob stories about the fact that no one knows what Transamerica Airlines is. It turns out it's known as TACA.) and issues me a standby ticket, saying I can go through immigration and hope that someone has bailed on their seat, a seat on a full international flight just before Christmas (\"maybe they are stuck in the bathroom for something\"). **Terminal 1, 1PM - 2PM**. Whereupon someone at United says that they cant help me and hands me a real physical goddamn phone with the actual United customer service with that eternal Gershwin piano remix. I bounce around, nervously flicking Chrome seeing one-way tickets to USH from MEX. Lots of anxious phoning. Avianca can't rebook because the ticket is owned by United, and United can't rebook because they can't endorse other airlines tickets (which turned out to be bullshit). **Terminal 1, 2:15PM**. Holding a pending business class one-way flight on Copa, I make my way back to United, with the some more air travel jargon under my belt. Standing in line, an"}, {"title": "", "text": "art, so I feel grateful when it is available. Everything related to art and able to reach your hearth is always welcome. . . If we take art away from life, what's left? I could say music is a relevant part of my life, definitely, even though I never played an instrument. (Tina,86) Music tells me something! It really does that! I am not indifferent to music, but I am not used to sitting down just to listen to music. (Robert,85) This interest in music manifested itself through the regular use of radio and similar devices. However, listening to music autonomously was not always completely satisfying because the impact on the mood may have been negative. Every night I always listening to Rete2, always hoping to listen to good music to take me to sleep. Music gave a lot to me! And it still does! I can't read anymore, and often I don't like television broadcasting. (Ingrid,95) There are songs that give me joy and songs that give me sadness. (Rosie,83) Besides the benefits associated with music listening, music was also relevant because someone important in their life had been actively involved in music, or because they themselves used to sing. My brother worked in an orchestra. . . In Switzerland we have the Suisse Romande Orchestra, which broadcasted concerts on the radio, and he worked there. Consequently, some interest in music remains. (Maria, 77) I still remember singing with my husband when traveling by car. When leaving for holidays, we would sing mountain songs along"}, {"title": "", "text": "not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals, something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting, though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in \"Blood Drive\" and \"Fanged and Furious\" where he fights over a phial of it with Erica. In \"The Date to end All Dates- Part 2\" he shows courage (or complete stupidity) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal, only at this point does he cow down and runs. He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that \"if there's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends\", he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia's powerful glamour. Rory's last name \"Keaner\" was shown on a computer screen in episode \"Siren Song\". Erica Erica (portrayed by Kate Todd) is a vampire and Sarah's best friend. She is a huge fan of the \"Dusk\" series. (Dusk is a parody of the Twilight series) Erica becomes a vampire after being bitten by Gord (one of Jesse's friends) in the same vampire-infested party where Rory was also bitten. Erica is the kind of girl who gets revenge if someone does her wrong. She used to be a nerd when human but has become beautiful since turning into a vampire, a fact she is very proud of. Erica doesn't share an actual friendship with Ethan and Benny but speaks to them when necessary. She is annoyed mostly by Rory and makes sure"}, {"title": "", "text": "4 Meaningful work - 5 Money - 4 Music - 5 Personal development - 5 Romance - 4 Exercise 4: What was the last topic that someone asked for your advice on? Does it relate to your values? The last topic someone asked me for advice was related to achievement, ambition, and meaningful work. Exercise 5: Values can be a powerful way to negate stereotype threat if you can bring them to mind when you are under a threat. For this part, consider: - How do you feel when you think about your values? - Do you think it can help you mediate stereotype threat if you recognize you feel it? - Can you think of any mental or physical exercises you can use to help you when you are feeling down (for whatever reason) at DBC? I feel that those values describe what is important to me. If I were to feel a stereotype threat, I know my values will subdue the threat because I know what is important to me and nothing else can throw me off my path to success. Lastly, music has been my medicine of choice for the times when I am feeling down.


          "}, {"title": "", "text": "to make Vicky jealous. Diana observes how bothered Mart\u00edn is when Vicky is with Christian and tells him he has fallen in love with Vicky without even realizing it. Mart\u00edn profusely denies this, he says that since Vicky has no memory, therefore she is not her real self and that once she regains her memory she will have no feelings for him. He already fell in love with someone who does not exact (Aurora) and does not want to go through all that suffering again; he begs Diana to help him forget about her. Things between Mart\u00edn and Vicky are further complicated by Lorenzo's friend, Ernesto, who is in love with Vicky. Vicky tells Mart\u00edn she plans on sleeping with Ernesto (Ernesto lied to Vicky that they had slept together before). Mart\u00edn realizes he is not in love with Aurora anymore and rushes to stop Vicky, but he sees her kissing Ernesto and changes his mind. However, she ends up not going through with it. Gustavo informs Mart\u00edn that he may lose the clinic, which means they won't be able to help Pasion, Aurora, and Vicky who may develop illnesses from being frozen. Mart\u00edn agrees to get his inheritance. He asks to Diana to marry him and she happily agrees. It seems like all hope is lost for Mart\u00edn and Vicky. Mart\u00edn is informed he cannot get his inheritance if he marries someone who is divorced, which Diana is. Mart\u00edn reluctantly agrees to marry Vicky, but he makes her that their marriage is business deal and"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          Values

          Who do you want to be?

          February 24th, 2015 : 2 minutes

          Values in my life that I always try to live up to:

          Happiness

          Grit

          Resilience

          Progression

          Gratitude

          Community/Family

          Humor

          Challenge

          Openness

          Pragmatism

          Fitness/Health

          What does grit mean to me?

          By definition, grit is perseverance and passion for a long-term goal. To me, grit has been the single quality that I look up to most in another person. It means giving your all to a dream and pushing through all obstacles in order to realize that dream. Grit is important to me because it equates with resilience and an undying determination to finish what you started.

          Advice? What was the last topic that someone asked for your advice on? Did it relate to any of the values you found important?

          The last 4 people who have reached out to me for advice have all been about relationships. Some romantic and some professional, but all of these people are looking to hear advice about openness, happiness, and progression. Is this relationship helping me become a better version of myself? How do I know whether I am compromising too much of my short-term happiness? How open would you be in confronting the issue head on?

          Values and Stereotypes: How do you feel when"}, {"title": "", "text": "MAC: interface:mac:address:here Target IP: interface.ip.goes.here ```` - [ ] How does the router come up with reply, it has to ask other router if this is outside its network? - ARP probe, test if this address is already used by someone else - [ ] TODO: what if some bad guy always say it is in use? #### IPv6 For IPv6, functionality of ARP is provided by the [Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol) ### TCP three-way handshake #### Flags - SYN: synchronize sequence number, Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags and fields change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear. [^7] - ACK: indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set [^7] #### Values - Sequence number - ISN: initial sequence number If the SYN flag is set (1) - SEQ: If the SYN flag is clear (0), then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of this segment for the current session - Acknowledgment number: if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the sender is expecting. This"}, {"title": "", "text": "surprised that people don't look at the fact that Barak was the one who started bulldozing and bombing and shelling Palestinian villages and refugee camps.

          For me, Sharon has always been there, and he's never hid behind a mask. He was frank about his position. He said, \"I don't like the Palestinians. I want to create facts on the ground, I want more settlements, and I want to expand those settlements, and I don't like that Palestinian village, so tomorrow, I'm going to bomb it.\"

          Barak is a different case. He says he wants to make peace with the Palestinians, and then he goes behind the scenes and bombs and confiscates more land.

          For me, Sharon is open about the fact that he's thirsty for blood.

          But I've also seen pictures of Barak dragging a Palestinian female martyr, and for me, that does not represent someone who's going to lead a country to peace.

          All of the Israeli prime ministers throughout history have been generals in the army--it's a military state.

          HOW DO you think the mainstream media in the U.S. has handled the conflict?

          I WAS sickened by the media in this country. It's so biased and filled with lies. I'll never believe the news that comes on American channels because of what they have to say about my cause and my country, and it isn't true at all.

          On U.S. television, they didn't show the Palestinian kid who was under bullet fire for 45 minutes until he was"}, {"title": "", "text": "at. If you want to write an amazing proposal, you should go through the whole process to actually make your talk before you even submit it. But that's a lot of work \u00af\\\\_(\u30c4)_/\u00af So I kind of wing it and sometimes it works. I know some people submit multiple proposals to anonymous CFPs in the hopes that this \"shotgun method\" will yield at least one accepted talk. I don't really like this because I feel like if you do several proposals rather than just one, the quality of each can't help but suffer. I'd rather submit one good proposal than three mediocre ones. One thing I like to do is keep the proposal as generic as possible without losing meaning. Weeks or months can go by from my submitted proposal to the actual talk, and keeping my proposal vague lets my talk reflect the world as it exists when I give the talk, and not the world when I proposed it. OK, so say I got accepted. Awesome! What now? ## Audience Profile I actually consider this the most important step in the whole process. In order to build a talk, I think long and hard about my audience *first*. Some things to consider: - What is their background knowledge, with respect to my topic? - Why are they at the conference? - What do they expect from my talk? - What are their business goals? What's stopping them from achieving those? - What do they aspire to? - What are they afraid of? - What"}, {"title": "", "text": "helpful to my learning. It definitely helps build my confidence in the information that I am learning.
          Based on the feedback that I have received, what am I going to do to improve the next time I pair?
          I know that I need to improve my typing speed which I am practicing every single day. My typing speed is quicker when I'm not pairing so I just need to translate this into the same speed when I am pairing. I get nervous when I pair and so my typing slows down.
          How is it to write feedback?
          Writing feedback is hard because it needs to be actionable, specific, and kind. I have no problem with the specific and kind part of the feedback but I find it hard to write actionable feedback. I don't like to have to tell someone what they should improve on because I feel like this is a type of criticism and who am I to judge someone on their abilities when I know I have areas myself that need improvement.

          OVERALL, WHAT DO I THINK OF USING PAIRING AND FEEDBACK TO GUIDE MY LEARNING?

          I like the pairing part because it helps me learn and I get an opportunity to ask someone else questions about the material if I don't understand a particular topic and hopefully I get a chance to pass on my knowledge to someone else. I am undecided about the feedback portion of the learning process. I guess the feedback part is okay because it lets me know"}, {"title": "", "text": "Anthony Pazos is a television personality, celebrity stylist, and entrepreneur from Los Angeles, California. He is most recognizably known for his work on WE tv's L.A. Hair, where he starred in four seasons and over 50 episodes, where the show ranked #1 in the female African American demographic. Some of his celebrity clientele include Beyonc\u00e9, Khloe Kardashian, Ashley Greene, and One Direction. Early life Anthony Pazos comes from a diverse family; his father is Mexican-Peruvian and his mother is Bolivian-Welsh. Anthony comes from a long line of Creatives and Artists. He is the great-grandson of Peruvian Sculptor Carlos Pazos, known for his bronze bust made for President John F. Kennedy. Growing up eating traditional dishes whipped up by his Peruvian grandfather, who was also a restaurateur. The 26-year-old described his family as \u201cculturally diverse and loving.\u201d Career Anthony Pazos began his televised career at a very young age. His first television appearances were on the Style Network's 'Split Ends' and 'How Do I Look'. Anthony's work has been featured in publications such as Allure, Vanity Fair, Glamour, Vogue Italia, Maxim, The Hollywood Reporter, Backstage, Wired, Venice, Fader and Curve magazines. Currently working as a freelancer, social media influencer, and salon owner, he divides his time between private clients, editorial shoots and film projects. When asked about why he does hair, Anthony said, \"My mission is not to simply make someone look 'pretty', but unveil their true beauty to the world. After sitting in my chair, no matter who you are or where you come from, you"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Descended date: 2018-01-15 19:30:15 --- Well one week was a pretty good streak. And I think it felt really good. But I'm still on video games, so there needs to be a dopamine fix too. And relapsing feels like this. That I am worthless and my brain brings back all of the rejection in my life and tries to say: \"You know what? They're right about you. You're a worthless piece of shit.\" And I want to tell you. I understand, because sometimes I think I'm not worth it either. Then again, it's really hard to get someone else to love you when you don't love yourself. And you still haven't found a best friend yet. Maybe that'll be your milestone. The moment when you can feel properly again. When you can feel safe enough to be open and vulnerable. It might be awhile, but it WILL HAPPEN. i hope. ah relapsing is just horrible."}, {"title": "", "text": "out by \"one of us,\" he means an Ohioan. Burton used actors from a Columbus, Ohio ad agency. One of Burton's chief rivals for the Republicans nomination, Luke Messer (go Wabash!), undoubtedly understanding that all political ads have some stagecraft, busted the Congressman's chops from the right angle: After 28 years in Congress, you'd think you could find someone in the district who would say some nice things about you. When asked about the ad, Burton responded like he was Lincoln Plowman on tape. His response was nearly incomprehensible, which is why I'm providing it in its entirety from the story because you just have to read it: They told me if you have some people who want to talk about specific issues that you stand for, it probably would be a good thing. I didn't solicit any of these people. I don't even know who they are. One guy says, 'Dan Burton does this' and another woman says something else. You'd have to ask the people who did the commercial on that. They came over and talked to people, different places. The Star story ads that when told the actors were not even Hoosier voters, Burton responded: They may be. I don't know. You ask me questions about that, I don't know. I really don't know. The only thing I did say, 'I'm Dan Burton, and I approve this message.' The message I think is probably pretty accurate, but you'd have to ask them who did the commercial. In what universe is this ad accurate?"}, {"title": "", "text": "The NSF can help professionals feel a sense of control over what sometimes seems a chaotic way of supporting families. If you know you are going to have to write down what we did today, you will record and reflect on the major topics of your virtual visit. Furthermore, the commitment the family makes, even if it is only one strategy-maybe even one they are continuing-again helps you feel the visit was productive. Finally, with a few or many visits a day, a professional should tell someone about a success, preferably the professional's success, not simply the child's or family's. You could tell a family member, a friend, a colleague, or a supervisor. With a supervisor, you could say, \"I'm not seeking advice or help. I simply want you to hear about a success I had because you understand my work.\" Looking after yourself by keeping expectations appropriate, using the NSF, and telling someone about a success will help you keep up your strength to help families. Professionals might also need to engage in self-care: What do you do for yourself, to refill your bucket and to stave away the anxiety of the lockdown, the coronavirus, the changed home environment, and the problems of families? If you cannot think of something healthy to do for yourself, find something. One of us has taken to walking for an hour up and down hills in the woods every morning. What you do for yourself does not have to be about work. Can you say to yourself, \"You are"}, {"title": "", "text": "hack things.

          Right now I hack things at Hyper Island.

          Previously, I hacked things at Startup Weekend and DDB Oslo.

          Past clients include:

          McDonald's, Peugeot, SAS Airlines, NetCom - TeliaSonera, Tropicana

          (current) Tools of the Trade:

          • \"Sublime
          • \"Sketch\"
          • \"Framer

          My name is \u00d8yvind Nordb\u00f8, and I\u2019m a Product Designer from Norway. Or a developer. Or Project Manager. You know what? You can call me whatever you want. Call me a slob if you feel like it. I don\u2019t really care what my title is. If you really want to flatter me, call me a talented generalist.

          I'm a digital hacker. I start projects with a mindset to push my own boundries, even if it means learning something I have no idea how works. I love to design stuff in Sketch and write code in my favorite text-editor, Sublime text.

          I believe in lifelong learning, where every new challenge is a new opportunity to explore something new within the industry. I don\u2019t subscribe to specific labeling when it comes to design, because design is so fluffy that one never seems to find a coherent definition.

          I love exploring new stuff. Ever since I dug up Photoshop from my fathers half-busted laptop when I was a little kid, I\u2019ve always found technology and beauty"}, {"title": "", "text": "|| /^\\=/ ) ) { last; } $result = join ' ', $result, $_; } close $fh; if ( $pod_encoding and !( $] < 5.008 or !$Config{useperlio} ) ) { # Have to wrap in an eval{} for when running under PERL_CORE # Encode isn't available during build phase and parsing # ABSTRACT isn't important there eval { require Encode; $result = Encode::decode($pod_encoding, $result); } } return $result; } =item parse_version my $version = MM->parse_version($file); Parse a $file and return what $VERSION is set to by the first assignment. It will return the string \"undef\" if it can't figure out what $VERSION is. $VERSION should be for all to see, so C or plain $VERSION are okay, but C is not. C<> is also checked for. The first version declaration found is used, but this may change as it differs from how Perl does it. parse_version() will try to C before checking for C<$VERSION> so the following will work. $VERSION = qv(1.2.3); =cut sub parse_version { my($self,$parsefile) = @_; my $result; local $/ = \"\\n\"; local $_; open(my $fh, '<', $parsefile) or die \"Could not open '$parsefile': $!\"; my $inpod = 0; while (<$fh>) { $inpod = /^=(?!cut)/ ? 1 : /^=cut/ ? 0 : $inpod; next if $inpod || /^\\s*#/; chop; next if /^\\s*(if|unless|elsif)/; if ( m{^ \\s* package \\s+ \\w[\\w\\:\\']* \\s+ (v?[0-9._]+) \\s* ; }x ) { local $^W = 0; $result = $1; } elsif ( m{(?=!])\\=[^=]}x ) { $result = $self->get_version($parsefile, $1,"}, {"title": "", "text": "= $2; next; } next unless $result; if ( $result && ( /^\\s*$/ || /^\\=/ ) ) { last; } $result = join ' ', $result, $_; } close $fh; if ( $pod_encoding and !( $] < 5.008 or !$Config{useperlio} ) ) { # Have to wrap in an eval{} for when running under PERL_CORE # Encode isn't available during build phase and parsing # ABSTRACT isn't important there eval { require Encode; $result = Encode::decode($pod_encoding, $result); } } return $result; } =item parse_version my $version = MM->parse_version($file); Parse a $file and return what $VERSION is set to by the first assignment. It will return the string \"undef\" if it can't figure out what $VERSION is. $VERSION should be for all to see, so C or plain $VERSION are okay, but C is not. C<> is also checked for. The first version declaration found is used, but this may change as it differs from how Perl does it. parse_version() will try to C before checking for C<$VERSION> so the following will work. $VERSION = qv(1.2.3); =cut sub parse_version { my($self,$parsefile) = @_; my $result; local $/ = \"\\n\"; local $_; open(my $fh, '<', $parsefile) or die \"Could not open '$parsefile': $!\"; my $inpod = 0; while (<$fh>) { $inpod = /^=(?!cut)/ ? 1 : /^=cut/ ? 0 : $inpod; next if $inpod || /^\\s*#/; chop; next if /^\\s*(if|unless|elsif)/; if ( m{^ \\s* package \\s+ \\w[\\w\\:\\']* \\s+ (v?[0-9._]+) \\s* ; }x ) { local $^W = 0; $result = $1; } elsif"}, {"title": "", "text": "feet, and keeping yourself really extra clean, fungal infections and all that sort of thing, we discussed [P28] Staff were very informative as to what I should be using to cut down on the infection, the bacterial load. They were more helpful in recommending where to buy things, obviously knowing that, as a public patient, it's very hard to afford to buy top-line wound management kits. So, they had to refer me off to places where they aren't very expensive. A: My son actually dresses it for me and he's almost turned into a nurse. Q: Yeah, you would with all of those experience. A: Alright. He does the dressings and then I've had two broken wrists, so I can't, I haven't got the strength in my hand to pull the elastic cotton stockings on and off. So, he puts them on and pulled them off for me. I'm very thankful that he is near me [P15] One of the reasons why we go with each other to appointments is to take on board all this information in case one misses something the other picks up on it. That's always been an important thing with us when we go to appointments. We'd both be there and sometimes some of the stuff can be a little overwhelming depending on what you're doing. If someone else asks the questions you might forget to ask you say, \"Oh, I forgot to ask that question. It slipped my mind.\" So, there is a benefit in both going to these things."}, {"title": "", "text": "and have a nice chat with you… and yes, their prices are super competitive!

          I bumped into them because I was looking for a cheap datacenter to host my machines to build my OpenStack Empire, but that’s another story. Let’s focus!

          If you want to get into Bitcoins there are two ways:

          • You can mine Bitcoins, aka Bitcoin mining
          • You can buy Bitcoins. In the same way that you would buy any other foreign currency.

          The main difference is the price. Buying Bitcoins is like buying US Dollars, or British Pounds. (Buying and selling prices are different.) When mining you pay for the usage of a mining machine (or a pool), regardless of the price of the Bitcoin (well, that’s the theory). This means that under certain circumstances, buying Bitcoin is more convenient that mining.

          buying Bitcoin is not as straightforward as many people think. Yes, there are places where you can go and buy Bitcoins. for example, this website. Now, if you notice, the website does not sell Bitcoins, the website will allow you to buy Bitcoins (from someone else), and because of that, every transaction has different conditions (looks dodgy, doesn’t it?)

          At the beginning of the month SatoshiPoint presented their machines and I rushed to go and compare what I could get from them compared to what I could get from mining.

          The difference was that the machines will give you your bitcoin straightaway (in reality it the transaction took around 13 minutes to go through) compared to the 5~ish"}, {"title": "", "text": "milk for five or more years, it still kind of scares the shit out of you when they say, \"You should never drink this under any conditions. It's a poison.\" But that's just not my experience. I've never gotten ill from drinking raw milk, and I don't know anybody that has. To Jon and other interviewees, the severe risk discourses promoted by the federal government simply did not resemble what he saw of raw milk consumption. While he acknowledged that certain sicknesses were connected to raw milk consumption, nevertheless these anecdotes did not cause him to change his behavior. Kate was aware of the potential risks of drinking raw milk, yet she was a regular drinker. She described a friend who held many of the same values that she did, but refused to drink raw milk: We're very similar in terms of our food and health decisions, making food decisions more from an ecological perspective...with the exception of raw milk because her grandfather's brother died, it is believed, from raw milk. She says...\"Having that in the back of my mind just does not allow me to pour a glass of milk for my child.\" Kate noted that if, like her friend, she had known someone who had died or gotten seriously ill from raw milk, she might feel that it carried more risk. But her lack of any direct personal experience with raw milk's negative effects allowed her to choose to drink it and to feed raw milk to her daughter. Raw milk aligns with her"}, {"title": "", "text": "watch. The smaller dial is on 6 and the larger one is somewhere between 5 and 10. Feeling agitated, I start stomping my foot on the ground continually, much to the annoyance of the girl standing next to me. I look up to her. 
          I notice she has black hair tied up like a bun, she’s wearing this unusually dark pinkish coloured tee, a strand of her hair falling right in front of her left eye. Her face is beautifully constructed, I observe but the expression she has is really not that pleasing. She’s talking to someone on her phone and looking at me at the same time, the same look I get from my mother when I do something stupid. 
          I look down and stop stomping my foot. Then I contemplate about all the stupid things I’ve ever done. 
          A snap of my friend’s fingers brings back my consciousness. I look up to see him looking at me, inquisitively. His unusually wrinkly eyes pry on mine, almost invading my personal space. 
          “What?” I ask. 
          “We have to go, it’s getting late.” he replies.
          “Yes yes, wait, she’ll be here, then we’ll go” 
          “Damn it, I can’t stay here. Looking at so many pretty girl depresses me” 
          “Then go talk to one” 
          “Like you can” he says, rolling his eyes. 
          “I will, today. Just let her come” I say, my eyes, probably, are beaming.
          He stands up and walks towards a shady looking corner. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "do you have for when I want to take my money out? You\u2019ll need to complete an application form to request the transfer. If you\u2019re transferring more than one pension you may have to complete more than one application. %Transferring your pension to a non-registered UK pension scheme or an [\u2018unrecognised\u2019 overseas scheme](https://www.gov.uk/transferring-your-pension/transferring-to-an-overseas-pension-scheme) will mean you\u2019ll pay tax on the transfer.% ## Getting financial advice Legally you **must** get financial advice if you want to transfer from a: - [defined benefit](/en/pension-types#defined-benefit-final-salary-or-career-average) pension worth more than \u00a330,000 - [defined contribution](/en/pension-types#defined-contribution) pension worth more than \u00a330,000 with a guarantee about what you\u2019ll be paid when you retire (e.g. a guaranteed annuity rate) ## Defined benefit pensions If you have a final salary or career average pension (\u2018defined benefit\u2019), you would need to transfer it to a defined contribution pension to be able to choose one of the [pension options](/en/pension-pot-options). The value of your defined benefit pension gets transferred as cash and is invested into a defined contribution pot. ^Think very carefully before you decide to do this \u2013 you would be giving up a fixed income for a less certain one and it\u2019s possible you\u2019ll be worse off.^ Make sure you [understand the risks](https://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/pension-transfer-defined-benefit), to help you make an informed decision. Not all defined benefit pensions allow you to transfer out \u2013 ask your scheme administrator. ## Scams If someone contacts you unexpectedly and says they can help you transfer your pot it\u2019s likely to be a [pension scam](/en/scams). ## Get free help and advice You can get"}, {"title": "", "text": "One on one. My blood pressure is 150 over 85. What does this mean for my health?"}, {"title": "", "text": "contracted both Hepatitis B and C in the 1980s, and at the time of interview, Tim also believed he could be HIV positive. His decision never marry or have children, whilst ultimately contributing to the breakdown of Tim's relationship, was nevertheless one he described as standing by as an adult. For Tim, population screening for hemophilia is important, not only because it has the potential to prevent children being born with hemophilia, but also because it allows parents to avoid becoming what he termed \"hemophilia parents\", a job which he thought not everyone is well suited to take on: I would say \u2026 and this is looking back onto my parents as well-it's always much harder to be the parent of a haemophiliac than to be the haemophiliac themselves. As a parent you have to deal with all the guilt and the care of the child, whatever that may involve and you don't know\u2026. And most people can't fully take on board what that means anyway. Like I said previously, no matter what you can say to people, until you physically experience it, you've got no sense of proportion or what it actually means in reality. You know, I have been asked questions by various people about what haemophilia is really like, you know, but we're all different, that's the problem, and how I react and manage my haemophilia is completely different to how someone else may do. So yeah it's [screening] giving people decisions, but not necessarily the tools to actually make them. By highlighting"}, {"title": "", "text": "background job. fetchMicrosoftGraphProfileName(oauthAccessToken).then(async name => { // When the Microsoft Graph profile is fetched, send a welcome message. const adapter = createBotAdapter(); await adapter.continueConversation(reference, async context => { await context.sendActivity({ text: `Welcome back, ${name} (via Azure AD).`, ...SUGGESTED_ACTIONS }); }); }); break; } } else if (name === 'oauth/signout') { // If we receive the event activity with no access token inside, this means the user is signing out from the website. await context.sendActivity('See you later!'); } await next(); }); // Handler for \"message\" activity bot.onMessage(async (context, next) => { const { activity: { channelData: { oauthAccessToken } = {}, text } } = context; console.log(context.activity.channelData); const match = guessQuestion(text); if (/^hello\\d+$/.test(match)) { // When the user say, \"hello\" or \"hi\". await context.sendActivity({ text: 'Hello there. What can I help you with?', ...SUGGESTED_ACTIONS }); } else if (/^bye\\d+$/.test(match)) { // When the user say \"bye\" or \"goodbye\". await context.sendActivity({ name: 'oauth/signout', type: 'event' }); } else if (match === 'time') { // When the user say \"what time is it\". const now = new Date(); await context.sendActivity({ text: `The time is now ${now.toLocaleTimeString([], { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit' })}. What can I do to help?`, ...SUGGESTED_ACTIONS }); } else if (match === 'order') { // When the user says \"where are my orders\". if (oauthAccessToken) { // Tell them they have a package if they are signed in. await context.sendActivity({ text: 'There is a package arriving later today.', ...SUGGESTED_ACTIONS }); } else { // Send them a sign in card if they are not signed in."}, {"title": "", "text": "heart that produce results. The person who just throws in a couple of faith words now and then isn't speaking them from the abundance of his heart, so they're not effective.

          Does that mean you shouldn't startspeaking words of faith until you're sure you have the faith to back them?

          No! Speaking words of faith is good spiritual exercise. If you want to receive healing by faith, for example, fasten your mind and your mouth on the Word of God where your health is concerned. Instead of talking about how miserable you feel, quote Isaiah 53:5. Say, "Jesus was wounded for my transgressions. He was bruised for my iniquities. The chastisement of my peace was upon Him; and with His stripes, praise God, I was healed!"

          If you'll continue to meditate on those words and continue to say them, the truth in them will begin to sink in. They'll take root in your heart and begin to grow. And eventually you really will be speaking from the abundance of your heart.

          When that happens, it won't matter what the circumstances look like. You'll know you have what you've been believing for and the devil himself won't be able to talk you out of it. You'll cross the line from hope to faith, and you'll start seeing those mountains move!

          Scripture Reading: Matthew 12:33-37

          "}, {"title": "", "text": "Hector (Marvel Comics) member Cassiopea. Hector often goes on Pantheon missions, including unofficial ones such as helping the Hulk avenge the murder of an old Las Vegas mobster friend. Later, Ulysses sacrifices himself to save Hector from being shot by Jason. When asked why he would die for someone he hates, Ulysses answers that busting each other's chops is what brothers do. Nothing is known about Hector's life prior to joining the Pantheon. He made the comment that he was recruited into the Pantheon 30 years ago. One of the lower level technicians at the Pantheon made the comment that Hector is the"}, {"title": "", "text": "respect, justice, freedom, knowledge, sustenance, work, and privacy, among others. She supports a non-rigid interpretation of the Qur'an, arguing that while it is the word of God, words can have different meanings, so there are theoretically countless possible meanings of the Qur'an. She believes the meaning of the Qur'an should be determined through hermeneutics \u2014 examination of what its words meant at the time it was written. She also speaks of an \"ethical criterion\" that rejects the use of the Qu'ran to perpetrate injustice, because the God of Islam is just. Hassan supports abortion rights and access to contraceptives for Muslim women, saying that the Qur'an does not directly address contraceptives, but that Islam's religious and ethical framework leads to the conclusion that family planning should be a fundamental right. She says a review of Muslim jurisprudence indicates that abortion has been considered acceptable within the first 120 days of pregnancy, when the fetus has not yet been ensouled. In February 1999, she founded The International Network for the Rights of Female Victims of Violence in Pakistan, which works against so-called honor killings. She has argued that honor killings are a distortion of Islam, and further, that the whole idea that women are inferior is a result of the mistaken belief among Muslims that Eve was created from Adam's rib, when, in the Islamic creation story, they were created at the same time. Hassan is not only a scholar, she is also an activist. In her capacity as an activist, Hassan developed and directed \"Islamic Life"}, {"title": "", "text": "the next generation of LHCb reconstruction and calibration experts. Provela si ekipu kroz nevreme pravo,\u0161ta da ti ka\u017eem sem drugarice bravo! 1 And Gerhard Raven... is simply the nec plus ultra of real-time data processing in High Energy Physics. Gerhard wrote much if not most of the code behind LHCb's High Level Trigger, and laid the foundations on which all the work described in this HDR stands. Ave maestro. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the LHC busbars, whose 2008 failure delayed the start of datataking just long enough for me to find a use for my brain in the LHCb trigger. I've had a lot of lucky breaks and second chances in my life, but that was an especially fortuitous roll of the dice -cheers! I acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under grant agreement No 724777 \"RECEPT\". All cited online content exists at the time of writing. Chapter 1 Eastbound and down: an introduction to real-time analysis Eastbound and down, loaded up and truckin ' We gonna do what they said can't be done. We got a long way to go, and a short time to get there I'm eastbound just watch ol' Bandit run! -Jerry Reed, Eastbound and Down When hearing someone claim to have performed a \"real-time analysis of the data\", three questions immediately spring to mind. First, what does \"real-time\" mean? Second, what does \"data\" mean? And third, what does \"analysis\" mean? All of these terms can, and do,"}, {"title": "", "text": "messages urged youth to, in general, be selective when choosing a potential sexual partner. In addition to these general partner selection messages, some youth also received specific messages about what sort of sexual partner would or would not be preferable. When asked about messages he had received about sex, Jabari, a 16-year-old young man, reported being advised by his mother to avoid \"stunts\", promiscuous girls who may have a high number of sexual partners. [My mom] don't want me to bring a stunt home to her and say this is my girl; she want me to bring someone classy or someone that didn't have a lot of sex. (Jabari, 16-year-old male youth) Messages regarding potential impacts of sexual involvement described a number of potential outcomes. Some messages described potential negative impacts on academic achievement, but the majority of these messages focused on the potential for pregnancy and STI transmission. The permanence of these outcomes was often stressed, as demonstrated by 16-year-old Marie's response. While most of these messages were meant to caution youth about their sexual activity, there were also relatives who encouraged youth to have sex due to particular considerations. For example, Rebecca's mother and cousin encouraged her to have sex with a young man she was dating in order to avoid his breaking up with her. I: Have you ever gotten advice on boyfriends and sex? R: Um-hum. I talk to my cousin about sex, my mom about sex. I: What kind of advice do they give you? R: Only advice that I got,"}, {"title": "", "text": "it's the one I use. It's called a **Yubikey**, from the [Yubico](https://www.yubico.com/) company. It's worth between 20$ and 40$, depending on the model, which can seem a little expensive, but considering what it does, it's not that much. ![Yubikey from Yubico]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/screenshots/screenshot-double-auth-yubikey.png) As you can see, it looks like a standard USB key, and you plug it in your computer the same way. It is recognised automatically as a USB device. However, it is not used to store any data, and it can't because it's a **read-only** device, which means that no one can write data on it, so that **it cannot be tampered with.** It works by generating an **authentication response** when asked to. When you configure your system with it, you first register your *Yubikey* into it, to say *\"That's my Yubikey, it's mine, and it will assert I'm the one using my system\"*. Next time you log into your system, it will ask you to plug your yubikey, so that the system and the *Yubikey* can communicate. The *Yubikey* will then validate your identity to your system, which will let you in. Providing you also enter your passphrase of course... *I can't be more precise without being too technical, but for those who wants to know, they are lots of protocols to achieve such feature. Yubikeys handle static passwords, Yubikey OTP, OATH/HOTP, OATH/TOTP, PIV-Compliant Smart Card, OpenPGP and FIDO U2F. ([source](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/))* If you remember from my [previous post]({% post_url 2016-11-12-Password_manager %}), the login screen of Keepass looks like this, when configured with"}, {"title": "", "text": "of feel like, 'What do I do; how do I. where do I go; I need some guidance, I need some help,' so, I think the more support and the more information and education there is about these sort of situations, then the more we can help people. Dua,21 (SKINS) Many participants spoke about how there was a lack of credible information online and they resorted to reading blogs and personal experiences. From what the young people said, looking up personal experiences emulated the benefits of having someone in their support system with shared experiences. I mean I remember when I was younger, there's a lot of information for parents with children with eczema. But when I got older I found it quite hard to find things for people that were my age. I mean you will h-, find things on the National Eczema Society [UK eczema charity] and things like that, of people that are in their, in their 40s or their 60s with eczema. there isn't anybody say that's a young teenager with it or that's somebody who's in their mid 20s with it that I can relate to with the kind of experiences that they'd be dealing with at that age. But through the online access of blogs I've found a lot more. So there are more people my age blogging. Which I found very helpful at the moment cos you can interact with them as well. Iris,20 (SKINS) Seeking support from health care professionals Young people discussed how they felt that their"}, {"title": "", "text": "express surprise at the fact that a \"creature\" is moving in their belly: Because a kind of life has appeared in my belly \u2026 and it knocks, rumbles, kicks, moves its hands, feels everything. And I think, when it is born, what will happen next. 19 It is impossible to describe what it looks like. It's as in the movie \"Alien\", when something is formed in your tummy and moves with its feet and hands. 20 For a present-day mother it is natural to compare a boy in the womb with a football player: \"It was such an interesting feeling, my baby was moving so much as if a footballer lived in my tummy.\" 21 Most women, when describing their unborn children's first movements, note a special pleasure, emphasizing on the uniqueness of such feelings and the impossibility to experience them in any other way. It was very interesting when the child started to move. It was such a feeling that someone lives inside of you, that you give somebody life. \u2026 it seems it wants to say something to you. \u2026 It's so nice, so it's some kind of an unusual feeling. It cannot be described by words, it only needs to be experienced, and it only needs to be tried. 22 And I always, when I was on the seventh or the sixth month, when I had already such a tummy, I always loved to put my hands on my tummy, when \u2026 there was nobody near, I put my hands on my tummy,"}, {"title": "", "text": "to get rid of her but his secret is out when Patrick (Rudolph Walker) sees what's going on. Just how willing will Trina be to let her husband walk into the arms of another woman? And more importantly, will she divorce him to enable him to marry again?\" Despite his connection with the church, in September 2009 Lucas attempts to cover up his involvement in Trina's death. Gilet told Soaplife magazine, \"When he first appeared someone wrote in saying he was a good character, but somewhere down the line something was going to come unstuck. We've always known there was more to this do-gooder than meets the eye. Things are going to get a lot darker in the build-up to Christmas. [...] It's going to get very dark and I hope I can pull it off.\" Lucas went on to kill Denise's ex-husband Owen Turner (Lee Ross) when he came close to discovering how Lucas was involved in Trina's death. Gilet explained that although Lucas does not want people dead and has no malice in his heart, he sees killing as a way to stop things from happening. When the show's executive producer Diederick Santer was asked by Digital Spy what was lined up for Lucas in 2010, he said \"He's got right on his side, hasn't he? Is the world a better place without Trina? Probably, yes. Is the world a better place without Owen? Well, I don't know about that, but he's not a particularly nice person... Lucas is doing the Lord's work and"}, {"title": "", "text": "so unimpressive. I can't even tell you what they covered, but it was this long interview. I don't know what was the purpose. I think it was for collecting data, not for really helping people \u2026 and it was boring and useless.\" They also wanted to know from their provider if they were physical ready and able to complete a program like LIVESTRONG, not knowing exactly what it entailed. \"I would think that if there was some sort of contact made through your medical group \u2026 When you're at the point when you begin to say, \"How am I gonna recover from this? How am I gonna get back to normal physically?\" is when it would be helpful to have someone have a routine call to say, \"We have this available.\" \u2026 I guess that you'd have to do it through your doc, because how would the Y know that you were a candidate?\" Another survivor concurred about how it would've been easier to be referred to LIVESTONG: \"The thing that would've made it easier was what we would do and what the program washow it was structured and if I was physically ready for it. I think that was my big unknown. And then after the first meeting or session, I guess, all of my fears were put completely at ease. It was like, we're gonna help you do what you can do in this way. So that was really helpful, but I was definitely curious before we started. What are we getting into here,"}, {"title": "", "text": "success and the most important thing is he believed in me. In the future, I must have a workshop of my own. Informant 1 ends by saying he must become someone more respectable and would like to own a motor workshop one day. Informant 2 She comes from a family of five. Her father and brother were lorry drivers. Her father passed away at the age of 43. According to her, One brother studied marine engineering. Sister has a degree and another sister is in Sarawak. My youngest sister is in Form 6. From the age of 15, I was doing bridal make-up. After Form 5, I started working in a beauty parlor. I was studying IT and have completed two semesters so far. Although my family wants me to study, I am happy working here as the salary is good and my boss teaches me all types of work. I speak in Tamil language at work and friends. I try to read English papers and I have the apps in my phone and I use English to speak to my foreign customers and to the English speaking ones. When asked about the reason why she did not continue her study, Informant 2 said, \"I don't like to depend on my guardian. That's why I am holding back to study. That's what makes me stressful.\" This informant is aware that her future is important and commented, \"How does the society look at me? In the future I want to work in an IT company. I will"}, {"title": "", "text": "in terms of their practicality. Today, I will attempt to explain the difference between one of these quandries: hashes and arrays.

          Let's start with what hashes and arrays look like.

          This is an array: .

          We can identify a few unique things about this array. For starters, there are a mixture of words (strings) and numbers mixed in. Arrays are not inclusive to one specific data type. Certain arrays have content inside them that makes sense, mine doesn't because sometimes things don't make sense. That's life.

          This is a hash:




          Clearly there are some visual differences between hashes and arrays. This array is neatly catagorized and anyone could clearly see the information being presented and what it means. But do the differences end there? No.

          What was I saying about differences? Let's start with similarities. Both arrays and hashes are organized somewhat invisibly by an index. With an array, the first item entered, (45), has an array index of [0]. The next item, (26), has an array index of [1]. And so on and so forth. Hashes, on the other hand, enable the coder to use 'key-value pairs' to organize the data inputted.

          So when does a method call for a hash over an array, or vice versa? In my experience so far, arrays are suited for mathamatical purposes, like figuring mean, median, averages, etc. For data that requires a \"partner\","}, {"title": "", "text": "* [Lesson Video](http://youtu.be/qjusxfefJdM?list=PL2DhNKNdmOtobJjiTYvpBDZ0xzhXRj11N) * This Teacher Lesson Guide * [Download](http://d1pmarobgdhgjx.cloudfront.net/education/pause-think-online-2.mp4) or [prepare](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/videos/pause-think-online) the \"Pause and Think\" video * Common Sense Media's [Follow the Digital Trail](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) game * Print one set of [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) from this PDF * Print one [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) chart (page 7) for each student * Print one [Digital Footprint Assessment](/curriculum/course2/18/Assessment18-DigitalFootprint.pdf) for each student [/together] [together] ## Getting Started (20 min) ### 1) Review This is a great time to review the last lesson that you went through with your class. You can do this as one large group or have students discuss with an elbow partner. Here are some questions that you can ask in review: * What did we do last time? * What do you wish we had had a chance to do? * Did you think of any questions after the lesson that you want to ask? * What was your favorite part of the last lesson? [tip] # Lesson Tip Finishing the review by asking about the students' favorite things helps to leave a positive impression of the previous exercise, increasing excitement for the activity that you are about to introduce. [/tip] ### 2) Vocabulary This lesson has one new and important word: [centerIt] ![](vocab.png) [/centerIt] **Digital Footprint** - Say it with me: Dih-jih-tal Foot-print The information about someone on the Internet ### 3) Pause and Think * Ask What does it mean to be safe? * When you walk down the street or play in your neighborhood without a trusted adult there,"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc * [Lesson Video](http://youtu.be/qjusxfefJdM?list=PL2DhNKNdmOtobJjiTYvpBDZ0xzhXRj11N) * This Teacher Lesson Guide * [Download](http://d1pmarobgdhgjx.cloudfront.net/education/pause-think-online-2.mp4) or [prepare](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/videos/pause-think-online) the \"Pause and Think\" video * Common Sense Media's [Follow the Digital Trail](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) game * Print one set of [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) from this PDF * Print one [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) chart (page 7) for each student * Print one [Digital Footprint Assessment](/curriculum/course2/18/Assessment18-DigitalFootprint.pdf) for each student [/together] [\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af] ## Getting Started (20 min) ### 1) Review This is a great time to review the last lesson that you went through with your class. You can do this as one large group or have students discuss with an elbow partner. Here are some questions that you can ask in review: * What did we do last time? * What do you wish we had had a chance to do? * Did you think of any questions after the lesson that you want to ask? * What was your favorite part of the last lesson? [tip] # \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 Finishing the review by asking about the students' favorite things helps to leave a positive impression of the previous exercise, increasing excitement for the activity that you are about to introduce. [/tip] ### 2) Vocabulary \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7: [centerIt] ![](vocab.png) [/centerIt] **Digital Footprint** - Say it with me: Dih-jih-tal Foot-print The information about someone on the Internet ### 3) Pause and Think * Ask What does it mean to be safe? * When you walk down the street or play in your"}, {"title": "", "text": "asked Kubrick in 1963 to name his favorite films, he listed Italian director Federico Fellini's I Vitelloni as number one in his Top 10 list. Directing techniques Philosophy Kubrick's films typically involve expressions of an inner struggle, examined from different perspectives. He was very careful not to present his own views of the meaning of his films and to leave them open to interpretation. He explained in a 1960 interview with Robert Emmett Ginna: \"One of the things I always find extremely difficult, when a picture's finished, is when a writer or a film reviewer asks, 'Now, what is it that you were trying to say in that picture?' And without being thought too presumptuous for using this analogy, I like to remember what T. S. Eliot said to someone who had asked him\u2014I believe it was The Waste Land\u2014what he meant by the poem. He replied, 'I meant what I said.' If I could have said it any differently, I would have\". Kubrick likened the understanding of his films to popular music, in that whatever the background or intellect of the individual, a Beatles record, for instance, can be appreciated both by the Alabama truck driver and the young Cambridge intellectual, because their \"emotions and subconscious are far more similar than their intellects\". He believed that the subconscious emotional reaction experienced by audiences was far more powerful in the film medium than in any other traditional verbal form, and this was one of the reasons why he often relied on long periods in his films"}, {"title": "", "text": "can do to slash these numbers? I know you have lots of issues to manage but this one needs to be addressed with urgent priority. Just my humble request to you guys who can turn this around. I am sure! [CEO, post, July 4th, 2018] Appreciating the staff challenge\u2026I appreciated the admission office staff for doing such a tough job\u2026I appreciated our tech and told her that she is a person with Yohsin (grace, generosity and excellence)..I challenge \u2026 to write about 2 people they will appreciate tomorrow and what did they say? I also challenge them to challenge their other friends and colleagues. Let Assigned personnel Today I want to appreciate a true leader among us. Someone who has selflessly owned this transformation, has led it from the front and even now is relentlessly putting her heart and soul in keeping everything about this transformation (TOCs, RPMs, Batti page, appreciations etc.) alive and thriving. Thank you XYZ for being that \"crazy one\" who will change the world. [SLC, post, July 11th, 2018] You are turning out to be our biggest advocate. Your being emotionally invested truly inspires us. Employee satisfaction is deeply rooted in the workplace environment. For me real satisfaction does not come when I have a high pay scale or enjoy a title. What matters is how I am treated; how my work is appreciated; Am I treated like trash or given deserved respect, Am I always dictated or am I listened to sometime? Does a person always want to feel proud of"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          Anthony's Blog

          Week 7: My 7th Cultural Blog

          Affirmation and Stereotype Threat

          Established Nov 2nd, 2014

          When I think of the last time in my life where I've been the happiest, the proudest. and the most satisfied, the following values come to my mind:

          Accomplishment

          I like having the feeling of accomplishment. It always makes you fell happy, proud, and satistied. It is because when you set some goal for yourself, you are expecting yourself to accomplish it no matter what obstacles you have out there. Therefore, when you were able to accomplish something, it shows that you have the ability to promise yourself. It tells yourself that you are capable of doing something difficult.

          Confidence

          Having confidence is very important to me. It is because I always believe that when you are happy, you are always confident during that moment. Being confident about something means you have faith about it, you are good at it, and you are willing to accomplish it no matter what. Thus, being confident in your life is very important, especially during some important moment in your life: Taking an exam, Meeting someone important, Doing something impactful, etc. Sometimes, I believe that the more confident you are, the more happier you are.

          Reputation

          People wants reputation. I can think of reputation is the value of your personal brand. The more reputation you have, the better your personal brand is. So that also means if"}, {"title": "", "text": "is going to burn you, why would you put your hand in it? Today was a painful reminder that I, in fact, am a human. > There are no mistakes. The events we bring upon ourselves, no matter how unpleasant, are necessary in order to learn what we need to learn; whatever steps we take, they're necessary to reach the places we've chosen to go. ~ Richard Bach Truth be told, every time I ever heard someone say \"Change is hard\" I laughed inside. Hard. I genuinely thought \"how difficult can it be for people to _change_.\" Surely everyone knows that as humans we evolve? Oh, how much this year has taught me. Change is so, so incredibly hard. Everyone always talks about the fights. Everyone always talks about how to \"manage\" change. Everyone always explains that you have to *be* the change. But there's one thing I've learnt; more important than the change you want to happen, is the ability to be flexible yourself when the change you want to happen isn't happening quickly or, even more scarily, isn't happening at all. All of the management training hours, all of the \"executive intelligence\" reading does not displace the fact that you are human, that you need things and that you have feelings. As a highly emotional person, I do my best to shut myself off entirely - to not show emotion as much as possible, good or bad, but frustration is one that permeates through everything. Even if you smiling, if you're frustrated you hear"}, {"title": "", "text": "meaning 'they joined us'. In some cases this happens because young couples are spotted displaying physical affection or thought to have consummated their relationship, andalthough this is less common nowsome young girls and boys are 'joined' into arranged marriages. Polygyny, adolescent marriage and forced marriage can each make a woman vulnerable, and often they occur together. I asked Ester why a woman would marry a man who already had a wife. She responded by telling me her own story, of being forced to become the second wife of Obaldo, an older man: 'When I arrived at the Agency [local government office] my whole family was there, as well as the authorities, Obaldo and his wife. They told me that I had gone with Obaldo to the field after the dance, and that because of this we had to end the relationship or they would make us marry. Because I was a minor I didn't have the right to say anything [at the meeting]. I began to cry and said I had done nothing, and wanted nothing to do with Obaldo. Then my uncle spoke and said that since I had no parents, someone needed to be responsible for me, and if I had done what these people were saying, then I should marry Obaldo. Anyway, no-one in the family could support me financially, and since this man was offering to do it, then it would be best if I went with him.' Parental complicity in forced or early marriage can be a means of lightning the"}, {"title": "", "text": "far as to ensure I\u2019m interviewing in a specific location so that people hear the sounds of nature or water. This always leads to a conversation that is on my terms and focused on mutual interest. For example, I will take the call when I\u2019m out on a porch. I have my full attention on the interview, but the sound of birds and occasional wind leads to a, \u201cWhere are you?\u201d I can quickly use that to respond by talking about how I like to work outside and enjoy the fresh air, and then ask them about what they enjoy. The more I keep them engaged, the better my odds. Maybe you want to have some small examples of work that you can screen share. If you are going to screen share, set the scene there too. Leave only the things open you want them to see. When you show them something on your screen, it\u2019s a chance to engage them. Look for those opportunities and take them. I was on a video call recently where someone was sharing their screen, and I saw they were playing a video game in the background. This observation led to a pretty funny and awkward conversation about the games we play. Our relationship is stronger because of that bond that started only because their screen share showed something they didn\u2019t realize. # Its Your Interview When you interview in person, you are usually in their office on their terms. When you interview remotely, you have a lot more say"}, {"title": "", "text": "in each person's story and showcasing potential as part of the advocacy message. The facilitators also recognised the intensely emotional nature of deeper story-sharing for both the storytellers and facilitators. Patricia shared, 'Sitting there and listening and that being kind of my sole purpose, just allowed me to feel a lot more'. The facilitators described gratitude for the experience of feeling emotions with the storytellers, while also acknowledging the challenge of coping with these emotions. Gideon shared, 'I think a good interviewer is someone who can relate emotionally, have a high EQ [emotional quotient] at least but it's fraught with problems as well because once you engage with someone's life it's very hard to unplug'. Jemima talked about 'that balance between building rapport with the person and not just being an emotional wreck'. However, mostly the facilitators talked about what they gained personally from engaging in emotional work with the storytellers. Anna shared, 'When I feel drained it is more because I have invested myself. I have had to be really attentive to everything -it hasn't taken something from me. It is more that I have given something'. She went on to say, 'When I am hearing someone's story I am learning from their story and I am valuing what they are saying'. Honouring the story. This theme captures the process of creating the story end product and taking it back to the storytellers for review before finalising and sharing more widely in the community. Central to this experience for each of the facilitators was ensuring"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Caves, clubs, coconut aminos tags: - cooking - what i'm reading --- Gary Taubes's [*Good Calories, Bad Calories*]( http://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=good+calories%2Fbad+calories&tag=googhydr-20&index=stripbooks&hvadid=79022339574&hvpos=1t1&hvexid=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=7981013642309540881&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=b&hvdev=c&ref=pd_sl_7o7bocbma3_b_p1) convinced me I'd be better off with a lot less sugar and flour in my life. His 1200 dense but readable pages set out the history of nutritional research \u2013 research that shows that fat isn't as bad for you as you've probably heard, and simple carbohydrates are a whole lot worse.

          I don't much photograph my food, so have a cave painting instead
          Why would that be? If you read up on low carb, you'll soon run into someone saying that \"for most of human history, we didn't eat refined flour and sugar; our diet changed, but we haven't evolved to adapt to our new food environment.\" We might live in highrises, but inside we're still cavemen. But Marlene Zuk's [*Paleofantasy*]( http://www.amazon.com/Paleofantasy-Evolution-Really-Tells-about-ebook/dp/B007Q6XM1A) convinced me that the evolutionary justification for low carb is sabretoothed hogwash. Humans, she says, have indeed continued to evolve since the stone age. She dismisses a variety of back-to-the-cave schemes in hilarious detail — most of the chapters can be summed up as \"our ancestors did X in a variety of ways, and research has shown that genes related to X have changed since then.\" (Note that this doesn't mean that Zuk's disproved the research that Taubes cites — if there's evidence showing, for example, that consumption of flour and sugar is linked to [\"diseases of civilization\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_disease),"}, {"title": "", "text": "also means # this code will never be asked for that method name again. if attr in self._olerepr_.mapFuncs: return self._make_method_(attr) # Delegate to property maps/cached items retEntry = None if self._olerepr_ and self._oleobj_: # first check general property map, then specific \"put\" map. retEntry = self._olerepr_.propMap.get(attr) if retEntry is None: retEntry = self._olerepr_.propMapGet.get(attr) # Not found so far - See what COM says. if retEntry is None: try: if self.__LazyMap__(attr): if attr in self._olerepr_.mapFuncs: return self._make_method_(attr) retEntry = self._olerepr_.propMap.get(attr) if retEntry is None: retEntry = self._olerepr_.propMapGet.get(attr) if retEntry is None: retEntry = build.MapEntry(self.__AttrToID__(attr), (attr,)) except pythoncom.ole_error: pass # No prop by that name - retEntry remains None. if not retEntry is None: # see if in my cache try: ret = self._mapCachedItems_[retEntry.dispid] debug_attr_print (\"Cached items has attribute!\", ret) return ret except (KeyError, AttributeError): debug_attr_print(\"Attribute %s not in cache\" % attr) # If we are still here, and have a retEntry, get the OLE item if not retEntry is None: invoke_type = _GetDescInvokeType(retEntry, pythoncom.INVOKE_PROPERTYGET) debug_attr_print(\"Getting property Id 0x%x from OLE object\" % retEntry.dispid) try: ret = self._oleobj_.Invoke(retEntry.dispid,0,invoke_type,1) except pythoncom.com_error, details: if details.hresult in ERRORS_BAD_CONTEXT: # May be a method. self._olerepr_.mapFuncs[attr] = retEntry return self._make_method_(attr) raise debug_attr_print(\"OLE returned \", ret) return self._get_good_object_(ret) # no where else to look. raise AttributeError(\"%s.%s\" % (self._username_, attr)) def __setattr__(self, attr, value): if attr in self.__dict__: # Fast-track - if already in our dict, just make the assignment. # XXX - should maybe check method map - if someone assigns to a method, # it could mean something special (not sure what, tho!)"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: \"Tools: ReSharper\" categories: coding categories: coding date: \"2009-02-20\" tags: - \"resharper\" - \"tools\" --- I've long been skeptical of Visual Studio add-ins. This goes back to the VS6 days when I fell in love with an add-in, but eventually removed it because it did such horrific things to my machine's performance. I felt so betrayed, bereft and I'm sure some other suitable words that start with \"b.\" Well, times change. WebMD's been buzzing about [ReSharper](http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/). It's been quite a while since I took the plunge, but I'm never looking back. Enumerating ReSharper features could keep someone blogging for months at the least, but I thought I'd call out a few of my favorites. Seems like half the time someone talks about ReSharper, I find some widget or keystroke I hadn't noticed before. Maybe you'll notice something new. **Go to Definition isn't busted anymore** This one's kind of a no-brainer, but sometime around VS 2005, I started finding that \"Go to Definition\" wasn't working like it used to. It'd bring up strange files with \"\\[from metadata\\]\" in the title, and only give function signatures. Turns out, as best we can tell, this is because VS doesn't properly handle the pdb's on our assembly references. For various reasons we don't use project references, so for a long time I suffered without my beloved F12. Well, ReSharper restores this functionality, and it actually works. Now if I could just persuade it to go to code files for projects I don't have in the solution... **Run unit tests in-context**"}, {"title": "", "text": "race that came to be identified with the Nazis. In his private conversations, Hitler recalled a remark his mentor Dietrich Eckart made about Weininger: \"I only knew one decent Jew and he committed suicide on the day when he realized that the Jew lives upon the decay of peoples....\" In the chapter titled \"Judaism\" in his book Sex and Character Weininger writes: The Jewish race has been chosen by me as a subject of discussion, because, as will be shown, it presents the gravest and most formidable difficulties for my views. I must, however, make clear what I mean by Judaism; I mean neither a race nor a people nor a recognised creed. I think of it as a tendency of the mind, as a psychological constitution which is a possibility for all mankind, but which has become actual in the most conspicuous fashion only amongst the Jews. Antisemitism itself will confirm my point of view. Thus the fact is explained that the bitterest Antisemites are to be found amongst the Jews themselves. The true concept of the State is foreign to the Jew, because he, like the woman, is wanting in personality; his failure to grasp the idea of true society is due to his lack of free intelligible ego. Like women, Jews tend to adhere together, but they do not associate as free independent individuals mutually respecting each other's individuality. As there is no real dignity in women, so what is meant by the word \"gentleman\" does not exist amongst the Jews. The genuine"}, {"title": "", "text": "when you might have an opportunity to fly them; and to keep building on what works, abandon or fix what doesn't, and keep thinking about how to make the next version better. There is little in this business as satisfying as getting high quality data back from a new place never before visited, or of phenomena never before measured. Exploration is exciting, and going to new places with new instruments is bound to return new discoveries. Just Say No Wow. Quoting another Reagan. Well, not the same context, anyhow. What I mean by that is, don't try to take on too many responsibilities, tasks, or roles. The longer I stay in this field, the more frenetic it seems to grow. I see so many people, especially early and mid-career, split in so many directions that they are ineffective in most of them, and driving themselves toward burn-out at an alarming rate. Although I have just gone on about how much I've diversified over the course of my career, it has been mostly serial, not parallel. Yes, you do need to make sure you are doing something that will continue to pay you to work. And yes, there is a certain amount of taking on jobs that may not be your favorites. But try to limit that. Just because it looks shiny, it doesn't mean you need to bring it back to your nest. Or just because someone asks you to take on something extra, you need not always say yes. Your sanity, and the quality of"}, {"title": "", "text": "source activity held every October. Easy to participate, and you get a free t-shirt! * [I'm afraid if I say anything on GitHub people will laugh at me and I will die.](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/4pgb44/im_afraid_if_i_say_anything_on_github_people_will/) --- ### Am I Ready to be a Developer? * Readiness * [Self taught front end devs... When did you know that you were \"Job ready\"?](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/59paoi/self_taught_front_end_devs_when_did_you_know_that/) * [People who are self-taught developers, how long did it take you to get your first job?](https://www.reddit.com/r/cscareerquestions/comments/53avew/people_who_are_selftaught_developers_how_long_did/) * [When do you know when you're ready to start interviewing?](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/52c3os/when_do_you_know_when_youre_ready_to_start/) * [Software developers- what is the best advice you have for people learning CS?](https://www.reddit.com/r/cscareerquestions/comments/516gps/software_developers_what_is_the_best_advice_you/) * [I want a career in programming](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/5516vo/i_want_a_career_in_programming/) * What should you know as a web dev just out of college? * [Reddit Discussion - newer](https://www.reddit.com/r/cscareerquestions/comments/5dg39i/what_should_you_know_as_a_web_dev_just_out_of/) * [What CS Majors Should Know - older](http://matt.might.net/articles/what-cs-majors-should-know/) * How I got started with Side Projects - [link](http://antrikshy.com/blog/how-i-got-started-with-programming-side-projects) * [What are some goals a beginning Self-Taught Developer should have?](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/4vr2of/what_are_some_goals_a_beginning_selftaught/) * [Computer programmers of Reddit, what is your best advice to someone who is currently learning how to code?](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/4f1tgy/computer_programmers_of_reddit_what_is_your_best/) * [I began teaching myself to code a year ago. I got hired at my first job 4 months ago. Here is a breakdown of somethings I was not ready for (FYI job is remote ruby/rails dev)](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/4y7e3d/i_began_teaching_myself_to_code_a_year_ago_i_got/) --- ### Software Developer Success Stories * Success Stories * [18 months ago I didn\u2019t know how to code, I\u2019m now a self-taught programmer who\u2019s made apps for the NBA, NHL, and schools like Purdue, Notre Dame, Alabama and Clemson. I\u2019m now releasing my software under"}, {"title": "", "text": "party discussion. The next room included deadly puzzles which need to be figured out as a group by the players, and required a different type of thinking and discussion than the goblin and orc encounter. \\subsubsection{Inducing discussion} \\vspace{2mm} \\begin{displayquote} \\textit{lose the clanking, noisy, troll-waking armor} Imlodel \\textit{what if the troll wakes up? I'll need my armor} Jemmish - Group 5 \\end{displayquote} The previous encounters can be dangerous, but it is unlikely the party will lose a player. This encounter introduces Grogg the troll, a non-player character (NPC) who is far more powerful than the game rules indicate is fair. Grogg is capable of killing a player character with a single blow, but he can be defeated, although only with great risk and luck. This encounter was designed to create discussion about what is the safest and best course of action. It was also created as a trap for players who intended to defeat the entire dungeon through superior use of combat tactics. Grogg offers the chance to win through brute force, but is unlikely to be defeated without at least one player death. \\subsubsection{Conceptual problems} \\begin{figure}[h] \\centering \\includegraphics[width=0.9\\columnwidth]{figures/dragon.png} \\caption{Ragosdias, the Red Dragon \\protect\\cite{annestokesdragon}}~\\label{fig:dragon} \\end{figure} \\begin{displayquote} \\textit{Someone has to leave in order to warn others. If the threat is real, only one has to die. If the threat is false, my choice means nothing} Gram - Group 4 \\end{displayquote} The last room was created to engage players with the traditional (one might even say ubiquitous) \\enquote{trolley problem} \\cite{thomson1976killing} to see how we could map a purely moral"}, {"title": "", "text": "a few steps from Rockland harbor, Hastings said, \u2015That\u2019s where you go for news. I check it eight times a day. The old media don\u2019t get it. Most newspapers have very ineffective websites. Derek and Richard figured it out. But VillageSoup is part of the fabric of the everyday life here. Everyone talks about it. It really took off when the branding took place with the orange circle. The new name really says what it\u2019s about.\u2016 He predicted the website would become a \u2015national model.\u2016 Talking about the \u2015real time online\u2016 quality of the site, Hastings told the story of a prisoner who had escaped during a hearing at the court in Rockland, within sight of the Chamber office. About 15 minutes later, someone came in and mentioned the escape. Hastings said four employees went straight to their computers and opened VillageSoup. A story had already been posted. It didn\u2019t have much detail, but at least they learned the prisoner wasn\u2019t armed. Tammy Kolmosky, manager of Fuller Auto Mall, a car dealership in Rockland, said 80% of her clients have VillageSoup on their favorites list. \u2015I personally go to their site every morning,\u2016 she said. \u2015It\u2019s today. It\u2019s real time. It\u2019s changing. If it happened this morning, they\u2019ll have a reporter there. I want instant gratification. I don\u2019t have patience. I\u2019m in my mid-30s and my employees say the same thing. A garage blew up in town and my workers were on VillageSoup instantly. People who are savvy and follow the news read VillageSoup.\u2016 Whenever someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "for the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations, 350.org, the Right Livelihood Award foundation, the Fossil Free campaign and The Hunger Project. With the campaign Divest! Withdraw your money! she forced the University of G\u00f6ttingen to stop investing in industries that make money with coal, oil or gas. Fridays For Future As of the beginning of 2019, Neubauer became known as one of the leading Fridays For Future activists. Many media outlets refer to her as the \"German face of the movement.\" Neubauer rejects comparisons of herself and other strike organisers to Greta Thunberg, saying: \"We're building a mass-movement and reaching out quite far in our methods of mobilizing and gaining attention. What Greta does is incredibly inspiring but actually relatively far from that.\" Neubauer does not see the strikes as a means of directly affecting politics. More important is the work behind the strikes: \"What we're doing is incredibly sustainable. We're creating structures and turning the events into educational experiences. And we're leading debates on the principles of climate protection.\" Following the protests of Fridays For Future Germany against Siemens for a specific infrastructure project in Australia, Neubauer met with Joe Kaeser in January 2020. On 13 January 2020 she announced that she had turned down an offer for a seat on the Siemens Energy's supervisory board: \"If I were to take it up, I would be obliged to represent the company's interests and could never be an independent critic of Siemens,\" Neubauer explained. \"That is not compatible with my role as [a] climate"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bryce Nicole and Bryce go into a coffee shop, where Nicole is set to talk with Timothy. Nicole asks Bryce to get a change of pennies and put it in a backpack she brought. Nicole tells Timothy about her vision of getting drowned by someone, and Timothy tells her that she was probably getting baptized, and that she fainted, not died. He tells her that the visions are only tiny clips of their future, and when they see the big picture, they will fully embrace it, because, as of right now, it is not free will versus fate, it is free will and fate working together to get them to where they are supposed to be in the future. That night, Bryce decides to meet Nicole's mother, who is crazy. Bryce sees that all the pennies he got were for the mom, who is gluing them to the wall, but only the ones marked 1989, which is the year Nicole was born, and the wall is a tribute to her. Bryce asks her if she thinks God caused the blackout. She says that she receives a hallucination everyday, and no one believes her, but what people think is coincidence is really God doing his work. Later, Bryce meets up with Timothy, asking him what he is trying to sell to Nicole because he does not want her to get hurt. Timothy explains that he is just doing what he believes will get him to what he is doing in the future: become a religious speaker. FBI"}, {"title": "", "text": "reminds you of your past.

          Rebel: Mark when your Family acts like the thing you survived. Say how you\u2019re hoping to set them to rights.

          Outsider: Mark when it\u2019s time to move on. Say what you were missing in the Family; GM says where you might find it.

          When you mark a role in play, raise a stat by 1 or get a new move. If you mark all roles retire your character as soon as is convenient, using as many aspects of your Death Move as you wish.

          Backstory

          Ask for a volunteer for at least one:

          I saved from certain death.

          reminds me of someone lost long ago.

          will need my help to survive.

          Gear
          When you Tool Up, add a tag to a weapon - say who it used to belong to, and why you took it from their body.

          Moves Choose two:

          The Things I've Seen Choose what destroyed your life:

          The Monsters Birthed by the Fall: When a horrific monstrosity attacks, name one thing that\u2019ll help you survive and take advantage to your first roll that uses it.

          The Insane Magic of the Before: When energies are raging out of control, your Defuse rolls to get out"}, {"title": "", "text": "the infomercial with me. When the infomercial came to an end, I said, in disgust, \"That Ashrami is a charlatan!\" Sometimes we say something that is completely obvious just to say something, just to express a strong emotion. What my wife then said shook me to the core. Indeed, after she said it, I could feel my entire world view crumbling into dust. I told you this would be very personal. She said, \"Are you sure?\" Her words went through me like a knife. But, she didn't stop there. I suppose a wife can sense when her husband's arrogance is about to take a gigantic dive into the bottomless abyss. She said, \"Are you sure that Karma Kleanser doesn't work? And if it works, then how can you say that Rabbi Ashrami is a charlatan? And, I have one more question to ask you, dearest: If you do not order Karma Kleanser right now, is that because of your evil karma, as the infomercial suggests?\" Thank you, Sally, my beloved wife, for once again turning my entire view of the universe upside down. What if Karma Kleanser does work? Is Rabbi Ashrami really a fake or is he actually helping people? And, if a person uses Karma Kleanser, is that the result of that person's good karma or bad karma? It struck me that my wife was really asking a more general question about virtual reality and its social implications, its meaning, if you will. When the new self-projection technology was introduced, it revolutionized everything, like"}, {"title": "", "text": "kind of vulnerability. She's got a great future.\" In interviews during production, Tate expressed an affinity for her character, Jennifer North, an aspiring actress admired only for her body. Some magazines commented that Tate was viewed similarly and Look published an unfavorable article about the three lead actresses, describing Tate as \"a hopelessly stupid and vain starlet\". Tate, Duke and Parkins developed a close friendship that continued after the completion of the film. During the shooting of Valley of the Dolls, Tate confided to Parkins that she was \"madly in love\" with Polanski. \"Yes, there's no doubt that Roman is the man in my life,\" Tate was quoted as saying in the New York Sunday News. Tate promoted the film enthusiastically. She frequently commented on her admiration for Lee Grant, with whom she had played several dramatic scenes. Tate was quoted as saying, \"I learned a great deal about acting in [Valley of the Dolls], particularly in my scenes with Lee Grant.... She knows what acting is all about and everything she does, from little mannerisms to delivering her lines, is pure professionalism.\" A journalist asked Tate to comment on her nude scene, and she replied, I have no qualms about it at all. I don't see any difference between being stark naked or fully dressed \u2014 if it's part of the job and it's done with meaning and intention. I honestly don't understand the big fuss made over nudity and sex in films. It's silly. On TV, the children can watch people murdering each other,"}, {"title": "", "text": "about something, or say something mean or attack you, or do some other horrible thing. I've personally not been physically attacked ever in a bathroom but I've definitely had people give me weird looks a lot, and I've had people say to me that I was in the wrong bathroom. Bathrooms are always stressful. I much prefer to use private bathrooms. because then I don't have to deal with someone else coming in, bothering me, and harassing me. (30,multiracial,MTF) In addition, participants were outspoken about experiencing stress in situations that required legal identification, for example, airport security or being stopped by the police. Yeah, so, at the airport, for instance, because my passport and everything reads female, and my name is obviously female, immediately I'm nervous about that. When they have to look at the passport and at your fingerprints, or whatever. These kinds of situations make me very nervous and I expect that there will be problems, and that's what makes me uncomfortable. (32, White, female-to-male [FTM]) Could happen when around people who know me or with whom I plan to interact. Although participants frequently noted that they could reduce the stress associated with expecting rejection by avoiding specific places and contexts, they explained that certain contexts were not so easily avoided because they had ties to the people and the place. Most frequently, participants cited work/ employment as a context in which they expect rejection. In addition, participants noted that family and people who knew the participants before they affirmed their gender were particular"}, {"title": "", "text": "be a lot harder to miss. They called it \u201cLittle Children, Big Challenges: Incarceration.\u201d

          The LCBC team knew that part of the problem was the lack of education in the general public about the problems surrounding families with an incarcerated adult. It became the task of me and my team to help change that.

          1 in 28 children in the United States have a parent in state or federal prison.

          This is the first statistic I was introduced to. And yet most people would never know. For me that number seemed shocking, unbelievable even. It\u2019s possible I\u2019ve met someone in my life that was effected by an incarcerated adult in their life. In fact, not just possible, likely.

          As it turns out, one of the biggest problems in this community is a stigma that encourages silence over communication. Children in these families have no one to talk to, and they are sometimes told that remaining quiet is for the best. And most of the time, this advice is correct, because people aren\u2019t aware of their struggles and may even look down upon them. It\u2019s much easier for children with say, parents in the military, to talk openly about their troubles. But what can a kid say when his mom or dad is in prison? Who would even understand?

          If we could wake a few people up to the realities of this life-changing circumstance, then maybe we could move the needle, even just a hair.

          Telling the Story

          "}, {"title": "", "text": "in a way that they are superior to themselves and have independent power to themselves as well and sustaining the power by themselves so that she will no longer be dependent on men or male figures as saviors to situations. Feminist Priestess Starhawk also says that the symbol of goddess to her means it depends on how a woman feels and more so \"When I feel weak, she is someone who can help and protect me. When I feel strong, she is the symbol of my own power\". Another aspect related to the female body is that Christ portrays women as a unique creature. Women are menstruants, birthgivers and women's connection to their bodies is related to the nature and the world around us. Menstruating women have been viewed differently for a long period of time and the taboo with this issue is also quite generalized. It was often seen as an issue with a woman's bodily functions and many women were also forbidden to enter holy sacred places of different religions due to seeing menstruation as a negative means of a woman's body. Christ has also spoken of how a Goddess is also a representation to a birthgiver which is where women are privileged and it's a life-giving power that women carry. Since Goddess is seen as a creator of the universe and of life, Carol's idea of women as birth-giver automatically aids the idea of women's capacity of creating a new life and bringing into life as an act of Goddess. Then, the female"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the language is simple, almost childlike, as though Hill means to soften the ceaseless blows... This is not a complex work of fiction. Hill may not astonish, or deal in clever invention, but she does what all good writers must set out to do: she made me read until I had the answer.\" Simon Baker in The Spectator was generally positive. \"This is an admirably compressed book, in which the snappy pacing sits in enjoyable contrast to the slow plod of village life. Moments of importance are described with a brevity that generally serves to sharpen rather than deaden them. A lot is crammed into these short, generously spaced pages, and only occasionally does Hill\u2019s economy create a slub in the texture \u2014 when, for example, the conciseness reduces to summary, or when a physical feature (ugliness or muscularity, say) serves as a surrogate for fuller characterisation. In the main, however, Black Sheep is gripping all the way to its unexpected end.\" Allan Massie, in The Scotsman, was full of praise, concluding, \"This is a story of people living hard lives, narrow lives which nevertheless have their own dignity. It is beautifully, even lovingly, told, with not a superfluous word, and it ends in tragedy. You can read it in a couple of hours, but what you read is likely to stay longer with you than many books which seem more obviously ambitious. Characters are sketched in a couple of sentences, and fixed in your imagination. Manner is perfectly matched with matter; it\u2019s impossible to"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Max Temkin summary: Designer (Cards Against Humanity, political campaigns) categories: - designer - game - mac --- ### Who are you, and what do you do? My name is [Max](http://maxistentialism.com/ \"Max's website.\"). I'm a designer from Chicago. I work for political campaigns and non-profits. I also make [Humans vs. Zombies](http://humansvszombies.org/ \"A social game played in real life.\") and [Cards Against Humanity](http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com/ \"A card game for horrible people.\"). ### What hardware do you use? I'm not sure if it's been noted on this website before, but Apple makes a good computer. I work on a new 15\" MacBook Pro, which is a recent upgrade from the 2009 unibody MBP following a [chai tea incident](http://maxistentialist.tumblr.com/post/11092248162/this-morning-somebody-spilled-their-drink-on-my \"Max's post about spilling tea on his laptop.\"). I have the high-res display and an extra 4GB of aftermarket RAM to reduce the amount of time I spend looking at Adobe launch screens. Also on my desk: (1) [iPhone 4S][iphone-4s] (1) [Apple Magic Mouse][magic-mouse] (1) [Apple bluetooth keyboard][keyboard] (1) [27\" Apple Thunderbolt Display][thunderbolt-display] (1) [NewerTech hard drive toaster][voyager-q] (1) [Wacom Intuos pen thing][intuos] (20) [Pilot Precise V5s, 0.5mm][precise-v5] (1) Lamy Safari with a plunger converter and Pelikan 4001 ink (3) Field Notes (?) Mead composition notebooks, cow pattern (1) Bulleit Rye (for when I am sad) The main thing that informs my hardware choices is that I move to a new neighborhood every year. It's a great way to learn about my city and [bust my cycle](http://www.zefrank.com/theshow/archives/2006/09/092006.html \"The zefrank video, 'bust that cycle.'\"), and most importantly, it [keeps me from owning too"}, {"title": "", "text": "but the writers \"realized that it might be better for [the] characters to take a breath\". Even though Ilan Bodnar wasn't caught in the episode, \"Ziva and Vance will get to pursue justice soon enough\". About the deaths of Eli and Jackie, executive producer Gary Glasberg told TVLine \"this is something that we\u2019ve been talking about for a long time\". The death of Jackie was chosen because Glasberg \"wanted to do something that would open up [Vance's] world a bit\". The same goes for the death of Eli, \"It opened a lot of doors\" for the writers. He also stated that Jackie's death illustrated the impact of collateral damage, saying, \"One of the things I wanted to touch upon was when people do what our team does for a living as NCIS agents, it is easy to forget that there are civilian casualties that go along with it.\" On the long-term repercussions, Glasberg added that \"[Vance] is clearly going to need some time to be there for his family. It's just a matter of balancing work with personal life...There's a real sort of clue trail that unfolds specific to Ziva and her world as to who's responsible. Ziva certainly has to deal with the loss and the tumultuous familial background that she has...Even with the complexity of what existed between Ziva and Eli, at the end of the day, he was her father and she loved him. There are good memories that go with the bad...It absolutely weighs on her. When anyone loses someone, you think"}, {"title": "", "text": "with this item: \"Ahhh, okay, it is not that clear because it just mentions \"greet\", it does not mention uhm, \"talking to\", because greeting and talking to someone is two different things. When she greets someone and does not talk to them, it makes me a bit suspicious. So, it is better if you phrase this question like this rather than saying \"talking to\" someone because if she talked to someone, she would have an explanation for talking to them, expect for just greeting them, she could make just any excuse and just be like \"No, it is a friend\", when it is actually a side person or someone else. \" - Participant 13 Issues with this item highlight the subtle differences that are important to understand as they could have different interpretations. Item 2, which for young men stated \"I like my partner to be home when I come to check her, it bothers me if she is not there\" lacked clarity, which is well explained by one young man from Durban who stated: Young women also were confused by this question and would at times ask the interviewer for more context. Thus, while 69% of young men and 50% of young women agreed to this item, the majority agreed because they felt their partner would be upset if they had made plans and then they were not at home when they came to follow through with prior plans. The lack of clarity in this item raises important consideration regarding the ways in which young"}, {"title": "", "text": "be afraid of strangers; shows affection to familiar people; plays simple \"pretend\" such as feeding a doll; explores alone while parent is close by b. Says several single words; says and shakes head \"no\"; points to show someone what they want c. Knows what ordinary things are (telephone, brush, spoon); points to get the attention of others; shows interest in stuffed animal or dolls; can follow 1 step verbal command without gestures (\"sit down\") d. Walks alone; may walk up steps or run; pulls toys while walking; can help undress themselves; drinks from a cup; eats with a spoon e. My child is not this old yet (skip to page 15) f. My child did not do any of these things at this age Page 11 -6 th CDC milestone question about child (2 years) 28. By 2 years old, my child was doing the following things: (select all answer options that list one or more of the behaviors your child has done. For example, you can select an option, even if your child has only done one of the two or three behaviors listed) a. Copies others (especially adults); gets excited when with other children; shows defiant behavior; shows more independence; plays mainly beside other children b. Points to things or pictures when they are named; knows names of familiar people and body parts; says sentences with 2-4 words; follows simple instructions; repeats words overheard in conversation; points to things in a book c. Begins to sort shapes and colors; completes sentences and rhymes from"}, {"title": "", "text": "anyway\u201d symposium held recently at Stanford, an audience member asked me who should be in charge of the product, clearly expecting me to say \u201cthe user experience team\u201d (because it\u2019s all about UE, isn\u2019t it?). My answer disappointed her and many in the audience: We are all in charge, and when there are conflicts, it becomes a business decision\u2014and so it is for managers and executives to decide. But mainly, the person in charge is the product manager. If the product manager can\u2019t resolve the issues, that\u2019s why we pay executives all that money\u2014to make these kinds of business decisions. (Disclaimer: I was once one of those executives.) The decision is based upon what is best for the company and the customer: hopefully, these two coincide. Unusable? Does it matter? Form gets in the way of function? Will it impact sales? Does it prevent the job from getting done? \u201cProduct manager?\u201d was the puzzled response. \u201cBut, then, what discipline should the product manager come from?\u201d Grrrr. That\u2019s someone who doesn\u2019t understand. The correct answer is, \u201cWho cares?\u201d I have seen excellent product managers who were trained in English history, or engineering, or psychology, or Chinese calligraphy. What matters is that this person can pull the team together, can balance the talents of the teams and the needs and requirements of the customers, the company, the sales and marketing teams, the manufacturing and packaging teams, and all those big, powerful egos (as well as the brilliant, but quiet and insecure folks). Talented product managers make this all"}, {"title": "", "text": "died from breast cancer, so she asks to be re-tested. Doctor Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) informs Terese that she does have breast cancer after all. Elmaloglou said that the moment is \"pretty overwhelming\" for Terese. Of filming the scenes, she commented \"I'm quite good at separating my work life from real life \u2013 but because my mother has just gone through breast cancer, those emotions are still quite raw. Having to say the words 'I have cancer' was quite confronting.\" She also said that the message about following up test results when your not satisfied with the diagnosis was really important. Terese decides to keep the news from her family and partner, Gary Canning. Elmaloglou was understanding of Terese's reaction, but due to her experience with her mother, she felt that someone diagnosed with cancer needed love and support from their family, as the treatment could be \"very debilitating\". Terese ends up confiding in Paul, who has suffered a cancer scare of his own. Elmaloglou added that Terese was \"a tough cookie\" and she was confident for her survival. Terese eventually reveals her diagnosis to her family. She also starts losing her hair due to the chemotherapy treatment. Elmaloglou explained, \"It's very confronting for Terese when her hair starts to fall out, and it's at that moment she realises she's very sick. She's doing her best, but it's not easy being brave for everyone else.\" When Terese learns that her treatment is not working, Gary visits her oncologist brother Nick Petrides (Damien Fotiou) in prison and"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"Genre-busting\" is a term used occasionally in reviews of written work, music and visual art and refers to the author or artist's ability to cross over two or more established styles. For instance, in writing, to combine the horror genre with a western or hard-boiled detective story with science fiction. In music, the term may refer to a song combining styles or defying classification. The sound of the term calls to mind other uses of \"buster\" such as \"crime buster\", \"Gangbusters\", \"Ghostbusters\", \"Dambusters\", etc. Creative people don't always feel comfortable working within an established category. So genre-busting within the publishing world has become a type of literary fiction. The publisher Atticus Books has gone so far as to declare, on their website: \"We specialize in genre-busting literary fiction\u2014i.e., titles that fall between the cracks of genre fiction and compelling narratives that feature memorable main characters.\" The Video Movie Guide 1998 stated in its foreword, \"In past years, reviews in VMG have been broken down into genre categories. Now, by popular demand, we are listing all movies together in alphabetical order.... So many movies today mix genres... and there are no clear-cut categories anymore.\" Interviewed in Mustard comedy magazine in 2005, writer Alan Moore said: \"I mean, this is probably a bad thing to say to someone from a comedy magazine, but I don't like genre. I think that genre was made up by some spotty clerk in WH Smiths in the 1920s to make his worthless fucking job a little easier for him: \"it'd be easier"}, {"title": "", "text": "to stay on the phone past policy or to help them by offering outside resources which would cause a breach of procedure . . . I did it anyway, because it was best for the person's safety and overall well-being. I was willing to take the write up or reprimand if it came, knowing I had done my best and provided the most help possible for that person at that time. Institutions have to have policies and procedures to function and to protect against liability. But it doesn't always mean they are right or even that those procedures are the best practices . . . If someone does not raise concerns . . . in a professional and considerate way, then that's when we end up with things like institutionalized racism. That authority really only holds the power that we allow it to have. Furthermore, institutions rely on individual employees to make decisions as how to best function and operate within those confines. I think in any career in which you are working with humans in such a vulnerable, personal and direct way, there will be times when \"do no harm\" really means doing what is best for the patient and not the institution. If there is a way to work within those confines and do both, then do it. But I think my moral compass has always pointed me to doing what is best for my patients within reason. As cases decreased in the late summer, our setting began communicating policies for a return to"}, {"title": "", "text": "The process of making one's wishes known led to a sense of reassurance, \"if I had a stroke for instance and I couldn't talk, I would be happy in the knowledge that my daughter knew exactly what I wanted\" (Patient 20,103). Patients reflected on the benefit of having a physical document outlining their wishes, \"I felt comfortable having it written down to make sure that the family would know what my wishes would be\" (Patient 30,201). Some patients felt documenting wishes was essential to provide clarity, especially given the unpredictability of health. As one patient noted, \"you never know what the world brings, it's good to have something like this on paper\" (Patient 40,202). Patients were fearful of physical and cognitive impairment. Documenting their wishes was seen as a way of safeguarding against unwanted medical procedures and ensuring their preferences would be respected by health professionals and family alike. One patient stated, \"my daughter-in-law kept saying, 'You've got to get it down in writing before they'll do anything about it'\" (Patient 30,207). Another patient felt documentation would prevent family members from overriding their requests, \"they tend to interfere so it's got to be clear to them what my wishes are\" (Patient 40,202). However, for one patient there was a perceived limit to the power of the directive against family wishes, \"It made me realise that it doesn't matter what I say really, it would depend on others \u2026 if one of my children or someone says, 'we're going to resuscitate him' , no matter what I've"}, {"title": "", "text": "the article, she argued that her wealth was not accumulated through \"ill-gotten gains\" and attributed her fortune to inherited land, which \"drastically increased in value with the development of Iran and the new prosperity that was there for all\". She asserted that many other Iranians profited from the sale of their own real estate, but were not accused of financial misconduct because of close ties to the clergy and Khomeini. She also defended her brother, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, stating that, contrary to the claims made by some Khomeini supporters, the Shah did not profit from the Pahlavi Foundation. The Princess wrote that she planned to \"fight these slanders with all my means and through whatever judicial means are available.\" Psychologically, Ashraf Pahlavi had low self-esteem when she was younger. She did not like \"what she saw in the mirror.\" She \"wished for someone else's face,\u2026, fairer skin, and more height.\" She always imagined that \"there were so few people in this world shorter than I.\" Perhaps this motivated her to be bold. In her memoirs she wrote: Her brother, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Shah) was her closest friend. In her memoirs, she remembers looking upon him with a sense of wonder as a child, writing, \"long before we reached adulthood, his voice became the dominant one in my life.\" Some sources mention a connection between her and drug trafficking; she said: \"My detractors have accused me of being a smuggler, a spy, a Mafia associate (once even a drug dealer)\". Notable positions held Honorary President"}, {"title": "", "text": "does not say where the error is. # 5. Why did the interpreter give you this error? # Because the method asks for a variable, however none are given. # --- error ------------------------------------------------------- #def cartmans_lie(lie, name) # puts \"#{lie}, #{name}!\" #end #cartmans_lie('A meteor the size of the earth is about to hit Wyoming!') # 1. What is the line number where the error occurs? # line 108 # 2. What is the type of error message? # ArgumentError # 3. What additional information does the interpreter provide about this type of error? # Arong number of arguements (1 for 2) # 4. Where is the error in the code? # The console does not say where the error is. # 5. Why did the interpreter give you this error? # Because the method asks for 2 variables and only 1 is given. # --- error ------------------------------------------------------- #5 * \"Respect my authoritay!\" # 1. What is the line number where the error occurs? # line 123 # 2. What is the type of error message? # TypeError # 3. What additional information does the interpreter provide about this type of error? # String can't be coerced into Fixum # 4. Where is the error in the code? # The console does not say where the error is. # 5. Why did the interpreter give you this error? # Because \"Respect my autoritay\" is a string not an integer or float, therefore it cannot be multiplied by 5. # --- error ------------------------------------------------------- #amount_of_kfc_left = 20/0 # 1. What"}, {"title": "", "text": "and The Turin Horse is an example \u2014 an exceedingly rare one in contemporary cinema \u2014 of how a work that seems built on the denial of pleasure can, through formal discipline, passionate integrity and terrifying seriousness, produce an experience of exaltation. The movie is too beautiful to be described as an ordeal, but it is sufficiently intense and unyielding that when it is over, you may feel, along with awe, a measure of relief. Which may sound like a reason to stay away, but is exactly the opposite.\" Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter wrote from the Berlinale: \"Fans of Tarr\u2019s somber and sedate films will know what they are in for and will no doubt find the time well spent. Others might soon grow weary of measured pace of the characters as they dress in their ragged clothes, eat boiled potatoes with their fingers, fetch water, clean their bowls, chop wood and feed the horse.\" Bennett complimented the cinematography, but added: \"That does not, however, make up for the almost complete lack of information about the two characters, and so it is easy to become indifferent to their fate, whatever it is.\" Variety'''s Peter Debruge also noted how the narrative provided \"little to cling to\", but wrote: \"Like Hiroshi Teshigahara's life-changingly profound The Woman in the Dunes ... by way of Bresson, Tarr's tale seems to depict the meaning of life in a microcosm, though its intentions are far more oblique. ... As the premise itself concerns the many stories not being told (Nietzsche"}, {"title": "", "text": "weeks pregnant. Things like this make me question: when people say this, does it mean that previously they just thought I was fat? Because it's pretty unmistakable, in whatever I wear, that my stomach sticks out past my bust. I'm carrying around a good 30 extra pounds, and that weight has got to go somewhere. So if it isn't immediately obvious that I'm pregnant, what exactly does it look like? And how does that jibe with the people who say, \"Oh, you're so tiny! When I was that far along, I was just huge!\" Is there some sort of mental shift people do when they know someone is pregnant, in which the proportions of the body suddenly change? Anyway, we report, you decide. Here are two gratuitous belly shots -- I'm 37 weeks today. That's the head of the last tenant. He is still blond -- what is that? I guess the point is, I feel achy and huge. I lumber when I walk, and the amount of effort it takes me to roll over in bed at night is elephantine. So it's cold comfort to hear someone say, \"You look so small!\" when I feel like a whale and baby is bouncing on my bladder and kicking my ribcage. My friends, I've run out of patience with being pregnant. Baby can arrive any time she pleases. Labels: pregnancy If you move in conservative Catholic circles much, you have doubtless heard the phrase \"contraceptive mentality\". Though used frequently and negatively, I think there is value in"}, {"title": "", "text": "surrender to your own truth and path. ## A new path of truthful living When you choose to live your life your way, without the frivolous noise of expectations and compliance, you will change your life. Paving your own path is a conscious act of: **Courage:** It takes guts to stand up for what you want and not follow the hard-set rules. Saying yes to your truth means saying no to preset expectations. And that\u2019s not an easy thing. **Growth:** As you walk your own path, you\u2019ll learn, stumble and get up, correct your path, if need be, and grow. **Inspiration:** Instead of complying and then complaining about traffic, or mindless routines, your choices and changes might inspire others to do the same. With each individual making a different choice, we\u2019re one step closer to changing the collective. ## One choice at a time We don\u2019t need to go on strike and stop doing everything we barely tolerate. We can start with one thing, and then another. The best way to start is to _question_ what you\u2019re putting up with. Are you tolerating or are you welcoming and accepting? We were not meant to live someone else\u2019s life (or the collective choices of the generations before us). Imagine a life where you live, most of the time, on your own terms. You do work you enjoy, and spend time with the people you care about. And, most importantly, you [savor](/savoring-life/) your life, instead of rushing through it anticipating some future reward. What are you putting up"}, {"title": "", "text": "enjoy that. But it's a story of men. The first scene, where we enter this room of a secret meeting, a meeting of twelve men, who attempt to understand what happened, who try to get control over the camp back. This is emblematic for the book. It's the story of important men. Some of these men have wives, alright, but they mostly feature as 'wife of X'. These days, I just get too annoyed by stories where women do not feature. And even more so when the writer is a woman. 'You should know better!' I shouted at her, in my mind. It does improve a bit, towards the end. We learn more about Anna, the whore, Mrs Carver, or whatever her name may be at a given moment in the story. These two characters become more and more important, which considerably improved my mood, and opinion about the book. For 850 pages, I have to say, the book manages incredibly well to keep the tension. Things keep happening. Stories unravel. New developments unfold. Unknown aspects emerge. The frame with the astronomical and astrological constellations, however, looks nice, but is a bit devoid of meaning. That could have been left out. Grade: 3.5/5.0"}, {"title": "", "text": "Woody Allen English My one regret in life is that I am not someone else Woody Allen English Seventy percent of success in life is showing up Woody Allen English The talent for being happy is appreciating and liking what you have, instead of what you don't have Woody Allen English I'm not afraid to die, I just don't want to be there when it happens Woody Allen English What if nothing exists and we're all in somebody's dream? Woody Allen English Bisexuality immediately doubles your chances for a date on Saturday night Woody Allen English If you're not failing every now and again, it's a sign you're not doing anything very innovative A. A. Milne English Weeds are flowers too, once you get to know them A. A. Milne English Organizing is what you do before you do something, so that when you do it, it is not all mixed up A. A. Milne English Golf is so popular simply because it is the best game in the world at which to be bad A. A. Milne English Did you ever stop to think, and forget to start again? A. A. Milne English What I say is that, if a fellow really likes potatoes, he must be a pretty decent sort of fellow A. A. Milne English My spelling is Wobbly. It's good spelling but it Wobbles, and the letters get"}, {"title": "", "text": "Patrick Spiller is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Casualty, portrayed by actor Ian Kelsey. The character made his first appearance during the fourteenth series episode \"Free Fall\", which was broadcast on 11 December 1999. Patrick is a specialist registrar in the Holby City Hospital emergency department, who attempts to advance his career and attain a consultancy post, whilst having relationships throughout his tenure with SHO Holly Miles, PC Rachel James and Holly's replacement, SHO Lara Stone. He dies from a head injury following a car crash in the sixteenth series episode \"Past, Present, Future\" \u2013 making his final appearance on 16 March 2002. Characterisation and development Kelsey admitted that he was not confident with the medical jargon that he had to say, likening it to learning Russian. He said \"I haven't a clue what I'm talking about, but there's an adviser who makes sure we don't point at a patient's nose when we're talking about their feet. I'll have to start writing my lines on the patients' plaster casts.\" Patrick has been described as \"Casualty bad boy\" by Marion McMullen of the Coventry Telegraph, who deemed him \"arrogant, brusque and bad-tempered\". Kelsey has disclosed that viewers of the show sometimes assume that he shares his character's temperament, but that he does not receive any hostility for it, surmising: \"It must mean I'm somehow putting across the fact that there really is a nice bloke behind the brick wall that Patrick puts up.\" Kelsey feels that the only trait of Patrick's which he shares"}, {"title": "", "text": "say that she should work longer but you get puffing andy what sort of expectations should you put on it, because some people will say you should walk around the block, and she says, 'I can't'. We don't y hear that from doctors.'(carer from focus group 5) 'The whole issue of sexuality I think it's not an area that's given a lot of permission to discuss y I think it's more about self image: how they look, how y they perceive that they've lost their sexual appeal.' (nurse 1) My illness and what to expect in the future 'I think it's been really important for Mum to have someone to talk to y about you know what's going to happen to me, what can I expect?'(carer from focus group 5) 'When the end comes are you going to be in agony because there's nothing that can help you, or do they have some kind of solution?'(patient from focus group 1) patients or carers, suggested questions about spiritual and cultural issues. If I am concerned about my professional care Patients and carers were uncertain what to do if they had a concern about their care or an aspect of the PC service (see Figure 2). This issue was not raised by any health professionals. For carers Carers and health professionals raised questions related to the role of the carer (see Figure 2). Carers were anxious about what skills would be required to take care of the person at home. Both carers and health professionals stated that carers"}, {"title": "", "text": "arrival. Hospitals should provide teaching and learning materials for expectant new parents. It would help new parents to be more assured about their new role. (P5first-time mother). Offer husbands advice on how to support new mothers The women also hoped that nurses would teach their husband skills on postpartum support and baby care. They feel that teaching their husband how to provide emotional support would be of help to them. I have worries during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, but my husband is not aware of it. It's difficult for me to tell him of my feelings and unstable moods. It would be great if the nurses could tell him about my psychological changes, and what he can do to support me. (P18second-time mother). My husband has not even asked me about my childbirth experience as if nothing had happened. He does not see that I really need his support and care. I would say that he does not know my sufferings and the impacts on me. (P16first-time mother). Offer grandparents support in baby care New mothers wished that nurses could offer grandparents advice on postpartum and baby care knowledge and skills to lessen their tension. I wish someone would tell my mother that her approach to baby care is outdated. While I don't want to upset my mother, I wish she would do things that I am comfortable with. I hope the nurses can offer some new baby care skills to my mother. (P3first-time mother). The old generation has their set of beliefs. They"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sir John Lawson Ormrod Andrews (15 July 1903 \u2013 12 January 1986) was a member of both the Northern Ireland House of Commons and the Senate of Northern Ireland. Son of Prime Minister J. M. Andrews, he was educated at Moure Grange Preparatory School, County Down, and Shrewsbury School. Andrews entered Parliament as MP for Mid Down in 1953 (replacing his father), a seat which he represented until his resignation in 1964, when he was elected to the Senate where he sat until the Parliament was prorogued in 1972. His election to the senate was following a cabinet reshuffle, in which Andrews accepted demotion to the politically unimportant position of Government Minister in the Senate. He held several Cabinet positions, including Minister in the Senate from 1964 and Deputy Prime Minister from May 1969. He was a contender for the position of Prime Minister on the retirement of Lord Brookeborough, but when it became clear that Terence O'Neill had a comfortable lead over both Andrews and Brian Faulkner in the parliamentary party, no contest was held. In 1969 he was approached by O'Neill to succeed him, but he refused and James Chichester-Clark was elected During the 1970 Bannside and South Antrim by-elections, Andrews was at the centre of the UUP's pluralist campaign against Ian Paisley's Protestant Unionist Party, declaring \"What does Protestant Unionism mean? Does it mean that you have to put a sign over the door of the Unionist Party saying Protestants only?\" Andrews was knighted in 1973. In retirement, he served as President of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the normal world, chances are they probably don't. So-or if that's the only photo they've got and they've got no information . . . Nathan: Yeah. Josh: They've got no blurb. It's just a photo, my instinct kicks in. I'm like, yep cool, next, fake! Nathan: Or even those with no photo at all. Josh: Yeah. Those ones. I love those ones. Nathan: Yeah. I mean, that's stupid. Photos should be made mandatory. Josh: Yeah. Nathan: I mean, that's why, like, before meeting someone, even as a friend, I'll say can you send a face picture and then they do. I mean, some of them think a face picture means down there, but-that's what they think. It's really-so I just go \"block.\" Josh: Yeah. No it is true. Like, there's even pictures of dogs and bridges . . . Nathan: I know. It's . . . Josh: You're like, it's an iPhone. I know you have a camera. What are you hiding? Young women also used pictures to measure authenticity. As Lauren observed, \"sometimes it'll be men\" who are \"sending pictures of naked women and saying send us your pic now.\" This was also noted in another group: Female participants expressed frustration that women's hook-up apps were not moderated more strictly to exclude heterosexual men. Rosie recounted an incident of sexual harassment, in which she received an unsolicited picture when using a women-only app: As the above anecdote illustrates, picture-sharing plays an essential role in establishing trust within in-app conversations and flirtations and also amplifies breaches"}, {"title": "", "text": "an opinion. But as you are sitting there, you are going \"Now wait, are they looking for someone that is going to be very assertive in this environment?\" because obviously, as a leader, you must. Or do you not want to overpower someone because that's also not being mindful of their opinions?...I felt as though I couldn't come across the way I wanted to because I didn't want to overtake the interview, but then in my-and then in my mind, I was like, \"Or should I?\" I mean, so it was-I almost felt like I couldn't really ah-ah think to the task. While Thali revealed this internal conflict, Tom only said that he \"felt really good leaving that first interview.\" He did not express any discomfort or a need to balance or regulate parts of himself to ensure acceptability to others. Rather, he said that the experience was so positive that it convinced him to enroll. As he put it, \"What sold it for me was that first interview. I went into that interview going, 'this is going to be great experience, ' and I left that interview saying, 'I want this...\" While this dichotomy between Tom and Thali could be, in part, attributable to personality differences, given the participants later responses highlighting the often gendered nature of feedback and framing of leadership within the program, it suggest that their feelings may also be partially due to implicit messages about what kinds of leadership were, and would be valued, in the program. As time went on,"}, {"title": "", "text": " DAILY MINDFULNESS

          DAILY MINDFULNESS

          What did you learn from your 'mindfulness conversation'? How did the other person find it?

          Full disclaimer I did my first mindfulness converstaion with my 15 year old brother. I found that I noticed his mannerisms more when he was talking. His body language portrayed that he was eager to complete this excercise with me as soon as possible as I had interupted his afternoon gaming session with his friend in Canada. I learned that I didn't find it hard to do mindful listening for 3 minutes when it was an excersice to complete, including looping and dipping and that I actually paid attention to what he was saying (he's generally the talker so I can ignore him from time to time). He found the mindfulness conversation weird, like going to an AA meeting and explaining your day he chimed in while I was the speaker, he also managed to laugh and ask questions.

          Which of the three suggested techniques will you use to sustain your practice?

          Take one breath a day, this seems to be achievable! and I'll try finding a mindfulness buddy as well. I'll post it up in my accountability this week on slack and see if I can cohort someone to be my mindfulness buddy.

          Any other musings?

          I found it interesting"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.08905254304409027, 0.03666532784700394, 0.09233357757329941, 0.11933285742998123, 0.11933285742998123, 0.09004367887973785, 0.06496436148881912, 0.0722573921084404, 0.0734957680106163, 0.06243714690208435, 0.04152899608016014, 0.05147825926542282, 0.06202756613492966, 0.08014803379774094, 0.08317341655492783, 0.036703240126371384, 0.05810995399951935, 0.08169003576040268, 0.09952463209629059, 0.09535382688045502, 0.0837140753865242, 0.06496436148881912, 0.10678157210350037, 0.10678157210350037, 0.04152899608016014, 0.041529007256031036, 0.09168516844511032, 0.09168630838394165, 0.09828149527311325, 0.0722571536898613, 0.11933284252882004, 0.057694949209690094, 0.06187397241592407, 0.06202756613492966, 0.025377051904797554, 0.025377051904797554, 0.026197141036391258, 0.049270231276750565, 0.08877092599868774, 0.08877092599868774, 0.09554685652256012, 0.07488106936216354, 0.06076895445585251, 0.06076895445585251, 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1281", "Document 1339", "Document 1403"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "had one) were prone to massive flooding, washing out dead dogs and cats that had fallen in. This would leave some to believe that dead animals were literally falling from the sky. Why the sight of a dead animal on the ground would cause anyone to assume it fell from the heavens, as opposed to just falling over dead the normal way, is anyone\u2019s guess. Others claim it goes all the way back to Norse mythology (the storm god Odin had two hounds). Still others say it has to do with the freak occurrence of frogs or fish falling from the sky (after being swept up by storms and flung miles away) and that the saying \u201cit\u2019s raining cats and dogs\u201d is just a way to say it\u2019s raining even harder than the time it rained fish. Still it seems like a catchier idiom would have been, \u201cIt\u2019s raining bears!\u201d or \u201cIt\u2019s raining human babies! Quick, catch the babies!\u201d followed by frenetic screaming. Anyway, there\u2019s no hard and fast proof for any of them so take your pick. Article Info\u2026\u2026.www.cracked.com Pictures from\u2026..attackofthecute.com Posted in Articles, Jokes and Funnies | Tagged and, cats, Common, Dogs, Raining, Sayings | Leave a Reply Bust Your Chops \u2013 Common Phrases To give someone a hard time. As in, \u201cYes, I\u2019m late and I\u2019m not wearing pants. Don\u2019t bust my chops.\u201d There was once a time in the world when it was considered cool to sport a long, ridiculous pair of mutton chop side burns. From America to England, Russia to"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2026 some other place even further away than Russia, the civilized global population couldn\u2019t get enough of these peninsula-shaped patches of hair. Then, these people got punched in the face\u2013their \u201cchops busted,\u201d if you will\u2013and an idiom was born. Even though there is no definitive proof to back this up, this seems to be the only theory going. Also, it involves stupid looking facial hair, so it has that going for it. It\u2019s just too bad that as regal and dignifying as the chops were for our founding fathers they only made hippies in the \u201960s seem like unwashed piles of tie-dyed failures. To this day the only people able to successfully pull off mutton chops are old-timey gold miners. If you have the chops in question and you are not one of these three, please, shave now or prepare to have them busted. Picture source\u2026..www.9freepictures.com Posted in Articles, Jokes and Funnies | Tagged Bust, Bust Your Chops, Chops, your | Leave a Reply"}, {"title": "", "text": "Greek poet Homer. In the epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men have to travel through the Straits of Messina, an area of the sea guarded by two fearsome monsters: Scylla, a monster with six mouths and 12 feet, and Charybdis, either a sea monster who produced a whirlpool or simply a whirlpool itself. Opting for either one was sure to result in death, for at least some of the crew, so the phrase \u201cbetween Scylla and Charybdis\u201d came to mean having to choose the lesser of two evils. 4 Bust One\u2019s Chops Today\u2019s meaning: Call one\u2019s bluff; criticize someone In the 1800s, when sideburns (and Ambrose Burnside) were at the height of their popularity, this phrase was often used as a challenge to someone\u2019s integrity. The phrase fell out of popular usage around the start of World War I, as men needed to shave the sides of their faces in order to accommodate protective gas masks. As a phrase, it was not only to be taken figuratively, \u201cbust one\u2019s chop\u201d was also to be taken literally. A \u201cbust to one\u2019s chops\u201d could reference a punch to the side of one\u2019s face. Thanks to the popularity of sideburns between the 1950s and the 1970s, and men like Lemmy, the phrase made a brief comeback before fading into relative obscurity today. 3 Give The Cold Shoulder Today\u2019s meaning: To disregard someone Although its true origins are unclear, the earliest written evidence of this phrase comes from the writings of Walter Scott, a Scottish poet and novelist"}, {"title": "", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "", "text": "What does 'off chops' mean in Australia? Australian slang 'off chops' meaning? To be wildly, excessively drunk. To have drank possibly more than your bodyweight in beer. See also wasted, drunk, off his head. Example: He was deadset wasted, after the shots he was completely off chops. Slang For something or someone to be very good, absolutely amazing, for the term offchops originally came from the meat off the chop of a lamb being so satisfying, the words off chops was brought to be known as expression for something as good as the lamb off a chop. -Example: Laurence said, \u201cThat photo is off chops\u201d as he admired a self portrait of himself, Liking it very much. :Example: \u201cOff chops\u201d I said as I looked out at the beautiful landscape stretching for miles with turquoise sea and green grass on the land in the distance, gawking in awe and amazement. Example: \"This is off chops\" Nathan said with delight as he ate one of Alannas home made Anzac cookies."}, {"title": "", "text": "the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations."}, {"title": "", "text": "the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations. Horticultural doppelg\u00e4ngers Q: Can \u201cdoppelg\u00e4nger\u201d refer to a lookalike plant as"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 definitions by Mentalfloss but that's just my opinion \"I know it's bigoted, ill-informed and offensive, but I'm going to say it anyway.\" \"Immigrants are bleeding the country dry, but that's just my opinion.\" by Mentalfloss October 28, 2013 Get a but that's just my opinion mug for your Facebook friend Sarah. Ch-Ch-Burn! An interjection shouted out after a person experiences an excrutiatingly painful burn, or insult. The \"Ch-ch\" noise refers to the sound of the cocking of a shotgun. The \"burn!\" replaces the sound of \"bang!\". That's how painful this particular burn must have been. Boy: I don't know why you wear a bra. It's not like you have anything to fill it. Girl: And yet you still wear pants. Random friend: Ch-Ch-BURN!!! by Mentalfloss December 29, 2009 Get a Ch-Ch-Burn! mug for your father Jerry."}, {"title": "", "text": "the act of chopping someone directly on the spine. jenga chopping is usually only used in self defence. the term benga chop is plain mockery of jenga chop. Get a jenga chop mug for your grandma Jovana."}, {"title": "", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "", "text": "to the marrow in that snowstorm. The children were chilled to the bone in that unheated room. chink in one\u2019s armour a weakness or vulnerable point that provides an opportunity for attacking or impressing someone who is otherwise invulnerable. His love for his child is the chink in his armour. Jane\u2019s insecurity is the chink in her armour. a person (usually a male) who behaves in the same way as his father or resembles his father. (Usually informal.) John looks like his father\u2014a real chip off the old block. Bill Jones is a chip off the old block. He\u2019s a banker just like his father. chop and change to keep changing or altering something. The shop is always chopping and changing staff. The firm is constantly chopping and changing its plans. clap eyes on someone or something to see someone or something, perhaps for the first time; to set eyes on someone or something. (Informal.) I wish she had never clapped eyes on her fiance?. I haven\u2019t clapped eyes on a red squirrel for years. to get rid of doubts or hostile feelings. (Sometimes this is said about an argument or other unpleasantness. The literal meaning is also used.) All right, let\u2019s discuss this frankly. It\u2019ll be better if we clear the air. Mr. and Mrs. Brown always seem to have to clear the air with a big argument before they can be sociable. to admit that one is wrong; to admit defeat. They were sure they were in the right, but they climbed down when"}, {"title": "", "text": "etc.) shouldn\u2019t take the place of the ordinary pronouns I and me, he and him, she and her, and so on. They\u2019re better used for two principal purposes: \u2022 To emphasize. I made the cake myself. Love itself is a riddle. The detective himself was the murderer. (The emphasis could be left out, and the sentence would still make sense.) \u2022 To refer back to the subject. She hates herself. And you call yourself a plumber! They consider themselves lucky to be alive. The problem practically solved itself. Our etymological chops Q: The Playbill for Lincoln Center\u2019s tribute to Oscar Peterson says Kenny Baron, one of the pianists performing, \u201choned his chops\u201d playing with Dizzy Gillespie, Milt Jackson, Freddie Hubbard, and other jazz musicians. How did \u201cchops\u201d come to mean skill? A test for your etymological chops. A: The story begins back in the early 16th century when \u201cchop\u201d appeared in English as a term for the jaw. The earliest known example (with \u201cchop\u201d spelled \u201cchoip\u201d) is from \u201cThe Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,\u201d which was composed by the Scottish poet William Dunbar in 1505 and printed in 1508, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: \u201cThy cheikbane bair and blaiknit is thy ble. / Thy choip, thy choll garris men for to leif chest\u201d (\u201cThy cheekbones stick out and pale is thy complexion. / Thy jaw, thy jowl makes men live sinlessly\u201d). We\u2019ve expanded the citation from the poem, which describes a flyting, or literary war of words, between Dunbar and another poet, Walter Kennedy. By"}, {"title": "", "text": "When he sits on the couch, and you straddle him. By splitting your legs it's called a chop. Girl, I couchy chopped that hot guy from the bar last night. Get a couchy chop mug for your fish Zora."}, {"title": "", "text": "to find any historical sense of \u201cchum\u201d to mean anything close to \u201cchump.\u201d I\u2019ll keep an eye out for the movie, and if I find it I promise to listen very, very closely to that scene. But for the time being I think we\u2019ll have to assume that it\u2019s that ancient soundtrack that transformed \u201cchump\u201d into something that sounds like \u201cchum.\u201d July 20th, 2011 | Category: columns 1 comment to Chum / Chump WIX: Bats in the Belfry | julie rowan-zoch October 24, 2012 at 8:14 am \u00b7 Reply [\u2026] This time of year brings out the crazies, and I look forward to getting older for just that reason \u2013 madness that can be dismissed with age! \u201cShe\u2019s got bats in the belfry!\u201d they\u2019ll cry out as I skip by in my rain boots and bathing suit! In Germany one could say \u201cSie hat nicht alle Tassen im Schrank.\u201d She doesn\u2019t have all her cups in the cupboard. In England or Australia you might hear \u201coff her chump\u201c. I get the meaning, but on its own \u2018chump\u2019 means an \u2018idiot\u2019 or \u2018fool\u2019. So, to follow my sidetracked mind, I swooped around the internet and found and extracted this from The Word Detective: [\u2026]"}, {"title": "", "text": "The idiom appeared in various forms, such as it ain\u2019t chopped liver, that\u2019s not chopped liver, and it\u2019s not exactly chopped liver. The first of these forms is noted by Jonathan Lighter in his Historical Dictionary of American Slang from a Jimmy Durante television show in 1954. It must surely be older. This is another version, from a little later: Some of the critics put it right up there with \u201cMy Fair Lady.\u201d Even before it lifts the curtain there is a million dollars in advance orders and this as the boys say is not chopped liver \u2026 The Victoria Advocate (Victoria, Texas), 8 Mar 1959. The form that you mention appears in the historical record a few years later still. Somebody exclaiming What am I? Chopped liver? is expressing annoyance at being thought unworthy of attention: \u201cWhat about me? Why am I being ignored? Don\u2019t I matter?\u201d It could be New York Jewish. It has the right cadence for a Yiddish exclamation and chopped liver, as we\u2019ve seen, is an archetypal Jewish dish. And the experts suggest it grew out of a catchphrase of comedians in the Borscht Belt of the Catskill Mountains patronised by Jewish people from New York City. But there\u2019s no certain connection. What is clear that it filled a need and that even by its earliest written appearances it had already reached places well away from centres of Jewish life. Happy as a sandboy Q From Niki Wessels, South Africa; a related question came from Robert Metcalf in Singapore: Our family"}, {"title": "", "text": "Often misused, this Greek term means the common people, or the masses Ken Alan Laura (Alex: You don't have as much money as you usually have when you uncover a Daily Double in this second round.) (Ken: It's a big disappointment for me, too. I'm gonna wager $4,800.) ... (Alex: That's right. Not the hotsy-totsy.) Laura Leslie, a journalist from Sacramento, California Alan Paul, an economist from Los Angeles, California TV SHOWS IN OTHER WORDS MIDWESTERN CITIES I NEED MY \"SPACE\" This organ is flexible, so it expands when food is eaten; its capacity in an adult is about a quart \"Chaplin's Cherubim\" One of the Twin Cities, its name literally means \"water city\" Mr. Potato Head's \"Picnic Pals\" of the '60s included Mr. Ketchup Head & this other condiment character From India, the shashpar was a multi-bladed version of this spiked club A trapezius artist would draw the muscle pulling back or elevating this bone \"Identify This Melody\" Its pro sports teams include the Chiefs, Royals & Wizards Hmm... when Katie the Carrot was introduced in '64, this other female character went (temporarily) bye-bye A French riot policeman may wield this, simply the French word for \"stick\" It's been making people scream at Disney World since the '70s The sweat glands originate in this bottom layer of skin \"7 Plus 1 Completes the Need\" The Roger Maris Museum at the West Acres Shopping Center is a big hit in this North Dakota city It was no insult when this comic was hired to provide the"}, {"title": "", "text": "to find any historical sense of \u201cchum\u201d to mean anything close to \u201cchump.\u201d I\u2019ll keep an eye out for the movie, and if I find it I promise to listen very, very closely to that scene. But for the time being I think we\u2019ll have to assume that it\u2019s that ancient soundtrack that transformed \u201cchump\u201d into something that sounds like \u201cchum.\u201d July 20th, 2011 | Category: columns 1 comment to Chum / Chump WIX: Bats in the Belfry | julie rowan-zoch [\u2026] This time of year brings out the crazies, and I look forward to getting older for just that reason \u2013 madness that can be dismissed with age! \u201cShe\u2019s got bats in the belfry!\u201d they\u2019ll cry out as I skip by in my rain boots and bathing suit! In Germany one could say \u201cSie hat nicht alle Tassen im Schrank.\u201d She doesn\u2019t have all her cups in the cupboard. In England or Australia you might hear \u201coff her chump\u201c. I get the meaning, but on its own \u2018chump\u2019 means an \u2018idiot\u2019 or \u2018fool\u2019. So, to follow my sidetracked mind, I swooped around the internet and found and extracted this from The Word Detective: [\u2026]"}, {"title": "", "text": "would take it. \u2018Could I BE any more dead?\u2019 /canned laughter/ When a Plugger says he has a pair of choppers, it means they\u2019ve been spending too much time watching NRA videos. Cheese, motherfuckers! @pugfuggly: Or he\u2019s one of da ork boyz. jroggs January 19th, 2023 at 5:11 am Pluggers: No one, plugger or otherwise, refers to teeth or dentures as choppers. Granted, there\u2019s no funny double meaning to chompers, but you know, maybe we just don\u2019t need to force wordplay out of prosthetic dental work. 9CL: If I wanted to watch ugly animals climb around, make loud screeching noises, and sniff each other, I\u2019d go to the zoo. For Manhattan\u2019s cultural elite, however, this is just another sold-out performance at Carnegie Hall. MW: In case anyone forgot who the dumbest person in Santa Royale is after a year of exposure to intellectual powerhouses like Toby Cameron, Dawn Weston, and Zak Cougarsimp, today is your helpful reminder. Amelie Wikstr\u00f6m January 19th, 2023 at 5:12 am Pie cutters, word hole, smile factory, teefs, Bite Club, kisser lip service, slot A, set of bran flakes, your 32 white horses, Jaws 2: The Tooth is Out There, you-can\u2019t-make-up-the-teeth, there\u2019s so many fun slang terms for teeth/mouths that could have made this Pluggers cartoon a working joke and they went for \u201cset of choppers\u201d which is not, as has been pointed out, a homonym for anything that anybody anywhere owns \u2013 I think the closest you could get is that Scrubs episode where JD, Turk and Carla gets themed blue,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Learn About Phrases and Sayings A Chip On Your Shoulder If you have a chip on your shoulder, it means you feel angry because someone mistreated you; holding a grudge. This common phrase is used when someone feels like they have been wronged and they remain upset over it. Example: Alex had a chip on his shoulder ever since one of his coworkers stole his lunch out of the fridge and ate it without his permission. (In other words, Alex was angry at his coworker ever since this incident.) Synonyms / Similar Phrases: 1. Foaming at the mouth 2. Having a bone to pick 3. Up in arms The Origin Of \u201cA Chip On Your Shoulder\u201d What does it mean to have a chip on your shoulder? The \u2018chip\u2019 mentioned in this phrase does not refer to potato chips, as if someone is walking around with a bag of baked potatoes on their shoulder. No, the \u2018chip\u2019 here actually refers to a piece of timber, or wood. Timber can be clunky to move around due to its size, so to make things easier, a person might lift it up onto one of their shoulders and carry it that way. By doing this, they would quite literally have chips (of wood) on their shoulder. However, this phrase did not originate from people simply carrying around wood. There was also anger and violence involved. Listen to this: Apparently there was a time when people would literally place a chip on their shoulder. The reason? To show others that"}, {"title": "", "text": "to find any historical sense of \u201cchum\u201d to mean anything close to \u201cchump.\u201d I\u2019ll keep an eye out for the movie, and if I find it I promise to listen very, very closely to that scene. But for the time being I think we\u2019ll have to assume that it\u2019s that ancient soundtrack that transformed \u201cchump\u201d into something that sounds like \u201cchum.\u201d July 20th, 2011 | Category: columns 1 comment to Chum / Chump WIX: Bats in the Belfry | julie rowan-zoch [\u2026] This time of year brings out the crazies, and I look forward to getting older for just that reason \u2013 madness that can be dismissed with age! \u201cShe\u2019s got bats in the belfry!\u201d they\u2019ll cry out as I skip by in my rain boots and bathing suit! In Germany one could say \u201cSie hat nicht alle Tassen im Schrank.\u201d She doesn\u2019t have all her cups in the cupboard. In England or Australia you might hear \u201coff her chump\u201c. I get the meaning, but on its own \u2018chump\u2019 means an \u2018idiot\u2019 or \u2018fool\u2019. So, to follow my sidetracked mind, I swooped around the internet and found and extracted this from The Word Detective: [\u2026] Leave a Reply to WIX: Bats in the Belfry | julie rowan-zoch Cancel reply"}, {"title": "", "text": "the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations."}, {"title": "", "text": "solos. So if you transpose that to the drum kit I would take chops to mean the basics, and licks to mean the fancy stuff like fills ans solo's. mikel said: not where the terms originated at all it was a slang term used by jazz musicians referring to cats who could play and had the courage to put their expression out there the meaning in its origin is very simple it means you can hang.... thats it for example... the band leaders calls a tune and looks to the bass player he is unfamiliar with and says ... \" Cherokee, you got the chops?\".... asking him if he can hang today it has taken on some self indulgent acrobatic definition .... now a musical phrase is referred to as a \"chop\" .... and \"chops\" now often means look how fast and unmusically I can play this passage Thanks so much for your replies... sounds pretty subjective.. I was trying to figure out if the guy meant that his drummer couldn't keep tight rhythm and perform basic stuff, or if they're expecting a drummer that is more dynamic and showy, more experienced. I guess I'll just call him and ask!!! I'll also find out tomorrow night In reference to the other drummer, it sounds to me like the guy you are auditioning for, just didn't like the overall playing of the former drummer. I don't get the impression that he was being specific. Ha, Tony up to his usual \"I am right, this is how it"}, {"title": "", "text": "solos. So if you transpose that to the drum kit I would take chops to mean the basics, and licks to mean the fancy stuff like fills ans solo's. mikel said: not where the terms originated at all it was a slang term used by jazz musicians referring to cats who could play and had the courage to put their expression out there the meaning in its origin is very simple it means you can hang.... thats it for example... the band leaders calls a tune and looks to the bass player he is unfamiliar with and says ... \" Cherokee, you got the chops?\".... asking him if he can hang today it has taken on some self indulgent acrobatic definition .... now a musical phrase is referred to as a \"chop\" .... and \"chops\" now often means look how fast and unmusically I can play this passage Thanks so much for your replies... sounds pretty subjective.. I was trying to figure out if the guy meant that his drummer couldn't keep tight rhythm and perform basic stuff, or if they're expecting a drummer that is more dynamic and showy, more experienced. I guess I'll just call him and ask!!! I'll also find out tomorrow night In reference to the other drummer, it sounds to me like the guy you are auditioning for, just didn't like the overall playing of the former drummer. I don't get the impression that he was being specific. Ha, Tony up to his usual \"I am right, this is how it"}, {"title": "", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"my chops is beat!! It\u2019s one of those words with which most people are familiar, but have vastly differing opinions of what it means. It summons visions of men women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in marriage on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of courtship usually look at the process of \u201cmate selection.\u201d (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from time to time, will never be accused of being romantics.) For the purpose of this article the , prior to the early 20th century, courtship involved one man and one woman spending intentional time together to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential husband or wife. Originally something so good, that it is hard to take. His playing is \"too much.\" Torch --- Used occasionally as a description of a song that expresses unrequited love. Train Wreck --- Event during the playing of a tune when the musicians \"disagree\" on where they are in the form (i.e. someone gets lost), so the chord changes and the melody may get confused for several bars, but depending on the abilities of the musicians (it happens to the best of them), there are usually no fatalities and the journey continues. Sorry I can't stick around Slick, I gotta \"split.\" Square --- A somewhat outmoded term meaning unknowing which can be a noun or a verb. Take five --- A way of telling someone to take a five minute break or to take a five"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"my chops is beat!! It\u2019s one of those words with which most people are familiar, but have vastly differing opinions of what it means. It summons visions of men women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in marriage on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of courtship usually look at the process of \u201cmate selection.\u201d (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from time to time, will never be accused of being romantics.) For the purpose of this article the , prior to the early 20th century, courtship involved one man and one woman spending intentional time together to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential husband or wife. Originally something so good, that it is hard to take. His playing is \"too much.\" Torch --- Used occasionally as a description of a song that expresses unrequited love. Train Wreck --- Event during the playing of a tune when the musicians \"disagree\" on where they are in the form (i.e. someone gets lost), so the chord changes and the melody may get confused for several bars, but depending on the abilities of the musicians (it happens to the best of them), there are usually no fatalities and the journey continues. Sorry I can't stick around Slick, I gotta \"split.\" Square --- A somewhat outmoded term meaning unknowing which can be a noun or a verb. Take five --- A way of telling someone to take a five minute break or to take a five"}, {"title": "", "text": "Our etymological chops Q: The Playbill for Lincoln Center\u2019s tribute to Oscar Peterson says Kenny Baron, one of the pianists performing, \u201choned his chops\u201d playing with Dizzy Gillespie, Milt Jackson, Freddie Hubbard, and other jazz musicians. How did \u201cchops\u201d come to mean skill? A test for your etymological chops. A: The story begins back in the early 16th century when \u201cchop\u201d appeared in English as a term for the jaw. The earliest known example (with \u201cchop\u201d spelled \u201cchoip\u201d) is from \u201cThe Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,\u201d which was composed by the Scottish poet William Dunbar in 1505 and printed in 1508, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: \u201cThy cheikbane bair and blaiknit is thy ble. / Thy choip, thy choll garris men for to leif chest\u201d (\u201cThy cheekbones stick out and pale is thy complexion. / Thy jaw, thy jowl makes men live sinlessly\u201d). We\u2019ve expanded the citation from the poem, which describes a flyting, or literary war of words, between Dunbar and another poet, Walter Kennedy. By the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way"}, {"title": "", "text": "the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations. Horticultural doppelg\u00e4ngers Q: Can \u201cdoppelg\u00e4nger\u201d refer to a lookalike plant as"}, {"title": "", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "", "text": "added to the end of statements or rhetorical questions, often to express irritation or impatience, as in this quotation from Adichie\u2019s 2013 novel Americanah: \u2018He could have given you reduced rent in one of his properties, even a free flat sef.\u2019 \u201cAlso coming from pidgin contexts is the verb chop, which is a common colloquial word in Ghana and Nigeria meaning \u2018to eat\u2019. However, beginning in the 1970s, chop also developed the sense of acquiring money quickly and easily, and often dishonestly. The negative sense of misappropriating, extorting, or embezzling funds is also in the earlier reduplicative noun chop-chop (earliest quotation dated 1966), which refers to bribery and corruption in public life. This likening of stealing money to actually devouring it is also reflected in the even earlier synonymous phrase to eat money (1960), as in the following quotation from Nigeria\u2019s News Chronicle in 2016:\u2019Our roads were not done. By the end of this year, you will know who ate the money of these roads.\u2019 \u201cA few other expressions in this update would require some explanation for non-Nigerians: a barbing salon (earliest quotation dated 1979) is a barber\u2019s shop; a gist (1990) is a rumour, and to gist (1992) is to gossip; when a woman is said to have put to bed (1973), it means that she has given birth; something described as qualitative (1976) is excellent or of high quality. \u201cBy focusing on contemporary language in this update, and adding words and phrases that form part of the everyday vocabulary of today\u2019s Nigerians, we hope"}, {"title": "", "text": "in \"He will have to do it **choosehow**.\" a snap with the jaws or mouth is a **chop** **chop** as in \"cut\" is from chap, as in \"cracked skin\" **chop-chop** for \"quick, quickly\" is pidgin English based on Chinese dialect _kuai-kuai_ **chopper** comes from the chop-chop noises made by helicopter rotors **chops** is a slang term for extreme proficiency in Chinese, **chopsticks** originally meant \"quick sticks\" or \"nimble ones\" a **chord** is three or more notes sounded together; the original sense of **chord** was \"agreement, reconciliation\" **chord** and **cord** may derive from Greek _chorde_ , \"length of catgut\"\u2014which was first used for stringed instruments and which resembles string to **chore** is to do household or routine tasks; chores, from the beginning, implied light tasks as opposed to real work **choreography** is based on Greek _khoreia_ , \"dancing in unison,\" from _khoros_ , \"chorus\" a **chorine** is a chorus girl **chorometry** or **embadometry** is the science of land surveying; **geomatics** is the mathematics of the earth the study of place names and geographical phenomena is **choronymy** a **choropleth** map is a map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income **chortle** is probably a blend of chuckle and snort and was coined by Lewis Carroll **chorus** originally meant a character speaking the prologue or epilogue in a play **chou** or **choux** is a pastry, at first a round cream-filled pastry cake, from French _choul_ **choux** \"cabbage(s), rosette(s),\""}, {"title": "", "text": "etc.) shouldn\u2019t take the place of the ordinary pronouns I and me, he and him, she and her, and so on. They\u2019re better used for two principal purposes: \u2022 To emphasize. I made the cake myself. Love itself is a riddle. The detective himself was the murderer. (The emphasis could be left out, and the sentence would still make sense.) \u2022 To refer back to the subject. She hates herself. And you call yourself a plumber! They consider themselves lucky to be alive. The problem practically solved itself. Our etymological chops Q: The Playbill for Lincoln Center\u2019s tribute to Oscar Peterson says Kenny Baron, one of the pianists performing, \u201choned his chops\u201d playing with Dizzy Gillespie, Milt Jackson, Freddie Hubbard, and other jazz musicians. How did \u201cchops\u201d come to mean skill? A test for your etymological chops. A: The story begins back in the early 16th century when \u201cchop\u201d appeared in English as a term for the jaw. The earliest known example (with \u201cchop\u201d spelled \u201cchoip\u201d) is from \u201cThe Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,\u201d which was composed by the Scottish poet William Dunbar in 1505 and printed in 1508, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: \u201cThy cheikbane bair and blaiknit is thy ble. / Thy choip, thy choll garris men for to leif chest\u201d (\u201cThy cheekbones stick out and pale is thy complexion. / Thy jaw, thy jowl makes men live sinlessly\u201d). We\u2019ve expanded the citation from the poem, which describes a flyting, or literary war of words, between Dunbar and another poet, Walter Kennedy. By"}, {"title": "", "text": "is, end of story\". You have to love the shy retiring guy. If he said, \"I believe, or in my opinion\" we could all discuss, but no, Its always \"This is how it is\". A chop is just that, when you play a chord you \"Chop\" down with fingers or plectrum. A lick, as I was told, is a riff, or run, or if you string lots of licks together, a solo. End of story (As Tony is fond of saying). Only joking. I was told this by my old guitar teacher back in the late 50s, and it is used by most guitarists, so it has some weight. Ha, Tony up to his usual \"I am right, this is how it is, end of story\". You have to love the shy retiring guy. A chop is just that, when you play a chord you \"Chop\" down with fingers or plectrum. A lick, as I say, is a riff, or run, or if you string lots of licks together, a solo. End of story (As Tony is fond of saying). Only joking. I was told this by my old guitar teacher back in the late 50s, and it is used by most guitarists, so it has some weight. chop strumming is completely different than a players \"chops\" and I don't think I have ever said \"end of story\" in my entire life not trying to be the ..... \"end of story\" guy.... just clarifying when a player says call this cat he has chops.... he simply"}, {"title": "", "text": "is, end of story\". You have to love the shy retiring guy. If he said, \"I believe, or in my opinion\" we could all discuss, but no, Its always \"This is how it is\". A chop is just that, when you play a chord you \"Chop\" down with fingers or plectrum. A lick, as I was told, is a riff, or run, or if you string lots of licks together, a solo. End of story (As Tony is fond of saying). Only joking. I was told this by my old guitar teacher back in the late 50s, and it is used by most guitarists, so it has some weight. Ha, Tony up to his usual \"I am right, this is how it is, end of story\". You have to love the shy retiring guy. A chop is just that, when you play a chord you \"Chop\" down with fingers or plectrum. A lick, as I say, is a riff, or run, or if you string lots of licks together, a solo. End of story (As Tony is fond of saying). Only joking. I was told this by my old guitar teacher back in the late 50s, and it is used by most guitarists, so it has some weight. chop strumming is completely different than a players \"chops\" and I don't think I have ever said \"end of story\" in my entire life not trying to be the ..... \"end of story\" guy.... just clarifying when a player says call this cat he has chops.... he simply"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Mediterranean military post, were ordered to 'come here' (for questioning) with the local, palm-down beckon. Assuming that the gesture meant that they must go back, they turned away and were immediately shot as presumed spies trying to make a getaway. Locality: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey. HAND CHOP (I) Meaning: I cut through the argument. Action: One stiff hand chops down on the upturned palm of the other hand. Background: The speaker mimes the action of cutting downwards with a small axe or chopper (or perhaps imitating a karate chop). The gesture is often used unconsciously during a heated debate, when someone is intent on slicing through the verbal confusion to make a strong, clear point. It is related to the Palm Punch in which the clenched fist is slammed down into the upturned palm, but the chopping action reflects a mood of more precision and slightly less violence than the fist action. Locality: Worldwide. HAND CHOP (2) Meaning: Threat. Action: The active hand is chopped through the air with repeated, short jerks, but the other hand is not involved in the gesture. The chopping movements are made with a wrist-rotation movement, rather than a downward thrust. Background: This version of the Hand Chop is made in silence and is usually intended as a threat of 'blows to come' if something is not stopped immediately. It is most often directed at misbehaving children by mildly annoyed adults. Locality: Italy. HAND CHOP (3) Meaning: Threat. Action: As with Hand Chop (2), but while"}, {"title": "", "text": "neighborhoods that you sometimes come across in South Africa. Chop is a perfect example. In Nigerian (and Ghanaian) pidgin, chop means to eat. In the case of the above video, \u2018chop my money\u2019 means that the woman all these men are interested in excels at spending their money. There\u2019s some additional pidgin \u2013 \u201cI know dey lie\u201d vs \u201cyou no go believe\u201d playing on the homonym (knowledge vs. negation) as well as a Yoruba verse that slides back into slang \u201cOmo ele I get pepper\u201d (Pretty baby, I\u2019ll find money). An expansive continent, sure, but with enough similarities to make a popsong work."}, {"title": "", "text": "means he can hang... thats it Obiwandrumobe chops... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10a45mgMGcY Pocket-full-of-gold A player's skill set......at least, that's what the term used to refer to. These days it's come to mean many weird and wonderful things.....the most prominant of which seems to be playing fast and flashy. But back in the day, it simply meant that you were able to apply your skill set. \"That guy's got great chops\" didn't mean he was a contender for the WFD. It simply meant he could play musically. His musical interpretations were what was required for the song/artist/band. It's also not a drumming term. It's a musical one in general. A guitarist can have \"chops\", a pianist can have \"chops\", as can a trumpet player. I interpret chops as the vocabulary and speed to play fast or technical things. Can I see a bigger photo of your dog? MileHighDrummer Exactly what Arky and Pocket...Gold said. It is your skill-set. If you've got your \"chops\" you (as Tony said above) can hang with the musicians you are playing with. EarthRocker I've always looked at this way, as wrong as it may be. Chops are your flairs. Bells & whistles. Dre25 said: Sure! He's grown up a lot since my avatar pic .. see attached... Zach for forum.jpg That dog looks like it would like some (pork) 'chops'. Aeolian \"Chops\" comes from the old jazz horn players. Their \"choppers\" or mouths/lips, and what they could do with them. Initially it meant complete skill in playing. Tone production, range (especially for brass players) and"}, {"title": "", "text": "means he can hang... thats it Obiwandrumobe chops... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10a45mgMGcY Pocket-full-of-gold A player's skill set......at least, that's what the term used to refer to. These days it's come to mean many weird and wonderful things.....the most prominant of which seems to be playing fast and flashy. But back in the day, it simply meant that you were able to apply your skill set. \"That guy's got great chops\" didn't mean he was a contender for the WFD. It simply meant he could play musically. His musical interpretations were what was required for the song/artist/band. It's also not a drumming term. It's a musical one in general. A guitarist can have \"chops\", a pianist can have \"chops\", as can a trumpet player. I interpret chops as the vocabulary and speed to play fast or technical things. Can I see a bigger photo of your dog? MileHighDrummer Exactly what Arky and Pocket...Gold said. It is your skill-set. If you've got your \"chops\" you (as Tony said above) can hang with the musicians you are playing with. EarthRocker I've always looked at this way, as wrong as it may be. Chops are your flairs. Bells & whistles. Dre25 said: Sure! He's grown up a lot since my avatar pic .. see attached... Zach for forum.jpg That dog looks like it would like some (pork) 'chops'. Aeolian \"Chops\" comes from the old jazz horn players. Their \"choppers\" or mouths/lips, and what they could do with them. Initially it meant complete skill in playing. Tone production, range (especially for brass players) and"}, {"title": "", "text": "The expression to **chop and change** sprung up during the 15th century, and since it originated, the meaning has been used in the same sense that we use it today. Chop is an archaic old English word meaning \"to exchange\" or \"change suddenly.\" To chop and change meant to change suddenly and then change again. The first written example is from the 1485 _Digby Mysteries_ \u2014\"I choppe and chaunge with symonye, and take large yiftes (gifts).\" Blown to Smithereens **MEANING:** to explode or destroy something into tiny pieces **IN CONTEXT:** There were only three boats who attacked the fleet and they were _blown to smithereens_ within ten minutes. Always used in the plural, **blown to smithereens** is of Irish origin. Smithereens derives from the Gaelic word smidirin, meaning \"small or tiny fragments.\" The expression was in common usage by the early 19th century and was first written in Francis Plowden's 1803 book _An Historical Review of the State of Ireland_ , where he wrote, \"If you don't be off directly...we will break your carriage in smithereens, and hough your cattle and burn your house.\" Round Robin **MEANING:** something that operates in a rotational manner, such as a circular petition or letter; a sporting tournament where each player plays all others **IN CONTEXT:** The organizers decided to change the tennis tournament to a _round robin_ instead of sudden death. **Round robin** stems from 17th century France, when peasant revolts were rife. Whenever the King received a petition for change, which contained a list of signatures, he would"}, {"title": "", "text": "Choplogic has two meanings, and can refer to either \"involved and often specious argumentation\" or the kind of person who engages in such behavior. The word was formed by a combination of logic and an obsolete sense of chop meaning \"to bandy words, answer back.\" You should be warned that knowing what to call such a person will in no way alleviate your displeasure should you have to deal with one. rascal; rogue \"'Not by my will,' said Mr. Vincy. 'I shall have enough to do this year, with an idle scamp of a son, without paying for wedding-clothes.'\" - George Eliot, Middlemarch, 1871-2 \"British director Guy Ritchie took Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes out of mothballs in 2009, giving him a sarcastic and kinetic update with the help of lovable scamp Robert Downey Jr.\" - Matthew Odam, Austin American-Statesman, December 16, 2011 Scamp once functioned as a verb meaning \"to roam about idly\" (think scamper). The noun we've featured here appeared later, and has a more playful overtone than some other words on this list. Guttersnipe one belonging to or suited to the lowest moral or economic condition of usually urban civilization : a street urchin \"But when the afternoon arrived, his unsuspecting mother found her pretty parlours invaded by twelve little gutter-snipes, not much cleaner as to vocabulary than as to person.\" - Lucia Runkle, Harper's Magazine, 1873 For many people, guttersnipe conjures up images of a Dickensian waif, some ill-clothed and iller-fed child of the streets, making their way through Victorian London"}, {"title": "", "text": "classic rock band or even a funk band. As a side-note. Chops are relative. What's fast and complicated for one drummer is slow and simple for another. \"Uncle Larry\" I think it's fair to say that chops can mean a few different things. Chops to me means you have a good vocabulary (not just fills) and just as critical, the execution of your all around playing is clean, not sloppy. Technically proficient is a good way to describe it, like the definition you found. Having good chops.... implies that you have a good grasp of how to get around a drumset, and have the ability to make the drums sound effective, not someone who overplays for the situation. Chops mean different things to different people. It's a pretty far reaching and not very clearly defined term. A person can have great chops and not be an effective drummer. Chops.... if you think of them simply as fast, clean playing.... have to be combined with musical maturity to really shine. Your take-away...having the ability to play and sound good, is as good a definition as any. It's a pretty ambiguous term. Hope your audition goes the way you want it to. DrumEatDrum Among drummers, chops generally refers to being ale to play complex fills or ideas smoothly. But in the context of the conversation from the band, what Midnite said: If we go back to where , I believe, the term \"Licks and chops\" originated, the guitar. Chops meant chords, the basics, and licks, meaning riffs and"}, {"title": "", "text": "classic rock band or even a funk band. As a side-note. Chops are relative. What's fast and complicated for one drummer is slow and simple for another. \"Uncle Larry\" I think it's fair to say that chops can mean a few different things. Chops to me means you have a good vocabulary (not just fills) and just as critical, the execution of your all around playing is clean, not sloppy. Technically proficient is a good way to describe it, like the definition you found. Having good chops.... implies that you have a good grasp of how to get around a drumset, and have the ability to make the drums sound effective, not someone who overplays for the situation. Chops mean different things to different people. It's a pretty far reaching and not very clearly defined term. A person can have great chops and not be an effective drummer. Chops.... if you think of them simply as fast, clean playing.... have to be combined with musical maturity to really shine. Your take-away...having the ability to play and sound good, is as good a definition as any. It's a pretty ambiguous term. Hope your audition goes the way you want it to. DrumEatDrum Among drummers, chops generally refers to being ale to play complex fills or ideas smoothly. But in the context of the conversation from the band, what Midnite said: If we go back to where , I believe, the term \"Licks and chops\" originated, the guitar. Chops meant chords, the basics, and licks, meaning riffs and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Chops? Thread starter marthared marthared Being fairly new to the drumming world (about 3 years), I'm still catching up on the vocabulary... Can you guys tell me what's meant by \"chops\"? I may be auditioning for another band tomorrow night, and the guy that emailed me said \"Our last drummer was really nice but didn't 'have the chops'\" Not sure if this means he didn't have the complexity of fills, etc. that they wanted, or that his rhythm wasn't tight,... or something else.. Here's what I found on the web: \"Chops\" means technical proficiency. Your ability to execute a solid snare roll, high hat shuffle, double bass pounding heavy metal style, etc. You keep a rock steady beat and can handle challenging pieces of music, i.e. tricky time signatures like 12/8 and 12/4.\" That definition sounds like it simply means your ability to play and sound good! lol....! Does that sound right? Don't wanta ask him, as I'd look pretty green Help! Thanks! Martha - yes, that's basically it. Just the generalisation of good playing skills and having one's stuff together. marthared said: Having the chops, to me, means having the ability to play the signature fills in a song, nail the beats properly, keep good time most importantly, and have a few styles of playing in your repertoire. Pretty much what you just said. I'm a pretty decent drummer in some bands, but I don't play double-bass. I don't have the chops for a Thrash Metal band, but I do have the chops for a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Chops? Thread starter marthared marthared Being fairly new to the drumming world (about 3 years), I'm still catching up on the vocabulary... Can you guys tell me what's meant by \"chops\"? I may be auditioning for another band tomorrow night, and the guy that emailed me said \"Our last drummer was really nice but didn't 'have the chops'\" Not sure if this means he didn't have the complexity of fills, etc. that they wanted, or that his rhythm wasn't tight,... or something else.. Here's what I found on the web: \"Chops\" means technical proficiency. Your ability to execute a solid snare roll, high hat shuffle, double bass pounding heavy metal style, etc. You keep a rock steady beat and can handle challenging pieces of music, i.e. tricky time signatures like 12/8 and 12/4.\" That definition sounds like it simply means your ability to play and sound good! lol....! Does that sound right? Don't wanta ask him, as I'd look pretty green Help! Thanks! Martha - yes, that's basically it. Just the generalisation of good playing skills and having one's stuff together. marthared said: Having the chops, to me, means having the ability to play the signature fills in a song, nail the beats properly, keep good time most importantly, and have a few styles of playing in your repertoire. Pretty much what you just said. I'm a pretty decent drummer in some bands, but I don't play double-bass. I don't have the chops for a Thrash Metal band, but I do have the chops for a"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the marrow in that snowstorm. The children were chilled to the bone in that unheated room. chink in one\u2019s armour a weakness or vulnerable point that provides an opportunity for attacking or impressing someone who is otherwise invulnerable. His love for his child is the chink in his armour. Jane\u2019s insecurity is the chink in her armour. a person (usually a male) who behaves in the same way as his father or resembles his father. (Usually informal.) John looks like his father\u2014a real chip off the old block. Bill Jones is a chip off the old block. He\u2019s a banker just like his father. chop and change to keep changing or altering something. The shop is always chopping and changing staff. The firm is constantly chopping and changing its plans. clap eyes on someone or something to see someone or something, perhaps for the first time; to set eyes on someone or something. (Informal.) I wish she had never clapped eyes on her fiance?. I haven\u2019t clapped eyes on a red squirrel for years. to get rid of doubts or hostile feelings. (Sometimes this is said about an argument or other unpleasantness. The literal meaning is also used.) All right, let\u2019s discuss this frankly. It\u2019ll be better if we clear the air. Mr. and Mrs. Brown always seem to have to clear the air with a big argument before they can be sociable. to admit that one is wrong; to admit defeat. They were sure they were in the right, but they climbed down when"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the marrow in that snowstorm. The children were chilled to the bone in that unheated room. chink in one\u2019s armour a weakness or vulnerable point that provides an opportunity for attacking or impressing someone who is otherwise invulnerable. His love for his child is the chink in his armour. Jane\u2019s insecurity is the chink in her armour. a person (usually a male) who behaves in the same way as his father or resembles his father. (Usually informal.) John looks like his father\u2014a real chip off the old block. Bill Jones is a chip off the old block. He\u2019s a banker just like his father. chop and change to keep changing or altering something. The shop is always chopping and changing staff. The firm is constantly chopping and changing its plans. clap eyes on someone or something to see someone or something, perhaps for the first time; to set eyes on someone or something. (Informal.) I wish she had never clapped eyes on her fiance?. I haven\u2019t clapped eyes on a red squirrel for years. to get rid of doubts or hostile feelings. (Sometimes this is said about an argument or other unpleasantness. The literal meaning is also used.) All right, let\u2019s discuss this frankly. It\u2019ll be better if we clear the air. Mr. and Mrs. Brown always seem to have to clear the air with a big argument before they can be sociable. to admit that one is wrong; to admit defeat. They were sure they were in the right, but they climbed down when"}, {"title": "", "text": "That's a good feeling. It's also kind of magical, isn't it? Kai: Yeah. Elizabeth: What other instruments do you long to get into? Kai: I really want to play guitar or bass, but my fingers get, like, they hurt whenever I play, and \u2014 Elizabeth: You gotta toughen them up! Do you know the term \u201cwoodshedding?\u201d Kai: No... Elizabeth: That's when you just go back in the shed and sit there and just play over and over, repeated motifs, and toughen up your fingers and get really tight. Elizabeth: And then, when you're on stage, and you've done all that work, you can just fly. You're totally confident. You've got your chops. You know what chops are? Kai: Drumsticks? Elizabeth: Good guess! But, another meaning is, like, is totally technically proficient with your instrument. You know, they'll say that. They'll critique you like that. They'll say, wow, she's got great chops. Elizabeth: It means she's really tight and knows her stuff. Kai: I mean, before I get on stage, I've got all these butterflies in my stomach. Then, once I start playing or singing, it's just they're gone. And I feel really confident, and really good. So, I think that's really a good thing to bring up, with confidence and butterflies. Elizabeth: Yes! Confidence and butterflies. Hmm. Good band name! Kai: I know, right? That's what I was thinking. Elizabeth: Alright, here's what I'm thinking. Let's play! Let's jam! Kai: Yeah, that would be awesome! Well, thank you so much. Elizabeth: Thank you so much. I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "That's a good feeling. It's also kind of magical, isn't it? Kai: Yeah. Elizabeth: What other instruments do you long to get into? Kai: I really want to play guitar or bass, but my fingers get, like, they hurt whenever I play, and \u2014 Elizabeth: You gotta toughen them up! Do you know the term \u201cwoodshedding?\u201d Kai: No... Elizabeth: That's when you just go back in the shed and sit there and just play over and over, repeated motifs, and toughen up your fingers and get really tight. Elizabeth: And then, when you're on stage, and you've done all that work, you can just fly. You're totally confident. You've got your chops. You know what chops are? Kai: Drumsticks? Elizabeth: Good guess! But, another meaning is, like, is totally technically proficient with your instrument. You know, they'll say that. They'll critique you like that. They'll say, wow, she's got great chops. Elizabeth: It means she's really tight and knows her stuff. Kai: I mean, before I get on stage, I've got all these butterflies in my stomach. Then, once I start playing or singing, it's just they're gone. And I feel really confident, and really good. So, I think that's really a good thing to bring up, with confidence and butterflies. Elizabeth: Yes! Confidence and butterflies. Hmm. Good band name! Kai: I know, right? That's what I was thinking. Elizabeth: Alright, here's what I'm thinking. Let's play! Let's jam! Kai: Yeah, that would be awesome! Well, thank you so much. Elizabeth: Thank you so much. I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: How did \"Pork Chop\" become a term of endearment? Pork Chop is such an odd term of endearment, any idea what its origin is? Update: For context, I heard the term used in two different contexts. The first was as a nick-name for my dog who is a large breed female Labrador and at the time was trying to convince someone to share their lunch with her. The second time I head it used was as a somewhat derogatory reference to someone that was overweight. In this second example, the nickname wasn't said with malice, more in a jocular manner."}, {"title": "", "text": "Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for KARATE BLOW [chop]. We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word chop will help you to finish your crossword today. Jun 08, 2011\u00b7 too much. The cost of feed is rising daily. the cost of feeder hogs and butcher piglets is too. If you buy a weanling, and plan to finish it to butcher, figure on about 800 lbs of food."}, {"title": "", "text": "the words up Jenkins and down Jenkins to show their hands and tries to guess which hand holds the coin The identity of Jenkins has been lost to history, we're afraid, but the game itself seems ripe for resurgence. Like in beer pong, a table is required. Unlike in beer pong, neither cups nor balls nor beer are necessary. Chop-cherry : a game of trying to catch a suspended cherry between the teeth Sometimes a game falls out of fashion for no good reason at all. The term chop-cherry is obsolete, and we have no evidence that the game to which it refers is currently played under another name. It can, of course, be revived. We look forward to TikTok videos featuring our readers' chop-cherry efforts. The chop in chop-cherry is an obsolete verb meaning \"to seize with the jaws and eat.\" We will also note here the poignant example found at the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the term: That the Tree of Life was not set in Paradise for Adam to eat of, but to play at Chop-cherry with him, and to mock him \u2026 \u2014 S. E. Mennonite, An answer to several remarks upon Dr. Henry More, his expositions of the Apocalypse and Daniel, as also upon his Apology, 1684 Poor Adam. May your chop-cherry games lack existential mockery. Rainbows and Halos: Types of Nature's Light Displays More Words At Play Study Up With Our Official SCRABBLE Dictionary Become a master without leaving home! Words From 1921: 100 Years Old and Still Around"}, {"title": "", "text": "the words up Jenkins and down Jenkins to show their hands and tries to guess which hand holds the coin The identity of Jenkins has been lost to history, we're afraid, but the game itself seems ripe for resurgence. Like in beer pong, a table is required. Unlike in beer pong, neither cups nor balls nor beer are necessary. Chop-cherry : a game of trying to catch a suspended cherry between the teeth Sometimes a game falls out of fashion for no good reason at all. The term chop-cherry is obsolete, and we have no evidence that the game to which it refers is currently played under another name. It can, of course, be revived. We look forward to TikTok videos featuring our readers' chop-cherry efforts. The chop in chop-cherry is an obsolete verb meaning \"to seize with the jaws and eat.\" We will also note here the poignant example found at the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the term: That the Tree of Life was not set in Paradise for Adam to eat of, but to play at Chop-cherry with him, and to mock him \u2026 \u2014 S. E. Mennonite, An answer to several remarks upon Dr. Henry More, his expositions of the Apocalypse and Daniel, as also upon his Apology, 1684 Poor Adam. May your chop-cherry games lack existential mockery. Rainbows and Halos: Types of Nature's Light Displays More Words At Play Study Up With Our Official SCRABBLE Dictionary Become a master without leaving home! Words From 1921: 100 Years Old and Still Around"}, {"title": "", "text": "hair accessories; they are utensils with which we eat food. What\u2019s more, is that proper chopstick etiquette when putting them aside also involves never crossing them in an \u201cX\u201d shape, or standing them up vertically into rice. (In Japanese culture, the latter is considered extremely offensive and disrespectful to the dead.) Other signifiers pertaining to Japanese hair culture that are often appropriated also include Kanzashi, the ornamental flower hairpins and accessories worn in special occasions and ceremonies \u2014 and no, Coachella is not one of them. It might seem acceptable for non-Asian people to wear a piece of what is deemed as \"Asian culture\u201d to recreate a social media video, but it speaks to a larger issue about how social media commodifies groups and cultural identities. The #ChunLiChallenge only further highlights how easy it is to flatten an identity to certain stereotypes or cultural markers. In this case, it allows mistreatment of Asian culture to flourish. The song itself isn\u2019t without its own problematic references. It opens with the clang of a gong, and one lyric from the track reads,\"I went and copped the chopsticks / put it in my bun just to pop sh*t,\" \u2014 possibly a reference to a look Nicki wore earlier in her career, which was also the subject of her 2007 song \u201cSticks In My Bun\u201d off her first mixtape.) Another \"Chun-Li\" lyric refers to \"Chinese ink on\" \u2014 a tattoo on Nicki's left arm reads, \u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8207\u4f60\u5e38\u5728.\u201d Translation: \u201cGod is always with you.\u201d It's been nothing short of disheartening to see"}, {"title": "", "text": "chops,\" agent noun from chop (v.1). Meaning \"meat cleaver\" is by 1818. Meaning \"helicopter\" is from 1951, Korean War military slang (compare egg-beater); as a type of stripped-down motorcycle (originally preferred by Hells Angels) from 1965. The fact the word choppers is mentioned blows the above 1965 date out of the water! #I'mananorak Dan April 8, 2016 7:24 pm Perhaps the term chopper came about from the saying \"chop and change\" in the earliest days, and then the association to neck cutting was just a coincidence and was then adopted as the style. I too am fascinated by this history. Recently having seen a film by Titus Moede, it seems that the term \"chopper\" was in full use in 1959 at least as he himself claimed to be the pioneer of the first \"chrome chopper\" in 1959. It's not just the frame, you can cut up a tank or a set of handlebars and still be \"chopping\". I think it just evolved and by the 60's it was associated to cutting frames Perhaps the term chopper came about from the saying \"chop and change\" in the earliest days, and then the association to neck cutting was just a coincidence and was then adopted as the style. I too am fascinated by this history. Recently having seen a film by Titus Moede, it seems that the term \"chopper\" was in full use in 1959 at least as he himself claimed to be the pioneer of the first \"chrome chopper\" in 1959. It's not just the frame, you"}, {"title": "", "text": "What does 'off chops' mean in Australia? Australian slang 'off chops' meaning? To be wildly, excessively drunk. To have drank possibly more than your bodyweight in beer. See also wasted, drunk, off his head. Example: He was deadset wasted, after the shots he was completely off chops. Slang For something or someone to be very good, absolutely amazing, for the term offchops originally came from the meat off the chop of a lamb being so satisfying, the words off chops was brought to be known as expression for something as good as the lamb off a chop. -Example: Laurence said, \u201cThat photo is off chops\u201d as he admired a self portrait of himself, Liking it very much. :Example: \u201cOff chops\u201d I said as I looked out at the beautiful landscape stretching for miles with turquoise sea and green grass on the land in the distance, gawking in awe and amazement. Example: \"This is off chops\" Nathan said with delight as he ate one of Alannas home made Anzac cookies."}, {"title": "", "text": "What does 'off chops' mean in Australia? Australian slang 'off chops' meaning? To be wildly, excessively drunk. To have drank possibly more than your bodyweight in beer. See also wasted, drunk, off his head. Example: He was deadset wasted, after the shots he was completely off chops. Slang For something or someone to be very good, absolutely amazing, for the term offchops originally came from the meat off the chop of a lamb being so satisfying, the words off chops was brought to be known as expression for something as good as the lamb off a chop. -Example: Laurence said, \u201cThat photo is off chops\u201d as he admired a self portrait of himself, Liking it very much. :Example: \u201cOff chops\u201d I said as I looked out at the beautiful landscape stretching for miles with turquoise sea and green grass on the land in the distance, gawking in awe and amazement. Example: \"This is off chops\" Nathan said with delight as he ate one of Alannas home made Anzac cookies."}, {"title": "", "text": "Translation:None of them know how to use chopsticks. Nope, this is not what the exercise asked for. or: \"They both don't know how to use chopsticks\" YOUR OWN \"CORRECT\" SENTENCE on the exercise page says: They all don't know how to use chopsticks. That's an awkward translation if I've ever seen one. I used to make a living being a translator, and this here \"ain't it\". . . You can report it. That way the course will improve. Noone said it was perfect. ''None of them can use chopsticks.'' is accepted.. Why is \"They all will not use chopsticks\" wrong? Still rejected. Both seem right, though I guess they want one to assume the \"cannot\" meaning since being able to use chopsticks is a learned skill as described at https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_a_learned_skill_with_%22hui%22. They all can't use chopsticks. The term \u4f1a in itself has 14 different meanings being two of them capability and likeness of something happening (will) so in this case context is really the only way of knowing what the meaning is. Probably because in DuoLingo most phrases are thrown at you without context interpretation maybe a bit difficult, but don't be intimidated by it! Mandarin is a beautiful language and in casual settings comunication is actually pretty easy so keep on practicing and you will get good at it! Why is \"both\" not accepted? Yes, there could potentially be two of them. Generally, this sentence means \"None of them know how to use chopsticks\". I suppose this must be a sticky point between Chinese and English"}, {"title": "", "text": "Translation:None of them know how to use chopsticks. Nope, this is not what the exercise asked for. or: \"They both don't know how to use chopsticks\" YOUR OWN \"CORRECT\" SENTENCE on the exercise page says: They all don't know how to use chopsticks. That's an awkward translation if I've ever seen one. I used to make a living being a translator, and this here \"ain't it\". . . You can report it. That way the course will improve. Noone said it was perfect. ''None of them can use chopsticks.'' is accepted.. Why is \"They all will not use chopsticks\" wrong? Still rejected. Both seem right, though I guess they want one to assume the \"cannot\" meaning since being able to use chopsticks is a learned skill as described at https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_a_learned_skill_with_%22hui%22. They all can't use chopsticks. The term \u4f1a in itself has 14 different meanings being two of them capability and likeness of something happening (will) so in this case context is really the only way of knowing what the meaning is. Probably because in DuoLingo most phrases are thrown at you without context interpretation maybe a bit difficult, but don't be intimidated by it! Mandarin is a beautiful language and in casual settings comunication is actually pretty easy so keep on practicing and you will get good at it! Why is \"both\" not accepted? Yes, there could potentially be two of them. Generally, this sentence means \"None of them know how to use chopsticks\". I suppose this must be a sticky point between Chinese and English"}, {"title": "", "text": "grammar. \"They can't use chopsticks\" sounds more natural than \"They all...\", but seeing that \u90fd character made me think some sort of quantity needed to be added to the translation. \"They both can't use chopsticks\" should also be accepted. How would we say 'They can't both use chopsticks' as opposed to 'they both can't.. ? I think the best translation is, \"Neither (one) of them knows how to use chopsticks\" It can also mean \"they are not allowed to use chopsticks\" Nope... the embedded answers and hovers are disconnected, and wrong . . . As in missing fingers or something? \"They can't all use chopsticks\" is the grammatically correct version unless it meant that \"none of them can use chopsticks\". But anyway, Duolingo rejected it for unknown reasons."}, {"title": "", "text": "grammar. \"They can't use chopsticks\" sounds more natural than \"They all...\", but seeing that \u90fd character made me think some sort of quantity needed to be added to the translation. \"They both can't use chopsticks\" should also be accepted. How would we say 'They can't both use chopsticks' as opposed to 'they both can't.. ? I think the best translation is, \"Neither (one) of them knows how to use chopsticks\" It can also mean \"they are not allowed to use chopsticks\" Nope... the embedded answers and hovers are disconnected, and wrong . . . As in missing fingers or something? \"They can't all use chopsticks\" is the grammatically correct version unless it meant that \"none of them can use chopsticks\". But anyway, Duolingo rejected it for unknown reasons."}, {"title": "", "text": "in a performance via a footswitch. chops: a slang term which refers to a player's strong technique or endurance (\"That alto sax player has great chops; she can play for hours.\") chord: a group of three or more notes that, when played simultaneously, can form a harmonic structure that can support a melody or a solo line. The simplest chords are triads, which are made of the first note of a scale and then alternate notes. For example, in the scale of C Major (C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C), the triad would be C,E,G. Seventh chords use four notes: they consist of a triad with an added interval. For example, in the scale of G Dominant (G,A,B,C,D,E,F,G), the four-note seventh chord would be G,B,D,F. There are also more complicated chords which add additional intervals (see ninth chord, \"alt dom\"). A chord can also be played one note at a time (see \"arpeggio\" and \"broken chord\"). chorus: the refrain of a song which is repeated a number of times, in alternation with verses and other sections (e.g., a guitar solo). In contrast to the verses of a song, the chorus tends to be simpler and more memorable, and it often uses more repetition of lyrics (e.g., \"She loves me yeah, yeah, yeah...\"). The term \"chorus\" may also be a synonym for \"choir\"--a group of singers; or it may refer to a chorus effect--the sound created when a voice or instrumental tone is doubled by other pitches which are not exactly the same, which creates a rich, shimmering sound. chromatic scale: a"}, {"title": "", "text": "a signifier of poor piano playing with an inexplicable name, then it makes sense that the term \u2018Chinese 7th\u2019 won\u2019t make you feel uncomfortable. But it does make other people uncomfortable \u2013 that\u2019s where this whole discussion started - and so our choice is whether to ignore that or do something about it. They\u2019ll probably not make a big song and dance about it \u2013 as several people pointed out, it\u2019s not the most egregious bit of racism we\u2019ve ever come across, and most people understand that the term was likely coined more through some combination of innocence and ignorance than malice. But still, to continue to use it when we know it bothers some people would make me feel complicit; we didn\u2019t choose the term, but we can choose whether to use it. So I\u2019ll be happier in my musicking with Karri\u2019s new term. And this whole topic reminds me to recommend you take a look at Derek Scott's excellent article on orientalism in music. *Having said that, I was discussing this with a friend after I\u2019d written this, who said that the term\u2018chop\u2019, especially in the context of the \u2018chopping\u2019 style of performance instruction screamed out reductive East Asian stereotypes to him, with connotations of both martial arts and cooking implements. Hi, you mention the previous blog post got quite a bit of discussion going, but I can only see one comment. Where is the discussion? I'd be interested to read. Also, we refer to musicians with great skill as \"having chops\". Is this"}, {"title": "", "text": "a signifier of poor piano playing with an inexplicable name, then it makes sense that the term \u2018Chinese 7th\u2019 won\u2019t make you feel uncomfortable. But it does make other people uncomfortable \u2013 that\u2019s where this whole discussion started - and so our choice is whether to ignore that or do something about it. They\u2019ll probably not make a big song and dance about it \u2013 as several people pointed out, it\u2019s not the most egregious bit of racism we\u2019ve ever come across, and most people understand that the term was likely coined more through some combination of innocence and ignorance than malice. But still, to continue to use it when we know it bothers some people would make me feel complicit; we didn\u2019t choose the term, but we can choose whether to use it. So I\u2019ll be happier in my musicking with Karri\u2019s new term. And this whole topic reminds me to recommend you take a look at Derek Scott's excellent article on orientalism in music. *Having said that, I was discussing this with a friend after I\u2019d written this, who said that the term\u2018chop\u2019, especially in the context of the \u2018chopping\u2019 style of performance instruction screamed out reductive East Asian stereotypes to him, with connotations of both martial arts and cooking implements. Hi, you mention the previous blog post got quite a bit of discussion going, but I can only see one comment. Where is the discussion? I'd be interested to read. Also, we refer to musicians with great skill as \"having chops\". Is this"}, {"title": "", "text": "side of you, this sentence makes perfect sense. The first instance of \u2018left\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018right\u2019 indicate the location of the rocks. The first instance of \u2018right\u2019 means \u2018correct,\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018left\u2019 is talking about the rock that remains. 17. Will Will Smith smith? / Will Smith will smith. As it turns out, the famous actor and rapper\u2019s name is made up of two verbs. The first possible combination asks if the Fresh Prince is going to take up forging armor as a hobby, while the second one affirms it. 18. I chopped a tree down, and then I chopped it up. Ah, the magic of phrasal verbs. To a non-native English speaker, \u201cto chop down\u201d and \u201cto chop up\u201d seem like they would be direct opposites (and might inspire some interesting mental images). Those who really know the language are aware that chopping something down means to hack at it until it falls, while chopping it up means to cut it into smaller pieces. 19. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Noam Chomsky came up with this grammatically correct, but nonsensical sentence in order to prove that syntax and semantics are two very distinct things. You\u2019d probably never hear these words spoken in this order in actual conversation, but all of the words are used correctly. This fascinating video uses this technique to show us how English sounds to people who don\u2019t speak the language\u2014 it sounds like it makes sense because the structure is the same as what we\u2019re"}, {"title": "", "text": "side of you, this sentence makes perfect sense. The first instance of \u2018left\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018right\u2019 indicate the location of the rocks. The first instance of \u2018right\u2019 means \u2018correct,\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018left\u2019 is talking about the rock that remains. 17. Will Will Smith smith? / Will Smith will smith. As it turns out, the famous actor and rapper\u2019s name is made up of two verbs. The first possible combination asks if the Fresh Prince is going to take up forging armor as a hobby, while the second one affirms it. 18. I chopped a tree down, and then I chopped it up. Ah, the magic of phrasal verbs. To a non-native English speaker, \u201cto chop down\u201d and \u201cto chop up\u201d seem like they would be direct opposites (and might inspire some interesting mental images). Those who really know the language are aware that chopping something down means to hack at it until it falls, while chopping it up means to cut it into smaller pieces. 19. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Noam Chomsky came up with this grammatically correct, but nonsensical sentence in order to prove that syntax and semantics are two very distinct things. You\u2019d probably never hear these words spoken in this order in actual conversation, but all of the words are used correctly. This fascinating video uses this technique to show us how English sounds to people who don\u2019t speak the language\u2014 it sounds like it makes sense because the structure is the same as what we\u2019re"}, {"title": "", "text": "are a lot of bad, bad, bad business ideas out there, and second, that Mark Cuban definitely understands business but butchers the English language. Specifically, he never uses hyphens (for instance, he writes wont instead of won\u2019t). Now this just may be his take on CyberLish, but it\u2019s stil ungrammatical Go read the proposal and pitch your idea if you like. Eating Sushi in Shanghai, or Dim Sum in Tokyo Those of you who\u2019ve been to Asian restaurants, especially the smallish or fast-food variety but even some major sushi bars, will be given wooden chopsticks that have to be broken apart to use since they\u2019re one piece at the top. What happens when you break them apart and the results are uneven, one top bigger than the other? According to Chinese legend, this foretells: 1) A death in the family 2) Someone just got pregnant 3) A rocky road in your love life 4) A change in jobs 5) Just some splinters The answer is #3, a rocky road in your love life. When the break is uneven, it represents an uneven relationship, which we all know is unhealthy and headed for trouble. So, this reminds us all to keep a relationship equal at all costs, or just to be careful when separating our chopsticks. What this has to do with English, I\u2019m not sure, but I thought it was interesting. Words to Get Used to During Tough Times Like me three years ago, you may get laid off during a company layoff, which brings up"}, {"title": "", "text": "to learn to slow down and improve in that dimension, both to make me better and to make the people around me better.\u201d In relation to the phrase \u201cchop, chop, chop\u201d, our reader points to Alice Cooper\u2019a video/performance of \u201cChop, Chop Chop\u201d and adds some lyrics: Some people call me the creeper \u2018Cuz they don\u2019t know my name or face I got \u2018em running in circles Because a homicidal genius never leaves a trace I\u2019m a lonely hunter City fullo f game Walkin in the neon lights Chop, chop, chop \u2013 engine of destruction Chop, chop, chop \u2013 a perfect killing machine Chop, chop, chop \u2013 it\u2019s a symbiotic function Chop, chop, chop \u2013 I keep the city so clean Truly strange choice of words. Lastly, regarding Paul Allen\u2019s baby, it\u2019s pretty much going the wrong way. From the latest news: Charter bankruptcy moves forward Charter takes step forward in bankruptcy effort Court Approves Charter Communications Disclosure Statement Court Approves Charter Bankruptcy Plan If economic depression now looms or reigns (for obvious reasons), then definite answers should not be so distant in the future. \u2588 Links 16/05/2009: GlusterFS 2.0 Out, OpenOffice.org 3.1 Benchmarks? Linux Poem Contest\u2013Write and Win $5 General:Write a minimum of 4 lines about Linux (could be distro specific like Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, etc.)\u2026maximum length in not there. The lines should be rhyming though might not follow a meter system. No need to mention but still: absolutely original lines should be submitted. Security \u2013 It\u2019s Not Just For Geeks One of the most recent"}, {"title": "", "text": "probably four different categories that I can put these people in. The first is the person who can\u2019t play at all. They just come in, tap a few keys to see what it sounds like and goes on their way. They don\u2019t produce any melody, just a few notes. I like these people, because they know when to stop. The second; and you\u2019ll notice that as the categories progress, my hatred grows; are what I like to call \u201cchopsticks\u201d\u2026because that is all they play. They think it\u2019s amusing, entertaining, and/or cute. It\u2019s not. It\u2019s annoying. Chopsticks is only funny if you are Tom Hanks at FAO Schwartz (oddly enough, FAO is not as magical in person as it is in that movie) playing on a giant floor keyboard, in the movie BIG. You are not impressing anyone. You are not making anyone laugh. And you are not making anyone, i.e. me, like you. At all. The third are the people that have no musical talent, but insist that they do, by forging through some piece of music that they can\u2019t play. The song ruiner. This happens countless times a day. It\u2019s almost kind of sad. You can tell they are trying really hard, and really want to impress us with their musical know-how, but it\u2019s not working. Because they don\u2019t know how to play\u2013and what they are playing isn\u2019t real music. One man once butchered a song to the point that one of my coworkers said, \u201cI used to really like that song, until he started"}, {"title": "", "text": "Oh, I have all my fingers, the knife goes chop chop chop. If I miss the spaces in between, my fingers will come off. And if I hit my fingers, the blood will soon come out. But all the same, I play this game, cause thats what its all about. Oh, CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP Im picking up the speed And If I hit my fingers then my hand will start to bleed."}, {"title": "", "text": "Canada, the waiters were all of Asian descent (it has been about 10 years, so my memory may be fuzzy on the exact numbers). We were all starting to get a little aggravated when one of the guys waves to get attention and shouts \"Chink!\". He claimed he was saying cheap, but no one believed him. This was the same guy who shouted \"Quick! Hide the drugs!\" seconds before Canadian customs got on the bus. We tried to leave him in Canada, but the chaparones wouldn't let us. cpttactii Jan-13-2004 Erin; Re; Name Calling: Please note that only a certain *class* of Black people permit, use and accept using the N-Word in the manner you refer to. Personally, I refer to these folks usually as \"ignorant ghetto trash\" /;0) That word, IMVHO, is offensive no matter the context (kind of like the old Richard Pryor joke about pronouncing the N-Word, i.e. \"if you get your ass kicked you know you got it right\" :0J... blacksnake Jan-14-2004 Yes, a chink is a narrowing opening. A chink in the curtains refers to them being not quite closed. A chink in your armour refers to a gap in your defences rather than to Jackie Chan wearing your metal clothing. In its racial slur meaning, 'Chink'/'chink' is offensive. Unless the user is Chinese and then it's very similar to 'nigger'. M_Stevenson Apr-11-2004 BooBoo's 3rd definition is also correct. It's usually used in connection with money. 'The chink of coins'. anonymous4 Apr-11-2004 Chinks are no different than Niggers, Wops, Spics ..."}, {"title": "", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "", "text": "cut it into \u00bc-inch (0.64-centimeter) thick slices. \"Medium-cut\": cut it into \u00bd-inch (1.27-centimeter) thick slices. \"Coarsely-chopped\": cut it into \u00be-inch (1.91-centimeter) thick slices. What does it mean to chop something? chop. To chop is to cut something by hacking at it. When it's a piece of meat that's cut so it's attached to a bone, such as part of a rib, it can be described as a chop \u2014 like a lamb chop. And if someone claps his hands at you and says, \"Chop-chop!\" he means \"Hurry up!\" What does chopped mean in slang? chop. To hit on or attempt to attract someone of the opposite sex. What does cubed mean in cooking? \"Cube\" means to cut food into pieces that are even, like a square. The size is usually about the same as the chopped pieces sizes; about 1/3 to 1/2\". \"Dice\" means to cut food into even, small squares about 1/4\" in diameter. And \"mince\" means to cut foods into even, very small pieces about 1/8\" in diameter. Why is it called julienne cut? A chef makes a julienne when she cuts vegetables into thin strips. When you chop vegetables this way, you julienne them. The word comes from a soup of the same name, which is prepared with thin strips of vegetables garnishing it \u2014 in French a potage julienne. What does finely diced mean? The photograph below shows minced, diced and chopped onions. Minced (on the left) is the smallest cut. diced (in the middle) is a bit bigger, and chopped (on"}, {"title": "", "text": "when they are transcribed, but this is ridiculous. Doesn\u2019t he use notes ? My worry , were I American, would be that he\u2019s sounding more and more like someone with dementia. I don\u2019t mean that in a derogatory way. But he does sound like someone in the early stages. Fight4nz What would your view be on China clearing out the Hong Kong protestors using any force deemed necessary? CHOPs manifesto: Abolition of the Seattle police force (including, just to add a sting of malice, existing police pensions) and the \u201cattached court system.\u201d Abolition of imprisonment. (The authors are at pains to make clear that \u201cabolition\u201d in these demands really does mean \u201c100 percent of funding.\u201d) Retrials for people of colour (no mention of others) currently serving a prison sentence for violent crime. Replacement (presumably wholesale) of the current criminal justice system by restorative/transformative accountability programs. Even the dripping wet Mayor of Seattle is going to have to get the batons out after she let half her downtown area get destroyed and this is after letting one of Americas nicest cities turn into a homeless camp. Call me Ishmael... I think you are referring to CHAZ for \u201cCapitol Hill Autonomous Zone\u201d but Chops are nice too, especially reheated for breakfast manifestos You\u2019re behind the times. Was CHAZ, now CHOP. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-police-will-return-to-east-precinct-where-chop-has-reigned-durkan-says/ Fringe nutters. So it is. My apologies. Chops are still nice though, reheated for breakfast \ud83d\ude09 How about a smack round the chops ? \ud83d\ude00 Tangent; when my brother first went flatting and it was his turn"}, {"title": "", "text": "Greek poet Homer. In the epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men have to travel through the Straits of Messina, an area of the sea guarded by two fearsome monsters: Scylla, a monster with six mouths and 12 feet, and Charybdis, either a sea monster who produced a whirlpool or simply a whirlpool itself. Opting for either one was sure to result in death, for at least some of the crew, so the phrase \u201cbetween Scylla and Charybdis\u201d came to mean having to choose the lesser of two evils. 4 Bust One\u2019s Chops Today\u2019s meaning: Call one\u2019s bluff; criticize someone In the 1800s, when sideburns (and Ambrose Burnside) were at the height of their popularity, this phrase was often used as a challenge to someone\u2019s integrity. The phrase fell out of popular usage around the start of World War I, as men needed to shave the sides of their faces in order to accommodate protective gas masks. As a phrase, it was not only to be taken figuratively, \u201cbust one\u2019s chop\u201d was also to be taken literally. A \u201cbust to one\u2019s chops\u201d could reference a punch to the side of one\u2019s face. Thanks to the popularity of sideburns between the 1950s and the 1970s, and men like Lemmy, the phrase made a brief comeback before fading into relative obscurity today. 3 Give The Cold Shoulder Today\u2019s meaning: To disregard someone Although its true origins are unclear, the earliest written evidence of this phrase comes from the writings of Walter Scott, a Scottish poet and novelist"}, {"title": "", "text": "is ridiculous. Doesn\u2019t he use notes ? My worry , were I American, would be that he\u2019s sounding more and more like someone with dementia. I don\u2019t mean that in a derogatory way. But he does sound like someone in the early stages. What would your view be on China clearing out the Hong Kong protestors using any force deemed necessary? CHOPs manifesto: Abolition of the Seattle police force (including, just to add a sting of malice, existing police pensions) and the \u201cattached court system.\u201d Abolition of imprisonment. (The authors are at pains to make clear that \u201cabolition\u201d in these demands really does mean \u201c100 percent of funding.\u201d) Retrials for people of colour (no mention of others) currently serving a prison sentence for violent crime. Replacement (presumably wholesale) of the current criminal justice system by restorative/transformative accountability programs. Even the dripping wet Mayor of Seattle is going to have to get the batons out after she let half her downtown area get destroyed and this is after letting one of Americas nicest cities turn into a homeless camp. Call me Ishmael... I think you are referring to CHAZ for \u201cCapitol Hill Autonomous Zone\u201d but Chops are nice too, especially reheated for breakfast manifestos You\u2019re behind the times. Was CHAZ, now CHOP. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-police-will-return-to-east-precinct-where-chop-has-reigned-durkan-says/ Fringe nutters. So it is. My apologies. Chops are still nice though, reheated for breakfast \ud83d\ude09 How about a smack round the chops ? \ud83d\ude00 Tangent; when my brother first went flatting and it was his turn to do the shopping, he found chump"}, {"title": "", "text": "the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations. Horticultural doppelg\u00e4ngers Q: Can \u201cdoppelg\u00e4nger\u201d refer to a lookalike plant as"}, {"title": "", "text": "wishes to concede only what can be conceded without loss of 'face'\". Save face was coined from lose face applying the semantic opposition between lose and save (; when successful, it's called ). Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines Save 8 as: \"To keep, protect or guard (a thing) from damage, loss, or destruction\", and elaborates, Among the English words of Chinese origin, lose face is an uncommon verb phrase and a unique semantic loan translation. Most Anglo-Chinese borrowings are nouns, with a few exceptions such as to kowtow, to Shanghai, to brainwash, and lose face. English face, meaning \"prestige\" or \"honor\", is the only case of a Chinese semantic loan. Semantic loans extend an indigenous word's meaning in conformity with a foreign model (e.g., the French , , used in the sense of English realize). The vast majority of English words from Chinese are ordinary loanwords with regular phonemic adaptation (e.g., chop suey < Cantonese ). A few are calques where a borrowing is blended with native elements (e.g., chopsticks < Pidgin chop \"quick, fast\" < Cantonese + stick). Face meaning \"prestige\" is technically a loan synonym, owing to semantic overlap between the native English meaning \"outward semblance; effrontery\" and the borrowed Chinese meaning \"prestige; dignity\". When face acquired its Chinese sense of \"prestige; honor\", it filled a lexical gap in the English lexicon. Chan and Kwok write, Carr concludes, Russian Russian Orthodox concept of face () is different from the Chinese concept of face in regards to different emphasis on sacricety and individualism, and in"}, {"title": "", "text": "had one) were prone to massive flooding, washing out dead dogs and cats that had fallen in. This would leave some to believe that dead animals were literally falling from the sky. Why the sight of a dead animal on the ground would cause anyone to assume it fell from the heavens, as opposed to just falling over dead the normal way, is anyone\u2019s guess. Others claim it goes all the way back to Norse mythology (the storm god Odin had two hounds). Still others say it has to do with the freak occurrence of frogs or fish falling from the sky (after being swept up by storms and flung miles away) and that the saying \u201cit\u2019s raining cats and dogs\u201d is just a way to say it\u2019s raining even harder than the time it rained fish. Still it seems like a catchier idiom would have been, \u201cIt\u2019s raining bears!\u201d or \u201cIt\u2019s raining human babies! Quick, catch the babies!\u201d followed by frenetic screaming. Anyway, there\u2019s no hard and fast proof for any of them so take your pick. Article Info\u2026\u2026.www.cracked.com Pictures from\u2026..attackofthecute.com Posted in Articles, Jokes and Funnies | Tagged and, cats, Common, Dogs, Raining, Sayings | Leave a Reply Bust Your Chops \u2013 Common Phrases To give someone a hard time. As in, \u201cYes, I\u2019m late and I\u2019m not wearing pants. Don\u2019t bust my chops.\u201d There was once a time in the world when it was considered cool to sport a long, ridiculous pair of mutton chop side burns. From America to England, Russia to"}, {"title": "", "text": "like this for a reason and people understand their meaning. The fact is that \"chopping up babies\" is not only deliberately inflammatory, it's inaccurate. By AH (not verified) on 29 Jul 2015 #permalink The picture one gets from the phrase \"chopping up babies\" is someone using a meat cleaver in the nursery (which would have been an interesting scene in Sweeney Todd, though implausible because babies don't shave). At best it's colloquial and inexact. At worst, it's inaccurate because it ignores the distinction between developmental stages. My father was prescribed rat poison after his heart valve replacement. I've noticed that the fluid that comes out of the tap at home is a major component of liquid industrial waste. So is mincing up fetuses less problematic? I think many people would think these are essentially the same. Many people do indeed believe that, say, a blastocyst is a human being with rights equivalent to those of a woman, but that does not make it so. By JP (not verified) on 29 Jul 2015 #permalink There are many people who think that dissecting fetal tissue and chopping up babies are the same; which doesn't make it any less inaccurate. Hayflick himself describes the mincing of fetuses. Mince means chop. He also describes tearing. Others describe dissecting the fetuses. I don't know what happened to my tonsils - I doubt they were given a proper burial (my parents didn't pay for a headstone). They may well have been dissected, in which case, we could say they were chopping up"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.1855011135339737, 0.07882314175367355, 0.1354086995124817, 0.10890054702758789, 0.1655890941619873, 0.13525152206420898, 0.11962719261646271, 0.12452336400747299, 0.11244876682758331, 0.15147417783737183, 0.1486808806657791, 0.12043995410203934, 0.11583787947893143, 0.11908020079135895, 0.1632579118013382, 0.09125354886054993, 0.10870368033647537, 0.12021894752979279, 0.1323903501033783, 0.13239087164402008, 0.09604252129793167, 0.11430027335882187, 0.143605038523674, 0.14116892218589783, 0.10705045610666275, 0.12944340705871582, 0.03199463710188866, 0.13282914459705353, 0.13282935321331024, 0.11739609390497208, 0.14536422491073608, 0.10437889397144318, 0.15682099759578705, 0.09525768458843231, 0.12096771597862244, 0.12737886607646942, 0.10056512802839279, 0.13750295341014862, 0.11069688946008682, 0.10836730897426605, 0.12721364200115204, 0.12798774242401123, 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In this case, \u201cto hustle\u201d is to get the money by beating people at a game of pool (billiards). \u201cTo get stiffed\u201d is to not get paid money that people owe you.How about if I just kick your ass? A very common (but crude) way to say \u201cbeat you up.\u201dOh, a counter-offer! A legal term meaning \u201can offer in reaction to an offer\u201d (used often when people are negotiating).Over my dead body! A colloquial and dramatic way to say \u201cNo!\u201d when someone demands something you don\u2019t want to do.What if I were to kick the shit out of you? To kick the shit out of a person is to physically attack or harm them.In your dreams! A good colloquial expression which is basically a way to say You\u2019re not being realistic.\u201dWhat happened? Rear ended? If your car is \u201crear-ended,\u201d it is hit in the back (or rear) by another car.He blew the arraignment! \u201cTo blow\u201d something is a common verb meaning to do it badly, or to screw it up. \u201cI blew it,\u201d is, sadly, a common expression. Gambinis: They live to argue! \u201cTo live to\u201d do something is a colloquial way to say one loves it.I twisted it just right. \u201cTo twist\u201d something is to turn it.This faucet requires 16 foot pounds of torque. Unimportant words, unless you\u2019re an engineer! (Torque is force).A craftsmen torque wrench, used by NASA engineers. More unimportant words describing a type of tool (a wrench), but you should know that NASA"}, {"title": "", "text": "Enter at your own risk. Beware of the price. Unwrap your gifts. Get straight to the point. To \"cut right to the chase,\" a person needs to stop meandering and talking endlessly without reaching any point or conclusion. This common phrase suggests that the speaker should just get straight to the point of what they're trying to say. When they say \"keep your chin up,\" what do they mean? Don't be egotistical. You stink. Be cheerful and stay positive. Leave others alone. If someone tells you to \"keep your chin up,\" it's meant to be a cheerful and positive encouragement. This is usually uttered whenever someone looks downtrodden, sad or defeated, like their head is always bowed down in shame. So keeping the chin up means overcoming that negative feeling. A person \"born with a silver spoon in their mouth\" signifies what kind of status? Being a glutton Being a beggar Being a spoiled brat Being rich To be \"born with a silver spoon in your mouth\" means that you come from a very rich and affluent family background. It probably alludes to the fact that expensive cutlery is used by upperclass people, and perhaps they were made of expensive silver back in the day. Someone who's \"barking at the wrong tree\" is doing what? Doing some illegal logging Putting dogs to sleep Making a misguided decision Carrying someone else's bag For someone to be \"barking at the wrong tree\" means they are being hugely mistaken about something yet they still go on with the wrong"}, {"title": "", "text": "already put up money. e.g., \"Leggett. you need to put up your money for this pizza.\" \"No way. I already blount. It's Josh who needs to ante up.\" submitted by Leggett blousefarten - Volunteering, helping, or teaching little children. e.g., Since I refused to take swimming lessons, my father told me I had to do something productive, like blousefarten. submitted by Emily Elizabeth bloviator - Puffing with hot air but saying nothing. e.g., Obama's speeches about change and \"saving the world\" make him a bloviator. submitted by Jeff - (www) blow chunks - To throw up. | Blowing chunks: throwing up, puking, up-chucking. (ED. Possibly, as the second example suggests, \"deserves to be horsewhipped.\" Maybe just \"sucks.\") e.g., Chris did it again. Drank too much and blew chunks all over the floor last night. | \"8 The fact that this soldier did not just kick the crap out of this little douche is more proof to me that all of the MSM blows chunks for every slander they have thrown at our [m]ilitary for decades now. They can all kiss it high and deep. This particular one can eat my toe fungus.\" submitted by tim dunk | Rachel blow out - Being so tired (due to stress, fatique, a broken heart, etc.) that one cannot even be grammatically correct. Therefore, instead of being \"blown out,\" one is simply \"blow out.\" Makes more sense in a way, seeing as how stating it most of the time indicates that one is still in that state. e.g., I am"}, {"title": "", "text": "You\u2019re adult. But in my fucking cab, don\u2019t go busting heads. \u201cConsenting adult\u201d is a legal expression that refers to a person who is agreeing to a certain behavior (such as sex), and is legally old enough to make that decision. To \u201cbust heads\u201d is a very slangy way of saying to physically hurt or attack people.In California, when two fags split up, one\u2019s got to pay the other alimony. If two people \u201csplit up,\u201d they end an official relationship. Note that married couples split up, as do rock\u2019n\u2019roll groups! \u201cAlimony\u201d is the money that a man is sometimes told that he must pay his wife each month after they divorce, in order to give her a chance to become financially stable.I saw a cop chasing this guy. He was on crutches. Two long sticks with a section that fits under one\u2019s arm. They help people who have difficulty walking, perhaps because they broke a leg.The cop? No, the dude he was chasing. A slangy and overused word for guy or fellow. Got that five you owe me? The man is loaded. In this context, if a person is \u201cloaded,\u201d he has lots of money.How\u2019s the action around here? \u2014 Pretty slow. A very general word that in this case refers to business conditions, or more specifically here, the number of passengers who want taxis.I figure you\u2019ve been around a lot. \u2014 Shoot, that\u2019s why they call me the Wizard. \u201cTo figure\u201d means to think or believe. If a person has \u201cbeen around a lot,\u201d they"}, {"title": "", "text": "glasses], bottom's up.\" Break a leg Do well at a performance or on stage Bred in the bone An expression describing something firmly established or deep-rooted, similar to \"died in the wool\" \"What's bred in the bone is sure to come out in the flesh.\" Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed An expression meaning alert and ready to go! An expression meaning to intimidate someone into doing something, usually with stern or abusive words \"The captain browbeat the soldiers to climb the last ridge before the sun went down, there was no rest for anyone.\" Brown-nose, ass-kisser, kiss-ass Someone who sucks up to you to gain your favor. This is done by doing something for you for no apparent reason, laughing even if something wasn't funny, agreeing to everything you say Bull in a china shop Someone who is very careless in the way they move or behave An expression describing a woman who is pregnant \"With that little tummy bump, I knew she had a bun in the oven.\" Burning a candle from both ends Working so hard that you will wear yourself (or extinguish) your energy To do something that damages a relationship going forward \"Make sure you give two weeks notice so you remain on good terms with the boss in case you need a reference. You don't want to burn bridges.\" Bursting at the seams An expression used to describe something full or overflowing, also when someone is overwhelmed with emotion \"He's just bursting at the seams, can't wait to tell Victoria how he really"}, {"title": "", "text": "us smile doesn't mean it's something that's appropriate for anyone over 40 to use. Announce to a room of your peers that there's been a wig snatched and it's entirely possible they'll think you are referring to an actual stolen hairpiece. As in, \"There's been a rash of toupee robberies in the area?!\" When the growling in your stomach has gotten so ferocious that it sounds like a lion moving in for the kill, you have moved up a notch from hungry to hangry. It's a word that essentially combines angry with hungry\u2014because when you're hangry, you might very well punch a guy if he gets between you and a sandwich. Being hangry isn't a good look on someone over 40, though. At this stage in life, you should have the skills necessary to make yourself a snack before your blood sugar drops to hangry levels, or at least the emotional capacity to control yourself when you're feeling ravenous. Put on Blast Putting someone on blast, of course, refers to when a Stormtrooper in any of the Star Wars films charges at the good guys with their blasters. Wait, no, never mind, it turns out it doesn't. To put someone on blast really means to embarrass them by revealing personal details that they'd rather keep secret. Honestly, we like our definition better. Boujee When you want to call someone bourgeois but want to do it in a way that sounds like you've just confused them with a Teletubbies character, you call them boujee\u2014which can also be"}, {"title": "", "text": "to \"give [someone] stick\"? When something is described as a banana skin, what does that mean? If a Brit tells you that you look like you have \"been in the wars,\" what do you look like? \"Life is not all beer and skittles.\" What does this phrase say about life? What does it mean if someone is \"as bent as a nine-bob note\"? If a Brit \"breaks their duck,\" what are they doing? A \"champagne socialist\" is a wealthy person who has what sort of views? What does it mean to \"play a blinder\"? If your new coat \"cost a bomb,\" what does that say about it? When someone describes something as being the \"bee's knees,\" what are they saying about it? How do the British use the word \"bloody\"?"}, {"title": "", "text": "bit my head off for not doing my share of the work!\" Blow a fuseIf you blow a fuse, you suddenly lose your temper and become very angry. \"Charlie blew a fuse yesterday when he discovered that his ipod had been stolen.\"Blow your topIf you blow your top, you suddenly become very angry.\"When my mother saw the state of the apartment after the party, she blew her top!\" Have a bone to pick with someoneTo say that you have a bone to pick with somebody means that you are annoyed with them and want to talk to them about it. In somebody's good/bad booksIf you are in somebody's good or bad books, you have their approval or disapproval.\"I'm in my wife's bad books at the moment because I forgot our wedding anniversary!\" Cheesed offIf someone is cheesed off with something, they are annoyed, bored or frustrated. \"Julie is absolutely cheesed off with her job. For crying out loudThis expression is used to show irritation, exasperation or anger. \"For crying out loud! Turn that television off!\" Cut no ice (with somebody)If something cuts no ice, it has no effect or makes no impression on someone. \"Her explanation cut no ice with the teacher who said he would tolerate no more unjustified absences.\" Cut it out!If you say cut it out to someone, you are telling them to stop doing something. \"I've had enough of your insinuations, so just cut it out!\" Drive up the wallIf somebody or something drives you up the wall, they do something that"}, {"title": "", "text": "tell someone they were attractive, what might you call them? \"The Man\" has been giving you trouble lately, but who is \"the Man?\" Your friend is going to \"catch you on the flip-side.\" What are they going to do? Everyone has invited you to go streaking. What do they want to do? The Commodores had a song called \"Brick House.\" What did people mean when they said that? What did it mean if someone told you to \"keep on truckin'?\" Your friend wants to become a rock star but can't sing. You think it's pretty unlikely to happen, so what do you tell them? What might someone be feeling if they yell \"Dy-No-Mite\" out loud? This term to express that you have heard and understood someone is still used by truckers. What is it? What just happened if someone yells \"burn!\" at someone else? If a friend tells you everything is copacetic, what do they mean? What kind of beans would you mention if you were really in agreement with someone? If something was cool but also a little bit different than the usual, what might you call it? Your friend just said, \"Slap me some skin.\" What do they want? If someone got described as a \"burn out,\" what would that mean? What TV show made \"Up your nose with a rubber hose\" famous? If your surfer friends describe a wave as \"gnarly,\" what do they mean?"}, {"title": "", "text": "drops of liquid that are blown in a certain direction.Get this! In the middle of the Tribough Bridge she changes her pantyhose. \u201cGet this\u201d is a common way of telling someone else that you are about to say something incredible or very interesting. \u201cPantyhose\u201d are the nylon coverings that women wear on their legs.I jump in the back seat and I whip it out, and I said \u201cYou know what this is?\u201d In this context, \u201cto whip it out\u201d is the Wizard\u2019s way of saying that he quickly took his penis out from inside his pants.I went and fucked her brains out. She goes wild. \u201cTo fuck a person\u2019s brains out\u201d is a vulgar way of saying to have very passionate (or at least animated) sex with them. In this context, if a person \u201cgoes wild,\u201d they yell and scream and have a grand old time. We call him Doughboy because he\u2019ll do anything for a buck. \u201cDough\u201d is a somewhat dated slang word for money, and \u201cbuck\u201d is still a very common way of saying dollar.So, how\u2019s it hangin? This is slangy and no longer used. \u201cHow\u2019s it going?\u201d is still current.I heard on the radio some fleet driver from Bell just got all cut up. \u2014 Stick-up? A \u201cfleet\u201d of cars is a group of cars that are all associated with the same business,such as a taxi company. In this case, to be \u201ccut up\u201d is to be injured after being attacked with knives. A \u201cstick-up\u201d is a robbery that is almost always done"}, {"title": "", "text": "as hell better find out. A colloquial way to add emotion or emphasis. They always freak out when you leave the scene of an accident. \"To freak out\" is a common colloquial verb meaning to panic or to become very emotionally upset. You're one pathetic loser. A great adjective referring to someone who arouses scornful pity for being so bad or ridiculous. No offense. :: None taken. A common way to say \"I didn't mean to offend you.\" You know what chaps my ass? \"You know what makes me angry?\" (But never said: only lips get \"chapped,\" or dried out). Chicks love it. A colloquial and teenage way to refer to girls or women. Sparks flew, emotions ran high. A tiny flash of fire (Here, it refers to interaction between people). Used here to mean \"I don't believe you!,\" which is fairly common when someone is being very cynical. (Some people will even just say \"Get out!\") I'd have to be a low life to go rooting around in somebody else's personal property. \"A low life\" is an immoral or horribly unpleasant person. \"Rooting around\" means to dig around, but is never used. I say we bail. \"To bail\" is a very colloquial way to say leave, usually in a hurry. Maybe we should trash the place. As a verb, it means to destroy (common among gangsters). Nothing, nada, zip. They both mean \"nothing\" (\"nada\" is Spanish for nothing). Just get the bare essentials, since this is the last of our dough. The \"bare essentials\" means"}, {"title": "", "text": "important. Relaxing is good. Taking work home to get ahead is a smart move. \u201cHanging loose\u201d simply means that you are relaxed. The term comes from the opposing visual to being tightly wound when stressed. Should you feel good if your friend said \u201cright on,\u201d after hearing your opinion? It\u2019s neutral. They didn\u2019t listen. \u201cRight on\u201d can mean that what someone said is not only correct, but exactly right. People are still debating if it\u2019s from \u201cright on target,\u201d or \u201cright on time,\u201d though these two thoughts essentially suggest the same concept. If you\u2019ve been \u201cbusted by the fuzz,\u201d where would you be now? Parent\u2019s house The \u201cfuzz\u201d simply refers to the police. Some people say the term comes from the fuzzy hair that cops used to have, like crew cuts. If your hippie friend says that another person is \u201call show, no go,\u201d is that person OK? Depends on the situation Befriend that person more \u201cAll show, no go\u201d is a fancy hippie phrase to say that something is superficial. In other words, it looks good, but it\u2019s actually useless or of low value. If you want to \u201clay it on\u201d your best friend, what are you trying to do? Get intimate Rest at their place Ask for money Tell something important \u201cLay it on me\u201d was used as a term for telling a person something important. Some people say the term comes from the idea of sharing a burden among friends or peers. If you have an \"ankle-biter,\u201d what does that make you? A"}, {"title": "", "text": "have money? Honky-tonk! Cha-ching! P.U.! Meep-meep! \u201cCha-ching\u201d means that a person has money. The phrase is taken from the sound of a cash register, so it's a sound effects kind of expression. When your friend invites you to their \u201ccrib,\u201d where are you going? Their home \u201cCrib\u201d is shorthand for a person\u2019s home, which was popularly used during the '90s and still saw some usage after that, even up to today. Generation Xers also mix in some pride when they use it, like they're displaying their home for people to see. If you hear \u201ceat my shorts\u201d in a conversation, what\u2019s the person trying to say? Let\u2019s get a room. Let\u2019s have a drink. I don\u2019t care. \u201cEat my shorts\u201d became a famous phrase when it was used by Bart Simpson in the TV show \"The Simpsons.\" It is simply a way of telling the other person you don\u2019t care \u2013 at all. It sounds like an insult. If a party is \u201ctotally tubular,\u201d what sort of party is it? Needs some improvement A disaster \u201cTotally tubular\u201d is surf speak, used by Generation X people to mean something is really good or excellent. The term describes how a good wave has a \u201ctube\u201d of water for surfers to go through. Since some Gen Xers are also surfers, the usage became interchangeable between these communities. If you hear someone pointedly ask \u201cWhere\u2019s the beef?\u201d what are they trying to say? They\u2019re hungry. When does it happen? Where do we go? \u201cWhere\u2019s the beef?\u201d actually started as a"}, {"title": "", "text": "on more responsibility than is warranted \"Working at the grocery store and the restaurant while being a full time student is biting off more than you can chew.\" Bite one's head off An expression meaning to reply brusquely or sharply to someone \"She practically bit my head off when I admitted to her that I copied her homework.\" An expression meaning to decide to do something difficult or unpleasant that one has been putting off \"I'm just going to bite the bullet and clean my room before my mom comes home.\" Blind ambition An expression meaning to seek to improve only things for yourself, not like ambition, which is about improving and changing things in the world \"He's got blind ambition, all he can think about is getting into business school.\" Blind as a bat An expression meaning not being able to see very well (bats use echolocation, rather than sight) \"She can't see anything without her glasses on, she's blind as a bat.\" Going out with someone whom you have never met, usually arranged by a mutual friend Blindside someone An expression meaning to simply to do or say something the person is utterly unprepared for \"Robby blindsided Emily when he told her he was breaking up with her, she was totally shocked.\" Blowing a lot of hot air Talking excessively without really saying anything important Blow one's horn An expression meaning to be boastful about one's own accomplishments, similar to \"toot one's own horn\" \"Not to blow my own horn, but I sing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Been bustin\u2019 bills, but still, ain\u2019t nothin\u2019 change Grammar: *\u201dI\u2019ve been busting bills, but still, nothing has changed \u2026\u201d Slang: By \u201cbusting bills\u201d he means he\u2019s been spending a lot of money. Still, he makes a ton of money, so his financial situation isn\u2019t affected by this. You in the mob soon as you rock the chain Grammar: *\u201dYou\u2019re in the mob as soon as you rock the chain \u2026\u201d Slang: The \u201cmob\u201d here refers to his crew again. The same goes for \u201cteam, squad, gang,\u201d etc. To \u201crock\u201d in this case means to wear something proudly, especially a certain brand. She caught the waves, just thumbin\u2019 through my braids (Alright) Some braids for you \u2013 Gift Habeshaw Slang / Expressions: To \u201ccatch the wave\u201d here means to get high (on drugs) and feel some wavy vibes. To \u201cthumb\u201d through something means to run one\u2019s fingers through it as if to study it, like thumbing a book. Culture / Style: He plays on the idea of waves as a hairstyle since \u201cwaves\u201d have been a popular hairstyle for black men for a while. Heatin\u2019 up, baby, I\u2019m just heatin\u2019 up (It\u2019s lit) Expressions: \u201cHeating up\u201d figuratively means that something is getting started, it\u2019s just beginning. A similar expression is \u201cwarming up.\u201d Need your love, not a need, it is a must Feelin\u2019 stuck, you know how to keep me up Expressions / Dual meanings: \u201cKeep me up\u201d here means this person keeps him feeling well, positive, and in good spirits. It also has a more provocative"}, {"title": "", "text": "job with such low pay you would still need to stand in the soup lines An easy, relaxing job To crack a safe using nitroglycerin A soup job is to crack a safe using nitroglycerine. This jargon may relate to the fact that both nitroglycerine and soup are liquids. \"Tell it to Sweeney.\" If someone says that to you, what does it mean? Tell it to someone who will believe your lies. Tell it to a priest. Tell it to your mom. Tell it to a doctor. \"Tell it to Sweeney\" means to say that to someone who'll believe your \"phonus balonus\" or lies. Shelia is just a \"wet blanket.\" What is she? A fun time in a swimming pool A babysitter An interior decorator Someone who is no fun, no fun at all. Someone who does not like have \"whoopee\" or a good time. If you make a statement and the other person utters \"applesauce\". What are they trying to convey? They think you're lying. They applaud your thinking. They think you are hilarious. They are jealous of you. \"Applesauce\" is used to demonstrate your lack of appreciation for the words of another or that you believe the statement is not truthful. Remember, this is in the '20s: What did \"bimbo\" mean back then? An intellectual A dumb blonde A tough guy Back then, a tough guy who was not intelligent was a \"bimbo\". But currently it is used to describe an attractive but empty-headed young woman. What slang term would you use in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "saying. For example, if you ask someone \"was it hard losing your home when that meteorite wiped out the dinosaurs?\" the implied insult - the shade - is that they are extremely old. To endorse or support a romantic coupling, even if they aren\u2019t a reality. Kind of like a fantasy pairing. To be so completely surprised by something, that your body is literally shook. Can also mean you\u2019re scared/can\u2019t believe your eyes. Short for \"Shaking my head,\" used to denote disappointment/disapproval Snack/Snacc A way to describe someone you find attractive. To be on point, looks-wise. For example, \"I've just been to the beautician and my eyebrows are snatched\" Often cited as being based on the character from Eminem\u2019s music video of the same name, this represents a crazy, OTT and often terrifying fan for something (be it a person or a form of media). Pronounced either as \u201ctick\u201d or \u201cthicK\u201d (with a heavy K) to refer to a person who is incredibly curvy and sexy. Larger than an hour glass figure. Short for, \"Today I Learned\" Short for \"Too Long; Didn't Read\" - the TL;DR version of something is a shortened, easily digestible version of longer content. When you exist purely for one thing, person you can be called XXX trash. Also used as a self-deprecating term for being a general mess and worthless person. This, for example, is one word that because of internet slang, has generated an entirely new meaning to some. Short for \"You only live once,\" usually used as a justification"}, {"title": "", "text": "so blow out, it's crazy. blow your buffer - Used amongst the computer guys. To lose your train of thought, or when someone is talking so much she won't let you get a word in, and then you lose your train of thought. e.g., Great, she threw me off and then I blew my buffer. submitted by DJ Epifany - (www) blow your chips - To go insane, often used when a person is about to do something crazy or stupid. e.g., You're going to go skydiving while your leg is broken? Have you blown your chips? submitted by Aurora blow-baggin - to not tell the truth on a certain matter, lying to one under extreme circumstances e.g., A. I won the lottery the other day, Dustin. D.No way. You're blow-baggin'. submitted by Nathan French blowback - The unintented fallout due to the often ugly business of espionage work. e.g., The decision to hold many top-level Al-Queda officials in Egypt and Jordan is a clear effort of the part of the CIA to minimize blowback. By holding them in a foreign nation the prisoners are not protected by American civil liberties and interrogation can be much more creative. Modern interrogation techniques bear little resemblance to the knuckle-busting nonsense portrayed in Hollywood action movies but, nevertheless, would violate many rights normally extended to Americans. submitted by Stephen Mize blower - Australian and British slang for a telephone. e.g., I tried calling to wish him a happy birthday last night, but I couldn't get through for over an"}, {"title": "", "text": "[15] Looking in the wrong place. [note 1] \"Basket case\" One made powerless or ineffective, as by nerves, panic, or stress. [note 2] \"Beat around the bush\" To treat a topic, but omit its main points, often intentionally or to delay or avoid talking about something difficult or unpleasant. \"Beat a dead horse\" To uselessly dwell on a subject far beyond its point of resolution. \"Bed of roses\" A rich person. A very rich family. \"Best of both worlds\" A situation wherein someone has the privilege of enjoying two different opportunities. \"Bite off more than one can chew\" To take on more responsibility than one can manage. \"Bite the bullet\" To endure a painful or unpleasant situation that is unavoidable. \"Bite the dust\" Euphemism for dying or death. \"Break a leg\" [16] A saying from the theatre that means \"good luck\". \"Burn the midnight oil\" [17] To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting. [note 3] \"Bust one's chops\" [18] To say things intended to harass. [note 4] \"By the seat of one's pants\" [19] To achieve through instinct or do something without advance preparation. \"By the skin of one's teeth\" [20] Narrowly; barely. Usually used in regard to a narrow escape from a disaster. [note 5] \"Call it a day\" [21] To declare the end of a task. [note 6] Cat nap A nap. Chalk up [22] To attribute something to a particular cause. \"Champ at the bit\" or \"Chomp at the bit\" [23] To show impatience or frustration when"}, {"title": "", "text": "[15] Looking in the wrong place. [note 1] \"Basket case\" One made powerless or ineffective, as by nerves, panic, or stress. [note 2] \"Beat around the bush\" To treat a topic, but omit its main points, often intentionally or to delay or avoid talking about something difficult or unpleasant. \"Beat a dead horse\" To uselessly dwell on a subject far beyond its point of resolution. \"Bed of roses\" A rich person. A very rich family. \"Best of both worlds\" A situation wherein someone has the privilege of enjoying two different opportunities. \"Bite off more than one can chew\" To take on more responsibility than one can manage. \"Bite the bullet\" To endure a painful or unpleasant situation that is unavoidable. \"Bite the dust\" Euphemism for dying or death. \"Break a leg\" [16] A saying from the theatre that means \"good luck\". \"Burn the midnight oil\" [17] To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting. [note 3] \"Bust one's chops\" [18] To say things intended to harass. [note 4] \"By the seat of one's pants\" [19] To achieve through instinct or do something without advance preparation. \"By the skin of one's teeth\" [20] Narrowly; barely. Usually used in regard to a narrow escape from a disaster. [note 5] \"Call it a day\" [21] To declare the end of a task. [note 6] Cat nap A nap. Chalk up [22] To attribute something to a particular cause. \"Champ at the bit\" or \"Chomp at the bit\" [23] To show impatience or frustration when"}, {"title": "", "text": "very bad or evil person, and especially one that is a main character in a play or movie.I am the brains behind this operation. \u2014 Yeah, dream on. \u201cTo be the brains behind an operation\u201d is to be the person who created or planned it (In this case, an operation is a particular plot or plan). \u201cDream on\u201d is a funny way of expressing disbelief or cynicism (i.e., \u201cI don\u2019t believe you have the intelligence to be the brains behind this).We got 40 actors and they\u2019re tearing through the zoo. \u201cTo tear through\u201d a place is to pass through it very quickly.They\u2019ll deny it up and down, but believe me, it true. This is George\u2019s way of saying that they\u2019ll never admit it, but this wording is rarely if ever used (Of course to deny is a key verb).Party time for Latka. \u2014 Not until you take off those overalls. A type of loose clothes, attached over the shoulders, and often worn over other clothes.40,000,000 people are watching your ass every week. George\u2019s way of telling Andy millions of people see him every week on TV (Your ass, of course, is your rear end, behind, derriere, etc).It\u2019s credibility. you make them love you now, andlater on your special, you can fuck with their heads. \u201cCredibility\u201d is an important word that refers to whether a person can be believed or trusted. \u201cTo fuck with a person\u2019s head\u201d is a vulgar but interesting way of saying to try and confuse or disorient them.The sky is the limit, man."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cMighty Mouse\u201d was a famous Disney cartoon figure. Toni Clifton is gonna go on Taxi next week, and that should let him blow off steam and relieve the stress. \u201cTo blow off steam\u201d is to do something that allows you to release some anger or frustration. \u201cTo relieve stress\u201d is to reduce the level of stress one has, which is the tension one feels from the problems of life. Andy decides to destroy Taxi, with the help of Tony Clifton.How are you? \u2014 Peachy. A silly adjective which means fine or good, though it is usually said sarcastically.I will have this fraulein and then the one with the big strudels. Two German words\u2014the first means woman, and the second is a type of pastry, though Andy uses it to mean female breasts.It\u2019s my buddy\u2019s first time with a prostitute. \u2014 What are you talking about? A \u201cbuddy\u201d is a common way to say a friend. \u201cWhat are you talking about?\u201d is one way to express total disbelief when a person tells you something which is obviously not true (as is the case here).Sometimes he is Tony and he wears a tux. Short for \u201ctuxedo,\u201d a very formal suit that men wear at weddings.Oh, we busted through! Come on, girls! \u201cTo bust through\u201d a physical line or blockade is to go past it. \u201cCome on\u201d is the most versatile phrasal verb in English, meaning everything from \u201clet\u2019s go\u201d (as it does here), to \u201cstop telling lies.\u201dHey, hot shot! How you doing? Take a hike! A \u201chot shot\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "enough room to swing a cat You might be more familiar with this expression than you are aware of, if you feel like you don\u2019t have a lot of space in your London accommodation, then you might say you don\u2019t have enough room to swing a cat, which means that you don\u2019t have a lot of space and that you feel cramped. Knackered Knackered means that you are exhausted or really tired. The term comes from the profession of a person who slaughtered worn out horses, for their meat and hoofs, in the 19th and 20th centuries \u2013 a knacker. In London, you may also hear the cockney rhyming slang to this phrase which is cream crackered. Botch job You might hear this phrase if a repair job is completed in a hurry and is likely to fall apart in a result of the lack of care given to it. Having a chinwag If your manager tells you to stop having a chinwag, then he/she wants you to stop chatting away or gossiping with someone. The phrase is thought to have come from when you are talking and your chin moves up and down \u2013 in a wagging action, like a dog\u2019s tail would do. Costs a bomb/ costs an arm and a leg If something costs a bomb, or it costs an arm and a leg, then this means that something is expensive or very costly. To skive is to purposely avoid/not attend something i.e. school or work, usually the person skiving will pretend they"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Get everybody \"rustled\" in the place This is a comment that came out of a discussion on McDonalds: I remember working at McHell for over 2 years. 25 cars in the Drive-Thru was nothing. The worst part was a semi-full lobby/Drive-Thru and then a buss pulls in. That shit would get everybody rustled in the place... Shit being thrown everywhere, people yelling. Good times. What does rustle mean when he says the buss would get everybody rustled in the place? I couldn't find a definition in the dictionaries that's appropriate to the context. And I'm assuming he made a typo and meant bus instead of buss? A: It's a shortened form of rustle one's jimmies. Urban Dictionary is often useful for this sort of slang in forum/group posts. Urban Dictionary \u201cThat Really Rustled My Jimmies\u201d is an expression that is used to convey feelings of discontent or discomfort in response to someone else\u2019s post in imageboards and discussion forums, most notably on 4chan. To rustle one's jimmies means to make someone discontent or to bother someone. Rustled in the context you quote (in a fast-food outlet) simply means made unhappy, discontented, dicomfited, disturbed, annoyed, anxious... [And he almost certainly does mean bus. Buss is a ship.]"}, {"title": "", "text": "will hurt others. No result will be obtained by futile efforts, and that's just \"beating a dead __.\" \"To beat a dead horse\" suggests doing actions that will result to nothing, since these actions are just time-wasters, much like how one knows that a dead horse will not move anymore even if you flog it. It can also refer to making actions or decisions that will have no concrete outcome. Say that you will \"take a __check\" when you want to reschedule and do something at a later date or time. If you want to move a scheduled appointment to a later date, you simply say \"take a raincheck\" instead of dismissing it outright. It's a more polite way of getting out of a meeting, regardless of if you intend to really reschedule it or not. \"It's __ to me\" when certain information is unclear. When someone speaks using heavy jargon or tries to explain complicated information (like scientific or mathematical formulas) and the listener doesn't comprehend it, the latter can say, \"It's Greek to me.\" It pertains to the information being foreign to a person, or the person simply can't understand it. Don't \"throw someone under the __\" and let them suffer for your own personal gain. To \"throw someone under the bus\" is a manifestation of betrayal since one person sacrifices their relationship with another person for personal advancement or gain. It usually happens behind someone's back but can also take place while the parties involved are in each other's company. You're just \"preaching"}, {"title": "", "text": "his videos. What are they saying it is? Really poor Gen Xers could describe pretty much anything as \"the bomb\" or even \"the bomb diggity.\" Food, music or movies, they could use that term to describe a lot. Except for when they were in an airport. When someone said you were \"buggin,'\" what were they saying about how you were acting? Slow-moving When you were \"buggin,\" you were doing something out of character or just plain silly. When someone else was \"buggin,\" the rap group Whistle had the best advice to handle it: \"Don't take it seriously.\" You have to have \"cheddar\" to drive a BMW. Can you tell us what \"cheddar\" is? A snack A license If you had a fat bank account, drove the finest vehicles, flew in private jets, and wore designer brands, it was safe to say you were ballin.\" A casual observer might say you had mad \"cheddar,\" too \"Like\" what does someone mean using \"like\" in this way?\" When you're talking and you have a brain freeze or are stumbling for the right word, \"like\" is a universal gap filler. It's, \"like\" an all-purpose word that is fitting for many situations. It can be a \"buzzkill\" when someone is eating a banana split and someone tells them how many calories it is. Can you say the meaning of \"buzzkill?\" Something that is scary Something that's heavy Something that's loud Something that ruins an enjoyable activity When a Gen Xer was listening to music on their boombox in either their bedroom"}, {"title": "", "text": "the exam\" take by theft; \"Someone snitched my wallet!\". I don't mind. \u201cIt was an honor and. others are also only om ao3 and not tumblr because of the length. According to TMZ, he was just arrested after someone snitched on him for threatening people online. Home\u2192Forums\u2192Relationships\u2192Tell someone her boyfriend cheated? New Reply This topic contains 4 replies, has 3 voices, and was last updated by anita 3 years, 9 months ago. Government has no jurisdiction here and those involved in this tyranny should be summarily removed from their position of authority and justice brought upon their heads. If you dream that someone snitches on you, it means that you will soon receive pleasant news. And this should go without saying, but if someone. org dictionary, synonyms and antonyms. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Anh-Vi\u1ec7t - \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb: ch\u1edbp, th\u00f3, snitch on somebody. V-I To snitch on a person means to tell someone in authority that the person has done something bad or wrong. Before finding success as a music video director, Marcus worked in the lighting and camera departments on over 50 major productions across the US. They can't get a regular job, so the have to resort to what they know and 9 times out of 10 substance abuse lead them back to the same people, who didn't snitch on them per se, but snitched before on someone else. com October 16, 2020. Is someone gonna help me pls. TWO-FACED TALES! Ellen DeGeneres\u2019 Most Shocking Scandals. The Christmas Cookie Sprinkle Snitcher [Robert Kraus, Vip, Virgil Partch] on"}, {"title": "", "text": "arise suddenly, especially because of the wind\u2019 (Example: \u201cA storm blew up at the end of the afternoon.\u201d), or \u2018to explode\u2019 or \u2019cause to explode\u2019 (Example: \u201cThe engineers blew up the bridge.\u201d), but it can also mean \u2018to enlarge\u2019 (Example: \u201cI used the photocopier to blow the picture up to twice its original size.\u201d) or \u2018to inflate\u2019 (Example: \u201cWe don\u2019t have a spare room, so when we have guests we blow up an air bed for them to sleep on in the living room.\u201d). You can normally tell which one someone means from the context. Let\u2019s blow this joint or Let\u2019s blow this popsicle stand: slang for \u2018let\u2019s leave.\u2019 These can sound old-fashioned now, but people do say them, sometimes ironically. Example: \u201cThis party sucks. Let\u2019s blow this joint.\u201d blow off steam: do something to relieve tension and relax. Example: \u201cAfter a long day at work, Dave likes to spend an hour blowing off steam in the gym before he goes home.\u201d blow your cool: lose your composure. Example: \u201cI hate speaking in public; no matter how hard I try, I always end up blowing my cool.\u201d blow it: completely fail, do something horribly wrong (often in past tense). Example: \u201cThe job interview was a disaster. I blew it!\u201d Another common expression using blow is to blow somebody\u2019s mind, which means \u2018to completely amaze somebody.\u2019 Example: \u201cThe first time my great-grandfather saw a car, it blew his mind.\u201d A song that uses this expression in the lyrics is \u201cHey Mickey,\u201d released by Toni Basil in 1980."}, {"title": "", "text": "arise suddenly, especially because of the wind\u2019 (Example: \u201cA storm blew up at the end of the afternoon.\u201d), or \u2018to explode\u2019 or \u2019cause to explode\u2019 (Example: \u201cThe engineers blew up the bridge.\u201d), but it can also mean \u2018to enlarge\u2019 (Example: \u201cI used the photocopier to blow the picture up to twice its original size.\u201d) or \u2018to inflate\u2019 (Example: \u201cWe don\u2019t have a spare room, so when we have guests we blow up an air bed for them to sleep on in the living room.\u201d). You can normally tell which one someone means from the context. Let\u2019s blow this joint or Let\u2019s blow this popsicle stand: slang for \u2018let\u2019s leave.\u2019 These can sound old-fashioned now, but people do say them, sometimes ironically. Example: \u201cThis party sucks. Let\u2019s blow this joint.\u201d blow off steam: do something to relieve tension and relax. Example: \u201cAfter a long day at work, Dave likes to spend an hour blowing off steam in the gym before he goes home.\u201d blow your cool: lose your composure. Example: \u201cI hate speaking in public; no matter how hard I try, I always end up blowing my cool.\u201d blow it: completely fail, do something horribly wrong (often in past tense). Example: \u201cThe job interview was a disaster. I blew it!\u201d Another common expression using blow is to blow somebody\u2019s mind, which means \u2018to completely amaze somebody.\u2019 Example: \u201cThe first time my great-grandfather saw a car, it blew his mind.\u201d A song that uses this expression in the lyrics is \u201cHey Mickey,\u201d released by Toni Basil in 1980."}, {"title": "", "text": "is he? Smashing his face Shopping at K-Mart You're confused and \"out to lunch.\" \"Man, you must be out to lunch today. How many times do I have to ask you to close the front door when you come inside?\" It's a '60s holdover. What's the best definition for \"far out?\" Gross! Man, those mutton chops really fill out your face nicely. Those bushy things are far out! \"Far out\" means, of course, \"cool.\" It was a one-word slam. In the '70s, what did you say if you tricked someone? \"Psyche!\" \"Garbanzo!\" \"D'oh!\" \"Pork!\" Some wannabe jokesters used this one until they wore it out. It's a mental trick, see? \"Psyche!\" It was a way to show someone that you fooled them. It's 1972. What are you going to do with that \"chill pill\"? Move a box Find a fast food restaurant Create a scene You've been acting like a crazed Woodstock hippie all day. It's time to take a \"chill pill\" and calm down once and for all, you lunatic. Keep it family-friendly. In the '70s, if someone said, \"gimme some skin,\" what did they mean? Kiss them Watch \"Silence of the Lambs\" Slap hands \"Gimme some skin, man!\" Like today's high five, \"gimme some skin\" was a greeting that involved a slap of the hands. It's not a side dish. What did it mean if you said \"cool beans\"? You're in love. You love cold beans. \"Cool beans\" is a '70s term for approval. \"Cool beans, thanks for the lift, man! We'll catch you"}, {"title": "", "text": "can't say: \"I am broken.\" You can say you're hurt badly, but we never say people are broken. Things can be broken, but not people. To be hurt badly. So, someone might say: \"If you mess with him, you're toast.\" I'm bread in the toaster all of a sudden? Again, it means that you are going to get hurt very badly. This is like a warning or a threat. \"Toasted\", this means drunk or stoned. \"Stoned\" means you've done some kind of drugs. The exact same definition for \"toasted\" would be \"baked\", which has to do with the bakery. \"Baked\" means you're high on drugs, so does \"stoned\". So, \"baked\", \"stoned\", and \"toasted\" means that you're high on drugs, but \"toasted\" can mean drunk or stoned. Mm-hmm. Slang gets difficult. So you might hear someone say: \"Wah, I was toasted last night.\" That means they're drunk. If you hear your friends or people you know, or on TV, people say: \"Let's get... Let's get toasted, man.\" It probably means they're smoking some drugs. There's a DJ phenomenal called \"toasting\". If you're familiar with Dancehall or Reggae music, or one my favorite 1960's Jamaican Ska music, there's something called \"toasting\", and this is basically lyrical chanting over riddim. Yeah, man, bring the riddim one time, slowly. \"Riddim\" basically means music, it's like a Jamaican word for music. And we would know it as DJing. So, maybe you go to the club and a song is playing, and the guy or the girl on the mic, the microphone"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a colloquial expression for a person who is very important or accomplished, or at least thinks they are. \u201cTake a hike\u201d is a funny way of telling someone to go away, or perhaps get lost.Here\u2019s your script, Tony. The written words to a movie or play, with directions for the actors.Bullshit, bullshit, my line. \u201cBullshit\u201d is one of the truly great obscenities, meaning lies, half-truths, or in this case, worthless nonsense. A \u201cline\u201d in a movie is the words from a script that an actor says. That\u2019s hilarious. Like hysterical, another good word for extremely funny.I can\u2019t afford to blow this whole episode. We have to let him go. \u201cTo blow\u201d something is a common colloquial way of saying to do it very badly. An \u201cepisode\u201d is a single show in a multi-show TV series.I\u2019m not sure how Andy is going to take this. In this case, \u201cto take something\u201d is to emotionally react to it (When people get bad news, some take it well, and others take it poorly).I don\u2019t give a fuck who that is. I\u2019m gonna fire him. A vulgar but common and useful way of saying \u201cI don\u2019t care at all.\u201dAndy, I have the utmost respect for your artistry. To have \u201cthe utmost respect\u201d for something is to have the highest possible respect or admiration for it.He\u2019s been waiting for this his whole life. \u2014 Andy, they\u2019ll be other shots. In this case, other \u201cshots\u201d are other opportunities.Please let him down gently. \u2014 Trust us. \u201cTo let a person down gently\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "directly if there's an issue, instead of behind your back. Even though it refers to online interaction, people use it in real life too. It is said more jokingly these days, though. For example: If you say, \"Someone in this house doesn't wash up properly,\" your child could say \"@ me next time, Mom.\" A whole meal If someone is looking good, they're \"a whole meal\". This phrase does have somewhat of a sexual connotation, so don't go throwing it around. If someone is regular, boring or does typical things, they are \"basic\". Bop/Banger If a song is really good or enjoyable, it's a \"bop\" or a \"banger\". Someone who enjoys the lavish and extravagant things in life. For example: Did you see her Gucci fanny pack?\" \"Yeah, she's so boujee.\" If someone does something the internet deems \"problematic\", they are \"cancelled\". For example: \"Did you see what R Kelly did to those women?\" \"Yes, he's definitely cancelled!\" Clapback A response to being \"called out\", confronted or insulted. Getting back at someone. Clapbacks are supposed to be smart and witty responses that \"burns\" your opponent. In social media context, \"clout\" means having a great social influence or following, being popular or being favoured in certain situations because of your social media or general social presence. Creps Sneakers. When something is of high quality. For example: \"Did you see those dank memes I sent you?\" Deadass For real/definitely/seriously/I agree. Example 1: \"This song is such a bop!\" \"Deadass!\" Example 2: \"I won a car!\" \"Deadass?\" Also see:"}, {"title": "", "text": "of thinking we are a slice of bread. Mancsnotlancs Someone's UK \"Not Kicking The Arse Off\" generally meaning 'about' and 'around'. E.g \"It's not kicking the arse off 10 o'clock\" My mum made it up many years ago and we've always used it, however the full saying is \"Not kicking the arse of a donkeys back\" Didn't know it wasn't an actual term until a few years ago. GegeE98 Is This Like White Shoes After Labor Day? \"Red shoes, no knickers.\" My mum said this, that there's an implication women wearing red shoes weren't wearing any undies. Still haven't met anyone who has ever heard of it. BPD_whut The Skittles Approve My mum often says \"they have a face like a slapped arse\" whenever she is talking about co workers who aren't taking her constructive criticism well. They often have a pinched expression, lips pressed tightly together/puckered like an actual arse hole... When my dad is done eating and is asked if he wants more food, he will often reply \"mate, I'm full as a zoo keepers boot!\" (I'm Australian) He also says \"they were giving out brains, you thought they said trains and you missed it\" when I didn't listen to instructions. My personal one is \"they're a few skittles/crayola short of a rainbow\" if someone is a bit off mark on something. HailCrystals English????? \"What time dark\" was something we would say to ask like the general question of when was like dinner and down time. Turns out my parents were a** face drunk"}, {"title": "", "text": "bully Someone who is \"going spare\" is so angry that they are doing things that many people would consider kind of crazy. For example, if your partner is mad that you didn't do the dishes, so they start breaking them, they would definitely be going spare. If someone \"argues the toss,\" what are they doing? Stalling Agreeing Disagreeing If your friends all agree that they want Chinese food for lunch, but you fight with them about it, you are \"arguing the toss.\" It means refusing to accept a decision and turning it into an argument. What does it mean to \"give [someone] stick\"? Beat them Slander them Help them Criticize them While this idiom might sound funny to American English speakers, it is not so funny in England. If someone gives you stick, they either criticize or punish you. This may be a reference to common corporal punishments of the past, which often involved hitting people with sticks. When something is described as a banana skin, what does that mean? It's embarrassing. It's sexy. It's yellow. It's broken. You don't want to have a single banana skin. Something that is embarrassing can be described in this way. It can also refer to something that causes problems. This term is less commonly used in modern British English. If a Brit tells you that you look like you have \"been in the wars,\" what do you look like? Someone who looks like they have \"been in the wars\" looks rough, hurt or like they have been through some"}, {"title": "", "text": "to do? You show up late to the party and your friend tells you they already ordered a cheese pizza. They want to know if that's OK. What might they ask? You're watching a new movie, and man is it a \"drag.\" What is that? Your friend says they've got $50 for you but then they pull it away. It's a trick! What do they yell? You might call someone this if they're being a jerk. You just got some news and man is it \"heavy.\" What does that mean? Your friend just walked into the middle of a story and wants you to fill them in quickly. What do they say? You just got bad news and it's bringing you down. How would you describe that news? You might toss out this term to describe someone who's not the smartest. You could say your friend is just a cool person, or you could say they're a cool what? If someone is a little klutzy, they might get called one of these. This was a term for a police officer, particularly on the highway. Uh oh! You were skipping school and then ran into the principal. He hasn't seen you yet so you should run. What do you tell your friend you need to do? Someone on the street just called you a \"chump!\" What did they mean? Your mom wants you to hang out with your cousin, but he's a real \"square.\" What does that mean? He's from out of town. If you wanted to"}, {"title": "", "text": "I could care less about you dating Brad.\" If I don't want you to talk about a sensitive topic, what will I say? D*** skippy You straight Yoink If I don't want you to talk about a sensitive topic, I will most likely say the phrase \"don't go there!\" For example, \"Don't go there, Stacy, you know I hate talking about my ex-boyfriends.\" Someone's \"crib\" refers to their\u2026? Financial situation Food in the fridge Someone's \"crib\" refers to their home or living situation. For instance, \"Hey, man, can I come to your crib tonight?\" A \"chick flick\" refers to which type of movie? \"Chick flicks\" refer to romantic comedies and was used in the '90s to stereotype the film interests of women. For instance, \"No, Sarah, I don't want to watch another chick flick with you!\" If someone is loaded with \"cheddar,\" they are loaded with\u2026? \"Cheddar\" is another way of saying \"money.\" For instance, \"Man, I got paid yesterday, and now I have a lot of cheddar to spend!\" If someone is \"bunked,\" they are acting\u2026? Perplexed Crazy/wild \"Bunked\" is another way of saying that someone is acting crazy or wild. For instance, \"Let's take Josh home from this party. He's been acting so bunked from all those drinks.\" If you want to emphasize being correct in a situation, which of these phrases would you use? Buzz kill Slammin' \"Booya\" is often used to emphasize being correct in a situation. For example, \"Booya! I told you the Eagles would win the Super Bowl!\" If I"}, {"title": "", "text": "your friends.\u2019 (p.74) = betrayed. \u2018Hit the shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has"}, {"title": "", "text": "be obtained by futile efforts, and that's just \"beating a dead __.\" \"To beat a dead horse\" suggests doing actions that will result to nothing, since these actions are just time-wasters, much like how one knows that a dead horse will not move anymore even if you flog it. It can also refer to making actions or decisions that will have no concrete outcome. Say that you will \"take a __check\" when you want to reschedule and do something at a later date or time. If you want to move a scheduled appointment to a later date, you simply say \"take a raincheck\" instead of dismissing it outright. It's a more polite way of getting out of a meeting, regardless of if you intend to really reschedule it or not. \"It's __ to me\" when certain information is unclear. When someone speaks using heavy jargon or tries to explain complicated information (like scientific or mathematical formulas) and the listener doesn't comprehend it, the latter can say, \"It's Greek to me.\" It pertains to the information being foreign to a person, or the person simply can't understand it. Don't \"throw someone under the __\" and let them suffer for your own personal gain. To \"throw someone under the bus\" is a manifestation of betrayal since one person sacrifices their relationship with another person for personal advancement or gain. It usually happens behind someone's back but can also take place while the parties involved are in each other's company. You're just \"preaching to the __\" when you're convincing"}, {"title": "", "text": "was a good idea. LMAO. Urban dictionary could be wrong then as it's my understanding that \"12\" is a reference to the old \"Adam-12\" TV show and is a generic reference to police, much like \"Five-O\" is a reference to the old TV show and used as a generic term for police, particularly detectives. Thanks Larry (and Roger but I try not to type that word). I really did not know what this meant, just as recently I learnt what \"420\" means. I have a difficult time keeping up with what is acceptable language in what used to be considered polite company. It's cool. I didn't know this particular term either. I saw \"offensive\" and then had to look up to find out what it really meant. dtiller il y a environ 5 mois 2 You\u2019ve never heard the phrase \u201cbust a move\u201d? Look bust up a urban dictionary.com for laughs. John D il y a environ 5 mois 8 \"Activist\" Chris Chura il y a environ 5 mois 8 I\u2019m wondering if she was paid to pull this stunt? Seems like lately everyone is wanting to be the victim, pull the race card and try and file some BS law suit. She got what she deserved. Lachlan McGowan il y a environ 5 mois 3 When you choose to be an activist and deliberately wear clothing that you know is deemed offensive by the airline and your put off the flight ... the only people that should be complaining are the fellow passengers who have"}, {"title": "", "text": "problem. You're up to your neck in it. You're an accessory. To be \"up to your neck (or ears)\" in a situation is to be deeply involved in it. An \"accessory\" is a legal term for a participant in a crime. Barber shop. Where people get their hair cut. Seven bride's maids in the ceremony. The best friends of the bride in a wedding. The priest was defrocked. The word for when a priest is ejected or kicked out of the church. Some condemn him for sheer exhibitionism. An expression that refers to when people show off something about their lives that many feel should be kept private. Jets are always screaming overhead. In this case, in the air or sky. A common way to say \"It took you too long.\" I checked it all out. \"I Looked to make sure everything was OK.\" You got guts. \"Guts\" are intestines, but often used colloquially to mean \"courage.\" If we slit their throats, we're going to let you out? \"To slit\" is a violent verb meaning to cut open. I hope the guy who kills me does it because he hates my guts. \"To hate someone's guts\" is to very strongly hate or despise them. A lot of men would've choked. \"To choke\" is to gag or suffocate on food, but it is colloquially used to mean panic, or stop functioning because of extreme fear. We'll handle Sal. You just sit tight. \"Stay calm, and stay where you are.\" You think I'd sell him out? \"To sell"}, {"title": "", "text": "tea.\" Positively referring to someone who is rather voluptuous in the thigh-butt region. \"Damn you thicc.\" This ain't it, chief Expressing disapproval. Another way for saying \"this just isn't the one\" or \"nah\". For example, seeing the price of petrol increase, \"This ain't it, chief.\" This term stemmed from the term \"internet troll\", and refers to someone who is joking about something, specifically trying to press your buttons to which they say, \"I'm just trolling.\" Weird flex but okay When someone boasts about something no-one really cares about, something that is kind of strange or when someone is being a humble brag, it's a \"weird flex\". For example: \"Look, I can fit my entire fist in my mouth.\" \"Weird flex, but okay.\" What's her @? \"Who is that girl?\" Car. Correlates with \"snatched edges\". A shortened version of \"snatched my wig\" or \"my wig is flying\", which expresses admiration or excellence. For example: \"Did you see this picture she uploaded? Wig!\" Another way for saying \"that's crazy\" or when someone is being rather provocative, you say, \"you wild\". Being socially and politically aware; someone who speaks up for social justice and educates themselves on important topics. Someone who chooses to not be ignorant. Yaaaas/yos/yusss Expressing approval or excitement; basically different takes on the word \"yes\". This is a very complex and versatile word that can be used in pretty much every context. Example 1: \"See you later.\" \"Yeet!\" Example 2: \"Do you want an apple?\" \"Yeet.\" Example 3: \"The state of this economy though, yeet!\" Yikes/That's"}, {"title": "", "text": "getting up early.\" beat: exhausted; very tired (adj.). \"This has been a long day. I'm beat!\" beat around the bush: evade an issue; avoid giving a direct answer. \"Quit beating around the bush! If you don't want to go with me, just tell me!\" beat one's brains out: try very hard to understand or do something. but I just can't solve it.\" Beats me: I have no idea. A: \"What time's the party?\" A: \"I'm really tired of working.\" B: \"Just be patient. The weekend will be here before long.\" bent out of shape: needlessly worried about something. \"I know you're worried about your job interview, but don't get bent out of shape. bite off more than one can chew: take responsibility for more than one can manage. bit off more than I could chew!\" blabbermouth: a very talkative person--especially one who says things that should be kept secret. \"Don't say anything to Bob unless you want the whole office to know. blow one's top: become extremely angry. A: \"Was your father upset when you came home at 3 AM?\" B: \"He was more than upset. He blew his top!\" boom box: portable cassette/CD player. \"Don't forget to bring your boom box to the picnic!\" the bottom line: the most essential information. the XYZ Company isn't for sale.\" Break a leg!: Good luck! \"I understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg!\" break someone's heart: make someone feel very disappointed/discouraged/sad. \"Joe broke his mother's heart when he dropped out of school.\" A: \"Can you"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 A-friend Apr 21 '19 at 8:08 @A-friend \"he world just landed on me\" suggests something huge has fallen on top of a person, (think of one of those cartoons, where a piano or an anvil drops on a character, but even more so) or perhaps the person has metaphorically just had a great weight added to his (or her) shoulders. In any case, it means that a sudden, unexpected personal disaster has occured to the speaker. \u2013 David Siegel Apr 21 '19 at 13:29 @A-friend \"screw\" means \"to have sex with\", and it is not one of the more polite terms for that act. By extension \"screw\" means \"to cheat\" or \"to do something nasty and malicious to\" as in \"The boss screwed me when he gave me an impossible job\" Because the original metaphor is sexual, many consider this a rough, crude term, and it should be used with caution if at all. \u2013 David Siegel Apr 21 '19 at 13:54 @A-friend roughly, yes. \"I'm screwed \" is not quite as strong, nor as likely to be viewed as improper. It is further divorced from its sexual origins. But the two are essentially similar. \u2013 David Siegel Apr 22 '19 at 15:03 a big problem / a series of problems are about to begin In regards to this part of your question, another common saying that I haven't seen mentioned is : The Devil works in threes. or (removing the religious aspect) Trouble comes in threes. There's a stack question about the origins of"}, {"title": "", "text": "No, it doesn\u2019t mean they are actually going to fix something \u2013 it means they are about to do something. For example, \u201cI\u2019m fixin\u2019 to go to the store.\u201d Or, \u201cI\u2019m fixin\u2019 to pass out in this heat.\u201d The genesis of this slang is hard to pin down, but a variation has been recorded all the way back in the 1600s. Southern words vs. rest of U.S. \u201cCoke\u201d for any soda, rather than \u201cpop\u201d \u201cY\u2019all\u201d, instead of \u201cyou all\u201d or \u201cyou guys\u201d \u201cSlaw\u201d in addition to saying \u201ccoleslaw\u201d \u201cCrawfish\u201d rather than \u201ccrawdad\u201d or \u201ccrayfish\u201d Source: Joshua Katz\u2019s linguistic maps Too big for his britches If someone tells you you\u2019ve \u201cgotten too big for your britches\u201d, it is not a plea to go buy new pants. This phrase means one has become a little too overconfident or full of themselves. The first recorded use of the phrase is actually from famed frontiersman and politician Davy Crockett himself. In 1835\u2019s An Account of Col. Crockett\u2019s Tour to the North and Down East, he wrote: \u201cI myself was one of the first to fire a gun under Andrew Jackson. I helped to give him all his glory. But I liked him well once: but when a man gets too big for his breeches, I say Good bye.\u201d The phrases has stuck around the years, though \u201cbreeches\u201d has evolved into \u201cbritches\u201d. This is is very popular in the South, and you\u2019ll hear it frequently if you make a trip down there. \u201cAs all get-out\u201d, or \u201clike all get-out\u201d, means to"}, {"title": "", "text": "be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\" For example, \"Quit icing my grill in front of all these people, man.\" If something is \"off the heezy,\" what does that mean? It's another way of saying \"unique.\" It's another way of saying \"lame.\" It's another way of saying \"confused.\" It refers to an object's large size. If something is \"off the heezy,\" that means that it's different or unique. For example, \"I've never"}, {"title": "", "text": "about the rest of you out there, got any? I always got a kick out of the saying \"It's better than sliced bread.\" Boy, that must be from way back. Great topic by the way. I've used these expressions for various characters I've met: she's a \"flibbertygibbet\" (or) he's a \"hobbledehoy\" a guy with a wild reputation, I might call a \"rakehell\" or a \"ne'er-do-well\" a country breakfast might include a serving of 'side-meat' an old **** expression: s'alright When you want to scoff: \"rotsaruck\" ...\"Tell it to the Marines\"...\"Tell it to Hanoi\" (Vietnam version) Ahhh, your father's moustache! Ahhh, your sister's out on patrol! cigarjoe LocationNY Your mother wears army boots. The whole magilla. Sell it somewhere else sister. Go suck an egg. a Buffalo squeeze. \"Cheese it\"--not only means \"let's get out of here\" it can also mean \"YOU get out of here, I don't want you here\". There's a race car movie with Tony Curtis and the usual triangle between the lead driver, Curtis (the navigator) and a girl mechanic on the team. One lunch, she brings sandwiches out to their car and she deliberately, specifically gives Curtis a cheese sandwich she chose for him. Ham for the guy she likes and cheese for him. Meaning, a snub. Telling him she doesn't want him. 'Cheese' was synonymous with 'aversion'. johnpressman \"Don't be redic\" comes from \"The Lost Weekend\". I thought the term \"wolf\" used by Kim Novak in my favorite movie; 1959's \"Middle Of The Night\", was out of use by that year."}, {"title": "", "text": "point? \u2014 It\u2019s fun, George. One of the most critical questions in colloquial English, or one way of asking \u201cWhat are you exactly trying to tell me?\u201dShort of faking my own death or setting the theatre on fire, I don\u2019t know what else to do. \u201cShort of doing\u201d something means to do everything but that which is mentioned. \u201cTo fake\u201d your own death is to pretend that you have died. Andy becomes a wrestler, and meets Lynne while beating her.Bam! The sound made when two objects crash violently into each other.I wanna be a bad guy wrestler in the worst way. To want to do something \u201cin the worst way\u201d is a slangy way of saying to want to do it very much.I hate to break it to you. .but you don\u2019t have the build for it. \u201cTo break\u201d bad news to a person is to tell them it, and in this case, \u201cthe build\u201d refers to the type of body a person has (thin, fat, etc)These guys are huge They would kick your ass. \u201cHuge\u201d means extremely big. \u201cTo kick a person\u2019s ass\u201d is a vulgar and common way of saying to beat them up, or attack and badly hurt them.Maybe I could pick on someone a little smaller than me. \u201cTo pick on\u201d a person is to harass and threaten them, often physically. Women are superior in many ways. A higher rank or level, or perhaps, just better.When it comes to scrubbing the potatoes, mopping the floors, they have it all over women. \u201cTo"}, {"title": "", "text": "a bunk\" here to mean \"made off with\". Heres a wonderful nineteenth century word that means the same thing in reference to money: absquatulate. Here are some other coloquallisms: slick as greased owl shit sweet face -- say whatever the other person wants to hear (as in, 'He's just sweet facing her') I've heard local builders use 'gnat's ass' and 'c**t hair' to describe taking just a smidge off a plank. And then there's that list that was circulating a while ago from the computer folks. Had 'idea hampster', 'prairie dogging at the cube farm', (popping up of heads to see where the disturbance is), going 'postal'. buncha others. Anyone? One of our local farmers tells us to plant when the oak leaves are as big as squirrel's ears. What did your area call a \"Chinese Junk Boat Fire Drill\", that teenage car game that involved ejecting and rearranging all the passengers at a redlight, hopefully before it changed? I was chatting to an american guy last week, I met him in a bar nearby he is on holiday and I took the opportunity to speak my native language to him. It wasn't until I saw his eyes glazing over that I thought that the conversation was boring him ( my conversations tend to have that effect if I haven't spoken english for a while). I stooped and asked if he was okay and he said, \"I'm sorry (he is from Texas) but I sorta lost interest abround the 5th sentence as I couldn't understand haf"}, {"title": "", "text": "brill! If you're out with your \"mates,\" who are you with? \"Mate\" is also used to address strangers in informal situations. The American English equivalent is \"pal.\" Why would you be \"chuffed\" about receiving a good grade? It means you're happy. It's means you're not surprised. It means you're angry. It means you could have done better. \"Chuffed\" is often used in the phrase \"chuffed to bits.\" The word originates from a 1950s dialect where chuff meant \"plump or pleased.\" Why would someone be concerned if you've \"lost the plot?\" You're running late. You're getting angry. You're not acting normally. You're unable to finish a book. To \"lose the plot\" is to act in a disorganized or irrational manner. It can also mean to no longer understand a situation. What does it mean to \"kip\" on a friend's sofa? A \"kip\" usually takes place in somewhere that is not your own bed. It often refers to a nap. Why would you be wary about something that is \"wonky?\" It is not trustworthy. It is explosive. It is bad. It is unnecessary. \"Wonky\" can also refer to something that is not level. Another definition is something that is unsatisfactory. If something is \"dodgy,\" why would you not want it? It's useless. It's broken. It's questionable. It's ugly. \"Dodgy\" entered English in the 1860s with the meaning of evasive or tricky. It also means anything that is not sound or reliable. How does a \"nutter\" behave? Foolishly Altruistically Impartially While Americans would say someone is a \"nut,\" a"}, {"title": "", "text": "things or people may be, you say they are in the \"same WhatsApp group.\" Get that money! Doing whatever you need to do to get your money. Securing your riches and finances, even if you have to be slick about it. For example: \"Did you hear she's dating that really old rich guy?\" \"Secure the bag, sis!\" Self-drag Self-deprecating humour, \"dragging\" or making fun of yourself. Sending me When you find something hilarious, you say \"this is sending me.\" For example: \"Have you seen this video of [ ]? It's sending me!\" Several points were made This is used in agreement with somebody or if you think something valid was said or someone proved themselves. Being shocked by something you saw or heard. For example: \"I heard she's engaged now, shook!\" Something that is really cool. Alternatives (usually not used as often anymore) are \"ill\" and \"dope\". Short for sister, but most people use it gender-neutrally. A term of great endearment but also belittlement, depending on the tone and context it's used in. Skrr Skrr \"Skrr Skrr\" could be a person, a style, an aesthetic, a type of music and for some, a way of life. It originated in the \"trap music\" era and constitutes many elements that stemmed from that. Snack/snacc Similar to \"a whole meal\", but more of a lighter version. When you tell someone they're looking like a snack, it means they're looking gooood. Strictly reserved for non-family members, otherwise it's weird. Snatched edges The term \"my edges are snatched\" is used to"}, {"title": "", "text": "authoritative position. You want to hang out with someone. You want someone to lower their voice. You want someone to stop bothering you. If someone is annoying or bothering you, you'll likely tell them to \"step off.\" For instance, \"Step off, Matt, you're being so annoying right now!\" If something is \"straight,\" that means that it's\u2026? Aside from being \"true,\" \"straight\" can also be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? Murk \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Ganked Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "is to tell them bad news in a very loving or caring way, so that they will not be too hurt.How about a bathroom? I may have shit in my pants. A very crude way of saying to have defecated in your own clothes, and an expression that is often seen when people are extremely nervous.It makes Tony real. It gives him three dimensions. A \u201cthree dimensional\u201d person appears to be like a real person, even though they may be a character in a film, or perhaps a distant celebrity.If you book Tony, do not expect to get Andy. \u2014 I\u2019ll take my chances, all right? \u201cTo take one\u2019s chances\u2019 is to take a big risk for a possible big payoff.You make one more sound, and I\u2019ll put your fricking head in the soup. This is Tony\u2019s way of telling people to shut up. Remember that \u201cfricking\u201d is a less vulgar way of saying \u201cfucking,\u201d but it\u2019s also rare.Thank you. I do all my own stunts. A \u201cstunt\u201d is a dangerous act of bodily skill, such as jumping off a building, that is often filmed for a movie (A \u201cstunt man\u201d does them for a living, and is an important part of the movie industry).Kaufman is crapping on my act. \u201cTo crap\u201d is a vulgar verb meaning to shit or defecate, or here, to ruin.What do you have here? A big elaborate joke that is only funny to two people in the universe. \u201cElaborate\u201d means full of detail, with many parts, or complicated. What is the"}, {"title": "", "text": "(2) For example, \u201cThat depresses me.\u201d Buddy buddy (n.) is a term for a fellow. Bust your conk (v.) \u2013 put forth a lot of effort, break your neck. Canary (n.) is a female singer. Capped (v.) \u2014 exceeded, outclassed. Cat (n.) is a swing band musician. Chick (noun) \u2013 a young lady. Hour (n.) \u2014 chime. \u201cI got in at six chimes,\u201d for example. Clambake (n.) \u2013 an impromptu jam session in which everyone is on their own. Chirp (n.) is a term for a female vocalist. Sunglasses called cogs (n.). Collar (v.) \u2014 to acquire, understand, or get. \u201cI\u2019ve need to collar some food,\u201d for example, or \u201cDo you collar this jive?\u201d Come back (v.) \u2014 give it another go, do better than you\u2019re doing, I\u2019m not sure what you\u2019re talking about. Comes on like a gangbuster (or like a test pilot) (v.) \u2013 performs well in any field, whether playing, singing, or dancing. \u201cThat singer truly comes on!\u201d is also abbreviated as \u201cThat singer really comes on!\u201d cop (v.) \u2014 to seize, to seize (see collar; knock). Corny (adj.) \u2014 stale, old-fashioned. Like the darkness (v.), creeps out \u2014 \u201ccomes on,\u201d but in a smooth, elegant, sophisticated way. Crumb crushers (n.) are teeth that are used to smash crumbs. Cubby (noun) \u2013 a room, a flat, or a house. Cups (n.) is a word that means \u201csleep.\u201d \u201cI\u2019ve got to catch some cups,\u201d for example. Cut out (v.) \u2014 to get rid of, to get rid of. \u201cIt\u2019s time to cut out,\u201d for"}, {"title": "", "text": "needed a fresh supply for which you would call through a locked door, you'd be asking for what kind of \"roll\"? Many Americans may be familiar with the expression \"water closet\" or \"WC.\" Still, a much more common (especially these days) and more casual way of describing a lavatory is \"the bog.\" As such, the roll of paper one uses in the bog can be referred to either as \"loo roll,\" or, very colorfully, as \"bog roll.\" JeffOto/ E+/ Getty Images How many \"shakes of a lamb's tail\" is considered fairly quick? The expression \"two shakes of a lamb's tail\" means when something will be done in a moment. The UK is a nation that keeps a lot of sheep, and foreign travelers may find that rack of lamb and leg of lamb are both much cheaper there than they are in some other parts of the world. The observation that lambs' tails shake quickly is just a natural extension of having them around. Flashpop/ DigitalVision/ Getty Images If you were \"________ to bits\" about something, you'd feel pretty good about it. What's missing though? Chuffed Scuffed While the term \"chuff\" was used as far back as the 16th century to describe someone so self-satisfied they came across as unpleasant, the term has since steered in another direction. Today, to say one is \"chuffed\" or very commonly \"chuffed to bits\" means that one is very satisfied with one's fortune, be it the result of luck, work, or something else. Typically, this is not a term used"}, {"title": "", "text": "Quiz: Can You Complete These Common Phrases?: HowStuffWorks Can You Complete These Common Phrases? AVG SCORE: 94% 26.5K PLAYS Olivia Seitz Actors are often told to \"break a _______.\" The expression \"break a leg\" seems cruel when considered literally, but it's actually a way to wish someone good luck. It arose from superstition - people thought if they mentioned something bad, something good would happen instead. I'll just have to \"turn over a new _______.\" 'Turning over a new leaf' refers to starting fresh. Just like trees grow new leaves each spring, so too can we look for times to begin anew. He \"kicked the _______.\" \"Kicking the bucket\" is an idiom for dying. Its origin is far from lighthearted: the phrase possibly originated when people who hung themselves would kick the bucket they were standing on. \"Get it _______,\" man! The phrase \"get it together\" means that someone needs to compose themselves and perform to a higher standard, be it in work, school or just life in general. She had a rough week, so let's \"cut her some _______.\" If you cut someone some slack, you're easing up on expectations or being more understanding - at least for now. It began as a nautical term. He got an answer \"straight from the _______'s mouth.\" To get the truth \"straight from the horse's mouth,\" you have to talk to a first-hand witness. The phrase originated from buying and selling horses; you could verify a horse's age, for example, by examining its teeth. It's too late at"}, {"title": "", "text": "acknowledge excellence or admiration; when someone is looking so good or does something so excellent it \"snatches your edges\", meaning you figuratively lose your hair, or your wig goes flying. For example, when you see a really good picture of someone, you say \"my edges are snatched.\" So done A term Millennials/Gen Zs use to express being over something. Also what they say after a good laugh or seeing something so ridiculous, it's funny. Stan/fake stan Originating from the Eminem song \"Stan\", this word refers to a super fan, usually of a celebrity. A super-super fan (could be borderline worrisome in certain cases). A \"fake stan\" is someone who pretends to be a stan but barely knows the first thing about the celebrity they claim to be stanning. Steez When someone is effortlessly stylish or has a distinct style, it is their \"steez\" or they've got \"steez\". For example: \"Have you seen his outfit today? He's got mad steez!\" Or \"He's got that biker steez in all black.\" Also see: How much say should parents have over their child's hairstyle? One mom got an earful when she turned to the internet for answers Swole When someone is buff or \"ripped\", you say they're \"swole.\" Take several seats When someone is \"doing the most\", trying too hard or just being kind of annoying, you tell them to \"take several seats\". Tea/What's the tea?/Spill the tea \"Tea\" means gossip, scandal, the scoop. For example: \"Did you hear about [ ]?\" \"No, what's the tea?\" or \"No, spill the"}, {"title": "", "text": "1920s you might also call him a \"lollygagger\". If you called someone a \"fire extinguisher\" what would you mean? Someone who is hot and sexy Someone who just can't get warm Someone who is a killjoy Someone who loves to explode fireworks A chaperone is an example of a \"fire extinguisher\". It is someone who takes the potential fun out of a situation. What part of your body is your \"gams?\" You can also call them \"pins\" or \"stilts,\" but \"gams\" means legs, usually of the female persuasion that are good looking. If you \"have to go see a man about a dog\" what are you really doing? Going to walk the dog. Going to buy some whiskey. Going to hitch a ride to the store. Going home. No dog is involved with this one. If you have to see a man about a dog, you are going to go buy whiskey. \"To know one's onions.\" What does that mean? To know how to cook. To know the best restaurants. To know your place in the pecking order. To know what's someone's talking about. Yes, you know your onions if you know what someone's talking about. You are up on the conversation. If you've been on a \"toot\"? What have you been doing? Riding a train Driving a long distance You are drunk, probably from having been on a toot, or a drinking binge. Other jargon includes \"splifficated,\" \"fried\", and \"blotto\". What does a \"soup job\" mean? A job that would pay you in meals A"}, {"title": "", "text": "It's a '60s holdover. What's the best definition for \"far out?\" Man, those mutton chops really fill out your face nicely. Those bushy things are far out! \"Far out\" means, of course, \"cool.\" It was a one-word slam. In the '70s, what did you say if you tricked someone? \"Psyche!\" \"Garbanzo!\" \"D'oh!\" \"Pork!\" Some wannabe jokesters used this one until they wore it out. It's a mental trick, see? \"Psyche!\" It was a way to show someone that you fooled them. It's 1972. What are you going to do with that \"chill pill\"? Move a box Find a fast food restaurant Create a scene You've been acting like a crazed Woodstock hippie all day. It's time to take a \"chill pill\" and calm down once and for all, you lunatic. Keep it family-friendly. In the '70s, if someone said, \"gimme some skin,\" what did they mean? Kiss them Watch \"Silence of the Lambs\" Slap hands \"Gimme some skin, man!\" Like today's high five, \"gimme some skin\" was a greeting that involved a slap of the hands. It's not a side dish. What did it mean if you said \"cool beans\"? You're in love. You love cold beans. \"Cool beans\" is a '70s term for approval. \"Cool beans, thanks for the lift, man! We'll catch you on the flip side. Don't forget to bring Jello salad!\" But we mean it in the nicest possible way. In the '70s, what was a phrase that meant \"stop it?\" \"Sit on it!\" \"Scald it!\" \"Power through!\" \"Emo time!\" Time to"}, {"title": "", "text": "means to do what? Help them Annoy them Leave them This '60s slang is still commonly used. Siblings bug each other all the time. What does it mean to \"moon\" someone? Show them your butt. Knock them out. Work for them. Cover their hit songs. In the '60s, rebellious youths would surprise people by dropping their pants and showing them their bare behinds. Back in the day, \"bread\" was slang for _________. Bread was slang for money. To this day, money is still sometimes referred to as dough. If something is \"solid,\" it's: A disaster A waste of time Something that's solid is OK or all right. This can apply to people, situations and objects. \"Threads\" referred to _______. Back in the day, threads meant clothes. It is still used, especially by clothing brands, to this day. An \"ankle biter\" is a: Small child Babies and small children are still occasionally referred to as ankle biters to this day. A man described as a \"chrome dome\" is: Unattractive This was a funny way of referring to bald men. It did not outlast the decade. Someone who is \"on the make\" is looking for a new ___________. Romantic or sexual partner This described someone who had recently been broken up with and was looking intently for a new mate. It could refer to both romantic and sexual intentions. If someone calls you a \"bozo,\" what are they calling you? This is a very old school insult. It's the same as calling someone an idiot. People \"scarf\" ____________."}, {"title": "", "text": "about any casual summer activity, early twentieth century clothing designers created the shape to serve as the top portion of one-piece swimsuits for men. The label \u201ctank top,\u201d therefore, is a reference to the place where men often wore them: swimming tanks or pools. \u201cI wear a tank top to mow the lawn when it\u2019s really hot out.\u201d Rarely can we pinpoint a word\u2019s origin down to a particular state, but in this case, etymologists are fairly certain \u201cbuster\u201d came from the Arkansas/Mississippi region. Used as a slang variation of \u201cbig guy\u201d or \u201ctough guy\u201d (and often in a flippant manner), \u201cbuster\u201d appeared as early as 1838 and, to this day, connotes a person\u2019s supposed strength and ability to bust things up. \u201cWhy don\u2019t you come out here and help me, buster!\u201d Filled to the gills To breathe, a fish uses slits called \u201cgills,\u201d which are positioned to the rear of each side of its head. On a human, this spot would be in the upper-neck area or below the ears. And with this figurative association in mind, the saying was born. Someone who eats or drinks an enormous quantity will be \u201cfilled to the gills.\u201d \u201cI was filled to the gills after eating on Thanksgiving.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "were standing on. \"Stick to your _______.\" People who \"stick to their guns\" aren't going to give up easily. It originally meant to hold your own in battle instead of fleeing. Actors are often told to \"break a _______.\" The expression \"break a leg\" seems cruel when considered literally, but it's actually a way to wish someone good luck. It arose from superstition - people thought if they mentioned something bad, something good would happen instead. He got an answer \"straight from the _______'s mouth.\" To get the truth \"straight from the horse's mouth,\" you have to talk to a first-hand witness. The phrase originated from buying and selling horses; you could verify a horse's age, for example, by examining its teeth. Someone important is a \"big______.\" A \"bigwig\" is someone who's really important or wealthy -- for example, the CEO of the company where you work. The saying springs from the British, who wore large, white wigs if they were important and rich enough to afford them. He \"left no _______ unturned\" in the investigation. To 'leave no stone unturned' is to be extremely careful and thorough while researching something. The phrase is often used to describe a criminal investigation, a research project, or a search for a lost item. I'll just have to \"turn over a new _______.\" 'Turning over a new leaf' refers to starting fresh. Just like trees grow new leaves each spring, so too can we look for times to begin anew. \"Get it _______,\" man! The phrase \"get it together\""}, {"title": "", "text": "example if someone says, \u2018Jolly Good\u2019 it means very good. \u201cThe cake we ate was jolly good!\u201d Throw a spanner in the works It\u2019s an expression to destruct something. \u201cWe all managed to keep the surprise a secret, but then my mother threw a spanner in the works by tell her!\u201d Kip A short sleep or nap. \u201cI\u2019m going to kip before everyone arrives for the party or else i won\u2019t get time to rest later.\u201d Wind up Making fun of someone \u201cI was winding up her for a bit of fun, but then she got really angry and left.\u201d Mate This means a friend, buddy or pal. \u201cMate, would you like to join me at a friend\u2019s birthday party?\u201d Not my cup of tea It\u2019s a saying for something that is not to your liking. \u201cI don\u2019t like loud metal music. It is not my cup of tea.\u201d Porkies It means telling lies. \u201cDon\u2019t trust a word he said, he\u2019s was telling porkies.\u201d Row A word used for argument or aggressive conversation. \u201cMy friend smashed his dad\u2019s car yesterday, and then he had a huge row with him. He\u2019s really upset!\u201d Donkey Years This means a person has not seen someone for a very long time. \u201cHey Jason! Where have you been? I haven\u2019t seen you in donkey\u2019s years! How are you brother?\u201d Take a chill pill It means ease up and relax. \u201cSarah, you are just overreacting! Just take a chill pill and stop thinking over it.\u201d Easy Peasy A term for something ridiculously"}, {"title": "", "text": "to use it: We planned a surprise party for Hannah, but I let the cat out of the bag when I left the invitations on the table. 3. Bite the bullet What it means: to perform a painful task or endure an unpleasant situation. Where it came from: Cleaning the bathroom can be a chore. But not as horrible as the experiences of patients in the 1800s who had to have surgery without anaesthesia. The patients would literally bite on a bullet to cope with the pain. Ouch! Smelly toilets never sounded better. How to use it: Just bite the bullet and clean the toilet! 4. Pull someone\u2019s leg What it means: to tease someone, usually by lying in a joking manner. Where it came from: There are two popular theories for the origin of this phrase. The first one refers to how thieves robbed their victims by tripping their legs. And the second refers to people who were hired to hang on the legs of gallows victims \u2013 speeding up their fate. So yes, legs were harmed in the making of this idiom. But luckily, the only thing bruised with this idiom today is one\u2019s ego. How to use it: Vikki cried when I said that I ate the last croissant\u2026 but I was only pulling her leg. 5. Barking up the wrong tree What it means: to pursue a misguided course of action. Where it came from: While this idiom doesn\u2019t involve actual barking today, it originated from hunting in 1800s America. Prey would"}, {"title": "", "text": "We hope you have fun. Good luck and peace out! \"She was straight buggin' about her man talking to that other chick.\" What was she doing? Staring really hard Freaking out and upset Starting a fight If someone is \"buggin' out,\" they are really concerned to the point of being visibly upset. If someone is \"straight buggin',\" then \"straight\" can be seen as an emphasizing word, like \"very.\" \"Hey, I need to dip. I'll talk to you later.\" What does \"dip\" mean here? Chew tobacco Grab some chips and dip When it's time to go, it's time to go. You definitely don't hear \"dip\" used like this anymore. We're just back to chewing tobacco and yummy things we eat. Which one of these words is NOT slang for stealing something? Yoink All of these words mean to steal. You know the word \"carjack,\" which means to steal a car usually at gunpoint? That's where jack comes from, although if something is \"jacked up,\" it means it's messed up or screwed up. Yoink and gank aren't really in much use anymore. \"Man, this chicken tetrazzini is all that and a bag of chips!\" So how is this meal? It's really good. I've had better. It's disgusting. \"All that and a bag of chips\" has definitely gone the way of the dodo as a phrase. The less emphatic \"all that\" isn't around anymore either. But there was TV, with \"All That\" -- a sketch TV show on Nickelodeon which debuted in 1994 and stuck around for 11 years."}, {"title": "", "text": "'Side hustle' and five other phrases that need to f**k off immediately DO you say any of these? Then everyone hates you. These popular but incredibly annoying phrases, like you, just need to f**k off forever: People might be working different in the pandemic 20s, but \u2018hustle\u2019 is a pathetic attempt to sound cool. You\u2019re not illegally importing truckloads of cigarettes from Europe, you\u2019re actually selling \u2018funky\u2019 facemasks made from old knickers that bring in the huge sum of \u00a33 a week. A social media favourite that doesn\u2019t really mean anything, so can be used for any old crap. Heard We Belong Together on the radio for the first time this year? All the feels! Your sister posted a photo of your nephew dressed as a slapdash Hagrid on World Book Day? All the feels! Frankly it would be better to just say \u201cI am a wanker\u201d. This expression, which makes someone sound like a very dull person trying to be \u2018wacky\u2019, makes you long for a time when people were strong and silent. Or language hadn\u2019t been invented. Not long ago, the news media decided to start calling everything a \u2018narrative\u2019. Anything and everything, like Boris going to Peppa Pig World, was \u2018part of the ongoing narrative\u2019. No, it was just an agonisingly embarrassing moment none of us will ever be able to forget, particularly when reminded by an article like this. The optics The sexy new cousin of \u2018the narrative\u2019 is \u2018the optics\u2019. It\u2019s really just a way of saying something looks bad, so"}, {"title": "", "text": "too hot out. Someone just got brutally insulted. They're hungry. Not a lot of '70s slang made it out of that decade to the present, but the word \"burn\" is still pretty common. A good burn is what you call a particularly brutal insult leveled at someone else, and the burn is in recognition of that insult. Public Domain via WikiCommons You've just been assured that everything is \"copacetic.\" What does that mean? Everything is good. Everything is falling apart. Everything has changed. No one has any idea what's going on. The word \"copacetic\" is a weird one because it sounds like one of those $10 words that's clearly smart and important in some way. It's not. It just means everything is fine, and no one is even really sure where the word came from originally. Paramount Pictures / Allan Carr Productions / Robert Stigwood Organization / Polydor Records It was good to be a cool cat, but what was the opposite of a cool cat? Dunderhead Jive turkey A \"jive turkey\" was not a good thing to be, by any means. This term generally meant someone was disingenuous and not cool. Maybe you were putting on a front, trying to be cool and trying to fit in where you didn't belong ... that could make you a jive turkey. If a person just explains what's going on, then asks if you can \"dig it,\" what do they want to know? Do you understand? Does this make you happy? Can you explain this further? If someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "need for bloodshed. This saying comes from the ol\u2019 Wild West, a time and place where life was much more dangerous than today. If you were sitting next to the driver you would be expected to wield a shotgun so as to defend the stagecoach (the transport of the day) from bandits and looters. More pressure than merely map reading! \u201cI\u2019m just here for the free ride\u201d This is a phrase often used to describe someone who is mentally unhinged. It was also the name of a big hit for Pop-Punk trio Green Day in 1994. This is supposedly a term from World War I, used to describe someone who has lost all their limbs. The first recorded use of the term in official use was by the US government in denial of this practice. In 1919 The US command on public information issued this statement: \u201cThe Surgeon General of the Army \u2026 denies \u2026 that there is any foundation for the stories that have been circulated \u2026 of the existence of \u2018basket cases\u2019 in our hospitals.\u201d according to all-that-is-interesting.com \u201cYeah, none at all\u201d This means \u2018wait a moment\u2019, and is often used to calm someone who is showing overt keenness or exuberance. It is believed to come from around 800BC. A line in book 23 of Homer\u2019s Iliad is commonly translated as \u201cAntilochus \u2013 you drive like a maniac! Hold your horses!\u201d That is, apart from the original translation in 1598 that has it as \u201ccontain thy horses\u201d. I\u2019m not sure why I prefer if"}, {"title": "", "text": "could do, if forced enough An X-ray and cast If you are good at convincing people to do something, whether it's for your benefit or not, then you are essentially \"twisting their arm,\" so to speak. It's a bit like forcing someone to do a specific task, and you're really good at persuading them to agree with you. When someone says you're \"losing your touch,\" what does that mean? Some kind of ability you had is fading. You should call more often. Hide from someone You sleep a lot. When you used to be really good at doing something or making something work, then you find yourself failing at it lately, that means you're \"losing your touch.\" It could be applied to the lost ability to do some small, mundane things, or the bigger life-affecting ones. \"To pony up\" is to do what kind of action? Write someone a letter. Dress nicely. Go to the farm. Settle one's debt. You need \"to pony up\" when someone is already asking back for the money you owe them. This common phrase could also be applied to other things that one needs to settle, not just strictly debts. It could pertain to paying someone's share of things, like bills or rent. \"Don't give up your day job\" is advice you give to someone who is doing what? Being tardy Gambling a lot Showing that they lack talent in another department Gossiping endlessly about people at the office When someone advises you \"don't give up the day job,\" that means"}, {"title": "", "text": "police to overlook their own criminal activities. Chicago's youngest victim lost to gun violence this year may have been targeted by four reputed gang members who thought the boy shouted a warning to rival gangbangers, Chicago police said Friday. Set (someone or something) loose. (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /\u02c8s\u028cmw\u028cn/. to secretly tell someone in authority that someone else has done something bad, often in order\u2026. org dictionary, synonyms and antonyms. Someone snitched on me Cause I ain't been nothing, but bad, bad, bad Like what the fuck? OMG Someone snitched on me, cause I rap to good and I get crunker Than a mofo should especially for a little white kid I like to do it like this, like that If you talk shit, I'ma smack you with a bat like hanh, like hanh. He feels he did what he had to do. When someone says it's not possible for Nazi Germany or Venezuela to happen here, they're full of shit or ignorant. As reported by The New York Times , 6ix9ine went on a 13-minute rant streamed by 2 million viewers, a record on the social networking app, boasting about being more. And I'm thinking maybe Sabra did it. I snitch on. Oh, I\u2019m gettin\u2019 nuttin\u2019 for Christmas Mommy and Daddy are mad. My friend is a good lad who is at college. SIGN THESE PETITIONS: http://chng. Looking for definition of snitch? snitch explanation. ALBUQUERQUE, N. How not to comfort someone. Snoop also posted a video called \u201cTattle Tales,\u201d which parodies 6ix9ine\u2019s snitching. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "up with nowhere to go DSKekahaDSKekaha @Soudabeh: I think it is just an expression that has been around awhile. A quick internet search led me to this: link \u2013 DSKekaha Jul 13 '15 at 15:26 \"As soon as you light a cigarette, the bus comes.\" A close conceptual double of the Persian phrase, I think. There's a Britishism that is probably not widely used: \"that's torn it\" That's torn it - (British, slang) an unexpected event or circumstance that has upset one's plans Here's a poetic quote (Wilfred Owen, \"The Chances\") I mind as 'ow the night before that show Us five got talkin,\u2014we was in the know. \"Over the top to-morrer; boys, we're for it, First wave we are, first ruddy wave; that's tore it.\" \"Ah well,\" says Jimmy,\u2014an' 'e's seen some scrappin'\u2014 \"There ain't no more nor five things as can 'appen, Ye get knocked out; else wounded\u2014bad or cushy; Scuppered; or nowt except you're feelin' mushy.\" And there's also the phrase repeatedly used by the main hero in Kurt Vonnegut's famous novel Slaughterhouse 5: \"so it goes\". From Wikipedia: The story continually employs the refrain \"so it goes\" when death, dying and mortality occur, as a narrative transition to another subject, as a memento mori, as comic relief and to explain the unexplained. It appears 106 times. CowperKettleCowperKettle One's luck runs out: (Fig. one's good luck stops. McGraw Hills idioms dictionary) You can put it this way: Just when it was finally my turn, my luck ran out. PersiquePersique The closest I can"}, {"title": "", "text": "particular region: * *How about them apples? (What you think about that? or How about that?\") *Well, butter my butt and call me a biscuit! (I can't believe it!) *Well, color me stupid! (What was I thinking? or Agh! I'm such an idiot!) *Bless your heart! (Oh poor thing!) *Dumber than a box of rocks. (I think meaning is evident here o.O) *Meaner than a sack full of rattlesnakes. (Nice way to call a child a pest) These are the ones I've grown up with more frequently, though there are lots more here if you're interested. A: I grew up in Glasgow, Scotland. One that always amused me was the phrase \"your bum is hanging out the window\", pronounced \"Yer bum's hingin' oot the windae\", which means roughly \"you don't know what you are talking about\", or \"you are talking nonsense.\" Occasionally, and sarcastically you might hear a Glaswegian say, in an affected way, \"Your posterior has been defenestrated\", Which means, basically the same thing. A: An excellent example of this can be found in Cockney rhyming slang. These are formed by joining two words, such that the intended meaning is a word that rhymes with the second one in the expression, e.g.: * *trouble and strife (wife) *frog and toad (road) *apple and pears (stairs) There is no equivalent of it, to my knowledge, in US English. A: I was part of a group trip to New Zealand in November and saw this sign: Our tour guide had to explain. Here's from this webpage: rattle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Someone who burns the candle at both ends lives life at a hectic pace doing things which likely to affect their health badly. Most of the children burn the midnight oil a few days before the examinations. If you burn your fingers, you suffer a loss or something unpleasant as the result of something you did making you less likely to do it again. Reservations are a burning question before our country. This marriage hall will be bursting at the seams when all the guests arrive. The politicians bury their hatchets when the elections are round the corner. Do not bury your head in the sand. I know that you have not succeeded in your attempts. A busman\u2019s holiday is when you spend your free time doing the same sort of work as you do in your job. When someone says that they are not going to bust their chops, it means they are not going to work that hard or make much effort."}, {"title": "", "text": "cool. For example, \"Your hair is so shibby.\" If I say \"shut up\" as a response, what do I actually mean? I believe everything you're saying. I need to leave. I can't hear you. I'm reacting in disbelief. To react to something in disbelief, or in shock, one might say \"shut up\" as a response. For example, \"I got fired from work today.\" \"Shut up!\" If I say \"That shirt is so '70s,\" what does that mean? Can I borrow your shirt? That shirt looks well-made. That shirt is out-of-date. That shirt looks awesome. If something is out-of-date, or has gone out of style, one might use the word \"so\" in conjunction with a year. For example, \"Her hair is so 60's.\" Which of the following is synonymous with \"airhead?\" Spangler If someone is a space cadet, that means that they are an \"airhead,\" or not a very intelligent person. For example, \"Tiffany is such a space cadet with how she talks.\" To \"sport\" something is to...? \"Stud\" it \"Step\" it \"Spazz\" it \"Wear\" it To sport something is to wear something. For instance, \"Look at that guy and how he's sporting that new jacket!\" Which of these phrases means to \"back off?\" Wig-out 'Za and brew To \"step off\" means to \"back off\" from someone or something. For example, \"Step off man, you're being a jerk.\" If someone is a \"wannabe,\" they are a ...? Tinkerbilly \"Tinkerbilly\" is actually an '80s British word for \"wannabe.\" For example, \"That girl follows us everywhere, what a tinkerbilly!\""}, {"title": "", "text": "1930s Hollywood popularized the phrase in movies like Dead End and Bowery Boys, featuring tough-and-up, macho-man characters hungry for a fight. 4. \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig!\u201d This saying from the 1950s is another way of basically telling someone not to freak out. For example, \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig Mom, but I accidentally threw a baseball through the kitchen window.\u201d 5. \u201cBurn rubber\u201d Source: SnappyGoat.com This slang phrase might not be the best advice to give to a newly-licensed driver. In essence, to \u201cburn rubber\u201d is to exceed the speed limit; put your pedal to the metal, so to speak. Maybe not such a good idea for any amateur drivers out there. 6. \u201cCruisin\u2019 for a bruisin'\u201d There\u2019s nothing quite like a little of that 1950s Greaser sass to get you pumped and oiled up for a street fight. If you look at it from a certain point of view, this saying doubles as both a threat and a semi-compliment. If you\u2019re \u201ccruisin\u2019 for a bruisin\u2019,\u201d it means you look particularly fight-able. 7. \u201cBust a gut\u201d There are ways to say \u2018LOL\u2019 without the mildly gruesome imagery that this saying implies, but I digress. In the early 1900s, if you laughed hard enough you were apparently in danger of \u201cbusting a gut,\u201d or giggling until your stomach exploded. Pretty cool\u2013also ew. 8. \u201cCome on snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d Like other phrases of the 1950s, this slang saying also had a double meaning. If you said this to someone, you were either itching for a fight or asking them"}, {"title": "", "text": "with which one of these slang words? \"Adult child\" \"Grody\" \"Boho\" \"Ditz\" If you considered your friend less smart than you, or if someone was a little dim-witted, you would call them a \"ditz\" or describe them as \"ditzy.\" This is similar to \"airhead.\" \"Lame\" was a slang word used to describe something that was ______. Not very cool Worth stealing This is a slang phrase from the 1980s that pretty much everyone knows. If something was \"lame,\" it certainly wasn't cool. For example, \"Janie, your brother is so lame, he can't hang out with us. He lowers our street cred.\" \"That's bogus\" meant something was _______. \"Dude, that's bogus!\" Your friend might say that to you once you decided that lending him your Camaro was a bad idea, especially when he wanted to take it on a date. In a nutshell, it meant unfair. \"What's your damage?\" is a phrase someone might ask you. What do they mean by it? Cheers, I'm leaving. Let's get out of here. \"Why did you eat my Pop Tart? What's your damage?\" Essentially, it means, \"What's your problem?\" or, \"Why did you do what you did?\" IT'sclassic slang from the 1980s, that's for sure. Can you tell us what \"bodacious\" means? Awesome/Incredible/Amazing Feeling sickly Something Bill or Ted from the movie, \"Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure,\" would say, \"bodacious\" means something is awesome or incredible. \"Do you see that bodacious babe over there?\" That's exactly how it would be used. In the 1980s, if you disagreed with what someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "be described with which one of these slang words? \"Adult child\" \"Grody\" \"Boho\" \"Ditz\" If you considered your friend less smart than you, or if someone was a little dim-witted, you would call them a \"ditz\" or describe them as \"ditzy.\" This is similar to \"airhead.\" \"Lame\" was a slang word used to describe something that was ______. Not very cool Worth stealing This is a slang phrase from the 1980s that pretty much everyone knows. If something was \"lame,\" it certainly wasn't cool. For example, \"Janie, your brother is so lame, he can't hang out with us. He lowers our street cred.\" \"That's bogus\" meant something was _______. \"Dude, that's bogus!\" Your friend might say that to you once you decided that lending him your Camaro was a bad idea, especially when he wanted to take it on a date. In a nutshell, it meant unfair. \"What's your damage?\" is a phrase someone might ask you. What do they mean by it? What's your problem? Cheers, I'm leaving. Let's get out of here. I'm hungry. \"Why did you eat my Pop Tart? What's your damage?\" Essentially, it means, \"What's your problem?\" or, \"Why did you do what you did?\" IT'sclassic slang from the 1980s, that's for sure. Can you tell us what \"bodacious\" means? Awesome/Incredible/Amazing Feeling sickly Something Bill or Ted from the movie, \"Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure,\" would say, \"bodacious\" means something is awesome or incredible. \"Do you see that bodacious babe over there?\" That's exactly how it would be used. In the"}, {"title": "", "text": "a hug, your face may well be buried against their shoulder. I\u2019ll put salt on your tail. An expression used when someone has done something wrong. I had no idea what this was about until I looked it up in the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Apparently children wanting to catch a bird were advised to put salt on its tail. Dogs sometimes chase their own tails. It doesn\u2019t get them anywhere. If someone feels that they are rushing around making very little progress, here is a short way of saying so. Bonds between family members are the strongest. is a prediction about someone who lives recklessly, perhaps. These are his bones (not dice, as in the final saying in this post). is often said to a child who has fallen over. My understanding of this is \u201cDon\u2019t disagree with what I am going to say\u201d. However the Dictionary of Phrase and Fable explains that bones here are dice. The meaning is not to make difficulty or scruple, thus favouring the dice. This was predicted in Psalm 22 verse 18 (NIV) They divide my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing."}, {"title": "", "text": "best at my school.\" Blow-out An expression meaning the outcome of a competition was completely one-sided, similar to \"landslide\" \"The final score was 27-0, I'd say that was a blow-out!\" Blow smoke An expression meaning to try to mislead or threaten someone by giving false or exaggerated information \"He's just blowing smoke, Mike would never report you to the principal.\" Blue in the face An expression meaning to get no result no matter how much effort is attempted \"You can tell her to go to bed earlier until you are blue in the face, she won't even attempt to fall asleep until midnight.\" An expression meaning to retend to have a capability or intention one does not actually possess \"You can't really hit the golf ball 300 yards, you're just bluffing!\" It means \"it's not what you know, but who you know\" referring to unearned favoritism, named after the British prime minister Robert \"Bob\" Cecil who appointed his undeserving nephew as Chief Secretary of ireland in 1887. It can also mean \"and there you have it\" Example: \"Right over left, left over right, and Bob's your uncle, a knot.\" Boil over or boiling point Literally, to flow over the sides of something boiling, it means not being able to control one's anger, starting a fight \"Tensions were boiling over as the crowd yelled insults at the speaker they didn't agree with.\" Bone chilling Cold or scary Bottom's up An expression meaning to drink your beer or other beverage until it's empty \"Here's to your health [toast"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Yogi Berraism), the second is indeed a mashup of two books and therefore is a malaphor. Dave Got one, hot off the presses: \u201cboiled to a head.\u201d Here\u2019s the full context: \u201cSunday\u2019s Bills-Jaguars game started off tense when Jalen Ramsey took time from his busy day to remind Buffalo\u2019s players they were trash. That conflict boiled to a head in the third quarter when a brawl erupted on the turf at New Era Field.\u201d The mashup is obvious\u2013boiled over and came to a head. Here\u2019s the citation: https://www.sbnation.com/2018/11/25/18111422/jaguars-bills-fight-leonard-fournette-shaq-lawson. Also possibly, \u201ccame to a boil.\u201d Cheers. Timothy Kendall says: My mother used the following two: \u201cDon\u2019t chew with your mouth full\u201d, and \u201cDon\u2019t talk with your mouth open.\u201d The person was probably joking, but today I heard someone say, Beat two deal bulls with one horn This is a triple combination: Kill two birds with one stone Beat a dead horse Take the bull by the horns Actually, that should be: Beat two dead bulls with one horn sounds a little too convoluted to be unintentional. Mal says: Back in the late 80s, when describing a poor choice of paint colour on a porch, an old friend of mine observed, \u201cIt stuck out like a sore eye!\u201d; a phrase that has given me decades of pleasure. Cruuvo says: I was talking to some of my friends about a parent video game company, Activision, losing one of its developer teams, Bungie, and their intellectual property \u201cDestiny\u201d and how now Bungie can develop on Destiny how they see"}, {"title": "", "text": "slang To understand what someone is saying, especially when something is insinuated, rather than stated directly. A: \"I'm going to say that I'm busy on Sunday, and I think you should too.\" B: \"I'm picking up what you're putting down\u2014I don't want to go to this family reunion either!\" If I see you around here again, there's going to be trouble. Are you picking up what I'm putting down?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Luciano, chose that term. We both live right next door to hell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZtJhYl8_ks I think it\u2019s a term for murder used by members of a nefarious club that doesn\u2019t really exist. David Meyer-Lindenberg Who the hell uses \u201cwhacked\u201d as a euphemism for icing a guy? Who the hell uses \u201cicing a guy\u201d for having a dude rubbed out? 4 November 2016 at 12:15 pm - Reply Who the hell uses \u201crubbed out\u201d as a euphemism for shutting someone up? 4 November 2016 at 7:55 pm - Who uses \u201cshutting someone up\u201d as a euphemism for sending a guy to sleep with the fishes? 5 November 2016 at 10:49 pm - I dunno, but I\u2019ve heard \u2018rubbed one out\u2019 used as a euphemism for \u2018whacked.\u2019 David Meyer Lindenberg 5 November 2016 at 11:42 am - Reply What kind of dope uses \u201csleep with the fishes\u201d as a euphemism for paying someone a visit? In Beckles, SCOTUS Perpetuates the Advisory Guidelines Fantasy Meet the New Fault Lines! (Update: Comments H ... by Scott Greenfield - Mar 9, 2017 by Matt Brown - Mar 8, 2017 by Richard Kopf - Mar 8, 2017 In Beckles, SCOTUS Perpetuates the Advisory G ... by Josh Kendrick - Mar 8, 2017 Local Governments Bill Parents for Kids\u2019 ... by Mario Machado - Mar 6, 2017 Coming to a PD Near You: Violent \u201cGypsy ... Chicago PD\u2019s Bizarro World: Cop with 90 Com ... by Mario Machado - Feb 27, 2017 Brooklyn Jail \u201cAlarms\u201d and \u201c ... Disclaimer: Advertising content does not reflect"}, {"title": "", "text": "authoritative position. You want to hang out with someone. You want someone to lower their voice. You want someone to stop bothering you. If someone is annoying or bothering you, you'll likely tell them to \"step off.\" For instance, \"Step off, Matt, you're being so annoying right now!\" If something is \"straight,\" that means that it's\u2026? Aside from being \"true,\" \"straight\" can also be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Flossin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\" For example, \"Quit"}, {"title": "", "text": "This idiom is a way of emphasizing ALL like saying EACH AND EVERY ONE. It is a public place open to all and sundry. When someone talks tough but really is not, he is all bark and no bite. Do not be scared at his threats. You should know that he is all bark and no bite. If all bets are off, then agreements that have been made no longer apply. You are prepared for something that is not going to happen. If someone says they are all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something. If all eyes are on someone, then everyone is paying attention to them. If you are all finger and thumbs, you are too excited or clumsy to do something properly that requires manual dexterity. When someone talks big, but cannot back it up, they are all hat no cattle. Anita was all heart to help the destitute old woman. When all hell breaks loose, there is chaos, confusion and trouble. We were all in at the end of the day. If something is all in a day\u2019s work, it is nothing special."}, {"title": "", "text": "Time! Also the title of a Peter Gabriel tune from that era. \u2018Bag Your Face!\u2019 whatever! Shut up! I own a retro wholesale company and I recently came across a button that said this. It was definately from the 80\u2019s. Thought you might enjoy! (1)Noun A word to describe a cute guy used as a toy for older woman. Madonna invented this one with her \u201cBoy Toy\u201d belt on her 1984 Like a Virgin album. Burn/Burned \u201cBurn\u201d is synonymous with \u201cface\u201d. \u201cburn\u201d was used to apply dramatic emphasis to the fact someone was proven wrong on an issue that had been hotly debated and contested. it was also used to annoying and harassing effect over trivial matters of the day to the point where it lost all meaning. Usually preceded by \u201cyou got\u201d as in you got burned or by \u201cooooooh\u201d as in ooooooh, burrrrrn!!! B.F.F. Best Friends Forever. How you would sign a note to a girlfriend. B.F.F (1)Noun A stupid or unaware person; moron, dim-wit. Origin: term implies that there is nothing but air in the subject\u2019s head. (\u201cHe\u2019s confused again. What an airhead!\u201d) Unrenounced to popular belief, Valley Girls did not invent this word. It was used to describe them. One who\u2019s not with what is going on. Disoriented. Their head is in space. See also: Airhead, Ditz. Means buzz off or go away, ie. \u201cYou\u2019re such a geek!\u201d \u201cLike, bite me, dude!\u201d Heard it the first time in the eighties, but then again, was a teenager and learned a lot of new"}, {"title": "", "text": "Something is well-made. \"Shibby\" is another way of saying that something is cool. For example, \"Your hair is so shibby.\" If I say \"shut up\" as a response, what do I actually mean? I believe everything you're saying. I need to leave. I can't hear you. I'm reacting in disbelief. To react to something in disbelief, or in shock, one might say \"shut up\" as a response. For example, \"I got fired from work today.\" \"Shut up!\" If I say \"That shirt is so '70s,\" what does that mean? Can I borrow your shirt? That shirt looks well-made. That shirt is out-of-date. That shirt looks awesome. If something is out-of-date, or has gone out of style, one might use the word \"so\" in conjunction with a year. For example, \"Her hair is so 60's.\" Which of the following is synonymous with \"airhead?\" Spangler If someone is a space cadet, that means that they are an \"airhead,\" or not a very intelligent person. For example, \"Tiffany is such a space cadet with how she talks.\" To \"sport\" something is to...? \"Stud\" it \"Step\" it \"Spazz\" it \"Wear\" it To sport something is to wear something. For instance, \"Look at that guy and how he's sporting that new jacket!\" Which of these phrases means to \"back off?\" You know it! Step off Wig-out 'Za and brew To \"step off\" means to \"back off\" from someone or something. For example, \"Step off man, you're being a jerk.\" If someone is a \"wannabe,\" they are a ...? Tinkerbilly \"Tinkerbilly\" is"}, {"title": "", "text": "you get the idea! bodang slang for majajuina smoking bodang a colloquial expression of frustration relating to an endeavour that failed, often in such a way as to require now more effort to correct. we planted trees in the wrong place . . .well that was bodang. Boggabri small white crust that forms in the corners of old peoples lips. grandma had a boggabri a minute ago\u2026. but appears to have lost it somewhere over the custard she just brought to the table. Alaskan Sunrise when a girl is giving you head, you j-zz on ur stomach she gets a mouthful of orange pop, you then punch her in the face making her spit it out. so the j-zz is the snow and the orange and red is the sun last night i gave this b-tch an alaskan sunrise Cheeked in an exceptionally advanced altered state of mind, generally brought on by alcohol. oh man you guys kyle was so cheeked last night he tried to jump out a window. a way of stating that you are mad about something that is unreasonable or very unlucky. \u201ci just blew that test after studying. pretty cheeked [\u2026] Boggle-eyed freak a boggle-eyed freak by definition is an individual who is unfortunate enough to be endowed with large eyes which visibly protrude from the eye socket. the result is generally a startled expression permanently fixated across their face. boggle-eyed freaks are sometimes also referred to as having \u201cfish eyes\u201d. boggle-eyedness is widely considered a highly unattractive [\u2026] Disclaimer: Boca"}, {"title": "", "text": "way of saying \"to take care of them.\" I want a military funeral. And I'm entitled to one. \"To be entitled\" to something is to deserve it, due to previous acts. May god bless you, and watch over you. This is solemn, religious language used before dying. The hereafter. A religious term for life after death. Sonny, Sal and the hostages prepare for the ride to the airport. Bolted. \"Connected with a bolt\" (or nail or other type of fastener). My old lady. A crude and stupid term for one's wife. Don't use it! What makes you think you can say shit to me? Sonny's way of saying \"I have the power, so I talk and you listen.\" Take a walk, cop! An interesting way to say \"get lost,\" or leave. Everybody is a con man. A person who is out to cheat people. Sonny's way to say \"Everybody is trying to manipulate everyone else.\" At least I know who I'm dealing with. \"At least I know the person I'll be working with.\" I'll be a son of a bitch, we did it! An interesting grammatical construction to show amazement or shock. If we hit a bump, the gun will go off. If a gun \"goes off,\" it starts to shoot, even if nobody pulled the trigger. I want no trouble en route. An educated and French way to say \"while on the road.\" Let's move it! \"Let's go.\" Spread them! Police slang for \"spread your legs apart.\" Note that in rapid speech, \"spread them\"---->\"spread'em.\" You"}, {"title": "", "text": "code of ethics, and does detract from reputation. Used literally or figuratively, it still has pretty much the same meaning. www.urbandictionary.com Marv MillsMarv Mills I like this, but it's not clear to me that it means the same thing as the idiom the op asked about - reading it literally, the OPs idiom might refer to wasting resources or all sorts of other things. \u2013 Cubic Sep 25 '15 at 18:01 It doesn't mean the same at all. OP's question is about unnecessarily using too much force to attack an enemy, this idiom is about being an asshole and, well, kicking someone when they are already down. It doesn't mean you're the one who brought him down at all. \u2013 Davor Sep 27 '15 at 20:05 I think @Davor is reading far too much into the words 'striking unnecessarily hard when the opponent is already weakened'. There is nothing there which says \"you're the one who brought him down\". To \"kick a man when he's down\" means exactly the same as 'striking unnecessarily hard when the opponent is already weakened'. I mean, \u2013 Dewi Morgan Sep 28 '15 at 9:09 @DewiMorgan - \"oponent\" does imply that you are already legitimely fighting this person, and not just kicking hobos in passing because you're an ass. \u2013 Davor Sep 28 '15 at 9:14 @Davor If you attack someone, they are your opponent. It's fixable if you need absolute specificity, by saying \"kick an opponent when he's down\". Feels unnecessary though. I admit the English term can also carry"}, {"title": "", "text": "code of ethics, and does detract from reputation. Used literally or figuratively, it still has pretty much the same meaning. www.urbandictionary.com Marv MillsMarv Mills I like this, but it's not clear to me that it means the same thing as the idiom the op asked about - reading it literally, the OPs idiom might refer to wasting resources or all sorts of other things. \u2013 Cubic Sep 25 '15 at 18:01 It doesn't mean the same at all. OP's question is about unnecessarily using too much force to attack an enemy, this idiom is about being an asshole and, well, kicking someone when they are already down. It doesn't mean you're the one who brought him down at all. \u2013 Davor Sep 27 '15 at 20:05 I think @Davor is reading far too much into the words 'striking unnecessarily hard when the opponent is already weakened'. There is nothing there which says \"you're the one who brought him down\". To \"kick a man when he's down\" means exactly the same as 'striking unnecessarily hard when the opponent is already weakened'. I mean, \u2013 Dewi Morgan Sep 28 '15 at 9:09 @DewiMorgan - \"oponent\" does imply that you are already legitimely fighting this person, and not just kicking hobos in passing because you're an ass. \u2013 Davor Sep 28 '15 at 9:14 @Davor If you attack someone, they are your opponent. It's fixable if you need absolute specificity, by saying \"kick an opponent when he's down\". Feels unnecessary though. I admit the English term can also carry"}, {"title": "", "text": "also insulted badly. If a friend tells you everything is copacetic, what do they mean? They're totally confused. Things are really bad. Things are fine. They're sick. Copacetic is a strange word and apparently, no one even knows where it came from. There are some theories, but they're pretty diverse and range from Chinook to Hebrew to the African-American community of the early 1900s. Where it came from, it just means things are going the way they should. What kind of beans would you mention if you were really in agreement with someone? Best beans The term \"cool beans\" existed well into the '80s but it was popularized in the '70s as a way to express that not only did you agree with someone but you also had a pretty positive feeling about what they were saying. If something was cool but also a little bit different than the usual, what might you call it? Lots of things were cool but if they were funky, they were a bit different. Funk music was popularized in the '70s with songs like \"Play That Funky Music.\" That song still pops up today and is still pretty funky. Your friend just said, \"Slap me some skin.\" What do they want? A handshake High-five If you're slapping some skin, you are giving someone a high-five. That makes sense since it's an extremely literal definition of what a high-five actually is. If someone got described as a \"burn out,\" what would that mean? They're a chef. They're a drag racer. They're"}, {"title": "", "text": "out drinking with him and his buddies. Alex agreed, but then later called to say he had to cancel. \"Something came down,\" he explained. Bob laughed and said, \"I understand, no problem. But the phrase is 'something came up'.\" \"No no,\" Alex insisted. \"Something came down. Wife's foot.\" To ruin the joke by explaining it: \"Something came up\" is an idom meaning that an unexpected event has occurred that interferes with prior plans. Someone's \"foot came down\" is an idiom meaning they took an uncompromising position. \"came up\" and \"came down\" in this case are not opposites; they really have nothing to do with each other. Or as in the joke, what came up could be that someone's foot came down. If you say, \"I took Bob up\" (usually followed by \"on his offer\" or \"on that\"), that means you accepted his offer or suggestion. If you say, \"I took Bob down\", that means you beat him in a fist fight. Sometimes it's an intensifier, but other times it completely changes the meaning. \"I screwed the cabinet\" means I used screws to assemble it or attach it to something. \"I screwed down the cabinet\" is similar but can only mean I attached it to something, not assembled it. \"I screwed up the cabinet\" means I made a serious mistake involving the cabinet and now it is ruined or will require major repair. (If you say you screwed a person that's a mildly vulgar term for sex, and unless I'm missing out on a category of fetish,"}, {"title": "", "text": "P.E. Ah, school. It starts every fall\u2014and with a few breaks\u2014it ends every spring. For some, the only good part about school was the end of the year in the spring that let one look forward to those few glorious moments of summer. For others it was the learning, the friends, the classes and the teachers. What ones favorite part of school was says a lot about what kind of intelligence they have. What was the best part of school? What does it mean when someone says, \u201croast me\u201d? Cook me like meat Give me a spray tan Compliment me Insult me There has always been slang language, but now a days it seems there are an increasing number off odd catch phrases and wacky words with double meanings. One of these is the expression \u201croast me\u201d or \u201croasting\u201d which is used on the Internet\u2014and in person\u2014to describe something someone does. This can be confusing for a lot of people who do not know what the expression means in a colloquial sense. What does it mean when someone says, \u201croast me\u201d? No matter what, a broken shoe strap is a huge annoyance\u2014that is better off avoided\u2014but when the inevitable happens, what is the best way to deal with the situation? Buy a new pair of shoes Fix the strap with a piece of rope you found Call a friend to bring a backup pair Get a taxi home Uh, oh! When walking down the street, a strap on that worn out pair of sandals breaks. Not"}, {"title": "", "text": "no traffic today and we made really good time. I guess we lucked out. My neck of the woods: \uc6b0\ub9ac \ub3d9\ub124. \uc608\ubb38: The staff party (\ud68c\uc2dd) is in Shinchon? Great! That\u2019s my neck of the woods. There\u2019s a new Apple store opening in Ilsan? How convenient! That\u2019s my neck of the woods. To open up to someone: \ub204\uad70\uac00\uc5d0\uac8c \ud138\uc5b4\ub193\ub2e4. It\u2019s so nice to finally have someone I can open up to about all the stress I\u2019ve been under recently. I think she just really needs someone she can open to. These emotions have been pent up inside of me for years now. I wish I could just open up to someone. To bite the bullet: \uc6b8\uba70 \uaca8\uc790 \uba39\uae30. All the cheap seats to LA are sold out. I guess I\u2019ll just have to bite the bullet and pay full fare. I really hate asking my parents for money, but I\u2019m completely broke. I guess I\u2019ll just have to bite the bullet and ring up my dad. To burst out laughing: \ube75 \ud130\uc9c0\ub2e4. I was trying to keep a straight face (\uc6c3\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\ub824\uace0 \ud558\ub2e4) during my friend\u2019s presentation, but I burst out laughing. The priest had a funny slip of the tongue during the homily and I couldn\u2019t stop myself from bursting out laughing. He\u2019s a self-made man: \uadf8\ub294 \uc790\uc218\uc131\uac00\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774\ub2e4. \uc608\ubb38: At first I thought he was born into wealth, but I recently found out that he\u2019s a self-made man. Thanks to my father\u2019s utter lack of help, I can at least be sure that if"}, {"title": "", "text": "o what you was sayin'\"Funny how you don't realise that not all english is the same english. I'm shagged out=tired (or just shagged) Straing the greens = urinating ex: \"I'm off to strain the greens\" Having a slash= ditto Talking to Hughie and Ruth= throwing up Cats, Rorty does mean happy but has tipsy, bawdy connotations - a great word. And the word crankle surves in crank which is a metal bar that has a corner or bend in it. And talking of bent, Steve, our term for \"queer as a nine bob note\" was \"bent as a box of top hats\" One button short of an overcoat and Irn Bru was always said to \"Put lead in your pencil\"so me granda always told me. Ah!, talking of GrandParents, My grandma used to say \"He wouldn't know his dick from his thumb if it didn't have a nail on it\" and if someone was scruffy she would say \"He looks like a bundle of arseholes tied up nasty\" But my Mother on the other hand would say, of the samy guy \"He looks like a sack of shit tied up with string\" my great aunt would say a bag of taters tied up ugly. But she was from the refined part of Manchester. If such a place exists. From: MMario I suspect it's a VERY local idiom, but \"watching for subs (submarines)\" was the local term for necking in my home town on Cape Cod. (Still is, according to relatives) The term for \"soft Drinks\" was"}, {"title": "", "text": "that those who are inexperienced should get a head start. Chengyu are very interesting and also show that you are knowledgeable language-wise. I suggest you look them up! RikC February 5, 2017 at 8:06 PM It's not in the same league, but these remind me of the look on people's faces as they try to figure out the rationale behind 'to have your cake and eat it'. What else would you do with cake? Surfing in on a shrimp sandwich is way cooler than being 'born with a silver spoon in your mouth'. Philip Newton February 5, 2017 at 9:00 PM I thought that the point was that such people wanted to eat their cake but still have the cake afterwards ... which is not possible! Once you've eaten it, it's gone and you don't have it any more. So you can't have your cake (all the time) and yet it eat too (while continuing to have the cake). Yes that's it, but it's worded in such an old fashioned way that lots of people struggle to explain it, despite knowing what it means. It should be \"eat your cake and have it too.\" That would make sense. Kind of like the expression \"head over heels.\" Well, yeah...your head is always over your heels. Shouldn't it be \"heels over head\"? Adam Bailey May 5, 2017 at 6:33 AM This is why I prefer \"ass over teakettle.\" mEDIUM Gap February 5, 2017 at 9:09 PM Russia is here! Not to sharpen the axe but to sharpen wooden"}, {"title": "", "text": "byy people with stronger accents). I don\u2019t use this phrase myself, but it basically means \u201cAny news, Whats up?\u201d its a \u201cculchie\u201d (country folk) phrase. Dogs bollax -according to my uncle- is actually GOOD. I always thought it was bad (since when I say \u201cOh I\u2019m bollaxed\u201d or knackered, I am saying I\u2019m really really tired, or if I were to say \u201cThe engine in my car is bollaxed\u201d, it means its broken. When my uncle says \u201cThese spuds are the dogs bollax!\u201d he actually mens they are really great. He can be a bit of a trixter though so perhaps dogs bollax means they are really good but he is pranking me. In high school -not sure if people still say it since I graduated a few years ago- when the kids were up to mischief (smoking around the corner etc) what they used to do was get someone to watch around the corner for teachers (this was called \u201ckeep sketch\u201d, a person who was watching the corner was keeping sketch), whenever a teacher came, they would say \u201cSKETCH!\u201d and basically it warned everyone to put out their fags (Irish people called cigarettes/smokes fags, my mom got in trouble in chicago once for asking for a pack of fags because she didn\u2019t know the term wasn\u2019t used in America). When calling someone gay as an insult/slur -the way fag is used in america- peope here would say \u201cfaggot\u201d instead, but with the accent its more like \u201cfaggit\u201d. They also say cunt and wanker a lot"}, {"title": "", "text": "capital, and limited opportunities for supporting themselves beyond sex work. Criticizing her for not turning away a potential paying client because he\u2019s married just seems to be heaping a whole lot of responsibility onto the person with the least power in the situation. It may have been the least unsavory of all the unsavory options she had. OP#4 Originally* October 20, 2017 at 12:20 pm It means someone who talks a lot \u201cGobby\u201d and they do it an awful lot \u201con a stick\u201d. It\u2019s a good term for someone who talks endlessly without being rude about them. There\u2019s another phrase, \u201cyou just want the moon on a stick\u201d which has a similar meaning \u2013 that not only do you want the moon, but you want it on a stick as well. Elizabeth West* October 20, 2017 at 1:16 pm I\u2019ve had that second one used on me, by a British person who was taking the piss. I replied back in a rather cheeky manner that of course I did and we had a good laugh. :) Gen* October 20, 2017 at 1:36 pm I\u2019m confused about how calling someone gobby isn\u2019t being rude about them? I mean it\u2019s not a top tier swear word and some people will own in like others don\u2019t mind being called a b-word but it\u2019s definitely an insult. Falling Diphthong* October 20, 2017 at 1:55 pm I\u2019m guessing it\u2019s a social subgroup thing, as to whether it lands as blabbermouth or chatterbox. Blue Anne* October 20, 2017 at 1:55 pm I"}, {"title": "", "text": "word \u201cbourgeois\u201d (middle class). The term has been popularized by rappers and other celebrities in the past few years. Some examples of \u201cbougie\u201d things include designer coffee, rose wine, and private schools starting with pre-K. 7/ Mark Warner // Flickr When someone says they need to \u201cbounce,\u201d it means they need to leave\u2014fast. It may have originated from the term \"bouncer,\" or someone who rejects people from the door of a nightclub. 8/ ShotPrime Studio // Shuttertstock Can't even A grammatical nightmare, this phrase means someone is so exasperated that they can't even deal with completing the phrase properly. When someone \u201cliterally can't even,\u201d it means they can no longer deal with a particular person, situation, or thing. 9/ Marcus Stoltze // Flickr Almost anything can be \"canceled\"\u2014a person, a fast-food restaurant, or an especially rough year. Frequently applied to celebrities who commit a public gaffe (i.e. \"Taylor Swift is canceled\"), the term is a wholesale rejection or rebuke. Sometimes it translates to an actual boycott, but often it's simply a Twitter joke. 10/ Cookie Studio // Shutterstock Clap back To \u201cclap back\u201d is the best way to respond to criticism or insults. A person may \u201cclap back\u201d at a frenemy who mocks their outfit by responding with a sharp comeback with attitude. Short for \u201ccray cray,\u201d which was originally slang for crazy, \u201ccray\u201d just means crazy. The phrase was popularized by the song \u201cN****s in Paris\u201d by Jay-Z and Kanye West. While the dictionary definition of \"dank\" means unpleasantly humid or damp and chilly, as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Everything you get comes from those around you. AKA; bum. Also practiced by those who are so stingy as not to spend their own money. Someone who is always borrowing money or is always broke. A spongy person Stacked Being well endowed, \"Upstairs\" Example: \"Wow, that girl is really stacked!!\" Steady Boyfriend or Girlfriend Stoked (as in I'm stoked) Excited Stoned Intoxicated Stood Up When a guy (or girl) didn't show up for a date Stuck Up Conceited Stud See Hunk Swear to Buddha I guess we thought it was less irreverant than saying \"I swear to God.\" Sweat Hog A fat chick. Swipe To steal or take He swiped my lunch. Teach A Teacher \"The Bird\" The Finger. \"The Most\" Something that is the best or the greatest (Superbitchin') \"The Man\" Police Think Fast It usually was used to tell you to get ready because someone was tossing you something. Threads Clothes \"Three On The Tree\" A car with a three speed manual transmission and the shifter on the steering column. Tough or Tuff Neat, cherry, great, bitchin'. - as in \"Wow, she's really a tuff chic!\" Trollin' Cruising the Boulevard looking for girls. As in \"Let's go trollin' for some chicks.\" Twitchin' The word used instead of Bitchin', around your parents Uncorked Running your car with the \"Cut Outs\" open. Wedgees A shoe style. The sole and heel were one piece and on the same plane. Wedgie When someone pulls your underwear up from the back and it ends up in the crack all"}, {"title": "", "text": "means someone spoiling for a fight. When it comes to the origin of the phrase, if you're walking around with a chip on your shoulder, you're challenging someone to knock it off. If you're \"all bark and no bite\" what are you? A person who loves dogs A person who is really aggressive Someone who is all talk and no action Someone who is really loud If your bark is worse than your bite, you're one of those kinds of people who talks a big game but you don't back it up. Think of a dog who barks a lot but in actuality is really sweet. If someone is \"barking up the wrong tree\" what are they doing? Trying to start a fight Getting a new pet Making a wrong assumption about something Doing a bad job at something Dogs are known to look up in trees and bark when they think there is potential prey in it. If someone is \"Barking up the wrong tree,\" they think they have figured something out when they haven't. If you're a \"bull in a china shop\" what could you be described as? This is one of the most easily explained phrases around. If you happen to be a bull and you happen to be in a china shop, can you imagine the damage that you could cause? It isn't pretty to think about. Someone quitting something \"cold turkey\" is doing what? Weaning themselves off something Hiring an addiction coach Quitting right away Not going to Thanksgiving anymore One"}, {"title": "", "text": "-- what does this word really mean? 2015-01-28T02:43:37.473 13 Meaning of \"with it way out cat\" 2016-05-24T17:13:23.217 12 What does \"That's O.P.\" mean? 2014-09-25T16:42:18.103 12 If somebody calls you \"Hello Trouble\", what does it mean? 2015-08-31T17:20:04.657 12 Meaning of \"unchubby\" in \"If you are gay, why were you so unchubby in the shower?\" 2015-10-31T09:12:03.910 12 What does 'straphanger' mean in this dialogue? 2017-07-18T15:45:56.663 11 What is the (TM) of \"do the Right Thing(TM)\"? 2014-02-06T12:57:30.830 11 What does \"stop whacking off\" mean? 2016-03-08T04:19:34.097 11 Is \"cool\" appropriate or offensive to use in IMs? 2019-05-23T06:18:03.007 11 What does \"crank old Sabbath\" refer to? 2019-10-15T19:01:37.220 11 Someone said to me, \"We basically literally did.\" What were they trying to express to me? 2019-11-22T04:46:55.013 10 What does the slang \"Breaking Bad\" actually mean? 2015-02-24T14:55:47.877 10 \"you know\" in conversational language 2016-10-22T16:34:43.420 10 Like a Swiss watch 2018-04-05T15:11:21.713 9 Difference between \u201cThey are goofing\u201d and \u201cThey are goofing off\u201d? 2013-02-17T11:03:08.157 9 How should I understand this line from Pulp Fiction? 2015-03-12T15:19:33.253 8 Can I say \"attention hooker\"? 2014-05-08T18:13:27.253 8 Which between \"crap\" and \"shit\" is more rude? 2014-05-12T07:10:17.653 8 What's the difference between \"hang out\" and \"play\"? 2015-02-11T01:41:01.013 8 \"Fixing\" an error 2017-05-23T18:45:47.590 7 What do 'hisself' and 'nuff money' mean? 2013-02-18T22:54:47.150 7 Pick Up The Chant 2014-10-16T03:16:10.630 7 What does the use and meaning of You's in song 'No more \"I love you's\"'? 2017-02-09T13:39:05.300 6 Is \"You gonna slice them up real nice\" right? 2014-03-07T07:54:57.947 6 Pick a number between one and ten 2015-05-28T14:13:17.687 6 \"That's my jam\" - is"}, {"title": "", "text": "doing something if you \"jump the gun\"? A little too late Way too late This comes from racing, when the race would be started off when an official fired off a starters pistol. If you \"jump the gun,\" it means that you started before the official start of the race. What is a friend doing when they are \"joshing you\"? Yelling at you Arguing with you Joking with you Flirting with you To \"Josh\" means to play a joke on someone or to play a prank on them. People don't seem to be entirely sure where this phrase comes from, but it originated in America in the 19th century. What is a person doing if they \"keep on truckin\"? The phrase \"Keep on Truckin' means that you aren't going to stop what you're doing and are going to continue on. This phrase started in the '70s and comes from the world of truck drivers and convoys. How good is your best friend good at keeping secrets if they \"let the cat out of the bag?\" Not that good If someone \"let the cat out of the bag \" it means they revealed a secret. It can also be used to refer to someone who is a blabbermouth. No one knows exactly where this phrase came from. How old is your father if he's \"long in the tooth\"? Really young Kind of young Really old When a horse gets older its gums tend to recede which makes their teeth look like they're longer. This phrase stands for"}, {"title": "", "text": "some other samples of state-of-the-art Yankee slang: Prince was flipping through channels like a gacked-up chimp. (p.74) \u2018The Feds cut your time \u2019cause you flipped. You rat-fucked your friends.\u2019 (p.74) = betrayed. \u2018Hit the shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380)"}, {"title": "", "text": "in achieving work\" (a) is just an accident. I can't really think of an idiom for that. yo'd just say \"whoops, sorry I was clumsy\" (b) is \"sabotage\". ie you deliberately spoil someone's efforts. the only idiom I can think of there is \"spike their guns\". that is rather \"old-fashioned\". (there is an idiom \"don't rain on my parade\" which is similar but not exactly that.) (There's an idiom \"albatross...\" or \"an albatross around your neck\" which is fulled explained here -- meaning a psychological burden.) (A somewhat related idiom or concept is \"tall poppy syndrome\" - when a group tries to pull-down a high achiever. it's wiki day ) (FTR there are five vaguely related idioms here ) In the end the only really current phrase I can think of, that relates to this is \"don't bring me down\". (ie, the person being \"leg-pulled\" would exclaim that to the leg-puller.) Here's the definitive reference on that from 1979: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9nkzaOPP6g So, you might hear \"that guy at the office - he is always trying to bring me down.\" At this point, I do not know exactly what your Japanese idiom \"ashi o hipparu\" actually implies. (Later - I notice the clarification in the comments, thanks.) A: You can change the idiom \"to throw a spanner in the works\" and use \"They threw a spanner in his works\". A: Consider, put a crimp in (someone's plans; etc.) To interfere with; hinder. Random House Kennerman Webster's College Dictionary Ngram"}, {"title": "", "text": "word for butt), but not really. JPhi1618JPhi1618 You can stick \"butt\" before just about any word and it becomes an insult. \"butt-head\" and \"butt-wad\" are common (the latter literally means toilet paper left behind in your butt). \u2013 Barmar Apr 4 at 17:40 @Barmar, right, but the point is that a \"butt steak\" is a real thing you can go to the grocery store and ask for with a straight face. Just adding butt to a word is a \"real\" insult. \u2013 JPhi1618 Apr 4 at 17:42 Most likely he was trying to subtly let him know that he was going to be treated like a piece of meat. Andy was supposed to be a fairly good looking man, and in male prisons, \"pretty boys\" were highly prized. Steak was considered highly sought after back then, so it's implied that he will be very desirable in the prison. BlergBlerg There is nothing much deep here, it's just a plain insult. Generally, Steak is : meat generally sliced across the muscle fibers, potentially including a bone. wikipedia So butt-steak means sliced meat from a butt and is used just to insult. edited Apr 4 at 9:20 A J\u2666 answered Apr 4 at 8:59 Ankit SharmaAnkit Sharma Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged dialogue the-shawshank-redemption . What does the line \u201cBangkok has him now\u201d mean? What did Lucy mean by \u201cWe never really die\u201d? What does Steve Rogers mean in this dialogue? Through what \u201cpipes\u201d is Andy Dufresne going when he is escaping? What"}, {"title": "", "text": "hope you have fun. Good luck and peace out! \"She was straight buggin' about her man talking to that other chick.\" What was she doing? Staring really hard Freaking out and upset Starting a fight Nagging If someone is \"buggin' out,\" they are really concerned to the point of being visibly upset. If someone is \"straight buggin',\" then \"straight\" can be seen as an emphasizing word, like \"very.\" \"Hey, I need to dip. I'll talk to you later.\" What does \"dip\" mean here? Chew tobacco Grab some chips and dip When it's time to go, it's time to go. You definitely don't hear \"dip\" used like this anymore. We're just back to chewing tobacco and yummy things we eat. Which one of these words is NOT slang for stealing something? Gank Yoink All of these words mean to steal. You know the word \"carjack,\" which means to steal a car usually at gunpoint? That's where jack comes from, although if something is \"jacked up,\" it means it's messed up or screwed up. Yoink and gank aren't really in much use anymore. \"Man, this chicken tetrazzini is all that and a bag of chips!\" So how is this meal? It's really good. It's OK. I've had better. It's disgusting. \"All that and a bag of chips\" has definitely gone the way of the dodo as a phrase. The less emphatic \"all that\" isn't around anymore either. But there was TV, with \"All That\" -- a sketch TV show on Nickelodeon which debuted in 1994 and stuck around"}, {"title": "", "text": "subtracting numbers in maths, or \u2018taking things away\u2019. 14. ~It\u2019s easy~ Blimey that was hard work, wasn\u2019t it? (so, it wasn\u2019t actually easy) 15. Bnag! That\u2019s bang out of order. \u201cThat\u2019s bang out of order\u201d is what you say when someone is behaving in an unacceptable way. He\u2019s also talking about the word \u201cBNAG\u201d which is the word \u201cBANG\u201d but with the letters in the wrong order. 16. I don\u2019t know why I put myself through this. (Tim has taken a piece of cardboard, and put his head through the hole.) To put yourself through something = force yourself to have a difficult experience He is also literally putting himself through a piece of cardboard. 17. Hello, My name is Bruce Willis, and I was in a diehard film, I shoot people and people shoot back at me. Yes, I am BruceWillis, I was in The Sixth Sense, I am a film star. I\u2019m Bruce Willis. Sorry, I think I might give you the wrong impression. To give someone the wrong impression = to make someone think the wrong thing about you. Also \u201cto do an impression\u201d means to copy the voice of someone. In this joke he has copied Bruce Willis, but with the wrong voice. He\u2019s given us the wrong impression. 18. So I went to the binocular shop. I\u2019ll tell you what, they saw me coming.(\u201cThey saw him coming\u201d = They gave him a bad price, they ripped him off \u2013 but they literally saw him coming because of the binoculars) 19. Of"}, {"title": "", "text": "mean here? What does \u201cas\u2026as\u201d mean here? Even as legalistic an institution as the EU ought to be able to find a way around snags such as this. Can anyone restructure the sentence to simpler ones as it is not clear for me? For example, ... asked Mar 4 at 14:07 On the hoof expression A friend has asked me if they can say: I said those words on the hoof. It doesn\u2019t sound right to me as I\u2019m used to hearing it with eating: I had to grab lunch on the hoof. Is it correct, and if so, ... expressions idioms british-english idiom-meaning Phil Hatcher The meaning of the expression \u201cNever laugh at live dragons\u201d I'm a big Tolkien fan and have read LOTR and The Hobbit many times. However, there's one quote from The Hobbit that I've never fully understood, and that is the phrase, \"Never laugh at live dragons\". ... expressions idioms idiom-meaning asked Feb 28 at 4:34 CGreenleaf What does \u201cjaw-breaking\u201d mean? \"India\u2019s prime minister has promised a \"jaw-breaking response\" to the killing of 40 Indian paramilitary police.\" What does \u201cjaw-breaking response\u201d mean? Why does a Californian utility spark wildfires? [closed] \"PG&E, a Californian utility, was forced into bankruptcy protection in January after insurers and creditors fled when they concluded that it could be on the hook for billion-dollar liabilities ... \u201cIf I knew something about [X], I couldn't tell you what it is!\u201d Someone has told me that, because I asked about X. I know that the person has confidentiality concerns"}, {"title": "", "text": "York strikers, a large inflatable rat, is an old tradition among unions. American union members took to calling the act of picketing \"hitting the bricks,\" due to the walking in circles holding signs. \"Zonked\" is an interesting state of being. Can you decode this American slang? Completely a mess Outside what is socially acceptable While \"zonked\" can refer to chemically-induced exhaustion, its common use is to refer to the state of natural exhaustion as in \"I can't watch another episode of this. I'm zonked.\" \"Bushed\" and \"blah\" can mean the same thing. Henrik Sorensen / DigitalVision / Getty Images What do you think \"snow job\" means? Theft of money Being made over to being very cool indeed Going out to have fun on a Saturday night Absurd bragging \"Snow job,\" meaning over the top bragging, could be likened to another slang expression, meaning telling an obvious lie: \"laying it on thick.\" Other expressions include \"jive\" and \"fish story.\" joshblake / E+ / Getty Images This sounds awful, but what do you think it means to \"top yourself\"? Do better next time Get a haircut Put an end to it all Buy a new hat In America, \"topping oneself\" means the act of being better at a task on a successive try. When Americans encourage their friends to \"top themselves,\" it's actually friendly encouragement! Hill Street Studios / DigitalVision / Getty Images In America, many people go about \"riding shotgun.\" What does it mean? Being reckless Controlling something difficult Keeping one's eye on goals Sitting in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If someone is \"ace\" at"}, {"title": "", "text": "NZ TV Show...this helps give you a visual! Box of Fluffies In response to \"how are you\" and you are well - e.g. \"I'm a box of fluffies today, thank you\" Brother or good friend Carpenter/Chippy Buggar A word used for disappointment - e.g. when you tell someone your car broke down they respond, \"buggar!\" Also can be used to refer to an older man - e.g. \"did you see the old buggar yesterday?\" A mobile home trailer towed behind a vehicle Carked It Died - e.g. \"Bob carked it\" or \"the old car carked it yesterday\" Girl/Woman - e.g. \"Thanks chick\" or \"Go and ask that chick over there\". Also used as \"Chicky\" e.g. \"That chicky-babe over there\" Carpenter/Builder Chocka Full or overflowing \"the bus is chocka today!\" When pleased with something - e.g. \"I got you a ticket to the rugby\" you would respond with \"choice bro!\" Short for Chicken. Also used in reference to an older lady e.g. \"the old chook over there\" Thank You - \"Chur Bro\" Crack Up When referring to someone that is funny - e.g. \"Bob is such a crack up\" Cracked Up Your reaction of laughter to something funny - e.g. \"He told a joke and I just cracked up\" Crash Here Sleep here - e.g. \"you can crash here tonight\" Small stream / very small river A holiday home. More commonly it is Kiwis in the South Island who refer to them as a 'crib' and in the North Island refer to them as a 'bach'. Refers"}, {"title": "", "text": "answers here mention). This one is actually always bad. It means someone who takes from people constantly and never gives back. People generally aren't called a bat, but they are called \"Batty\". It means kind of quirky, a little nuts, but generally harmless, and sometimes a source of amusement. \"She's really batty.\" The one exception to not getting called a bat though is an older woman who can be called, specifically, \"An old bat\" which means about the same as batty or an older woman who is more emotionally cold. Also, do not confuse with \"Batman\" which is a fictional character and being called \"Batman\" means you're being called rich, powerful, strong, larger than life, and there's a good chance it's not seriously meaning it. example: \"I'm Batman\" Fat. Very fat. Also very insulting. Unless used in reference to online gaming, in which case it means someone rich who keeps free-to-play games free for everyone else by buying all the optional stuff. example for both: \"She's a whale.\" Someone clever, sneaky, predatory, and definitely out to get you, likely by scamming you in games of chance by having some unconventional skill like card counting. \"Watch out for Lenny, he's a real card shark.\" Someone who can't stand up for themselves, synonym with \"spineless\". Example, \"Don't be such a jellyfish.\" A Coward. Someone who runs at the first sign of trouble. Example, \"What are you, Chicken?\" Fat. Not as bad as whale, however, unlike whale, doesn't mean they spend a lot at video games though. primarily used"}, {"title": "", "text": "unlike half of the kapuka that is on offer nowadays.No chicks in skimpy outfits, borrowed cars just the singers and their pals having an great ole time.That's what good videos are made of.Now will we are on that topic, how many of you out there have chongad viazi as a result of not having enough money to cover a bill? ps:Youtube may be down for maintenance so the video may not show! Does anyone remember the slang term \"crushed off?\" I think there are few slang terms that had as many definitions as this one.These were some of the meanings... 1.To beat someone up - \"Ebu keep quiet before I crush you off!\" 2.To catch strokes or shag - \"Chief!After tuning that mama I crushed her off in the digz!\" 3.To tackle in a game of rugby -\"My guy did you see him after the full back crushed him off when he thought he would make the try?\" 4.To eat ravenously - \"We were so hungry that we crushed off everything that he had in his kitchen!\" 5.To ignore - \"I tried to convince my boss but he just looked at me and crushed me off!\" I don't know if any of you ever used this term or used it in all these ways but I heard it used in all these ways.I guess some people adapted it to the circumstance at hand but it sounds so good that I'm going to start using it again ie...There are some bloggers that I wouldnt mind crushing off!"}, {"title": "", "text": "out with your \"mates,\" who are you with? \"Mate\" is also used to address strangers in informal situations. The American English equivalent is \"pal.\" Why would you be \"chuffed\" about receiving a good grade? It means you're happy. It's means you're not surprised. It means you're angry. It means you could have done better. \"Chuffed\" is often used in the phrase \"chuffed to bits.\" The word originates from a 1950s dialect where chuff meant \"plump or pleased.\" Why would someone be concerned if you've \"lost the plot?\" You're running late. You're getting angry. You're not acting normally. You're unable to finish a book. To \"lose the plot\" is to act in a disorganized or irrational manner. It can also mean to no longer understand a situation. What does it mean to \"kip\" on a friend's sofa? A \"kip\" usually takes place in somewhere that is not your own bed. It often refers to a nap. Why would you be wary about something that is \"wonky?\" It is not trustworthy. It is explosive. It is bad. It is unnecessary. \"Wonky\" can also refer to something that is not level. Another definition is something that is unsatisfactory. If something is \"dodgy,\" why would you not want it? It's useless. It's broken. It's questionable. It's ugly. \"Dodgy\" entered English in the 1860s with the meaning of evasive or tricky. It also means anything that is not sound or reliable. How does a \"nutter\" behave? Foolishly Impartially While Americans would say someone is a \"nut,\" a British English speaker would"}, {"title": "", "text": "administration where important decisions are made. \"The matter is the subject of much discussion in the corridors of power at the present time.\" crack the whip If you crack the whip, you use your authority to make someone obey you or work more efficiently, usually by threatening them. \"Every so often I'll crack the whip to make sure we meet the deadline.\" dance to someone's tune If you dance to someone's tune, you do whatever that person tells you to do. \"He is the company's major shareholder so the management has to dance to his tune.\" draw a line in the sand If you draw a line in the sand, you establish a limit beyond which a certain situation or activity will not be accepted. \"That's it! We're going to draw a line in the sand and make this our final proposal.\" force someone's hand If you force someone's hand, you make them do something unwillingly or sooner than planned. \"The interviewer forced Brad's hand and made him reveal his relocation plans.\" friends in high places If you know important or influential people in business or government, you have friends in high places. \"He wouldn't have succeeded without help from friends in high places.\" get/have by the short hairs (or: by the short and curlies) If you get or have someone by the short hairs, you put them in a difficult situation from which they cannot escape, so you have complete control over them. \"They are in no position to refuse; we've got them by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pick a fight Pissing contest Rake over the ashes Rub it in Sore point Spoiling for a fight Take someone to task Throw elbows To have a chip on one\u2019s shoulder Meaning: If someone argues about the toss, it means that they are disputing a decision or choice that has already been made. Example: The tickets have already been booked, and there is no use in arguing the toss now. Meaning: If you say that all hell has broken loose, it means that there was a sudden noisy and angry reaction to something in response to something else. Example: All hell broke loose when they announced that the factory would be shut down and sold. Meaning: Someone who has hardened due to much experience during difficult conditions; worn out Example: Though this project is challenging, he will be a good choice for it since he has been through the wars. Meaning: It means that someone has agreed to not argue about a difference of opinion Example: After the discussion about politics heated up, they had to agree to disagree before it affected their friendship. Meaning: To worsen an already existing tension between someone Example: She was already angry, and his criticism of her quality of work only added fuel to the fire. Meaning: A disagreement that occurred in the past or a long time ago and that ought to be forgotten Example: I know it is awkward to work with me as a team, but that\u2019s ancient history, and we should not let it get between"}, {"title": "", "text": "common (at least for some folks) expressions like \"Doesn't that just frost your britches?\" You can read some of the responses below, and you can see all of them on our Facebook page. A gracious plenty \"'I\u2019ve had a gracious plenty.' Don\u2019t remember how I know this, but it was used when offered more food and you were full. I use it all the time with my kids.\" -- Trish Dunn Bless your heart \"Bless your heart (in all its iterations).\" -- Cheryl Reaves Peeples Read more: What people mean when they say \"bless your heart\" Geez Louise \"Is 'Geez Louise' Southern!? Because I use that one all the time.\" -- Em C Tee Stove up \"I\u2019m 'stove up' from sitting, meaning I\u2019m sore and stiff.\" -- Cherie Farmer Allred Going to see a man about a dog \"My Pops always said he was 'going down the road to see a man about a dog' whenever we would ask where he was going.\" -- Nicole Day-Culbreath Useta \"Useta, as in 'I can't now but I useta could.'\" -- Debbie Jones Come apart \"Well, I\u2019m a Yankee from Ohio now living in Mississippi, and I love the phrase 'she\u2019s gonna have a come apart.'\" -- Lisa Karr Grubb Fixin' to \"Fixin\u2019 to, as in \u2018I\u2019m fixin\u2019 to answer the question.\u2019\" -- Trinidad de Guerreros Read more: Why Southerners say \"fixin' to\" Hey, y'all \"Hey y'all...even if it's only one person.\" -- Rebecca Edwards If it was a snake, it would've bit you. \"If it was a snake"}, {"title": "", "text": "laughed my head off\u201d, \u201cI just about laughed my head off\u201d. And all of these phrases just mean that you\u2026 they infer the same thing, but you know, it\u2019s just that you \u201calmost\u201d did that as opposed to completely laughed your head off. So, there\u2019s that idea of exaggeration where no one really laughs so hard that their head falls off. And obviously you can just say it as normal, \u201cI totally laughed my head off\u201d. \u201cIt was so funny I laughed my head off\u201d. So, let\u2019s go over a little pronunciation for this one guys. To laugh Your head off To laugh your head off And now we\u2019ll conjugate through the past tense of \u201cI was laughing my head off.\u201d I was laughing my head off You were laughing your head off He was laughing his head off She was laughing her head off You were laughing your heads off We were laughing our heads off They were laughing their heads off So, now we\u2019ll jump over to the other phrase, guys. We\u2019ll do the second one in this episode of two for one phrases. And the second phrase is \u201cTo be at each other\u2019s throats\u201d or \u201cTo go at each other\u2019s throats\u201d. So, \u201cAt each other\u2019s throats\u201d, what does this mean? It means to quarrel or to fight consistently. So, to keep fighting all the time, again and again and again. You could say that brothers and sisters, or brothers and other brothers, or sisters and other sisters, so siblings can be at each"}, {"title": "", "text": "spelled incorrectly as \u2018baited breath\u2019, you\u2019d be forgiven to believe this was something to do with old sailors lingering about the docks with breath smelling like pilchards. But it has nothing to do with halitosis at all, as the term is actually \u2018bated\u2019, shortened from \u2018abated\u2019 \u2013 meaning lessened or lowered. It originates from William Shakespeare\u2019s Merchant of Venice, when the beleaguered usurer Shylock denies Antonio a loan, telling him he won\u2019t bow to him and speak in \u2018bated breath\u2019 (a soft tone) because of Antonio\u2019s previous jerklike actions (ie. spitting on Shylock, kicking him and being a general bastard). How the idea of anticipation entered the phrase, though is anyone\u2019s guess. Today\u2019s Meaning: \u201cEmpty, insincere or nonsensical langauge.\u201d \u201cMy god, it\u2019s so good I just have to.. I dunno, bang my hands together!\u201d It\u2019s easy to sneer down at the great unwashed from the lofty balconies of so-called \u2018high-brow\u2019 entertainment, judging them for their reality TV and canned laughter. True enough, the likes of Please Marry My Son and The Kardashians destroy brain cells faster than huffing spraypaint and a career in boxing, but people in glass houses should not throw stones. We may well describe inane television as \u2018claptrap\u2019 but the origin of the term lies in the glory age of high-brow snootery. At some point in the mid-18th century, classical composers and playwrights began to purposefully insert dialogue or crescendos designed specifically to rouse reaction from the audience. The kow-towing to the crowd was to spark applause \u2013 a trap for claps. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Next stop, Crash & Burn Gultch! Do you know about this? Of course you\u2019re familiar with the word. But did you know that, thanks to Charlie Sheen, it is the latest catchphrase? Think of catchphrases like cha-ching, as if, LOL, hubba-hubba; who knows where they come from? You wake up one day and a new buzzword has arrived. Yes, my name is a soon-to-be-viral catchphrase. What does it mean? It\u2019s a joyful announcement of triumph, of great accomplishment and congratulations. Atta Boy\u2026 Good For You\u2026. I Did It\u2026Alert The Media\u2026Whoo Hoo\u2026 Peg-o-Leg! You pronounce this with emphasis on the first and third syllables. It will often be accompanied by a hand smack. Not an ordinary high 5, mind you. Peg-o-Leg will ring out with a slap of two hands up high \u2013 real high. I could also see it being used by hep-cats, the accents subdued and the last syllable drawn out: peg-o-leeeeegggg, exchanging a smooth slide on the gimme 5, down low, after a great jam session. Miles Davis may be involved. Soon I\u2019ll be as famous as the originator of Winning. The difference is I\u2019m not hitching a ride on the Charlie Sheen Express, hurtling toward Crash & Burn Gulch, with the engineer the only one who can\u2019t see the signs flashing by: \u201cBridge Out Ahead\u201d. I need your help to get this going. When you\u2019re telling everyone about the account you just landed, when you\u2019ve just sunk a great shot, for every big moment of triumph: Peg-o-Leg! When people ask what it means,"}, {"title": "", "text": "was always getting into hot water, and if there was a wrong way of doing a thing, was sure to hit upon it.\u2014 What does take by storm mean? Definition of take (something) by storm 1 : to quickly become very successful or popular in (a particular place) or among (a particular group) The writer has taken the literary world by storm. The new fashion has taken London by storm. Do not throw in the towel meaning? To quit in defeat. The phrase comes from boxing, in which a fighter indicates surrender by throwing a towel into the ring: \u201cAfter losing the election, he threw in the towel on his political career.\u201d What does acting the goat mean? to behave in a silly way [British] to behave in a silly way. What does I hit the nail on the head mean? something that is exactly right DEFINITION: It means \u201cto do or say something that is exactly right.\u201d You can use this phrase when someone finds the exact answer of a problem or a question. What is the meaning of put my foot in it? Definition of put one\u2019s foot in it : to say something that causes someone to be embarrassed, upset, or hurt especially when the speaker did not expect that reaction I really put my foot in it when I asked her about her job. I didn\u2019t know she had just been fired. What is the meaning of the idiom smell a rat? smell a rat. Suspect something is wrong, especially a betrayal"}, {"title": "", "text": "By mowing the lawn early, he killed two birds with one stone. This English Language quiz is called 'Reading - Craft and Structure - Idioms' and it has been written by teachers to help you if you are studying the subject at middle school. Playing educational quizzes is a fabulous way to learn if you are in the 6th, 7th or 8th grade - aged 11 to 14. Idioms are words or phrases that say one thing but mean something else. In other words, their meaning is not what it first appears to be. For example, to say \u201cbreak a leg\u201d does not really mean someone is to break a leg but, as in the entertainment world, it means to give a great performance. Determine the real meaning of the capitalized words. Johnny really put HIS FOOT IN HIS MOUTH at the party last night. When a person speaks out without first thinking about what they are going to say. He talked to the principal FACE TO FACE. When you don\u2019t want to talk to someone over the phone or through writing a letter but, rather, you want to speak with them directly. Sometimes to get something done you have to TAKE THE BULL BY THE HORNS. This is being assertive in taking an action. When Halloween was over, I got THE LION'S SHARE of the candy. When you get more than anyone else. My cousin is so FULL OF HIMSELF I could just gag. This is when someone thinks very highly of themselves. He is"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have come across is \u201cStory horse\u201d (pronounce \u201cstah-ree harse\u201d where I live byy people with stronger accents). I don\u2019t use this phrase myself, but it basically means \u201cAny news, Whats up?\u201d its a \u201cculchie\u201d (country folk) phrase. Dogs bollax -according to my uncle- is actually GOOD. I always thought it was bad (since when I say \u201cOh I\u2019m bollaxed\u201d or knackered, I am saying I\u2019m really really tired, or if I were to say \u201cThe engine in my car is bollaxed\u201d, it means its broken. When my uncle says \u201cThese spuds are the dogs bollax!\u201d he actually mens they are really great. He can be a bit of a trixter though so perhaps dogs bollax means they are really good but he is pranking me. In high school -not sure if people still say it since I graduated a few years ago- when the kids were up to mischief (smoking around the corner etc) what they used to do was get someone to watch around the corner for teachers (this was called \u201ckeep sketch\u201d, a person who was watching the corner was keeping sketch), whenever a teacher came, they would say \u201cSKETCH!\u201d and basically it warned everyone to put out their fags (Irish people called cigarettes/smokes fags, my mom got in trouble in chicago once for asking for a pack of fags because she didn\u2019t know the term wasn\u2019t used in America). When calling someone gay as an insult/slur -the way fag is used in america- peope here would say \u201cfaggot\u201d instead, but with the"}, {"title": "", "text": "just bury the hatchet so we can get the band back together. (bury the weapon you might use to fight with someone) to bury the hatchet in someone\u2019s head = a joke! If you bury a knife, sword or hatchet in this case in someone\u2019s head \u2013 it means you stick it deep in their head \u2013 to kill them. E.g. I\u2019m ready to bury the hatchet \u2013 in your head! \u2013 Makes it sound like you\u2019re ready to stop fighting, but actually you still want to kill the other person! showing off = behaving in a way to attract attention and show people how great you are, but in a way that\u2019s annoying. E.g. Dave is really good at the guitar but he\u2019s always showing off doing these ridiculous guitar solos. He just wants to impress everyone. or Stop showing off in front of all the guests! OK \u2013 so, no information yet about the context that those words come up in, but I just wanted to give you a heads up about some bits of vocab that definitely do come up at various points during the episode. See if you can spot them all as they naturally come up. Now, on with the episode! What are we doing in this episode? Listen to an anecdote \u2013 a real one, told by none other than Paul McCartney. This is a video I found on YouTube (see below). Listen to the story, and just work out what\u2019s going on. I\u2019ll give you a few questions to"}, {"title": "", "text": "party got a little out of hand and I had to go outside to get some work done. I couldn't think straight with all that yelling and running around. \" Keep your chin up \" Remain positive in a tough situation. Sorry to hear that you were made redundant on the day your buried your mother. Keep your chin up mate. Although derived in the USA this idiom is more commonly heard now in Britain. More idioms about: effort the_human_body proverbial america ( How did the idiom \"Keep your chin up \" originate? ) \" Like a chicken with its head cut off \" In a frenzied manner. He was shouting and swearing because they had lost the contract - he was running around like a chicken with its head cut off. Worldwide, but not particularly common. More idioms about: animals excess hyperbole madness america ( How did the idiom \"Like a chicken with its head cut off \" originate? ) \" Lose your head \" Overcome by emotion and out of control. When the traffic warden had his car towed, Jack lost his head and hit him. Britain, late 18th century. More idioms about: body excess \" Off the hook \" No longer having to deal with something. I know it's your turn to organise the Christmas party but you're off the hook, Judy volunteered to take over. Britain, 19th century - in the writings of Anthony Trollope \" That Friday feeling \" Anticipation of the weekend after a hard working week. I'm ready for"}, {"title": "", "text": "shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has a character, the one-handed psycho Pruitt, reference"}, {"title": "", "text": "shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has a character, the one-handed psycho Pruitt, reference"}, {"title": "", "text": "shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has a character, the one-handed psycho Pruitt, reference"}, {"title": "", "text": "is concerned primarily with the profits that an activity will yield, one is concerned with the bottom line. **Break the ice:** When people in a social situation are uncomfortable, and someone says or does something that makes everyone relax and gets them talking, that person has broken the ice. **Breathe down someone's neck:** If somebody is constantly watching and judging an activity you are doing, or if she is constantly in your business, she is breathing down your neck. **Breath of fresh air:** If somebody brings a new perspective to a situation or if she livens things up, she is said to be a breath of fresh air. **Bricks-and-mortar store:** When you go to an actual, physical location to make a purchase, as opposed to buying the item online, you are shopping at a bricks-and-mortar store. **Bring the house down:** When you perform successfully and people are cheering wildly, you have brought the house down. **Bury one's head in the sand:** When a person tries to ignore a situation because it makes him uncomfortable, then like an ostrich he is burying his head in the sand in the hope that what he can't see, can't see him. **Bury the hatchet:** When two people who don't get along agree to treat each other better and stop arguing, they have buried the hatchet. **Catch someone's drift:** Once somebody begins to understand and like your point of view or your unique way of doing things, he has caught your drift. **Caught red-handed:** Caught in the act: If someone is"}, {"title": "", "text": "those who are inexperienced should get a head start. Chengyu are very interesting and also show that you are knowledgeable language-wise. I suggest you look them up! RikC February 5, 2017 at 8:06 PM It's not in the same league, but these remind me of the look on people's faces as they try to figure out the rationale behind 'to have your cake and eat it'. What else would you do with cake? Surfing in on a shrimp sandwich is way cooler than being 'born with a silver spoon in your mouth'. Philip Newton February 5, 2017 at 9:00 PM I thought that the point was that such people wanted to eat their cake but still have the cake afterwards ... which is not possible! Once you've eaten it, it's gone and you don't have it any more. So you can't have your cake (all the time) and yet it eat too (while continuing to have the cake). Yes that's it, but it's worded in such an old fashioned way that lots of people struggle to explain it, despite knowing what it means. It should be \"eat your cake and have it too.\" That would make sense. Kind of like the expression \"head over heels.\" Well, yeah...your head is always over your heels. Shouldn't it be \"heels over head\"? Adam Bailey May 5, 2017 at 6:33 AM This is why I prefer \"ass over teakettle.\" Russia is here! Not to sharpen the axe but to sharpen wooden blocks (they are used in a palisade building) on"}, {"title": "", "text": "the important details. You just got bad news and it's bringing you down. How would you describe that news? Copacetic A bummer Deadset Something is a bummer because it bums you out. And why does something bum you out? Because it's just not cool at all, man! You might toss out this term to describe someone who's not the smartest. If someone's an airhead, it's not a good thing at all. Basically you're saying their brain has been replaced by an empty space. You could say your friend is just a cool person, or you could say they're a cool what? Cat was a pretty blanket term for people. You can use it in all kinds of situations. \"This cat just sold me a far out burrito!\" or \"These cats have HBO!\" If someone is a little klutzy, they might get called one of these. Rube \"Don't be a spaz\" is the kind of thing you might say to someone who's freaking out, or keeps messing things up. You didn't want to be a spaz because it meant you were uncool and not in control. This was a term for a police officer, particularly on the highway. Popularized by the movie \"Smokey and the Bandit,\" the name smokey was a reference to the hat worn by highway patrol officers that looked a lot like the one worn by Smokey the Bear. Uh oh! You were skipping school and then ran into the principal. He hasn't seen you yet so you should run. What do you tell"}, {"title": "", "text": "You've been BIPPED! Thread: You've been BIPPED! Rhubarb_Runner At one time I was an active trader among the collection of internet blogger community (until eventually just focusing on The Bench for my trades), and one term that is well known there -- to be \"Bipped\" -- is approaching its 10 year anniversary. It's one of the most feared (and most hilarious) occurrences that a trader could experience: http://thorzul.blogspot.com/2010/01/...p-someone.html It's been several years, but I too was a victim of an anonymous \"Bipper\" once: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/201.../merry-bipmas/ May all your trades be Bip-free (except, you know, for the ones you actually wanted) for trade: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/bas...ds/trade-bait/ wants: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/bas...ards/#wantlist Kevin McReynolds We played a game in baseball camp when I was a kid where someone would throw out a set of baseball initials, and the group would have to guess who they were referring to. For example, if you said \"CRJ,\" you'd be looking for \"Cal Ripken, Jr.\" One day, a kid said \"BTSR,\" and we were stumped for a long time... and when we gave up, he said he was looking for \"Bip 'The Snake' Roberts.\" (After the wrestler of the same coinage, of course.) I will *always* think of \"The Snake\" as his nickname, even though it totally wasn't. LOL! Collecting: Kevin McReynolds, Keith Hernandez, Pete Harnisch, and Mets autographs Mets fans! Join the discussion at the Crane Pool Forum. tradelist: Google Doc http://bit.ly/wOIKng needlist: Google Doc http://bit.ly/wVFOp3 New Tradelist Link (still building): http://bit.ly/2HemWbq Jake \"the snake\" Roberts! Best regards, David mrmopar Washington State - The Pacific NW I"}, {"title": "", "text": "someone is not as clear. Bumping into someone has no sexual connotations at all. Bumping off someone is killing them. Bumping someone from behind to me would sound more like accidently running into them rather than thrusting behind them. \u2013 The Wandering Coder May 9 '16 at 5:16 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged word-request or ask your own question. Word for \u201csomeone with a sufficiently loaded mind\u201d? A verb for expelling mucus from nose with force 'Someone who just came back from a trip' and 'someone who greets or welcomes him' at the airport What is the adjective for someone with cancer? How to ask someone to move from their seat? Grabbing with your index-finger and thumb - Word Search Word meaning \u201cwith light shining behind\u201d? Term for additional payments from your employer Opposite of Behind schedule"}, {"title": "", "text": "Read more about it here. When people use the phrase they are saying the person is being boastful and self-promoting. What it means in the figurative is that something seems suspicious or shady. It means what it did in Isaiah, a drop is a very small proportion of the whole. Just like in the fable, The Boy Who Cried Wolf by Aesop, the meaning of the phrase means someone who lies but when they choose to tell the truth nobody will believe them due to their previous lies. I found two different sources about the origin of this phrase. One source said it originated with tobacco, the other source says it was due to taking a bite that was entirely too big for one's mouth. Regardless of the origin of the phrase being due to food or tobacco the meaning today is that someone has agreed to do something more than they can handle. This American expression came into being in the Great Depression. Residence on Skid Row evokes imagery of someone who was slipping down in society - 'on the skids'. But the term wasn't just figurative, read all about it here. This phrase refers to someone trying to escape something something by climbing up a wall. It is not known when it was first used. Seriously, no amount of Googling yielded any results. The phrase today means to be annoyed, irritated, be driven to irrationality, etc."}, {"title": "", "text": "fight. They're cheerful all the time. This phrase means someone spoiling for a fight. When it comes to the origin of the phrase, if you're walking around with a chip on your shoulder, you're challenging someone to knock it off. If you're \"all bark and no bite\" what are you? A person who loves dogs A person who is really aggressive Someone who is all talk and no action Someone who is really loud If your bark is worse than your bite, you're one of those kinds of people who talks a big game but you don't back it up. Think of a dog who barks a lot but in actuality is really sweet. If someone is \"barking up the wrong tree\" what are they doing? Trying to start a fight Getting a new pet Making a wrong assumption about something Doing a bad job at something Dogs are known to look up in trees and bark when they think there is potential prey in it. If someone is \"Barking up the wrong tree,\" they think they have figured something out when they haven't. If you're a \"bull in a china shop\" what could you be described as? This is one of the most easily explained phrases around. If you happen to be a bull and you happen to be in a china shop, can you imagine the damage that you could cause? It isn't pretty to think about. Someone quitting something \"cold turkey\" is doing what? Weaning themselves off something Hiring an addiction coach Quitting"}, {"title": "", "text": "This expression is quite complex and requires more understanding of the language. Its literal English meaning is \u201call bells and no popsicle.\u201d Regardless, it\u2019s an expression used to label a person that claims to do something but didn\u2019t. \u201cTil\u00edn til\u00edn\u201d is an onomatopoeia of the ice cream man\u2019s bells. You\u2019ll hear it when they pass through the neighborhood selling their dessert. With that, the expression likens a pretender to an ice cream man with no popsicles to sell. Another situation you can apply this expression is when describing a man who describes himself as a ladies\u2019 man. But in reality, they\u2019re faking it for whatever reason. 4. Using an Expletive Chuleta The literal meaning of this word in English is \u201cporkchop.\u201d When used as Panamanian street slang, the word becomes an expletive. It\u2019s a word used when you\u2019re exclaiming something like \u201cdamn!\u201d The best way to use Chuleta is when you\u2019re surprised. Some Panamanians use this word when they\u2019re disappointed and have nothing better to say. It\u2019s funny since Panamanians don\u2019t know how the expression started. As far as locals can tell, it\u2019s another term that they just say. For example, they also say co\u00f1o as another means of saying \u201cdamn\u201d. 5. Expressing Bad Luck Estar Saltado This phrase\u2019s literal meaning is \u201cto be salty\u201d. When encountering a Panamanian native, you might hear them say this phrase. If so, they\u2019re expressing how unlucky they are. Hearing this phrase might be a good cue for you to start a conversation. After all, you might end up cheering"}, {"title": "", "text": "can hear this term being dropped casually \u2013 and often \u2013 by Marty McFly in the 1980s' trilogy, \u201cBack to the Future.\u201d If a party \u201cblew the doors off,\u201d was it successful? Could have been, but it was stopped Technically, yes, but it needed more booze When you \u201cblow the doors off\u201d something, it means that it was so good, it was like an explosion happened in a small room. It\u2019s a phrase used for emphasis to connote success. If you\u2019re \u201cwatching the submarine race,\u201d what are you doing? Making out and more Getting drunk If you\u2019re \u201cwatching the submarine race,\u201d you\u2019re not actually watching anything. However, you\u2019re probably making out and more, usually by the beach! Is a \u201cfive-finger discount\u201d a real deal? It's more like haggling. It's more expensive, actually. Don\u2019t ever do a \u201cfive finger discount\u201d because it\u2019s a flowery hippie phrase that refers to shoplifting! It eventually came to mean anything stolen in any way, so don't do it unless you want the fuzz on your trail. Tell Us Your Opinions About These Mythological Figures and We'll Guess Which Goddess You Are What Would Your Job Have Been in Medieval Europe? How Well Do You Remember \u201cForrest Gump?\u201d Do You Actually Belong in the Elizabethan Era? How Well Do You Remember These Events From The '70s? Try Your Best to Pass This Common Phrases Quiz Education 7 Minute Quiz 7 Min Can You Name These Male \u201960s Bands and Artists From an Image? Can We Guess Your Age Based on How Much"}, {"title": "", "text": "He's all talk, no trousers.\" who wears the trousers? = who has the power in a relationship: \"What do you mean, she won't let you come out with us? Who wears the trousers in your house?\" pull your socks up = work harder: \"You'll have to pull your socks up if you want a promotion next year.\" it will blow your socks off = very hot food: \"This is a fantastic stir-fry \u2013 it's hot enough to blow your socks off!\" hot under the collar = upset or angry about something: \"He gets really hot under the collar about cruelty to animals \u2013 he can't stand seeing animals suffer.\" it's pants (UK slang) \u2013 rubbish: \"What did you think of the film?\" \"Pants!\" get something under your belt \u2013 achieve something: \"I'm really glad I passed the driving test. Now I've got that under my belt, I can relax for a little while.\" belt up = keep quiet: \"What's all that noise? Just belt up, would you? I can't hear myself think.\" below the belt = unfair: \"You know he's really sensitive about the accident. I think it was a bit below the belt to mention it.\" the boot's on the other foot = your opponent now has the advantage: \"Now that she has been promoted, the boot's on the other foot! You should watch what you say from now on.\" get your skates on = to hurry up: \"Get your skates on \u2013 we're late as it is!\" have the shirt off your back ="}, {"title": "", "text": "all. Bumping off someone is killing them. Bumping someone from behind to me would sound more like accidently running into them rather than thrusting behind them. \u2013 The Wandering Coder May 9 '16 at 5:16 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged word-request or ask your own question. Word for \u201csomeone with a sufficiently loaded mind\u201d? A verb for expelling mucus from nose with force 'Someone who just came back from a trip' and 'someone who greets or welcomes him' at the airport What is the adjective for someone with cancer? How to ask someone to move from their seat? Grabbing with your index-finger and thumb - Word Search Word meaning \u201cwith light shining behind\u201d? Term for additional payments from your employer What to call someone you're trying to keep a secret from?"}, {"title": "", "text": "personality and a sunny disposition that lifts everyone\u2019s spirits. So if you hear this said of you, take it as a high compliment. Speaking of compliments, if you hear this one in one of Italy\u2019s premier fashion stores it means the person assisting you is working on commission. Seriously though, it means the dress or whatever it is you\u2019re trying on fits you perfectly. (It fits you so perfectly it looks like it\u2019s been painted onto your body.) To have too many acts in a comedy means someone is trying to accomplish too many things at once. In English, you could say the person is \u201cwearing too many hats\u201d or has \u201chands/fingers in too many pies.\u201d This one means exactly what it means in English. \u201cRompere il ghiaccio\u201d is to obliterate awkwardness between people in social situations, especially for those who have just recently met. This means \u201cspeak up.\u201d To remember it, you could imagine releasing a toad from your mouth and letting it freely speak about the beauty and wonders of from whence it came. This one is comparable to the English idiom, \u201ccaught red-handed\u201d or \u201ccaught with one\u2019s hands in the cookie jar.\u201d These idioms refer to someone who got caught stealing cash or something else, often helping themselves to the detriment of others. This Italian idiom is used to signify how life goes on even after the worst of tragedies. Your Italian boyfriend broke up with you? Don\u2019t worry, there are plenty of fish in the sea. If even the pope isn\u2019t indispensable,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the straight lady in a Marx Bros. Movie, as in: When I cracked that joke at the meeting, the chairwoman was sitting there clutching her pearls. Crazy hour: Not any particular time or not even an hour long, but it referred to that point of the night (usually the night) when the cats would be so hyper and frisky, jumping around, springing backward, etc. Whimwhams: Feelings of anxiety, butterflies; insecurities Don\u2019t touch my shit: One of her golden rules. Just leave her stuff alone and no one gets hurt. Since Hector was a pup: I have no godly idea where this comes from. It is used to refer to a significant passage of time, or age, as in: That store has been there since Hector was a pup. Knee-high to a kitten: Again, another measure of age, usually referring to kids who have now grown up, as in: I remember him when he was knee-high to a kitten. Growth experiences are a bitch: Sort of a variant of what doesn\u2019t kill you makes you stronger. This one is a Band-Aid to get you through a tough time by making you laugh and reminding you that you will get through it. Shit happens: A bit of a variation of no big whoop. A general dispensation and way of addressing something big or small that has gone awry, especially if it\u2019s out of your control, as in: Yeah, it sucks that the tree limb fell on the car, but you know, shit happens. Plo-plos: Pillows. Especially used if"}, {"title": "", "text": "you stand your ground, you maintain your position and refuse to yield or give way. \"He claimed innocence and stood his ground in spite of the repeated accusations.\" Stick to one's guns If you stick to your guns, you show determination when faced with opposition. \"The government stuck to its guns in spite of the criticism.\" The sky's the limit To say \"the sky's the limit\" means that there is no limit to the possibility of success or progress for someone or \"How successful do you think the project will be? Who knows... the sky's the limit!\" Waiting in the wings If someone is waiting in the wings, they are waiting for an opportunity to take action, especially to replace someone else in their job or position. \"There are many young actors waiting in the wings, ready to show their talent.\" Clothing Idioms Example Sentences At the drop of a hat without needing any advance notice My Grandma will babysit for anyone at the drop of a hat. (Have a) bee in one's bonnet something that is annoying someone Milan has had a bee in his bonnet all day, but he won't tell me what's wrong. beyond what is fair or socially acceptable His comment about Manfred's handicap was below the belt. Bursting at the seams not fitting anymore I ate too much. I'm bursting at the seams in these jeans. Caught with one's pants down My students caught me with my pants down on Monday. I forgot about the field trip. (Have a) card up"}, {"title": "", "text": "with 2x4), \"you have to get their attention.\" All these answers were given before references were mandatory. Being hit by a two by four is such a common expression that I am not going to give a reference, but I will give a reference for getting the mule's attention. See Psychology Today, Changing the Mind of the Mule Why don't two-by-fours work as a management tool? Dan Brown was referring to a Vasari canvas print, a piece of wall art, upon which a well-wielded two by six would inflict a great deal of damage. ab2ab2 Maybe not 1.5\u00d7 as much, but how \u2019bout \u00b9\u2074\u2070\u2044\u2088\u2089\u00d7 as much? :-) \u2013 tchrist\u2666 Dec 2 '17 at 3:09 I think if the movie is to go by, it is a piece of ceiling art, that they aren't keen to destroy by dropping anything, including themselves or a piece of wood, through it. \u2013 Bent Dec 2 '17 at 22:18 We call them \"six-by-two\" in New Zealand. It's a piece of wood that's common here. TomachiTomachi Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning idioms phrase-usage or ask your own question. What does \u201chit me like a two-by-four\u201d mean? What does 'gotcha' mean? What does 'ten of six' mean in regard to time? What does 'two-bit paper pusher' mean? What does \u201cdescriptive gauntlets\u201d mean? What does glassy essence mean? What does \u201csix point something\u201d mean? What does \u201cpuncture veneer\u201d mean? Is it a common idiom? What does \u201cprofessional grade\u201d really mean? What does \u201cmy six ounce\u201d mean? What"}, {"title": "", "text": "with 2x4), \"you have to get their attention.\" All these answers were given before references were mandatory. Being hit by a two by four is such a common expression that I am not going to give a reference, but I will give a reference for getting the mule's attention. See Psychology Today, Changing the Mind of the Mule Why don't two-by-fours work as a management tool? Dan Brown was referring to a Vasari canvas print, a piece of wall art, upon which a well-wielded two by six would inflict a great deal of damage. ab2ab2 Maybe not 1.5\u00d7 as much, but how \u2019bout \u00b9\u2074\u2070\u2044\u2088\u2089\u00d7 as much? :-) \u2013 tchrist\u2666 Dec 2 '17 at 3:09 I think if the movie is to go by, it is a piece of ceiling art, that they aren't keen to destroy by dropping anything, including themselves or a piece of wood, through it. \u2013 Bent Dec 2 '17 at 22:18 We call them \"six-by-two\" in New Zealand. It's a piece of wood that's common here. TomachiTomachi Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning idioms phrase-usage or ask your own question. What does \u201chit me like a two-by-four\u201d mean? What does 'gotcha' mean? What does 'ten of six' mean in regard to time? What does 'two-bit paper pusher' mean? What does \u201cdescriptive gauntlets\u201d mean? What does glassy essence mean? What does \u201csix point something\u201d mean? What does \u201cpuncture veneer\u201d mean? Is it a common idiom? What does \u201cprofessional grade\u201d really mean? What does \u201cmy six ounce\u201d mean? What"}, {"title": "", "text": "you to do? The term \"bog-standard\" can be used to describe what? When someone \"does a Lord Lucan,\" what have they done? If a place is \"chockablock,\" what is it like? Someone who is \"carrying coals to Newcastle\" is actually doing what? If something is \"cheap as chips,\" what is it like? The idiom \"pea-souper\" is used to describe the weather. What kind of weather does it refer to? If someone is \"a few sandwiches short of a picnic,\" what do they lack? The word \"dench\" can be used to indicate that something is which of these? What do Brits use the phrase \"a dog's dinner\" to refer to? What does it mean if someone has \"caught the lurgy\"? How do Brits use the word \"mint\"? If you nick something, you might end up in the nick. What is \"the nick\"? If a situation has gone \"pear-shaped,\" what is it like? In British English, what does it mean if someone is \"pissed\"? What does the idiom \"Never wash your dirty linen in public\" mean? When someone \"makes a mountain out of a molehill,\" how are they affecting a problem? How is someone affecting a group of people if they have \"put the cat among the pigeons\"? The idiom \"a drop in the ocean\" is used to describe something that is what? If a Brit tells you that they are \"just popping out,\" what does this mean? What does it mean to \"go spare\"? If someone \"argues the toss,\" what are they doing? What does it mean"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you looking for a phrase you can use to confront someone about an issue between you? You can use \u201cbone to pick\u201d to tell them that you want to have a stern chat with them. This post unpacks the meaning and origin of this expression. The expression \u201cbone to pick\u201d means that you want to confront another person or group about a specific topic. It means that you have something that you\u2019ve been thinking about for some time, and you\u2019re ready to confront the person to hear what they have to say about it. If you \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone, you\u2019re usually talking about a heated topic, such as a betrayal of trust. It\u2019s a \u201chard talk\u201d with the other person, and there is a good chance that it will end in an argument. To \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone means that you\u2019re confronting someone that you know about something they said about you behind your back. \u201cHey Mike, I have a bone to pick with you. Why did you tell Halley that you saw me out with Cindy on the weekend? Why are you interfering in my business.\u201d \u201cListen, Sam, I have a bone to pick with you. You\u2019re always leaving the toilet seat up, and it\u2019s driving me nuts.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m going down to the council now. I have a bone to pick with these people over how they charge rates. They\u2019ve been overcharging for months, and I\u2019m fed up with it.\u201d \u201cWhy do I have to come to you every time and"}, {"title": "", "text": "of two books and therefore is a malaphor. Dave Got one, hot off the presses: \u201cboiled to a head.\u201d Here\u2019s the full context: \u201cSunday\u2019s Bills-Jaguars game started off tense when Jalen Ramsey took time from his busy day to remind Buffalo\u2019s players they were trash. That conflict boiled to a head in the third quarter when a brawl erupted on the turf at New Era Field.\u201d The mashup is obvious\u2013boiled over and came to a head. Here\u2019s the citation: https://www.sbnation.com/2018/11/25/18111422/jaguars-bills-fight-leonard-fournette-shaq-lawson. Also possibly, \u201ccame to a boil.\u201d Cheers. Timothy Kendall says: My mother used the following two: \u201cDon\u2019t chew with your mouth full\u201d, and \u201cDon\u2019t talk with your mouth open.\u201d The person was probably joking, but today I heard someone say, Beat two deal bulls with one horn This is a triple combination: Kill two birds with one stone Beat a dead horse Take the bull by the horns Actually, that should be: Beat two dead bulls with one horn sounds a little too convoluted to be unintentional. Mal says: Back in the late 80s, when describing a poor choice of paint colour on a porch, an old friend of mine observed, \u201cIt stuck out like a sore eye!\u201d; a phrase that has given me decades of pleasure. Cruuvo says: I was talking to some of my friends about a parent video game company, Activision, losing one of its developer teams, Bungie, and their intellectual property \u201cDestiny\u201d and how now Bungie can develop on Destiny how they see fit without Activision \u201cbreathing down their throat\u201d. Seems very"}, {"title": "", "text": "clothing in two pieces. To rip someone off has the meaning of making someone pay an abnormally high price for something which should be much cheaper. In this case the price is not money, but the singer\u2019s unhappiness. Tearing at the seams: this means that something is at full capacity and a little more. Seams are the connections made with thread between pieces of clothing, for example at the side of a pair of trousers. So if something is tearing at the seams, it is probably near breaking. To let down: to make someone unhappy because they expected something better from you. To put out: to extinguish a fire. It don\u2019t mean nothing: again a colloquial, grammatically incorrect expression. It should be \u201cit doesn\u2019t mean anything. Here the video is cleverly structured as a Facebook timeline. Here are the interesting expressions in this song: I\u2019m wide awake: it means that you are completely awake, not sleepy and your eyes are wide open. I was in the dark: I was completely ignorant. To read the stars: to be able to predict the future or to find which way to go, as sailors do. ain\u2019t: this verb form is colloquial and it is used instead of \u201caren\u2019t\u201d, \u201cisn\u2019t\u201dand \u201cam not\u201d. to dive in: Literally to jump head first into the water. Instead of water it could be any kind of situation. to bow down: to lower your head showing submission or respect. falling from cloud 9: cloud 9 means a place or situation of extreme happiness. So to"}, {"title": "", "text": "out\" someone is to betray, sacrifice or turn against them. A disease where you don't have the right amount of blood sugar. Sonny and Leon finally get to talk, as the Police and FBI make final plans for a jet. The media circus continues... I'm a little shaky. A good word for scared or tired, especially if the person is truly shaking. They say you're crazy, and then they shoot things in your arm. Referring to shots given at hospitals to sedate the patients. I don't need that \"deep\" shit now. In philosophy, something \"deep\" is important or profound. To pull the trigger. The verb used when shooting a gun. What am I supposed to say to that shit? Here, meaning \"How am I supposed to respond to all of that?\" I'm not putting this on nobody. \"I'm not trying to make anyone feel guilty (for what I did).\" (A common expression is he's \"trying to put a guilt trip on me.\") Algeria. An Arab country in North Africa. They got a Howard Johnsons. An American hotel and restaurant chain that has decent hamburgers. They got masks. A covering worn on the face to conceal your identity. You'd be better off giving up. \"It would be better if you just surrender.\" They think I'm part of the plot to rob the bank. A \"plot\" is a conspiracy or crime planned by many people. They're bullshitting you! It's a snow job. \"To bullshit\" someone is to lie to them, and a \"snow job\" is an interesting term"}, {"title": "", "text": "so it makes sense that they are abbreviated. Less so in your short answer. \u2013 Mari-Lou A In Hollywood, there is a lot of pressure on actors to be young and \"fresh.\" Just about \"everyone\" starts out that way, but no one can stay \"under twenty-five,\" or \"under thirty\" for very long. As people get older, their skin starts to wrinkle. That's not a bad thing, except in Hollywood. So to \"live in one's skin\" is to be comfortable with the fact that your skin is becoming wrinkled in particular, and that you are getting older in general. Russell Crowe pointed out sixtyish Meryl Streep as someone who does this particularly well. Tom AuTom Au Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning idioms contemporary-english or ask your own question. What does \u2018Jam down one\u2019s throat\u201d mean? Does \"break your head\" really mean literally breaking one's head? What is \u2018Academy Award speeches are \u201cmetaphysical impossibility\" for most of us in plain English? Does \u201cwalk back\u201d have a meaning of \u2018deny\u2019 or 'keep distance from somebody / something.' as an idiom? What does \u201cHold one\u2019s back\u201d mean? Is \u201cpeople with a bit of grit under their fingernail\u201d an idiom, or just one-off phrase? What does \u2018be one\u2019s \u201cbuddy\u201d\u2019 mean aside 'be one\u2019s \u201cfriend\u201d'? What does \u201cinhabit a different person\u2019s skin\u201d mean? Meaning of \"to live one's own bit\""}, {"title": "", "text": "ask in this way, though, it can sound a little demanding or arrogant. It seems like you're commanding the other person. (someone's) number Your \"number\" means your telephone number: Hey, what's your number? Do you have his number? whip (something) out To \"whip something out\" means to pull it out of something quickly. We usually use this phrase to talk about pulling something out of a pocket or bag. He whipped out a business card and handed it to me. One point to be careful of with this phrase: it's sometimes associated with a man pulling his penis out of his pants. So listeners might laugh a little bit if you say \"He whipped it out\" without saying exactly what \"it\" was. Yo, (sentence) \"Yo!\" is a word that you can use to get someone's attention. Yo! Watch where you're going! You almost ran over that dog! You can also say \"Yo\" in the middle of a conversation if you want someone to pay closer attention. Yo, let me ask you something: do you think that we should be worried about Greta? It's very casual, and some people consider it slang. idioms phone dating reported speech \u201cThere's not that much to it, really.\u201d \u201cWe design and sell high-end luxury apparel.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lord Lucan,\" what have they done? Disappeared Been rude Eaten too much When someone runs off or disappears without a trace, they have \"done a Lord Lucan.\" This is in reference to Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, who disappeared in the 1970s after being suspected of murder. If a place is \"chockablock,\" what is it like? Something that is stuffed, crammed or full to the brim can be described as \"chockablock.\" This is sometimes shortened to \"chocka.\" For example, the road is chocka at rush hour. Someone who is \"carrying coals to Newcastle\" is actually doing what? Carrying coals to Newcastle Something unnecessary You might hear a Brit say that someone is taking, bringing or carrying coals to Newcastle. This means that they are going to the effort of doing something that is totally unnecessary. If something is \"cheap as chips,\" what is it like? Chips are what the British call fries. If something is cheap as chips, it is incredibly inexpensive, as potatoes are very famously cheap. This is an idiom that's more often used by the working class. The idiom \"pea-souper\" is used to describe the weather. What kind of weather does it refer to? Smog or fog A hurricane This old idiom dates back to nineteenth-century England. It is used when smog creates a thick fog with an unnatural tinge. Over the centuries, London has struggled with pollution issues as it has become more and more populated. If someone is \"a few sandwiches short of a picnic,\" what do they lack?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pad Someone's house. Example: There wasn't much to do so we all hung out at John's pad, drank Cokes and listened to records Pants An activity where usually two or more boys physically remove the pants from another boy so as to cause him embarrassment in a group setting. Peel Out (See Lay A Patch) PG Pregnant as in Nurse Sizer Pig Cop Pig Out Over eat Pound If someone was going to beat up someone else you said he was going to \"pound\" the other person. For an example, Joe caught Jim with the hubcaps that he stole from Joe's '50 Merc last night. He'll probably pound him after school Primo First class. Raunchy Raw, Rank, Disgusting Right On I agree; I concur Righteous Extremely fine, beautiful. For us guys it was generally used when talking about the most important areas of our lives; cars and women. \"John's got a righteous new paint job on his '55 Chevy\". \"Ron met this righteous babe down at 26th St.\". Examples:\"John's got a righteous new paint job on his '55 Chevy\". \"Ron met this righteous babe at A Street.\". Ripped Off To have something stolen, or to have stolen something Rule As in, \"Hodads Rule\"; To take ownership of Sano Usually referring to someones car, or part of ones car, as being pristine: \"Ron did a sano job on his 56 Chevy\". also \"Super Sano\" (Very Pristine) Scarf To eat very fast. Example:\"I'm going to scarf this hot dog\". Scheming When someone is really interested in the opposite"}, {"title": "", "text": "This expression means that you like this person a lot. **Make ends meet:** When the money you've earned is sufficient to pay your bills, but no more, you've made ends meet. **Make mincemeat out of someone:** If you've chastised and humiliated someone, you've made mincemeat out of them. **Make one's flesh crawl:** When something scares you and gives you goosebumps, it makes your flesh crawl. **Make tracks:** You're making a quick exit\u2014making tracks out of there. **Mind like a sieve:** A person with a poor memory or one who is absent-minded has a mind like a sieve. **Muddy the waters:** When somebody makes a situation more confusing, they've muddied the waters. **Mum's the word:** When you agree to keep a secret, mum's the word. **Music to one's ears:** When you've gotten an agreement or when you've been told exactly what you want to hear; it's music to your ears. **Never darken my door:** If you never want to see or hear from someone again, tell them to never darken your door again. **No love lost:** When two people dislike each other, there's no love lost between them. **Off the hook:** This is one of my pet peeves. So many teachers I know use this phrase when their classes have been out of control. \"Off the hook\" does not mean \"out of control.\" If you're off the hook it means you were previously in trouble but you got out of it. **Off the record:** When you provide someone with confidential information, but you're unwilling to admit it"}, {"title": "", "text": "use this phrase, usually when he wanted to express dibelief, frustration\u2026and call someone on something..\"well, that\u2019s just shit for the birds.\"\u2026tried to look up the origin , don\u2019t have a clue. out in the boonies, you are a do-it-yourself-er out of neccessity, mainly. There is one tool, that the less handy come to depend on \u2026a BFH. Big Flippin\u2019 Hammer..if you can\u2019 t fix it, you can always beat it\u2026\"your car still not working?\" \u2018 yeah, nothin\u2019 a BFH wouldn\u2019t fix.\" Cornelia. This is a tough one. Bucks gifter? What would that have to do with cranky uppities\u2026\u2026..? I am working on it. Jake Nantz March 11, 2010 at 2:48 pm Kit \u2013 I\u2019m betting the \u2018F\u2019 in BFH isn\u2019t really for \u2018Flippin\u2019 in most folks\u2019 minds\u2026 Kinda like the destinations around here, BFE and EBF (Bumfuck Egypt and East Bumblefuck), two places meant to show you have found the exact middle of nowhere. Allison Davis March 11, 2010 at 3:56 pm was in depositions all day and missed this\u2026LOVE it. In New Orleans, there\u2019s an entirely different \u2014 well, everything. We \"make\" groceries for one. Sidewalks are banquettes, the \"netural ground\" is the median (but wider), you get \"laignapped\" when someone gives you a little bit more for free, \"Crib\" is your house, but taken from the Storyville \"cribs\" where the ladies of the evening did their business\u2026 lots of food for thought. thanks! Nancy Siversen June 30, 2013 at 7:14 am I grew up in Arkansas and my mother used to threaten to give"}, {"title": "", "text": "- \"I'm not asking for the moon\". Used when frustrated with someone complaining about a simple request. One of the more useful expressions to make your request in a restaurant or hotel seem like it's coming from a more seasoned Voyager who can't be taken advantage of. (I wish I knew this one when picking up rental cars at Hertz!) Andare a monte - (ahn-DAR-eh a MOHN-teh) - Literally, \"Go to the mountain\", but it figuratively means that everything went downhill and failed. Examples: Un viaggio va a monte (The trip was called off); Il matrimonio \u00e8 andato a monte (the marriage failed). Use to describe something that went awry or got fouled up. Ho peli sul mio stomaco - Literally, \"I have hairs on my stomach\", meaning you're not taking something seriously or that it's not bothering you. Ne ho fin sopra i capelli - Literaly, \"I'm sick up to my hair\". Use it the same as \"I\u2019ve had it up to here\" or \"I'm fed up to here\" or \"I'm sick and tired\". You can use a hand gesturing to the top of your head with this. Capitare su un osso duro - Literally, \"Happen on a tough bone\". A pejorative. Use it referring to dealing with a tough cookie. A person who is \"un osso duro\" (a tough bone) is a bit thick and stubborn. You can also use \"capo tosto\" meaning \"thick (tough) head\". A hand motion goes with this... knocking your knuckles or fist on a table as you say it."}, {"title": "", "text": "he would talk about 'facing the music' if he was caught. Interestingly, another expression is associated with this one. If someone is fitted up \u2014 i.e. accused of doing something bad that they didn't do \u2014 then they would be facing 'drummed-up' charges or the case could be described as 'drummed up'. ### CHANCE ONE'S ARM There are two possible explanations. The first is that it comes from boxing. When a boxer extends his fist to hit his opponent, he is leaving himself vulnerable to counter-attack. In that way, he's chancing his arm. The other (earlier) possibility is that it refers to a soldier \u2014 specifically a corporal or a sergeant \u2014 doing something that might bring him into trouble and lead to him being demoted and therefore having his stripes removed from the arm of his tunic. In that way he would be chancing his arm. ### TOO MANY TO SHAKE A STICK AT Shepherds would control their sheep by shaking their staffs (large sticks) to indicate where the animals should go. When farmers had more sheep than they could control, it was obvious that they had too many to shake a stick at. **LET ONE'S HAIR DOWN** In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Paris, members of the nobility were obliged to wear elaborate hairdos \u2014 stacked preposterously high \u2014 which took several hours to prepare. At the end of a long day's intriguing and ingratiating at the Palace of Versailles, they'd go home to relax and the first thing they'd do would be to let their"}, {"title": "", "text": "You wouldn\u2019t say nut-hook into the wind; you would undoubtedly direct it to someone, possibly at them. A nut-hook is not what your mind would go toward these days, you dirty birds. It is not a hook that graces the male genitalia. It doesn\u2019t even come close to that. It is: A police officer or constable A thief The hook at the end of a pole that pulls branches down for easier nut harvesting Pretty innocuous, right? Well, in this case, it\u2019s not. Its original intent in Shakespeare\u2019s Henry V was to call someone a pig (the derogatory term for a cop). Doll Tearsheet (who is pregnant) is arrested, accused of murder, and she\u2019s just not having it. So she calls the arresting officer a nut-hook. To add to the offense of the passage, she also calls the other woman in the scene a \u201cdamned tripe-visaged rascal.\u201d Translation: flabby-faced moron. It seems pretty tame these days, I know. So we are giving you permission to call someone a nut-hook and imply that they are a hook that hooks onto um\u2026balls. A creative replacement for the usual sh\u2013t head or d\u2013k face, I guess. 6 \u201cSon of a Nutcracker!\u201d Since it\u2019s winter, we might as well include this one on the list. You may recognize \u201cson of a nutcracker\u201d as Buddy the Elf\u2019s response to getting hit in the face by a snowball. Will Farrell\u2019s delivery of the line is in every way, shape, and form \u201cson of a b\u2013tch,\u201d but the joke\u2019s on PG-13 movie ratings!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Actualizado en 1 sep 2018 unpredictablecrow What does \u201cwig\u201d mean when it\u2019s used as a response to a statement? mcguirefire3712 Can you be more specific? What was the conversation? Usuario eliminado I'm with him / her on this one. What statement exactly? @mcguirefire3712 Someone asked me what coding was and I explained it and then they said \u201cwig.\u201d What does \u201cbut\u201d mean in the highlighted sentence? but is a conjunction used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned. What does \u201csnatched\u201d mean? Is it a slang word? Snatched means \"took away quickly\" It is a normal word, not slang. \"After they scored 5 goals in the last 10 minutes, you might say they snat... What does \u201csure thing\u201d mean? In which cases is it used? It's usually a way of saying \"yes,\" especially \"yes, I will do the thing you just asked of me.\" What does \u201cno brainer\u201d mean? Is it a common slang term? Means Very easy -yes it is a common slang What does \u201ccritiquing\u201d mean? How to use it? To criticize; to point out things that are wrong. \u201cI wanted to professor to look over my paper, but I did not expect how much critiquing he... What\u2019s the meaning of \u201cbumfuck\u201d and when to use it? Bumfuck is used to refer to really rural, underdeveloped, and non-descript towns/ places in the middle of nowhere. I\u2019ve also heard people say... What is \u201cmeant to be\u201d means? How to use it? Destined to be together. \u201cThose two are totally meant to be!\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "a NZ TV Show...this helps give you a visual! Box of Fluffies In response to \"how are you\" and you are well - e.g. \"I'm a box of fluffies today, thank you\" Brother or good friend Carpenter/Chippy A word used for disappointment - e.g. when you tell someone your car broke down they respond, \"buggar!\" Also can be used to refer to an older man - e.g. \"did you see the old buggar yesterday?\" A mobile home trailer towed behind a vehicle Carked It Died - e.g. \"Bob carked it\" or \"the old car carked it yesterday\" Girl/Woman - e.g. \"Thanks chick\" or \"Go and ask that chick over there\". Also used as \"Chicky\" e.g. \"That chicky-babe over there\" Chippy Carpenter/Builder Chocka Full or overflowing \"the bus is chocka today!\" When pleased with something - e.g. \"I got you a ticket to the rugby\" you would respond with \"choice bro!\" Chook Short for Chicken. Also used in reference to an older lady e.g. \"the old chook over there\" Thank You - \"Chur Bro\" Crack Up When referring to someone that is funny - e.g. \"Bob is such a crack up\" Cracked Up Your reaction of laughter to something funny - e.g. \"He told a joke and I just cracked up\" Crash Here Sleep here - e.g. \"you can crash here tonight\" Small stream / very small river A holiday home. More commonly it is Kiwis in the South Island who refer to them as a 'crib' and in the North Island refer to them as a"}, {"title": "", "text": "kind of significant struggle. This British phrase is an exaggeration, referring to the horrors of war. \"Life is not all beer and skittles.\" What does this phrase say about life? It's confusing. It's an adventure. It's not all fun. It's a dream. In the U.K., they say, \"Life is not all beer and skittles,\" which means that life is not only about enjoyment and pursuing pleasure. \"Skittles\" refers to a pub game here, not to the popular candy. In the U.S., an equivalent phrase would be \"Life is not all fun and games.\" What does it mean if someone is \"as bent as a nine-bob note\"? They can't dance. They are weird. They are rich. They are dishonest. This expression refers to money in the U.K. before 1971. Ten-shilling notes (or ten-bob notes) existed, but nine-bob notes did not. This phrase compares someone to fake currency. If a Brit \"breaks their duck,\" what are they doing? Doing something for the first time Making a mess Eating dinner In British English, there are many unique phrases that are not used in American English. This is one of those. To \"break your duck\" means to give something a try for the first time. A \"champagne socialist\" is a wealthy person who has what sort of views? Centrist Left-wing A \"champagne socialist\" is a mocking term for a wealthy person who says they have left-wing views. It is especially used when that person holds those views very shallowly or does not act in a way that lines up with"}, {"title": "", "text": "stealing and you actually see her doing it, she's been caught red-handed. **Chasing rainbows:** If you are trying to make an impossible dream come true, you are chasing rainbows. **Chip off the old block:** If your personality or behavior is just like that of your mother or father, then you're a chip off the old block. **Chip on one's shoulder:** A person with a combative or arrogant attitude is said to have a chip on her shoulder. **Clear the air:** When people have a discussion to resolve their disagreements and misunderstandings with each other in order to get along better in the future, they've cleared the air. **Close shave:** If you nearly got in trouble but escaped unharmed, that was a close shave. **Cold shoulder:** When you avoid someone and refuse to talk to him, you're giving him the cold shoulder. **Cook one's goose:** When something happens that gets you into serious trouble, your goose is cooked. **Costs a pretty penny:** If something is expensive, it costs a pretty penny. **Couch potato:** Somebody who sits around watching TV and never gets any exercise is a couch potato. **Crying over spilled milk:** If you're constantly worrying about a past situation instead of getting on with your life, you're crying over spilled milk. **Cutting corners:** Doing something quickly and cheaply (and possibly creating an unsafe situation) means that you are cutting corners. **Dark horse:** When a person who is unlikely to succeed comes out on top, she is the dark horse. **Dead wood:** When a person holds others"}, {"title": "", "text": "a part of the 10 code that means \"yes,\" for \"affirmative.\" There are actually many other 10 codes, if you're interested to learn. For example, \"10-20\" means \"Where are you?\" If the Fonz told you to \"sit on it,\" what was he saying? Have a rest. Go for a drive. Keep a secret. The Fonz was famous for saying this on \"Happy Days,\" which would make you think it's '50s slang. However, they seem to have made it up in the '70s and just retroactively decided it was something people said in the '50s. Orbon Alija / E+ / Getty Images Your friend needs you to keep an eye open for \"the man.\" What are you looking for? Your dad A hot guy This slang still gets tossed around today sometimes, but not as often as it once did. Someone referring to the police, or any law enforcement or government official, could call them \"the man.\" It's generally not meant as a compliment. piola666 / E+ / Getty Images Folks have been saying that your best friend is a real \"fry.\" What's the scoop on that? They're crazy. They're boring. They're too serious. They're cute. If someone is a \"fry,\" then they're sort of wacky, sort of crazy, sort of cool. It's not necessarily a bad thing, but you can't always say it's a good thing, either. It's best used when someone does something mind-blowing and bizarre that's worth acknowledging. poba / E+ / Getty Images What's one way someone in the '70s might have told"}, {"title": "", "text": "these lines in spite. \"No Fair. Do Over.\" \"Chips on the Ball\" (if you lost a spalding ball in the course of a game, you had to buy a new one) \"I'm Larry\" Getting a final turn, last licks, going last in card flipping. \"Knuckle down\" \"Dibs\" Same as chips on the ball \"Red Light green Light, 1 2 3\" \"Dare\", \"Double dare\" \"Black, no backs,\" Say this while touching something black. The person you're talking to cannot talk back with a sassy remark to something you've just said, an insult or accusation. \"That's Boss,\" \"She's (he's) Boss.\" Praising the person or object, extolling its virtues, cool, groovy. \"I'll sound you so low you'll be playing handball off the curb.\" There were many of these types of sordid remarks. \"He's got more nerve than brains.\" \"Go stamp chestnuts.\" \"Take a long walk off a short pier.\" \"Tell the truth and shame the Devil.\" In a Foot Race often times someone would shout, \"Last one to the stoop is a rotten egg.\" Then the reply would come from the last runner: \"And the first one takes his place.\" \"You left me flat.\" \"Shake a leg.\" \"Put on your thinking caps!\" \"Go fly a kite.\" Murray the \"K\" Kaufman and the Swingin' Soiree began his show with a chant that went something like this: \"Bedah bey (OH), bedah bey (OH), cumma zawa zawa \" (twice) We were told it meant \"Come let us pull\" in Swahili. \"Last Licks.\" Getting up last in a street game. \"He's a real"}, {"title": "", "text": "rile up\u201d the audience is to get them angry or upset.They are going to lynch him. \u201cTo lynch\u201d a person is to kill them by hanging them from a tree.Oh, good grief. A very gentle way of expressing surprise, frustration or anger.I\u2019ll tell you something Kaufman. We\u2019ve had enough of your crap! A vulgar alternative to ‘bullshit,\u2019 meaning lies, nonsense, or in this case, unpleasant and obnoxious behavior.Kaufman doesn\u2019t want any part of Lawler He\u2019s an absoluteembarrassment to humanity, this man from Hollywood. To not want \u201cany part of\u201d somebody is to want to avoid them. \u201cAn embarrassment to humanity\u201d is a person whose behavior is so awful or evil that they are best known for how horrible they are. Kaufman got nailed with something. If a person has been \u201cnailed with\u201d something, they have probably been hit or attacked by it (A nail is a pointed metal tool used with hammer).Did you come down here to wrestle or act like an ass? A type of donkey, and of course, a jerk, idiot, creep, moron, etcI can\u2019t believe that the king is gonna go through with this. \u201cTo go through with\u201d something is to actually do it.That big mouth son of a gun has a free headlock. A \u201cbig mouth\u201d is a person who talks a lot. \u201cSon of a gun\u201d is a dated way of referring to a person, usually to one who is doing something strange or crazy. In wrestling, a \u201cheadlock\u201d is the holding of your opponent\u2019s head in such a way that"}, {"title": "", "text": "solidified lump of egg white exuding from crack in shell and eat immediately. Place egg in egg-cup and remove top with unwiped knife, allowing liquid yolk to run onto tablecloth. Business euphemisms for the coming year. Higher productivity Shut up and get on with your work. Dynamic management style Snort more cocaine. Modern labour relations No mass meetings. Good relations with the unions Whisky for the full-time official. She can do the Evening Standard junior crossword. Boardroom reshuffle Stab an old friend in the back. Health and safety is the first priority It\u2019ll only be a fine. A good excuse for just about anything. Pursuit of legitimate interests Screw the bastards. Aggressive marketing strategy Nuisance phone calls. Facing new challenges Sell your shares now. A rapidly increasing market There\u2019s one born every minute. Genuine concern for the environment Managers live a long way from the factory. Hands-off proprietor He\u2019s in jail. Recently the Times carried a piece about a driver cautioned by police after a routine check revealed that he was driving with wellington boots filled with baked beans. The police failed to find out why. A reasonable explanation for the man\u2019s behaviour. These two coppers cautioned me; when they\u2019d got the words right they asked me why I\u2019d done it. I said I was a Buddhist; it was part of our Spring ritual. One said: \u2018This is a Christian country. Get back where you come from!\u2019 My family come from Basildon, five generations; who the f*** wants to go back there? But I\u2019d just driven"}, {"title": "", "text": "sexy term for home. If you got picked up (in the romantic way) by someone in the 1970s, they likely invited you back to their \"pad.\" If you were a \"head,\" what were you? A drug user A car enthusiast A salon worker This usually refers to someone who uses non-hard and psychedelic drugs. For example: Much to my surprise, my mom was a head when she was in high school. What's the gist of the phrase, \"Keep on truckin'?\" Keep evading the draft Don't screw up \"Truckin'\" referred to a way of walking with intention (the opposite of strolling.) \"Keep on truckin'\" essentially meant to keep moving forward or hang in there. For example: Despite the hardships that come your way, sometimes you just have to keep on truckin'. What was the most common use of the word \"bum\" in '70s slang? A piece of chewing gum A handsome guy To ask for an item To forget a responsibility The classic use of this phrase was, \"Can I bum a smoke?\" It essentially meant, \"Hey there, can I please have a cigarette/a drag of a cigarette/piece of gum/after dinner mint/extra quarter for laundry?\" You'd use it to ask for a small item, either from a stranger or someone you know. What does it mean when you \"bogart\" something? To act like a cool guy To steal people's significant others To keep something to yourself, especially a joint To avoid bars and clubs This is a reference to Humphrey Bogart. While it's not totally clear exactly"}, {"title": "", "text": "order to operate the lock. Although it sounds crude, the phrase is actually considered a polite way of announcing that you are going to visit the bathroom. Historically, only women would announce they were going to \"spend a penny,\" as only women's public toilets required a penny to lock. Men's urinals were free of charge. \"I'm going to spend a penny.\" \"Splash out\" To \"splash out\" means spending significant amounts of money on a particular item or event. If you're \"splashing out,\" it's implied that you're spending money on a treat to mark a special occasion or celebration. \"Wow \u2014 you've really splashed out on this party!\" \"Swot\" Unsplash/Helloquence Similar to \"nerd\" or \"geek\" but less derogatory \u2014 someone that takes academic study very seriously might be described as a \"swot.\" \"Swot\" can also be used as a verb. \"I haven't seen Tom since he started revising for his exams. He's turned into such a swot!\" \"Yeah, he's been swotting like mad for his Spanish exam.\" \"Take the biscuit\" If someone has done something highly irritating or surprising in an exasperating fashion, you might say that they've \"taken the biscuit.\" \"Taking the biscuit\" is the equivalent of taking the nonexistent medal for foolishness or incredulity. \"I could just about deal with the dog barking at 5:30a.m., but the lawnmower at 3 a.m. really takes the biscuit.\" \"Take the Mickey\" Unsplash/Donovan Reeves To \"take the Mickey\" means to take liberties at the expense of others \u2014 and can be used in both a lighthearted and an irritated"}, {"title": "", "text": "bad emotional effect. For example: Jane is staring at the wall because she's trippin' and thinks the wall is breathing. When you talk about something being \"heavy,\" what are you talking about? An expensive home Something serious A difficult friend Something that's \"heavy\" is serious. For example: I'm sorry that during the past two days, you lost your job and your girlfriend left you. That's super heavy. What did \"spaz\" (a word that is now considered derogatory) mean? To call someone late at night To disappear from someone's life A nervous, jittery, clumsy person A harsh, authoritative person Not-so-fun fact: This term is actually pretty darn insensitive (and if you use it, you should probably ban it from your vocabulary from here on out.) It's a shortening of \"spastic,\" meaning a person who can't control their muscles (having spasms.) This became a derogatory term for a person who was a ball of nervous energy and a little clumsy. What does \"chump\" mean? Fool or loser Couch or bed To drive slow To take it easy Before \"loser!\" became a catchall insult, we had \"chump.\" Often male, he's the guy whose toast always lands butter-side-down. How was the word, \"boss,\" used in '70s slang? This was another synonym for \"very cool.\" If you had a \"boss car,\" you probably had a Mustang or a Corvette. Sadly, you weren't going to be able to afford gas for it for long. Just google \"1970s oil crisis.\" What was your \"pad?\" Apartment or home Steady significant other \"Pad\" was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "(slang), clobber (slang), wallop (informal), slosh (Brit. slang), tonk (informal), lay one on (slang) If he tries to bash you he'll have to bash me as well. 2. criticize, pan (informal), condemn, slam (slang), knock (informal), flame (informal), carp, put down, slate (informal), have a go at (informal), censure, disparage, tear into (informal), diss (slang, chiefly U.S.), find fault with, lambast(e), give (someone or something) a bad press He continued to bash them as being soft on crime. catch, clout, hit, knock, pop, slam, slog, slug, smash, smite, sock, strike, swat, thwack, whack, wham, whop. go on, have a bash! \u2192 \u00a1venga, int\u00e9ntalo! I bashed him on the head \u2192 Je l'ai frapp\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate. I bashed my elbow on the door \u2192 Je me suis cogn\u00e9 le coude contre la porte. The table bashed against the wall as they carried it into the kitchen \u2192 Ils cogn\u00e8rent la table contre le mur en la transportant dans la cuisine. I'll have a bash.; I'll have a bash at it \u2192 Je vais essayer. And, when Crooked-Eyes complained, Long-Fang said that he was himself a strong man, and that if Crooked-Eyes made any more noise he would bash his brains out for him. He had not been there a fortnight before it was evident to him that life, complicated not only with the Latin grammar but with a new standard of English pronunciation, was a very difficult business, made all the more obscure by a thick mist of bash fulness. Both Big Bravo and Big Bash,"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you were in agreement with what someone said, which of these slang terms would you use? \"Word\" \"Buzzkill\" \"Psych\" \"Lame\" \"Word\" meant agreement. \"That Michael Jackson, he is da bomb!\" would simply be answered with \"Word.\" Of course, that was only if you agreed. Someone who wasn't very smart would be described with which one of these slang words? \"Adult child\" \"Grody\" \"Boho\" \"Ditz\" If you considered your friend less smart than you, or if someone was a little dim-witted, you would call them a \"ditz\" or describe them as \"ditzy.\" This is similar to \"airhead.\" \"Lame\" was a slang word used to describe something that was ______. Not very cool Worth stealing This is a slang phrase from the 1980s that pretty much everyone knows. If something was \"lame,\" it certainly wasn't cool. For example, \"Janie, your brother is so lame, he can't hang out with us. He lowers our street cred.\" \"That's bogus\" meant something was _______. \"Dude, that's bogus!\" Your friend might say that to you once you decided that lending him your Camaro was a bad idea, especially when he wanted to take it on a date. In a nutshell, it meant unfair. \"What's your damage?\" is a phrase someone might ask you. What do they mean by it? What's your problem? Cheers, I'm leaving. Let's get out of here. \"Why did you eat my Pop Tart? What's your damage?\" Essentially, it means, \"What's your problem?\" or, \"Why did you do what you did?\" IT'sclassic slang from the 1980s, that's for"}, {"title": "", "text": "What does it mean to describe someone as a butt steak? In The Shawshank Redemption, the officer said to a prisoner: Do you speak English, butt-steak? What does it mean to describe someone as a butt-steak? dialogue the-shawshank-redemption edited Apr 4 at 19:17 Kodos Johnson asked Apr 4 at 7:03 Mostafa BayoumiMostafa Bayoumi For what it's worth, just about any noun could have served the same purpose as long as the tone of the delivery was the same. English is a mighty language :) \u2013 Mad Physicist Apr 4 at 16:01 I read this as butt-streak. Which is quite a good insult. \u2013 camden_kid Apr 5 at 12:56 The context is quite important. If it were Tina Belcher using the term the meaning would be completely different. \u2013 Bill K Apr 5 at 17:48 The key word is \"butt\". It's like calling someone an ass, but in a way that has a double meaning so as not to get in trouble from your superiors for using foul language. A butt steak is another term for top sirloin, so that's the double meaning. It was clearly meant as a veiled insult. Johnny BonesJohnny Bones Or perhaps a vealed insult. \u2013 pipe Apr 4 at 15:26 @AzorAhai it's not bad but it's certainly not the best cut. (\"Best cut\" is subjective but I'm not sure of any criteria that would put sirloin at the ahem \"top\" of the list) \u2013 MikeTheLiar Apr 4 at 18:54 @MikeTheLiar Actually, most lists have Fore Rib, Sirloin, Top Rump and Fillet listed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Blast from the Past [1992] Modern Day Sayings CEO -- Chief Embezzlement Officer .CFO -- Corporate Fraud Officer. BULL MARKET -- A random market movement causing an investor to mistake himself for a financial genius. VALUE INVESTING -- The art of buying low and selling lower. P/E RATIO -- The percentage of investors wetting their pants as the market keeps crashing BROKER -- What my broker has made me. STANDARD & POOR -- Your life in a nutshell. STOCK ANALYST -- Idiot who just downgraded your stock STOCK SPLIT -- When your ex-wife and her lawyer split your assets equally between themselves FINANCIAL PLANNER -- A guy whose phone has been disconnected. MARKET CORRECTION -- The day after you buy stocks. YAHOO -- What you yell after selling it to some poor sucker for $240 per share. WINDOWS -- What you jump out of when you're the sucker who bought Yahoo @ $240 per share. CASH FLOW-- The movement your money makes as it disappears down the toilet. INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR -- Past year investor who's now locked up in a nuthouse. PROFIT -- An archaic word no longer in use. thanks Duke Not tonight dear, I got a headache EMBED-Dude Drops Hot Chick On Her Head - Watch more free videos Those FunnyAnimals thanks Don H Two men were talking, seated on the benches in the City Park. \"My grandson asked me what I did during the Sexual Revolution,\" said one .\"And what did you tell him?\" asked the other .\"I told him I was captured"}, {"title": "", "text": "Blast from the Past [1992] Modern Day Sayings CEO -- Chief Embezzlement Officer .CFO -- Corporate Fraud Officer. BULL MARKET -- A random market movement causing an investor to mistake himself for a financial genius. VALUE INVESTING -- The art of buying low and selling lower. P/E RATIO -- The percentage of investors wetting their pants as the market keeps crashing BROKER -- What my broker has made me. STANDARD & POOR -- Your life in a nutshell. STOCK ANALYST -- Idiot who just downgraded your stock STOCK SPLIT -- When your ex-wife and her lawyer split your assets equally between themselves FINANCIAL PLANNER -- A guy whose phone has been disconnected. MARKET CORRECTION -- The day after you buy stocks. YAHOO -- What you yell after selling it to some poor sucker for $240 per share. WINDOWS -- What you jump out of when you're the sucker who bought Yahoo @ $240 per share. CASH FLOW-- The movement your money makes as it disappears down the toilet. INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR -- Past year investor who's now locked up in a nuthouse. PROFIT -- An archaic word no longer in use. thanks Duke Not tonight dear, I got a headache EMBED-Dude Drops Hot Chick On Her Head - Watch more free videos Those FunnyAnimals thanks Don H Two men were talking, seated on the benches in the City Park. \"My grandson asked me what I did during the Sexual Revolution,\" said one .\"And what did you tell him?\" asked the other .\"I told him I was captured"}, {"title": "", "text": "animal feathers. To \"tar and feather\" is to imply a severe punishment through mocking or verbal lashing. Choose the option that best conveys the meaning of this phrase: \"You've got to be kidding!\" \"You're not serious!\" \"Your child is rude!\" \"All goats misbehave.\" \"You have too many kids.\" \"Kidding\" means \"playful,\" as a child or \"kid\" at play. The verb also connotes derision, like a child who issues insults. \"You've got to be kidding!\" expresses disbelief or ridicule of what one has heard or seen. The missing word in the phrase, \"Own ________ and blood,\" is? Your \"own flesh and blood\" refers to your relatives or your kinfolk. The phrase is usually expressed to emphasize the point in instances where said kinfolk or family has behaved other than such, especially when the behavior is in opposition to whomever subsequently utters the expression. Can you choose another way to communicate: \"Cheaters never prosper\"? Love hurts. What goes around, comes around. Get your work done. Take out the trash. \"Cheaters never prosper\" or \"cheats never prosper\" is a proverb of consequence. The saying implies that dishonesty does not enrich, monetarily or morally. One way or another, a cheater must pay the price for their deception and will not prosper, in total. What does \"it\" symbolize in the idiomatic phrase: \"No matter how you slice it\"? Issue at hand You won't need a cutting utensil to execute this phrase's meaning. \"No matter how you slice it\" means that no matter how you might try to explain away something so"}, {"title": "", "text": "draws a chess board over the map of the city. He takes an old game that was played at a tournament and he kills whereever the knight landed in that game. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning idioms or ask your own question. What does the term \u201ccrack-a-lacking\u201d mean? What does the British idiom \u201ctaking the piss\u201d mean? What is the origin and meaning of the term 'Chubby Chubs'? What does \u201che is sorted\u201d mean? What does 'authorizing against' mean? What does \u201cget the effect of\u201d mean? What does the road name 'Meend' mean in English? What is the meaning of \u201cThere is this guy\u201d?"}, {"title": "", "text": "A person yells \"YOLO\" right before taking off their clothes and runs around your place of business. What does YOLO mean? I'm about to run around naked. What does the phrase \"Bachelor Sip\" mean? A friend of yours referred to another person as an \"Askhole\". What do they mean? What does a \"Name Shame\" mean? You have known a person for awhile but have forgotten their name. What has happened when one or more people in a room say \"Bye Felicia!\" Someone just referred to you as having done a \"Crapella\". What did you just do? A friend wants you to go to a party but you don't want to. You decide to give them the \"California No\". What does that mean? You and your friend have just experienced a \"Moon Landing\" together. What just happened? Congrats! You are an urban dictionary expert. Sorry but you are not an urban dictionary experts. Perhaps you should try avoiding speaking with people younger than you. The meanings of words change with every generation. If you don't keep up with how the kids are using words today, you'll be lost tomorrow. Take this quiz to see if you are an urban dictionary wiz!"}, {"title": "", "text": "literally does take two to tango--you can\u2019t dance the tango unless you have a partner. But this idiom means that if there\u2019s a suspicious situation, then there\u2019s more than one culprit. They couldn\u2019t have done it by themselves. No, the professor didn\u2019t give them a slice of cake to eat! When something is a piece of cake, it\u2019s so simple that it\u2019s as easy as eating one. When something costs an arm and a leg, you won\u2019t literally have to cut off your arm and leg to buy it. It just means that it costs a lot of money, so it would be as painful (for your wallet) as cutting off an arm and a leg to pay for it! You might be scared when you hear this idiom--did they really just tell someone to break their leg? When someone uses this idiom, they\u2019re actually wishing the person good luck. See how confusing idioms can be? This means the total opposite of what it seems to mean! A rule of thumb is a \u201crule\u201d that\u2019s not totally precise. It\u2019s based off common experience and common sense. They aren\u2019t based on science or research! To blow off some steam isn\u2019t to stand above a tea kettle and huff and puff! When you\u2019re feeling angry or upset, and want to do something to relieve those emotions, then you\u2019re blowing off steam--doing something or taking a break to help get rid of the stress. Which Vocabulary Should You Learn for Your Cambridge Exam? Join thousands of Cambridge exam students"}, {"title": "", "text": "person. Happens often in law enforcement. And What Dafuq is dat shit? Needs no explanation. I prefer spellings for certain words that seem to emote properly when pronounced a bit differently. For instance: Byootocks. This is how my associate, Richard Jaccoma, and I have always insisted on pronouncing \u201cbuttocks.\u201d Of all the endearments that a woman\u2019s behind might conjure, why reduce those two essential flanks to a flat sound like buttocks? Sounds like a cut of meat delivered by an old butcher in the Bronx. Think about it. Byootocks. Add the new term, thicc, to sweeten the meaning even more. Another expression, used by Richard J. and myself: \u201cHe JFK\u2019d her onto the bed.\u201d Verb transitive. An action used by chief executives when giving solo tours to interns upstairs at the White House. In the case of its namesake, a maneuver toward the master bed whilst simultaneously slipping it in. Likewise, we extend the meaning to acts of executive privilege as such: He unzipped his fly and did something presidential. Friends of ours whose first language is Spanish have a tendency to say \u201crefuse-ed\u201d instead of \u201crefused.\u201d \u201cRamon, he refuse-ed to take the yob.\u201d This takes on even greater significance when the R\u2019s are rolled: rrrefuse-ed. When my daughter was eight, she declared that a performance she had given was \u201capplaudable.\u201d I told her there was no such word. Perhaps her teacher said the performance was \u201claudable?\u201d My daughter insisted there was such a word, and sure enough, there in one of the reputable college dictionaries"}, {"title": "", "text": "muffin on the top of your buns. Do you have muffin top? It's... It's... You know what, ladies, gentlemen? It's... It's not really sexy to have a muffin top. Of course, you're going to have some body fat, but try and tuck it in, maybe buy your pants a bit bigger. Get rid of your muffin top. And, oh, Ronnie, got to have a nice one. \"Sweetie pie\". \"Sweetie pie\" generally means that the person is nice. Aww. So you can say: \"Ronnie's such a sweetie pie.\" Th-... What? Ronnie? Th-, this one? Yeah, I know. And let's move on to the enormous task of the toast. You probably know this definition of \"toast\", it's very common. You'll see in movies, the people will be at a wedding in Brazil, and they'll be like: \"Raise a toast to the bride and groom\", and they drink. So, \"toast\" means like saying: \"Cheers\", and usually the person has a wee, which means small, speech to talk about the people. So at a wedding: \"Raise a toast to the bride and groom\", and someone usually talks incessantly about the bride and the groom. This is where we get into the lowdown of the slang. \"Toast\" as an adjective means it's broken. So you might hear someone say: \"My car is toast.\" You drive toast? That's insane! Oh, it means it's broken. \"My computer is toast.\" Or: \"My marker is toast.\" It basically just means it's broken. English is weird. When we talk about people, people cannot be broken. You"}, {"title": "", "text": "need for bloodshed. This saying comes from the ol\u2019 Wild West, a time and place where life was much more dangerous than today. If you were sitting next to the driver you would be expected to wield a shotgun so as to defend the stagecoach (the transport of the day) from bandits and looters. More pressure than merely map reading! \u201cI\u2019m just here for the free ride\u201d This is a phrase often used to describe someone who is mentally unhinged. It was also the name of a big hit for Pop-Punk trio Green Day in 1994. This is supposedly a term from World War I, used to describe someone who has lost all their limbs. The first recorded use of the term in official use was by the US government in denial of this practice. In 1919 The US command on public information issued this statement: \u201cThe Surgeon General of the Army \u2026 denies \u2026 that there is any foundation for the stories that have been circulated \u2026 of the existence of \u2018basket cases\u2019 in our hospitals.\u201d according to all-that-is-interesting.com \u201cYeah, none at all\u201d Hold Your Horses! This means \u2018wait a moment\u2019, and is often used to calm someone who is showing overt keenness or exuberance. It is believed to come from around 800BC. A line in book 23 of Homer\u2019s Iliad is commonly translated as \u201cAntilochus \u2013 you drive like a maniac! Hold your horses!\u201d That is, apart from the original translation in 1598 that has it as \u201ccontain thy horses\u201d. I\u2019m not sure why"}, {"title": "", "text": "wish of good luck, do well. 10) \u201cA burnt child dreads the fire\u201d :- One does not repeat a painful lesson twice. 11) \u201cBust your balls\u201d :- To harass with the intent to break one\u2019s spirit. 12) \u201cBusting your chops\u201d :- To say things intended to harass. 13) \u201cCan\u2019t hold a candle to\u201d :- To be far less competent or have far less skills than someone else. 14) \u201cCat bird seat\u201d :- A highly advantaged position, to have it all. 15) \u201cChew the fat\u201d :- To talk about unimportant things. 16) \u201cClean bill of health\u201d :- To be found healthy. 17) \u201cClear as a Bell\u201d :- Clearly understood. 18) \u201cClose, but no cigar\u201d :- Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 19) \u201cCold Turkey\u201d :- To Quit something abruptly. 20) \u201cCooking with gas\u201d :- To be working fast, proceeding rapidly. 21) \u201c In the Crapper\u201d...... Dgdgdfgsd ...Perdue Farms Ine.: Responding to Twenty-First-Century Challenges This case was prepared by George C. Rubenson and Frank M. Shipper, Salisbury University. I have a theory that you can tell the difference between those who have inherited a fortune and those who have made a fortune. Those who have made their own fortune forget not where they came from and are less likely to lose touch with the common man. -Bill Sterling Background and Company History The history seven themes: quality, isgrowth, dominated by of Perdue Farms Ine. geographic expansion, vertical integration, innovation, branding, and service. Arthur W. Perdue, a Railway Express agent and descendant of a French Huguenot family named Perdeaux,"}, {"title": "", "text": "I'm on the phone. I'll call you back.\" Do you know what a ratbag is? A boss A bag full of fake rats A bad, dishonest person A mischievous, sassy person In Australian slang, ratbag can mean that someone's being mischievous or sassy. It can also mean that someone is being stupid or idiotic. You call your friend and you ask how they're doing. They respond: \"I'm just having a glass of Cab Sav and a big sook.\" What's happening? Having a cry or sulking session A soak in the tub Playing a game of soccer Making dinner Sook can also be a noun, meaning that you're a crybaby or you're too sensitive. Sook can also mean that you're a coward, or it can mean that you're inoffensive. Also, we hope you got that Cab Sav = Cabernet Sauvignon, so the friend is having a glass of red wine. You're trying to get into a nightclub and your friend says, \"It's chockers in there! What do they mean? A fun party Crowded, full Crazy, bedlam Hostile, scary Chockers usually means a place is packed full of people. But chockers (also chock a block) can also mean that you are stuffed with food. Someone just called you a tosser. Do you know what they just called you? A jerk Nightclub bouncer Someone who can't hold their liquor Someone who plays rugby Well, you've just been insulted. A tosser is a jerk or jerk off, so someone who is being obnoxious or rude. \"Wow, that grommet actually knows"}, {"title": "", "text": "really bad. If a person were to \"Bogart\" something, how were they acting? This slang term is named for the actor, Humphrey Bogart. If you were sharing a pizza but kept most of the pieces to yourself, someone might say, \"Hey, man, don't Bogart that pizza.\" Your friend is a little bummed, but you tell him to \"keep on truckin'.\" What are you saying? He should give up. He should get mad. He should work harder. He should go with the flow. This is a phrase of encouragement meaning that someone should keep doing what they're doing. It originally is a phrase from the 1930s' song, \"Trucking My Blues Away\" by Blind Boy Fuller. At a party, one person gives another a \"hairy eyeball.\" What are they doing? Spacing out Glaring It's hard to tell exactly where this slang term came from, but one thing is for sure, it isn't positive. If someone is giving you a \"hairy eyeball,\" it means they're glaring at you. Can You Define All of These Common \u201970s Slang Words? Prove You Know Your '70s Slang Words by Acing This Quiz How Well Do You Know 1970s Slang? Can You Identify All of These High School Slang Words From the \u201970s? Are You Able to Translate These '70s Slang Words? Can You Complete These Slang Phrases From the \u201980s? Can You Pass This Difficult Common Phrases Test? Can You Translate These American Slang Words? Can You Translate These Slang Words From the '70s? Interpret These Slang Words and Phrases and We\u2019ll"}, {"title": "", "text": "in coming years. Members of St Pancras borough council down the years included Barbara Castle, George Bernard Shaw and V.K. Krishna Menon. \"two shakes of a dead lamb's tail\" A piece I heard on the radio the other day about phrases meaning in next to no time, 'at the drop of a hat', that sort of thing, brought to mind a saying they didn't mention and which I haven't heard in decades. \"Two shakes of a dead lamb's tail\" - ring any bells? I mentioned the term to my 91 year-old father. Yes, it was once widely used; and yes, it meant in no time at all. I have vague memories as a very young kind of waving around a wilted flower stem, or perhaps a stick of rhubarb, and pretending I was doing a couple of shakes of a dead lamb's dangly bit. Though I recall finding the phrase distinctly macabre Looking at the web, it seems there are all sorts of variations, two or three shakes, and with the lamb not necessarily deceased. And from this comes the much more widely used 'two shakes' - as in \"I'll be with you in two shakes\". Where did it come from? Well, the online dictionaries variously suggest an American or Antipodean origin - though one points to an earlier Yorkshire (that's where I grew up) or Welsh origin. It seems to have regained currency through Uma Thurman's character in the movie 'Pulp Fiction' who apparently declares: \"Just make yourself a drink Vincent and I'll be down"}, {"title": "", "text": "except in when used with \"the question.\" That phrase's misuse is one of my pet peeves as well, for the same reasons you've outlined, but it does preserve the archaic meaning of the word: not a bad thing! Oh, I see what you mean. I \"jumped the gun\"? I misread you, probably reading in haste. (What does \"jumped the gun\" mean anyway?) skdadl wrote: At the start of a race. I do it all the time. Mother Superior jumped the gun. While commenting on the Dion Phaneuf trade on Leafs Lunch today, Langenburg High School grad Darren Dreger said that there was \"divide\" in the Flames dressing room and that Phaneuf was \"literally thrown under the bus.\" bagkitty Thrown under the bus? Makes me wonder... p-sto Hate it when people say literally when clearly they're speaking figuratively. It seems to be quite popular nowadays. That literally makes me want to explode. Literally. Please have some one post pics afterwards, just to confirm that you are being literal. I'll bring the sponge, dust pan and scraper. Is it really necessary to utilize the word \"utilize\" when one could use the word \"use\"? This is pronunciation rather than word use...but....Iraq?... (eye rack?).....sheeesh! lepidoptera wrote: In terms of certain instances of dialoguing, it is sometimes necessary to employ polysyllabic verbiage in order to enhance one's efforting in elevating the discourse portion of the communication process. But really? No. So you sometimes you want to use big words to sound smart? Not me; but some folks do think such gobbledygook"}, {"title": "", "text": "brother play the cat with a can of tuna. submitted by dan to poach - An unexpected or unintentional diss. Used primarily in the phrase \"You just got poached.\" e.g., I knew I had been poached when I woke up to find my toes super-glued together. submitted by Brandon Boyle to ringarong - To dial the wrong number, to call the wrong person. e.g., Sorry, no Jason here. You rangarong. submitted by francis.co to rock - To wear. e.g., Are you jealous because you can't rock the Tommy Hilfiger jeans? submitted by Phil to rock one's face off - To thrill or inspire one in the extreme. e.g., This new breakfast cereal rocks my face off. submitted by Jordan - (www) to shine someone on - To lie or otherwise get rid of someone who is annoying. e.g., Chris was being a pain in the ass, so I shined him on. submitted by Lloyd Evans to spaff - To wake up in the morning with a huge amount of Facebook notifications and find out that one person has 'liked' every comment you made the previous day. e.g., I have just been spaffed. I'm getting a Spaffing as we speak. submitted by Al Bundowski to spielberg - To hide an advertisement in a work of entertainment e.g., Did you see the new Tom Cruise movie? They spielberg for everything from laundry detergent to ballpoint pens. It's worse than network television. submitted by Steve to squab a squib - To bum a smoke. e.g., Can I squab a"}, {"title": "", "text": "when baby boomers were young adults, they might have called the drive-in \"groovy.\" How might a baby boomer say \"OK\"? Cut the gas. If you got this question right, we say \"right on.\" While \"OK\" might not be the most fun way to say it, you can feel like a true baby boomer with this phrase. If someone says, \"sock it to me,\" you can say \"right on.\" Which of the following terms tells you that you're going to have trouble? Blitzed Cruisin' for a bruisin' Peel Out If you're cruisin' for a bruisin', then you may want to stop what you're doing. It can mean that you're annoying someone and making them angry, and they're letting you know that it won't end well for you. Someone tells you to \"beat feet.\" What should you do? Sing a song. Call a cab. Get away quickly. Eat something. \"Beat feet\" might be something you hear when you're somewhere you shouldn't be. Maybe a friend says it to you, or maybe an authority figure does. But what they really want is for you to get out of there. If you're \"clean,\" what are you? Going on vacation A house cleaner You've heard of the saying, \"fresh and clean.\" But in baby-boomer language, \"clean\" means \"looking good.\" The word can be used in different ways, such as in reference to a person or even a car. Which word means \"out of control\"? \"Don't have a hairy,\" is something you might have heard a baby boomer say. It means you"}, {"title": "", "text": "you over my knee!\" Slightly confusing in its exact definition. The west seems to use it to mean to scrounge/acquire through blagging, while in the east it seems to mean to be nosey, inquisitive. To describe a thief or the act of thieving. Almost an affectionate term though: \"Oi, who's pockled my stapler?\" or \"Don't leave that there, you're just inviting someone to pockle it\". Can be used to refer to a spillage of something, but also a complicated situation. Modern use might be: \"Oh golly, I've slittered spaghetti all down my new retro 'Frankie says' T-shirt.\" Just such an excellent way to describe the feeling the morning after the night before, a slight chill and general run-down feeling at the onslaught of a cold, or simply how you might feel after a long day at work - tired, worn out. Peely-wally. A dismissive expression to encourage someone to be quiet: \"Haud yer wheesht ye sooth-moothed eejit, ye dinnae know what yer havering aboot.\" Translated to mean: \"Do hush up chap from anywhere south of Lerwick, I'm not sure you truly grasp the concept that's being discussed.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "out,\" though they do share an origin in the word \"suspect.\" Correct use of \"suss\" (without any \"out\") looks like this: \"Should we drive the car over that bridge? The supporting beams are a bit suss.\" alashi/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty Images Do you know this British term for a massive mistake: plaubls? Balls-up Stubbleup De-bubble A balls-up means something has gone fantastically wrong, as in, \"The party was going well before gatecrashers came and puked everything. It was a total balls-up after that.\" You can substitute almost any word for \"balls,\" however, as in, \"It was a total arse-up.\" Robert Daly/OJO Images/Getty Images How might a Brit indicate that they are very tired: deckranrek? Crackered Obliterated Knackered Are you so tired that you are like a farm animal who has become useless and is now at risk of being sent to the knacker's yard? If so, then you are \"knackered.\" The rather cruel etymology of this term is no longer implied, however, so feel free to use it in the presence of vegans! Flashpop/DigitalVision/Getty Images When you feel very pleased, you're this. What is it: fufched? Chuffed Chomped Chaffed If you are absolutely delighted about something, you might well be \"made up,\" but you can also be \"chuffed.\" You can even be \"well chuffed\" or \"dead chuffed.\" It probably comes from the military, and dates back to early Victorian times. Generally speaking, this is a risky word to use if you are not Cockney or Northern, as it can sound inauthentic. Little Hand Images/Moment/Getty Images Can you find"}, {"title": "", "text": "his image, is \"spit and image.\" We tried not to laugh at her _____ comment. tongue and cheek tongue-not-cheek tongue-or-cheek This figure of speech refers to putting one's tongue into one's cheek to express irony or otherwise a joke - literally, \"tongue in cheek.\" He quickly figured out that the group planned to make a _____ of him. escape goat scape-wheel skip goat A person, or group, that's made to take the blame for something, regardless of their own innocence, is called a scapegoat. His manager gave him _____ over the project. free rain free rein free reign free ring It means the freedom to do as one pleases. And because of its origins from the vocabulary of horseback riding, the correct expression is \"free rein.\" Noticing she'd started to spend too much time binge-watching TV from the sofa, she decided to _____. nip it in the buck nip it in the bud nip it in the butt nix it in the bud This idiom comes from the vocabulary of gardening and gardeners. It's used metaphorically - trimming buds before they grow means it's better to handle a problem while it's still small. It is feared the hurricane will _____ along the coast. reek havoc wreck havoc wrought havoc When something like a blizzard, hurricane or other natural disaster brings about widespread destruction, it's said to wreak havoc on its target. If something _____, it means most people have stopped using it (or doing it or making it, etc.). falls by the waist side falls by"}, {"title": "", "text": "these slang terms would you use? \"Word\" \"Buzzkill\" \"Psych\" \"Lame\" \"Word\" meant agreement. \"That Michael Jackson, he is da bomb!\" would simply be answered with \"Word.\" Of course, that was only if you agreed. Someone who wasn't very smart would be described with which one of these slang words? \"Adult child\" \"Grody\" \"Boho\" \"Ditz\" If you considered your friend less smart than you, or if someone was a little dim-witted, you would call them a \"ditz\" or describe them as \"ditzy.\" This is similar to \"airhead.\" \"Lame\" was a slang word used to describe something that was ______. Not very cool Worth stealing This is a slang phrase from the 1980s that pretty much everyone knows. If something was \"lame,\" it certainly wasn't cool. For example, \"Janie, your brother is so lame, he can't hang out with us. He lowers our street cred.\" \"That's bogus\" meant something was _______. \"Dude, that's bogus!\" Your friend might say that to you once you decided that lending him your Camaro was a bad idea, especially when he wanted to take it on a date. In a nutshell, it meant unfair. \"What's your damage?\" is a phrase someone might ask you. What do they mean by it? Cheers, I'm leaving. Let's get out of here. \"Why did you eat my Pop Tart? What's your damage?\" Essentially, it means, \"What's your problem?\" or, \"Why did you do what you did?\" IT'sclassic slang from the 1980s, that's for sure. Can you tell us what \"bodacious\" means? Awesome/Incredible/Amazing Feeling sickly Something Bill or"}, {"title": "", "text": "beverage, similar to \"Here's to your health\" Here's to your health An expression or toast with glasses raised before everyone drinks their beverages He's got guts An expression describing someone with courage High on your horse, or acting high and mighty An expression that means acting smitten, or bigger and more important than you really have a right to be Highway robbery Someone is exploiting customers by charging more than something's worth or not delivering services as promised Hindsight is 20/20 An expression meaning that it is clear to see what action should have been taken after the fact Hit something out of the (ball)park A baseball reference meaning to be successful or to do something extraordinarily well You ran that meeting like a pro, Allan, you really hit that out of the park! Hit the nail on the head An expression meaning that's exactly right! Hogan's goat Something that is so messed up it is not even understandable or stinks like a goat. From a European goat farmer, Hoek Hogan, who raised a particularly smelly and ugly goat Hold your horses, hold the phone an expression meaning to wait Hold your tongue, bite your tongue, or watch your mouth Expression a mother might say meaning don't speak, take back what you said, or stop talking! An expression describing a small, shabby place, often a restaurant or bar. In the UK, it can also mean a cash machine. \"They just shut down that hole-in-the-wall restaurant for health code violations.\" Holier than thou An expression describing someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "I'm telling you that it will blow your mind.\" Of course, if someone were to literally have his or her mind blown, it would be a horrible event. This is perhaps how the phrase has been attached at times with a negative meaning. Most often, this occurs in the context of some sort of drug use that causes irreparable harm to someone. For example, someone might say, \"All those years of doing cocaine really blew her mind and now she's in really bad shape.\" \"Blow your mind\" is an extremely descriptive phrase when considering the literal implications of the words. The idiom can also be shortened to the term \"mind-blowing\" and used as an adjective. In that usage, an individual might say, \"Reading that book was a mind-blowing experience; I see the issues totally differently now that I have read it.\" What Does \"Keep Your Head\" Mean? What Does It Mean to \"Go by the Board\"? What Does \"in Broad Daylight\" Mean? What Does It Mean to \"Feel at Home\"? What Does It Mean to Be \"in Stitches\"? What Does It Mean If Your \"Heart Skips a Beat\"? What Does It Mean to Be a \"Good Hand\"? I missed out on the 60s, but I remember my older siblings talking about music albums that \"blew their minds\" or certain pharmaceuticals that were \"mind blowing\". I remember thinking that idea sounded pretty good to me. I looked forward to my first mind-blowing experience. I think it was the first time I saw the movie Star Wars. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "or in their dorm room, it could be a real buzzkill when someone told them to do their homework or study. If you were \"all that and a bag of chips,\" what were you?\" The greediest The hungriest The slowest If you saw yourself as \"all that and a bag of chips,\" you saw yourself as all that and so much more. Or maybe something you or your friend had something that was just \"it,\u201d the best thing ever. When something is \"fresh,\" what is it? Highly appealing Smelling good In the '90s, if you were a skateboarder and sported Keds or Vans, you had the \"fresh\" gear. If you wore oversized Girbaud jeans and shirts and Timberlands, your clothes were \"fresh.\" Humvees are \"bad.\" What do we mean by that? Run DMC said, \"Not bad meaning bad but bad meaning good!\" Along with NWA and Public Enemy, they were among the baddest rappers back in the day. Sometimes, you're so good; you're \"bad.\" If you got the \"bling,\" what do you have? Flashy jewelry LL Cool J showed us what was fabulous in gold rope chains and four-finger rings. Biz Markie had diamonds on his rope chains. And Jay-Z went next level by showing us platinum jewelry. What is someone saying you are when they say you're \"bodacious?\" \"Bodacious\" is part bold and part audacious. In the movie, Bill and Ted described Socrates as \"the most bodacious philosophizer in Greece.\" But you don't have to be Socrates to be \"bodacious.\" Do you know the word,"}, {"title": "", "text": "British term). We hope you enjoy this deadly (awesome) quiz on Straya (Australia)! Good luck! \"This guy is trying to crack onto that Sheila who is not interested.\" So, what's going on? He's trying to get into a fight. He's making jokes about her. He's hitting on her. He's trying to figure out if she's lying. In Australian English, to \"crack onto someone\" means you're coming on to or flirting with someone. And no matter what language or culture you're in, it takes some smooth moves to do this right. Bonus: Sheila is slang for a woman. Translate this sentence: \"Bazza, it's your shout!\" Barry, it's your girlfriend! Barry, your phone is ringing! Barry, you're up for karaoke! Barry, it's your turn to buy a round of drinks! One Aussie slang rule is similar to how Brits create nicknames: take the \"r\" in a name and make it a double \"z.\" So Barry becomes Bazza, Terry becomes Tezza, etc. And then \"shouting\" is to buy a round of drinks. If you \"chucked a sickie\" to go surf, what did you just do? Vomited or threw up Threw a boomerang Put out the garbage Called into work sick \"Chuck a sickie\" or \"to pull a sickie\" means to call into work sick. \"Sickie\" itself means a sick day from work. And usually, if you're chucking a sickie, you're not really sick. \"This meal makes me want to chunder; I hate french onion soup!\" This meal makes you want to do what? Make clam chowder Leave the table"}, {"title": "", "text": "the fact that your teen is laughing so hard about something that she is dying of laughter. Slay is a way to say someone looks amazing or did an excellent job at something. One friend might tell another: \u201cGirl, you slayed in that game! I can\u2019t believe how many points you scored.\u201d Straight fire is otherwise known as \"on the up and up\" or better than all of the rest. It can also mean hot. Not as in temperature, but as in \u201cThat\u2019s hot!\u201d expressed in a positive way. Spill the tea If you hear your teen asking a friend to \u201cspill the tea,\u201d it means that they want to hear the latest gossip or story. Your teen might say, \u201cSpill the tea! I want to hear what happened after you left the party.\u201d Breaker, breaker. This one may take you back to the walkie-talkie days of your youth. CD9 stands for Code 9 as in, \u201cCan\u2019t talk! My parents are here!\u201d It's still a prominent luxury Italian fashion brand, but for most teens, gucci is synonymous with good, cool or fine (as in, \"it's all gucci). Shook Shook is a way to describe that you are emotionally shaken or affected by something. You might hear your teen say, \u201cI stayed up all night reading that book, and now I am shook.\u201d This one sounds nice, right? Maybe you\u2019re at work right now thinking of how nice it would be to get comfy on the couch and watch Netflix tonight with a pint of ice cream."}, {"title": "", "text": "by Casey H. from Canada on May 11 1999. to pull down someone's pants. She got shanked! Last edited on Jun 09 2010. Submitted by Cara O. from Bradenton, FL, USA on Nov 08 2002. Last edited on Mar 08 2010. Submitted by Erik R. from Florence, New Jersey, USA on Jan 12 2005. to out-perform or one up. I just shanked you! Last edited on Jun 09 2010. Submitted by Aaron C. from Cincinnati, OH, USA on Mar 22 2007. to stab with a sharpened, makeshift object, such as a toothbrush or stick. To copy or plagiarize, commonly used by emcees to indicate a plagiarist. Synonymous with \"bite\" (i.e. \"He tries to front like its his, but everyone knows he bites rhymes\"). I know you sharked that verse from him! Last edited on Feb 16 2013. Submitted by Tierre T. from Minneapolis, MN, USA on Nov 01 2002. an aggressive businessperson. See more words with the same meaning: business (related to). to attempt to attract someone romantically or sexually; \"flirt\"; \"pick up\". The guys went sharking at the sorority house and then went to the movies later that evening. Citation from \"Fit but you know it\", A Gram Don't Come For Free (album), The Streets censored in hope of resolving Google's penalty against this site. See more words with the same meaning: to flirt, fraternize, mingle. Last edited on Mar 02 2011. Submitted by Jefferson C. on Mar 19 2005. to pull a person's dress down, revealing their breasts. She just got sharked by some"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Casey H. from Canada on May 11 1999. to pull down someone's pants. She got shanked! Last edited on Jun 09 2010. Submitted by Cara O. from Bradenton, FL, USA on Nov 08 2002. Last edited on Mar 08 2010. Submitted by Erik R. from Florence, New Jersey, USA on Jan 12 2005. to out-perform or one up. I just shanked you! Last edited on Jun 09 2010. Submitted by Aaron C. from Cincinnati, OH, USA on Mar 22 2007. to stab with a sharpened, makeshift object, such as a toothbrush or stick. To copy or plagiarize, commonly used by emcees to indicate a plagiarist. Synonymous with \"bite\" (i.e. \"He tries to front like its his, but everyone knows he bites rhymes\"). I know you sharked that verse from him! Last edited on Feb 16 2013. Submitted by Tierre T. from Minneapolis, MN, USA on Nov 01 2002. an aggressive businessperson. See more words with the same meaning: business (related to). to attempt to attract someone romantically or sexually; \"flirt\"; \"pick up\". The guys went sharking at the sorority house and then went to the movies later that evening. Citation from \"Fit but you know it\", A Gram Don't Come For Free (album), The Streets censored in hope of resolving Google's penalty against this site. See more words with the same meaning: to flirt, fraternize, mingle. Last edited on Mar 02 2011. Submitted by Jefferson C. on Mar 19 2005. to pull a person's dress down, revealing their breasts. She just got sharked by some"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"split.\" One is \"browned off\" when one is rather depressed; the ground is the \"deck\" and the sky is the \"ceiling\"; dull-witted people are \"drips,\" and when in a hurry we ask each other to get \"cracking.\" This strange lingo is, of course, subject to changes and ex-R.A.F. men of several years ago would find themselves hopelessly dated by the expressions they use. There is, however, one outlying instance of \"got cracking\"\u2014or more precisely \"got cracking away\"\u2014that might be significant as well. From Bertram Milford, In the Whirl of the Rising (1904), a novel seemingly set in Rhodesia during the Second Matabele War, of 1896\u20131897: \"You must have had the very devil of a scrap, Peters.\" one of these [horsemen from Green's Scouts, a relieving force] was saying. \"We could hear you banging away from the time you began, and pushed our gees for all they'd carry; for we reckoned all that shooting meant a big thing and no bally skirmish. ... They [the Matabele forces] didn't know we were there till we got cracking away right in their faces, or mostly backs. Magtig! Didn't they skip. ...\" Here it seems pretty clear that \"got cracking away\" means \"started firing our guns.\" Is this usage connected to the later World War II use of \"get cracking\"? It's difficult to say. If there is a connection, the literal slang term for gunfire would have to have transmuted into a more figurative sense of getting started. Still, both usages have a strong tie to military usage, and a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Been bustin\u2019 bills, but still, ain\u2019t nothin\u2019 change Grammar: *\u201dI\u2019ve been busting bills, but still, nothing has changed \u2026\u201d Slang: By \u201cbusting bills\u201d he means he\u2019s been spending a lot of money. Still, he makes a ton of money, so his financial situation isn\u2019t affected by this. You in the mob soon as you rock the chain Grammar: *\u201dYou\u2019re in the mob as soon as you rock the chain \u2026\u201d Slang: The \u201cmob\u201d here refers to his crew again. The same goes for \u201cteam, squad, gang,\u201d etc. To \u201crock\u201d in this case means to wear something proudly, especially a certain brand. She caught the waves, just thumbin\u2019 through my braids (Alright) Some braids for you \u2013 Gift Habeshaw Slang / Expressions: To \u201ccatch the wave\u201d here means to get high (on drugs) and feel some wavy vibes. To \u201cthumb\u201d through something means to run one\u2019s fingers through it as if to study it, like thumbing a book. Culture / Style: He plays on the idea of waves as a hairstyle since \u201cwaves\u201d have been a popular hairstyle for black men for a while. Heatin\u2019 up, baby, I\u2019m just heatin\u2019 up (It\u2019s lit) Expressions: \u201cHeating up\u201d figuratively means that something is getting started, it\u2019s just beginning. A similar expression is \u201cwarming up.\u201d Need your love, not a need, it is a must Feelin\u2019 stuck, you know how to keep me up Expressions / Dual meanings: \u201cKeep me up\u201d here means this person keeps him feeling well, positive, and in good spirits. It also has a more provocative"}, {"title": "", "text": "Been bustin\u2019 bills, but still, ain\u2019t nothin\u2019 change Grammar: *\u201dI\u2019ve been busting bills, but still, nothing has changed \u2026\u201d Slang: By \u201cbusting bills\u201d he means he\u2019s been spending a lot of money. Still, he makes a ton of money, so his financial situation isn\u2019t affected by this. You in the mob soon as you rock the chain Grammar: *\u201dYou\u2019re in the mob as soon as you rock the chain \u2026\u201d Slang: The \u201cmob\u201d here refers to his crew again. The same goes for \u201cteam, squad, gang,\u201d etc. To \u201crock\u201d in this case means to wear something proudly, especially a certain brand. She caught the waves, just thumbin\u2019 through my braids (Alright) Some braids for you \u2013 Gift Habeshaw Slang / Expressions: To \u201ccatch the wave\u201d here means to get high (on drugs) and feel some wavy vibes. To \u201cthumb\u201d through something means to run one\u2019s fingers through it as if to study it, like thumbing a book. Culture / Style: He plays on the idea of waves as a hairstyle since \u201cwaves\u201d have been a popular hairstyle for black men for a while. Heatin\u2019 up, baby, I\u2019m just heatin\u2019 up (It\u2019s lit) Expressions: \u201cHeating up\u201d figuratively means that something is getting started, it\u2019s just beginning. A similar expression is \u201cwarming up.\u201d Need your love, not a need, it is a must Feelin\u2019 stuck, you know how to keep me up Expressions / Dual meanings: \u201cKeep me up\u201d here means this person keeps him feeling well, positive, and in good spirits. It also has a more provocative"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Korean, in a documentary called BBoy Planet. There, it was translated as \"The nail that sticks out gets hammered down\", which seems to carry the meaning better into English. English phrases with similar connotations might include... Keep your head down. Don't stick your neck out. As you pointed out, Western culture has a different view of individuality, so a phrase like \"the nail that sticks out gets hammered down\" takes on a different meaning. Because of our culture, we infer that the message is something like Be More Sympathetic To Those Who Are Different - basically, Don't Be A Hammer. In an Eastern context, the meaning is obvious: Being Different Invites Trouble. Carl SmithCarl Smith I have heard this from both Japanese and Korean as well. It is very much an Asian ideal I think. \u2013 AthomSfere Jul 19 '13 at 3:09 A variant to those above is \"don't stick your head above the parapet\" \u2013 tinyd Jul 19 '13 at 11:21 Similarly, \"keep your nose clean.\" \u2013 John McCollum Jul 19 '13 at 11:32 I don't think this one is very common, but I've heard a version along the lines of \"Sticking your head out exposes your neck\" \u2013 David Kaczynski Jul 20 '13 at 2:19 I have often heard \"The chicken who sticks his neck out gets his head chopped off\". I grew up in Kentucky around the 1980s if that makes a difference. \u2013 Sean Duggan Apr 1 '14 at 14:29 Denis Thatcher, husband of the late Margaret Thatcher, kept a notably"}, {"title": "", "text": "We hope you have fun. Good luck and peace out! \"She was straight buggin' about her man talking to that other chick.\" What was she doing? Staring really hard Freaking out and upset Starting a fight If someone is \"buggin' out,\" they are really concerned to the point of being visibly upset. If someone is \"straight buggin',\" then \"straight\" can be seen as an emphasizing word, like \"very.\" \"Hey, I need to dip. I'll talk to you later.\" What does \"dip\" mean here? Chew tobacco Grab some chips and dip When it's time to go, it's time to go. You definitely don't hear \"dip\" used like this anymore. We're just back to chewing tobacco and yummy things we eat. Which one of these words is NOT slang for stealing something? Yoink All of these words mean to steal. You know the word \"carjack,\" which means to steal a car usually at gunpoint? That's where jack comes from, although if something is \"jacked up,\" it means it's messed up or screwed up. Yoink and gank aren't really in much use anymore. \"Man, this chicken tetrazzini is all that and a bag of chips!\" So how is this meal? It's really good. I've had better. It's disgusting. \"All that and a bag of chips\" has definitely gone the way of the dodo as a phrase. The less emphatic \"all that\" isn't around anymore either. But there was TV, with \"All That\" -- a sketch TV show on Nickelodeon which debuted in 1994 and stuck around for 11 years."}, {"title": "", "text": "tea.\" Positively referring to someone who is rather voluptuous in the thigh-butt region. \"Damn you thicc.\" This ain't it, chief Expressing disapproval. Another way for saying \"this just isn't the one\" or \"nah\". For example, seeing the price of petrol increase, \"This ain't it, chief.\" This term stemmed from the term \"internet troll\", and refers to someone who is joking about something, specifically trying to press your buttons to which they say, \"I'm just trolling.\" Weird flex but okay When someone boasts about something no-one really cares about, something that is kind of strange or when someone is being a humble brag, it's a \"weird flex\". For example: \"Look, I can fit my entire fist in my mouth.\" \"Weird flex, but okay.\" What's her @? \"Who is that girl?\" Car. Correlates with \"snatched edges\". A shortened version of \"snatched my wig\" or \"my wig is flying\", which expresses admiration or excellence. For example: \"Did you see this picture she uploaded? Wig!\" Another way for saying \"that's crazy\" or when someone is being rather provocative, you say, \"you wild\". Being socially and politically aware; someone who speaks up for social justice and educates themselves on important topics. Someone who chooses to not be ignorant. Yaaaas/yos/yusss Expressing approval or excitement; basically different takes on the word \"yes\". This is a very complex and versatile word that can be used in pretty much every context. Example 1: \"See you later.\" \"Yeet!\" Example 2: \"Do you want an apple?\" \"Yeet.\" Example 3: \"The state of this economy though, yeet!\" Yikes/That's"}, {"title": "", "text": "tea.\" Positively referring to someone who is rather voluptuous in the thigh-butt region. \"Damn you thicc.\" This ain't it, chief Expressing disapproval. Another way for saying \"this just isn't the one\" or \"nah\". For example, seeing the price of petrol increase, \"This ain't it, chief.\" This term stemmed from the term \"internet troll\", and refers to someone who is joking about something, specifically trying to press your buttons to which they say, \"I'm just trolling.\" Weird flex but okay When someone boasts about something no-one really cares about, something that is kind of strange or when someone is being a humble brag, it's a \"weird flex\". For example: \"Look, I can fit my entire fist in my mouth.\" \"Weird flex, but okay.\" What's her @? \"Who is that girl?\" Car. Correlates with \"snatched edges\". A shortened version of \"snatched my wig\" or \"my wig is flying\", which expresses admiration or excellence. For example: \"Did you see this picture she uploaded? Wig!\" Another way for saying \"that's crazy\" or when someone is being rather provocative, you say, \"you wild\". Being socially and politically aware; someone who speaks up for social justice and educates themselves on important topics. Someone who chooses to not be ignorant. Yaaaas/yos/yusss Expressing approval or excitement; basically different takes on the word \"yes\". This is a very complex and versatile word that can be used in pretty much every context. Example 1: \"See you later.\" \"Yeet!\" Example 2: \"Do you want an apple?\" \"Yeet.\" Example 3: \"The state of this economy though, yeet!\" Yikes/That's"}, {"title": "", "text": "so thin it completely vanishes and you can see the bone. However, most of us have been through situations where we work so hard that it feels as though the skin on our fingers have been worked away. This phrase is most prevalent in blues music, which has a habit of being filled with metaphors and other common language techniques. Alternatives to \u201cBone to pick\u201d Of course \u201cBone to pick\u201d isn\u2019t the only phrase that we can use to say we\u2019re annoyed about something and we want to get to the bottom of it. Here are the top three of my personal favourites. \u201cAxe to grind\u201d means to have a strong opinion about something, and we need to voice our opinion and get it off our chest. \u201cSettle the score\u201d relates to sports where the two players can\u2019t agree on who that point should belong to. So to get to the bottom of it, they will \u201csettle the score\u201d. And finally \u201cchip of your shoulder\u201d is something that\u2019s always there and always bugging you. If you have a \u201cbone to pick\u201d with someone, you\u2019re annoyed at them, and you want to find out why they have done the thing that gets you into a bad mood. When the phrase first entered our lexicon, it just meant we wanted to get to the bottom of something. It wasn\u2019t until 1812 that it came to be associated with annoyance, thanks to the \u201cChristian Observer\u201d. Both \u201cbone\u201d and \u201cpick\u201d have come to the English language through other languages. There"}, {"title": "", "text": "so thin it completely vanishes and you can see the bone. However, most of us have been through situations where we work so hard that it feels as though the skin on our fingers have been worked away. This phrase is most prevalent in blues music, which has a habit of being filled with metaphors and other common language techniques. Alternatives to \u201cBone to pick\u201d Of course \u201cBone to pick\u201d isn\u2019t the only phrase that we can use to say we\u2019re annoyed about something and we want to get to the bottom of it. Here are the top three of my personal favourites. \u201cAxe to grind\u201d means to have a strong opinion about something, and we need to voice our opinion and get it off our chest. \u201cSettle the score\u201d relates to sports where the two players can\u2019t agree on who that point should belong to. So to get to the bottom of it, they will \u201csettle the score\u201d. And finally \u201cchip of your shoulder\u201d is something that\u2019s always there and always bugging you. If you have a \u201cbone to pick\u201d with someone, you\u2019re annoyed at them, and you want to find out why they have done the thing that gets you into a bad mood. When the phrase first entered our lexicon, it just meant we wanted to get to the bottom of something. It wasn\u2019t until 1812 that it came to be associated with annoyance, thanks to the \u201cChristian Observer\u201d. Both \u201cbone\u201d and \u201cpick\u201d have come to the English language through other languages. There"}, {"title": "", "text": "got five bucks in my kick.\" \u2022 Kicks (v.) -- fun; entertainment \u2022 Kill me (v.) -- show me a good time, send me. \u2022 Killer-diller (n.) -- a great thrill. \u2022 Knock (v.) -- give. Ex., \"Knock me a kiss.\" \u2022 Kopasetic (adj.) -- absolutely okay, the tops. \u2022 Lamp (v.) -- to see, to look at. \u2022 Land o'darkness (n.) -- Harlem. \u2022 Lane (n.) -- a male, usually a nonprofessional. \u2022 Latch on (v.) -- grab, take hold, get wise to. \u2022 Later -- goodbye; forget it \u2022 Lay on (v.) -- give; loan \u2022 Lay some iron (v.) -- to tap dance. Ex., \"Jack, you really laid some iron that last show!\" \u2022 Lay your racket (v.) -- to jive, to sell an idea, to promote a proposition. \u2022 Lead sheet (n.) -- a topcoat. \u2022 Left raise (n.) -- left side. Ex., \"Dig the chick on your left raise.\" \u2022 Licking the chops (v.) -- see frisking the whiskers. \u2022 Licks (n.) -- hot musical phrases. \u2022 Lily whites (n.) -- bed sheets. \u2022 Line (n.) -- cost, price, money. Ex., \"What is the line on this drape\" (how much does this suit cost)? \"Have you got the line in the mouse\" (do you have the cash in your pocket)? Also, in replying, all figures are doubled. Ex., \"This drape is line forty\" (this suit costs twenty dollars). \u2022 Lock up -- to acquire something exclusively. Ex., \"He's got that chick locked up\"; \"I'm gonna lock up that deal.\" \u2022 Main"}, {"title": "", "text": "got five bucks in my kick.\" \u2022 Kicks (v.) -- fun; entertainment \u2022 Kill me (v.) -- show me a good time, send me. \u2022 Killer-diller (n.) -- a great thrill. \u2022 Knock (v.) -- give. Ex., \"Knock me a kiss.\" \u2022 Kopasetic (adj.) -- absolutely okay, the tops. \u2022 Lamp (v.) -- to see, to look at. \u2022 Land o'darkness (n.) -- Harlem. \u2022 Lane (n.) -- a male, usually a nonprofessional. \u2022 Latch on (v.) -- grab, take hold, get wise to. \u2022 Later -- goodbye; forget it \u2022 Lay on (v.) -- give; loan \u2022 Lay some iron (v.) -- to tap dance. Ex., \"Jack, you really laid some iron that last show!\" \u2022 Lay your racket (v.) -- to jive, to sell an idea, to promote a proposition. \u2022 Lead sheet (n.) -- a topcoat. \u2022 Left raise (n.) -- left side. Ex., \"Dig the chick on your left raise.\" \u2022 Licking the chops (v.) -- see frisking the whiskers. \u2022 Licks (n.) -- hot musical phrases. \u2022 Lily whites (n.) -- bed sheets. \u2022 Line (n.) -- cost, price, money. Ex., \"What is the line on this drape\" (how much does this suit cost)? \"Have you got the line in the mouse\" (do you have the cash in your pocket)? Also, in replying, all figures are doubled. Ex., \"This drape is line forty\" (this suit costs twenty dollars). \u2022 Lock up -- to acquire something exclusively. Ex., \"He's got that chick locked up\"; \"I'm gonna lock up that deal.\" \u2022 Main"}, {"title": "", "text": "terminology that one country uses can have a vastly different meaning in another country. For example, in Finnish, \"with long teeth\" means you're doing something you don't want to do. However, in French, to \"have long teeth\" means you're very ambitious. Quite different, right? \"Break a leg\" means good luck. When you encourage someone to \"break a leg,\" you might also want to encourage them to \"knock 'em dead\" or do a great job. When you encourage a friend to \"sing their heart out\" before a performance, you're encouraging them to give it their all (and have some fun). \"Get the hook\" means it's time to pull an actor off the stage because he's performing horribly. If you need to \"get the hook,\" the actor most likely \"bombed,\" meaning he was so terrible. If an actor \"bombed,\" then they're likely to be \"upstaged\" by another actor who performed better. If you're excited to \"sink your teeth\" into a new book, it means you're really excited to start reading it. If an artist \"breaks new ground,\" it means his work is important and innovative. Remember, a group of people with shared interests will have their own idioms. As with anything else in life, they'll be easier to understand if you listen to the context clues and ask questions when in doubt. You simply can't be literal when examining an idiom. They tend to make learning a new language difficult, but they're also used in languages all across the globe. Idioms aren't only regional; they also vary according"}, {"title": "", "text": "terminology that one country uses can have a vastly different meaning in another country. For example, in Finnish, \"with long teeth\" means you're doing something you don't want to do. However, in French, to \"have long teeth\" means you're very ambitious. Quite different, right? \"Break a leg\" means good luck. When you encourage someone to \"break a leg,\" you might also want to encourage them to \"knock 'em dead\" or do a great job. When you encourage a friend to \"sing their heart out\" before a performance, you're encouraging them to give it their all (and have some fun). \"Get the hook\" means it's time to pull an actor off the stage because he's performing horribly. If you need to \"get the hook,\" the actor most likely \"bombed,\" meaning he was so terrible. If an actor \"bombed,\" then they're likely to be \"upstaged\" by another actor who performed better. If you're excited to \"sink your teeth\" into a new book, it means you're really excited to start reading it. If an artist \"breaks new ground,\" it means his work is important and innovative. Remember, a group of people with shared interests will have their own idioms. As with anything else in life, they'll be easier to understand if you listen to the context clues and ask questions when in doubt. You simply can't be literal when examining an idiom. They tend to make learning a new language difficult, but they're also used in languages all across the globe. Idioms aren't only regional; they also vary according"}, {"title": "", "text": "up is a milder variant. [24], Direct command with a meaning similar to \"be quiet\", \"Be Quiet\" redirects here. \u2014 Shower Thoughts (@TheWeirdWorld) May 21, 2018. To say that someone was \"shut up\" meant that they were locked up, quarantined, or held prisoner. [8] By derivation, a \"shut-up sandwich\" is another name for a punch in the mouth. The usage of this phrase for comedic effect traces at least as far back as the 1870s, where the title character of a short farce titled \"Piperman's Predicaments\" is commanded to \"Shut up; and answer plainly\". [22] When this (politer) usage is intended, the phrase is uttered with mild inflexion to express surprise. The command shut up is often followed by another. [8] In shut the heck up, heck is substituted for more aggressive modifiers. [8] Another common variation is \"shut your mouth\", sometimes substituting \"mouth\" with another word conveying similar meaning, such as head,[8] face,[9] teeth,[8] trap,[9] yap,[10] chops,[11] crunch,[8] cake-hole (in places including the UK[11][12] and New Zealand[13]), pie-hole (in the United States[14]), or, more archaically, gob. Relevance. Answer. Brenda Smith Myles, Melissa L. Trautman, Ronda L. Schelvan, \"Piperman's Predicaments: A Farce, in One Act\", (translated by, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shut_up&oldid=977309298, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 September 2020, at 03:48. For instance, if a person was receiving praise they liked hearing but wanted to feign humility, they might, with a bat of the hand, bashfully say, \u201cOh, shut up.\u201d, In the late"}, {"title": "", "text": "pedantry break: The early-morning Guest at 1:01 AM has a point about the use of the word \"literally waltzing on air.\" I don't know if this link will take you right there or not, but the \"Zits\" cartoon covered the same topic yesterday, Feb 25: A girl says, \"My scalp is literally on fire.\" A boy says, \"This backpack literally weighs a ton.\" 'Pierce' (with body piercings) says, \"I literally laughed my butt off.\" Mom asks, \"How was your day, Jeremy?\" And Jeremy replies, \"Surprisingly literal.\" I think \"literally\" has gone the way of \"hoi polloi\" and is sometimes used to mean the opposite of what it used to mean.....or does it? I literally freaked out the first time I heard somebody use \"hoi polloi\" to refer to rich people. \"Literally\" means \"in the literal or strict sense\" or \"without exaggeration or inaccuracy.\" Literally, \"hoi polloi\" means \"the many\" (in Greek, silly). In English, it means \"the common people.\" I now return you to your previous discussion. To redeem myself, let me offer you the lyrics to Jesse Winchester's Tell Me Why You Like Roosevelt. I had thought this was written at Roosevelt's time as a campaign song, but I was wrong - Jesse Winchester wrote this great song in 1974. From: GUEST,henryp I know that it sounds like a pretty little song, but have you ever wondered why he left Tennessee in a hurry? Exactly what do you think the brand new Tennesses Waltz is? Perhaps it is literally waltzing on air. From: GUEST,Gerry Unfortunately,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If someone is \"ace\" at"}, {"title": "", "text": "Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If someone is \"ace\" at"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the words \"crazy\" and \"drunk.\" This is also something you usually say that you want to be -- e.g., let's get crunk! This word came up from rap culture in the South. Rapper and actor Will Smith brought this phrase into being: What is one meaning of \"gettin' jiggy wit it\"? It's time to focus. It's time to go to sleep. It's time to let loose and dance. It's time to leave. \"Gettin' jiggy\" has several meanings, one of which is to be uninhibited and dance. Another one was to show that you're stylish or have the latest fashions. And another version -- the more original version -- is that this is a euphemism for having sex. This phrase is still around today, but you may hear someone's mom say it. What does, \"You go, girl!\" mean? You're crazy. You have to leave now. You're really stupid. Congrats! Good job! \"You go, girl\" these days may be used with more of a sense of irony -- or by someone older. But back in the day, it was a way to celebrate successes, big or small. It can also be interchanged with boy. Someone just told you, \"Your car is so fly!\" What do they mean? Your car is very attractive. Your car is covered in flies. Your car is fast. Your car is very ugly. You can use the word \"fly\" to describe a person or an object. If you remember the TV show, \"In Living Color,\" they had dancers called the \"Fly Girls\" (actress"}, {"title": "", "text": "everything in your life seems to be going so well, somewhere down the road......you end up bumping into something that......changes the course of your trajectory for a while. The word \"Bumping\" seemed to have caught Kim's attention as she quickly looked over at him, wanting to stay as glued to the story as possible. Jason: Meaning? Tommy: Meaning I got off to a rough start. Billy: Well, didn't you say you got into some fights before? Tommy: Well, that's what some people don't get about me sometimes. Just because I take karate doesn't mean I always DO fight. Besides, I never start them. I only finish them. My parents signed me up for karate around 10; early signs were encouraging. But after a few years, it didn\u2019t really feel like I was there anymore. And I didn\u2019t want to go through with it beyond that point.... He begrudgingly forced himself to admit that. As if for the longest time, he was forced to tell himself otherwise just to maintain a seemingly noble image. As pitiful as it sounded, Tommy noticed how nobody lost interest in his tale. Nobody was getting bored. No one turned away. The story was really captivating to the others under the realization that someone else besides them were caught on the receiving end of what life had to give them, even when it was on their own behalf. Billy and Jason just looked down, trying to make sense of the story while Trini and Kim were left twiddling their thumbs in anticipation."}, {"title": "", "text": "everything in your life seems to be going so well, somewhere down the road......you end up bumping into something that......changes the course of your trajectory for a while. The word \"Bumping\" seemed to have caught Kim's attention as she quickly looked over at him, wanting to stay as glued to the story as possible. Jason: Meaning? Tommy: Meaning I got off to a rough start. Billy: Well, didn't you say you got into some fights before? Tommy: Well, that's what some people don't get about me sometimes. Just because I take karate doesn't mean I always DO fight. Besides, I never start them. I only finish them. My parents signed me up for karate around 10; early signs were encouraging. But after a few years, it didn\u2019t really feel like I was there anymore. And I didn\u2019t want to go through with it beyond that point.... He begrudgingly forced himself to admit that. As if for the longest time, he was forced to tell himself otherwise just to maintain a seemingly noble image. As pitiful as it sounded, Tommy noticed how nobody lost interest in his tale. Nobody was getting bored. No one turned away. The story was really captivating to the others under the realization that someone else besides them were caught on the receiving end of what life had to give them, even when it was on their own behalf. Billy and Jason just looked down, trying to make sense of the story while Trini and Kim were left twiddling their thumbs in anticipation."}, {"title": "", "text": "gonna blow up!' So it's like an explosion. It most likely means people are falling.\" Maybe you've seen what happens in cross country skiing, when the racers collapse on the snow, totally spent, as soon as they cross the finish line. They routinely work themselves to the point of exhaustion. And of course, there's a word for that, too. \"If you 'bonk,'\" newly minted U.S. gold medalist Jessie Diggins told me, \"it means you've just run out of energy, there's nothing left in the tank, and suddenly your body can't go on anymore 'cause you've run out of blood sugar. So if you hear someone say, 'Oh, I bonked in that race,' it means they just, like, BOOM, hit the wall. They're done.\" And it's not just athletes coming up with creative turns of phrase. Turns out the guys who make the ice for various sports also have their own lingo. Mark Messer, the ice meister at the Gangneung Oval, the venue for long track speedskating, grinned when he told me his favorite \u2014 the nickname for a patch of ice causing problems. \"We're gonna go check on 'bubble boy' today,\" he said, referring to a patch with too much air, creating a bubble. And yes, the term comes from a Seinfeld episode (\"probably my favorite ever,\" Messer said) \u2014 the one about the boy who has to live in a sterile, plastic bubble and gets in a fight with George Costanza. The ice crew is filled with \"real good Seinfeld fanatics,\" Messer explained. \"So a"}, {"title": "", "text": "limits, pushing yourself; leading yourself to triumphs. I don't take breaks. I don't know how a break feels like because I want success; all I know is grind. Last edited on Jan 08 2014. Submitted by Anonymous on Jan 05 2014. to dance in a sexually suggestive hip gyrating motion, usu. pressed up against one or two partners on a dance floor. I wanna grind on someone. My boyfriend likes to grind on me in the club. Last edited on May 13 2013. Submitted by Morgan D. from Seattle, WA, USA on Aug 30 2003. to perform a repetitive task in a role playing game in order to increase one's character's stature. When I have to grind, I kill centaurs. acronym for \"I don't think so\". You're the most awesome person to ever live? IDTS. A nick name or a pet name commonly used for a loved one. \"Padma is my sweetheart. She alone owns my heart\" Last edited on Apr 10 2010. Submitted by Anonymous on Apr 10 2010. form of address for a young girl. Last edited on Jan 12 2012. Submitted by Walter Rader (Editor) from Sacramento, CA, USA on Jan 12 2012."}, {"title": "", "text": "limits, pushing yourself; leading yourself to triumphs. I don't take breaks. I don't know how a break feels like because I want success; all I know is grind. Last edited on Jan 08 2014. Submitted by Anonymous on Jan 05 2014. to dance in a sexually suggestive hip gyrating motion, usu. pressed up against one or two partners on a dance floor. I wanna grind on someone. My boyfriend likes to grind on me in the club. Last edited on May 13 2013. Submitted by Morgan D. from Seattle, WA, USA on Aug 30 2003. to perform a repetitive task in a role playing game in order to increase one's character's stature. When I have to grind, I kill centaurs. acronym for \"I don't think so\". You're the most awesome person to ever live? IDTS. A nick name or a pet name commonly used for a loved one. \"Padma is my sweetheart. She alone owns my heart\" Last edited on Apr 10 2010. Submitted by Anonymous on Apr 10 2010. form of address for a young girl. Last edited on Jan 12 2012. Submitted by Walter Rader (Editor) from Sacramento, CA, USA on Jan 12 2012."}, {"title": "", "text": "1950s dating terms Man, don't \"bug\" me with that jive about cleanin' up my act. That last take was really kickin', put on the \"cans\" and lets record the final take. I used to partake in late-night jam sessions with the \"cats\" over at Sid's. Hey, Pops, dig those \"changes\" that the Hawk is playin'. Crumb --- Someone for whom it is impossible to show respect. Goof --- Fail to carry out a responsibility or wander in attention. Got your glasses on --- you are ritzy or snooty, you fail to recognize your friends, you are up-stage. What do you expect, Eddie is a \"moldy fig\" and he'll never dig the new sounds. \" My Chops is beat --- When a brass man's lips give out. Burnin --- Used to describe a particularly emotional or technically excellent solo. Character --- An interesting, out of the ordinary person. Chill 'ya --- When an unusual \"hot\" passion gives you goose pimples. Sleazy Eddie is a real \"crumb.\" Cut --- To leave or depart. Groovy --- Used in the fifties to denote music that swings or is funky. Gutbucket ---Gutbucket refers to something to store liquor in and to the type of music associated with heavy drinking. That cat Satchmo started out playing some real \"gutbucket\" in the houses down in New Orleans. Hep --- A term once used to describe someone who knows or understands. Muggles --- One nickname for marijuana used by early Jazzmen (Armstrong has a song by this title). Too many high C's tonight, man,"}, {"title": "", "text": "1950s dating terms Man, don't \"bug\" me with that jive about cleanin' up my act. That last take was really kickin', put on the \"cans\" and lets record the final take. I used to partake in late-night jam sessions with the \"cats\" over at Sid's. Hey, Pops, dig those \"changes\" that the Hawk is playin'. Crumb --- Someone for whom it is impossible to show respect. Goof --- Fail to carry out a responsibility or wander in attention. Got your glasses on --- you are ritzy or snooty, you fail to recognize your friends, you are up-stage. What do you expect, Eddie is a \"moldy fig\" and he'll never dig the new sounds. \" My Chops is beat --- When a brass man's lips give out. Burnin --- Used to describe a particularly emotional or technically excellent solo. Character --- An interesting, out of the ordinary person. Chill 'ya --- When an unusual \"hot\" passion gives you goose pimples. Sleazy Eddie is a real \"crumb.\" Cut --- To leave or depart. Groovy --- Used in the fifties to denote music that swings or is funky. Gutbucket ---Gutbucket refers to something to store liquor in and to the type of music associated with heavy drinking. That cat Satchmo started out playing some real \"gutbucket\" in the houses down in New Orleans. Hep --- A term once used to describe someone who knows or understands. Muggles --- One nickname for marijuana used by early Jazzmen (Armstrong has a song by this title). Too many high C's tonight, man,"}, {"title": "", "text": "be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\" For example, \"Quit icing my grill in front of all these people, man.\" If something is \"off the heezy,\" what does that mean? It's another way of saying \"unique.\" It's another way of saying \"lame.\" It's another way of saying \"confused.\" It refers to an object's large size. If something is \"off the heezy,\" that means that it's different or unique. For example, \"I've never"}, {"title": "", "text": "is not the case with most idioms, there are rare occasions in which carte blanche is used literally\u2014to refer to a blank or white document; see above. However, for the most part, the term is used figuratively to mean the license and authority to do as you wish. Even if you\u2019ve never heard the term idiom, you have most likely heard many other idiomatic expressions. Here are just a few of the most common idioms used today: You\u2019re in hot water. His boss gave him the ax. It\u2019s time to face the music. You\u2019ve hit the nail on the head. If you took the first example literally, you\u2019d think it was describing a person standing in a bathtub full of hot water, perhaps. But the expression is actually used to describe a person who\u2019s in trouble. Likewise, rather than literally being handed a tool for chopping wood, if you get the ax from your boss, it means you\u2019re getting fired. It\u2019s time to face the music means that it\u2019s time to come to terms with the consequences of your actions. And when someone has hit the nail on the head, they\u2019ve gotten an answer exactly right or done something exactly as it should have been done. Word Counter can help you understand the meaning behind many of today\u2019s most common idiomatic phrases, like ignorance is bliss, money talks, hang in there, and more. To recap, carte blanche is an idiom that functions as a noun. The phrase was borrowed from the French language, in which it"}, {"title": "", "text": "describe a situation or person that is just simply too overwhelming to put into words. 83. \u201cGrindage\u201d As weird as this one sounds, it makes pretty literal sense. \u201cGrindage\u201d refers to eating, meaning that when you\u2019re looking for lunch you might as well say, \u201cI\u2019m ready for some serious grindage.\u201d However, we\u2019d suggest using this in very specific contexts only, as it may easily get misinterpreted. (Properly pronounced, \u201cgrinde-udge\u201c) 84. \u201cAbsotively\u201d This odd-sounding conglomeration of the words absolutely and positively was popularized in the 20s. I guess when you had flapper-dancing and cocktail-drinking to do, you just didn\u2019t have enough time to emphasize your certainty in more than one word. (i.e. \u201cAre you sure this speakeasy\u2019s not gonna\u2019 get busted?\u201d \u201cAbsotively!\u201d) 85. \u201cStoked\u201d Source: pixahive.com We\u2019re guessing you\u2019ve heard this one before, but if you haven\u2019t, it\u2019s a synonym for excited. If you\u2019re \u201cstoked\u201d to go to a party, it\u2019s going to be a good time. 86. \u201cGoing ballistic\u201d While this word refers to military-grade missile weaponry, it can also refer to someone\u2019s over-the-top temper. If you\u2019re a hotheaded individual, you probably know what it feels like to go \u201cballistic.\u201d 87. \u201cVeg out\u201d Still widely used today, this phrase is another way to say you\u2019re taking the day off, probably binge-watching your favorite HBO series or Netflix original, snuggled up in blankets with your favorite snacks. Don\u2019t feel bad; we all need to \u201cveg out\u201d a little every now and then. 88. \u201cWig chop\u201d Not everybody needs to wear wigs, but everybody occasionally needs to get"}, {"title": "", "text": "describe a situation or person that is just simply too overwhelming to put into words. 83. \u201cGrindage\u201d As weird as this one sounds, it makes pretty literal sense. \u201cGrindage\u201d refers to eating, meaning that when you\u2019re looking for lunch you might as well say, \u201cI\u2019m ready for some serious grindage.\u201d However, we\u2019d suggest using this in very specific contexts only, as it may easily get misinterpreted. (Properly pronounced, \u201cgrinde-udge\u201c) 84. \u201cAbsotively\u201d This odd-sounding conglomeration of the words absolutely and positively was popularized in the 20s. I guess when you had flapper-dancing and cocktail-drinking to do, you just didn\u2019t have enough time to emphasize your certainty in more than one word. (i.e. \u201cAre you sure this speakeasy\u2019s not gonna\u2019 get busted?\u201d \u201cAbsotively!\u201d) 85. \u201cStoked\u201d Source: pixahive.com We\u2019re guessing you\u2019ve heard this one before, but if you haven\u2019t, it\u2019s a synonym for excited. If you\u2019re \u201cstoked\u201d to go to a party, it\u2019s going to be a good time. 86. \u201cGoing ballistic\u201d While this word refers to military-grade missile weaponry, it can also refer to someone\u2019s over-the-top temper. If you\u2019re a hotheaded individual, you probably know what it feels like to go \u201cballistic.\u201d 87. \u201cVeg out\u201d Still widely used today, this phrase is another way to say you\u2019re taking the day off, probably binge-watching your favorite HBO series or Netflix original, snuggled up in blankets with your favorite snacks. Don\u2019t feel bad; we all need to \u201cveg out\u201d a little every now and then. 88. \u201cWig chop\u201d Not everybody needs to wear wigs, but everybody occasionally needs to get"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you looking for a phrase you can use to confront someone about an issue between you? You can use \u201cbone to pick\u201d to tell them that you want to have a stern chat with them. This post unpacks the meaning and origin of this expression. The expression \u201cbone to pick\u201d means that you want to confront another person or group about a specific topic. It means that you have something that you\u2019ve been thinking about for some time, and you\u2019re ready to confront the person to hear what they have to say about it. If you \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone, you\u2019re usually talking about a heated topic, such as a betrayal of trust. It\u2019s a \u201chard talk\u201d with the other person, and there is a good chance that it will end in an argument. To \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone means that you\u2019re confronting someone that you know about something they said about you behind your back. \u201cHey Mike, I have a bone to pick with you. Why did you tell Halley that you saw me out with Cindy on the weekend? Why are you interfering in my business.\u201d \u201cListen, Sam, I have a bone to pick with you. You\u2019re always leaving the toilet seat up, and it\u2019s driving me nuts.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m going down to the council now. I have a bone to pick with these people over how they charge rates. They\u2019ve been overcharging for months, and I\u2019m fed up with it.\u201d \u201cWhy do I have to come to you every time and"}, {"title": "", "text": "an English message board: When someone says, \"You jinxed me,\" it means you said something, and made it so it might happen. For example: You: I can't believe we got locked out of the house. Friend: At least it's not raining! [it begins to rain] You: Ugh, you jinxed it! So, your example about the upcoming raises might happen like this: Cody: We don't have many customers these days. I hope our boss will not cancel the year-end bonus. Donovan: Shhh! Don't jinx us! Note: This is fairly common parlance in the US; I'm not sure about other parts of the world."}, {"title": "", "text": "safest thing to do when you don\u2019t know the water. But to dive in head first means to go for it \u2013 don\u2019t worry, don\u2019t think about anything; just do it. Boxing \u2013 \u201cHit Below The Belt:\u201d if you hit someone below the belt, especially a man, it\u2019s not very comfortable, and in boxing, you\u2019re not supposed to do that. So let\u2019s say I\u2019m angry at you and I tell you what I\u2019m angry about but I can do that in a nice way or I can just start saying things that are mean. And if I do it in a mean manner because I want to hurt you, that\u2019s hitting below the belt. And golf? I don\u2019t play golf but I know you can \u201cMAKE THE CUT\u201d or \u201cMISS THE CUT.\u201d Idiomatically, if you all apply for a job, and I say that a few people didn\u2019t make the cut, it means they were eliminated because they weren\u2019t good enough. Take your time when learning idioms. The first step is realizing that an idiom has been used. Then you need to understand the meaning. After that, you need to learn when it is appropriate to use the idiom. And finally, you need to know how to use it \u2013 can it be conjugated or adjusted according to context or is it used exactly as is? Take one at a time and slowly build your list. Good luck! Heather Chetwynd has worked for 30 years in the field of adult education and English as a Second"}, {"title": "", "text": "safest thing to do when you don\u2019t know the water. But to dive in head first means to go for it \u2013 don\u2019t worry, don\u2019t think about anything; just do it. Boxing \u2013 \u201cHit Below The Belt:\u201d if you hit someone below the belt, especially a man, it\u2019s not very comfortable, and in boxing, you\u2019re not supposed to do that. So let\u2019s say I\u2019m angry at you and I tell you what I\u2019m angry about but I can do that in a nice way or I can just start saying things that are mean. And if I do it in a mean manner because I want to hurt you, that\u2019s hitting below the belt. And golf? I don\u2019t play golf but I know you can \u201cMAKE THE CUT\u201d or \u201cMISS THE CUT.\u201d Idiomatically, if you all apply for a job, and I say that a few people didn\u2019t make the cut, it means they were eliminated because they weren\u2019t good enough. Take your time when learning idioms. The first step is realizing that an idiom has been used. Then you need to understand the meaning. After that, you need to learn when it is appropriate to use the idiom. And finally, you need to know how to use it \u2013 can it be conjugated or adjusted according to context or is it used exactly as is? Take one at a time and slowly build your list. Good luck! Heather Chetwynd has worked for 30 years in the field of adult education and English as a Second"}, {"title": "", "text": "a plant's flower or shoot to appear, and if you cut it while it's small, it will prevent it from growing. 'Wet your appetite' While people can salivate at the sight or smell of delicious food, the phrase isn't to \"wet your appetite.\" To whet something means to sharpen, excite or stimulate, so when the smell of freshly baked cookies or cheesy pizza makes you hungry, what the food has done is \"whet your appetite.\" 'Waiting on someone' This one might seem nitpicky, but if you're waiting on someone, you're their server or service provider. If you're waiting for someone, you're waiting for them to arrive. 'Honing in' The original expression is to \"home in\" on something, meaning to find and move directly toward something. Since the 1960s, however, Americans have been misusing this expression, subbing in the word \"hone\" for \"home.\" Hone means to sharpen a skill or focus, so the expression's meaning still works in some sense with the incorrect word. 'Jive with' The jive is a swing or rock 'n' roll dance move, so it makes some sense that if you get along with someone, that you'd be able to dance well together. But the expression for finding yourself in agreement with someone is actually \"jibe with.\" To jibe is to be in accord. 'Deep-seeded' While it's true that seeds do need to be planted deep in the ground sometimes to take root, if you're looking to explain something that's firmly established or strongly held, you're looking for the phrase \"deep-seated.\" \"Seat\" can"}, {"title": "", "text": "it. * Yesterday a cab driver made a crack about my pronunciation because my English is poor. 3. What's up? * means \"How are you\" * means \"What is wrong with you\" 4. want a word with somebody * means \"want to talk to somebody\" * There's a reporter on the phone. He wants a word with you. 5. make time * means \"\u62bd\u65f6\u95f4, \u6324\u65f6\u95f4\" * I don't get enough exercise. I need to make time to get to the gym. * You work too hard. Make some time for your family. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 23 1. make-up \u5316\u5986 make-up artist \u5316\u5986\u5e08 2. be spiked, spiked something * When somebody is \"spiked\", it means that alcohol or narcotic substances have been added to a drink or food. * What? Somebody spiked her Coke? 3. mark * \u539f\u610f\u662f\"\u6253\u4e2a\u8bb0\u53f7\", \u5f15\u7533\u610f\u4e3a\"\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u770b\u51fa\u6765\" * I marked the spot where I buried the money. * I marked you as a girl-chaser the minute I saw you. \u6211\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u770b\u51fa\u4f60\u662f\u4e2a\u82b1\u82b1\u516c\u5b50. 4. This is classic Mac * Mac is a people's name * means \"XXX\u7684\u60ef\u7528\u624b\u6cd5\" * This mess is just classic Adam. * This writing style is just classic Mr. Jin. * classic flavor \u6700\u6b63\u5b97\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u70df\u3001\u8863\u670d\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u80fd\u770b\u5230 ========================================================= ActionEnglish 24 1. screen \u94f6\u5e55 2. ten-four * Ten-four is used in radio communication to state that you've heard and understood something. * \u6551\u62a4\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u5e38\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bcd\u6c47 * We found him under the bridge. His leg is broken. Ten-four. 3. want to * \u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u4e2d\u53d1\u97f3\u4e3awanna * \u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e2aphrase\u7528\u5728\u975e\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\u4e2d\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u662f\u60f3\u5e72...\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\"\u4f60\u6700\u597d\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\", \"\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\" * I'm not gonna call him. But you want to. 4. You owe me ... * \u6b20\u8c01...\u94b1\uff0c\u6b20\u8c01...\u4eba\u60c5"}, {"title": "", "text": "of plastic and leather, coined in the early eighties. ***Reduplicating rhyming formation on \"suit\", first used in the 1940s. push present? In a more innocent age, new mothers generally considered their babies to be the greatest gift imaginable. Today, they are likely to want some sort of tangible bonus as well. This bonus goes by various names. Some call it the \u201cbaby mama gift.\u201d Others refer to it as the \u201cbaby bauble.\u201d But it\u2019s most popularly known as the \u201cpush present.\" That\u2019s \u201cpush\u201d as in, \u201cI the mother, having been through the wringer and pushed out this blessed event, hereby claim my reward.\u201d Or \u201cpush\u201d as in, \u201cI\u2019ve delivered something special and now I\u2019m pushing you, my husband/boyfriend, to follow suit.\u201d You just got to love the English language and the unabashed directness of its speakers when it comes to express the joy of materialism. (To add to the latter: When I looked up the article on the NYT website, there was a Tiffany ad next to it.) Because if not, you'll end up banging your head on the carpet, screaming \"What's wrong with you people?\" let's get going. chop, chop! Oh, what a boring episode. Chop, chop! It's a good thing they don't normally do menswear on Project Runway, even if \"pants are just 2 big sleeves sewn together\" (Chris). How can you discuss design when there's not a single garment on the runway that actually fits (\"The crotch looks insane\")? When most looks are unfinished or poorly executed, including the winning design (which only"}, {"title": "", "text": "a good chuckle this morning. Thank you! Dear, we need to have a talk here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can"}, {"title": "", "text": "wind to steam. When it first came about, it was mainly used as an insult, \u201cI don\u2019t like the shape of his jib\u201d, meaning, \u201cThere\u2019s something about him that I don\u2019t like\u201d. However, it soon changed to become more common in compliments. At the height of its popularity, it was a common way to tell people that you liked how they dressed. The main reason why the phrase died out is likely because people no longer knew what a jib was. And why would they? People who grew up with steamboats wouldn\u2019t have much reason for knowing about sails and jibs. When the need for jibs died out, it makes sense that phrases related to them died out too. But another key reason is that our vocabulary changes over time. Phrases that we use all the time won\u2019t mean anything in years to come. It\u2019s likely that younger generations just didn\u2019t want to be using the same slang as their parents. One phrase that sounds similar and has a similar (but different) meaning is \u201cI like your cut G\u201d. \u201cI like your cut G\u201d means, I like your haircut. It\u2019s become well-known thanks to the popular social media app Tik Tok. \u201cCut\u201d is slang for \u201chaircut\u201d. And G is a bit of an interesting one. The G stands for gangster, but people who say it aren\u2019t calling you a gangster. Usually, when people say G, they mean friend or person I have respect for. So remember, \u201cI like the cut of your jib\u201d is different from"}, {"title": "", "text": "to jump through a lot of hoops in order to get a work visa. To jump down someone\u2019s throat means to speak angrily to them, strongly criticize or reprimand them (especially in reaction to something they said or did). All I did was say I\u2019d be a little late for dinner, and she jumped down my throat! If you get a jump on something, it means you start a project or process early in order to have an advantage or get it done earlier. I\u2019ve already got this week\u2019s lessons done, so now I\u2019m getting a jump on preparing next week\u2019s lessons. To jump in can mean quickly enter an activity that\u2019s already in progress. It can also be used for entering/interrupting a conversation in progress. There was a bunch of guys playing poker at the bar, and we jumped in. I was in the middle of explaining the situation when my manager jumped in and said she had never approved the project."}, {"title": "", "text": "a mistake, you're messed up in the head or you are intoxicated. Something that is \"a gas\" is: Lucrative In the '60s, this phrase was used to describe things that were a lot of fun. Someone back then might have said: \"That party was a gas!\" Someone who is a \"pig\" works as a __________. People still refer to police in this derogatory way to this day. It goes back to the 1960s. If something is \"choice,\" it is __________. This meant top notch. This could be used for both people and objects. Something described as \"boss\" is: This meant something was cool or excellent. It could be applied to anything from records to clothes to cars. If you tell someone \"Don't have a cow,\" what are you telling them to do? Eat dinner Give you money This is one of several slang ways of the era to tell someone to calm down. Others include \"Don't flip your wig\" and \"Don't sweat it.\" Something \"far out\" is: This is one of the most well-known '60s slang phrases. It can describe anything especially cool. To \"go steady\" with a person meant what? To break up with them. To marry them. To cheat on them. To date them exclusively. This old romantic term meant a lot during the '60s. It mean to date only one special someone. How does someone who is \"jazzed\" feel? To be jazzed about something is to be excited about it. You could say: \"I'm jazzed about going to this concert.\" To \"bug\" someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "wild. For instance, \"Let's take Josh home from this party. He's been acting so bunked from all those drinks.\" If you want to emphasize being correct in a situation, which of these phrases would you use? Buzz kill \"Booya\" is often used to emphasize being correct in a situation. For example, \"Booya! I told you the Eagles would win the Super Bowl!\" If I am \"slammin'\" this homework, what do I mean? My dog ate my homework. I'm completing this homework at a rapid rate. I'm not doing very well on this homework. I've lost my homework. When someone is \"slammin'\" a task, that means that they are completing it quickly and efficiently. Another example would be, \"I've been slammin' these drinks since noon!\" Which of these words is synonymous with \"awful?\" \"Brutal\" is used to describe something that is awful or really bad in nature. For instance, \"Man, this party is brutal, let's leave now.\" \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying\u2026? Pores (on the face) \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying police. For instance, \"Let's run from this party, man, the po-po is here!\" \"So\" is another way of saying\u2026? In the '90s, \"so\" was used often to replace the word \"very.\" For instance, \"Those shoes are so '70s.\" If someone is \"throwed\" at a party, what does that mean? The person is yelling. The person is dancing quite a bit. The person is sober. The person is drunk. \"Throwed\" is another way of saying that someone is drunk. For instance, \"Matt got"}, {"title": "", "text": "like other Generation X slang, it just sounds so much cooler. This phrase is still used sometimes. Which of these choices is most similar to the slang word \"hella\"? Might be Not even The word \"hella\" was used way more on the West Coast than the East Coast, where it never really caught on. It basically means \"very.\" For example, someone could say, \"That taco was hella good.\" In Gen X slang, what is \"grindage\"? This phrase was used a lot by the comedian Pauly Shore, who also was known as \"The Weasel.\" \"Grindage\" means any sort of food that is good; it comes from the thought of teeth grinding down food. If you think that someone you just met is \"frontin',\" how are they acting? If someone is \"frontin',\" they're just being fake to you. In other words, they're trying to show you something to your front that they wouldn't be showing behind your back. If you're \"fiending\" for pizza, what are you doing? Avoiding it Eating it Feeling disgusted by it Craving it If you are really dying for something, you're \"fiending\" for it. You could be fiending for a burrito, or you could be fiending to play World of Warcraft because you have a big raid to do. Two people are \"dissing\" each other in a conversation - what are they doing? Complimenting each other Joking around Insulting each other If you're \"dissing\" someone, you're being rude or blowing them off - basically not being nice. This one seems complicated, but it really"}, {"title": "", "text": "unlike half of the kapuka that is on offer nowadays.No chicks in skimpy outfits, borrowed cars just the singers and their pals having an great ole time.That's what good videos are made of.Now will we are on that topic, how many of you out there have chongad viazi as a result of not having enough money to cover a bill? ps:Youtube may be down for maintenance so the video may not show! Does anyone remember the slang term \"crushed off?\" I think there are few slang terms that had as many definitions as this one.These were some of the meanings... 1.To beat someone up - \"Ebu keep quiet before I crush you off!\" 2.To catch strokes or shag - \"Chief!After tuning that mama I crushed her off in the digz!\" 3.To tackle in a game of rugby -\"My guy did you see him after the full back crushed him off when he thought he would make the try?\" 4.To eat ravenously - \"We were so hungry that we crushed off everything that he had in his kitchen!\" 5.To ignore - \"I tried to convince my boss but he just looked at me and crushed me off!\" I don't know if any of you ever used this term or used it in all these ways but I heard it used in all these ways.I guess some people adapted it to the circumstance at hand but it sounds so good that I'm going to start using it again ie...There are some bloggers that I wouldnt mind crushing off!"}, {"title": "", "text": "unlike half of the kapuka that is on offer nowadays.No chicks in skimpy outfits, borrowed cars just the singers and their pals having an great ole time.That's what good videos are made of.Now will we are on that topic, how many of you out there have chongad viazi as a result of not having enough money to cover a bill? ps:Youtube may be down for maintenance so the video may not show! Does anyone remember the slang term \"crushed off?\" I think there are few slang terms that had as many definitions as this one.These were some of the meanings... 1.To beat someone up - \"Ebu keep quiet before I crush you off!\" 2.To catch strokes or shag - \"Chief!After tuning that mama I crushed her off in the digz!\" 3.To tackle in a game of rugby -\"My guy did you see him after the full back crushed him off when he thought he would make the try?\" 4.To eat ravenously - \"We were so hungry that we crushed off everything that he had in his kitchen!\" 5.To ignore - \"I tried to convince my boss but he just looked at me and crushed me off!\" I don't know if any of you ever used this term or used it in all these ways but I heard it used in all these ways.I guess some people adapted it to the circumstance at hand but it sounds so good that I'm going to start using it again ie...There are some bloggers that I wouldnt mind crushing off!"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the '80s and was another common phrase said by the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: \"Totally tubular, dude.\" Wack Sometimes cited as being short for wacky, the term \"wack\" is used in urban slang to refer to something that is lousy or lame. Before becoming popular in the 1980s, it was used to refer to someone who is eccentric or crazy. In an episode of \"Friends,\" Joey is preparing for an audition to play a 19-year-old character and tells Chandler his Playstation is \"wack.\" What's the 411? If you wanted to find out a person or business's phone number in the days before the internet, you'd pick up the phone and dial 4-1-1 for assistance. \"What's the 411?\" became popular slang in the 1990s as a way of asking for information, and was the name of Mary J. Blige's debut album. What's crackalackin'? \"What's crackalackin'?\" was a weird and fancy way of asking someone in the 1990s what they were up to. The rebirth of the phrase can be traced to Chris Rock, who brought it back in \"Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.\" Wig out \"Wig out\" is a term widely used in the 1980s to describe going crazy over something. It has a new meaning nowadays as a metaphor for one's sanity (e.g., \"my wig is snatched\"), which references Black LGBTQ+ ballroom culture. Word \"Word\" is another way to say \"agreed.\" It's a variant of \"word up,\" which came to fame through a 1986 R&B song by Cameo. This slang was regularly used by Will"}, {"title": "", "text": "someone's nose in it\" means \"\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\" * Whenever Tim beats me at tennis, he rubs my nose in it. -- \u6bcf\u6b21Tim\u7f51\u7403\u8d62\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5632\u7b11\u6211\uff08\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\uff09 3. blow everything apart * means \"cause disorder and confusion, \u628a...\u90fd\u5f04\u4e71\u4e86\", \u4e4b\u524d\u5b66\u8fc7\u4e86\u5f88\u591ablow\u7684\u8bcd\u7ec4 * When John quit the band, it really blew everything apart. He was the lead singer. * We had all the details worked out for the party, and then Tony tried to help and blew everything apart. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 151 1. property manager \u9053\u5177\u7ba1\u7406\u5458 2. chasing the skirt * slang, means \"\u8ffd\u5973\u5b69\", chase\u8868\u8ffd\u9010\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528pursue, pursue sb.\u4e5f\u662f\u8ffdsb.\u7684\u610f\u601d * He never did well at university because he was always out drinking beer and chasing the skirt. 3. pull something off * means \"to do sth. beautifully, \u52aa\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0, \u641e\u5b9a\" * I didn't think the dinner would go well, but we pulled it off beautifully. 4. get away with * means \"to escape the consequence of action, \u9003\u907f\u8d23\u4efb\" * Don't try to get away with cheating. 5. set someone up with someone * means \"\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7537/\u5973\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6413\u5408\", set up\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u8bf4\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c\u9677\u5bb3\u201d * My cousin is always trying to set me up with women from her office. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 152 1. sword fighting \u51fb\u5251 * means \"\u673a\u5668/\u4eea\u8868 \u51fa\u6bdb\u75c5\u4e86\uff0c\u574f\u4e86\" * I could not text message you because my mobile phone has been on the blink ever since I dropped it in the lake. 3. We go way back * \"go way back\" \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7ec4\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u601d\u548c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u6709\u70b9\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8d70\u56de\u5934\u8def\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5f15\u7533\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u76f8\u8bc6\u5f88\u4e45\u4e86\uff0c\u8001\u4ea4\u60c5\u4e86\uff0c\u8d70\u7684\u8def\u591f\u591a\u7684\u4e86\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5934\u8d70\u4e86, HOHO * Angela and I go way back, we've known each other since elementary school. * My boss and I go way back. She was my boss at my first job."}, {"title": "", "text": "(or until) the fat lady sings (emphasis added) is a colloquialism and has been classified as a proverb. It means that one should not presume to know the outcome of an event which is still in progress. More specifically, the phrase is used when a situation is (or appears to be) nearing its conclusion. It cautions against assuming that the current state of an event is irreversible and clearly determines how or when the event will end. The phrase is most commonly used in association with organized competitions, particularly sports. \"The phrase is generally understood to be referencing the stereotypically overweight sopranos of the opera....\" A: One idiomatic expression meaning \"It's finished\" that has emerged in the past decade or so is \"Stick a fork in it; it's done.\" The original sense of the phrase was \"It's ready to take out of the oven or off the grill because it's fully cooked.\" In the context of sports, politics, and business, the phrase is sometimes used to suggest that something is hopelessly lost. From Will Meyerhofer, Way Worse Than Being a Dentist: The Lawyer's Quest for Meaning (2011): There's slow at the office. Then there's moribund. Like, stick a fork in it, parrot in the Monty Python skit, no longer viable, kaput, over and out, flatlining...dead dead dead. But it continues to be used in positive settings as well. From Debbie Stoller, Stich 'n Bitch: The Knitter's Handbook (2003): You probably won't believe this, but when you come back to it, about twenty-four hours later, your piece"}, {"title": "", "text": "anything precise. Wyoming. A big state in the western US with very few people. Put it in your holster. The leather pouch around your hips in which you place guns. You look all squeezed out. This means exhausted, but it is rarely if ever used. Some creep says \"kill everybody.\" A good word for \"jerk, asshole, bastard, etc.\" (A \"creepy\" person is scary, while \"that gives me the creeps,\" means \"that scares me\"). Jet. A very fast plane. Piano lounge. A large bar with a piano Asphalt. A material like black cement that is used to pave streets. It will break through the roof. Here, meaning the weight will cause the roof to collapse (A \"break-through\" used as a noun can refer to major progress). We don't always see eye to eye. \"To see eye to eye\" is to agree on some topic of conversation. There's no talking to you. Sonny's way of saying \"we can't talk without you always lying to me.\" The police agree to call Sonny's wife, hoping that she may be able to convince him to surrender. They end up very confused, when two very different people turn out to be his wives. It aien't him to rob a bank. \"Aien't\" is very ungrammatical for \"isn't.\" \"It isn't like him to do\" something means \"It's not something you would expect him to do.\" Things are adding up in my head. \"Things are starting to make sense to me.\" Kiddie rides with little kids. The small rides at amusement parks for little children"}, {"title": "", "text": "flower or shoot to appear, and if you cut it while it's small, it will prevent it from growing. 'Wet your appetite' While people can salivate at the sight or smell of delicious food, the phrase isn't to \"wet your appetite.\" To whet something means to sharpen, excite or stimulate, so when the smell of freshly baked cookies or cheesy pizza makes you hungry, what the food has done is \"whet your appetite.\" 'Waiting on someone' This one might seem nitpicky, but if you're waiting on someone, you're their server or service provider. If you're waiting for someone, you're waiting for them to arrive. 'Honing in' The original expression is to \"home in\" on something, meaning to find and move directly toward something. Since the 1960s, however, Americans have been misusing this expression, subbing in the word \"hone\" for \"home.\" Hone means to sharpen a skill or focus, so the expression's meaning still works in some sense with the incorrect word. 'Jive with' The jive is a swing or rock 'n' roll dance move, so it makes some sense that if you get along with someone, that you'd be able to dance well together. But the expression for finding yourself in agreement with someone is actually \"jibe with.\" To jibe is to be in accord. 'Deep-seeded' While it's true that seeds do need to be planted deep in the ground sometimes to take root, if you're looking to explain something that's firmly established or strongly held, you're looking for the phrase \"deep-seated.\" \"Seat\" can mean a"}, {"title": "", "text": "HBO, it was a popular phrase that pretty much meant \"Calm down, it's not that exciting.\" If someone is really excited to do something that isn't that exciting, they may need to curb their enthusiasm before being let down. You can lead a horse to water, but what can't you do? Make it drink Pat its head You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink. This proverb has been around forever, and it means that you can give someone all the opportunity in the world, but you can't make them seize the opportunity. They need to do it on their own. Your colleague that likes theater might tell you to \"break a leg\" before your big presentation. What would your colleague that likes baseball say? A dog is a man's best friend. Throw in the towel. There's no I in \"team.\" \"Knock it out of the park\" is the athlete's version of \"break a leg,\" which simply means \"good luck and do your best.\" The phrase stems from baseball, where players try to hit home runs, which are hits that sometimes go out of the park. What phrase best describes a sarcastic statement? Tongue and cheek Tooth-in-cheek Tooth and cheek A sarcastic statement is a tongue-in-cheek statement, and it stems from the facial gesture of putting one's tongue in their cheek. The facial expression resembles someone who is saying a joke in a mock serious manner. Ashley arrived in the parking lot with a sewing needle, a coil of thread and"}, {"title": "", "text": "with old sailors lingering about the docks with breath smelling like pilchards. But it has nothing to do with halitosis at all, as the term is actually \u2018bated\u2019, shortened from \u2018abated\u2019 \u2013 meaning lessened or lowered. It originates from William Shakespeare\u2019s Merchant of Venice, when the beleaguered usurer Shylock denies Antonio a loan, telling him he won\u2019t bow to him and speak in \u2018bated breath\u2019 (a soft tone) because of Antonio\u2019s previous jerklike actions (ie. spitting on Shylock, kicking him and being a general bastard). How the idea of anticipation entered the phrase, though is anyone\u2019s guess. Today\u2019s Meaning: \u201cEmpty, insincere or nonsensical langauge.\u201d \u201cMy god, it\u2019s so good I just have to.. I dunno, bang my hands together!\u201d It\u2019s easy to sneer down at the great unwashed from the lofty balconies of so-called \u2018high-brow\u2019 entertainment, judging them for their reality TV and canned laughter. True enough, the likes of Please Marry My Son and The Kardashians destroy brain cells faster than huffing spraypaint and a career in boxing, but people in glass houses should not throw stones. We may well describe inane television as \u2018claptrap\u2019 but the origin of the term lies in the glory age of high-brow snootery. At some point in the mid-18th century, classical composers and playwrights began to purposefully insert dialogue or crescendos designed specifically to rouse reaction from the audience. The kow-towing to the crowd was to spark applause \u2013 a trap for claps. The practice influenced a new direction in theatre especially, from Shakespearean plays to bombastic Victorian farce"}, {"title": "", "text": "she mean? Kick him in the shins. Work things out. Break up with him. Ignore his behavior. When it's time to kick someone to the curb, it's time to take out the garbage -- to the curb! And this is not just a \"things aren't working out\" conversation. It's a, \"We are through forever and it's because you're a terrible (or useless) person in my life\" conversation. If something is \"aight,\" how is it, really? It's boring. It's wonderful. It's a mess. It's alright \"Aight\" (also written as \"aiight\") is just a slightly shorter version of alright. Example exchange: \"I'm gonna get another drink. You want anything?\" \"Nah, I'm aight.\" \"I gotta give you mad props on that presentation!\" What are \"mad props\"? Proper respect, kudos Stage props An object to keep something upright Props is a shortening of another slang word -- \"propers.\" It also means the proper treatment and praise for a job well done. Adding the word mad is an intensifier, meaning big or major. Do You Know These Gen X Slang Words? How Well Do You Remember These Phrases And Slang Words of the 2000s? Can You Translate These Common Phrases From the \u201960s? 90s Vocabulary Quiz Can You Identify These \u201990s Snacks for Kids? Can You Complete These Slang Phrases From The '90s? Can You Identify More Than 11 of These Common Phrases? The Quiz for People Who Want a Common Phrases Challenge! Can We Tell Whether or Not You Have Kids? Interpret These Millennial Phrases and We'll Guess Your Age"}, {"title": "", "text": "these days, because everything is so dear!\u201d Faff This is used when someone delay or postpone something or when wasting time thinking over it without any action. \u201cYou have to stop faffing around, because we are already late and there is not time to procrastinate.\u201d Do This means partying. \u201cAre you going to Ben\u2019s birthday do tonight?\u201d Flog To sell something \u201cI managed to flog my old laptop for a decent price and now i\u2019m going to buy a new one.\u201d Swag This means style and attitude in someone's personality. \"Wow! This boy have some serious swag!\" Vlog This means video recording your daily life or activities. \u201cI have my own Youtube channel for Vlogs i shoot everyday.\u201d Fortnight It\u2019s an abbreviation for 2 weeks or 14 days. \u201cIt has been a fortnight since I last played football.\u201d Gobsmacked This means feeling amazed, astounded or utterly astonished. \u201cI can\u2019t believe I scored an A+ in my test! I thought i was going to score pretty bad. Oh my god, I\u2019m completely gobsmacked!\u201d OMG It\u2019s an abbreviation for \u201cOH My God!\u201d and it is used to express a surprise, shock or disbelief. \u201cOMG, I lost my phone! What am i going to do now?\u201d Chin Up It means be brave and strong to fight it out. \u201cCommon man, chin up! You\u2019ve got this, i\u2019m sure you\u2019ll do it.\u201d Splash Out When you have over spent money or paid way to much for something. \u201cI wanted to give my mother a surprise gift, so I splashed out on"}, {"title": "", "text": "can't say: \"I am broken.\" You can say you're hurt badly, but we never say people are broken. Things can be broken, but not people. To be hurt badly. So, someone might say: \"If you mess with him, you're toast.\" I'm bread in the toaster all of a sudden? Again, it means that you are going to get hurt very badly. This is like a warning or a threat. \"Toasted\", this means drunk or stoned. \"Stoned\" means you've done some kind of drugs. The exact same definition for \"toasted\" would be \"baked\", which has to do with the bakery. \"Baked\" means you're high on drugs, so does \"stoned\". So, \"baked\", \"stoned\", and \"toasted\" means that you're high on drugs, but \"toasted\" can mean drunk or stoned. Mm-hmm. Slang gets difficult. So you might hear someone say: \"Wah, I was toasted last night.\" That means they're drunk. If you hear your friends or people you know, or on TV, people say: \"Let's get... Let's get toasted, man.\" It probably means they're smoking some drugs. There's a DJ phenomenal called \"toasting\". If you're familiar with Dancehall or Reggae music, or one my favorite 1960's Jamaican Ska music, there's something called \"toasting\", and this is basically lyrical chanting over riddim. Yeah, man, bring the riddim one time, slowly. \"Riddim\" basically means music, it's like a Jamaican word for music. And we would know it as DJing. So, maybe you go to the club and a song is playing, and the guy or the girl on the mic, the microphone"}, {"title": "", "text": "from 1580s (to cut the heart in the same sense is attested from early 14c.). Sense of \"sever connection or relations with\" is from 1630s. Meaning \"to be absent without excuse\" is British university slang from 1794. Colloquial or slang sense of \"move off with directness and rapidity\" is from 1580s. Meaning \"divide (a deck of cards) at random into parts before the deal\" to prevent cheating is from 1530s. Meaning \"to dilute, adulterate\" (liquor, etc.) is by 1930. Colloquial sense of \"to divide or share\" is by 1928, perhaps an image from meat-carving at table. As a director's call to halt recording or performing, by 1931 (in an article about Pete, the bulldog with the black-ringed eye in the Hal Roach studios shorts, who was said to know the word). The sense of \"perform, execute\" (c. 1600) is in cut capers \"frisk about;\" cut a dash \"make a display.\" To cut down is from late 14c. as \"to fell;\" by 1821 as \"to slay\" (as with a sword); 1857 as \"to curtail.\" To cut (someone or something) down to size is from 1821 as \"reduce to suitable dimensions;\" the figurative sense, \"reduce to the proper level of importance,\" is by 1927. To cut in \"enter suddenly and unceremoniously\" is from 1610s; sense of \"suddenly join in conversation, interrupt\" is by 1830. To cut up \"cut in pieces\" is from 1570s. To cut back is from 1871 as \"prune by cutting off shoots,\" 1913 in cinematography, \"return to a previous scene by repeating a part of"}, {"title": "", "text": "glasses], bottom's up.\" Break a leg Do well at a performance or on stage Bred in the bone An expression describing something firmly established or deep-rooted, similar to \"died in the wool\" \"What's bred in the bone is sure to come out in the flesh.\" Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed An expression meaning alert and ready to go! An expression meaning to intimidate someone into doing something, usually with stern or abusive words \"The captain browbeat the soldiers to climb the last ridge before the sun went down, there was no rest for anyone.\" Brown-nose, ass-kisser, kiss-ass Someone who sucks up to you to gain your favor. This is done by doing something for you for no apparent reason, laughing even if something wasn't funny, agreeing to everything you say Bull in a china shop Someone who is very careless in the way they move or behave An expression describing a woman who is pregnant \"With that little tummy bump, I knew she had a bun in the oven.\" Burning a candle from both ends Working so hard that you will wear yourself (or extinguish) your energy To do something that damages a relationship going forward \"Make sure you give two weeks notice so you remain on good terms with the boss in case you need a reference. You don't want to burn bridges.\" Bursting at the seams An expression used to describe something full or overflowing, also when someone is overwhelmed with emotion \"He's just bursting at the seams, can't wait to tell Victoria how he really"}, {"title": "", "text": "slang To understand what someone is saying, especially when something is insinuated, rather than stated directly. A: \"I'm going to say that I'm busy on Sunday, and I think you should too.\" B: \"I'm picking up what you're putting down\u2014I don't want to go to this family reunion either!\" If I see you around here again, there's going to be trouble. Are you picking up what I'm putting down?"}, {"title": "", "text": "like that, it's hard not to take the \"icing\" aspect of this phrase literally. George Gojkovich/Getty Images Sport \"Please set the game clock to 0:00, because this is bullshit, and I am going home.\" The second and primary meaning of the phrase is an extension of the first, implying that some kind of \"mental icing\" is going on, possibly to induce cramping in his delicate, baby-soft kicking brain and get the kicker to psyche himself out somehow. \"Wait a second. Life is meaningless. We're all shadows screaming into an uncaring void.\" \"Are ... are you going to kick the ball or just stand there reciting your high school poetry? We don't have a ton of time here.\" So, a great, descriptive phrase all around, even if the tactic is basically useless. 5 Chin Music \"Chin music\" is a delightful phrase that arrives to us from the exciting world of baseball. Basically, the phrase is a polite, folksy term for attempted fucking murder, specifically a fastball thrown at a batter's head. Rich Legg/E+/Getty Images \"And with that the Sox bring on Hernandez. He's already got six stolen bases this year when pinch running in partial-decapitation situations.\" That's exaggerating a little; almost no one dies from pitches like this because that would mean something actually happened in a baseball game. The intent of this pitch is mostly psychological: it forces the batter to duck and pee a little, which flusters him for the rest of the at-bat. It can make him hesitate a fraction on the next few"}, {"title": "", "text": "or wild. For instance, \"Let's take Josh home from this party. He's been acting so bunked from all those drinks.\" If you want to emphasize being correct in a situation, which of these phrases would you use? Buzz kill Slammin' \"Booya\" is often used to emphasize being correct in a situation. For example, \"Booya! I told you the Eagles would win the Super Bowl!\" If I am \"slammin'\" this homework, what do I mean? My dog ate my homework. I'm completing this homework at a rapid rate. I'm not doing very well on this homework. I've lost my homework. When someone is \"slammin'\" a task, that means that they are completing it quickly and efficiently. Another example would be, \"I've been slammin' these drinks since noon!\" Which of these words is synonymous with \"awful?\" \"Brutal\" is used to describe something that is awful or really bad in nature. For instance, \"Man, this party is brutal, let's leave now.\" \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying\u2026? Pores (on the face) \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying police. For instance, \"Let's run from this party, man, the po-po is here!\" \"So\" is another way of saying\u2026? In the '90s, \"so\" was used often to replace the word \"very.\" For instance, \"Those shoes are so '70s.\" If someone is \"throwed\" at a party, what does that mean? The person is yelling. The person is dancing quite a bit. The person is sober. The person is drunk. \"Throwed\" is another way of saying that someone is drunk. For instance,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of dumb for 60,000 people to all be outside like that, it's hard not to take the \"icing\" aspect of this phrase literally. George Gojkovich/Getty Images Sport \"Please set the game clock to 0:00, because this is bullshit, and I am going home.\" The second and primary meaning of the phrase is an extension of the first, implying that some kind of \"mental icing\" is going on, possibly to induce cramping in his delicate, baby-soft kicking brain and get the kicker to psyche himself out somehow. \"Wait a second. Life is meaningless. We're all shadows screaming into an uncaring void.\" \"Are ... are you going to kick the ball or just stand there reciting your high school poetry? We don't have a ton of time here.\" So, a great, descriptive phrase all around, even if the tactic is basically useless. Related: 6 Pop Culture World Record Winners You'd Never Expect 5 Chin Music \"Chin music\" is a delightful phrase that arrives to us from the exciting world of baseball. Basically, the phrase is a polite, folksy term for attempted fucking murder, specifically a fastball thrown at a batter's head. Rich Legg/E+/Getty Images \"And with that the Sox bring on Hernandez. He's already got six stolen bases this year when pinch running in partial-decapitation situations.\" That's exaggerating a little; almost no one dies from pitches like this because that would mean something actually happened in a baseball game. The intent of this pitch is mostly psychological: it forces the batter to duck and pee a little, which"}, {"title": "", "text": "of dumb for 60,000 people to all be outside like that, it's hard not to take the \"icing\" aspect of this phrase literally. George Gojkovich/Getty Images Sport \"Please set the game clock to 0:00, because this is bullshit, and I am going home.\" The second and primary meaning of the phrase is an extension of the first, implying that some kind of \"mental icing\" is going on, possibly to induce cramping in his delicate, baby-soft kicking brain and get the kicker to psyche himself out somehow. \"Wait a second. Life is meaningless. We're all shadows screaming into an uncaring void.\" \"Are ... are you going to kick the ball or just stand there reciting your high school poetry? We don't have a ton of time here.\" So, a great, descriptive phrase all around, even if the tactic is basically useless. Related: 6 Pop Culture World Record Winners You'd Never Expect 5 Chin Music \"Chin music\" is a delightful phrase that arrives to us from the exciting world of baseball. Basically, the phrase is a polite, folksy term for attempted fucking murder, specifically a fastball thrown at a batter's head. Rich Legg/E+/Getty Images \"And with that the Sox bring on Hernandez. He's already got six stolen bases this year when pinch running in partial-decapitation situations.\" That's exaggerating a little; almost no one dies from pitches like this because that would mean something actually happened in a baseball game. The intent of this pitch is mostly psychological: it forces the batter to duck and pee a little, which"}, {"title": "", "text": "of butcher knives/hair on fire (phrase): This is a maniac, a player who has a very high motor (aka, lots of energy) and arrives with mean intentions. Use it in a sentence: This guy has no fear, total wrecking ball. Stiffer than a honeymoon dick: Yes, this is a real term. I heard it from two different scouts who said it's old school and very common. It means the player is tight, rigid, linear, not flexible. And, no, I am not using in a sentence. You can figure that one out on your own. Kalyn Kahler@kalynkahler Staff writer. NFL Draft, NFL scouts"}, {"title": "", "text": "of butcher knives/hair on fire (phrase): This is a maniac, a player who has a very high motor (aka, lots of energy) and arrives with mean intentions. Use it in a sentence: This guy has no fear, total wrecking ball. Stiffer than a honeymoon dick: Yes, this is a real term. I heard it from two different scouts who said it's old school and very common. It means the player is tight, rigid, linear, not flexible. And, no, I am not using in a sentence. You can figure that one out on your own. Kalyn Kahler@kalynkahler Staff writer. NFL Draft, NFL scouts"}, {"title": "", "text": "example if someone says, \u2018Jolly Good\u2019 it means very good. \u201cThe cake we ate was jolly good!\u201d Throw a spanner in the works It\u2019s an expression to destruct something. \u201cWe all managed to keep the surprise a secret, but then my mother threw a spanner in the works by tell her!\u201d Kip A short sleep or nap. \u201cI\u2019m going to kip before everyone arrives for the party or else i won\u2019t get time to rest later.\u201d Wind up Making fun of someone \u201cI was winding up her for a bit of fun, but then she got really angry and left.\u201d Mate This means a friend, buddy or pal. \u201cMate, would you like to join me at a friend\u2019s birthday party?\u201d Not my cup of tea It\u2019s a saying for something that is not to your liking. \u201cI don\u2019t like loud metal music. It is not my cup of tea.\u201d Porkies It means telling lies. \u201cDon\u2019t trust a word he said, he\u2019s was telling porkies.\u201d Row A word used for argument or aggressive conversation. \u201cMy friend smashed his dad\u2019s car yesterday, and then he had a huge row with him. He\u2019s really upset!\u201d Donkey Years This means a person has not seen someone for a very long time. \u201cHey Jason! Where have you been? I haven\u2019t seen you in donkey\u2019s years! How are you brother?\u201d Take a chill pill It means ease up and relax. \u201cSarah, you are just overreacting! Just take a chill pill and stop thinking over it.\u201d Easy Peasy A term for something ridiculously"}, {"title": "", "text": "doing something if you \"jump the gun\"? A little too late Way too late This comes from racing, when the race would be started off when an official fired off a starters pistol. If you \"jump the gun,\" it means that you started before the official start of the race. What is a friend doing when they are \"joshing you\"? Yelling at you Arguing with you Joking with you Flirting with you To \"Josh\" means to play a joke on someone or to play a prank on them. People don't seem to be entirely sure where this phrase comes from, but it originated in America in the 19th century. What is a person doing if they \"keep on truckin\"? The phrase \"Keep on Truckin' means that you aren't going to stop what you're doing and are going to continue on. This phrase started in the '70s and comes from the world of truck drivers and convoys. How good is your best friend good at keeping secrets if they \"let the cat out of the bag?\" Not that good If someone \"let the cat out of the bag \" it means they revealed a secret. It can also be used to refer to someone who is a blabbermouth. No one knows exactly where this phrase came from. How old is your father if he's \"long in the tooth\"? Really young Kind of young Really old When a horse gets older its gums tend to recede which makes their teeth look like they're longer. This phrase stands for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Originating in the early days of the US Air Force, the original meaning of \"buying the farm\" was to crash, and presumably to die. Today it can refer to a number of different kinds of failure or death. boonchai wedmakawand / Moment / Getty Images What does it mean to \"hit the books\"? To become famous for something terrible To study To fail miserably at something To cut all ties with social media \"Hitting the books\" is something with which American students will be familiar. More than the simple act of studying, it is closer to cramming, burying oneself in learning materials until the new information penetrates. Severin Schweiger / Bernhard Haselbeck / Cultura / Getty Images \"Bailing\" is an odd verb. What do you think it means? Fix a problem Leave suddenly \"Bailing\" means to leave suddenly as in \"Sorry, but I've got to bail on you.\" Other colorful American slang terms that mean the same thing include \"split,\" \"haul ass,\" \"blow,\" \"make tracks\" and the archaic \"scram.\" SammyVision / Moment / Getty Images Some people would love some \"tea\" while others hurl it. What do you think it is? \"Tea,\" likely derived from \"T for truth,\" is a modern slang term for truth. \"Sipping tea,\" conversely, refers to things that are \"none of your business.\" Other terms for truth include \"the dope,\" \"the score,\" \"the goods\" and \"not just whistlin' Dixie.\" Flashpop / DigitalVision / Getty Images \"Swag\" is a very odd term. What could it possibly mean? A state of coolness \"Swag\" has"}, {"title": "", "text": "exceeds expectations. rank Over centuries, this word's meaning has evolved from \"strong, upright\" to \"offensively strong\" or worse. Is it the influence of rancor and the first syllable of rancid, or is it just the sound? Rhymes with unpleasant words: stank, dank, crank, yank, spank, clank, sank, wank, lank, blank, prank, tank, skank, shank as in hitting a golf ball wrong, hank as in \"hank of hair.\" Of course so does thank, but the th- softens it? recursion, excessive This is the first sentence from a March 2010, newspaper item: \"A federal appeals court has ruled that Anna Nicole Smith's estate will get none of the more than $300 million the late Playboy model claimed a Texas billionaire to whom she was briefly married meant to leave her after he died.\" And this, from The Berkshire Eagle, is recursion gone astray: \"The recognition that a simple blow to the head can lead to lifelong debilitating injury is spreading is good news.\" Should begin \"That the recognition\"; then it would be just excessive. And this, from The New York Times, is recursion run amok: \"Nevertheless, it would be a mistake to let the disappointment of the second half of Mr. Salinger's career\u2014consisting of a long short story called 'Hapworth 16, 1924' that reads as though he allowed the pain of hostile criticism to blunt the edge of self-criticism that every good writer must possess, followed by 45 years of living like a hermit in the New Hampshire woods\u2014to overshadow the achievements of the first half.\" We are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Actualizado en 1 sep 2018 unpredictablecrow What does \u201cwig\u201d mean when it\u2019s used as a response to a statement? mcguirefire3712 Can you be more specific? What was the conversation? Usuario eliminado I'm with him / her on this one. What statement exactly? @mcguirefire3712 Someone asked me what coding was and I explained it and then they said \u201cwig.\u201d What does \u201cbut\u201d mean in the highlighted sentence? but is a conjunction used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned. What does \u201csnatched\u201d mean? Is it a slang word? Snatched means \"took away quickly\" It is a normal word, not slang. \"After they scored 5 goals in the last 10 minutes, you might say they snat... What does \u201csure thing\u201d mean? In which cases is it used? It's usually a way of saying \"yes,\" especially \"yes, I will do the thing you just asked of me.\" What does \u201cno brainer\u201d mean? Is it a common slang term? Means Very easy -yes it is a common slang What does \u201ccritiquing\u201d mean? How to use it? To criticize; to point out things that are wrong. \u201cI wanted to professor to look over my paper, but I did not expect how much critiquing he... What\u2019s the meaning of \u201cbumfuck\u201d and when to use it? Bumfuck is used to refer to really rural, underdeveloped, and non-descript towns/ places in the middle of nowhere. I\u2019ve also heard people say... What is \u201cmeant to be\u201d means? How to use it? Destined to be together. \u201cThose two are totally meant to be!\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "means \"\u62ff\u51fa\u52c7\u6c14\u6765\" * Mom is good at keeping everyone together. She is the backbone of the family. * Come on buddy, why don't you show some backbone and ask her out. I know you like her. 4. clear something right up * clear up means \"\u5929\u6c14\u8f6c\u6674\" * clear something right up means \"\u6d88\u9664\u7591\u8651\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\" * If you start taking Vitamin C, it will clear that cold right up. * There's obviously been a mistake. Let's clear this right up. so we can all start working together as a team. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 56 1. experimental film \u5b9e\u9a8c\u7535\u5f71 2. Okey Dokey * means \"OK\" * Can you help me with my homework? Okey Dokey. 3. I brought a spare * a spare means \"an extra one of something in case the first one breaks\" * The tire is flat. It's a good thing I have a spare. * Do you have a spare dictionary I could borrow? 4. count on * means \"depend on\" * Don't ask Jeff to drive you to the airport. He's always late. You can't count on that guy. * Beth and I are both injured. We need you to go call an ambulance. We're counting on you. 5. Don't worry father, I won't let you down. * let sb. down means \"\u8ba9sb.\u5931\u671b\" * The team needs you to score the winning goal. Don't let us down. * Russ said he could help me fix my car but he never showed up. He really let me down. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 57 1. gangster movies \u9ed1\u5e2e\u7247 2."}, {"title": "", "text": "if you don't be quiet, I'm going to slap you! just (do something) One interesting way that English speakers use \"just\" is to talk about doing things which you're not supposed to do. You can talk about hitting someone this way: Arrrr! He made me so angry, I wanted to just smack him! Or about other things that are forbidden, like yelling at your boss: I thought about just standing up and telling Janice what I really think of her. hit (someone) in the face To talk about hitting someone's face, use the preposition \"in\": I hit him right in his ugly face! Use this for objects too: The ball bounced up and hit me in the face. You can either use \"the face\" or \"my/his/her/etc. face\". One common variation on this phrase is \"right in the face\", which means hitting someone hard and directly in the face. slam (someone) \"Slamming\" someone means hitting them hard. You can \"slam\" someone with your fist, or by running into them with your body. A car can also \"slam\" into another car. This is a very energetic, expressive word. You're likely to use it while telling a story. anger fighting idioms just at a bar or club \u201cWhere's the next one being held?\u201d \u201cShe is also the recipient of numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize fo...\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "if you don't be quiet, I'm going to slap you! just (do something) One interesting way that English speakers use \"just\" is to talk about doing things which you're not supposed to do. You can talk about hitting someone this way: Arrrr! He made me so angry, I wanted to just smack him! Or about other things that are forbidden, like yelling at your boss: I thought about just standing up and telling Janice what I really think of her. hit (someone) in the face To talk about hitting someone's face, use the preposition \"in\": I hit him right in his ugly face! Use this for objects too: The ball bounced up and hit me in the face. You can either use \"the face\" or \"my/his/her/etc. face\". One common variation on this phrase is \"right in the face\", which means hitting someone hard and directly in the face. slam (someone) \"Slamming\" someone means hitting them hard. You can \"slam\" someone with your fist, or by running into them with your body. A car can also \"slam\" into another car. This is a very energetic, expressive word. You're likely to use it while telling a story. anger fighting idioms just at a bar or club \u201cWhere's the next one being held?\u201d \u201cShe is also the recipient of numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize fo...\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "You wont have to worry about \"Winnots\" if you give them the Rabbit Chop before withdrawl. (see Rabbit chop). 1. 2DM=2 DA MAX \"to the max\" for all you people it ia phraze used to describe somthign you think is awesome man1: so wat .. 1. adjective: when a situation or happening is overwhelming in awesomeness. \"Transformers 2 is insanicus to the maximus!\" See r.. 1. Jumping and/or stalling on, off of, over, or gapping obstacles while performing tricks or grabs. These tricks often come from skateboar.."}, {"title": "", "text": "Everything you get comes from those around you. AKA; bum. Also practiced by those who are so stingy as not to spend their own money. Someone who is always borrowing money or is always broke. A spongy person Stacked Being well endowed, \"Upstairs\" Example: \"Wow, that girl is really stacked!!\" Steady Boyfriend or Girlfriend Stoked (as in I'm stoked) Excited Stoned Intoxicated Stood Up When a guy (or girl) didn't show up for a date Stuck Up Conceited Stud See Hunk Swear to Buddha I guess we thought it was less irreverant than saying \"I swear to God.\" Sweat Hog A fat chick. Swipe To steal or take He swiped my lunch. Teach A Teacher \"The Bird\" The Finger. \"The Most\" Something that is the best or the greatest (Superbitchin') \"The Man\" Police Think Fast It usually was used to tell you to get ready because someone was tossing you something. Threads Clothes \"Three On The Tree\" A car with a three speed manual transmission and the shifter on the steering column. Tough or Tuff Neat, cherry, great, bitchin'. - as in \"Wow, she's really a tuff chic!\" Trollin' Cruising the Boulevard looking for girls. As in \"Let's go trollin' for some chicks.\" Twitchin' The word used instead of Bitchin', around your parents Uncorked Running your car with the \"Cut Outs\" open. Wedgees A shoe style. The sole and heel were one piece and on the same plane. Wedgie When someone pulls your underwear up from the back and it ends up in the crack all"}, {"title": "", "text": "'70s slang term, \"boogie.\" Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "A hostile challenge meaning someone will beat up or hit someone else I'll huff and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house down! An expression threatening someone to commit harm or destroy them or what's precious to them I'm dying to try it An emphatic expression meaning extremely eager to experience something I'm in the dog house An expression meaning you are in trouble, comparable to \"I'm toast\" I'm stuffed An expression meaning contented or satisfied following a delicious, plentiful meal In a fishbowl An expression meaning to be observed closely by others, usually remotely An expression meaning all inclusive, or a brief summary of a topic In a pickle An expression describing being in a difficult situation or problem with no easy answer, from the Dutch word 'pekel' \"Wow, Sarah is really in a pickle agreeing to be an umpire for her old teammates.\" In a pinch An expression referring to use what you have available to solve a problem In hot water In trouble, similar to \"I'm in the dog house\" or \"I'm toast\" In someone else's shoes An expression meaning to understand someone else's perspective or situation Expression meaning a certainty, a sure thing \"We have this team beat, the game is in the bag.\" While you might think this would be a good thing, the expression actually means life is hard and unpleasant It's not over until the fat lady sings Something you say when someone's losing, but remain hopeful he/she will win in the end It's not rocket science An expression"}, {"title": "", "text": "cows gave icicles\", which I'm pretty sure is scientifically impossible. 41. The 19th century Australians had some phrases we may want to adopt like, \"to have one's shirt out\" means to be angry. 42. Similarly, someone whose acting crazy is \"off his kadoova\" or 43. \"off his chump\". 44. To \"hump the swag\" means, not what you think it means, but, to carry you luggage on your back. 45. \"Happy returns\" describes vomiting, despite those returns being at least, in my experience, less than happy. 46. And someone whose tipsy could be called \"a leanaway.\" 47. There's also some specific beatnik slang like, \"off the cob\" means corny, 48. and food related, \"red onion\" is another name for a dive bar. 49. To \"focus your audio\" means to listen carefully. 50. \"Claws sharp\" means being well informed on a variety of topics, you know like someone for instance whose able to host a list show about a wide variety of topics, from children's television to hoaxes to slang words. 51. But if you know too much, particularly of the kind of information that could lead you to ratting someone out, you might have \"bright disease\" often fatal, at least in the mafia. 52. Moving on from beatniks slang, there are actually a lot of old school ways to call someone a rat, like \"blobber\", 53. \"cabbage hat\", 54. \"pigeon\", 55. \"viper\", 56. \"telegram\". 57. There are also, of course many interesting words for the male and female anatomy, like for guys we have a \"master john"}, {"title": "", "text": "money on the outcome of an event or competition, such as a horse race, in the hopes of increasing one\u2019s fortune. However? What does goose represent in terms of sexuality? \u201cOn the crack,\u201d \u201cin the crack,\u201d or, at best, \u201csexually on, in, or around \u2018theass\u2019\u201d are the sole meanings of \u201cgoose.\u201d What does it mean to \u201crail a girl\u201d? When you want to have sexual relations with an Irish female, mainly from the Cork area, you use this word. \u201cI\u2019m going to rail hersmash her pasty in\u2026\u201d (Urban Dictionary:rail her) According to the definition, the word \u2018rail\u2019 seems to be used on Irish ladies when it means sex. What does Greek have to do with sexuality? \u2018Greek love\u2019 is occasionally used to describe anal intercourse, and \u2018doing it the Greek way\u2019 is still used to describe anal intercourse today. What exactly does DDF stand for? free of drugs and diseases On Grindr, what does sk8 mean? Grindr. Some homosexual men use the words \u201cparTy and play\u201d and the abbreviation \u201cPNP,\u201d which may be found on Grindr and elsewhere, to describe a sexual encounter while on drugs. The capital T stands for \u201cTina,\u201d the slang term for meth. What does it mean when someone says your salty? | What does OPC mean in text? |"}, {"title": "", "text": "For those of you who don't know our Auzzie slang it means I'm pooped. Oh no... that is slang too. I'm jiggered... No I don't think that will be in the dictionary either. Well I will just say I'm worn out, exhausted, no energy. Granny has been chopping down her Yew tree because it got toooo... big. That's OK. She got help to do that. It is the chopping up of all the branches to fit in our bin. I think it will take for ever to get rid of . We sawed and chopped and snipped for ever. Blood sweat and tears went into cutting up this tree. Not only did we cut it up. You know who!!! had to jump up and down in the bin to make more room for even more wood. See sometimes it is good to be portly, you can squish it down a lot. Drat's do you hear that, Granny is singing out to me that she needs to tell you some thing.. \"Why can't I tell them Granny\". She is hassling me she wants a turn, I should let her because I might not get fed. Hi Every one this has to be fairly quick because Wilbur will get his knickers in a knot. It was \"Gallery Ones\" 40th Anniversary yesterday. On display was works from teachers for the 40 years it has been running. I could go through the macrame, tie dying, leather work, pottery, glass work, patchwork, smocking, weaving, spinning, painting, smocking, china painting, beading, lace"}, {"title": "", "text": "style of the author and the mood of the scene. \u2013 Hot Licks Mar 30 '15 at 1:53 To my understanding, nailed here means outwitted/beaten, but also carries a sense of being struck down as well. In other words, her conversational wit is kicking him while he's down: He says he wants to go outside and talk about this (with her). She says then go ahead . . . (Meaning, go outside and talk about it, but she won't be joining him, so he'll be talking to the air.) He then accuses his friend of schadenfreude at seeing his misfortune (both at being beaten conversationally, and having his heart broken). See here: Defeat or outwit an opponent. David MDavid M One way to understand the word nailed in this context is as a short form of the idiom \"nailed [one's] hide to the wall.\" Here's the entry for that idiom from The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (1997): nail (someone's) hide {or (vulgar) ass} to the wall {or barn door} to punish or otherwise put a finish to (someone). [First cited occurrence:] 1937 Glidden Brand of Empire 88: Somebody is going to nail up his hide, Chris, and it won't be nice to see. ... [Later cited occurrence:] 1975 Railroad (Mar.) 48: You'd better stay out of his way, or he'll nail your hide to the roadhouse wall. The same dictionary also has the allied phrase \"nail [one] to the cross (or mast),\" a possibility mentioned by Leon Conrad in a comment above: nail"}, {"title": "", "text": "style of the author and the mood of the scene. \u2013 Hot Licks Mar 30 '15 at 1:53 To my understanding, nailed here means outwitted/beaten, but also carries a sense of being struck down as well. In other words, her conversational wit is kicking him while he's down: He says he wants to go outside and talk about this (with her). She says then go ahead . . . (Meaning, go outside and talk about it, but she won't be joining him, so he'll be talking to the air.) He then accuses his friend of schadenfreude at seeing his misfortune (both at being beaten conversationally, and having his heart broken). See here: Defeat or outwit an opponent. David MDavid M One way to understand the word nailed in this context is as a short form of the idiom \"nailed [one's] hide to the wall.\" Here's the entry for that idiom from The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (1997): nail (someone's) hide {or (vulgar) ass} to the wall {or barn door} to punish or otherwise put a finish to (someone). [First cited occurrence:] 1937 Glidden Brand of Empire 88: Somebody is going to nail up his hide, Chris, and it won't be nice to see. ... [Later cited occurrence:] 1975 Railroad (Mar.) 48: You'd better stay out of his way, or he'll nail your hide to the roadhouse wall. The same dictionary also has the allied phrase \"nail [one] to the cross (or mast),\" a possibility mentioned by Leon Conrad in a comment above: nail"}, {"title": "", "text": "were just a little bit smarter than everybody else during the 1900s, you might have had this insult hurled at you\u2014which, to our modern ears, sounds an awful lot like a hot dog brand. And for the lingo you should lose as you age, These Are All of the Slang Terms You're Too Old to Use After 40. We're sure this '40s-era slang\u2014an expressive way of describing a fist that's prepared to punch you right in the face\u2014is intended to be intimidating. But it's always just struck us as adorable. Sorry for not trembling in fear at the mental image of your fist between two slices of bread. And for more ways to optimize your slang knowledge, see The Fascinating Origins of These 30 Common Slang Terms. Arf'arf'an'arf When loosely translated, this British term gives us another word for being embarrassingly intoxicated. And, when used correctly, represents the exact moment your drunk brain has had enough\u2014and when the English language is no longer accessible. Ducky shincracker Maybe we live in the wrong era, but when we think of cracking shins, the first thing that comes to mind isn't \"they must be a good dancer.\" And for slang the kids are using these days, check out 40 Words People Over 40 Wouldn't Understand. Khaki wacky In 2018, supporting veterans means thanking them for their service. But there was a time when having an admiration for the military meant that you were really impressed by their khaki uniforms. You might even say you were wacky for it. And"}, {"title": "", "text": "has nothing to do with your weight at all. And how would it be used? Well, like this: \"Those new sneakers of yours are phat.\" When you wanted to leave, which of these slang terms would you say to your posse? \"Let's chill.\" \"Let's bounce.\" \"To the max\" \"Eat my shorts.\" Any cool cats from the 1980s knew what it meant to \"bounce.\" It had everything to do with leaving. \"Let's bounce this sad party\" meant you were leaving. The word \"gnarly\" describes what? Something ugly Something made of wood Something extremely cool To a surfer, \"gnarly\" means dangerous or difficult to do. To an '80s kid, \"gnarly\" was simply cool or awesome. For example, \"Your He-Man action figure is gnarly, dude.\" If you wanted to use another word other than \"obviously,\" what slang term would you choose? \"Skank\" \"Duh\" \"Tubular\" \"Word-up\" \"Maybe I shouldn't have worn a Yankees shirt to an Red Sox game.\" And the logical reply from someone to this would be, \"Duh!\" In the 1980s, to \"schmooze\" someone meant what? To give them a bar of chocolate To invite them to dinner To ask them for money To kiss up to them If your friend has something you desperately need, you might choose to \"schmooze.\" For example, \"Cedric, did I mention you look awesome today. Any chance I can borrow $10. By the way, you look buff. Have you been working out?\" Anyone said to be \"butter\" in the 1980s was very _________. \"Dude, you look so butter in those sporty sneakers!\""}, {"title": "", "text": "at all. I think its cool.'. But nowadays something disgusting is met with the phrase 'Gag me with a spoon.' We'd rather choke you with a rope, but whatever. And when something is 'In the mix', it means that it is cool. Well, it did back in the 80's but that's just another word for cool. Coincidentally, these same people coined the word 'wannabe', apparently as a method to describe themselves. Its not really smart to make up dumb words and phrases. You think that's all the bull-ha that you can take, but wait good fellow, wait till you hear all these stupid words in circulation. A head-banger, one who stands at rock concert, moving his head in an up and down motion, because he can't play any instrument, doesn't have a girlfriend or a life and can't sing for a penny, is actually known as a heavy metal fan. Yes, he must've been hit one too many times by heavy metal. K-Rad means radical whereas K-Fed means someone who is a loser(not really, the latter). Juicin' describes a steroid user, Killer means really cool, Mad and Major mean cool, mental means stupid, 411 means to get information and Oh My God, the list is endless and makes people writhe in anger and anguish, gathered from the mighty stupidity of it all. It's all gibberish really. It's a complete waste of time, like a sign of misspent youth. Like how such wannabe cool people cannot speak a sentence without using the word like. 'Like I was"}, {"title": "", "text": "at all. I think its cool.'. But nowadays something disgusting is met with the phrase 'Gag me with a spoon.' We'd rather choke you with a rope, but whatever. And when something is 'In the mix', it means that it is cool. Well, it did back in the 80's but that's just another word for cool. Coincidentally, these same people coined the word 'wannabe', apparently as a method to describe themselves. Its not really smart to make up dumb words and phrases. You think that's all the bull-ha that you can take, but wait good fellow, wait till you hear all these stupid words in circulation. A head-banger, one who stands at rock concert, moving his head in an up and down motion, because he can't play any instrument, doesn't have a girlfriend or a life and can't sing for a penny, is actually known as a heavy metal fan. Yes, he must've been hit one too many times by heavy metal. K-Rad means radical whereas K-Fed means someone who is a loser(not really, the latter). Juicin' describes a steroid user, Killer means really cool, Mad and Major mean cool, mental means stupid, 411 means to get information and Oh My God, the list is endless and makes people writhe in anger and anguish, gathered from the mighty stupidity of it all. It's all gibberish really. It's a complete waste of time, like a sign of misspent youth. Like how such wannabe cool people cannot speak a sentence without using the word like. 'Like I was"}, {"title": "", "text": "party got a little out of hand and I had to go outside to get some work done. I couldn't think straight with all that yelling and running around. \" Keep your chin up \" Remain positive in a tough situation. Sorry to hear that you were made redundant on the day your buried your mother. Keep your chin up mate. Although derived in the USA this idiom is more commonly heard now in Britain. More idioms about: effort the_human_body proverbial america ( How did the idiom \"Keep your chin up \" originate? ) \" Like a chicken with its head cut off \" In a frenzied manner. He was shouting and swearing because they had lost the contract - he was running around like a chicken with its head cut off. Worldwide, but not particularly common. More idioms about: animals excess hyperbole madness america ( How did the idiom \"Like a chicken with its head cut off \" originate? ) \" Lose your head \" Overcome by emotion and out of control. When the traffic warden had his car towed, Jack lost his head and hit him. Britain, late 18th century. More idioms about: body excess \" Off the hook \" No longer having to deal with something. I know it's your turn to organise the Christmas party but you're off the hook, Judy volunteered to take over. Britain, 19th century - in the writings of Anthony Trollope \" That Friday feeling \" Anticipation of the weekend after a hard working week. I'm ready for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Enter at your own risk. Beware of the price. Unwrap your gifts. Get straight to the point. To \"cut right to the chase,\" a person needs to stop meandering and talking endlessly without reaching any point or conclusion. This common phrase suggests that the speaker should just get straight to the point of what they're trying to say. When they say \"keep your chin up,\" what do they mean? Don't be egotistical. You stink. Be cheerful and stay positive. Leave others alone. If someone tells you to \"keep your chin up,\" it's meant to be a cheerful and positive encouragement. This is usually uttered whenever someone looks downtrodden, sad or defeated, like their head is always bowed down in shame. So keeping the chin up means overcoming that negative feeling. A person \"born with a silver spoon in their mouth\" signifies what kind of status? Being a glutton Being a beggar Being a spoiled brat Being rich To be \"born with a silver spoon in your mouth\" means that you come from a very rich and affluent family background. It probably alludes to the fact that expensive cutlery is used by upperclass people, and perhaps they were made of expensive silver back in the day. Someone who's \"barking at the wrong tree\" is doing what? Doing some illegal logging Putting dogs to sleep Making a misguided decision Carrying someone else's bag For someone to be \"barking at the wrong tree\" means they are being hugely mistaken about something yet they still go on with the wrong"}, {"title": "", "text": "Enter at your own risk. Beware of the price. Unwrap your gifts. Get straight to the point. To \"cut right to the chase,\" a person needs to stop meandering and talking endlessly without reaching any point or conclusion. This common phrase suggests that the speaker should just get straight to the point of what they're trying to say. When they say \"keep your chin up,\" what do they mean? Don't be egotistical. You stink. Be cheerful and stay positive. Leave others alone. If someone tells you to \"keep your chin up,\" it's meant to be a cheerful and positive encouragement. This is usually uttered whenever someone looks downtrodden, sad or defeated, like their head is always bowed down in shame. So keeping the chin up means overcoming that negative feeling. A person \"born with a silver spoon in their mouth\" signifies what kind of status? Being a glutton Being a beggar Being a spoiled brat Being rich To be \"born with a silver spoon in your mouth\" means that you come from a very rich and affluent family background. It probably alludes to the fact that expensive cutlery is used by upperclass people, and perhaps they were made of expensive silver back in the day. Someone who's \"barking at the wrong tree\" is doing what? Doing some illegal logging Putting dogs to sleep Making a misguided decision Carrying someone else's bag For someone to be \"barking at the wrong tree\" means they are being hugely mistaken about something yet they still go on with the wrong"}, {"title": "", "text": "to do with your weight at all. And how would it be used? Well, like this: \"Those new sneakers of yours are phat.\" When you wanted to leave, which of these slang terms would you say to your posse? \"Let's chill.\" \"Let's bounce.\" \"To the max\" \"Eat my shorts.\" Any cool cats from the 1980s knew what it meant to \"bounce.\" It had everything to do with leaving. \"Let's bounce this sad party\" meant you were leaving. The word \"gnarly\" describes what? Something ugly Something made of wood Something extremely cool To a surfer, \"gnarly\" means dangerous or difficult to do. To an '80s kid, \"gnarly\" was simply cool or awesome. For example, \"Your He-Man action figure is gnarly, dude.\" If you wanted to use another word other than \"obviously,\" what slang term would you choose? \"Skank\" \"Duh\" \"Tubular\" \"Word-up\" \"Maybe I shouldn't have worn a Yankees shirt to an Red Sox game.\" And the logical reply from someone to this would be, \"Duh!\" In the 1980s, to \"schmooze\" someone meant what? To give them a bar of chocolate To invite them to dinner To ask them for money To kiss up to them If your friend has something you desperately need, you might choose to \"schmooze.\" For example, \"Cedric, did I mention you look awesome today. Any chance I can borrow $10. By the way, you look buff. Have you been working out?\" Anyone said to be \"butter\" in the 1980s was very _________. \"Dude, you look so butter in those sporty sneakers!\" While this"}, {"title": "", "text": "to do with your weight at all. And how would it be used? Well, like this: \"Those new sneakers of yours are phat.\" When you wanted to leave, which of these slang terms would you say to your posse? \"Let's chill.\" \"Let's bounce.\" \"To the max\" \"Eat my shorts.\" Any cool cats from the 1980s knew what it meant to \"bounce.\" It had everything to do with leaving. \"Let's bounce this sad party\" meant you were leaving. The word \"gnarly\" describes what? Something ugly Something made of wood Something extremely cool To a surfer, \"gnarly\" means dangerous or difficult to do. To an '80s kid, \"gnarly\" was simply cool or awesome. For example, \"Your He-Man action figure is gnarly, dude.\" If you wanted to use another word other than \"obviously,\" what slang term would you choose? \"Skank\" \"Duh\" \"Tubular\" \"Word-up\" \"Maybe I shouldn't have worn a Yankees shirt to an Red Sox game.\" And the logical reply from someone to this would be, \"Duh!\" In the 1980s, to \"schmooze\" someone meant what? To give them a bar of chocolate To invite them to dinner To ask them for money To kiss up to them If your friend has something you desperately need, you might choose to \"schmooze.\" For example, \"Cedric, did I mention you look awesome today. Any chance I can borrow $10. By the way, you look buff. Have you been working out?\" Anyone said to be \"butter\" in the 1980s was very _________. \"Dude, you look so butter in those sporty sneakers!\" While this"}, {"title": "", "text": "Children often point fingers when they don't wanna get in trouble. * How was Bill's party last night? Oh, it was a disaster! Everybody started pointing fingers when Bill couldn't find his wallet. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 202 1. I could use a hand * means \"\u6211\u9700\u8981\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\" * Are you busy? I could use a hand with dinner. * Lisa is moving into her new apartment this weekend. Let's go help her. She could probably use a hand. 2. It'll be fun while it lasts. * means \"\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6109\u60a6\u7684\" * Although true love might not last forever, it'll be fun while it lasts. 3. soar * verb, means \"fly high and graceful\" ========================================================= ActionEnglish 203 1. \u300aGlory\u300b \u5149\u8363\uff0c\u8363\u8a89 2. cut someone some slack * means \"\u539f\u610f\u662f -- \u653e\u677e\uff0c\u5f15\u7533\u4e49\u4e3a -- \u653esomeone\u4e00\u9a6c\" * The professor cut me some slack and didn't reduce my score for being late. * Please cut me some slack in the rope so I can untie the boat. -- \u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u201c\u653e\u677e\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d 3. stand someone up * means \"\u653esomeone\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\", \u4ee5\u524d\u5b66\u8fc7\u662fstand up for sb. \u8fd9\u662f\u8868\u793asupport sb. * After she stood me up a second time, I never agreed to go on a date with her again. * Don't stand us up, Phil. We expect you at the staff meeting tomorrow. -- staff meeting \u5458\u5de5\u5927\u4f1a 4. will do * means \"another way of saying OK, \u7167\u529e\" * Evelyn, will you please file these papers? Will do, Mr. Weng. -- file\u505a\u540d\u8bcd\u662f \u628a...\u5f52\u6863 \u7684\u610f\u601d * Please don't forget to call me when you arrive. Will do. Talk to you soon. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 204"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the armed services. That had to wait until you got back home and got a civilian job. Bust someone's chops: To enjoy your food. To lecture or yell at someone. To demote someone. To promote someone. Here's another one that's lasted into the present day. To demote wasn't too far off: Officers worried that a big enough screwup would get them \"busted back down to private.\" Ace: Expert or superior performer. Dangerous mission. Repeating rifle. Submarine commander. When it refers to a pilot, this adjective becomes a noun: \"a flying ace.\" But you can be an \"ace (noun)\" in many other fields, as well. Beef: A disagreement. A German. An artilleryman. Texturized soy protein in rations. A \"beef\" can just be verbal, or it can turn physical. You'll occasionally still hear this one today. Cook with gas: To be accomplished or doing something really well. To handle dangerous ordnance. To get drunk. To cook using alcohol. Nowadays, we most often use this phrase with \"now,\" suggesting a breakthrough or sudden improvement. \"You're cooking with gas now!\" Do You Know All of These WWII US Navy Slang Words? Interpret These Slang Words and Phrases and We\u2019ll Guess Your Age Can You Name All of These 1953 School Supplies? The Ultimate WWII Military Equipment Quiz Can You Define All of These Common \u201970s Slang Words? Could You Get Through Boot Camp in WWII? Can You Complete These Slang Phrases From the \u201960s? How Well Do You Know \u201980s Slang? Can You Get More Than 11 Right on"}, {"title": "", "text": "talk here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can say, or do, to change that.\" Thank you so very much for saying"}, {"title": "", "text": "talk here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can say, or do, to change that.\" Thank you so very much for saying"}, {"title": "", "text": "talk here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can say, or do, to change that.\" Thank you so very much for saying"}, {"title": "", "text": "am \"slammin'\" this homework, what do I mean? My dog ate my homework. I'm completing this homework at a rapid rate. I'm not doing very well on this homework. I've lost my homework. When someone is \"slammin'\" a task, that means that they are completing it quickly and efficiently. Another example would be, \"I've been slammin' these drinks since noon!\" Which of these words is synonymous with \"awful?\" \"Brutal\" is used to describe something that is awful or really bad in nature. For instance, \"Man, this party is brutal, let's leave now.\" \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying\u2026? Pores (on the face) \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying police. For instance, \"Let's run from this party, man, the po-po is here!\" \"So\" is another way of saying\u2026? In the '90s, \"so\" was used often to replace the word \"very.\" For instance, \"Those shoes are so '70s.\" If someone is \"throwed\" at a party, what does that mean? The person is yelling. The person is dancing quite a bit. The person is sober. The person is drunk. \"Throwed\" is another way of saying that someone is drunk. For instance, \"Matt got so throwed at that party last night.\" What does \"TMI\" stand for? Too much ice cream Too many inquiries Too much involvement If someone gives you too many details on a subject that make you uncomfortable, you might say \"TMI!\" For instance, \"TMI! I don't want to know what happens during pregnancy!\" What does a \"throw down\" refer to? A church choir A study"}, {"title": "", "text": "Groups often speak their own language with ever-evolving slang Jennifer Smola The Columbus Dispatch Jul 27, 2019 at 7:55 AM Jul 27, 2019 at 7:55 AM When 22-year-old Elizabeth Bergman said a certain hairstyle was \u201cgoals\u201d on a social media post recently, her father reacted with utter confusion. \u201cMy dad was like, is this grammatically correct?\u201d said the Ohio State University senior from Grandview Heights. \u201cHe\u2019s just like, did you mean to do that? Was that a typo?\u201d Nope, she was just trying to say that that it looked good. Fleek, high-key, stan \u2014 don\u2019t know these words? Well, maybe you\u2019re not supposed to. After all, that\u2019s sort of what makes slang, slang. \u201c(It\u2019s) when one group of people knows what it means but another person doesn\u2019t,\u201d said Ohio State senior Sarah Chopko, from Howland Center in northeast Ohio. \u201cLike, we know what it means, but our parents don\u2019t.\u201d One example Chopko said she and her peers use is saying \u201clit\u201d to describe something that is going to be great or fun. (No, Mom, this is not to be confused with the old-school, slangy use of \u201clit,\u201d which describes a state of drunkenness.) Another is \u201chigh-key,\u201d which basically means \u201creally\u201d or \u201cto a great degree,\u201d and is sister slang of \u201clow-key,\u201d meaning \u201cto a small extent,\u201d or \u201csubtle.\u201d Duh. Technically, there are two approaches for deeming something slang, said Michael Adams, professor of English language at Indiana University whose scholarly works include writings on slang and jargon. One is what Adams calls the \u201cpointy-headed\u201d rule. \u201cThat"}, {"title": "", "text": "What most people think it means: taking a hair and splitting it in two. What it really means: getting too bogged down in tiny details. It\u2019s generally used to describe someone very meticulous, or too picky. Basically someone who gets worked up over nothing. The phrase is thought to have originated in the 17th century, with the Oxford English dictionary listing the phrase \"cutting the hair\", which paints an even clearer idea of giving something a whole lot of effort, for not a great outcome."}, {"title": "", "text": "What most people think it means: taking a hair and splitting it in two. What it really means: getting too bogged down in tiny details. It\u2019s generally used to describe someone very meticulous, or too picky. Basically someone who gets worked up over nothing. The phrase is thought to have originated in the 17th century, with the Oxford English dictionary listing the phrase \"cutting the hair\", which paints an even clearer idea of giving something a whole lot of effort, for not a great outcome."}, {"title": "", "text": "for water to flow across the road so it drains off. If you're going too fast and don't see the dip in time to slow down there's a disturbing jolt and a loud noise when the car drives into the dip. To explain the symbolism of the metaphor, we sometimes say we 'hit a dip in the road' to mean that our life is difficult or uncomfortable at the moment, or something bad happens suddenly. The song talks about taking a risk. When the lyrics say, 'Fuck it' they mean that we're not going to worry about the consequences of what we're doing. We're taking a risk, living recklessly (driving drunk) and hoping nothing bad happens as a result. dwillidwilli That was an awesome explanation, thank you very much! \u2013 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 Apr 10 at 16:25 How can I explain the difference between 'suppose', 'assume', and 'presume'? dip-in \u2014 meaning? tip the hat \u2014 what exactly does that mean? (context: helicopters) what's the meaning of \u201ctake me off the speaker\u201d? 'You bust your lip on spodie odie' and other song lyrics The office(U.S) dialogue I don't understand the meaning of this sentence What is the meaning of this sentence? Is it normal to say this or is he scolding me? How can you get your mood when you are tripping?"}, {"title": "", "text": "signal, perhaps impatiently, a desire for something to begin. It could be a project, a trip, asking someone out--anything for which preparations have been made, and a specific goal is to be achieved. 1. \"All right people, let's cut this biscuit!\" 2. A: \"So you ready to hit the party? Jenna's going to be there, you know.\" B: \"Yeah, man, let's cut this biscuit.\" However, it was defined in 2007 and is the only definition, with only 16 upvotes and 4 downvotes, showing it's not very common at all. A: I found this expression in a different context: As to how to grow that savings plan to the one-quarter million dollar level, this is a topic for another day. You probably already know that a 2% savings account is not going to cut the biscuit. Here, I understand it to mean do the trick, i.e. to succeed in solving a problem. I could also interpret it as be suitable for a specific task or purpose. A: I heard Gram Parsons say \"alright let's cut this biscuit\" on a record album, but I don't remember which album. I assumed he meant cutting a song on a record (biscuit)."}, {"title": "", "text": "tearing down barricades? Breaking in to a building just to pass out and wake up with massive head trauma? Wouldn't you rather find out that several large groups are already busting down the doors of a mall, and all you need to do is follow them inside and feed? I know I would. Those are the basic principles of the Feral Undead. To some we may seem like vultures, parasites even, but in the end is that really a bad thing? Hell no. Because vultures are fucking cool.\" --Bullgod 10:48, 6 Jan 2006 (GMT) It's a word we like. We use it to announce our presence, exclaim awesomeness, and to rally others to attack, but it in no way has the same meaning or impact as Barhah. The two words are often bellowed at the same time. (i.e., \"BANGARANG! BARHAH!\") Etymology of the word: It is not from the movie Hook, although it was used in it, and therefore had its meaning tarnished. It was taken from its origin as Jamaican slang, due to founder Bullgod's fondness for reggae (first noticing it in a song titled \"Bangarang\" by Freddie McGregor). The word itself is used in and around Jamaica to mean either \"rubbish\" or \"commotion; disturbance.\" \"I man cause ah fuss an' ah bangarang when I insisted dat Rastafari start from de civilisation of Egypt.\" Since its adoption by the Feral Undead it has taken on a more positive meaning than its original use - as in, we're positively going to eat your brains. Whittenside and"}, {"title": "", "text": "tearing down barricades? Breaking in to a building just to pass out and wake up with massive head trauma? Wouldn't you rather find out that several large groups are already busting down the doors of a mall, and all you need to do is follow them inside and feed? I know I would. Those are the basic principles of the Feral Undead. To some we may seem like vultures, parasites even, but in the end is that really a bad thing? Hell no. Because vultures are fucking cool.\" --Bullgod 10:48, 6 Jan 2006 (GMT) It's a word we like. We use it to announce our presence, exclaim awesomeness, and to rally others to attack, but it in no way has the same meaning or impact as Barhah. The two words are often bellowed at the same time. (i.e., \"BANGARANG! BARHAH!\") Etymology of the word: It is not from the movie Hook, although it was used in it, and therefore had its meaning tarnished. It was taken from its origin as Jamaican slang, due to founder Bullgod's fondness for reggae (first noticing it in a song titled \"Bangarang\" by Freddie McGregor). The word itself is used in and around Jamaica to mean either \"rubbish\" or \"commotion; disturbance.\" \"I man cause ah fuss an' ah bangarang when I insisted dat Rastafari start from de civilisation of Egypt.\" Since its adoption by the Feral Undead it has taken on a more positive meaning than its original use - as in, we're positively going to eat your brains. Whittenside and"}, {"title": "", "text": "the wall. \"Two...jumbo...sausages...\" was all he could muster by way of explanation. It appeared that most people had succumbed to the lure of Chipbelly. At any given point during the show I could virtually guarantee there would be a nun, somewhere on the stage, taking advantage of a moment facing the back to blow her cheeks out exhaustedly and try to gain momentum again. The dance numbers felt as if we were wading through curry sauce. Getting a big enough breath to sing was a chore. Even bending over to put a pair of tights on was a struggle. A psychological disorder which renders the sufferer unable to control his or her onstage facial movements. At the opposite end of the medical spectrum from Mugging, this condition usually rears its head during dance numbers. The afflicted party will lack energy and appear listless, easily distracted and slightly behind the music. Movements will be small and unfocused. Only two known cures for Marking currently exist: the threat of a clean-up call or an announcement that the producer is watching. Don't pop the head, Cassie. Also known as How-to-get-a-day-off-when-there's-nothing-actually-wrong-with-you. A common affliction, particularly amongst lazier performers. Usually involves a pained expression, limp and/or cough, loud request for Neurofen, doubling over, refusal to eat and a brave \"No, I'll soldier on\" attitude. Precedes a day off. Anyone who has swung a show will have an acute ability to spot the seed-sowers, but it takes a strong dance captain to weed them out. A medical condition that renders the sufferer"}, {"title": "", "text": "the wall. \"Two...jumbo...sausages...\" was all he could muster by way of explanation. It appeared that most people had succumbed to the lure of Chipbelly. At any given point during the show I could virtually guarantee there would be a nun, somewhere on the stage, taking advantage of a moment facing the back to blow her cheeks out exhaustedly and try to gain momentum again. The dance numbers felt as if we were wading through curry sauce. Getting a big enough breath to sing was a chore. Even bending over to put a pair of tights on was a struggle. A psychological disorder which renders the sufferer unable to control his or her onstage facial movements. At the opposite end of the medical spectrum from Mugging, this condition usually rears its head during dance numbers. The afflicted party will lack energy and appear listless, easily distracted and slightly behind the music. Movements will be small and unfocused. Only two known cures for Marking currently exist: the threat of a clean-up call or an announcement that the producer is watching. Don't pop the head, Cassie. Also known as How-to-get-a-day-off-when-there's-nothing-actually-wrong-with-you. A common affliction, particularly amongst lazier performers. Usually involves a pained expression, limp and/or cough, loud request for Neurofen, doubling over, refusal to eat and a brave \"No, I'll soldier on\" attitude. Precedes a day off. Anyone who has swung a show will have an acute ability to spot the seed-sowers, but it takes a strong dance captain to weed them out. A medical condition that renders the sufferer"}, {"title": "", "text": "dicking around * means \"\u778e\u73a9\uff0c\u778e\u95f9\uff0c\u6df7\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u7537\u5973\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u73a9\u73a9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u771f\"\uff0c\u5f88\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 mess around * Quit dicking around! We have a lot of work to do. You need to stay focused. 5. break up * means \"to divide or seprate\" \u5206\u624b\uff0c\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5206\u6e05\u695a * I can't believe she broke up with me. We've only been going out for 2 months. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 61 1. documentary movie \u7eaa\u5f55\u7247 2. spill * means \"\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6240\u601d\u6240\u60f3\u8bb2\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\"\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u7533\u610f\u4e49\u662f\"\u6cc4\u9732\u79d8\u5bc6\" * Janny was so upset about the fight she had with her husband, she had to spill all the details to her mother. * Who spilled the news about the surprise birthday party? Now everyone knows, including the birthday girl! 3. walking felony * means \"\u5371\u9669\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u4eba\u7269\" * That girl is a walking felony in that dress. She's so sexy that she makes all the other girls look bad. * There's a walking felony! That guy is so drunk, he look like he's about to ride his bike into the back of the bus. 4. Am I on glue? * on glue means \"\u72af\u50bb\" * She must have been on glue to wear that dress to the party. It makes her look so bad! * Are you on glue? I've told you a million times that I don't like eating seafood. Why did you order lobster? 5. be serious ========================================================= ActionEnglish 62 1. splatter movie \u66b4\u529b\u7247 2. I blew it * means \"\u641e\u7838\u4e86\" * I really wanted to go to law school, but I blew the exams, I can't get in right now. * I really blew the chances with Marilyn when I told"}, {"title": "", "text": "in concrete, right? People often confuse the two.\" BURKE: \"Exactly. Something that's very concrete is very solid. But if you 'cement' a deal, it means you're putting the deal together, and that we've cemented it, which means it can't be broken. They all shook hands and 'ramped up' the project. So when you ramp up a project, it simply means to start a project.\" AA: \"Or speed it up, or increase it.\" BURKE: \"Exactly. After one week all three houses were finally built. That night, suddenly, the first little pig heard someone yelling outside his straw house. It was the wolf, and he was totally 'hammered,' which means completely drunk. \"'If you don't open up this door right now,' said the wolf, 'I'm going to blow your house down.' Well, after a moment, the wolf inhaled deeply and blew out with all his might until the house collapsed. \"The scared little pig ran down the road to the second pig's house, but the wolf -- who had a very large 'build' -- followed him. So a large build ... \" RS: \"A big guy.\" BURKE: \"If you have big build, or if you're 'built,' it means you are powerful and muscular. Again, after a moment, the wolf inhaled with all his might and blew down the house. The two pigs really 'painted themselves into a corner.' When you paint yourself into a corner ... \" RS: \"You can't get out.\" BURKE: \"You can't get out, you've created a situation that you cannot get out from. So"}, {"title": "", "text": "them, it will just scoff them all the same as if they were a carrot or a hand full of grass. Matt E. \u042d\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u2666 BenCrBenCr A lot of it depends on context. If the context is referring to an individual not understanding, Casting Pearls Among Swine might be most appropriate. If the proverbial flutist doesn't know he is wasting his time, Whistling in the Wind seems appropriate. I would offer a new phrase: If the flutist knows he is wasting time, but doing it anyway Spinning Your Wheels might be good (this is generally a reference to someone whose car is stuck in the mud, but they hit the gas anyway in a futile attempt to get out). However, I once heard an Indian saying that could work very nicely: \"Playing the flute to a buffalo\"--the implications translate well to English. See what I did there. When I was teaching in a high school, we had a principal who loved to use a phrase that has to be a very old saying from deep country. He would say, \"You are grinning up a dead mules butt, boy.\" He would always look the person directly in the eyes and grin. RandallRichardsRandallRichards You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. (implies knowledge not actual food) This saying is about stubbornness, not stupidity. \u2013 Matthew Read May 3 '17 at 21:46 Flogging a dead horse is used to refer to trying to make someone do something that they are never going to do in"}, {"title": "", "text": "them, it will just scoff them all the same as if they were a carrot or a hand full of grass. Matt E. \u042d\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u2666 BenCrBenCr A lot of it depends on context. If the context is referring to an individual not understanding, Casting Pearls Among Swine might be most appropriate. If the proverbial flutist doesn't know he is wasting his time, Whistling in the Wind seems appropriate. I would offer a new phrase: If the flutist knows he is wasting time, but doing it anyway Spinning Your Wheels might be good (this is generally a reference to someone whose car is stuck in the mud, but they hit the gas anyway in a futile attempt to get out). However, I once heard an Indian saying that could work very nicely: \"Playing the flute to a buffalo\"--the implications translate well to English. See what I did there. When I was teaching in a high school, we had a principal who loved to use a phrase that has to be a very old saying from deep country. He would say, \"You are grinning up a dead mules butt, boy.\" He would always look the person directly in the eyes and grin. RandallRichardsRandallRichards You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. (implies knowledge not actual food) This saying is about stubbornness, not stupidity. \u2013 Matthew Read May 3 '17 at 21:46 Flogging a dead horse is used to refer to trying to make someone do something that they are never going to do in"}, {"title": "", "text": "kinds of failure or death. boonchai wedmakawand / Moment / Getty Images What does it mean to \"hit the books\"? To become famous for something terrible To study To fail miserably at something To cut all ties with social media \"Hitting the books\" is something with which American students will be familiar. More than the simple act of studying, it is closer to cramming, burying oneself in learning materials until the new information penetrates. Severin Schweiger / Bernhard Haselbeck / Cultura / Getty Images \"Bailing\" is an odd verb. What do you think it means? Fix a problem Leave suddenly \"Bailing\" means to leave suddenly as in \"Sorry, but I've got to bail on you.\" Other colorful American slang terms that mean the same thing include \"split,\" \"haul ass,\" \"blow,\" \"make tracks\" and the archaic \"scram.\" SammyVision / Moment / Getty Images Some people would love some \"tea\" while others hurl it. What do you think it is? \"Tea,\" likely derived from \"T for truth,\" is a modern slang term for truth. \"Sipping tea,\" conversely, refers to things that are \"none of your business.\" Other terms for truth include \"the dope,\" \"the score,\" \"the goods\" and \"not just whistlin' Dixie.\" Flashpop / DigitalVision / Getty Images \"Swag\" is a very odd term. What could it possibly mean? A state of coolness \"Swag\" has taken on new meanings over the years, but its origins remain a mystery. Some believe it has Dutch roots, originating in New Amsterdam. The meaning \"free stuff\" is interpreted as the word standing"}, {"title": "", "text": "job with such low pay you would still need to stand in the soup lines An easy, relaxing job To crack a safe using nitroglycerin A soup job is to crack a safe using nitroglycerine. This jargon may relate to the fact that both nitroglycerine and soup are liquids. \"Tell it to Sweeney.\" If someone says that to you, what does it mean? Tell it to someone who will believe your lies. Tell it to a priest. Tell it to your mom. Tell it to a doctor. \"Tell it to Sweeney\" means to say that to someone who'll believe your \"phonus balonus\" or lies. Shelia is just a \"wet blanket.\" What is she? A fun time in a swimming pool A babysitter An interior decorator Someone who is no fun, no fun at all. Someone who does not like have \"whoopee\" or a good time. If you make a statement and the other person utters \"applesauce\". What are they trying to convey? They think you're lying. They applaud your thinking. They think you are hilarious. They are jealous of you. \"Applesauce\" is used to demonstrate your lack of appreciation for the words of another or that you believe the statement is not truthful. Remember, this is in the '20s: What did \"bimbo\" mean back then? An intellectual A dumb blonde A tough guy Back then, a tough guy who was not intelligent was a \"bimbo\". But currently it is used to describe an attractive but empty-headed young woman. What slang term would you use in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "1930s Hollywood popularized the phrase in movies like Dead End and Bowery Boys, featuring tough-and-up, macho-man characters hungry for a fight. 4. \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig!\u201d This saying from the 1950s is another way of basically telling someone not to freak out. For example, \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig Mom, but I accidentally threw a baseball through the kitchen window.\u201d 5. \u201cBurn rubber\u201d Source: SnappyGoat.com This slang phrase might not be the best advice to give to a newly-licensed driver. In essence, to \u201cburn rubber\u201d is to exceed the speed limit; put your pedal to the metal, so to speak. Maybe not such a good idea for any amateur drivers out there. 6. \u201cCruisin\u2019 for a bruisin'\u201d There\u2019s nothing quite like a little of that 1950s Greaser sass to get you pumped and oiled up for a street fight. If you look at it from a certain point of view, this saying doubles as both a threat and a semi-compliment. If you\u2019re \u201ccruisin\u2019 for a bruisin\u2019,\u201d it means you look particularly fight-able. 7. \u201cBust a gut\u201d There are ways to say \u2018LOL\u2019 without the mildly gruesome imagery that this saying implies, but I digress. In the early 1900s, if you laughed hard enough you were apparently in danger of \u201cbusting a gut,\u201d or giggling until your stomach exploded. Pretty cool\u2013also ew. 8. \u201cCome on snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d Like other phrases of the 1950s, this slang saying also had a double meaning. If you said this to someone, you were either itching for a fight or asking them"}, {"title": "", "text": "1930s Hollywood popularized the phrase in movies like Dead End and Bowery Boys, featuring tough-and-up, macho-man characters hungry for a fight. 4. \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig!\u201d This saying from the 1950s is another way of basically telling someone not to freak out. For example, \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig Mom, but I accidentally threw a baseball through the kitchen window.\u201d 5. \u201cBurn rubber\u201d Source: SnappyGoat.com This slang phrase might not be the best advice to give to a newly-licensed driver. In essence, to \u201cburn rubber\u201d is to exceed the speed limit; put your pedal to the metal, so to speak. Maybe not such a good idea for any amateur drivers out there. 6. \u201cCruisin\u2019 for a bruisin'\u201d There\u2019s nothing quite like a little of that 1950s Greaser sass to get you pumped and oiled up for a street fight. If you look at it from a certain point of view, this saying doubles as both a threat and a semi-compliment. If you\u2019re \u201ccruisin\u2019 for a bruisin\u2019,\u201d it means you look particularly fight-able. 7. \u201cBust a gut\u201d There are ways to say \u2018LOL\u2019 without the mildly gruesome imagery that this saying implies, but I digress. In the early 1900s, if you laughed hard enough you were apparently in danger of \u201cbusting a gut,\u201d or giggling until your stomach exploded. Pretty cool\u2013also ew. 8. \u201cCome on snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d Like other phrases of the 1950s, this slang saying also had a double meaning. If you said this to someone, you were either itching for a fight or asking them"}, {"title": "", "text": "calm down. What did you mean if you said \u201crazz my berries\u201d? Dionisvera/ShutterstockRaspberries. The term referred to something that excited or interested you. If a movie was a big tickle, it meant what? fizkes/ShutterstockA family laughing together. It meant the movie made you laugh. If you called someone a \u201cwet rag,\u201d you meant that they were \u2026 ? vvoe/ShutterstockA cleaning rag. \u2026 No fun or a bore. You would call someone a wet rag if you were trying to goad them to go out and have fun. When you told someone \u201ccome on, snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d you meant what? The term had a dual meaning depending on the tone. It meant asking a girl to dance, but it could also mean you were challenging someone to a fight. If you asked someone \u201cWhat\u2019s your bag?\u201d what were you asking them? WeStudio/ShutterstockLuggage bags. You would be asking them what their problem was or where they were from. If someone asked you to the \u201csubmarine races,\u201d where did they want you to go? Associated PressA submarine. The slang term didn\u2019t mean actually watching submarines, rather it was a subtle way to ask if a significant other wanted to make out in the car. If you called someone a \u201cfink,\u201d you were referring to them as what? Oksana Mizina/ShutterstockA child pointing at another. A modern-day equivalent would be \u201csnitch.\u201d A \u201cfink\u201d was someone who betrayed your trust or revealed a secret. The phrase \u201cMeanwhile, back at the ranch\u201d meant what? Rena Schild/ShutterstockA ranch. Taken from the old westerns of"}, {"title": "", "text": "every body wang-ed every body chung-ed Thread starter Siavash2015 Siavash2015 Iranian-Persian What does it mean when someone says: We threw 2 parties, everybody had fun, everybody wang-ed, everybody Chung-ed. Is it a frequent word? Thanks a bunch in advance. sdgraham Never heard either. It sounds as though you're continuing to wade through the Urban Dictionary. EDIT: as I think about it, Dumpster-diving seems more appropriate where the Urban Dictionary is concerned. You two are clearly not familiar with Everybody Have Fun Tonight, a #2 hit in 1986 for the band Wang Chung. I quote the chorus: Everybody have fun tonight, Everybody wang chung tonight.\u200b sdgraham said: Definitely Dumpster-diving is more appropriate. But I came across this in a movie. It has nothing to do with dumpster-diving. It's a reference to the song: everybody \"had fun tonight.\" Glenfarclas said: So it means everybody had fun. Siavash2015 said: Right. It probably also implies that people danced, and that 1980s music was played (because why would you refer to this song otherwise?). So, it could mean dancing as well. Well, if someone told \" It would have 2 meanings and......it depends on the situation which meaning would fit. manfy German - Austria Don't search too hard for a deeper meaning - there might not really be one! I've heard that phrase several times in those 30minute light comedy serials, too. It's usually used to create a laugh-out-loud moment, without really knowing why. Since the song is rather old and since it was relatively short-lived, better don't think of using"}, {"title": "", "text": "every body wang-ed every body chung-ed Thread starter Siavash2015 Siavash2015 Iranian-Persian What does it mean when someone says: We threw 2 parties, everybody had fun, everybody wang-ed, everybody Chung-ed. Is it a frequent word? Thanks a bunch in advance. sdgraham Never heard either. It sounds as though you're continuing to wade through the Urban Dictionary. EDIT: as I think about it, Dumpster-diving seems more appropriate where the Urban Dictionary is concerned. You two are clearly not familiar with Everybody Have Fun Tonight, a #2 hit in 1986 for the band Wang Chung. I quote the chorus: Everybody have fun tonight, Everybody wang chung tonight.\u200b sdgraham said: Definitely Dumpster-diving is more appropriate. But I came across this in a movie. It has nothing to do with dumpster-diving. It's a reference to the song: everybody \"had fun tonight.\" Glenfarclas said: So it means everybody had fun. Siavash2015 said: Right. It probably also implies that people danced, and that 1980s music was played (because why would you refer to this song otherwise?). So, it could mean dancing as well. Well, if someone told \" It would have 2 meanings and......it depends on the situation which meaning would fit. manfy German - Austria Don't search too hard for a deeper meaning - there might not really be one! I've heard that phrase several times in those 30minute light comedy serials, too. It's usually used to create a laugh-out-loud moment, without really knowing why. Since the song is rather old and since it was relatively short-lived, better don't think of using"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the Newcastle sociolect, \"mortal\" was made widely known across the country in 2011 by reality TV show \"Geordie Shore.\" \"Mortal\" describes someone highly intoxicated or drunk in a sloppy manner. \"Did you see Scott last night? He was mortal.\" \"Nick\" Unsplash/Kelly Sikkema \"The Nick\" can refer to prison, while \"to nick\" also means to steal. The origins of the phrase are largely debated online, however, it's believed that \"to nick\" as in to steal influenced the slang term for prison, as being imprisoned is similar to being \"stolen\" away. \"Did you just nick that?\" \"Don't get caught, or you'll end up in the Nick!\" \"On it like a car bonnet\" Unsplash/John Mark Kuznietsov This colloquialism might be said by someone that has the situation under control. \"How's the report going, Steve?\" \"Don't you worry, Alan, I'm on it like a car bonnet.\" \"On the pull\" Shutterstock/Jacob Lund Someone that's \"on the pull\" has gone out, usually on a night out, with the intention of attracting a sexual partner. \"Pull\" can also be used as a verb. If you've \"pulled,\" you've kissed someone. \"You look nice. Are you going on the pull?\" \"Over-egg the pudding\" Flickr/kgroovy \"Over-egging the pudding\" means embellishing or over-doing something to the extent that it's detrimental to the finished product. Although this sounds like an analogy about the chemistry of baking, or putting too many eggs in a cake batter, \"egg\" actually comes from the Anglo Saxon \"eggian,\" meaning to \"excite.\" This is still used in English in the phrase \"egging someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the Newcastle sociolect, \"mortal\" was made widely known across the country in 2011 by reality TV show \"Geordie Shore.\" \"Mortal\" describes someone highly intoxicated or drunk in a sloppy manner. \"Did you see Scott last night? He was mortal.\" \"Nick\" Unsplash/Kelly Sikkema \"The Nick\" can refer to prison, while \"to nick\" also means to steal. The origins of the phrase are largely debated online, however, it's believed that \"to nick\" as in to steal influenced the slang term for prison, as being imprisoned is similar to being \"stolen\" away. \"Did you just nick that?\" \"Don't get caught, or you'll end up in the Nick!\" \"On it like a car bonnet\" Unsplash/John Mark Kuznietsov This colloquialism might be said by someone that has the situation under control. \"How's the report going, Steve?\" \"Don't you worry, Alan, I'm on it like a car bonnet.\" \"On the pull\" Shutterstock/Jacob Lund Someone that's \"on the pull\" has gone out, usually on a night out, with the intention of attracting a sexual partner. \"Pull\" can also be used as a verb. If you've \"pulled,\" you've kissed someone. \"You look nice. Are you going on the pull?\" \"Over-egg the pudding\" Flickr/kgroovy \"Over-egging the pudding\" means embellishing or over-doing something to the extent that it's detrimental to the finished product. Although this sounds like an analogy about the chemistry of baking, or putting too many eggs in a cake batter, \"egg\" actually comes from the Anglo Saxon \"eggian,\" meaning to \"excite.\" This is still used in English in the phrase \"egging someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can say, or do, to change that.\" Thank you so very much for saying the"}, {"title": "", "text": "means someone spoiling for a fight. When it comes to the origin of the phrase, if you're walking around with a chip on your shoulder, you're challenging someone to knock it off. If you're \"all bark and no bite\" what are you? A person who loves dogs A person who is really aggressive Someone who is all talk and no action Someone who is really loud If your bark is worse than your bite, you're one of those kinds of people who talks a big game but you don't back it up. Think of a dog who barks a lot but in actuality is really sweet. If someone is \"barking up the wrong tree\" what are they doing? Trying to start a fight Getting a new pet Making a wrong assumption about something Doing a bad job at something Dogs are known to look up in trees and bark when they think there is potential prey in it. If someone is \"Barking up the wrong tree,\" they think they have figured something out when they haven't. If you're a \"bull in a china shop\" what could you be described as? This is one of the most easily explained phrases around. If you happen to be a bull and you happen to be in a china shop, can you imagine the damage that you could cause? It isn't pretty to think about. Someone quitting something \"cold turkey\" is doing what? Weaning themselves off something Hiring an addiction coach Quitting right away Not going to Thanksgiving anymore One"}, {"title": "", "text": "4. beat someone up * means \"\u75db\u6253someone\" * My younger brother and I always used to beat each other up, especially when we couldn't agree on what to watch on TV. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 141 1. low key light \u6697\u8c03\u7167\u660e 2. be left wide open * means \"\u72b6\u51b5\u5f88\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\" * With all their players down at the other end of the field they left themselves wide open for the other team to score a goal. * He was always gossiping at work so he left himself wide open to be criticized by his colleagues. 3. forge -- \u4f2a\u9020 v. forger -- \u4f2a\u9020\u8005 4. pick sth. up * means \"acquire sth.\" * The course was one week long but I missed a few classes so I didn't really pick anything up. * if you're going past the supermarket, could you please pick up some milk? 5. grieve -- v. \u4f7f\u60b2\u75db\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f24\u5fc3 ========================================================= ActionEnglish 142 1. eye-level shot \u5e73\u89c6\u955c\u5934 2. backtrack * means \"\u8d70\u56de\u5934\u8def, \u8fd4\u56de\" * Before the exam at the end of the year the teacher is going to backtrack over all the things we've learned. * We got lost driving to Shunyi so had to backtrack quite a lot until we finally found the correct road. 3. something to be right under someone's nose * means \"\u5c31\u5728\u773c\u76ae\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c...\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\" * I can't believe you couldn't find your wallet. It was right under your nose sitting on the coffee table. * I don't know why we're always looking for a new restaurant to go to when we've got an excellent one right"}, {"title": "", "text": "don't get sweets\", which pretty much means the same thing. \u2013 Carl Smith Jul 20 '13 at 16:25 I prefer Minsc's version. \"Squeaky wheel gets the kick!\" \u2013 Zibbobz May 21 '15 at 13:55 I heard this phrase used, I think by a Korean, in a documentary called BBoy Planet. There, it was translated as \"The nail that sticks out gets hammered down\", which seems to carry the meaning better into English. English phrases with similar connotations might include... Keep your head down. Don't stick your neck out. As you pointed out, Western culture has a different view of individuality, so a phrase like \"the nail that sticks out gets hammered down\" takes on a different meaning. Because of our culture, we infer that the message is something like Be More Sympathetic To Those Who Are Different - basically, Don't Be A Hammer. In an Eastern context, the meaning is obvious: Being Different Invites Trouble. Carl SmithCarl Smith I have heard this from both Japanese and Korean as well. It is very much an Asian ideal I think. \u2013 AthomSfere Jul 19 '13 at 3:09 A variant to those above is \"don't stick your head above the parapet\" \u2013 tinyd Jul 19 '13 at 11:21 Similarly, \"keep your nose clean.\" \u2013 John McCollum Jul 19 '13 at 11:32 I don't think this one is very common, but I've heard a version along the lines of \"Sticking your head out exposes your neck\" \u2013 David Kaczynski Jul 20 '13 at 2:19 I have often heard \"The chicken"}, {"title": "", "text": "How many different ways with words do you know? Start your FREE email English course now! \"Can I have some more chicken and corn, Mrs. Robbins?\" Tim asked. She replied, \"There's plenty of food. Eat to your heart's ..........\" (a) desire (c) accord (d) ease \"I don't think we should invite Wesley to the movies. He doesn't have a dime to his ........., so one of us will end up having to pay his way,\" Josh said to Joey and Luke. (a) pocket (b) wallet (c) bank (d) name \"You should have some grits this morning for breakfast. Grits stick to your ......... and keep you full until lunch time,\" Nancy advised Jeff. (a) hips (b) belly (c) ribs (d) tummy \"He is really bad with his money, to put it .......... He blew over $20,000 on pyramid schemes last year,\" Shannon said to Zack. (a) shortly (b) sweetly (c) meekly (d) mildly \"You have to find a job now. You have no money. Why won't you listen to ......... and put away those video games?\" Shelly asked her boyfriend. (a) argument (b) reason (c) lecture (d) sermon \"I'm glad we worked out a deal with my mom and your mother-in-law. Now we can finally put that issue to .........,\" Dave said to Alexis. (a) sleep (b) pause (c) rest \"The restaurant you took me to was gorgeous, to say the .........!\" Jennygushed to Mike. (a) worst (b) least (c) most (d) best \"If I get a job outside our home instead of working here, I'll"}, {"title": "", "text": "How many different ways with words do you know? Start your FREE email English course now! \"Can I have some more chicken and corn, Mrs. Robbins?\" Tim asked. She replied, \"There's plenty of food. Eat to your heart's ..........\" (a) desire (c) accord (d) ease \"I don't think we should invite Wesley to the movies. He doesn't have a dime to his ........., so one of us will end up having to pay his way,\" Josh said to Joey and Luke. (a) pocket (b) wallet (c) bank (d) name \"You should have some grits this morning for breakfast. Grits stick to your ......... and keep you full until lunch time,\" Nancy advised Jeff. (a) hips (b) belly (c) ribs (d) tummy \"He is really bad with his money, to put it .......... He blew over $20,000 on pyramid schemes last year,\" Shannon said to Zack. (a) shortly (b) sweetly (c) meekly (d) mildly \"You have to find a job now. You have no money. Why won't you listen to ......... and put away those video games?\" Shelly asked her boyfriend. (a) argument (b) reason (c) lecture (d) sermon \"I'm glad we worked out a deal with my mom and your mother-in-law. Now we can finally put that issue to .........,\" Dave said to Alexis. (a) sleep (b) pause (c) rest \"The restaurant you took me to was gorgeous, to say the .........!\" Jennygushed to Mike. (a) worst (b) least (c) most (d) best \"If I get a job outside our home instead of working here, I'll"}, {"title": "", "text": "to throw him a biscuit.\" - \"That stinks like cyarn.\" - \"It's colder than a well diggers behind. (bee-hind)\" - \"Slower than the molasses in January.\" - \"Let me borrow (bahrry) your pig-sticker (pocket knife).\" - Have you got your pocket knife? \"I got my britches on, don't I?\" - \"Brogans\" = lace-up work boots - \"butter cutter\" - a soft insult to someone about their dull pocket knife. - \"Buggy\" = shopping cart - \"Oil\" is pronounced \"ohl.\" - Pin and pen both sound like pin; tin and ten both sound like tin. Get is pronounced \"git.\" - \"That little bait-gitter swallered it to his tummy-pucker.\" (A fish too small to keep swallowed the hook.) - And for Pete's sake, dressing and stuffing are two different things! (It's the holiday season as I am typing this, so it's a very present antagonization that I am dealing with since I do not currently live back home. There are so many more, but I've got to get back to work. :) \"You don't belong to be doing that when you're on the clock.\" Does 'Southern hospitality' exist? An upcoming change (but don't stop visiting) Newcomers: Don't miss Civics 101 In search of butter mints Lesson learned: Always check out your handyman Do Northerners and Southerners decorate differently? An ode to Charlotte's roads A matchmaker for newcomers? Local holiday traditions More light-rail tips from readers"}, {"title": "", "text": "bully Someone who is \"going spare\" is so angry that they are doing things that many people would consider kind of crazy. For example, if your partner is mad that you didn't do the dishes, so they start breaking them, they would definitely be going spare. If someone \"argues the toss,\" what are they doing? Stalling Agreeing Disagreeing If your friends all agree that they want Chinese food for lunch, but you fight with them about it, you are \"arguing the toss.\" It means refusing to accept a decision and turning it into an argument. What does it mean to \"give [someone] stick\"? Beat them Slander them Help them Criticize them While this idiom might sound funny to American English speakers, it is not so funny in England. If someone gives you stick, they either criticize or punish you. This may be a reference to common corporal punishments of the past, which often involved hitting people with sticks. When something is described as a banana skin, what does that mean? It's embarrassing. It's sexy. It's yellow. It's broken. You don't want to have a single banana skin. Something that is embarrassing can be described in this way. It can also refer to something that causes problems. This term is less commonly used in modern British English. If a Brit tells you that you look like you have \"been in the wars,\" what do you look like? Someone who looks like they have \"been in the wars\" looks rough, hurt or like they have been through some"}, {"title": "", "text": "The word's roots can be traced back to New York and mean \"to freak out.\" Roger Hill in \"The Warriors\" \u2014 Paramount Pictures // IMDb The 1970s gave us \"Can you dig it?,\" which can mean several different things, including \"Are you ok with this?\" or \"Do you understand?\" The slang gained popularity from the 1979 movie \"The Warriors\" and is also the name of 1991 track by the English indie band The Mock Turtles. The phrase went on to become a popular title for various songs across genres such as hip-hop and R&B. Teenagers in Leakey, Texas, May 1973 // The U.S. National Archives \"Catch you on the flip side\" was very popular in the 1970s, as it referred to flipping a vinyl record over to the B side. The phrase means \"see you later.\" Cheddar was an interesting way to refer to money in the 1950s. The slang term came about because at the time, Americans received lumps of cheese with their welfare checks. \"Friends,\" 1994 \u2014 Warner Bros. Television Chillin' Being chilled out means relaxing and sitting back. One of the word's earlier appearances was in the 1979 song \"Rapper's Delight\" by The Sugarhill Gang; a more common modern use refers to a night at home watching movies, often with a special someone. D.J. Tanner from \"Full House\" \u2014 Warner Bros. Television \"Cool beans\" originated in the 1970s, with comedy duo Cheech and Chong cited as pioneers of the term. The phrase continued to be used throughout the 1980s and 1990s; TV daughter"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cockney rhyming slang - butchers hook = look. It's not commonly used but people do occasionally throw it into informal conversation. Instead of \"Let me see that,\" you might hear, \"Let's have a butchers at that.\" Chat up Flirting with the aim of picking someone up. Pick up lines are called chat up lines in the UK. Chuffed When you are really pleased, proud and embarrassed at the same time, you're chuffed. You might be chuffed at receiving an unexpected gift, or at seeing your child win a prize. People usually say that they are really chuffed. Dogs dinner A mess. It can be used as an unflattering way to describe the way someone looks - \"Don't wear that combination. You look like a dogs dinner.\" Or it can be used to describe any unfortunate mixtures of styles - \"With those Tudor windows and the modern glass addition, that house looks like a dogs dinner.\" Easy peasy A snap or a cinch. A common expression to describe something very easy, something you could do blindfolded. Flog No it doesn't mean whipping nowadays - though it can. It means selling. When someone tells you they are going to \"Flog the TV on ebay,\" they are not suggesting a weird practice, but a way of putting something up for sale. Full stop A period in grammar. British people never use the word period to mean a punctuation mark. Full stop is also used in the same way that period is used, for emphasis - \"Belt up. I will"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cockney rhyming slang - butchers hook = look. It's not commonly used but people do occasionally throw it into informal conversation. Instead of \"Let me see that,\" you might hear, \"Let's have a butchers at that.\" Chat up Flirting with the aim of picking someone up. Pick up lines are called chat up lines in the UK. Chuffed When you are really pleased, proud and embarrassed at the same time, you're chuffed. You might be chuffed at receiving an unexpected gift, or at seeing your child win a prize. People usually say that they are really chuffed. Dogs dinner A mess. It can be used as an unflattering way to describe the way someone looks - \"Don't wear that combination. You look like a dogs dinner.\" Or it can be used to describe any unfortunate mixtures of styles - \"With those Tudor windows and the modern glass addition, that house looks like a dogs dinner.\" Easy peasy A snap or a cinch. A common expression to describe something very easy, something you could do blindfolded. Flog No it doesn't mean whipping nowadays - though it can. It means selling. When someone tells you they are going to \"Flog the TV on ebay,\" they are not suggesting a weird practice, but a way of putting something up for sale. Full stop A period in grammar. British people never use the word period to mean a punctuation mark. Full stop is also used in the same way that period is used, for emphasis - \"Belt up. I will"}, {"title": "", "text": "his videos. What are they saying it is? Really poor Gen Xers could describe pretty much anything as \"the bomb\" or even \"the bomb diggity.\" Food, music or movies, they could use that term to describe a lot. Except for when they were in an airport. When someone said you were \"buggin,'\" what were they saying about how you were acting? Slow-moving When you were \"buggin,\" you were doing something out of character or just plain silly. When someone else was \"buggin,\" the rap group Whistle had the best advice to handle it: \"Don't take it seriously.\" You have to have \"cheddar\" to drive a BMW. Can you tell us what \"cheddar\" is? A snack A license If you had a fat bank account, drove the finest vehicles, flew in private jets, and wore designer brands, it was safe to say you were ballin.\" A casual observer might say you had mad \"cheddar,\" too \"Like\" what does someone mean using \"like\" in this way?\" When you're talking and you have a brain freeze or are stumbling for the right word, \"like\" is a universal gap filler. It's, \"like\" an all-purpose word that is fitting for many situations. It can be a \"buzzkill\" when someone is eating a banana split and someone tells them how many calories it is. Can you say the meaning of \"buzzkill?\" Something that is scary Something that's heavy Something that's loud Something that ruins an enjoyable activity When a Gen Xer was listening to music on their boombox in either their bedroom"}, {"title": "", "text": "The word Oga is a Pidgin word which means \"senior or boss.\" The phrase \"my oga at the top\" may be used to show respect to someone in a position of authority. For example, in a question like this: \"When will you pay my debt?\" Reply: \"My oga at the top has not paid my salary.\" The phrase is common in Nigeria, used in public and government offices, and became very popular when Channels TV's morning program Sunrise Daily interviewed Obafaiye Shem, the Lagos State Commandant of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps on the need to know the correct website of the corp to avoid misleading job seekers. He was asked, \"What is the website of the NSCDC?\" And he responded, \"I cannot categorically tell you one now.\" He was asked again, \"Do you mean that NSCDC has multiple websites?\" He responded, \"We can't have multiple websites but I cannot tell you one now, and \u201cMy Oga At The Top\u201d say is another one and the one we are going to make use of will be made known by \u201cMy Oga At The Top\u201d. Nigerians considered his response inappropriate and it went viral. References English phrases"}, {"title": "", "text": "tio jackpot. ('He struck the jackpot.') He tio lottery. ('He struck lottery.') Tio fined lor, what to do? ('I got fined, couldn't help it.') Tio has a lighter negative tone when used negatively, compared to kena. Kena fined lor, what to do? Tio fined lor, what to do? Both mean the same, but kena makes the speaker sound more unhappy with the situation than tio. Tio also sounds more sympathetic when talking about an unfortunate incident about someone close. Her mum tio cancer. ('Her mum was diagnosed with cancer.') Sad sia, so young tio cancer. ('How sad, he was diagnosed with cancer at such a young age.') Using kena in the following might not be appropriate, as they seem impolite, as if the speaker is mocking the victim. Her mum kena cancer. He kena cancer. One The word one is used to emphasise the predicate of the sentence by implying that it is unique and characteristic. It is analogous to the use of particles like () or () in Cantonese, () in Hokkien, () in Japanese, or () in some dialects of Mandarin. One used in this way does not correspond to any use of the word one in Standard English. It might also be analysed as a relative pronoun, though it occurs at the end of the relative clause instead of the beginning (as in Standard English). Wah lau! So stupid one! \u2013 'Oh my gosh! He's so stupid!' I do everything by habit one. \u2013 'I always do everything by habit.' He never go"}, {"title": "", "text": "ser and estar which respectively reflect the aforementioned characteristics. So, to say about anyone that es un gilipollas means that he is stupid/ annoying permanently, while to say est\u00e1 agilipollado reflects both his present state and the fact that it could change at any time to a non agilipollado one. This is not true for a capullo: if someone thinks about someone else that he is a capullo, he thinks so permanently, because the degree of evil he sees in the capullo's actions tends to be thought of as a permanent characteristic, inherent to the capullos personality. So the correspondent verb ser would be used: es un capullo, and the estar verb would never be used. Whenever used as an affectionate or heavily informal form of teasing rather than as an insult, though, capullo is used a bit more often. This may be because someone who does not have an intention to offend will resort to a lower amount of syllables, hence rendering the expression less coarse and ill-sounding. Therefore, expressions such as venga ya, no seas ___ (\"come on, don't be silly\") would use capullo more frequently than gilipollas. Buey/Huey/G\u00fcey/Wey/We/Way Buey/Huey/G\u00fcey/Wey/We is a common term in Mexico, coming from the word buey that literally means \"ox\" or \"steer.\" It means \"stupid\" or a \"cheated husband/boyfriend/cuckold.\" It can be used as a less offensive substitute for cabr\u00f3n when used among close friends. Mexican teenagers and young Chicano men use this word routinely in referring to one another, similar to \"dude\" in English. \"Vato\" is the older"}, {"title": "", "text": "surrounding the house.\" \"I love you heaps.\" \"Give it heaps!\" \u2013 give it your best effort! often in cooking someone would say, \"that's heaps\" meaning 'that's too much' (also used in Australia) hokey pokey (noun) \u2013 the New Zealand term for honeycomb toffee; also a flavour of ice cream consisting of plain vanilla ice cream with small, solid lumps of honeycomb toffee. jandals (noun) \u2013 the NZ term for flip-flops. Originally a trademarked name derived from \"Japanese sandals\". jug (noun) \u2013 a kettle (also used in Australia) kai (noun) \u2013 M\u0101ori word meaning food, or something to eat, used by M\u0101ori and P\u0101keh\u0101 alike kumara (noun) \u2013 sweet potato, specifically those historically cultivated by M\u0101ori. Kiwi (adj) \u2013 Not only does Kiwi mean 'a New Zealand person', but it is sometimes used to replace the name of New Zealand in NZ businesses or titles, such as KiwiRail, Kiwibank and KiwiBuild, or New Zealand-related nouns, e.g. \"Kiwi-ism\". It is also used to address something that is particularly related to New Zealand, e.g. \"that house is pretty kiwi\" (also used in Australia). N.B. Kiwifruit is always called \"kiwifruit\". luncheon sausage (noun) \u2013 devon sausage (also called \"fritz\" or \"belgium\" in some parts of New Zealand) metal road (noun) \u2013 a dirt road overlaid with gravel to assist drainage and keep dust down, typically found in rural settings puckerood (adj) \u2013 broken; busted; wrecked. From M\u0101ori \"pakaru\" \u2013 to shatter ranchslider, ranch slider, (noun) \u2013 a NZ term for a sliding door, usually of aluminium frame and containing glass"}, {"title": "", "text": "and is occasionally used at the last part of a statement) \"T-Dot\" (abbreviation word for \"Toronto\") \"Telly\" (slang for a hotel or a hotel room) \"Ting\" (a thing but usually refers to an attractive female) \"Two-Four\" (refers to a case of 24 pack beers) This noun is not unique to Toronto but is used across Canada. \"Wasteman/wasteyute)\" (a worthless, garbage, insensible idiotic person who makes bad decisions with their life, both words being used interchangeably) \"Two-Twos\" (unexpectedly or quickly) \"Wifey\" (girlfriend, or wife) \u201dWozzles\u201d (giving blowjob) \"Yute\" (Patois word from English \"youth\") Verbs \"Allow/Lowe it/that\" (to ignore, forget or not bother with) \"Ball up\" (smoking marijuana) \"Beef\" (argument, fight) \"Buss\" (to give/to send, to bust, or to ejaculate) \"Flex\" (to show off such as money and clothes) \"Link (up)\" (to meet up, give someone something, pre-relationship status) \"Nize it/that\" (to tell someone to shut up or stop talking) \"Pree\" (to pay and look close attention to) \"Reach/come thru\" (synonyms for \"come by\" or \"attend\") \"Scoop me\" (to get a ride somewhere, get picked up) \"Scrap\" (to fight) \"Y-pree\" (patois word, meaning \"what's up?\" or to mind your own: \"why are you in my business?\") Controversy The article on VICE, dated October 21, 2019, by Sharine Taylor, featured a CityNews article, \"New Toronto slang growing in popularity,\" and has sparked controversy within the community, which stated that it failed to represent Toronto slang. Following up, she stated the problem is the slangs are not \"new,\" as the title had implied, and belong not to Toronto but to"}, {"title": "", "text": "that of immaturity or a \"brat\". Also in Argentina, since pendejo literally means \"pubic hair\", it usually refers to someone of little to no social value. In Peru, however, it does not necessarily have a negative connotation and can just refer to someone who is clever and street-smart. In the Philippines, it is usually used to refer to a man whose wife or partner is cheating on him (i.e. a cuckold). In North Sulawesi, Indonesia, pendo (a derivative of pendejo) is used as profanity but with the majority of the population not knowing its meaning. The word was adopted during the colonial era when Spanish and Portuguese merchants sailed to this northern tip of Indonesia for spices. In the American film Idiocracy, Joe Bauers's idiot lawyer is named Frito Pendejo. Burciaga says that the Yiddish word putz \"means the same thing\" as pendejo. Cabr\u00f3n Cabr\u00f3n (lit.: \"big goat\" or \"stubborn goat\"), in the primitive sense of the word, is an adult male goat (cabra for an adult female goat) and is not offensive in Spain. It is also used as an insult, based on an old usage similar to that of pendejo, namely, to imply that the subject is stubborn or in denial about being cheated on, hence the man has \"horns\" like a goat (extremely insulting). The word is offensive in Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, as it means \"asshole\" and other insults in English. The seven-note musical flourish known as \"Shave and a Haircut (Two Bits)\", commonly played on car horns, is associated with"}, {"title": "", "text": "saying.\u201d When visiting the market and pricing market goods, if you want to beat down the price, you could simply say \u201chow much last.\u201d It means \u201cWhat\u2019s the final price?\u201d. If you find an item too expensive, you could say \u201d It too cost, how much last?\u201d It simply means \u201cIt\u2019s too expensive, what\u2019s the final price.\u201d This is one you would like to know how to say because nobody likes to be left with an empty stomach. This simply means \u201cI want to eat\u201d or \u201cI am hungry\u201d. The \u2018H\u2019 in the sentence means \u2018hungry\u2019. So if you are asking for directions to a restaurant, you could say \u201cwhere I fit chop\u201d. It means \u201cwhere can I eat\u201d This simply means \u201cmy place\u201d or \u201cmy home\u201d. So if you want to invite someone over, you could say \u201ccome my domot\u201d which means \u201ccome to my place.\u201d This is usually added to sentences as a show of courtesy. Abeg means \u201cplease\u201d but it could also be an impolite statement or used to show incredulity depending on how you use it. You could say \u201cAbeg, I wan chop\u201d which means \u201cplease I want to eat.\u201d You could also say \u201cAbeg!! I want chop\u201d which could mean \u201cDon\u2019t bother me!! I want to eat.\u201d In another instance, someone can say \u201cAbeg! E no possible\u201d which means \u201cRidiculous!! It\u2019s impossible.\u201d This means \u201cNo qualms\u201d or \u201cNo problem.\u201d It is an expression that shows approval. So when someone says \u201cNo wahala\u201d, it shows that they approve of you or whatever"}, {"title": "", "text": "as slang for \"penis.\" It is often the diminutive of the name Mar\u00eda del Refugio. In Cuba, it is also used as a term for a charley horse. Polla Polla (lit.: \"female pollo\", i.e.: chicken or hen) is used in Spain, Nicaragua, El Salvador and to a lesser extent in Puerto Rico. It is also used to mean a (young) female (similar to \"chick\"). Some years ago, in Costa Rica, the term jupa de pollo (\"head of a chicken\") was popular slang for \"penis\". The term todo el jupa de pollo was a popular way to say \"the whole shebang\", \"the full Monty\" or \"it's complete now\". In Spain, to say that something, especially a situation or an arrangement, is la polla is to have a high opinion of it. Esto es la polla. El hotel est\u00e1 al lado de la playa y adem\u00e1s es muy barato means \"This is fucking great. The hotel is close to the beach and it's cheap, too.\" In Spain it also means penis. Common expression in Spain is anything to the effect of hace lo que le sale de la polla (\"does whatever comes out of his penis\"), meaning \"does whatever the fuck he/she wants\". It can be used as a vulgar generic filler, as well as a boastful self-reference (similar to the English \"That shit\" or \"I'm the shit\"). For example, \u00a1Soy la polla! (lit.: \"I'm the hen!\") means \"I'm very good at it!\" References to the female breasts Although less used as profanity, some words for the bust"}, {"title": "", "text": "Equivalence When translating, maybe there are some phrases in some languages that simply cannot be expressed directly in other languages, which is where equivalence comes into play. It uses some daily situations, in our personal lives or common term which has been stated in the dictionary or it has been used in the society. In the first example, the phrase \"Welcome aboard\" in SL is translated into \"Selamat datang\". The phrase is related to the context of an airplane or boat. \"Boarding\" an airplane or boat means getting onto it. When we board an airplane or boat, the crew (people who work on the plane or boat) usually say \"Welcome aboard.\". In the second example, the expression \"Good morning\" in SL is translated into \"Selamat pagi\" in the TL. This expression is used as a greeting when meeting somebody for the first time in the morning. It is also defined as a polite greeting or farewell that you say to someone in the early hours of the day. In the third example, the phrase \"Oh, my gosh\" in SL is translated into \"Ya ampun\". It is much like \"oh my god\", or the shortened form \"omg\". The expression \"oh my gosh\" can also be condensed into \"omg\", and thus people will have no idea whether you are talking about god or gosh. In the fourth example, the expression, \"How are you\" in SL is translated into \"Bagaimana kabarmu?\". This expression makes a slightly more personal inquiry about someone's health or mood. It also focuses on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Put \"on the block\", \"on the line\", \"on the altar\" As I understand, the block is a chopping block where you can loose your head. Does putting something on the line mean the same, that they are interchangable? I understand that putting on the altar is different in that you trade something for something else, that is, you loose the item put for sure. But what about the on the block and on the line? How different they are: syntactic purely or they have semantic differences as well? A: When used in the context you're talking about, \"on the block\" would always be phrased as \"on the chopping block\". If you said \"They're discussing layoffs. My job is on the block\" I would have to stop and think about what you meant, but if you said \"My job is on the chopping block\" I would immediately get the meaning -- your job is one that may be considered for layoffs. The difference between \"on the chopping block\" and \"on the line\" is a question of control. The things put on the chopping block have no say in it. Management discussing layoffs to save money is a situation out of your control, putting your job on the chopping block. If I'm supporting your proposal, knowing that if it fails we're both fired, then I'm putting my job on the line by supporting you. Incidentally, \"on the altar\" is almost always phrased specifically as \"____ sacrificed on the altar of ____\". (And is not to be confused"}, {"title": "", "text": "is opportunistic in an immoral or deceptively persuasive manner (usually involving sexual gain and promiscuity but not limited to it), and if used referring to a female (ella es pendeja), it means she is promiscuous (or perhaps a swindler). There the word pendejada and a whole family of related words have meanings that stem from these. In South America, pendejo is also a vulgar, yet inoffensive, word for children. It also signifies a person with a disorderly or irregular life. In Argentina, pendejo (or pendeja for females) is a pejorative way of saying pibe. The word, in Chile, Colombia, and El Salvador, can refer to a cocaine dealer, or it can refer to a \"fool\". In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, it has different meanings depending on the situation. It can range from \u00a1Te cogieron de pendejo! (\"You were swindled!\") to \u00a1Qu\u00e9 tipa pendeja! (\"What a dumbass!\" as when a strange woman behaves offensively and then suddenly leaves). In Mexico and some countries in Central America, especially El Salvador, una pendejada/pendeja is used to describe something incredibly stupid that someone has done. In many regions, especially in Cuba, pendejo also means \"coward\" (with a stronger connotation), as in \u00a1No huyas, pendejo! (\"Don't run away, chicken-shit!\") or No seas pendejo! (\"Don't be such a coward!\"). In South America, it refers to a person regarded with an obnoxiously determined advancement of one's own personality, wishes, or views (a \"smartass\"). In Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, pendejo or pendeja refers to a child, usually with a negative connotation, like"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.013745424337685108, 0.028280552476644516, 0.0024610667023807764, 0.003266038838773966, 0.05775256082415581, -0.03021085076034069, -0.009744798764586449, -0.007644410710781813, 0.014141099527478218, 0.010851157829165459, 0.019775230437517166, -0.021955624222755432, -0.021955624222755432, -0.04604679346084595, 0.04335997998714447, -0.013140561059117317, -0.02138601616024971, -0.03411324322223663, -0.07687809318304062, 0.006327120587229729, -0.010945528745651245, -0.030971255153417587, -0.0005673610721714795, -0.0005673610721714795, -0.0005673610721714795, -0.093650221824646, -0.09365063160657883, -0.023833731189370155, -0.04318372532725334, -0.05899440869688988, -0.03312787786126137, -0.004116385243833065, -0.03200198709964752, -0.025386139750480652, -0.00036374389310367405, -0.03667831793427467, -0.04359201341867447, -0.006701805628836155, 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I understand from context what you mean, but there\u2019s no way b\u2019thumping is a thing. I\u2019ll get it! You don\u2019t have to do everything your little falafel pocket tells you to. \u2013 You screwed up! \u2013 Once! In 23 years! I\u2019ll get \u2018em. All these years I carried you, when no one wanted to work with you. I still managed to get you jobs. And then you would flake, or sabotage them, or get wrapped up in some crisis or emergency or vague sadness. Everyone told me to dump you my bosses, film execs, directors, they all told me you were washed up, a nobody, a has-been, \u2013 a joke, too portly for TV. \u2013 Too portly for TV? Who said that? \u2013 It doesn\u2019t matter. \u2013 It does. Who said it? Luis Guzman. Luis Guzman said I\u2019m too portly for TV? You\u2019re right, BoJack. This is for the best. I no longer have to lug your talent around my neck. \u2013 Hey. \u2013 Thank you for firing me. I\u2019m gonna go pour myself a little celebratory potato juice, because this is the best goddamn thing that\u2019s ever happened to me. Hey! Hey! Hey! [groans.] Ha, ha! I\u2019ll get it. You do not talk to me like that and walk away. Oh, no? What\u2019s happening? This is so weird. I\u2019m walking away, even though you told me not to. Right, I don\u2019t work for you anymore. \u2013 Hey!"}, {"title": "", "text": "what the \u201cchamp\u201d has to say\u2026 \u201cI was going up there to let them know that, \u2018Listen you son of a bitch\u2026.If I say turn, you turn.\u2019\u201d Sounds like a real scum to me. Boy Steve, you must be having a slow day today thinking I might want to \u201ctear into them\u201d for their observations if they added their name. My guess is they are not proud of what they are saying but I don\u2019t have any reason for \u201ctearing into them.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "A New Year\u2019s I\u2019d Rather Forget! Recently my good friend John recounted a story about a visit to Guatemala. You can read it here. Among my buddies busting chops is an art. Such are the ways with us. It\u2019s a harmless method for us to bond and show affection but to also have fun \u2014 at each other\u2019s expense, of course. There is the chop-buster and the bustee, the person who is on the receiving end of getting his shoes squeezed. For instance, my friend John has a home in the Poconos where we have crashed many weekends and engaged in our customary goofy antics. On one of our very first visits, the house was sparsely furnished but a kitchen cabinet was brimming with boxes and boxes of Gevalia gourmet coffee. At some point, I asked for a cup of coffee, and John busted out a jar of some cruddy freeze-dried instant grinds. Well, not one to let a fertile moment go by, the No. 1 horn-breaker in our group, Pedro, seized it. He mockingly berated John for making us feel unworthy of his quality stash. There are a bounty of moments like these that get dusted off and replayed. We are equal-opportunity in our teasing. There are no sacred cows. And all it takes is one event \u2013 just one \u2013 for a chop-busting theme to take hold. There is no statute of limitations. For John, it might be about the coffee, or his lead foot driving, which has earned him the title of \u201cMannix,\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "phony insult lobbed at you here is a sign on being in the \u201cin crowd,\u201d and I meant it in such a manner. \u201cPeople are laughing behind your back\u201d is a classic trigger for paranoids* and I figured it was so over-the-top it should be obvious it wasn\u2019t a serious observation. In any case, I\u2019m sorry I made your day a little worse. * See \u201cDid you know you have an ugly laugh?\u201d** ** Not you. Your laughter is as the tinkling of tiny silver bells over a meadow of clover Dustin: Put it on a plate, son\u2026.you\u2019ll enjoy it more. JP: \u201cKingdom Hall was already booked for the evening, so we\u2019re hosting the annual Policeman\u2019s Ball here at the hospital. May I have the next foxtrot?\u201d @Ukranazi Stepan: Pluggers, the new playable race in Totally Tired: Warhammer IV Maybe it\u2019s a Northeast thing but I\u2019ve heard dentures referred to as Choppers many times. Carry on. Inspector Gotcha January 19th, 2023 at 5:26 am GT: \u201cRhombus, rhombus, circle that square! All for Valley, stand up and cheer!\u201d A girls\u2019 basketball score of 24-23 after one? Both teams must be shooting better than 80%. Henry, you have clearly left Cluelessville and are now entering Ridiculous Heights. Meanwhile, I guess Gilpa\u2019s commercial wasn\u2019t a big hit, since Henry decided to drop it after one day. Must have been that bad oyster, eh Hank? Ha ha, I guess you\u2019re right. I was operating in the confines of the Worthverse. Anonymous January 19th, 2023 at 5:28 am Dick Tracy :"}, {"title": "", "text": "mutton chops and cracked feet? What do you think his story is?\" the button, keep the flame burning.\" And boy, does my finger get sore."}, {"title": "", "text": "lock, and 1-2-3-SURPRISE!!! (Steve The Monkey, Thu 5 May 2005, 14:00, Reply) Nobody got it... Little brother and I, sitting in his room. I was about 15. Mum walks in, I point at him and say, completely out of the blue, \"You broke it!\" She looks at both of us, and says \"Broke what?\" \"Nothing!\" he says. She asks again. \"What did you break?\" He keeps denying, she thinks he's lying, and I'm on the floor behind the couch passing out laughing. A few minutes later I can breathe again, and they're still yelling at each other. I try and tell her that he didn't break anything, and she turns on me like I'm covering for him. He's still confused, trying to figure out what he broke. Good times. They both fly into a rage if I accuse either of them of breaking something now. (jimkopelli, Thu 5 May 2005, 4:09, Reply) Real life B3TAing I worked at boots the chemist before I went to university, many moons ago............. I would regularly get pissed/stoned at work, and because I was a self stacker/ stock blokey I worked on my own in the evening no-one ever knew how off my face I was. Once I was making a display with cute little teddies that held letters, you know the ones. The next day I went in to collect my wages and my supervisor turned round jokingly and said 'I saw that display, naughty boy, don't worry I've changed it' My memory slowly coming back I went down"}, {"title": "", "text": "hurt feelings and a need for validation. No harm, no foul. A flourish brings him to face Mackenzie and he takes up one of the glasses and raises it in a mock salute. \u201cYou just can\u2019t help yourself, can you.\u201d There\u2019s a lightness in his tone that welcomes the interference. I know. But he\u2019s done this before. Probably just another experiment gone wrong. He\u2019ll be back. I know it. It\u2019s not because you can\u2019t be trusted. I\u2019m trying to keep you safe. Oh? And what\u2019s my reason then? Find a new hobby. Take up knitting. I just know how you\u2019ve been feeling lately, with me constantly over your shoulder. It\u2019s a work thing? That, and I figured you\u2019d need some time away from me. It\u2019s like you don\u2019t even know me. I meant to go to LA because my clientele has gotten a bit sparse in New York. Alas. London. I accidentally got on a plane to London. I\u2019ll be back on Sunday. Miss me. Livia Vlcek 12/19/18 Got your number off a bathroom wall What can I get for 50 bucks and a pack of gum? Jasper Thompson 12/19/18 -narrows eyes- -glances up at- -mumbles incoherently- -sticks tongue out at- You severely overestimate my give-a-f-ck. We live in a place where fatbergs form. With someone who likes to push people into them. Adapt. And. Overcome. B-tch. \ud83d\udda4 So? I stored snacks and booze in them from the last time you got too handsy. You don\u2019t scare me. Adapt and overcome, b-tch. It\u2019s really trouble, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "grew back and I can't tell them apart again!\" The bartender, now just wanting him to shut up or leave says, \"why don't you try shaving the mane, maybe that will not grow back.\" The fellow stops crying, has a few drinks, and leaves. A few months later the fellow is back in the bar. The bartender has never seen anybody in this sorry state. Without the bartender even asking the fellow breaks into his problems. \"I.. I shaved the (sob) mane of one of the (sniff) horses, and... it... it... grew back!\" The bartender, now furious at the guy's general stupidity, yells, \"for crying out loud, just measure the stupid horses. Perhaps one is slightly taller that the other one!\" The fellow cannot believe what the bartender has said and storms out of the bar. The next day the fellow comes running back into the bar as if he had just won the lottery. \"It worked, it worked!\" he exclaims. \"I measured the horses and the black one is two inches taller than the white one!\" \"I saw this bloke chatting-up a cheetah. I thought: 'He's trying to pull a fast one.'\" Why do we tell actors to 'break a leg?' Because every play has a cast. \"My doctor said to refer to my nervous breakdown as an episode. To be honest, it was more like a season finale.\" \"British people are like coconuts. Hard on the outside but sweet once you crack them. Also often found full of alcohol and always holding an umbrella.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "and mild aggression, and it was impossible to tell them apart. I was almost glad when the bad guy started knifing them, as there would be less for me to remember. I struggled with some of the slang too. What on earth is `having your chops busted\u00bf? If anyone ever busted mine I definitely wasn\u00bft aware of it."}, {"title": "", "text": "He said 'I'm going to chop off the bottom of one of your trouser legs and put it in a library.' I thought \"That's a turn-up for the books. Quotes from the brightest (and dumbest)."}, {"title": "", "text": "foot up on the back wall of the store and tells me he's going to bust it out and afterwards he's going to shove my 6'3\" 200lb frame through to drop eight feet into broken glass. I ask him why doesn't he just bust out one of the entrance windows and we don't have to break any bones or suffer any large lacerations because there was no way I was going to fit through a 2' by 1' opening. He doesn't even consider it. He starts screaming \"ALL RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, I'LL DO IT!\" and the next thing you know I have a fifty year old lard ass clambering up my back.(I usually get paid a lot of dough for that kind of action!) and he kicks off with head as he wiggles his little piggle self through. I mosey around to the front of the store and wait for about two minutes before he limps to the front door and I see that his hair's farked, lips busted and he's clutching one of his wrists very tightly. His face was farking hilarious; shock, pain and rage with a thin veneer of regret. He didn't speak to me after that. He sat in the back office staring at the window for about ten minutes before finally getting up and shambling his battered ass to his car and screaming out of the lot spitting asphalt into the windows he was reluctant to break. My boss calls me mid shift and lets me know that my dough wrangling"}, {"title": "", "text": "foot up on the back wall of the store and tells me he's going to bust it out and afterwards he's going to shove my 6'3\" 200lb frame through to drop eight feet into broken glass. I ask him why doesn't he just bust out one of the entrance windows and we don't have to break any bones or suffer any large lacerations because there was no way I was going to fit through a 2' by 1' opening. He doesn't even consider it. He starts screaming \"ALL RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, I'LL DO IT!\" and the next thing you know I have a fifty year old lard ass clambering up my back.(I usually get paid a lot of dough for that kind of action!) and he kicks off with head as he wiggles his little piggle self through. I mosey around to the front of the store and wait for about two minutes before he limps to the front door and I see that his hair's farked, lips busted and he's clutching one of his wrists very tightly. His face was farking hilarious; shock, pain and rage with a thin veneer of regret. He didn't speak to me after that. He sat in the back office staring at the window for about ten minutes before finally getting up and shambling his battered ass to his car and screaming out of the lot spitting asphalt into the windows he was reluctant to break. My boss calls me mid shift and lets me know that my dough wrangling"}, {"title": "", "text": "stuck in the grease on his chin. \"You seem sad,\" he said. \"Oh. That. Yeah.\" \"Might I inquire what has your normally balanced brain chemicals in an unstable predicament?\" \"Are you asking what's wrong?\" He nodded. \"To put it colloquially, yes.\" I shook my head and rolled my eyes. Why I was sitting here on Chip Mason's front porch, getting ready to spill my guts, I had no idea. But even before my mouth opened and stuff started coming out of it, I knew I was going to do it. Because even though Chip was weird and I never understood anything he had to say, he was willing to listen. And right now I really needed a friend who would listen. \"Someone stole this bust from my school,\" I said. \"Oh, yes. I heard about that,\" Chip said. He nibbled on his crust before tossing it into the yard. Two birds immediately went after it. \"The head of the late, great Helen Heirmauser, correct?\" \"Yeah. Some bronze sculpture of her screaming.\" He held up a finger. \"Actually, it was most likely a copper and tin alloy.\" I paused. \"Anyway\u2014\" \"Although I suppose it could be any mixture of metals. Could include nickel, lead, iron, or even zinc, perhaps. Though it's most likely copper and ti\u2014\" \"Do you want to hear the story or not?\" I interrupted. He tucked his hands under his thighs and lowered his head. \"Go on.\" \"So someone stole the head, and for some reason, everyone thinks it was me. Well, not just"}, {"title": "", "text": "in his back and says \"Boston city\". The man approaches them, lifts his shirt and shows a scar in the right side of h... [OC] I just made this joke up - be gentle A small breasted woman was walking along the sidewalk in New York City on her lunch break, going to get something to eat. As she passed by a nearby constuction crew, they started cat-calling her. Normally, she would just ignore them, but one guy in particular kept making fun of the fact that... (OC) why did the pornstar go to the therapist To get a load off her chest A blacksmith was put on trial for a murder he did not commit A guard from a village was found dead with a sword sticking through his chest. The blade was deemed to be the handiwork of the local blacksmith, however he had been away from the village by the time of the murder. Nonetheless, he was arrested shortly after returning and demanded his immediate releas... Ahh nuts! What do you call nuts on a wall? What do you call nuts on a chest? What do you call nuts on a chin? A mouthful A Scottish man walks into a bar, looking depressed. He sits down at the bar and orders a shot. The bartender hands it to him, and he downs it in one go, wiping his mouth with the back of his hand and scowling. The bartender, knowing from years of experience that this man must obviously have something he needs"}, {"title": "", "text": "like discovering something, anything, that makes you feel it's ok to be you at a time when everyone else is making you feel less than. Busted gave me a quiet confidence; I wouldn't out myself in the spotlight now, but I wouldn't try to be the small girl who went under the radar. I was me, I was ok, and I wasn't going to hide. When Busted split up, I was devastated. But more than that, I was raging. If they had just split up and things were left, I would have plateaued at devastated, but comments were made by Charlie that really got to me. Of course, I can't find the articles now that upset me so much back then, but I remember reading the words \"foot in the door\". To Charlie, Busted were a foot in the door to the music industry, and he said words to the affect of never liking the kind of music Busted were making. And I was crushed. Because, what about me? The band was a means to an end (my words), a way to get into the business, and I just felt so cheated. What about all the time I spent loving and promoting and living this band? What about my love for the music he so casually dismissed? I felt insulted. I felt it would have been kinder if he never put down something that was so important to me, so integral to helping me become the person I was. When Matt and James joined up with"}, {"title": "", "text": "Chopin.\u201d \u201cGuess we just got to break a window then,\u201d I said. \u201cI suppose we do, Chopin. Would you like me to try?\u201d \u201cBe my guest.\u201d I am pretty excited for what is coming next. Bigote winds up his body like a spring, and delivers a massive karate chop to the passenger window. His boney hand bounces off with a loud \u2018crack.\u2019 \u201cAAAAAHHH!\u201d Bigote says, clutching his hand. \u201cOh shit, sir, did you break anything?\u201d I try to say this with a straight face. \u201cIt is too early to tell the extent of the physical damage, Chopin. But it is safe to say that this glass is especially made to withstand assault. Try it with a hefty stone.\u201d \u201cYou got it,\u201d I say, and pick up a loose piece of asphalt nearby. Then I chuck it right at the window from point-blank range. But my hand slips and the asphalt hits the door right below the window, bounces off and hits me in the nuts, sending me to the floor. My world collapses like an accordion into a tight ball of breathless pain. All time and space disappear. I see the face of God, and He looks like my mom. I smell oil and stale beer and imagine that this is what everything must smell like when you\u2019re dead. Then, I snap out of it a little, and find myself sprawled on the ground clutching my crotch. \u201cOwowowowow,\u201d I say, when I can find my breath. \u201cGod damnit.\u201d \u201cChopin, are you alright?\u201d \u201cJust dying over here,"}, {"title": "", "text": "steals him to sell for scrap metal.' 'Plug me in, you sack of lizard pus.' 'He's repeating himself/1 said to Deborah. I think we're wearing him down.' 'Did you threaten to kill the director of the Tourist Board?' Deborah asked. Meza started to cry. It was not a pretty sight; his head flopped nervelessly to one side and mucus drooled from his mouth and nose, joined the tears, and began to march across his face. 'Bastards/ he said. 'They shoulda killed me.' He snuffled so weakly that it had no effect at all except for the thin wet noise it made. 'Looka me, looka what they done/ he said in his hoarse, husky voice, a croak with no edge to it. 'What did they do to you, Mr Meza?' Debs said. 'Looka me/ he snuffled. 'They did this. Looka me. I live in this chingado chair, can't even pee without some maricon nurse to hold my dick.' He looked up, a little defiance once again showing through the mucus. 'Wou'nt you wanna kill those puercos, too?' he said. 'You say they did this to you?' Debs said. He sniffled again. It still didn't do anything. 'Happened on the job/ he said a little defensively. I was on the clock, but they said no, car accident, they don't pay for it. And then they fire me.' Deborah opened her mouth, and then closed it again with an audible click. I think she had been about to say something like, 'Where were you last night between the hours"}, {"title": "", "text": "the person on the other end of the line, \u2018we\u2019ve got a petulant child here.\u2019 He shakes his hand at Whelp. \u2018Come on, you\u2019re hard work, you are son, what do you want? Right, balls to that, you\u2019re getting an 8 inch Margarita.\u2019 \u2018Get Quoit the same,\u2019 Bust says. Boom gets off the phone, laughs, \u2018look everyone, look at Whelp, he\u2019s not happy. He\u2019s worried Stratum\u2019s not convinced he\u2019s got what it takes. He wanted a little love.\u2019 \u2018I didn\u2019t hear him loving you,\u2019 Whelp says. \u2018I\u2019m the longest serving one here, kind of says it all, mate.\u2019 \u2018Oh, give it a rest you two,\u2019 Bust says. \u2018Christ-y,\u2019 she cries, and tilts her face to the ceiling. \u2018Where are all the nice people?\u2019 \u2018Not here,\u2019 Boom says. \u2018Do you ever think about the rights and wrongs of what you do?\u2019 Whelp says. \u2018Are you talking to me, Whelk?\u2019 \u2018Not especially, Boom.\u2019 \u2018Rights and wrongs? Bust says. You\u2019re taking it back to basics there, aren\u2019t you, Whelp?\u2019 \u2018We\u2019ll never go that far back, no, never again,\u2019 Boom says. \u2018The rights and wrongs are thought about for us these days. I\u2019d probably think it was shit if I could stop long enough to think about it.\u2019 \u2018People like it, you tool,\u2019 Bust says. \u2018Do they?\u2019 \u2018Yeah, Boom, they love it.\u2019 \u2018What? Being spied on, assessed?\u2019 Whelp says. Bust inches down in her chair, kicks her shoes off. \u2018They\u2019re all exposing themselves of their own free will anyway, most of them, the so-called privileged ones. They get off on"}, {"title": "", "text": "course no one called 911 lol instead they decided to wait till the morning and ask \"bro was that blood?\" john_john_john \"For some reason...\" For some reason, my friend wanted to show that he could do a lot of squats. We both pulled our pants down next to his fire pit \u00af\\_(\u30c4)_/\u00af and did a lot of squats. I didn't remember this, so I woke up terrified by how sore I was from bowling before the drinking started. I honestly spent all week having a crisis about \"This is it. I'm getting old and my body can't handle physical activity.\" Then my friend told me his gf kept teasing him about us doing squats with our pants around our ankles, and I freaked out like \"Aaahhh yes! I'm not getting old yet! I can still do things!\" \"I once...\" I once crapped on a cop car, there was dashcam footage released looking for any info on who it might be and I recognized my hat and sweatshirt. 20CharacterLimitOnly \"A guy said...\" allegedly i was saying something and spat while i was talking. A guy said \"aye bro you just spit on me\" and instead of apologizing like i would any other time i said \"i spit on all my b!tches\". Then the fight started. blickblock1000 \"Girlfriend at the time...\" Threw up on a band in Nashville during a live show. Girlfriend at the time needed to find an ATM so I drunkenly followed her. When she found one, I sat on the concrete against a metal"}, {"title": "", "text": "when he spoke he sounded like a cartoon character with something sticky stuck in his larynx with an awful grasp of the English language. Anyhoo, he \u2018bopped\u2019 past us in his handcuffs, up the steps and into the ambulance. The copper told us he had been punched, hence the cut above his eye but that was all they knew. He also told us that he had a chip on his shoulder and a hatred for all uniforms. Well, this should be fun! \u201cRight, what\u2019s happened this evening?\u201d \u201cYou tell me, innit\u201d \u201cWell I don\u2019t know, I just arrived, that\u2019s why I am asking you.\u201d \u201cYou\u2019re the doctor.\u201d he said in a very cocky tone. \u201cNo I\u2019m not, just tell me what\u2019s happened.\u201d \u201cYou tell me.\u201d \u201cHave you been punched?\u201d \u201cDid you lose consciousness?\u201d \u201cWhy won\u2019t you answer any of my questions?\u201d \u201cYou\u2019re acting like a child, just answer my questions and you can leave.\u201d \u201cWhat did you say to me bruvs? WHAT...DID...YOU...SAY?\u201d \u201cI said you\u2019re acting like a child.\u201d \u201cDon\u2019t test me bruvs, I will cut you.\u201d I looked up at the copper and raised an eyebrow. He laughed! \u201cFirstly, I\u2019m not your \u2018bruvs\u2019, secondly, you\u2019re not going to do anything, now just tell me what\u2019s happened.\u201d \u201cYou tell me\u201d he chuckled to himself. \u201cDo you want us to treat you or not?\u201d \u201cYou tell me BRUVS.\u201d \u201cWe are done here.\u201d I said to the copper, \u201cHe\u2019s acting like a child.\u201d \u201cDon\u2019t step to me bruvs, I\u2019ll end you, you fucked with da wrong nigga innit"}, {"title": "", "text": "window about eight foot up on the back wall of the store and tells me he's going to bust it out and afterwards he's going to shove my 6'3\" 200lb frame through to drop eight feet into broken glass. I ask him why doesn't he just bust out one of the entrance windows and we don't have to break any bones or suffer any large lacerations because there was no way I was going to fit through a 2' by 1' opening. He doesn't even consider it. He starts screaming \"ALL RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, I'LL DO IT!\" and the next thing you know I have a fifty year old lard ass clambering up my back.(I usually get paid a lot of dough for that kind of action!) and he kicks off with head as he wiggles his little piggle self through. I mosey around to the front of the store and wait for about two minutes before he limps to the front door and I see that his hair's farked, lips busted and he's clutching one of his wrists very tightly. His face was farking hilarious; shock, pain and rage with a thin veneer of regret. He didn't speak to me after that. He sat in the back office staring at the window for about ten minutes before finally getting up and shambling his battered ass to his car and screaming out of the lot spitting asphalt into the windows he was reluctant to break. My boss calls me mid shift and lets me know that"}, {"title": "", "text": "thing you lose will be your feet\u2026.The left, then the right. Below the ankle. Then your hands, at the wrist. Next your nose. No smell of dawn for you. Followed by your tongue. Deeply cut away. Not even a stump left. And then your left eye\u2013\u2026.Your ears you keep, so that every shriek of every child at seeing your hideousness will be yours to cherish\u2013every babe that weeps in fear at your approach, every woman that cries, 'Dear God, what is that thing?' will reverberate forever within your perfect ears. That is what 'to the pain' means. It means that I leave you to live in anguish, in humiliation, in freakish memory until you can stand it no more; so there you have it, pig, there you know, you miserable vomitous mass, and I say this now, and live or die, it's up to you: Drop your sword!\u201d Damn straight! IMO the only appropriate response to words to the effect, \u201cI told you not to go against my will\u201d, from your SO, is \u201cGet fucked!\u201d God. I just realized what my mom would say if my dad told her any of the stuff Chedward did. \u201cRotate it, with salt!\u201d \u201cBend *this* to your will!\u201d Flips Chedward off. \u201cYou might want to back the fuck up out of my life\u201d \u201cI will feed you your own spleen if you keep this bullshit up any longer\u201d I really don\u2019t think Chedward can handle my mom. Ignoring the safe word would be considered rude. Chedward would be considered rude."}, {"title": "", "text": "thing you lose will be your feet\u2026.The left, then the right. Below the ankle. Then your hands, at the wrist. Next your nose. No smell of dawn for you. Followed by your tongue. Deeply cut away. Not even a stump left. And then your left eye\u2013\u2026.Your ears you keep, so that every shriek of every child at seeing your hideousness will be yours to cherish\u2013every babe that weeps in fear at your approach, every woman that cries, 'Dear God, what is that thing?' will reverberate forever within your perfect ears. That is what 'to the pain' means. It means that I leave you to live in anguish, in humiliation, in freakish memory until you can stand it no more; so there you have it, pig, there you know, you miserable vomitous mass, and I say this now, and live or die, it's up to you: Drop your sword!\u201d Damn straight! IMO the only appropriate response to words to the effect, \u201cI told you not to go against my will\u201d, from your SO, is \u201cGet fucked!\u201d God. I just realized what my mom would say if my dad told her any of the stuff Chedward did. \u201cRotate it, with salt!\u201d \u201cBend *this* to your will!\u201d Flips Chedward off. \u201cYou might want to back the fuck up out of my life\u201d \u201cI will feed you your own spleen if you keep this bullshit up any longer\u201d I really don\u2019t think Chedward can handle my mom. Ignoring the safe word would be considered rude. Chedward would be considered rude."}, {"title": "", "text": "thing you lose will be your feet\u2026.The left, then the right. Below the ankle. Then your hands, at the wrist. Next your nose. No smell of dawn for you. Followed by your tongue. Deeply cut away. Not even a stump left. And then your left eye\u2013\u2026.Your ears you keep, so that every shriek of every child at seeing your hideousness will be yours to cherish\u2013every babe that weeps in fear at your approach, every woman that cries, 'Dear God, what is that thing?' will reverberate forever within your perfect ears. That is what 'to the pain' means. It means that I leave you to live in anguish, in humiliation, in freakish memory until you can stand it no more; so there you have it, pig, there you know, you miserable vomitous mass, and I say this now, and live or die, it's up to you: Drop your sword!\u201d Damn straight! IMO the only appropriate response to words to the effect, \u201cI told you not to go against my will\u201d, from your SO, is \u201cGet fucked!\u201d God. I just realized what my mom would say if my dad told her any of the stuff Chedward did. \u201cRotate it, with salt!\u201d \u201cBend *this* to your will!\u201d Flips Chedward off. \u201cYou might want to back the fuck up out of my life\u201d \u201cI will feed you your own spleen if you keep this bullshit up any longer\u201d I really don\u2019t think Chedward can handle my mom. Ignoring the safe word would be considered rude. Chedward would be considered rude."}, {"title": "", "text": "that way much, unfortunately. Which is not to say that busting someone's chops does not have therapeutic value. Especially for someone who, like me, might be grieving. Because that's what I was doing, of course. Grieving for Jesse. Except - and I don't know if this applies to all mediators or just me - I don't really grieve like a normal person. I mean, I sat around and cried my eyes out after the realization first hit me that I was never going to see Jesse again. But then something happened. I stopped feeling sad and started feeling mad. Really mad. There I was, and it was after midnight, and I was extremely angry. It wasn't that I didn't want to keep my promise to Father D. I really did. But I just couldn't. Any more than Jesse could apparently keep his promise to me. So it was only about fifteen minutes after my phone call to Father D that I emerged from my bathroom - Jesse was gone, of course, so I could have changed in my room, but old habits die hard - in full ghost-busting regalia, including my tool belt and hooded sweatshirt, which even I will admit might seem a bit excessive for California in July. But it was nighttime, and that mist rolling in from the ocean in the wee hours can be chilly. I don't want you to think I didn't give serious thought to what Father D had said about my telling my mom everything and getting her and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that way much, unfortunately. Which is not to say that busting someone's chops does not have therapeutic value. Especially for someone who, like me, might be grieving. Because that's what I was doing, of course. Grieving for Jesse. Except - and I don't know if this applies to all mediators or just me - I don't really grieve like a normal person. I mean, I sat around and cried my eyes out after the realization first hit me that I was never going to see Jesse again. But then something happened. I stopped feeling sad and started feeling mad. Really mad. There I was, and it was after midnight, and I was extremely angry. It wasn't that I didn't want to keep my promise to Father D. I really did. But I just couldn't. Any more than Jesse could apparently keep his promise to me. So it was only about fifteen minutes after my phone call to Father D that I emerged from my bathroom - Jesse was gone, of course, so I could have changed in my room, but old habits die hard - in full ghost-busting regalia, including my tool belt and hooded sweatshirt, which even I will admit might seem a bit excessive for California in July. But it was nighttime, and that mist rolling in from the ocean in the wee hours can be chilly. I don't want you to think I didn't give serious thought to what Father D had said about my telling my mom everything and getting her and"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are here: Home / 2015 Posts / Busting a nut in my coffee and living is what you\u2019re not gonna do. bruh. When not responding to the dictate:\" Will the Defendant Please Rise..\" CEO and Creator of OHN;Slaus, is a comic illustrator and Social Media whore who spends his free time building legos, playing video games, drawing fantasy characters and being abused by his wife, two sons and cat. If someone called the cops on me for beatin\u2019 this n!gga\u2019s azz, and if it took the cops 45 minutes to get there, guess what I\u2019ll be doing? STILL whuppin\u2019 that n!gga\u2019s azz. Yep. Wouldn\u2019t even stop to take a break."}, {"title": "", "text": "had to value that man's pain more than a $15, 17 ounce chalky beverage that promotes muscle growth. For someone that looks like he hasn't done anything besides lifting and eating in the last 5 years, risking a longer recovery period is like risking his livelihood. If you make Busta Rhymes risk his livelihood then I have no doubts you deserve whatever comes to you...like an overpriced strawberry beverage to the back of the head. P.S. 2 to 1 odds this started over a trainer suggesting that Busta mix in some cardio."}, {"title": "", "text": "that women throw everything they've got into their physical being, and a main part of that\u2014the main part\u2014is the face. (Beat.) I go nuts if I still break out on my chin or anything, carry tweezers in my purse, and I'm not even, like, all crazy about it like a lot of my friends are... and every one of them, the ones that I've called, at least, they all said to dump him. They did. Because if he's willing to say that, even to a friend, then you can bet he's probably thinking even more than you know about. Can you imagine what he's actually feeling about my body, and this isn't about sex, not really, but just how he sees my legs or arms, anything... OK, yes, I'm thinking about all the rest of it, too, of course I am! The words he'll use to describe my breasts or my butt or things like that... It's too much, it is, I can't even start to go there without wanting to throw up. I always felt like my face was one of my better parts and he's talking about me like I'm some old Buick out in the backyard that he keeps thinking about fixing but just can't get to it. (Laughs.) \"Meant as a compliment,\" he says to me, like that should calm my nerves or something, so... fuck that. I mean, really. Shit. I'm realistic and I know me as a person\u2014I don't have that much going for me, not really. Not all educated"}, {"title": "", "text": "see parents on the news, and their kid just got busted for murdering a 7-11 clerk, and they're like, 'But my Bubba's a good boy. He'd never hurt a fly.' So I'm sure your parents would forgive you for whatever you did.\u201d \u2014 Alex Flinn \u201cI can take pot or leave it. I got busted in Japan for it. I was nine days without it and there wasn't a hint of withdrawal, nothing.\u201d \u2014 Paul McCartney \u201cWho gets to be the judge of reality? If it was deeply felt, believed, spoken about often or altered your life course, then it was real enough. Faith doesn't get the luxury of all those things one hundred percent of the time, but we call that normal behavior based on a gut feeling. I said. I looked at his wife and she busted out laughing. Her husband was trying to catch invisible butterflies above his head-dementia. My patients teach me the most sobering of truths: Why wreck his smile. If I could see them, I would want to catch them too.\u201d \u2014 Shannon L. Alder \u2014 Anthony Liccione \u201cThere's nothing you can do about busted ribs. You just have to wait for them to pop back into place again.\u201d \u2014 Kevin McCloud \u201cI busted my chin open trying to be Evel Knievel on my bike. When it happened, you could see straight through to the bone, I thought my dad was going to pass out. It left a scar that I still have now.\u201d \u2014 Karin Slaughter \u201cThere's a pounding"}, {"title": "", "text": "broke and hit me right in the dick.\u2019 He slapped me on the head and said, \u2018Sorry, dude, you\u2019re on your own.\u2019 [Laughs] \u201cI finally got it together and shook it off. I\u2019ve played sports my whole life, so I\u2019m used to physical injuries, but this was a new one. It was a freak-out at first. Man, what a feeling.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "job so I don't get in trouble. \"Excuse me?\" I said \"Wasn't talking to you.\" Said in the most snotty a-- voice ever. I let it go until her friend came up without a fruit as well. She started to complain but I stopped her right there. \"B-tch says so. Grab your fruit.\" [usernamedeleted] Sure, They're Fine NOW, But Still... When I was younger, I had a friend, who picked up a broken fragment of a concrete slab and threw it on a kid that was giving him stick. The poor kid was bleeding from his head, parents involved. I remember precisely the kids' mother screaming to this friend of mine's parents; \"Your son is going to be a gangster by the time he reaches adulthood, mark my words\". Update: This 'friend' grew up to be perfectly fine, however. FarhanMiah Just A Little Snip, Snip When I was about 5 my younger sister tried to cut of my little-finger with a pair of pliers. She wasn't mean though, just little, dumb and pissed because of something I had done to her. Still... hurt like hell. fallanga You Never Want To Take Chances When The Joker Is Involved Late to the party and it is a throw away. My son is evil. He is 8 now, has problems disassociating reality with make believe, my ex wife enables him and belives everything he says. Within a week of starting school, he accused a teacher of touching him in his special place after school one day, was disproved once"}, {"title": "", "text": "to break a window then,\u201d I said. \u201cI suppose we do, Chopin. Would you like me to try?\u201d I am pretty excited for what is coming next. Bigote winds up his body like a spring, and delivers a massive karate chop to the passenger window. His boney hand bounces off with a loud \u2018crack.\u2019 \u201cAAAAAHHH!\u201d Bigote says, clutching his hand. \u201cOh shit, sir, did you break anything?\u201d I try to say this with a straight face. \u201cIt is too early to tell the extent of the physical damage, Chopin. But it is safe to say that this glass is especially made to withstand assault. Try it with a hefty stone.\u201d \u201cYou got it,\u201d I say, and pick up a loose piece of asphalt nearby. Then I chuck it right at the window from point-blank range. But my hand slips and the asphalt hits the door right below the window, bounces off and hits me in the nuts, sending me to the floor. My world collapses like an accordion into a tight ball of breathless pain. All time and space disappear. I see the face of God, and He looks like my mom. I smell oil and stale beer and imagine that this is what everything must smell like when you\u2019re dead. Then, I snap out of it a little, and find myself sprawled on the ground clutching my crotch. \u201cOwowowowow,\u201d I say, when I can find my breath. \u201cGod damnit.\u201d \u201cChopin, are you alright?\u201d \u201cJust dying over here, don\u2019t worry about it.\u201d \u201cThese damn feminist, homosexual,"}, {"title": "", "text": "out busting julia-roberts threw I talk to nurses and programmers, salespeople and firefighters - people who bust their tails every day. Not one of them - not one - stashes their money in the Cayman Islands to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. \u2014 Elizabeth Warren If you want to know how to make people shun you and laugh at you behind your back and even despise you, here is the recipe: Never listen to anyone for long. Talk incessantly about yourself. If you have an idea while the other person is talking, don't wait for him or her to finish: bust right in and interrupt in the middle of a sentence. \u2014 Dale Carnegie The culture war in America can best be described by the battle between workin' hard, playin' hard s - tkickers that bust our ass to make America strong by earning our own way and kickin' maximum ass versus soulless weaklings who have been brainwashed into thinking they are entitled to a free ride. \u2014 Ted Nugent Fortunately, I knew the cardinal rule of getting on with one's fellow cooks. It applies in any kitchen and can be summed up in two short words: bust ass. \u2014 Jacques Pepin If I had been busted for drugs instead of gambling, I'd still be managing the Reds and baseball would be paying for my rehab. \u2014 Pete Rose After the film it was raining, a light steady rain. Ruthless neon on the wet streets like busted candy. \u2014 Denis Johnson a great deal"}, {"title": "", "text": "was never much interested in busting him. I liked him, we had some good times.\" \"How old was your son then?\" The question took him back. He stopped rubbing her legs and lit another cigarette. \"Almost six.\" \"You didn't give them up for the job. You liked your new life. The drugs and money and women, right?\" There was no way to explain it to her. She had small-town reasoning. She thought it was all about cash and getting laid because that's all there was to reach for in a place like Hangtree. She'd never understand what real action was. How your nerve endings were always on fire. How, no matter who you were with, you had to look over your shoulder, had to always be ready for the double-cross, the knife in the neck. Had to stay sharp. Crease never did any drugs and Tucco liked that about him, that he could be just as crazy without getting high as the other guys were when they got wasted. It was all part of being out on the rim. He couldn't trust his captain or the commissioner any more than he could trust Tucco. Maybe less. Reb let out a throaty laugh full of base assumptions. \"You traded in your old lady and eight or nine kids for the chance to roll around in the big life. To take a pop in the vein, drive the best cars, wear diamond pinky rings. Strippers and whores all the time.\" She stared through him, not seeing him at"}, {"title": "", "text": "real with people and tell them where they need to improve and even demonstrate that by letting people make fun of us. That\u2019s not at all what I\u2019m proposing, but there\u2019s a difference in my mind between busting somebody\u2019s chops and taking them in the balls. I should talk about. It\u2019s like dad versus a haymaker. When you jabbed somebody that\u2019s friendly, that kid, you know, that\u2019s, that\u2019s playground stuff. But when you try to land a haymaker on somebody, especially when they don\u2019t even know they\u2019re boxing with you, that\u2019s bullshit. Right? And then a lot of times leaders get in positions where they feel threatened, they feel challenged, and so they throw haymakers. Benjamin Martin: Uh, and then people on the other side of that respond by throwing more haymakers. And if there\u2019s one thing about the fire service, we love to run and tell our peers what\u2019s happened to try to build support and get our version of events out there first. And if you\u2019re in a formal leadership position, you\u2019re really hamstrung in that race because you can\u2019t, it\u2019s their privacy. So you sit there and you take it and you hear things about yourself and you\u2019re like, that\u2019s a, that\u2019s not true. See, that\u2019s certainly not true about who I am. See that never happened. And it\u2019s like cow, like day. How do you, how do you even start to get to the root of these things? And you can\u2019t. And so in that moment flown that hand on, I made"}, {"title": "", "text": "sit at the table wh... I said \u201cI love you\u201d to my cake. It burst into tiers. Edit: rip my inbox! Edit 2: so many awards but no gold? I dare you to gild me. Go ahead, make my day! Edit 3: Guys I was being sarcastic and referencing the movie Sudden Impact (cries in being old). Whoever gilded me just wasted their coins but still, thanks... As a home appliance salesman, a customer once told me, \"I thought my grandma was crazy when she talked to her fridge. Maybe she was just ahead of her time!\" He was looking at our Samsung fridge with an Android screen. This was 4 years ago when I worked at Sears (RIP) but I still think about it sometimes and laugh. Been lifting weights without much results. Saw a super ripped trainer at the gym and asked him how he got so jacked . . . He paused and then said 'Let me show you the whey'. RIP Grandpa I'll never forget my grandpas' last words to me \"Stop shaking the ladder you cunt\" RIP boiling water You will be mist. What happens to a book when it starts to exercise a lot? It gets ripped. A husband and wife go to church every Sunday. However, the husband would always fall asleep while church was in session. One day the wife went to the priest and said \u201cMy husband always falls asleep, and I can\u2019t see when he does, so whenever he does can you make a hand gesture"}, {"title": "", "text": "thing is that I do believe that Z. sees himself doing something exactly like that. lolololol!!! Lol, that was funny! @Big Willy\u2026OMG! LORL\u2026I haven\u2019t heard that in ages! Opercarla says: HaHa! In our Italian American family those were proudly referred to as \u201cfront butts\u201d Also known as a \u201cDunlap\u201d\u2026\u2026 As in\u2026..your belly done lapped over your belt buckle\u2026. I had lettered on the hood scoop of my last race car \u201cThe Over The Belt Gang !!\u201d Where do I send the crust from my morning toast? bigwillie501 says: About those threats. If nobody knows where he is, how is he continuing to receive threats? And, as an aside, has anyone actually kept up with the wackos from the NBPP\u2014who have been the fall guy in the threats department. While the Z. supporters have whined about how they were not arrested and locked up (for a poster that I believe was immediately pulled as soon as someone pointed out to them the kind of deep water they could be in with it), it seems that I recall that one of them was arrested shortly thereafter on a parole violation (possession of a firearm). Are there any NBPP folks currently out of jail? Lurker, there\u2019s only like 3 of them. And there\u2019s only so many sick days. So besides the one in jail I suppose the other two went back to work. \ud83d\ude42 LOL\u2013Right! Tommy'sMom says: Excellent as always! I really don\u2019t know how to copy a short cut,so I hope this works. Listening to a wonderful version"}, {"title": "", "text": "the back wall of the store and tells me he's going to bust it out and afterwards he's going to shove my 6'3\" 200lb frame through to drop eight feet into broken glass. I ask him why doesn't he just bust out one of the entrance windows and we don't have to break any bones or suffer any large lacerations because there was no way I was going to fit through a 2' by 1' opening. He doesn't even consider it. He starts screaming \"ALL RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, I'LL DO IT!\" and the next thing you know I have a fifty year old lard ass clambering up my back.(I usually get paid a lot of dough for that kind of action!) and he kicks off with head as he wiggles his little piggle self through. I mosey around to the front of the store and wait for about two minutes before he limps to the front door and I see that his hair's farked, lips busted and he's clutching one of his wrists very tightly. His face was farking hilarious; shock, pain and rage with a thin veneer of regret. He didn't speak to me after that. He sat in the back office staring at the window for about ten minutes before finally getting up and shambling his battered ass to his car and screaming out of the lot spitting asphalt into the windows he was reluctant to break. My boss calls me mid shift and lets me know that my dough wrangling skills would no"}, {"title": "", "text": "about eight foot up on the back wall of the store and tells me he's going to bust it out and afterwards he's going to shove my 6'3\" 200lb frame through to drop eight feet into broken glass. I ask him why doesn't he just bust out one of the entrance windows and we don't have to break any bones or suffer any large lacerations because there was no way I was going to fit through a 2' by 1' opening. He doesn't even consider it. He starts screaming \"ALL RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, I'LL DO IT!\" and the next thing you know I have a fifty year old lard ass clambering up my back.(I usually get paid a lot of dough for that kind of action!) and he kicks off with head as he wiggles his little piggle self through. I mosey around to the front of the store and wait for about two minutes before he limps to the front door and I see that his hair's farked, lips busted and he's clutching one of his wrists very tightly. His face was farking hilarious; shock, pain and rage with a thin veneer of regret. He didn't speak to me after that. He sat in the back office staring at the window for about ten minutes before finally getting up and shambling his battered ass to his car and screaming out of the lot spitting asphalt into the windows he was reluctant to break. My boss calls me mid shift and lets me know that my"}, {"title": "", "text": "appear on the January 2018 cover\u2026 Laura Burgess January 11, 2018 dale-schmidt January 12, 2018 Chopped his hands off! damn muddyarms_targets January 12, 2018 \u201cknife punching fools\u201d That\u2019s bad ass. lol I feel that way sometimes. Hell I just pulled up to get gas and this guy said your tail light doesn\u2019t work. I was just thinking about knife punching him in the throat!"}, {"title": "", "text": "where I work and live so you can say it to my face. the merc on carnaby street? HA-HA! Charles, the fancy pomade your parents send you money for has seeped into your brain and affected your judgement. I'll say anything I want anytime I want. Your an individual who needs to call other people names to divert attention to the fact that you are insecure and confused. Everbody else is a drama queen, right Charles? Say it to your face? You didn't even have the balls to fire me to my face. You chose to attack me on a public message board. Not Allessandra, not Dave, they didn't fuck up, you did. Nobody made you do that. And I'm quite suprised that you would even pull some tuff guy act \"say it to my face \"shit. Halarious. Absolutely halarious. What are you gonna do? Are you gonna beat me up Charles? What a joke. First you attack me on a message board and then you threaten me. What are you thinking? Your just making yourself look nuts. Allessandra has informed me that she doesn't agree with what you did and I appreciate that. We are still buds. I have no problem not being in your band Charles. I have no idea where you live nor do I care to know. Your a sad little shit Charles. And I have no problem saying any of this to your trust fund hipster little face. as bon scott said, It's a Long Way to the Top If You"}, {"title": "", "text": "condition that prevented him from controlling his lips? Maybe he thought I was on fire and was trying to put me out? Maybe he didn\u2019t like my jacket? Maybe, he spat on me for no reason at all. No no. That can\u2019t be right. Ridiculous! It must have meant something! Surely! Maybe. Just maybe, I reminded him of one thing. The one thing he hated more than anything else in this rotten world. A thing that had haunted him since the day he\u2019d been born. A thing that chased him down long corridors in his nightmares. A thing that had killed his mother, his father, and his pet goldfish. A thing he feared, but a thing he also one day vowed to destroy: BISCUITS. Photo titled Hoodlum by carbonnyc. biscuitsblogcharvacharverchavculturedramahoodlumhumorHumourinspirationLifelifestylemeaningmusingsmysteryOpinionpeoplepersonalpsychologyrandom thoughtsruffianspat atspitspit in facethoughts Previous PostThe Annual Existential Crisis (Birthday)Next PostI Was A Superhero 18 thoughts on \u201cA Hoodlum Spat In My Face\u201d 2blu2btru says: I really enjoyed this! It\u2019s funny how you can think of so many scenarios in which you could be spit upon, from the mundane to the Shakespearian. Perhaps he could tell you kept a blog, and wanted to give you something to ponder and write a great post about? That\u2019s my vote, anyway. \ud83d\ude42 Dan B says: Perhaps you\u2019re right, perhaps he knew that I hadn\u2019t updated my blog in months and that spitting in my face would inspire me to do so! What a gentleman. Thanks for the kind words. aconn464 says: I\u2019d have a hard time stopping myself from"}, {"title": "", "text": "in its leg that tapped against a tiny triangle as it came around\u2014tink, tink, tink. \"Five bucks a tank, that's a bag of feed right there,\" the other guy said. It hit like that crack of thunder that makes you jump sitting at the dinner table: \" _Goddammit, getyerheadouttayrerassthen!_ \" \"You'd have to take that in account,\" the first guy said, like he was deaf. \" _Here, gimmethat, dumbass_.\" A loud bang came from somewhere in the kitchen, followed by a solid crash and a satisfied grunt. \" _There. How's that?_ \" The woman with the glasses came in and set down my food. \"Hot sauce?\" \" _You call that a wrench?_ \" There was another bang, another crash, followed by the sound of something metal ricocheting around a small room. \" _Jaheezus Christ!_ \" Presently a man\u2014graying, fiftyish, solid six feet\u2014strode in from the kitchen and turning his back on the room, began to shuffle the bottles the woman had just finished rearranging. \"Don,\" mumbled the men at the bar, almost at the same time. There was no response. \"Breakin' in the new kid, huh?\" said the man to my left, and two or three others down the line chuckled carefully. No answer. I smiled to myself: no better way to fuck with you than don't answer: Soon it's Daddy, what did I do? Daddy, what's the matter? A little more of that and it's Daddy, please, Daddy, say something, Daddy, I'm sorry. \"You want another?\" He was standing in front of me, jaw out,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Three Magic Words (More or Less) \"You need to clip your toenails,\" the Muse said. She kicked me in the shin. \"Hey, you're the one who wanted to share the blanket. If you're going to complain, you can just go sit over in the chair and freeze.\" \"I'm just saying that I didn't know I was going to have talons leaving scars on my ankles.\" \"Beggers, choosers.\" \"You're such a drip.\" \"Watch it. I've got a cold. I'll sneeze on you.\" \"Fine,\" she said. \"You're a post-nasal drip. Which come to think of it sounds sort of disgusting.\" \"Eat your soup and shaddup,\" I said. \"I'm trying to watch this.\" She sighed and looked at the television. \"Fine. Just don't Buskirk the whiskey, Birdman.\" \"Excuse me? Buskirk?\" \"Bogart,\" she said. \"I meant don't Bogart it.\" \"Buskirk is the name of a city in New York. What the hell are you talking about?\" She kicked me again. \"Just give me the fucking bottle, would you? Jesus. Pain in my ass, that's what you are.\" I nodded. \"Completely. Giant pain. Better get used to it, though. Serendipity.\" She snorted. \"Hardly serendipity. I generally lean more towards it being a gigantic bad karma debt.\" \"Always the romantic, aren't you?\" \"Just give me the bottle and watch your precious cartoons, buddy boy.\" She took the Jack from me and pulled off a mouthful. \"I'm guessing, Muse, that since you're being a stinky poo at the moment that you're feeling better today, yeah?\" She stuck her tongue at me. \"Bite me.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "Dine My stepdad was having a Christmas dinner party a few years back for his firm at his house. One of my stepdad\u2019s friends had just been talking blowhard stuff all night, especially little comments here and there about me, you could call it teasing. At first I brushed it off because he was drinking, but it got to me after a while. Anyway, we\u2019re all eating at the table and he\u2019s sitting across from me, his date is at the end of the table, to the right of me. Everyone was talking, and somehow the conversation steered towards me about to make it a long-distance thing with my girl, because I was moving for college. So the dude starts talking up again, saying something along the lines of, \u201cYou\u2019re so young to be whipped, when I was your age I had all sorts of fun before I got old.\u201d It was almost awkward. Then the date gently grabs his bicep and says, \u201cIt\u2019s ok, I like my men how I like my wine,\u201d and me without skipping a beat says, \u201cYou like them extra-fruity?\u201d The whole dinner table of like 15 of us just started laughing uproariously. illmoney Libreshot 59. Those Who Can\u2019t Do, Burn We were in 6th grade and there was this kid who was always the troublemaker, Richie. One day while Richie was making trouble in Mr. Franklin\u2019s class, Mr. Franklin reached his breaking point. \u201cRichie, quit screwing around and being disruptive and just apply yourself. You are going to be 40"}, {"title": "", "text": "and mild aggression, and it was impossible to tell them apart. I was almost glad when the bad guy started knifing them, as there would be less for me to remember. I struggled with some of the slang too. What on earth is `having your chops busted\u00bf? If anyone ever busted mine I definitely wasn\u00bft aware of it."}, {"title": "", "text": "and mild aggression, and it was impossible to tell them apart. I was almost glad when the bad guy started knifing them, as there would be less for me to remember. I struggled with some of the slang too. What on earth is `having your chops busted\u00bf? If anyone ever busted mine I definitely wasn\u00bft aware of it."}, {"title": "", "text": "to the picnic table and dad grabbed my arm and straightened it out and put it back together. And some guys cut a cardboard box and made splints and wrapped my arm and took me to a doctor and the doctor took and X-ray to see if he was going to have to reset the bone, and said \"I couldn't do it any better.\" 22 They boys grew up on Ed McGowan's farm. Ivan recalled one incident from the farm: And when Vernon hit me in the head with an ax, I ran to the house blood coming out over my face, mother about passed out, but dad came in and sewed my head up. Well, we were cutting out a row of big weeds and little trees, trash you know, shrubs out along side of the barn. I was on one end with a hatchet and vernon was on the other end with an ax. And Dad\u2019s out there taking the stuff off, and so we got down to one brush left, and I was down there right at it and so I says \u201cI\u2019ll get it!\u201d And Vernon says, \u201cI\u2019ll get it!\u201d So while he\u2019s swinging back his ax, I\u2019m down there chopping \u201cchop, chop, chop, chop, chop,\u201d and he swang the ax and hit me in the head. 23 (fig.16) Ivan and Vernon White Ivan White and Doris Cobb Ivan was born in Kansas City, Kansas. Ivan grew up in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania. Ivan later discovered that the farm he stole apples from in"}, {"title": "", "text": "aggravated. \u201cNo one calls me Woodrow.\u201d \u201cRelax,\u201d Gus says. \u201cI\u2019m just busting your chops because I\u2019ve heard Sugar call you that. I think she\u2019s calling you that for a reason.\u201d \u201cYeah, it\u2019s because she\u2019s busting my chops too. It\u2019s her way of saying, I knew you when, and when I knew you, you were this way, so please remember what the pecking order is. Girls like Sugar want to keep the power structure from high school exactly the way it was at the time of their senior year, when they were on top of the social ladder.\u201d \u201cNo,\u201d Maloney says. \u201cIt\u2019s not about being on top and keeping the pecking order. I think it\u2019s about preventing you from thinking you\u2019re better than her, I mean, going to college like you are, and all. Last winter, over break, I used to talk to her all the time. She felt left behind. All her friends were in school and it made her feel bad about herself.\u201d \u201cDid you guys smooch?\u201d Kenny asks. \u201cNo, retard. We\u2019re friends. I see how others would find her pretty, but she\u2019s not my type. I\u2019m not fond of that All-American, girl next door kind of look, but perhaps with bigger breasts....\u201d \u201cYes, you, peering through the blinds into the bedroom window of the girl next door, you should know about her breasts,\u201d Gus said, ending his own joke with what he usually ends his own jokes with--a manic laugh. \u201cShe was, umm,\u201d Woody stops in mid-sentence, as they all stopped to listen to"}, {"title": "", "text": "aggravated. \u201cNo one calls me Woodrow.\u201d \u201cRelax,\u201d Gus says. \u201cI\u2019m just busting your chops because I\u2019ve heard Sugar call you that. I think she\u2019s calling you that for a reason.\u201d \u201cYeah, it\u2019s because she\u2019s busting my chops too. It\u2019s her way of saying, I knew you when, and when I knew you, you were this way, so please remember what the pecking order is. Girls like Sugar want to keep the power structure from high school exactly the way it was at the time of their senior year, when they were on top of the social ladder.\u201d \u201cNo,\u201d Maloney says. \u201cIt\u2019s not about being on top and keeping the pecking order. I think it\u2019s about preventing you from thinking you\u2019re better than her, I mean, going to college like you are, and all. Last winter, over break, I used to talk to her all the time. She felt left behind. All her friends were in school and it made her feel bad about herself.\u201d \u201cDid you guys smooch?\u201d Kenny asks. \u201cNo, retard. We\u2019re friends. I see how others would find her pretty, but she\u2019s not my type. I\u2019m not fond of that All-American, girl next door kind of look, but perhaps with bigger breasts....\u201d \u201cYes, you, peering through the blinds into the bedroom window of the girl next door, you should know about her breasts,\u201d Gus said, ending his own joke with what he usually ends his own jokes with--a manic laugh. \u201cShe was, umm,\u201d Woody stops in mid-sentence, as they all stopped to listen to"}, {"title": "", "text": "a few others, when Bruce Harris, also down from New York for the gig, comes up to me and grabs my arm. He is looking very grave. \"Boy, Patricia, you better make yourself scarce! I just talked to Jim, he saw your review of his poetry, and he's going around saying, 'Where the hell is Kennealy, gonna punch that bitch in the mouth when I see her'\u2014\" He is kidding, I think. At least I pray he is, when a voice suddenly comes up behind me and lassoes me into immobility. \"Patricia?\" I close my eyes briefly against the soul panic, then open them and turn resolutely around. \"Jim.\" \"I thought it was you,\" he says with satisfaction. \"I saw the hair, you know\u2014\" A horseshoe of awed listeners immediately starts to form behind each of us, like the Montagues and the Capulets when Mercutio and Tybalt are getting ready to square off. I figure I'd better just get into it. \"I hear you've been going around saying, 'Where the hell is Kennealy, gonna bust her in the chops for that review'\u2014\" His face lights up with amusement and a certain considering awareness. \"Oh no, no. Did you get my telegram?\" \"Indeed I did. Why do you think I'm here?\" \"You, uh, have a very excellent prose style.\" \"Why, thank you, Jim; you have a very promising poetic style.\" \"I wish you'd said that in the review,\" he remarks a little wryly. \"Read it again, sweetheart. I did.\" He looks a little skeptical; I elaborate a"}, {"title": "", "text": "they're looking at me like someone farted. They say \"Chris,\" and we walk off to the side and he goes \"It doesn't look like you're hitting them,\" so I said, \"Yeah, but they're not taking the punch, you know, if I punch at the head they gotta snap their head back, if I hit them in the stomach, they gotta double over.\" He says, \"No, I mean really hitting them.\" I said, \"Well, no wonder it doesn't look like it.\" He says, \"That's what they're there for. Hit them!\" I said, \"You mean really hit them?\" He says, \"Yes!\" I said, \"That'll hurt them.\" He said, \"Yes! That's what they're here for!\" So, I said okay, we go back in the room and do it again. And I'm trying to pull my punches, but if somebody moves forward a half-inch, then you crack a rib. And we get through the shot, and there's a couple of guys moaning and groaning, the director yells \"Cut!\" and they all applaud. And it got worse. For my fight scene with Dicky, I knew he was something like that year's Hong Kong kung fu champion. And we would work out a routine, and every time the camera came on, he would change the routine a little. Just haul off and went. So I think, \"Is he just stupid, or is he trying to hit the round-eye on camera?\" AL: He's trying to one-up you, by the sounds of it. CM: Yeah, that's what he's doing. So I - I had"}, {"title": "", "text": "snapping and possibly the sign-language gesture for \"kangaroo.\" I ended, strangely, by kissing the tips of my fingers, one by one, which I didn't want to be doing but which was one of those things where once you start, you've got to commit and keep going. \"I don't think I learned that one yet,\" Wesley said. \"Of course you didn't. I just came up with it.\" I slowly backed away from him, all sinister-like, toward the door. \"But I'll tell you what it means. It means you have an enemy on that battlefield. A spitwad ninja. Someone who isn't playing for either side. It means you should be very careful out there, Wesley, because I'm going to be a team of one. And I'm coming for you.\" I almost paused to repeat that in my head. I didn't want to forget it, because it sounded like something someone would say in one of Dad's action movies, and I wanted to remember it forever, in the likely event that I would never get to make an awesome good-guy-going-rogue speech again. I started out the door, then had a thought and turned back. \"Oh. It also means I'm not sitting in the uneven desk anymore. So... there.\" I plunged out into the hallway, a weird lump forming in the back of my throat. I supposed I had realized it as soon as I saw the blizzard on my window. But after everything I'd just said, it was officially sinking in. I wasn't just Wesley's enemy. I was everybody's"}, {"title": "", "text": "onto the streets below. He hears the faint shattering as they hit the ground, but manages to keep his footing and heads towards the opposite end. But he comes to a sliding stop after seeing the courtyard below, and the gap to the nearest ledge. But the decisions is made for him, when he hears more shingles shattering, meaning the other man has reached the roof. He backs up and readies himself for the jump, \"Ah hell. I need a new job.\" He makes the leap easier than he anticipated, smashing though a set of shutters and rolling into a patron's room. A woman shrieks and covers up her bare bosom, while her partner starts to threaten me. Getting up and running towards the exit to the hallway he remarks, \"Man I am such a cock block tonight.\" Barreling down the hallway, the man's screaming intensifies, meaning his new friend made the jump as well. The one fleeing hopes the angry partner will slow the other down, but he wouldn't be on it. He makes it down to the kitchen, but the seeker has caught up. In a desperation move, the man swings open a freezer door trying to knock the other down, but to no avail. The two of them spill out into an alley, and finally, the man is cornered. He draws his weapons and points it at the aggressor, \"I don't want to shoot you. But I will. There's no way I'm ending up in jail tonight. Or ever really.\" \"I wasn't planning"}, {"title": "", "text": "onto the streets below. He hears the faint shattering as they hit the ground, but manages to keep his footing and heads towards the opposite end. But he comes to a sliding stop after seeing the courtyard below, and the gap to the nearest ledge. But the decisions is made for him, when he hears more shingles shattering, meaning the other man has reached the roof. He backs up and readies himself for the jump, \"Ah hell. I need a new job.\" He makes the leap easier than he anticipated, smashing though a set of shutters and rolling into a patron's room. A woman shrieks and covers up her bare bosom, while her partner starts to threaten me. Getting up and running towards the exit to the hallway he remarks, \"Man I am such a cock block tonight.\" Barreling down the hallway, the man's screaming intensifies, meaning his new friend made the jump as well. The one fleeing hopes the angry partner will slow the other down, but he wouldn't be on it. He makes it down to the kitchen, but the seeker has caught up. In a desperation move, the man swings open a freezer door trying to knock the other down, but to no avail. The two of them spill out into an alley, and finally, the man is cornered. He draws his weapons and points it at the aggressor, \"I don't want to shoot you. But I will. There's no way I'm ending up in jail tonight. Or ever really.\" \"I wasn't planning"}, {"title": "", "text": "this guy who turns out to be deaf. Some guys refer to other guys as \"girls.\" Bobby is disrespectful of his alcoholic mother, while Jimmy has the same problem with his mentally unstable mother. A father repeatedly backhands his son for no good reason. Marco beats and possibly rapes Betsy. A person refers to another person as a \"Pollock.\" A gang previously friendly to the Deuces accepts a bribe to help the Vipers against them. Scenes listed under \"Violence\" could also be tense or suspenseful to some viewers with low tolerance levels for such mayhem. The Vipers show up ready for a rumble and Bobby runs out with a gun, ready to use it on them. The police then show up (one draws his gun) and have to keep the two groups apart. As Annie tries to steal some of the Vipers money, Bobby stands guard outside and then hides as many Vipers show up (and we wonder if Annie is going to get caught). Handguns/Knives/Shivs/Switchblades/Bats/Chains: Carried and/or used to threaten, injure or kill others. See \"Violence\" for details. We hear gunfire on a TV show. Phrases: \"Are you f*cking listening to me?\" \"Shut the f*ck up,\" \"How the f*ck am I supposed to know?\" \"Rat m*therf*cker,\" \"Are you f*cking crazy?\" \"Have you lost your f*cking balls?\" \"I'll crack your f*cking head open,\" \"What the f*ck /is wrong with you/happened to you/are you doing? \"Do whatever the f*ck it is that you kids do,\" \"You're f*cking pathetic,\" \"Mind your own f*cking business,\" \"F*ck this sh*t,\" \"Let's"}, {"title": "", "text": "this guy who turns out to be deaf. Some guys refer to other guys as \"girls.\" Bobby is disrespectful of his alcoholic mother, while Jimmy has the same problem with his mentally unstable mother. A father repeatedly backhands his son for no good reason. Marco beats and possibly rapes Betsy. A person refers to another person as a \"Pollock.\" A gang previously friendly to the Deuces accepts a bribe to help the Vipers against them. Scenes listed under \"Violence\" could also be tense or suspenseful to some viewers with low tolerance levels for such mayhem. The Vipers show up ready for a rumble and Bobby runs out with a gun, ready to use it on them. The police then show up (one draws his gun) and have to keep the two groups apart. As Annie tries to steal some of the Vipers money, Bobby stands guard outside and then hides as many Vipers show up (and we wonder if Annie is going to get caught). Handguns/Knives/Shivs/Switchblades/Bats/Chains: Carried and/or used to threaten, injure or kill others. See \"Violence\" for details. We hear gunfire on a TV show. Phrases: \"Are you f*cking listening to me?\" \"Shut the f*ck up,\" \"How the f*ck am I supposed to know?\" \"Rat m*therf*cker,\" \"Are you f*cking crazy?\" \"Have you lost your f*cking balls?\" \"I'll crack your f*cking head open,\" \"What the f*ck /is wrong with you/happened to you/are you doing? \"Do whatever the f*ck it is that you kids do,\" \"You're f*cking pathetic,\" \"Mind your own f*cking business,\" \"F*ck this sh*t,\" \"Let's"}, {"title": "", "text": "a bunch of rich white guests, one girl comments that she thinks its okay for \"them\" to use the N word and then audience applauds politely. Lampshaded again, apparently it is used so much in the Freeman household that Riley thought that was his name until he was three years old. An entire episode (based on a real story) is spend parodying and deconstructing this trope when one of Riley's teachers calls him the N word and the media find out. Odd Name Out: The Lethal Interjection crew has Flonominal, Macktastic, Thugnificent ... and Leonard. Oddly enough, he's the only one of the crew who wouldn't mind having a normal day job like flipping burgers at Wendy's. Off with His Head: Bushido Brown, with awesome absurdity and to remind people of what \"Complete Disaster\" means. Oh Crap: Frequently. One scene in particular (A Crowning Moment of Awesome) features a team of Chinese kickballers insulting Huey, only for him to respond with, in Chinese, \"I don't like being laughed at.\" One of the players can barely get out, \"Did... he just...\" before he's knocked cold by Huey's pitch. Ominous Latin Chanting: Used in \"Smoking with Cigarettes\", even if it's not actually Latin. LA-MIL-TON! TAE-SHAWWWWWWN!! Once Killed a Man with A Noodle Implement: The episode \"Granddad's Fight\": Uncle Ruckus: Jean Claude Van Damme's the best martial artist in the world. He killed a man with his butt cheek power. One of Us: Aaron McGruder is a self-proclaimed \"nerd\" whose interests include Star Wars, Anime, video games, and Monty"}, {"title": "", "text": "a bunch of rich white guests, one girl comments that she thinks its okay for \"them\" to use the N word and then audience applauds politely. Lampshaded again, apparently it is used so much in the Freeman household that Riley thought that was his name until he was three years old. An entire episode (based on a real story) is spend parodying and deconstructing this trope when one of Riley's teachers calls him the N word and the media find out. Odd Name Out: The Lethal Interjection crew has Flonominal, Macktastic, Thugnificent ... and Leonard. Oddly enough, he's the only one of the crew who wouldn't mind having a normal day job like flipping burgers at Wendy's. Off with His Head: Bushido Brown, with awesome absurdity and to remind people of what \"Complete Disaster\" means. Oh Crap: Frequently. One scene in particular (A Crowning Moment of Awesome) features a team of Chinese kickballers insulting Huey, only for him to respond with, in Chinese, \"I don't like being laughed at.\" One of the players can barely get out, \"Did... he just...\" before he's knocked cold by Huey's pitch. Ominous Latin Chanting: Used in \"Smoking with Cigarettes\", even if it's not actually Latin. LA-MIL-TON! TAE-SHAWWWWWWN!! Once Killed a Man with A Noodle Implement: The episode \"Granddad's Fight\": Uncle Ruckus: Jean Claude Van Damme's the best martial artist in the world. He killed a man with his butt cheek power. One of Us: Aaron McGruder is a self-proclaimed \"nerd\" whose interests include Star Wars, Anime, video games, and Monty"}, {"title": "", "text": "soap, and air fresheners. \"Hey, dishrat,\" the cook yelled. \"Bring me a pork chop.\" I went to the cooler to find one and came back. \"What are you doing with that?\" \"I brought it for you.\" \"Is it my birthday?\" \"You called for a chop.\" \"You need to lay off the drugs, dishrat, you're losing it.\" The cook turned back to his work. On my way to the dish room I heard him mumbling so I peeked back around the corner. His features had disappeared, his face was flat and barren like the pad of a thumb. \"What the fuck are you looking at?\" I ran back through the dish room and into the break room. I put the chop back in the cooler, then sat down and lit a cigarette. The cook's voice floated through the doorway, a whisper, but I knew he was talking about me. \"Knives,\" the waitress said. I jumped up and ran to the doorway. \"Act cool,\" the cook told the waitress. \"I think he heard us.\" I snuffed out my cigarette, then snuck up to the cook's line where the cook and the waitress stood, bored, as if they hadn't been talking about me. A chef's knife and a serrated sat on the cutting board. \"Do you need anything?\" \"No.\" \"Your knives could use a quick wash.\" I took them to the dish room and set them in the sink. From the drawer where we kept the kitchen utensils I took the other knives and the sharpening steel. I wrapped"}, {"title": "", "text": "very bored so I started singing about him wanting food. Now anyone would say, \"my friend, some people sing when they get bored.\" You would think that wouldnt you random person I would think as I replied, \"you just need to shut up or Ill knock you off of your ladder!\" But then Id feel bad for yelling at them so Id take them out to taco bell or something and buy them a taco and they would say, \"cant I have 2 tacos?\" but I would turn around in shock yelling, \"how dare you ask for two tacos! After all weve been through! You want two tacos! That's just not right! You ruined our friendship, then we would head to a park during the painful silence and wed notice that there was only one swing left and we would begin to run towards it but the random person wouldnt notice that I took out my sword to get the swing from him/her. So id swing for awhile as the person yelled at me then something else could happen then Id go home and go to sleep and then Id wake up and post on my blog about this whole thing and then Id realize how long the post was and say oh well and then Id be all excited because this was my 51st post. Congrats if you actually read all of that! We should always remember that we are in a constant battle against evil and sin and to win we need God. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "his strategies, and then eventually usurp him. As soon as my mom saw Sid, she pulled out her iPhone and started snapping pictures. \"What's up with your leg, Choppy? Why are you walking like a pirate?\" My mom had called me Choppy since she'd accidentally guillotined my ring finger in a sliding minivan door when I was eight. \"Choppy\" didn't refer to the act of trying to cut off my finger, but to \"Chop-chop, Jenny,\" because she felt the entire debacle could have been prevented if I had been moving faster. When her then husband, an orthopedic surgeon named Stew, attempted to sew the top of my finger back to the base, the nurse asked him what kind of dressing he wanted. I yelled, \"Ranch, please.\" The operating room erupted in laughter. It was in that moment that I decided my childhood pain could be cured only by endless approval from strangers. \"I don't know. I think my body is just still messed up from pregnancy,\" I lied. The truth was, I knew exactly why I was walking like a pirate. I'd started working out again. And instead of easing my way back in like a normal person, I'd taken to running my ass off on the treadmill like I was going through a messy divorce. I knew getting back to my fighting weight was going to take time and I had every intention of being patient with myself. That was until I looked in a full-length mirror. My hips were wider than they'd ever been,"}, {"title": "", "text": "yelling at one another in code about where we would eventually meet once we shook this guy. We agreed on the monastery. The monastery was an apple grove in the middle of Oakland, surrounded by an abbey, where Jesuit monks walked around in contemplation of the Lord and where we got fucked up and hurled apples at passing traffic. It was a space open for the public to enjoy, but by the time we got through with it, they built a six-foot fence around it and locked the gates forever. For a while, though, it was our spot. We found each other there, breathing heavily and giddy with defiance. Someone had procured whiskey, and we cracked it and passed it around as we planned our next move. Luckily, our next move walked right up to us. A group of guys from the grade below made the mistake of thinking they could find safe passage in these, the apple trees of the Lord. As they approached, DJ, our biggest, loudest, scariest friend, jumped up and screamed, \"Break yo' self! Empty yo' mothafuckin' pockets!\" Translated loosely from the original gangster, this means, \"Hello! We are robbing you! Give us your money!\" Usually this kind of belligerence would be enough to get us ten bucks, but unfortunately, this group of fellas had an upstart. A short, chubby kid with a bald head boldly stepped forward and fearlessly confronted DJ with the bravery/stupidity of a hero: \"Fuck you!\" I felt DJ's excitement level rise at this kind of gauntlet toss."}, {"title": "", "text": "like this, weary and forsaken. \"Just as long as it's off before Thanksgiving, you know what I mean?\" \"Yeah! Well, mah birthday December,\" \"Okay yeah,\" \"So I'm hopin',\" \"Yeah. It's not a permanent thing then.\" \"Oh no way.\" \"Good good, just as long as its not permanent. That's a whole other thing.\" \"Yeah. Just tryna rest up.\" \"Oh, yeah, gotta take it easy on ourselves every now and then. Can't be Superman all the time.\" \"No way.\" I tried to comfort him by starting in with, \"well, they say a bone never breaks more than once in the same\u2013\" \"I got my shin shattered completely.\" He paused, watching me. I called out Orcas Street. Somebody got on and gave me a fistpound, sharing how glad they were to see me back on the 7. Then, having some sort of mental evaluation, our friend leaned in, saying, \"man, I'ma tell you tha story of how this shit happened. It was the stupidest shit anything's ever happened.\" \"Okay yeah, tell me,\" \"So I know Tae Kwon Do, right,\" \"Okay,\" \"And Jujitsu. I been practicin' it fuh years. Then I'm at this bar, talkin' to some dude. He be squarin' off like show me what choo got, and ah be beefin' like let's do this, le's go. Then all of a sudden he pulls out a gun and shoots me in the leg.\" \"What? That's terrible!\" \"That's not what guns are for!\" Not quite sure what I meant by that. Shooting things, I suppose. \"And he din't even\u2013\" \"Oh,"}, {"title": "", "text": "like this, weary and forsaken. \"Just as long as it's off before Thanksgiving, you know what I mean?\" \"Yeah! Well, mah birthday December,\" \"Okay yeah,\" \"So I'm hopin',\" \"Yeah. It's not a permanent thing then.\" \"Oh no way.\" \"Good good, just as long as its not permanent. That's a whole other thing.\" \"Yeah. Just tryna rest up.\" \"Oh, yeah, gotta take it easy on ourselves every now and then. Can't be Superman all the time.\" \"No way.\" I tried to comfort him by starting in with, \"well, they say a bone never breaks more than once in the same\u2013\" \"I got my shin shattered completely.\" He paused, watching me. I called out Orcas Street. Somebody got on and gave me a fistpound, sharing how glad they were to see me back on the 7. Then, having some sort of mental evaluation, our friend leaned in, saying, \"man, I'ma tell you tha story of how this shit happened. It was the stupidest shit anything's ever happened.\" \"Okay yeah, tell me,\" \"So I know Tae Kwon Do, right,\" \"Okay,\" \"And Jujitsu. I been practicin' it fuh years. Then I'm at this bar, talkin' to some dude. He be squarin' off like show me what choo got, and ah be beefin' like let's do this, le's go. Then all of a sudden he pulls out a gun and shoots me in the leg.\" \"What? That's terrible!\" \"That's not what guns are for!\" Not quite sure what I meant by that. Shooting things, I suppose. \"And he din't even\u2013\" \"Oh,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dulcie's paper a quick scan. There's the usual mess of the incomprehensible mixed in with the ridiculous, but I do see an ad for cheap tickets to Daytona Beach. I take that as a sign we're on the right path, though truthfully, it's as right as any other random thing I want to assign meaning to\u2014cartoons, the Great Tremolo, the way Staci Johnson flicks her ponytail. I smooth out Junior Webster's scrap of a compass\u2014 _to live_ \u2014fold it neatly, and tuck it back into my pocket along with the MP7. When I get to the dining room, some kind of fight has broken out. People are clumped together in spectator fashion, cheering. \"What's going on?\" I ask the guy next to me. \"Some kinda wrestlin' promo, I think. It's entertainin', I'll say that much. Them little guys got lots of spunk, I tell you what.\" \"Little guys?\" I croak. Oh no they di-in't. \"Excuse me, excuse me!\" I say, pushing through. Balder's on the table, and people are lined up, throwing whatever they've got at him\u2014knives, forks, coffee cups, rocks. One little girl hurls her waffle and it bounces off his round belly like a spongy boomerang. \"Two dollars a shot! All comers welcome!\" Gonzo shouts. He's running between everyone, gathering money in Balder's Viking helmet. \"I cannot be injured, for I am Balder....\" A knife sticks into his arm, but he keeps going. \"Son of Odin...\" A fork lodges into his skull. \"Brother of Hoor,\" he says, pulling them both out. \"Immortal.\" \"Yeah? Let's"}, {"title": "", "text": "clearly see you're nuts.' Post by: Slobodan Blagojevic on February 12, 2017, 08:59:51 am During a passionate sex: He: \"I love you!\" She: \"Deeper, deeper!\" He (in deep voice): \"I love you!\" At the divorce of Micky Mouse and Minnie Mouse, the judge says, \"Mr. Mouse, I am afraid I can't grant your the divorce on the grounds that you say your wife Minnie is insane.\" \"Your honor\", Micky squeaked, \"I never said that Minnie was insane, I said 'she was f-ing Goofy!\" Quote from: Otto Phocus on February 13, 2017, 06:59:48 am Very good one! A dog walks into a butcher shop with \u00a310 in his mouth and a note saying: \"10 lamb chops, please.\" Amazed, the butcher takes the money, puts a bag of chops in the dog's mouth, and closes the shop. He follows the dog and watches him wait for a green light, look both ways, then trot across the road to a bus-stop. The dog checks the timetable and sits on the bench. When a bus arrives, he walks around to the front and looks at the number, then boards the bus. The butcher follows, dumbstruck. As the bus travels out into the suburbs, the dog takes in the scenery. After a while he stands on his back paws to push the \"stop\" bell, and then the butcher follows him off. The dog runs up to a house and drops his bag on the step. He barks repeatedly. No answer. He goes back down the path, takes a big run,and throws"}, {"title": "", "text": "He turns to leave, and Sully says, \u201cFerd doesn\u2019t pay me to do his shed. Why should you have to pay me to do your garage?\u201d White stops. \u201cNow it\u2019s your turn to bust my chops?\u201d \u201cSully doesn\u2019t bust chops,\u201d I say. \u201cHe\u2019ll do it.\u201d \u201cYou shittin\u2019 me?\u201d \u201cNo, he isn\u2019t,\u201d says Sully. \u201cTed doesn\u2019t shit.\u201d White laughs like a shotgun. The skinny kid starts giggling. \u201cYou\u2019re up on 22, right?\u201d asks Sully. \u201cYeah,\u201d says White. \u201cFive miles out of town. If you come to your senses and change your mind, I\u2019ll understand.\u201d \u201cI don\u2019t like changing my mind,\u201d says Sully. White and the skinny kid, who\u2019s still giggling over the shit joke, cross the parking lot and walk up the road toward the new town hall to spatter more paint. The Muralist can be found at www.amazon.com/author/danapearson. Posted in Kindle Direct | Comments Off on The Muralist: Chapter 1 I can explain by Admin Posted on February 3, 2016 He\u2019s cute, but he\u2019s a menace. It probably didn\u2019t look good. I was calling a red squirrel a \u201cson of a bitch\u201d in an angry tone while chasing it down my driveway. And I was carrying a butcher knife. Yeah\u2026I probably looked (and sounded) psychotic. But I can explain. First, to clarify: I had no intention of murdering the red squirrel. I just wanted him to understand that his presence on my property was no longer desired. And since previous efforts to nudge him toward any of my neighbors\u2019 yards had proven fruitless, I figured a"}, {"title": "", "text": "tonight and I'll tell him that if he lays another finger on that girl I'll beat six shades of shite out of him.' 'Toastie, no!' cried Mr Chops, raising his voice, and it cracked now as if he was going through puberty all over again. He coughed and tried to pretend that hadn't happened. But it had and we'd all heard it. 'That's not what we want at all! Physical violence is never the\u2014' 'He's pulling your leg, Mr Chops,' said Gloria, giving me one last puck for the road. 'I'm pulling your leg,' I agreed, smiling at him. 'Oh,' said Mr Chops. 'Oh, right so.' 'Right so,' I repeated, winking at him as we left. That evening, Charlie and I sat side by side doing our homework. The young lad was trying to make sense of quadratic equations \u2013 just as well as they're so useful once you leave school \u2013 and I was working on an appreciation of Milton's _Comus_ and the masque culture of eighteenth-century England. 'What's this I hear about you fighting in school?' I asked him. 'I didn't do it,' he said. The standard reply. 'And trying to snog the face off some young one?' He blushed scarlet. God love him, he's only eleven. He doesn't know what he's at yet, it's probably just something he saw on the telly. 'She's a slut,' he said. 'Ah Jesus, Charlie,' I said. 'I don't want to be hearing words like that in this house, do you hear me? And not about some poor"}, {"title": "", "text": "but the air was extremely heavy. As always, on stories like this, some of the troops were getting nervous about The Stranger Hanging Around. I was standing in the kitchen watching Frank put some tacos together and wondering when he was going to start waving the butcher knife in my face and yelling about the time I Maced him on my porch in Colorado (that had been six months earlier, at the end of a very long night during which we had all consumed a large quantity of cactus products; and when he started waving a hatchet around I'd figured Mace was the only answer...which turned him to jelly for 45 minutes, and when he finally came around he said, \"If I ever see you in East Los Angeles, man, you're gonna wish you never heard the word 'Mace', because I'm gonna carve it all over your f--ckin body.\" So I was not entirely at ease watching Frank chop hamburger on a meat block in the middle of East L.A. He hadn't mentioned the Mace, not yet, but I knew we would get to it sooner or later...and I'm sure we would have, except that suddenly out in the living room some geek was screaming: \"What the hell is this goddamn gabacho pig writer doing here? Are we f--kin crazy to be letting him hear all this s--t? Jesus, he's heard enough to put every one of us away for five years!\" Longer than that, I thought. And at that point I stopped worrying about Frank."}, {"title": "", "text": "but the air was extremely heavy. As always, on stories like this, some of the troops were getting nervous about The Stranger Hanging Around. I was standing in the kitchen watching Frank put some tacos together and wondering when he was going to start waving the butcher knife in my face and yelling about the time I Maced him on my porch in Colorado (that had been six months earlier, at the end of a very long night during which we had all consumed a large quantity of cactus products; and when he started waving a hatchet around I'd figured Mace was the only answer...which turned him to jelly for 45 minutes, and when he finally came around he said, \"If I ever see you in East Los Angeles, man, you're gonna wish you never heard the word 'Mace', because I'm gonna carve it all over your f--ckin body.\" So I was not entirely at ease watching Frank chop hamburger on a meat block in the middle of East L.A. He hadn't mentioned the Mace, not yet, but I knew we would get to it sooner or later...and I'm sure we would have, except that suddenly out in the living room some geek was screaming: \"What the hell is this goddamn gabacho pig writer doing here? Are we f--kin crazy to be letting him hear all this s--t? Jesus, he's heard enough to put every one of us away for five years!\" Longer than that, I thought. And at that point I stopped worrying about Frank."}, {"title": "", "text": "years ago, and my first thought was, \"Cop.\" I quietly told my friends to cool it, cool it, something's off with that guy, and everyone immediately began doing the I-Ain't-Doing-Nothin' Shuffle.

          When the man started walking towards me, I began to do an inventory in my head of the cash I had on hand, the cash my friends had, in the event I wound up needing bail money. He presented himself before me, put out his hand, and introduced himself.

          I hope I'm not intruding, he said. Not at all, I told him with trepidation flying around my head like I was Tippi Hedren. I offered him some coffee while my friends milled around the campsite pretending they weren't baked and had important stuff to do, casting furtive glances my way as they waited for the hammer to fall.

          Listen, he said, I noticed you guys were smoking a joint.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          I don't know anyone who smokes weed, he said.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          My father has cancer, he said. It's bad. He can't eat because of his treatments, and that's as bad as the cancer. His doctor pulled me aside last week and mentioned marijuana as something that could help him.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          You don't know me, he said, but I was wondering if you could give me some, so I can see if it helps him. I don't know anyone else I can ask.

          I was still. This is either a set-up, I thought, or this guy is for real. As a NORML supporter, I knew full well that what he was"}, {"title": "", "text": "years ago, and my first thought was, \"Cop.\" I quietly told my friends to cool it, cool it, something's off with that guy, and everyone immediately began doing the I-Ain't-Doing-Nothin' Shuffle.

          When the man started walking towards me, I began to do an inventory in my head of the cash I had on hand, the cash my friends had, in the event I wound up needing bail money. He presented himself before me, put out his hand, and introduced himself.

          I hope I'm not intruding, he said. Not at all, I told him with trepidation flying around my head like I was Tippi Hedren. I offered him some coffee while my friends milled around the campsite pretending they weren't baked and had important stuff to do, casting furtive glances my way as they waited for the hammer to fall.

          Listen, he said, I noticed you guys were smoking a joint.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          I don't know anyone who smokes weed, he said.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          My father has cancer, he said. It's bad. He can't eat because of his treatments, and that's as bad as the cancer. His doctor pulled me aside last week and mentioned marijuana as something that could help him.

          Uh-huh, I replied.

          You don't know me, he said, but I was wondering if you could give me some, so I can see if it helps him. I don't know anyone else I can ask.

          I was still. This is either a set-up, I thought, or this guy is for real. As a NORML supporter, I knew full well that what he was"}, {"title": "", "text": "of me. 9/23 - Mom called tonight and I said hello how are you and she said fine please put your father on. He said I\u2019ll take it in the bedroom. So he went in the bedroom and picked up the phone but I heard what he said accidentally because I did not hang up the kitchen phone right away. He said I know where you are Maria and I know you\u2019re with him. Then I hung up. Maybe they are fighting but if I ask they will say mind your own beeswax. It is weird when Mom is on a trip because Dad starts breaking all the rules he invented about not driving us to school. He drove us to school this morning and he let me pick the radio station so I picked the jazz station. Dad enjoyed that and he tapped his fingertips on the steering wheel. Then he missed the turn because he was absorbed in the music. Jazz does that to people. So he made a U-turn even though there was a sign saying no U-turn. I was very early at school. It is creepy when there are no children there. I went into the music room and played my saxophone. Mr. Milch was in his music office and he poked his head out and said groovy. Groovy is a hippie word Dad told me. Then Mr. Milch said girl you have got the chops. Chops is jazz vocabulary. Chops is a compliment so I said thank you. 9/24 - There"}, {"title": "", "text": "the title is to do what I do. I simply look at them and say \"Hey, you.\" Hey!1 I'm a drunken fight Mick and I resemble that......uhhhhh....... Even wonder why they call it the Paddy Wagon? Yeah, I'm about as Irish as an american gan get (all 4 grandparents emigrated here from Ireland) and i don't find it remotely offensive. what I do find offensive is people that get offended to easily. so I'm gonna get drunk and start KICKING THEIR ASSES!!!!!! Mmm...pork chops... Because of the number of Irish cops in New York"}, {"title": "", "text": "the title is to do what I do. I simply look at them and say \"Hey, you.\" Hey!1 I'm a drunken fight Mick and I resemble that......uhhhhh....... Even wonder why they call it the Paddy Wagon? Yeah, I'm about as Irish as an american gan get (all 4 grandparents emigrated here from Ireland) and i don't find it remotely offensive. what I do find offensive is people that get offended to easily. so I'm gonna get drunk and start KICKING THEIR ASSES!!!!!! Mmm...pork chops... Because of the number of Irish cops in New York"}, {"title": "", "text": "ripped off trying to buy 200 Es. Sorry about that.\"' Chop, chop, chop, sniff, sniff. 'So what are we going to do now, partner? It's not as if somebody's about to walk in and give us a pile of cash.' The doorbell rings. 'Get that, will you? It's a customer who wants an ounce of weed. You can deal with her. She's also someone who thinks they're going to make it in the music business. Possibly not a fucking idiot like you but who knows? You'll get along famously. I'm going down the pub. Actually, I'll let her in on my way out. Oh, and obviously we are no longer partners. You're on your own, pop star.' I lick the cover of the CD case Julian has just finished using and roll a joint, a big neat one, and wait. ## **White Lines** 'So what do you do for a living, then, Juliet? Here, smoke some of this. It'll knock your tits off.' 'Er, well, that's a good question. I've just changed careers, actually. I used to work in PR but all of a sudden it seemed really boring, so I've gone into the music biz. It's fab!' Not the description I'd have used at this point but I carried on listening and racked out a few lines of coke to show some solidarity with my new 'friend'. 'Oh, yeah. I'm in that game, too. What exactly do you do?' 'I run a recording studio and I'm hoping to set up a record label soon.' I"}, {"title": "", "text": "went to claim our beer and to our surprise were handed a whole jug, each. After managing to pass one jug off to a neighbouring table, we were still left with the problem of three jugs to get through. The solution? Drinking games, of course. We kicked off with a favourite called \u201cAr Saw Chor\u201d. Kev had taught it to our group a few nights prior and it\u2019s supposed to be an old game Japanese kamikaze pilots used to play to psyche themselves up before flying off. Given the strong anti-Japanese sentiment that still exists among many Chinese after what happened in the last World War, we conveniently omitted this fact when Jack asked us where the game came from. The rules are simple. There are three words which are yelled out: Ar, Saw and Chor. Each word is associated with a hand action. Ar is said with the right hand being brought down once in a karate chopping motion. Saw is the same, but with the left hand. Chor is said with both hands being brought down. Whenever you make the chopping action, you point to another person, and their job is to continue the sequence. So the first person says, \u201cAr!\u201d and points to another person with their right hand, who then has to shout out, \u201cSaw!\u201d and point to another person with their left hand, and so on. First person to break the sequence by using a wrong hand action, or by thinking too long takes a drink. It\u2019s pretty fun, and you"}, {"title": "", "text": "the fuckin' smog's the fuckin' reason you have such beautiful fuckin' sunsets.\" Death Glare - Chili makes good use of these, often commanding people \"Look at me\" to that he can aim one at them. Martin is intrigued by it so much that he spends a scene trying to imitate it, with Palmer coaching him on how to do it right. Harry's attempt to copy the effect with Ray Bones is a hilarious Epic Fail. The Ditz: A variation; Ray Bones is a big, intimidating mobster. He's also a complete fucking idiot. Ray Bones: Let me explain something to you. Momo is dead. Which means that everything he had now belongs to Jimmy Cap, including you. Which also means, that when I speak, I speak for Jimmy. E.g., from now on, you start showing me the proper fucking respect. Chili: \"E.g.\" means \"for example\". What I think you want to say is \"i.e.\". Ray Bones: Bullshit. It's short for \"ergo\". Chili: Ask your man. Bodyguard: Best of my knowledge, \"e.g.\" means \"for example\". Ray Bones: E.g., i.e., fuck you! The point is this: is that, When I say \"jump\", you say \"OK\", okay? Dynamic Entry: Chili pops Ray Bones in the nose the second he opens the door, then calmly collects his leather jacket and leaves. Fish Out of Water - Lampshaded, but subverted. Chili's direct manner is frequently discussed as being at odds with the Hollywood machine, yet he's well-liked by all the actors, agents and other Hollywood archetypes he encounters. Bo: It says here"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"Exactly. Maybe put the brass knuckles down on the table.\" \"And make sure it says biiitch on it.\" We were both getting carried away laughing. I said, \"perfect. I love it. 'Cause they're not gonna say anything. They're gonna think you're being\u2026 'authentic!'\" \"Maybe bring a holster, but no gun. And be like, you know, 'I decided to leave the gun at home. I really thought about you guys.'\" \"Oh my God!!\" He was falling over. We both were. After the laughter subsided, he responded to the seed of my original query. He said, \"really though, the reason I like to wear hoodies and headphones and jeans and stuff, the reason is because, when I dress like that, I can sense that the people around me are thinking I'm a danger.\" \"But when I then behave as I do, you know, nicely, it blows them away.\" \"You know, okay. I see what you're saying. It's more constructive, what you're doing, doing it this way. Because if you wore a three-piece suit, and you were nice to people, that wouldn't be surprising to anybody. This way, you're expanding their minds. So every time they see some other guy in a hoodie,\" \"They'll know, they'll have a wider experience of possible behaviors to expect from that person.\" More with Leroy: by now you've probably read the Seattle Times article he and I are featured in, or watched the Fresh Ground Stories video detailing where I expound to a local audience on how we met; here too are a"}, {"title": "", "text": "by your right--\" Exasperated, the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar says: \"And then my ears! I understand. Let's get on with it--\" With emphasis upon the first of his words, the blonde, mustachioed man exclaims: \"WRONG! Your ears you'll keep, and I'll tell you why: So that every shriek of every child at seeing your hideousness will be yours to cherish. Every babe that weeps at your approach, every woman who cries out, 'Highlord, what is that thing?' will echo in your perfect ears. That is what 'to the pain' means. It means I leave you in anguish, wallowing in freakish misery forever.\" With a dubious turn of his head, a dash of caution flickering to life in his features, the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar says: \"I think you're bluffing.\" Impassively, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"It's possible, pig. I might be bluffing. It's conceivable, you miserable vomitous mass, I'm only lying here because I lack the strength to stand.\" After a moment's passage, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"Then again... perhaps I have the strength after all.\" His emerald-eyed gaze never leaving the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar's form, the blonde, mustachioed man stands up from an elegantly made bed. Lifting his blade, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"Drop. Your. Sword.\" The square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar's jewel-encrusted sword clatters against the ground. Post by: Redheart on June 13, 2014, 10:06:00 PM I thought this sounded very zalanthan: From 47 Ronin A troop of Ronin samurai are here. The half-Japanese, half-Caucasian man is here, crouched down surveying a set of beastly tracks."}, {"title": "", "text": "in his back and says \"Boston city\". The man approaches them, lifts his shirt and shows a scar in the right side of h... [OC] I just made this joke up - be gentle A small breasted woman was walking along the sidewalk in New York City on her lunch break, going to get something to eat. As she passed by a nearby constuction crew, they started cat-calling her. Normally, she would just ignore them, but one guy in particular kept making fun of the fact that... (OC) why did the pornstar go to the therapist To get a load off her chest A blacksmith was put on trial for a murder he did not commit A guard from a village was found dead with a sword sticking through his chest. The blade was deemed to be the handiwork of the local blacksmith, however he had been away from the village by the time of the murder. Nonetheless, he was arrested shortly after returning and demanded his immediate releas... Ahh nuts! What do you call nuts on a wall? What do you call nuts on a chest? What do you call nuts on a chin? A mouthful A Scottish man walks into a bar, looking depressed. He sits down at the bar and orders a shot. The bartender hands it to him, and he downs it in one go, wiping his mouth with the back of his hand and scowling. The bartender, knowing from years of experience that this man must obviously have something he needs"}, {"title": "", "text": "or the proper way to do Pork Chops Murphy. He knows where the meat comes from, he can steer you away from inferior choices and toward the best product. Be his confidant and never again will you hear \"I've got some lovely lamb chops\" when all he wants to do is dump tired inventory. And after you've been with him a few times, he will know your taste. No more fumbling foreplay with the London broil, and even the simplest assignation can turn into unexpected pleasure. Last Saturday night when I was looking for a skirt steak to throw on the grill for a casual Sunday-afternoon barbecue just for two, my butcher Emile motioned with her finger and asked me to help her out. \"I've got two nice shell steaks here, much better than the skirt. They're gorgeous, and I'd love to get rid of them so I can start in on a fresh cow Tuesday\u2014do me a favor, take them home, you won't be sorry.\" It was hard to say no to the lady who double-cuts my pork chops without having to ask (they always look like something straight out of a Dr. Seuss book), and sure enough, the difference in choice seemed to evaporate when I got home and discovered that some particularly toothsome Basque sausages had leapt into my bag, and that the shell steaks were extraordinary. Just as in love, openness and willingness to take chances are rewarded in those magical little ways that make a relationship special. And when you are"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"What do you say, Pope?\" I point to the giant, four-player game. \"Pac-Man or bust?\" I skip toward the game in the corner of the arcade, unable to prevent my hands from clapping like a child. \"Damn, girl, you must not know you're standing next to the Pac-Man king,\" Gavin says from close behind. \"They don't call me the cherry-busting master for nothing.\" \"Oh my god!\" I stop mid skip and turn into his chest. \"Please tell me you did not just say that!\" \"Yeah . . . I heard it after I said it.\" Gavin's face flames red. \"My friends started and stopped calling me that in second grade, it didn't have the same meaning to our seven-year-old minds.\" \"Well, there will be no cherry busting, and you're going to lose.\" I pat his chest two times and walk toward the game. \"I hope you still have fun tonight.\" \"You don't stand a chance! Did you forget who I am?\" #InfamousLastWords # Twenty-two \"Stop pouting.\" I slap Gavin's thigh when he gets settled in the driver's seat. \"I told you a million times. The football field's the only place you'll ever beat me. Learn to accept it.\" \"You're a sore winner,\" Gavin says. I give him a crisp nod. Duh. \"The only thing I heard you say was I'm a winner.\" At first, Gavin was letting me win, but he has not taken Naomi's acting classes. He's as bad of a liar as I am. After a little whining and taunting on my behalf, he"}, {"title": "", "text": "it, and this kid comes up to me, (in drunken sailors voice) \"Ayy .. Jazz Butcher .. ayyy .. \" And I'm like, \"Don't you know what town this is? Leave me alone.\" But now I've got these twenty something's coming around my house, hanging out. And I really don't know what they want .. well, they want my Can LP's that's what they want. It's good, but in another way it's bad because really the twenty something's would be looking at people like Max and I and going, \"Faack off you old fools!\" you know? And you see bands today and they're in their twenties, and they are looking to Can. \"The Skinheads.\" We've been playing that so long now. Somebody told me they went to see Cracker. And they shouted out \" The Skinheads!\" And Dave Lowry goes, \"Oh, you gotta' go see The Jazz Butcher.\" It's a shame that we couldn't bring our mate Curtis with us. Because he's got a big shiny bald head. And the little rap I do in the middle, I do it for him because normally he comes running on and does it himself: \"I'm no so big. I'm rather small. I've got a head like a big bowling ball.\" He's from Edinburough. The black man from Edinburough. There had to be one. But he rules, Curtis. There's something for you to seek out. He's got a wicked little album out. Called 'The Bean King.' Curtis E. Johnson. He was mad because for years he worked under pseudonyms."}, {"title": "", "text": "it, and this kid comes up to me, (in drunken sailors voice) \"Ayy .. Jazz Butcher .. ayyy .. \" And I'm like, \"Don't you know what town this is? Leave me alone.\" But now I've got these twenty something's coming around my house, hanging out. And I really don't know what they want .. well, they want my Can LP's that's what they want. It's good, but in another way it's bad because really the twenty something's would be looking at people like Max and I and going, \"Faack off you old fools!\" you know? And you see bands today and they're in their twenties, and they are looking to Can. \"The Skinheads.\" We've been playing that so long now. Somebody told me they went to see Cracker. And they shouted out \" The Skinheads!\" And Dave Lowry goes, \"Oh, you gotta' go see The Jazz Butcher.\" It's a shame that we couldn't bring our mate Curtis with us. Because he's got a big shiny bald head. And the little rap I do in the middle, I do it for him because normally he comes running on and does it himself: \"I'm no so big. I'm rather small. I've got a head like a big bowling ball.\" He's from Edinburough. The black man from Edinburough. There had to be one. But he rules, Curtis. There's something for you to seek out. He's got a wicked little album out. Called 'The Bean King.' Curtis E. Johnson. He was mad because for years he worked under pseudonyms."}, {"title": "", "text": "brutal knife fights featuring farmhands in Delsbo.\" She told him about her visit to Hesj\u00f6vallen. She could hear jazz playing in the background. He most likely thinks it's good to be on his own, she thought. He can listen as much as he wants to the jazz I don't like at all. \"What happens next?\" he asked when she had finished. \"I'll decide that tomorrow. You can go back to your music now.\" \"It's Charlie Mingus.\" \"Who?\" \"You mean you've forgotten who Charlie Mingus is?\" \"I sometimes think all your jazz musicians have the same name.\" \"Now you're offending me.\" \"I didn't mean to.\" \"Are you absolutely sure about that?\" \"Meaning what?\" \"All I mean is that you have nothing but contempt for the music I like so much.\" \"Why should I?\" \"That's a question only you can answer.\" The conversation came to an abrupt end. He slammed the phone down. That made her furious, so she rang him back, but he didn't answer. She gave up. I'm not the only one who's weary, she thought. He no doubt thinks I'm as cold and distant as I think he is. She got ready for bed. It was some time before she could fall asleep. Early in the morning, while it was still dark, she was woken up by a door slamming somewhere. She remained lying there in the dark, recalling what she had dreamed. She'd been in Brita and August's house. They had been talking to her, both of them sitting on the dark red sofa,"}, {"title": "", "text": "like a python. \"You're going to the Wiggle-Waggle, and I mean chop-fucking-chop. Butch Hadley was supposed to take care of that from Team Corgi\u2014or so I thought\u2014but he says his whole team's out with a key to the midway.\" I had no idea what that meant, and Dottie gave me no time to ask. She rolled her eyes in a way that indicated either good humor or the onset of madness, and continued. \"You say 'What's the big deal?' I'll tell you what's the big deal, greenie: Mr. Easterbrook usually eats his lunch there, he _always_ eats it there on the first day we're running full-out, and if there's no Howie, he'll be very disappointed.\" \"Like as in someone will get fired?\" \"No, as in very disappointed. Stick around awhile and you'll know that's plenty bad enough. No one wants to disappoint him, because he's a great man. Which is nice, I suppose, but what's more important is he's a good guy. In this business, good guys are scarcer than hen's teeth.\" She looked at me and made a sound like a small animal with its paw caught in a trap. \"Dear _Christ_ , you're a big one. And green as grass. But it can't be helped.\" I had a billion questions, but my tongue was frozen. All I could do was stare at the deflated Howie. Who stared back at me. Do you know what I felt like just then? James Bond, in the movie where he's tied to some kind of crazy exercise gadget."}, {"title": "", "text": "couple days later I posted a picture on IG like whoop there it is\u2026\u2026. As I thought back on this story I asked myself just as Cherrelle asked me\u2026. What does this big chop mean to you Jas? I no longer gave a flyiiiiiiiing _______ (fill in the blank) about what anyone had to say about my choices in life. My happiness came from within and I no longer needed anyone else\u2019s validation to confirm my choices. If I was good with it\u2026.I was Gucci\u2026.. So yes I feel FREE \u2026\u2026FREE TO MAKE MY OWN CHOICES!"}, {"title": "", "text": "you use the sword to carve roast beef as though it's perfectly normal. On one such occasion, I notice the gleam in your eye becoming a tiny silhouette. _Cut, cut, cut_. You are laughing about a comedy sketch you saw on Channel 4, rubbing the sword against a large kitchen utensil, sharpening your instrument. The smell of oxtail gravy makes my mouth water. And the rattling in my head begins. In early April, while we're curled up on the sofa one evening, you tell me you've been fired from your job. You don't explain the circumstances fully, except to say you dangled one of the directors out of the window for insulting you. You are defiant, dismissive even. \"Luna, fuck them! I worked there for seven years and that's how I get treated? All the directors are on cocaine anyway. I'll start my own company.\" The concern on my face stops you in your stride. You place your hand gently on my back, steadying the anxiety gathering. \"Baby, don't look so scared. This is what happens when the time comes.\" I grab your hands, holding onto their warmth. \"When what time comes, Cosmo?\" \"There are wars looming, enemies hovering. People take their level of comfort for granted in this country, nobody's prepared.\" I shake my head slowly. \"You're talking in riddles, I don't understand.\" We continue watching TV. An early episode of _Twin Peaks_ is on. Setting your half-drunk can of Guinness down, you uncurl like a snake ready to dispatch poison. \"You understand, I know"}, {"title": "", "text": "and onto the floor. The big dude says, \"That was a karate chop from Korea.\" The little guy thinks \"GEEZ,\" but he gets back up on the stool and starts drinking again when all of a sudden -- WHACK!! -- the big dude knocks him down AGAIN and says, \"That was a judo chop from Japan.\" So the little guy has had enough of this... He gets up, brushes himself off and quietly leaves. The little guy is gone for an hour or so when he returned. Without saying a word, he walks up behind the big dude and -- WHAM!!!\" -- knocks the big dude off his stool, knocking him out cold!!! The little guy looks at the bartender and says, \"When he gets up, tell him that's a crowbar from Sears. I guess that's why sears tools come with a full return policy. Subject: Re: Todays joke Mon Feb 03, 2014 2:13 am The judge frowned at the tired robber and said, \u201cthen you admit breaking into the same store on three successive nights?\u201d \u201dYes, your honor.\u201d \u201cAnd why was that?\u201d \u201cBecause my wife wanted a dress.\u201d The judge check with his records, \u201cBut it says here you broke in three nights in a row!\u201d \u201cYes sir. She made me exchange it two times.\u201d Subject: Re: Todays joke Tue Feb 04, 2014 7:53 am A man calls home to his wife and says, \"Honey I have been asked to go fishing at a big lake up in Canada with my boss and several of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and onto the floor. The big dude says, \"That was a karate chop from Korea.\" The little guy thinks \"GEEZ,\" but he gets back up on the stool and starts drinking again when all of a sudden -- WHACK!! -- the big dude knocks him down AGAIN and says, \"That was a judo chop from Japan.\" So the little guy has had enough of this... He gets up, brushes himself off and quietly leaves. The little guy is gone for an hour or so when he returned. Without saying a word, he walks up behind the big dude and -- WHAM!!!\" -- knocks the big dude off his stool, knocking him out cold!!! The little guy looks at the bartender and says, \"When he gets up, tell him that's a crowbar from Sears. I guess that's why sears tools come with a full return policy. Subject: Re: Todays joke Mon Feb 03, 2014 2:13 am The judge frowned at the tired robber and said, \u201cthen you admit breaking into the same store on three successive nights?\u201d \u201dYes, your honor.\u201d \u201cAnd why was that?\u201d \u201cBecause my wife wanted a dress.\u201d The judge check with his records, \u201cBut it says here you broke in three nights in a row!\u201d \u201cYes sir. She made me exchange it two times.\u201d Subject: Re: Todays joke Tue Feb 04, 2014 7:53 am A man calls home to his wife and says, \"Honey I have been asked to go fishing at a big lake up in Canada with my boss and several of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Do classes (later, Chun Kuk Do), our teacher told us the best way was a double-chop, or double hammer fist, to the collarbone in the front on both sides, with the bonus being that you might disrupt the carotid flow enough to cause someone to suffer a brief blackout. In retrospect, it feels more like the description of what an actor might do in a film to signify breaking a collarbone. I've only ever broken one collarbone in my life, and it was by regrettable accident. Another student and I were messing around. They were wearing an exercise band around their ankles (it was used to improve abductor strength through leg raises) and they were showing off how they could hop over leg sweeps. I purposefully feinted one, and then carried through, sweeping both legs (possible in part due to the exercise band) and they landed on their side. They seemed OK at first, but I later learned that their collarbone had indeed snapped. I felt incredibly guilty, particularly since the student, while a higher rank, was younger than I was. That said, it was exactly the sort of freak accident that leads to most collarbone injuries, and the fact that he didn't realize until much later that it had broken indicates that this is not generally a fight-ending injury. I think the last sentence is the most important here: If we are speaking about real-life self-defense applications, breaking the collarbone is not a worthwhile goal on the first place. The same force, applied to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Texans bray laughter. I reach for my scotch with unsteady hands, sip at it, then gulp the rest. \"You'll be all right,\" 6 says. \"Even if you have to get out of marketing, you'll find something.\" And that does it: suddenly I'm furious. I'm as furious as I've ever been in my life. Great, thick bubbles of rage burst inside me, spilling out everything I've kept pent up for the last week. \"Oh. Well, gee thanks, 6. It's so nice to have your confidence in me, after you've destroyed my career. It's so great to know that after you've sucked me dry, you still think I can pick up a job flipping burgers at McDonald's.\" \"Scat,\" 6 says, faintly alarmed, \"quiet down.\" \"Don't you tell me to quiet down!\" I shout. I lurch to my feet, failing to make the best impression because I'm still wedged between the booth's fixed seat and table. \"I'm through with listening to anything you've got to say! I can't even believe I'm here with you now!\" I grind my fists against my forehead. \"The only reason I asked you out was because Tina wanted me to, and I'm sitting here\"\u2014yet another injustice strikes me\u2014\"drinking _water_ with my scotch because I don't want to offend you by drinking Coke! And you're\u2014\" \"Have Coke with your scotch,\" 6 says. \"I don't care.\" I stare at her, unable to believe she's really doing this. \"I will! I'll drink all the goddamn Coke I want!\" I pull out a fistful of change from my"}, {"title": "", "text": "air horn in my ear holes. People being mean became a normal thing. It was worse when people told their sad story about how lonely they were and how nice it was to talk to somebody. Those people weren\u2019t buying shit, though, so you had to move on to the next call. You\u2019re like, \u201cI wish I could punch your grandkid in the face for not visiting you, old lady.\u201d Talking about the hoes you get, that\u2019s the funniest rap. People f***, dude. You f*** too? Cool, man. You know you\u2019re talking to mostly guys about this, right? \u2014Anders Anders: A lot of people said, \u201cOh yeah, hang on a second,\u201d and then set the phone down. They thought they got me but it was the best thing ever because I didn\u2019t have to do anything. I could pretend I was on a call while the boss trolled around. If they hung up, your computer redialed automatically. Some dudes would scream, \u201cI\u2019m a fucking lawyer! I\u2019m gonna sue you!\u201d You\u2019re not suing me, homie. You\u2019re gonna sue some company that I couldn\u2019t care less about. It\u2019s clear from the raps on your show that you know hip-hop on a deep level. Did any of you ever want to rap seriously? All: No. Did you freestyle in school? Anders: Unfortunately, yes. [Everyone laughs.] At every party at my high school, there would be somebody banging their keys against the keg, dropping beats, and people being like, \u201cOK, OK! All right, all right! OK!\u201d Adam: Just the beginning?"}, {"title": "", "text": "work on your speech,\" Tommy announced. \"What the fuck you mean?\" I snapped. Whatever he was hinting at, I decided I didn't like it. \"You gotta quit using slang,\" he replied. \"Slang? What's wrong with slang?\" Everybody I knew spoke slang. \"They don't use it in the working world. White folks are scared of blacks that use slang. So you're gonna have to learn to enunciate your words.\" \"Enuncee\u2014who? What the fuck did you call me?\" I assumed my warrior stand: feet shoulder width apart, head cocked to the side, fists balled up ready to pounce. \"I'm not calling you anything, Cup. It's not a _name,_ it's a _thing.\"_ He was again speaking in that \"you fuckin' idiot\" tone of voice. \"It means you have to pronounce your words, say the entire word instead of cutting it off at the end.\" The confused look on my face told him I still didn't understand. \"Okay, check this out. You say 'ain't'; white folks say 'aren't.' You say 'dat,' they say 'that'. You say 'fittin' to,' they say 'getting ready to.' You say 'puttin', they say 'putting'\u2014\" \"Okay, okay,\" I snapped. I didn't need any more of his fuckin' examples. I got the picture. I knew what he meant; I just didn't know how I was going to do it. I mean, I'd been talking that way since I _could_ talk. How was I supposed to completely and suddenly change something I'd been doing all my life? He realized what the puzzled look on my face meant. \"You're"}, {"title": "", "text": "air horn in my ear holes. People being mean became a normal thing. It was worse when people told their sad story about how lonely they were and how nice it was to talk to somebody. Those people weren\u2019t buying shit, though, so you had to move on to the next call. You\u2019re like, \u201cI wish I could punch your grandkid in the face for not visiting you, old lady.\u201d Talking about the hoes you get, that\u2019s the funniest rap. People f***, dude. You f*** too? Cool, man. You know you\u2019re talking to mostly guys about this, right? \u2014Anders Anders: A lot of people said, \u201cOh yeah, hang on a second,\u201d and then set the phone down. They thought they got me but it was the best thing ever because I didn\u2019t have to do anything. I could pretend I was on a call while the boss trolled around. If they hung up, your computer redialed automatically. Some dudes would scream, \u201cI\u2019m a fucking lawyer! I\u2019m gonna sue you!\u201d You\u2019re not suing me, homie. You\u2019re gonna sue some company that I couldn\u2019t care less about. It\u2019s clear from the raps on your show that you know hip-hop on a deep level. Did any of you ever want to rap seriously? All: No. Did you freestyle in school? Anders: Unfortunately, yes. [Everyone laughs.] At every party at my high school, there would be somebody banging their keys against the keg, dropping beats, and people being like, \u201cOK, OK! All right, all right! OK!\u201d Adam: Just the beginning?"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Fury of The Cow!: I'm going to start carrying a 12 inch metal ruler with me around work. Whenever I hear someone say something stupid, they'll get a rap on the knuckles. Things that were explicitly covered in the meeting yesterday that I know you were in, should mean I won't hear you telling someone incorrect information. Unless you're just an idiot, which will warrant 2 raps on the knuckles. Plus maybe a mean stare. I can't argue with that. Makes too much sense."}, {"title": "", "text": "spread through the school, and I earned my first nickname: Porkchop. To this day, I hate pork chops. I'm not the only kid who grew up this way, surrounded by people who used to say that rhyme about sticks and stones, as if broken bones hurt more than the names we got called, and we got called them all. So we grew up believing no one would ever fall in love with us, that we'd be lonely forever, that we'd never meet someone to make us feel like the sun was something they built for us in their toolshed. So broken heart strings bled the blues, and we tried to empty ourselves so we'd feel nothing. Don't tell me that hurts less than a broken bone, that an ingrown life is something surgeons can cut away, that there's no way for it to metastasize; it does. She was eight years old, our first day of grade three when she got called ugly. We both got moved to the back of class so we would stop getting bombarded by spitballs. But the school halls were a battleground. We found ourselves outnumbered day after wretched day. We used to stay inside for recess, because outside was worse. Outside, we'd have to rehearse running away, or learn to stay still like statues, giving no clues that we were there. In grade five, they taped a sign to the front of her desk that read, \"Beware of dog.\" To this day, despite a loving husband, she doesn't think she's beautiful,"}, {"title": "", "text": "after my dog ran jumped over a stump, dislocating his elbow. He would pick me up from work and we'd go for walks in nature and he always supported my crazy dreams. I started thinking, maybe I didn't need to break up with him, maybe I wasn't giving him enough love and attention for him to grow into the person I knew he was. \"Can I ask you something?\" \"Yeah,\" he replied, take a sip of his coca-cola. \"Okay, well, you don't have to answer this but,\" as I stirred the ice around in my glass, \"you know me, I'm curious. What was the worst thing you did when you were dealing...you know...crack?\" He nervously giggled and started to pick at his fingernail. \"Well, I would usually just see a lot of bums, and you know, you'd just sell them crack. Like sometimes I'd have some problems when they didn't pay, but they were usually cool. I mean, it's like crack, ya know?\" he giggled and took another sip of coca-cola. Though he sold crack, it made me feel good that he didn't beat up bums. See Natasha? He was a nice drug dealer. He nervously adjusted himself in his seat, \"uh well,\" he continued, \"there was like this one time I was called by this chick to go to her house, and uh, when I got there, her kids were on the floor in front of the TV. I think they were watching Sesame Street or something.\" He warmly smiled, \"they were pretty cute.\" He"}, {"title": "", "text": "after my dog ran jumped over a stump, dislocating his elbow. He would pick me up from work and we'd go for walks in nature and he always supported my crazy dreams. I started thinking, maybe I didn't need to break up with him, maybe I wasn't giving him enough love and attention for him to grow into the person I knew he was. \"Can I ask you something?\" \"Yeah,\" he replied, take a sip of his coca-cola. \"Okay, well, you don't have to answer this but,\" as I stirred the ice around in my glass, \"you know me, I'm curious. What was the worst thing you did when you were dealing...you know...crack?\" He nervously giggled and started to pick at his fingernail. \"Well, I would usually just see a lot of bums, and you know, you'd just sell them crack. Like sometimes I'd have some problems when they didn't pay, but they were usually cool. I mean, it's like crack, ya know?\" he giggled and took another sip of coca-cola. Though he sold crack, it made me feel good that he didn't beat up bums. See Natasha? He was a nice drug dealer. He nervously adjusted himself in his seat, \"uh well,\" he continued, \"there was like this one time I was called by this chick to go to her house, and uh, when I got there, her kids were on the floor in front of the TV. I think they were watching Sesame Street or something.\" He warmly smiled, \"they were pretty cute.\" He"}, {"title": "", "text": "straight jump. \u201cGood birds choose trees to live in. They still want to use the chopper with such strength. Do you think this is an insult to them?\u201d The clear sky smiles and tugs at it. The big knife was directly separated from the hand that no longer cut, and the palm of his hand was ground and bleeding. I can't help but ask myself: who am I?Where am i?What is the situation of this horse riding? It's just a good fight. How could my exclusive weapon be robbed? Is there any royal law for NIMA to be unreasonable? On the other hand, Kakashi is also watching the corner of her mouth twitch. Originally, the two masked men were engaged in a 'very friendly competition', and even if the clear sky intervened, after all, they were helping themselves. But you don't have to be so violent. What's the point of robbing people's swords when you come up? It makes us all look like robbers. Even if it's reasonable, it doesn't sound good when it comes out. \u201cMr. Kakashi, do you have a problem with me?\u201d With a bang, the clear sky put the chopping knife on the ground, holding the handle with one hand, and asked as if there were eyes in the back. \u201cNo, absolutely not!\u201d Kakashi said seriously, almost swear to the sky. \u201cWell, that's good.\u201d Qingkong nodded, and put his eyes on the muddle than no longer cut body. \u201cIf you don't chop your comrades, for the sake of decapitation, I'll give you"}, {"title": "", "text": "a totally unrelated post at Field's in a week. You're not worried about it. I'm the one worried about it. You're just off to bed, nonchalantly unimpressed. Yet you'll be the one who brings it up again at random fucking intervals, bitching that it's my fault your hand was caught in the cookie jar. In the mean, anyone who wants to read the context is welcome to do so. Not that it matters one iota. But it all exists there in and black and white. Kid said... Hey Field, Rev. Sharpton and the founder of Emerge just gave you a shout out on the radio show. Mr. Curry evens have the original painting of Clarence Thomas on the wall of his office. \"Were it me holding your stance, I'd not only have the trolls busting my balls but also Field, PX, Yisheng, Lilac, and Pete knows who else. But when it's you, the pretension held in reality version B is that no one sees it. And that's fair. As you've told me multiple times, this is a \"black blog.\" c'mon Josh, when you're wrong you're wrong. You are occasionally correct and I for one won't bust your balls when you are correct so please don't say I attack you just for being you. Doesn't work like that and I'm sure the same is true for Yeshing, Field, Lilac and Pete (whomever Pete is). Thanks for playing. I'm sure you'll have some wise ass retort but I'm too tired and busy to respond so don't waste too"}, {"title": "", "text": "a totally unrelated post at Field's in a week. You're not worried about it. I'm the one worried about it. You're just off to bed, nonchalantly unimpressed. Yet you'll be the one who brings it up again at random fucking intervals, bitching that it's my fault your hand was caught in the cookie jar. In the mean, anyone who wants to read the context is welcome to do so. Not that it matters one iota. But it all exists there in and black and white. Kid said... Hey Field, Rev. Sharpton and the founder of Emerge just gave you a shout out on the radio show. Mr. Curry evens have the original painting of Clarence Thomas on the wall of his office. \"Were it me holding your stance, I'd not only have the trolls busting my balls but also Field, PX, Yisheng, Lilac, and Pete knows who else. But when it's you, the pretension held in reality version B is that no one sees it. And that's fair. As you've told me multiple times, this is a \"black blog.\" c'mon Josh, when you're wrong you're wrong. You are occasionally correct and I for one won't bust your balls when you are correct so please don't say I attack you just for being you. Doesn't work like that and I'm sure the same is true for Yeshing, Field, Lilac and Pete (whomever Pete is). Thanks for playing. I'm sure you'll have some wise ass retort but I'm too tired and busy to respond so don't waste too"}, {"title": "", "text": "when it\u2019s just about to kick off over someone being rude and one guy thinking he\u2019s the man, but in reality they\u2019re just killing the vibe. I thought I was buzzy and spacy from two Americanos.. This name is also quite ancient. She\u2019s determined to master the art of roasting, so her guest in the kitchen is the master of meat, Neil Perry."}, {"title": "", "text": "when it\u2019s just about to kick off over someone being rude and one guy thinking he\u2019s the man, but in reality they\u2019re just killing the vibe. I thought I was buzzy and spacy from two Americanos.. This name is also quite ancient. She\u2019s determined to master the art of roasting, so her guest in the kitchen is the master of meat, Neil Perry."}, {"title": "", "text": "Matt Mikalatos: McGruff the Crime Dog says, DON'T DO DRUGS! We're all moved in back home today... probably put up more pictures, etc. later sometime when we catch our breath. I will say that the new medical lingo referring to this time with a newborn as the \"fourth trimester\" is either mathematically challenged or purposely doing violence to our language. Tonight I was getting Krista's pills out and A asked me something. \"Just a minute,\" I said to A, \"I have to get Mom's drugs.\" She looked at me intensely and said, \"DRUGS?!\" In about three seconds every anti-drug advertisement and cartoon I had ever seen flew through my brain... from an egg representing my brain and on through the musical stylings of McGruff the Crime Dog. \"Uh,\" I said. \"I meant medicine.\" A looked at me skeptically. \"Then why did you say drugs?\" \"Some medicines can also be called drugs,\" I said. And then she gave me the most withering look of pure disappointment. As if to say, Dad, I thought I raised you better than that."}, {"title": "", "text": "eyes wearily, my ears perked up at the sound of someone's shoes hitting the floor, the heel clinking with the shiny flooring. My eyes shot open as if I had been suddenly brought back to life, as other senses in my body heightened. My upper body jerked forwards as I got up, almost as if thrust forward by a spring on my bed. That is when I saw him, the same as last night. To say I was startled would be an understatement. \"You...How did you..\" I spoke, almost groggily before he cut me off, \"Get in? Ah come on now, surely you wouldn't ask someone like ME a question such as that. You really do underestimate me, don't you?\" he said, with a smile strewn across his face. Well at least now I knew what a devilish smile actually meant. I stared at him, half in surprise and half in bemused horror as he continued speaking \"Come on now, chop chop mate. We're getting awfully late\" he said, still smiling as he sat there on the wooden chair, clad in a black suit. \"Um, where?\" I asked, perplexed at this sudden turn of events. He looked at me with a hint of embarassment as he said \"Your first day at the job, silly!\" as he flicked his wrist, motioning for me to get up and get started. The car ride was unnerving. The city that I was in seemed so new, yet not very distant. As we passed one of the architectural landmarks, I felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "him smile._ _\"Cleats still feeling okay?\" Translation:_ You should be kissing my feet for spending so much money on your cleats, young man. I'm a wonderful dad. _\"Yup. Fine.\" Translation:_ I'd rather kiss Sonya Roland than say thanks to you, and she's got zits and braces. _\"Well, try to score one for the old man.\" Translation:_ I've got a belt and I'm not afraid to use it. You stink, you sting. That's the rule. _\"Sure, Dad.\" Translation:_ Like I'm ever going to put any effort into making you happy, you pompous bag of bones. _I wanted to play too. \"It's too bad you hurt your ankle skateboarding,\" I said. \"Maybe you'll be able to play anyway, though.\" Translation:_ Let's see if we can make Dad crazy by letting him think you might not get to play. _\"What's wrong with your ankle?\" He put his fork down and narrowed his eyes. Translation:_ How stupid have you been, Son? _\"It's fine, Dad.\" Translation:_ Please don't get mad, please don't get mad, please don't get mad. _Trey sent me an are-you-nuts? glare and swallowed a too-large bite of pancake._ _\"What's with the ankle, Son?\" The distant sound of thunder was in his voice._ _\"Nothing,\" Trey answered, an almost imperceptible tremor weakening his words. I knew it meant fear, but to my dad, it sounded like guilt._ _He leaned across the kitchen table, the napkin he'd stuck in his collar brushing the chocolate syrup on his plate. \"What\u2014did\u2014you\u2014do?\" Strange that a minute before his face had looked clean-shaven. Now, with"}, {"title": "", "text": "the kitchen. \"A white lady with five K's, now ain't that something?\" said Hard-core Harlem. The man next to him on the couch had dreadlocks and was silent. In the little light she could make out a scar running diagonally across one cheek. \"Believe me,\" said Julie. \"It's something.\" \"She's for real,\" said Dwayne. \"She got contacts.\" \"Yeah, like who?\" \"A friend of mine,\" said Julie, \"he knows a lot of people in Cambodia.\" \"Cam _bo_ dia,\" said Hard-core Harlem. \"They got the fine shit, those gooks, right?\" \"It moves through Cambodia,\" said Julie. \"They don't grow it there.\" \"Yeah, well, money don't grow on my knob, neither,\" he continued. \"So, D, why don't you grab that scale over there and let's see what we're fucking with.\" \"She won't burn you on weight,\" said the Haitian with the scar. \"She'll cut it on you.\" \"You could step on this shit ten times over,\" said Julie, \"and every junkie on the corner would OD.\" \"Hey, D, where did you find this chick, this Miss Cat Power? I like her. She got a fine set of titties and she talks real tough.\" Julie heaved the bag onto the table, unzipped one of the five zip-locked bags, and spilled about a gram onto the table. \"Here,\" she said. \"Have a taste.\" The Haitian with the scar got up and came over to the table. He had a claw for a pinkie. Julie stood back. He was terrifying. The Claw took a hit off his pinkie and stood looking straight"}, {"title": "", "text": "if \"The Meat\" is walking down the street stark nekkid' in broad daylight: \"No\" means \"Keep your mitts to yourself or I'll shoot you between the running lights.\" Are we clear? H/T to Tim Blair Blog Stuff: Notes from a day off. 1) A new study published in the JAMA confirms what many have long suspected: Precipitation causes flareups of Recto-Cranial Inversion in Knoxville drivers. (Special note to the idiot in the green Honda Oddysey: Standing there like a duck in thunder in the middle of the intersection for no adequately explainable reason is not a good way to endear yourself to your fellow motorists. That's why we were all honking at you, moron.) 2) All those of you who'd been pissing and moaning about some alleged \"Rainfall Deficit\" for the year, I hope you're happy. Jerks. 3) The filet at the Chop House is still, dollar-for-dollar, the best slice of beef I've found in West Knox. To the people at the next table over: Sorry about any little 'foodgasm' noises I may have made while eating it, but it really, really, really made my taste buds happy... Blog Stuff: Ahhhhhh. Made it to another Friday. A whole glorious, blissful day with nothing to do. I'll read a bit, write up a post for the other blog, maybe take a nap... I don't know how you folks who get two whole days off every week can stand it. Boomsticks: An awkward truth. For the millionth time somewhere on the internet I have read something about firearms"}, {"title": "", "text": "in character. Are you seriously trying to claim you never got into a punch-up, when you were in the field?\" \"Oh, God, no,\" Frank said easily. \"Would I ever say such a thing? I've been in many a punch-up; I even won most of them, not to blow my own horn here. Here's the difference, though. I've got into fights because the other guy jumped me first\u2014\" \"Just like this guy jumped us.\" \"When you deliberately goaded him into it. You think I haven't heard that tape?\" \"We'd _lost_ him, Frank. If we hadn't made him break cover, he'd have got away clean as a whistle.\" \"Let me finish, babe. I've got into fights because the other guy started it, or because I couldn't get out of them without blowing my cover, or just to earn a little respect, bump up my place in the pecking order. But I can safely say that I've never got into a fight because I was so emotionally involved that I couldn't resist beating the holy crap out of someone. Not on the job, anyway. Can you say the same?\" Those wide blue eyes, amiable and mildly interested; that impeccable, disarming combo of openness and just a hint of steel. The edginess was building into a full-on danger signal, the electric warning animals get before thunder. Frank was questioning me the way he would question a suspect. I was one misstep away from being pulled off this case. I forced myself to take my time: gave an embarrassed little shrug,"}, {"title": "", "text": "squeezed it tightly. She glanced over her shoulder checking to see if anyone was behind us. Chop! Chop! My teeth chattered. Goose bumps covered my arms. Chop! Chop! Chop! The sound of the ax striking the trees sounded like it was getting closer and closer. It sounded like it was right behind us. On top of us. Run! Get out of here! You don\u2019t want the headhunter to catch us, do you? Roberta\u2019s big blue eyes bulged out of her head. Her hands trembled. I was too frightened to speak. I shook my head. Susan said he chops the heads off kids who come into his woods. Roberta and I ran through the woods and didn\u2019t stop until we reached the bus stop on the other side. Hands on our knees, we stood on the cracked sidewalk gasping for breath. Wind swirled around us, pushing up our skirts. We slapped them down. We didn\u2019t want the boys to see our bright white underpants. Roberta and I had been taught that good girls never let boys see their underwear. But see it they did. The boys stood with their eyes bulging out of their heads and their mouths gaping open. The headhunter\u2019s gonna getya. Gabriel, a stocky fifth grader attired in tailored slacks and a long sleeve white oxford cloth shirt, stood on the sidewalk swinging his Howdy Doody lunch box back and forth. My father said he likes pretty girls. You gonna let him do to you what he did to Natalie? I shrugged. Natalie had"}, {"title": "", "text": "squeezed it tightly. She glanced over her shoulder checking to see if anyone was behind us. Chop! Chop! My teeth chattered. Goose bumps covered my arms. Chop! Chop! Chop! The sound of the ax striking the trees sounded like it was getting closer and closer. It sounded like it was right behind us. On top of us. Run! Get out of here! You don\u2019t want the headhunter to catch us, do you? Roberta\u2019s big blue eyes bulged out of her head. Her hands trembled. I was too frightened to speak. I shook my head. Susan said he chops the heads off kids who come into his woods. Roberta and I ran through the woods and didn\u2019t stop until we reached the bus stop on the other side. Hands on our knees, we stood on the cracked sidewalk gasping for breath. Wind swirled around us, pushing up our skirts. We slapped them down. We didn\u2019t want the boys to see our bright white underpants. Roberta and I had been taught that good girls never let boys see their underwear. But see it they did. The boys stood with their eyes bulging out of their heads and their mouths gaping open. The headhunter\u2019s gonna getya. Gabriel, a stocky fifth grader attired in tailored slacks and a long sleeve white oxford cloth shirt, stood on the sidewalk swinging his Howdy Doody lunch box back and forth. My father said he likes pretty girls. You gonna let him do to you what he did to Natalie? I shrugged. Natalie had"}, {"title": "", "text": "something right. So you don't want to wake anybody up, Grab do all this stuff that they teach you Karate. Okay, you just be real quiet. You're talking to the person. Say you don't need to look at the night. You know where the knife said It's on your throat If you don't know what a nice that you've got some serious problems. Okay, so I was just keep your hands really relaxed, real relapsed. Everything's they're gonna they're gonna cut themselves. Okay, so it's just really relaxed and blue slice right through a rest. She's holding the knife. You know what that means? You don't go to jail. She cut herself. That's not my problem. Maybe Maybe maybe I just want o decide how it's to be Erica. I'm I don't have the cutter. You gonna just going to decide I could even go heater or I could just run away. Just another example. Um, from the back, this is this is a pretty bad place to be in. Would you say it's pretty bad? But here's a good look to put it right on. So in this position, you don't have a whole lot of options a day. But you have these two fingers. These two fingers are very strong. And we'll go over that when we do enjoy manipulation stuff. But if you just grab right here with these two fingers and keep your elbow down, it's very difficult for her job. Slit my throat. See it? You have no leverage, right? No,"}, {"title": "", "text": "to Larry that in Mypos, \"boxing one's ears\" means putting the ears in a box. Happens in Scrubs in \"My Soul on Fire, Part 2\" where the Janitor punishes J.D. for convincing everyone to come to his wedding on such short notice by keeping him at the top of a lighthouse for ten minutes... J.D.: But that doesn't explain why these fish are taped to my hands! Cue the flock of seagulls hungry for fish. In Spaced, Tim, unable to cope with The Phantom Menace, is admonished by his boss for getting cross with a child who wanted to buy a Jar Jar Binks doll. When he asks his boss what he's going to do about his behavior, his boss responds, \"I'm going to have to let you go.\" Tim, relieved that he's being let off the hook when he thought he was going to be fired, takes a brief moment before understanding that firing him is exactly what his boss had intended doing all along. In The Suite Life on Deck, upon learning Zack, Woody and Marcus set up a fake beauty pageant, Moseby punishes them by making it real. At first, the boys are ecstatic, before being told that they have to do the setup and cleanup all by themselves and aren't allowed to flirt with the contestants. You Can't Do That on Television: One sketch had a child being 'grounded' and having his shoes taken away. The kid points out that having his shoes taken away won't stop him leaving the house. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "his arm stretched out for support. He is bald and his eyes are framed by thick glasses. The second man looks at the first and sticks a finger in his mouth, digging it into his teeth. \u201cI\u2019ve got a fucking piece of pork chop stuck in there,\u201d he says. \u201cFrom last night. It won\u2019t come out. It\u2019s huge. It\u2019s\u2026 the size of a cow.\u201d The statement strikes me as awkward: I want him to say \u201cthe size of the cow it came from,\u201d and think of this compulsively the whole way up the stairs. The sound of children filters down from above, an anticipatory rebounding noise which leads me to believe that the whole room is filled with them, spread out on the ground and eating lunches pulled from polystyrene bags. \u201cChildren know where pork chops come from,\u201d I think. \u201cIt\u2019s likely that the man does too, but when you\u2019re a child you think about origins more than anyone else.\u201d I crest the stairwell and am surprised to see that the children only account for a thin single-filed line snaking through the turnstiles and making their way down the opposite staircase to the station below."}, {"title": "", "text": "to protect himself and his women. Why, it's getting so a white woman can't walk down the street without attracting the leer of one of these _black_ lunatics. Lunatics, they are, too\u2014most everyone, revved up on liquor or cocaine or something. And they are born oversexed, especially these light-skinned ones. They got a little Caucasian blood in them and that emboldens them to think they are just like white people. It used to be that just the communists encouraged them, but now, the government encourages them, too. Not to mention their own churches. In a way, they can't help it, I suppose. You and I understand that.\" Suddenly, she turned to him, touching his hand. She had tears in her eyes. \"I miss my girl so. I do. And not just because she worked for me. She was a sweet, sweet girl.\" Suddenly he, too, had a swell of emotion, but he couldn't say for what. He squeezed her hand lightly, and then, feeling ashamed put his hand on his lap. \"I'm so silly,\" she said. \"Let me cook you your pork chop.\" When the pork chop came, it was a little raw around the bone. He ate what he could of it. She returned to the table and ate cake and drank coffee with him. It was the last of the cakes for a while, she said, until she found a new cake maker. The next evening he came again, and the next, until it was habit for him to take his supper with Maribelle."}, {"title": "", "text": "note-perfect musicians all blowing their chops off behind us and it'll sound like a bunch of shit! Whatever it is we've got, it only happens best when it's the five of us, and that's the way it'll always be.\" (Just then, two of the teenage cuties who've been making eyes at Slash all the while we've been talking, pluck up the courage to enter the bar where we are seated and approach him for an autograph. Slash gets up, signs the bits of paper, stands there and smiles for their cameras, then sends them on their way with a big bear hug. \"We think you're just the greatest!\" one of them cries, blowing him a kiss as they make their way back to the pool. \"Hey baby, I like you too,\" he drawls back at her.) You like all that? \"Oh, yeah! It's hard for me to go out and pick up chicks though, because I hate the fact that I'm getting laid because I'm in some band. Which is why every girlfriend I've ever picked has always been someone that didn't know who the f**k I am ... \"On the road of course, I have a tendency to bend the rules a little bit. There have been times when I've got back to the hotel, drunk out of my mind, and I've picked up the first chick I can lay my hands on. \"By this time it's usually six in the morning and the only girls left hanging around all look like something out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "note-perfect musicians all blowing their chops off behind us and it'll sound like a bunch of shit! Whatever it is we've got, it only happens best when it's the five of us, and that's the way it'll always be.\" (Just then, two of the teenage cuties who've been making eyes at Slash all the while we've been talking, pluck up the courage to enter the bar where we are seated and approach him for an autograph. Slash gets up, signs the bits of paper, stands there and smiles for their cameras, then sends them on their way with a big bear hug. \"We think you're just the greatest!\" one of them cries, blowing him a kiss as they make their way back to the pool. \"Hey baby, I like you too,\" he drawls back at her.) You like all that? \"Oh, yeah! It's hard for me to go out and pick up chicks though, because I hate the fact that I'm getting laid because I'm in some band. Which is why every girlfriend I've ever picked has always been someone that didn't know who the f**k I am ... \"On the road of course, I have a tendency to bend the rules a little bit. There have been times when I've got back to the hotel, drunk out of my mind, and I've picked up the first chick I can lay my hands on. \"By this time it's usually six in the morning and the only girls left hanging around all look like something out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "note-perfect musicians all blowing their chops off behind us and it'll sound like a bunch of shit! Whatever it is we've got, it only happens best when it's the five of us, and that's the way it'll always be.\" (Just then, two of the teenage cuties who've been making eyes at Slash all the while we've been talking, pluck up the courage to enter the bar where we are seated and approach him for an autograph. Slash gets up, signs the bits of paper, stands there and smiles for their cameras, then sends them on their way with a big bear hug. \"We think you're just the greatest!\" one of them cries, blowing him a kiss as they make their way back to the pool. \"Hey baby, I like you too,\" he drawls back at her.) You like all that? \"Oh, yeah! It's hard for me to go out and pick up chicks though, because I hate the fact that I'm getting laid because I'm in some band. Which is why every girlfriend I've ever picked has always been someone that didn't know who the f**k I am ... \"On the road of course, I have a tendency to bend the rules a little bit. There have been times when I've got back to the hotel, drunk out of my mind, and I've picked up the first chick I can lay my hands on. \"By this time it's usually six in the morning and the only girls left hanging around all look like something out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "was home schooled. Just me there by a bowl of punch, listening to Kool and the Gang. Why I rented that limousine, I have no idea. This woman said to me the other day, \"Zach, I like your beard,\" and I said, \"Look, I'm Greek. This isn't a beard. This is part of my eyebrow.\" [To the band] Are you guys just gonna sit there? I thought we were gonna rehearse something. [The band joins him] There we go. Sometimes I'll do something and I say to myself, \"That is so Raven.\" And then, other times I'll do something and I'll be like, \"That was not very Raven.\" If you read my blog, you know I'm a pilates freak. And by pilates, I mean waffles. I've been trying to quit drinking. The other day I drank a 12-pack of O'Doul's, and I went riding around in my car and I got pulled over by a cop. He's like, \"Son, have you been drinking?\" And I'm like, \"Uh, sort of.\" he said, \"What have you been drinking?\" and I said \"O'Doul's, nonalcoholic beer.\" And he wrote me a ticket for being a gaylord. I was reading on CNN.com today, before the show. You know that kid who had sex with his high school teacher about a year ago? I read online today that that kid died, today. He died of high-fiving. He was in a high-fiving accident. Tina Fey/Justin Bieber [35.18][edit] Sarah Palin: Are You Smarter than a Half-Term Governor? Gabourey Sidibe/MGMT [35.20][edit] Seth Meyers: Where can"}, {"title": "", "text": "was home schooled. Just me there by a bowl of punch, listening to Kool and the Gang. Why I rented that limousine, I have no idea. This woman said to me the other day, \"Zach, I like your beard,\" and I said, \"Look, I'm Greek. This isn't a beard. This is part of my eyebrow.\" [To the band] Are you guys just gonna sit there? I thought we were gonna rehearse something. [The band joins him] There we go. Sometimes I'll do something and I say to myself, \"That is so Raven.\" And then, other times I'll do something and I'll be like, \"That was not very Raven.\" If you read my blog, you know I'm a pilates freak. And by pilates, I mean waffles. I've been trying to quit drinking. The other day I drank a 12-pack of O'Doul's, and I went riding around in my car and I got pulled over by a cop. He's like, \"Son, have you been drinking?\" And I'm like, \"Uh, sort of.\" he said, \"What have you been drinking?\" and I said \"O'Doul's, nonalcoholic beer.\" And he wrote me a ticket for being a gaylord. I was reading on CNN.com today, before the show. You know that kid who had sex with his high school teacher about a year ago? I read online today that that kid died, today. He died of high-fiving. He was in a high-fiving accident. Tina Fey/Justin Bieber [35.18][edit] Sarah Palin: Are You Smarter than a Half-Term Governor? Gabourey Sidibe/MGMT [35.20][edit] Seth Meyers: Where can"}, {"title": "", "text": "say 'freeze' when people were doing something, like, 'oh man, I'm tired of holding on to this log, how far down the river will it go', and then you'd go 'freeze'! And then you'd come up out of the audience and tap the person that you wanted to leave, and take their body position, and then say, 'whoof, I'm a dog', or whatever, and then someone else says 'freeze' and it keeps on going like that. I did it. I kept on saying 'freeze' because I just wanted the attention. Because there's a black hole in my heart that needs to be filled. I didn't get enough love. My parents were loving, but it wasn't enough. For some reason, there's this gene in my DNA, that says I need more attention and love than most, so it's that insecurity that drives me. Q. Was there a lot of musical improvisation and jamming while you were filming? Did they find it hard to drag you away, once you had started something, musically? A. No, well, I was never the task master who would say, 'stop goofing around you guys, and let's get back to serious work'. I was always sort of goofing around with them, and then someone else would have to scold us. But did they ever have to force us to stop jamming? Yeah, a couple of times, but I don't really remember that being a problem, though. They told us to 'shut up' a few times. Q. But did you bother with them? A."}, {"title": "", "text": "of a sudden, a splinter cell of outraged women was born. You could see the glass shattering behind their eyes. \u201cYeah, you\u2019re absolutely right,\u201d said Woman 1. \u201cWhy is it ok to talk over a female artist?\u201d \u201cIf I think about it, that would be my experience too,\u201d said Woman 2. \u201cI saw Jade Bird last fall and the same thing happened. She\u2019s young and pretty, but that\u2019s no excuse to cat call the whole time.\u201d Just then a female security guard stepped behind me in line, the same one who had busted me for trying to take photos during the show, apparently banned at this theater. She seemed interested in the conversation. I turned to her and said, \u201cWhy didn\u2019t you bust that guy who was yelling through the whole show?\u201d Woman 1 added, \u201cYes, you caught me taking a video, why didn\u2019t you say anything to him?\u201d (A fellow rebel, I noticed.) \u201cYou should have told me he was bothering you,\u201d the guard said. \u201cI guess I\u2019ve just gotten used to loud guys at shows.\u201d And isn\u2019t that the rub. We\u2019ve all just gotten used to it. *\u201cManspreading\u201d is a term coined by my friend Jill, who experiences far too many close encounters on airplanes. Post-Script: Since this show, I have attended The Misfits at a large arena in Chicago. Even with a rowdy, punk rock audience, the fans were more well-behaved. concertgoing female recording artists male privilege rude fans Published by A Persistent Thistle Lean I Oirre. \"She Persisted\" in Scottish Gaelic. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "don't you? You play football? Hmm? Do you play football? Yeah, well, your brother, Denny, sure could play football. Here you go, kid. $1 .50 of hamburger. Hey, you, kid! What are you doing there? Come over here! You, come back here, God damn it! I'll sic my dog on you. Run, Gordie, run! Run, Gordie! Chopper, sic him! Sic him, boy! Now, he said, \"Sic him, boy.\" But what I heard was, \"Chopper, sic balls.\" That's Chopper? Chopper was my first lesson in the vast difference between myth and reality. Come on, Choppie. Kiss my ass, Choppie. Choppie. Kiss my ass. Come on, bite shit. Go on, Choppie. Sic balls, Choppie. You kids, stop teasing that dog! You hear me? Stop teasing him! Sonny, I'm gonna beat your ass, teasing my dog like that! Yeah, I'd like to see you try and climb over this fence and get me, fat ass! Don't you call me that! You little tin-weasel peckerwood loony's son! What did you call me? I know who you are. You're Teddy Duchamp. Your dad's a loony. A loony up in the nuthouse at Togus. He took your ear and he put it to a stove and he burned it off. My father stormed the beach at Normandy. He's crazier than a shithouse rat. No wonder you're acting the way you are, with a loony for a father. You call my dad a loony again and I'll kill you. Loony, loony, loony. I'm gonna rip your head off and shit down your neck."}, {"title": "", "text": "don't you? You play football? Hmm? Do you play football? Yeah, well, your brother, Denny, sure could play football. Here you go, kid. $1 .50 of hamburger. Hey, you, kid! What are you doing there? Come over here! You, come back here, God damn it! I'll sic my dog on you. Run, Gordie, run! Run, Gordie! Chopper, sic him! Sic him, boy! Now, he said, \"Sic him, boy.\" But what I heard was, \"Chopper, sic balls.\" That's Chopper? Chopper was my first lesson in the vast difference between myth and reality. Come on, Choppie. Kiss my ass, Choppie. Choppie. Kiss my ass. Come on, bite shit. Go on, Choppie. Sic balls, Choppie. You kids, stop teasing that dog! You hear me? Stop teasing him! Sonny, I'm gonna beat your ass, teasing my dog like that! Yeah, I'd like to see you try and climb over this fence and get me, fat ass! Don't you call me that! You little tin-weasel peckerwood loony's son! What did you call me? I know who you are. You're Teddy Duchamp. Your dad's a loony. A loony up in the nuthouse at Togus. He took your ear and he put it to a stove and he burned it off. My father stormed the beach at Normandy. He's crazier than a shithouse rat. No wonder you're acting the way you are, with a loony for a father. You call my dad a loony again and I'll kill you. Loony, loony, loony. I'm gonna rip your head off and shit down your neck."}, {"title": "", "text": "or \u201cbang\u201d on another. \u201cUsually anytime anybody tries to bang on you or say something, you\u2019ll try to bang right back,\u201d said the student, who is now 17. \u201cIf you don\u2019t bang back and one of your homies sees you, you\u2019re going to get banged on at a private meeting.\u201d Most \u201cbanging\u201d is done over what colors a rival gang wears. Whenever an enemy attacked, he felt he had to come back twice as hard, which usually caused violence. Since attempting recently to leave the gang life, he has proudly walked away from fights he would have joined prior to enrolling in the program. \u201cIt\u2019s not worth it for me to deal with them or for them to come at me sideways,\u201d he said. He has told his former gang partners he doesn\u2019t want to be involved anymore and is trying to change his life for the better. \u201cMisery likes company and they\u2019ll take anyone with them,\u201d the student said. \u201cThat\u2019s all a gang is. Misery. Miserable people trying to take anyone they can with them.\u201d Greg, a mentor who asked that his last name be withheld, left his local gang when he saw the misery he caused his loved ones. While holding onto drugs for other gang members, Greg was pulled over by police and subsequently arrested. As he sat in his jail cell, he thought about the path he had taken in life. This course led him to join his gang when he was 13. Thirteen years later, he still was immersed in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "think, I should cut off his head with axe to\u2026to\u2026 so he will not suffer,\u201d she finished. One of the other English teachers (who spent time in San Francisco and understands my love for Mexican food) leaned over and said something in Czech while making chopping gestures with her hands. \u201cNo, axe,\u201d Hanka repeated, also making chopping gestures. Again, the accent\u2026 They sound exactly the same. The point finally became clear that Hanka was talking about killing her chicken, not collecting its eggs and the story continued with Pavlina still giggling into her coffee. I tried not to picture sweet Hanka wielding an axe and refocused on her presentation \u2013 she had begun talking in excited, hushed tones. The women laughed appreciatively and someone called it a miracle. More laughter. More nodding. More coffee. I surveyed the lovely ladies in the small office, gabbing away like little hens themselves. Everyone is busy, but this little ritual they preserve. And they included me. It felt a little like a shady spot on the sidewalk in the middle of a hot day. Sometimes we need to stop running and just catch our breath. \u201cAnd what do you think of my story?\u201d Hanka asked me. The room got quiet as the women all looked at me. \u201cI feel like your chicken,\u201d I said, smiling into my coffee cup. This entry was tagged Chicken, coffee, Czech, language, Mexican cuisine, Prague, school, teachers, TGIF, travel. Bookmark the permalink."}, {"title": "", "text": "we went on back in and she changed the shoes. When she came out to where I stood, she went on up the hill and I stopped. After a while, this here other fella, George, came out there, and we stood up there and talked. This woman called me in the house wanting me to go and sell some chicken sandwiches to the boys at the camp. Then I come back, and this girl was talking to me and had both hands on my shoulder. About that time this fella, Sweet, he come from behind the house and says, \"What you doing here, got my woman barred up like this?\" and grabbed me and slammed me up against the house two or three times. I says to him, \"Don't do that. You are liable to break the stitches in my side.\" I had been cut in the side, and it was all sewed up. He slammed me down in the ground and says to me, \"If you cross my path anymore tonight, I'm gonna kill you.\" I wound up where the game was going on. A boy named Boss Nix or something like that says to me, \"Let me have fifty cents on this gun, and I'll give you seventy-five cents Saturday.\" I said, \"All right\" and put the gun in my pocket. About that time, some of them said, \"Let's go to the dance.\" I said that I didn't care, and when we got there, this fella, Sweet, jumped up with a knife in his"}, {"title": "", "text": "hands like that is really going to call a time out. \"I know that shit looks bad, but I didn't shoot no-damn-body. You can't put no bodies on me.\" \"But you can tell me the name of those bitches who pulled the job.\" Crunk's entire body collapses, but there's no doubt in my mind that he's going to snitch long before I make my first cut. \"All right. All right. If I tell you their names will you let me go?\" Chuckling, I cock my head at the dude and ask, \"What do you think?\" Tears skip down his face. \"Fuck. Fuck. Fuck.\" \"That about sums it up.\" I take the blade between my thumb and middle finger and then launch it into his right shoulder. \"Aaaaaargh!\" Crunk falls onto the floor like a drama queen. The performance is so bad that I roll my eyes as I walk over to his crying punk-ass and squat down to yank my shit out of his shoulder. \"Aaaargh!\" \"Stop all the hollering before I cut your dick off and make you blow yourself.\" He shuts up, but the foul stench that follows tells me his Fruit of the Looms are no longer white. \"I'm going to make you a deal,\" I tell him, already bored with the game before it even starts. \"You tell me the names like a good little boy and I'll kill you quick and easy. You won't feel a thing.\" Crunk whimpers. \"But if you drag this shit out, I'll gut you in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "compress myself inwards, and noticed that I was holding my stomach tight, like I was bracing for a punch. I do that when I\u2019m nervous talking to people, like if I put one toe over the line they\u2019ll sock me and leave me gasping on the ground. No one said anything. They kept smoking. Some looked at me, most didn\u2019t. Six or seven of them, wearing castoff Carhartt jackets and flayed white sneakers. \u201cI\u2019m looking for Handsome?\u201d I said. I didn\u2019t mean for the question to creep into my voice, but there it was. And now they knew, She has no idea what she\u2019s doing here. And it was true. I was afraid. They were going to jump me, steal my bag and insulated rubber boots, leave me to walk back to my apartment bloodied in my socks. \u201cWhy?\u201d one of them said. I didn\u2019t know who. The voice seemed to rise from all of them. \u201cI heard he found Chops.\u201d From the way he stepped forward I knew the guy who spoke next was Handsome. \u201cYeah,\u201d he said. \u201cI found him.\u201d It looked like his nose had been broken a half dozen times, and one of his bottom front teeth was shriveled and brown. \u201cWho\u2019s asking?\u201d He had a smooth voice, a thick southern Maine accent. Some people said southern Maine accents sounded the same as Boston accents, but I knew that wasn\u2019t true. I had a lot of family in Boston, I knew how they sounded. I had a dad from southern Maine, who"}, {"title": "", "text": "with you.\" That wasn't always true. When I was a young boy, I was bullied. And my dad was a cop, so that made it even more embarrassing. Later in life, I took up martial arts and even trained with my good friend Bruce Lee. That's why you can trust me when I say that fighting is almost always a mistake. There's a Chinese proverb that says, \"The man who throws the first punch has lost the argument.\" That means that when an argument turns into a fight, it's because the one starting the fight realizes he isn't smart enough to win verbally, so he resorts to violence. It's always the dumbest guy who resorts to violence. What do you do if someone threatens you with violence? You walk away, even run away if necessary. Even if you're pretty sure you could take him. Bad things can happen in a fight, even if no one means them to. Someone can take an unexpected fall and crack his head open. Teeth can be knocked out. Facial bones can be cracked. And all the crying later about how \"it was an accident!\" won't change that. So, if you're threatened, leave and tell your parents. Some people are of the belief that you should just go right after the bully, fighting him to show you're not afraid. While this works well in movies, it doesn't work as well in real life. These days violence tends to beget violence. The bully doesn't just slink away, he returns with a baseball"}, {"title": "", "text": "compress myself inwards, and noticed that I was holding my stomach tight, like I was bracing for a punch. I do that when I\u2019m nervous talking to people, like if I put one toe over the line they\u2019ll sock me and leave me gasping on the ground. No one said anything. They kept smoking. Some looked at me, most didn\u2019t. Six or seven of them, wearing castoff Carhartt jackets and flayed white sneakers. \u201cI\u2019m looking for Handsome?\u201d I said. I didn\u2019t mean for the question to creep into my voice, but there it was. And now they knew, She has no idea what she\u2019s doing here. And it was true. I was afraid. They were going to jump me, steal my bag and insulated rubber boots, leave me to walk back to my apartment bloodied in my socks. \u201cWhy?\u201d one of them said. I didn\u2019t know who. The voice seemed to rise from all of them. \u201cI heard he found Chops.\u201d From the way he stepped forward I knew the guy who spoke next was Handsome. \u201cYeah,\u201d he said. \u201cI found him.\u201d It looked like his nose had been broken a half dozen times, and one of his bottom front teeth was shriveled and brown. \u201cWho\u2019s asking?\u201d He had a smooth voice, a thick southern Maine accent. Some people said southern Maine accents sounded the same as Boston accents, but I knew that wasn\u2019t true. I had a lot of family in Boston, I knew how they sounded. I had a dad from southern Maine, who"}, {"title": "", "text": "response from his increasingly fierce swats other than to glance in his direction playfully and coo. Thick skin, so thick I don\u2019t recall ever cutting myself on sharp objects, and I mean ever. I fell down while running with scissors once, the sharpened tips nipping on my outer thigh as I bounced on the kitchen linoleum. Most kids would have been rushed to the hospital with the objects imbedded deep into their leg, with a possible severed artery and blood spilling out like a flood, but not me. I\u2019d merely scraped my skin, producing a sickly white scar that healed over within the next few days. I mean, it was as if the scissors had known they couldn\u2019t puncture me straight through, so they turned aside in an effort to claw at my thigh instead. So from an early age, I knew I was special. My bones are strong, too. I\u2019ve been given estimates ranging between ten to twenty times denser than a normal person\u2019s. This makes me somewhat slower than most people, and for added defense I took up martial arts; tae kwon do, kung fu, judo. I can absorb a blow from a baseball bat by merely holding up a forearm and tensing it, and I deliver punches that I term \u2018one-hitter-quitters.\u2019 This means that if I connect anywhere near my target: head, neck or chest, my opponent is not getting back up. I don\u2019t consider myself a superhero. I was always brooding in the back of class, trying hard not to be noticed,"}, {"title": "", "text": "aside from the waiters, no one spoke to her. Nor did anyone stare at her or accost her. Clearly they were used to her. She was a familiar fixture whose presence was taken for granted. Mal signalled for more rakis, even though Jane's remained untouched. It was when she turned to say no thank you that she realized she and the Blue Woman were now the only females in the place. She also saw the stack of rifles behind the bar. The waiter brought the rakis and this time Jane drank hers. As she did so Malcolm filled her glass with retsina. It was nearly toppled when someone stumbled against the table. Pork Chop again. \"Please leave him alone,\" pleaded Jane, but he took no notice. He seemed fixed on Mal the way the Blue Woman was fixed on Boots. \"Sorry, Mick.\" \"Piss off!\" said Mal. \"I sorry. You sorry too, Mick?\" Mal turned his back. Pork Chop moved to the other side of the table in order to look in his eyes. \"I say sorry, man.\" \"Why don't you go boogie with the other yobs? Or won't they have you? Too fat and clumsy, huh? Too stunted.\" \"What mean stunted?\" \"It means small but imperfectly formed.\" \"I no stunted, Mick, _you_ stunted.\" Mal rose to his full six feet. Pork Chop continued to glare at him. \"Don't like you. Stupid Inglish. Woman nice. You stupid.\" Mal pushed him away hard, but he bounced back like a rubber beach toy. Everyone was watching. Mal seized his"}, {"title": "", "text": "way. The thing with the car is weird.\" Anyone who says \"sticks and stones might break some bones, but words will never hurt you\" has never been in my shoes. I'd prefer being beaten with rocks\u2014it would hurt, but it would be nothing compared to the razor cuts of a million nasty words. People hated me. Not just a little, a lot. People who didn't even know me. They'd never spoken a word to me, never seen me in the flesh, but based on a few pictures and a story, they'd made me into some kind of monster. They talked about how torture was too good for me. They wrote in detail what kinds of things should happen to my family. I rubbed my temples. Another headache was building. \"Maybe I shouldn't have shown you,\" Anna said. \"No, it's better for me to know.\" I knew neither my parents nor Evan would show me. There had been hushed discussions about how I was \"holding up\" and the importance of \"keeping up my spirits.\" I think after my last breakdown, they were all worried that I was going to snap. \"I wanted to show you because I wanted to ask you something,\" Anna said. She fidgeted in her chair. \"Your dad has a lot of money, right?\" My eyes narrowed. \"Why?\" \"I think maybe you should leave.\" \"If I leave the rehab hospital, they're going to make me go to Italy,\" I said. \"That's the whole point\u2014I can't go.\" Anna looked around as if she half expected"}, {"title": "", "text": "pork chops. Joe Tyler: My job sucks. It's got no benefits and no future. [Sara Moore's jeans' pant leg gets caught in a roller of a machine]::Sara Moore: Help me!::[Joe Tyler helps her by unbuttoning her jeans and then tearing that caught pant leg off]::Sara Moore: Jesus Christ! I said, \"Help me,\" not \"Undress me.\"::Joe Tyler: Oh, I'm sorry, I didn't hear you over that big machine that was going to rip you into pieces. Joe Tyler: Hey I'm not sure if you guys have met, Guy who got run over, Guy who ran over! Ray Harris: It's only been three white geniuses ever: Da Vinci, Stallone in the first Rocky, and now you, Tony! Gordon Moore: This better get done, or I'm gonna hang your ass out to dry, you understand? [hangs up phone]::Ray Harris: [mocking Gordon] 'This better get done, or else I'll hang your ass out to dry'. Jesus! A redneck telling a black man he gonna hang him! That's the new millennium. [yells out into the hall] Page Tony! And get Farrakhan and 'em on the phone... I think they might want a trip down there! Warren Cebron: Gordon, as your attorney, I advise you not get your personal security mixed up in this.::Gordon Moore: Mmm-hmm. Well, 'as my attorney', you screwed this up, dickweed. Mary (1931) Actors: Alfred Abel (actor), Fritz Alberti (actor), Ekkehard Arendt (actor), Julius Brandt (actor), Eugen Burg (actor), Heinrich Gotho (actor), Paul Graetz (actor), Fritz Grossman (actor), Harry Hardt (actor), Miles Mander (actor), Rudolf Meinhard-J\u00fcnger (actor), John"}, {"title": "", "text": "certain saxophonist's name. What's this all about?\" **\"I never thought** I would say this, but maybe you should consider taking a break from your dance training and watch the game with Jake and your dad,\" my mother says. \"You know I hate football, but you and your father seemed to be making a connection, and Jake and you are just getting back to being brotherly again. Pat, please stop humming.\" **\"For the second** lift you need to look up at me, Pat. Especially just before I go into the flip. You don't have to look at my crotch, but you have to be ready to push up so I'll get more height. If you don't give me a push when I bend my knees, I won't be able to complete the flip and will probably crack my head open on the floor.\" **\"I know you** can hear me through the humming, Pat. Look at you!\" my father says. \"Curled up in your bed, humming like a child. Birds lose by a field goal in New Orleans, and your boy Baskett had zero catches. Zilch. Don't think your dancing through the game didn't affect the outcome.\" **\"You look like** a retarded snake! You are supposed to crawl with your arms\u2014not slither or wiggle or whatever the fuck you are doing down there. Here. Watch me.\" **In anticipation of** our big performance, I'm running a little faster with Tiffany every day. We push ourselves, and when we get to the park, we sprint the last mile to her"}, {"title": "", "text": "a slap around the face, yeah.\" Heavy said it wasn't his \"proudest moment\" or \"finest hour\" but that \"everybody's got a breaking point\". He said he felt he had \"no choice\" because someone was trying to mug him off on film and that he had to make a \"quick decision\" over whether to react or let the guy \"take the p**s\" out of him. Heavy spoke to his fans while driving his car He went on: \"I chose plan B, I gave him a little slap, he backed off, Old Bill went 'right, you're nicked!' \"I said, 'what do you mean I'm nicked? You've been standing there for the last 10 minutes, you've done f**k all. I react, he's got me in the headlock which is assault, I react by giving him a little slap and you want to nick me?'\" Heavy said he was put in handcuffs and taken away from the event and to a police station, at which point he began to worry about his upcoming stint on CBB. He said he told police he had \"something big coming up\" although he couldn't say what because he'd signed a non-disclosure agreement. He said the lesson was to be strong when people are trying to get a rise out of you He said he didn't want \"that little p***k\" to spoil it for him and that he tried to get the police to identify with him by pointing out that people often film them without their permission too while they're going about their jobs."}, {"title": "", "text": "pervy someone approaching you on public transportation can be. I don't want to scare them, and I don't want to wait till they get off and follow them. Of course knowing me, that would be my luck. I finally find the feathered person, and before I could build up the courage to say something, they would leave. Then I'd have a second round of crying over dropped pizza and the mystery of their breaks. \"Do you mind if I sit?\" The feathered person is leaning in close, pointing to the empty seat beside me. I can't find the words to speak, so I answer by lifting my messenger bag, with my work laptop, onto my lap, freeing the seat beside me. \"What's your name?\" they ask. \"Jai. She/her.\" \"Thanks, Jai. I'm Avery. She/her.\" She points to my left wrist. \"I like your bracelet.\" For a split second I think she must mean my newest break, but when I look for myself, I see the silver armband I've been using to cover the break so that I don't have to look at it. \"It was my mother's.\" I pull it off, and flip it to show the engraving on the underside. \"It's the date she and my father first met. He gave it to her on their fifth anniversary.\" I don't tell Avery that it was the last gift my father gave to my mother before he was killed in a car accident. I was only four at the time, and don't remember him. Mom wore the"}, {"title": "", "text": "elbowed their way in and told the band to stop playing. WATCH THE DOCUMENTARY \"Somebody is supposed to have said it wasn't 10 o'clock yet and I got told one of the police grabbed a microphone and hit somebody. \"I don't know if that's true, but as the police were leaving they got jostled a fair bit. \"Somebody started this chant: \"F--k the pigs!\" and it just caught on. It was huge, this massive chant. It was this great angry rumble like the whole crowd was doing it. \"Everybody's attention went onto the cops then. \"I think they must have got some reinforcements and the next thing they seemed to think it would be a good idea to grab some people and belt them in full view of everybody. \"I saw them bashing one man's head against the grille of a paddy wagon. \"A couple of people started to fight back and next thing the whole crowd was pelting the cops with anything that came to hand. \"I'd been beaten up by some police when I was 14 for under-age drinking in a back alley. They gave me a really bad time so I admit when I threw some cans I really meant it. \"Things got very ugly and the cops retreated towards city hall. \"They basically disappeared and then somebody started this chant: 'Wreck the Star'. Kids started pulling the place apart, getting souvenirs. READ MORE: The night of fighting on the streets \"Somebody said the cops had reappeared up near the Castle and we"}, {"title": "", "text": "elbowed their way in and told the band to stop playing. WATCH THE DOCUMENTARY \"Somebody is supposed to have said it wasn't 10 o'clock yet and I got told one of the police grabbed a microphone and hit somebody. \"I don't know if that's true, but as the police were leaving they got jostled a fair bit. \"Somebody started this chant: \"F--k the pigs!\" and it just caught on. It was huge, this massive chant. It was this great angry rumble like the whole crowd was doing it. \"Everybody's attention went onto the cops then. \"I think they must have got some reinforcements and the next thing they seemed to think it would be a good idea to grab some people and belt them in full view of everybody. \"I saw them bashing one man's head against the grille of a paddy wagon. \"A couple of people started to fight back and next thing the whole crowd was pelting the cops with anything that came to hand. \"I'd been beaten up by some police when I was 14 for under-age drinking in a back alley. They gave me a really bad time so I admit when I threw some cans I really meant it. \"Things got very ugly and the cops retreated towards city hall. \"They basically disappeared and then somebody started this chant: 'Wreck the Star'. Kids started pulling the place apart, getting souvenirs. READ MORE: The night of fighting on the streets \"Somebody said the cops had reappeared up near the Castle and we"}, {"title": "", "text": "permanently deleted. I told the customer to click on the old file and drag it to the trash. Then I had him perform a few other steps. As a reminder, I said, \"Don't forget to empty the trash.\" Obediently he replied, \"Yes, dear.\" Scissors are told not to run with Chuck Norris. Johny visits the psychiatrist and tells him: \"Lately I have a big problem with my memory.\" The psychiatrist asks Johny: \"And how does it demonstrate concretely?\" Johny: \"What?\" A man is walking through a graveyard when he sees another man squatting next to a grave. \"Morning!\" he calls out. \"No, just taking a shit!\" If you rearrange the letters in \"Vladimir Putin\" you get murdered. When I arrived at a hotel in order to fill in my identities I noticed the word \"sex\" so I wrote: YES PLEASE. Yo mama's so fat when she stepped on a scale it said: \"A.B.C.D.E.F.G get your fat ass off of me.\" What do you call an Italian beggar? Giovanni change. Two Italian men get on a bus... They sit down and engage in an animated conversation. The lady sitting behind them ignores them at first, but her attention is galvanized when she hears one of the men say the following: \"Emma come first. Den I come. Den two asses come together. I come once-a-more. Two asses, they come together again. I come again and pee twice. Then I come one lasta time.\" \"You foul-mouthed swine,\" retorted the lady indignantly. \"In this country we don't talk about our"}, {"title": "", "text": "dinner tonight._ Something like that\u2014 Two things happen at once: the door of the bathroom stall kicks open behind me just as someone enters the bathroom to my right. Two men, one black and one white, both of them big and serious, both of them wearing dark suits and white shirts, converge on me simultaneously. I throw an elbow behind me and connect with some part of the white guy's face. It feels like I hit some meat and bone, so it probably hurt. If I had any talent for this kind of thing, I would follow up with a forward kick at the black guy coming directly at me. But I don't. I'm off balance from the elbow toss, and the front guy has both hands on my sport coat before I can say _ambush_. He pushes me up against the wall, right next to the hand dryer, while the white guy recovers from my elbow. \"Take it easy, take it easy,\" I say. He thrusts a knee into my groin and I double over. _Pain_ is a word you can look up in the dictionary, but you don't know what it means until someone drills you in the balls. And this guy knew how to throw that knee. He got the frank _and_ the beans. _Franks and beans! Franks and beans!_ The white guy grabs me by the hair and stands me up straight again. My hands go south, primitive instinct to protect what's left of the family jewels, while I try to catch"}, {"title": "", "text": "punched in 911. It felt as if the phone were ringing forever. Weren't they supposed to answer 911 calls immediately? Finally, a voice at the other end. I had no idea what they were saying. As calmly and as clearly as was possible I said, \"There's a student with a Knife in my room. He's holding the Knife at the neck of another student. My name is Ms. S. I am a teacher at CPMS on Raindrop Trail. We are in portable 206. He's threatening to kill everyone. Please, come as quickly as possible. I don't have time to stay on the line to talk to you. But, please come fast. This is an emergency.\" I put the phone back on the hook. As I started to come back around my desk to reengage with T., he passed by the front of my desk. He was bare tummied. He had taken his black shirt off and wrapped it around his left hand. I had learned from other students in gangs that gang members sometimes used their shirts as shields during knife fights. The Knife was held firmly within his right hand. He appeared to be walking around in a daze. \"T.?\" I asked automatically. He ignored me. \"Let 'em come! Let 'em try to take me down! I'll take those M_ _ _ _ _ F_ _ _ ing Pigs down with me! Every one of 'em!\" Those were the last words I ever heard T. utter. He stomped out, leaving the door ajar. I ran"}, {"title": "", "text": "control you. On the other hand, when you're numb to everything, then it's just as bad. Well, you can always eat me! **Right now I'm a famous actor but my dream is to some day become a waiter.** I know this guy who got a second chance to live. He came pretty close to losing it. I mean losing the whole thing. He lived in an iron lung for a long time. By iron lung I mean he had a wife who took any opportunity she could find to step on the man's pride and soul. We all watched for years, not daring to get too close figuring it was none of our business. We all used to think about him and talk about his situation when he wasn't around. I mean this woman was really stabbing him. I used to watch her do this shit and I would be thinking to myself that the guy's dying inside. She's killing him. Have you ever seen a man's spirit starve and die? Have you ever seen a man get his chops busted so many times that he'll start doing it to himself even when he's miles away from the chops-buster? Sure, it happens all the time. You should have seen this guy. He'd be ready to deny himself his next breath sometimes. It was hard to watch. I mean you wanted to kick the guy in the ass and tell him snap out of it. So finally the shit hit the fan and he divorced this bloodless,"}, {"title": "", "text": "from me. It sneaks up on you. One day you\u2019re reading a book and you notice two small strands of your hair slowly drift onto the paper. You scoff at it; \u201cPlenty more where that came from,\u201d you\u2019ll say. Then one day you\u2019ll see the top of your head on a video camera as you walk into the local Target store. You will be blinded by the reflection from your un-camouflaged scalp. Again you will be in denial. \u201cThose surveillance cameras must have some weird filtering effect or something\u201d you\u2019ll say. Then the day will come when you look in the mirror and realize your head looks vaguely like a half plucked chicken. What little hair that is left is wispy and pathetic. You will have two choices; Comb-over or shave it. I chose to shave it like a man. I hope you choose to comb-over when your day comes. So as I was saying, we were rolling down the street and listening to tough guy gangsta rap. I was new to the art form at that point and wanted to have a copy of my own to bone up on all the gangsta rap terms: gaffle, endo, and suckamuthafucka. Also, how else was I going to learn all the different ways to degrade women? So we head over to the Best Buy. Gangstas shop at Best Buy right? Yeah, we were living the thug life. We head over to the rap section looking for Straight Outta Compton. That\u2019s when I saw that N.W.A had a"}, {"title": "", "text": "knew what he meant, but I wanted to hear him explain it. Stephen rubbed clumsily at one ear, trying to find the words. \"I've got a couple of sisters,\" he said. \"One of them's eighteen, right, and if you annoy her, she yells loud enough that you can hear her right down the road. The other one, she's twenty, and when she loses the head she throws stuff at their bedroom wall\u2014nothing breakable, like, just pens or whatever. That's the way they've always been, ever since we were kids. If the younger one threw something one day or the older one started yelling, or if either of them got violent with anyone, I'd be amazed. People snap the way they snap.\" I dredged up an approving grin for him\u2014the kid had earned a pat on the head\u2014and I was starting to ask how he snapped, when it hit me. The sick dull crack of Shay's head off the wall, his mouth falling open as he hung limp by the neck from Da's big hands. Ma screaming _Look what you've done now, you bastard, you're after killing him,_ and Da's thick hoarse voice _Serve him right._ And Cooper: _The attacker caught her by the throat and slammed her head repeatedly against a wall._ Something in my face worried Stephen; maybe I was staring. He said, \"What?\" \"Nothing,\" I said, swinging my jacket on. Matt Daly, flat and final: _People don't change._ \"You're doing a good job, Detective. I mean that. Get in touch as soon as you've"}, {"title": "", "text": "are disconcertingly focused; they are powerful and unblinking. When the man's mouth moves, there is the slightest of hesitations when he pronounces his first syllable. \"Three bucks.\" The adrenalin that Anders experienced minutes before comes back to him stronger. \"You've got to be kidding.\" The tough bald man holds his hands out from his pockets as if to say: hey buddy, that's all I got. Then the man says, \"You think you're worth more?\" A voice in Anders's head tells him that he should back off. It tells him he's making a huge mistake, engaging in confrontation. Everybody else in the room knows this man's a jerk. Why say it to his face? So Anders, thinking he's being conciliatory, says, \"I'll do it. But yeah, I think I'm worth more.\" \"Let me tell you something about what you're worth,\" the man says. He holds up his hand, making a zero sign with his thumb and forefinger. \"I could have you replaced like that.\" He snaps his fingers with startling volume. \"Now you get back to your friggin' station or you take a walk out the door.\" This is too much. Anders glares. \"Maybe more than one person will walk out that door.\" \"What's that supposed to mean --?\" \"People here are pretty sick of working for eight bucks an hour. We get no raises, no benefits, no consistent hours, and the company rakes in millions.\" Anders feels as if his nerves are exposed. He's absolutely convinced the man is going to hit him. He's startled; he"}, {"title": "", "text": "me, lady\u2014' 'Why, Lucky Thompson!' 'Haw haw! I'd like to introduce you to my friends.' 'Oh, we know Mingus and Buddy. We saw you play with them and Bird one Sunday. I'm Nancy and this is Sally. We've heard a lot about your new group, Mingus.' 'It's not mine. We're a corporation, or trying to be.' 'Is Lucky with you?' 'Yes.' 'No, I don't think I'm gonna make it. You cats are too good for me. I'd be embarrassed to play with such a famous group.' 'I oughta kick your ass, Lucky, if you're going to hang us at the last minute. Somebody's gotta shrink your head before it busts. Mine's busted, so I'll take the job.' 'You're the one's too hip.' 'Okay, we'll make it better without you, Lucky. You never tried to play with us or even with yourself so get your horn off the stand and leave so we can get our little group together.' 'Oh! I've never been so humiliated in my life!' 'Damn, Lucky! Do you have to cry? You talk to him, Buddy \u2013 I'm tired. One minute I want to bust him, the next I feel sorry for him. See you on the bandstand ... hi, Britt. Lucky's left. Guess you'll have to switch back to tenor parts.' 'Fine, ball spot. I like the tenor range. I can play the alto parts when Buddy's on clarinet. I like that sound better.' 'Tell the truth, I do too. We're more together ... hey, John, you high, man? \u2013 wipe your"}, {"title": "", "text": "phrase,\" I said. \"Then, now I know how to say 'gnawing a bone' in French,' said Simple. \"Faux pas\u2014boner,\" I said. \"Bone,\" said Simple, \"and there's one other thing which the Lord made and put on this earth almost as good as a pork-chop bone\u2014that is the neck of a chicken. One reason I very seldom like to eat in restaurants is because you seldom get a chicken neck. If they do serve a neck, it is not proper to eat it, so Joyce says, because you have to suck on the bones. Now, why is it not proper to suck a chicken neck in a restaurant?\" \"Because it makes so much noise in public, and therefore is bad manners.\" \"Manners is sometimes mighty inconvenient,\" stated Simple. \"You may not care about manners,\" I said, \"but your wife does. Certainly Joyce is a woman to be proud of. She tries to uphold the tone of the Harlem community. One reason why white people don't want Negroes in their neighborhoods is because they say we lower the tone of the community. Eating bones in the window just isn't done in high society.\" \"Who's in high society?\" asked Simple. \"Not me, and I don't want to be. White folks might not gnaw bones in windows, but they sure do some awful other things. They murders their mothers almost daily. I never read of so many children knocking off their parents as here of late\u2014but you seldom read of a colored child doing such. White folks also Jim Crows"}, {"title": "", "text": "solitude with only a few bored workmen tacking up pennants around the stands, I soar off. (Newspapers say \"soar\"--I would say plummet is more accurate). Everything is fine. I'm as relaxed as I ever am--just a couple of convulsive twitches as I peer down the scaffold. But I always jump well Sunday mornings--except for that time I broke my back, and the other time I carried away the better part of my forearm. As a rule, though, it is then I jump most gracefully for me and plod happily back to the competitors' hut for a bit of lunch. I've about gotten thru a cup of coffee, when someone taps me on the back, \"If you're competing you'd better sign in now,\" he says. That's the end of my appetite. They say you never realize how close the war is until your husband, or son, or roommate gets killed in it. Well, it's the same with jumping. You never fully realize how close you are to returning to dust till you sing that vicious slip. It says something about if you break your neck, you can't say it was the hill's fault, and it reminds you that in case of death you mustn't let your heirs sue the club. \"Whoopee!\" I think to myself as I struggle to get my sixteen-pound skis over my shoulder: \"At long last I can crack up with legality.\" Slowly we trudge up the hill, 300 steps or more on a good one. The crowd is beginning to gather. They look"}, {"title": "", "text": "two groups of young people, and took an ominous turn when some came back holding backpacks in front of them, one hand concealed inside. \"That only means, usually, two things,\" he says. \"Either they're having a hard time finding something. Or \u2014 it's usually just them holding a gun, ready to pull it out and fire.\" Gun violence often starts online \"G\" says he doesn't have a gun, and most of the guns he sees in the hands of acquaintances are on social media. \"Mostly Snapchat,\" he says. \"[The videos are] them usually smoking in a car and then holding out a gun, flashing the laser sight. Just saying, 'Hey, I have this, don't mess with me. Be scared of me, basically.' \" When the guns come out in person, he says it's often after warnings online. For instance, someone will post the video of a fistfight, which in turn will prompt others to promise to avenge the loser. \"One of the friends might say, 'Oh, I'm gonna slide for you. I'm going to slide real quick with a pole on me,' \" G says, where the term \"pole\" is slang for gun. \"That usually means, 'Hey, we don't care that you lost, but we're gonna go get the deed done,' \" he says. Temple University criminologist Jason Gravel, who studies how young people acquire and use guns, says the role of social media may be the biggest change of the last few recent years. \"It might look like some random shooting on the street, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "two groups of young people, and took an ominous turn when some came back holding backpacks in front of them, one hand concealed inside. \"That only means, usually, two things,\" he says. \"Either they're having a hard time finding something. Or \u2014 it's usually just them holding a gun, ready to pull it out and fire.\" Gun violence often starts online \"G\" says he doesn't have a gun, and most of the guns he sees in the hands of acquaintances are on social media. \"Mostly Snapchat,\" he says. \"[The videos are] them usually smoking in a car and then holding out a gun, flashing the laser sight. Just saying, 'Hey, I have this, don't mess with me. Be scared of me, basically.' \" When the guns come out in person, he says it's often after warnings online. For instance, someone will post the video of a fistfight, which in turn will prompt others to promise to avenge the loser. \"One of the friends might say, 'Oh, I'm gonna slide for you. I'm going to slide real quick with a pole on me,' \" G says, where the term \"pole\" is slang for gun. \"That usually means, 'Hey, we don't care that you lost, but we're gonna go get the deed done,' \" he says. Temple University criminologist Jason Gravel, who studies how young people acquire and use guns, says the role of social media may be the biggest change of the last few recent years. \"It might look like some random shooting on the street, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "two groups of young people, and took an ominous turn when some came back holding backpacks in front of them, one hand concealed inside. \"That only means, usually, two things,\" he says. \"Either they're having a hard time finding something. Or \u2014 it's usually just them holding a gun, ready to pull it out and fire.\" Gun violence often starts online \"G\" says he doesn't have a gun, and most of the guns he sees in the hands of acquaintances are on social media. \"Mostly Snapchat,\" he says. \"[The videos are] them usually smoking in a car and then holding out a gun, flashing the laser sight. Just saying, 'Hey, I have this, don't mess with me. Be scared of me, basically.' \" When the guns come out in person, he says it's often after warnings online. For instance, someone will post the video of a fistfight, which in turn will prompt others to promise to avenge the loser. \"One of the friends might say, 'Oh, I'm gonna slide for you. I'm going to slide real quick with a pole on me,' \" G says, where the term \"pole\" is slang for gun. \"That usually means, 'Hey, we don't care that you lost, but we're gonna go get the deed done,' \" he says. Temple University criminologist Jason Gravel, who studies how young people acquire and use guns, says the role of social media may be the biggest change of the last few recent years. \"It might look like some random shooting on the street, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "chop flavour had that cigar. \"'When that was done,' sais I, 'What do you say to another?' 'Well, I don't know,' sais I, 'I should like it, that's a fact; but holdin' of my head crooked up chimbly that way, has a' most broke my neck; I've got the cramp in it like.' \"So I sot, and shook my head first a one side and then the other, and then turned it on its hinges as far as it would go, till it felt about right, and then I lights another, and puts my head in the flue again. \"Well, smokin' makes, a feller feel kinder good-natured, and I began to think it warn't quite so bad arter all, when whop went my cigar right out of my mouth into my bosom, atween the shirt and the skin, and burnt me like a gally nipper. Both my eyes was fill'd at the same time, and I got a crack on the pate from some critter or another that clawed and scratched my head like any thing, and then seemed to empty a bushel of sut on me, and I looked like a chimbly sweep, and felt like old Scratch himself. My smoke had brought down a chimbly swaller, or a martin, or some such varmint, for it up and off agin' afore I could catch it, to wring its infarnal neck off, that's a fact. \"Well, here was somethin' to do, and no mistake: here was to clean and groom up agin' till all was in"}, {"title": "", "text": "that crackhead, huh?\" \"Yeah\" is all I say, but have to admit, only to myself, that I love when something like that happens. It gives me an adrenaline boost, a bit like coke but without the sudden surge, more like waves, one right after the other. Stays with me for a while after. Little spike of energy. That's why I still like to bust into drug houses. You get that feeling right before you go in because you don't know what to expect. You get it again if you're hit with the unexpected. That's when the training kicks in. \"How you expect to talk to those boys we seen?\" \"Haven't worked that one out yet. Maybe you can come up with something. Earn that money.\" \"I don't know this shit. You gotta teach me, remember?\" \"How would Cordell have you handle it?\" Huffs a laugh and says, \"He didn't play by the rules.\" \"And you think I do?\" \"That shit slipped my mind,\" he says, and I know he's referring to the time I got the information out of him and almost killed him after. \"Maybe you two be like the same and I just worked myself from one bad situation into another.\" \"No, you didn't, 'cause I'll never make you do something you don't want to do.\" _Except that one time, a few years ago_. \"Can I get another one of these _sirvezas_ here?\" \"Yeah. We're almost done with the day.\" I look at him. He's got that wandering eye again, trying to catch the"}, {"title": "", "text": "mitts. It reminded me of this one time a few years ago when I was in Vegas. I was standing back and watching a few friends play blackjack (because I'm cheap in Vegas and spend about eight bucks a day), and they were getting killed. This tiny Asian chick was pulling five-card 21s, blackjacks, whatever. Finally, she lost and, in my excitement, I yelled out, \"Oooh, a chink in the armor!\" Right after that, she pulled out a sword, made me some tea, ate a dog, got into a car accident, and did my homework. I felt like such an idiot, and I don't even know if she caught it, but I think she did when she went out to her car and found the word \"Chink\" scrawled on it in Sweet & Sour sauce. See, I accidentally made an insensitive racial remark, but I hate making accidents, so, instead, I wanted to convince her that I really meant it. Princess Di fought against land mines, but only to save face after she thought she was leading the charge against bland mimes and didn't want to feel embarrassed by dropping the cause when she found out what it really was. To the Mighty Who Have Fallen! Boner Jokes: Redux! Baby Geniuses 3: Adult Geniuses! Jesus Stole My Internet! Diary of a Mad Black Man! Nigga Please! So Many Pictures of My Penis! This Is Why They Call It 'Men'struating! Liar, Liar, Meaningless Symbol on Fire! My Brain is Broken! Tom Ka-ruise! (Because He's Ka-razy With a"}, {"title": "", "text": "it. \u2014 My mom used to tell us: \"One chopstick: I break you. \"Two chopsticks: tougher, but eventually, I break you. \"Three chopsticks: if you stick together, unbreakable.\" That's why our parents had three kids; it's also why I just picked up three chopsticks and broke the shits. Because the things that sound good and help you sleep at night aren't fucking true. They sound good precisely because they aren't true. \"Love conquers all.\" Sounds great. Not true. \"HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives.\"*6 Sounds horrible, but true. \"Your family will always be there for you.\" I wonder. Evan came up to New York from Orlando to help me open Baohaus. He's always been there for me. I had an idea, and he believed in it. When he first offered to join me, back when the idea was still just an idea, it didn't entirely make sense to me. \"I'll help you.\" \"I'll give you fifty percent of the business!\" I countered. \"It's not about the money. I just want to help you.\" \"But I don't want the help for free.\" \"But I don't want to be paid.\" \"You have to be paid. If you work, you should be paid, and if I don't pay, I'm not going to get what I need.\" \"Dude, I just want to help. You're my brother.\" \"Fine, but at work we aren't brothers. We're partners.\" \"We're always going to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "an expression that still stirred fear in T.C. Technically it just meant come here or let me talk to you, but it had been what the boys had called out before they jumped him in high school, and once before he even started hustling, three dudes cornered him with the same line before they pressed a gun against his temple. \"I'm just messing with you.\" Tiger walked up closer. \"You know I'm just messing with you,\" he repeated, laughing so hard his shoulders shook. \"You done gained weight, huh?\" He leaned into T.C. and felt his biceps. \"You know it, ain't nothing else to do in there,\" T.C. said, feeling his heartbeat settle. He had an urge to knock the boy out for scaring him like that, but he took a couple of deep breaths like the counselor inside had taught him, told himself to calm down. \"But looka you, you ridin' on them thangs, huh?\" he asked after a while, nodding at the new rims. \"Yeah, yeah, you know how I do.\" They both walked closer to the car. \"But looka you, your dreads all twisted up, and long. They almost catchin up with mine.\" Tiger fingered T.C.'s thick, black hair. His own hung past his bright green T-shirt, nearly touching the top of his tapered jeans. He was shuffling his feet, socked up in Adidas slippers. \"Still light bright and damn near white though,\" Tiger play-scoffed. \"That's why they let you out early? I thought you had another two weeks.\" \"Nah, overpopulation, nigga,\" T.C."}, {"title": "", "text": "mushrooms, and saving mushrooms from castles,\" says Amy, helpfully, before licking off her hand from the melty popsicle she's been neglecting. \"I did kickboxing and wrestling and volleyball back at school. That's why I'm so tough.\" Indeed, Amy seems like she's in incredible physical condition, aside from the everythingbleeds. \"I guess I was hoping to meet people into the same stuff, 'cause then I'd be able to practice.\" \"Sign up f'r Mr. Logan's class then,\" Shane says. \"Hear he's like, a Canadian ninja or somethin'. A fucking terrifying, hardass Canadian ninja. Get all the tough you want, there.\" Looking to Nick, she opens her mouth to reply, closes it, then shakes her head. \"\u2026You'll see what I mean when I bust it out. 'N maybe it ain't for you, Ahmed, but ain't no harm trying. Okami's pretty awesome. It's like you're playing in one of those old Japanese art scrolls.\" Nicholas looks at Ahmed and shakes his head. \"Dude, first you make it sound like you want to try playing some video games because you never got to back home, and then when Shane and I try to help you, it's like you throw it off. Why does it seem like you're always so afraid to try new things?\" It's a pattern he's noticed with his roommate. \"Sorry Amy, there aren't really many of the sportsy jocks around this school, most the people you meet are more into things like your brother, they've started to assimilate me into the collection. See, I'm even speaking Star Trek"}, {"title": "", "text": "mushrooms, and saving mushrooms from castles,\" says Amy, helpfully, before licking off her hand from the melty popsicle she's been neglecting. \"I did kickboxing and wrestling and volleyball back at school. That's why I'm so tough.\" Indeed, Amy seems like she's in incredible physical condition, aside from the everythingbleeds. \"I guess I was hoping to meet people into the same stuff, 'cause then I'd be able to practice.\" \"Sign up f'r Mr. Logan's class then,\" Shane says. \"Hear he's like, a Canadian ninja or somethin'. A fucking terrifying, hardass Canadian ninja. Get all the tough you want, there.\" Looking to Nick, she opens her mouth to reply, closes it, then shakes her head. \"\u2026You'll see what I mean when I bust it out. 'N maybe it ain't for you, Ahmed, but ain't no harm trying. Okami's pretty awesome. It's like you're playing in one of those old Japanese art scrolls.\" Nicholas looks at Ahmed and shakes his head. \"Dude, first you make it sound like you want to try playing some video games because you never got to back home, and then when Shane and I try to help you, it's like you throw it off. Why does it seem like you're always so afraid to try new things?\" It's a pattern he's noticed with his roommate. \"Sorry Amy, there aren't really many of the sportsy jocks around this school, most the people you meet are more into things like your brother, they've started to assimilate me into the collection. See, I'm even speaking Star Trek"}, {"title": "", "text": "and when he got up the big guy said, ''That was a karate chop from Korea.'' The big guy went to the restroom and the little guy ordered himself another beer. About 20 minutes later the big guy came back and karate choped the little guy in the back again. The little guy got up and dusted himself off and the big guy told him,''That was a karate chop from China.'' The little guy got up and decided he wasn't going to take any more of this, so he left the bar. About an hour later the little guy comes back to the bar and he hits the big guy in the back. The big guy is knocked out cold and he's on the floor. The little guy tells the bartender , ''Tell him that was a crowbar from Sears!'' Q: I've heard that cardiovascular exercise can prolong life. Is this true? A: Your heart is only good for so many beats, and that's it. Everything wears out eventually. Speeding up your heart will not make you live longer; that's like saying you can extend the life of your car by driving it faster. Want to live longer? Take a nap. Q: Should I cut down on meat and eat more fruits and vegetables? A: You must grasp logistical efficiencies. What does a cow eat? Hay and corn. And what are these? Vegetables. So a steak is nothing more than an efficient mechanism of delivering vegetables to your system. Need grain? Eat chicken. Beef is also"}, {"title": "", "text": "and when he got up the big guy said, ''That was a karate chop from Korea.'' The big guy went to the restroom and the little guy ordered himself another beer. About 20 minutes later the big guy came back and karate choped the little guy in the back again. The little guy got up and dusted himself off and the big guy told him,''That was a karate chop from China.'' The little guy got up and decided he wasn't going to take any more of this, so he left the bar. About an hour later the little guy comes back to the bar and he hits the big guy in the back. The big guy is knocked out cold and he's on the floor. The little guy tells the bartender , ''Tell him that was a crowbar from Sears!'' Q: I've heard that cardiovascular exercise can prolong life. Is this true? A: Your heart is only good for so many beats, and that's it. Everything wears out eventually. Speeding up your heart will not make you live longer; that's like saying you can extend the life of your car by driving it faster. Want to live longer? Take a nap. Q: Should I cut down on meat and eat more fruits and vegetables? A: You must grasp logistical efficiencies. What does a cow eat? Hay and corn. And what are these? Vegetables. So a steak is nothing more than an efficient mechanism of delivering vegetables to your system. Need grain? Eat chicken. Beef is also"}, {"title": "", "text": "up regarding narcotics. I was in on a bust. In the course of my work I come across this girl, she's pushin' pot, hash, pills. She's workin' her way through college. I saw her make sales and everything else. I notified the police. They said: Okay, they're gonna set up a meeting between me and two narcs. And the narcs bring their informer. They say, \"Set up a buy.\" They want me to introduce their informant to the girl. At the time of the buy, they'll bust her. This is supposed to take place the following day. In the interim, these guys take it upon themselves to give her a shakedown. They go into the store like gangbusters. She isn't there. They question manager, everybody, \"Where is she? Where is she?\" All this bullshit's goin' on and I don't know nothin' about it. I'm still under the impression I'm gonna set up this buy. The next morning a friend of mine says, \"Did you hear what happened to Jilly? Two detectives came yesterday and wanted to bust her.\" I called my office, \"Hey, Mike, what's with these two guys? They tried to bust the broad and now I gotta set up a sale. Are you kiddin' me?\" He said, \"Stay away from her.\" She's still around. People are really stupid. When I was on surveillance during this hijacking case, we're workin' for a newspaper. The guys deliverin' were sellin' papers on the side. The newspaper was losin' a fortune. These guys knew they were being tailed"}, {"title": "", "text": "thirty. Her high ponytail swings like a wagging finger behind her. I lift up my shoulders and turn back around. I don't like the insinuation. It doesn't mean I'm looking for trouble. It doesn't mean anything. I start to mutter how I was only walking (just walking, with stardust beneath my feet), but think better of it. By the time we get to the same small square edge of the park where teenagers have gathered on the Fourth of July probably since my parents were kids, everyone is already loosey-goosey hugging and stumbling, falling, breaking into hysterical laughter. Red Solo cups are scattered across the ground. A nameless junior slams the hood of Mateo's Jeep and slurs, \"Theredtruckhasakegintheback.\" \"This won't get busted?\" Mateo asks. \"I mean, it's a city park.\" \"It'll get busted,\" Alex says, \"but there are so many MIPs to give out, it's like trying to catch every ant busting out of an anthill. The more-sober survive. Besides, there's, you know, worse stuff for cops to deal with. They don't seem to worry about breaking up this party till after the fireworks.\" Somebody's car stereo is pumping bad '80s music. Nat pulls me over to a group of drama and student council girls who are jumping around and singing. Alex and Mateo stand aside, chatting like BFFs. This circle is full of shiny smiles, as if every girl dancing truly believes there will never be a moment as fun as the one they're in right now. As if they are invincible. Unlike the kickball"}, {"title": "", "text": "wilderness where I could not count on anything from day to day. It was tough, and there were many times I was on the verge of quitting. There were some really positive things that came out of this like discovering late Chet Baker after his chops got smashed. I learned how much music there is to be made even if your body is not at its best that day. As messed up as he got he never lost that amazing gift for melody and swing. There is a version of But Not For Me he did on The Touch Of Your Lips where he plays a trumpet solo and then scats a solo and there\u2019s almost no difference in feel between the two of them. The trumpet and the chops have nothing to do with what he was doing musically at that time; he was \u201cletting a song go out of his heart\u201d if you will. To me, that was a valuable lesson. \u2026 As things started to slowly get better with the help of teachers as well as dumb luck, and as I worked my chops back to regularity\u2014it\u2019s easy to kick myself over that detour\u2014but as I came back to chops normality after having learned all of these lessons about music, the trumpet and my chops, I think it took all of that mess to be at the level of self-knowledge that I am now in terms of how my chops work and how to play. I forget who said it, but the saying"}, {"title": "", "text": "wilderness where I could not count on anything from day to day. It was tough, and there were many times I was on the verge of quitting. There were some really positive things that came out of this like discovering late Chet Baker after his chops got smashed. I learned how much music there is to be made even if your body is not at its best that day. As messed up as he got he never lost that amazing gift for melody and swing. There is a version of But Not For Me he did on The Touch Of Your Lips where he plays a trumpet solo and then scats a solo and there\u2019s almost no difference in feel between the two of them. The trumpet and the chops have nothing to do with what he was doing musically at that time; he was \u201cletting a song go out of his heart\u201d if you will. To me, that was a valuable lesson. \u2026 As things started to slowly get better with the help of teachers as well as dumb luck, and as I worked my chops back to regularity\u2014it\u2019s easy to kick myself over that detour\u2014but as I came back to chops normality after having learned all of these lessons about music, the trumpet and my chops, I think it took all of that mess to be at the level of self-knowledge that I am now in terms of how my chops work and how to play. I forget who said it, but the saying"}, {"title": "", "text": "the gong, and they were saying to me, \"Don't go on! There's grandmothers, there's kids...\" I said, \"This has to be my crowning achievement' So I went out there in just me jocks, and big dribble hangin' off me chin, with the roast chook. A bloke who\u2019s in Shonkytonk now, the guitarist, he was the narrator, the Butcher From Brighton - he stood behind the gong and read out a beautiful narration. I started rootin' this chook (laughs) and this whole table, they're throwing chairs at me! The whole football team, and grannies are having heart attacks, and grabbing their kids by the ears and takin' them out. Smashing pots everywhere, getting cut to the shithouse ... I didn't care. I just had to do it 'cause THEY NEEDED IT! And then they wouldn't pay us unless we put on a public apology in the paper for all that shit. And the chicken act was deleted from the act everywhere we went after that. But every town heard about it, the whole place\u2019d be packed, all the people would be banging on the table screaming, \u201cWe want the chicken act!\u201d (laughter) So I'd go out really quickly, go... (makes rooting gestures) and throw the chicken at them! And everyone was starvin' on the tour, so they'd always start eatin' the chook! Apart from ST KILDA\u2019S ALRIGHT getting busted by the Vice Squad, how much trouble did you get in while you were in I Spit On Your Gravy? I didn't...just the band couldn't play for about"}, {"title": "", "text": "and take positions on either side of Einstein. I circle the entirety of the bottom picture. \"Do you know why this is still here?\" I ask the group. When no one says anything, Woods says, \"Come on, Hexagon. Out with your answers. One of your own has spoken.\" \"Because your dad didn't erase it?\" \"Because Fifty drew it in Sharpie?\" \"Because the fire seared it into the board?\" \"Because Mash puked on it?\" I need Woods to be the one to say this to everyone. \"Because it's still important,\" he announces on cue. One finger to my nose, one finger aiming at Woods, I say, \"Exactly. You guys, this little drawing is a miracle. We have to treat this\"\u2014I tap _Harvest Festival Forever_ \u2014\"like an epiphany.\" Fifty's mouth is cockeyed with objections. He works his toothpick from side to side, states a fact. \"Billie, that drawing was me dicking around. Teenagers like . . .\" He means to say me, but he course-corrects, \"Yo, teenagers can't win the Corn Dolly. Lost cause.\" \"Hold up,\" I say. \"This isn't about me winning the Corn Dolly. Woods, tell them what you heard.\" So he does. He explains how he was having breakfast with his geezer crew at the Fork and Spoon, and Wilma Frist said the Harvest Festival is caput and defunct without Tyson Vilmer's financial support. Old men passed the old women their handkerchiefs. Everyone had moist eyes, a moment of nostalgia. Then people salted their eggs and sipped their black coffee. Everyone in that crew already"}, {"title": "", "text": "could have some privacy. I didn't know if she was still upset or if she was feeling weird from whatever was messing with the ghosts in town. I didn't want to push her. Kelly and I exited the building, and two men wearing dark jackets and dark hats dragged a teenage girl down the street by her hair. She didn't struggle but she was crying softly. The men's queues hung in long, braided tails down their backs. They kept their faces in shadow, and they barked in Chinese at the girl, who tried to hold their arms to keep from having clumps of hair yanked from her head. Kelly stepped into the street. She said something to them in Chinese that I figured meant, \"Let her go before I take you apart.\" The men said something back, and I reached into my pocket for the translation earrings. I clipped them on as Kelly responded. I caught only the tail end of what she said, but that was all I needed to hear. \"\u2014if you don't want me to cut off your worthless heads.\" The men released the girl, who stared at Kelly through puffy eyes. The men pulled hatchets out of their jackets. \"No one interferes with our business,\" the man on the right said. I stepped up beside Kelly, but she gently pushed me back. \"They're mine,\" she said. The first man launched himself at her, swinging the hatchet toward Kelly's head. Kelly caught his wrist, spun around, and yanked down hard, snapping the man's"}, {"title": "", "text": "be something I don't like, and I'm gonna have to have my boy Louie Louie bust your chops. Let's clear the room of the feminine kind. Don't want the little lady seeing bloodshed.\" He didn't have fingers, hence he couldn't snap them. He put up a balloon that said \"Snap\" instead. \"Take a hike,\" he ordered his girlfriend. \"You can't just tell me what to do like that,\" said Honey in a balloon as scalding as a puff of steam. \"I ain't your slave! I got rights! I got feelings! I gotta tell you, I'm not happy with the bossy way you treat me. I deserve better!\" \"Tell you what\u2014we'll talk about this later, okay? Like maybe when Hell freezes over. Until then, you do what I tell you. If you don't like the arrangement, how's about you give me back all the clothes, and the jewelry, and the little two-seater car? You get on a bus back to Podunk Village or wherever you was living before I turned you into what you are.\" Honey opened her mouth, ready to argue. She thought better. She picked up her mink coat. The six Toon minks making up the coat arranged themselves snugly around her body. Honey stormed out. \"What's up with youse guys?\" said Willy. He didn't have any knuckles to crack so he clicked his tongue instead. Louie Louie stood in a corner, shadow boxing. Louie Louie was fast and good. He kept knocking the shadow to the floor. The shadow, a gamer, kept coming back"}, {"title": "", "text": "Gilliam - from the 1990 film, \"Mo' Better Blues\". Beginning at 4:12, Washington continues, saying, \"... That's quite - that's crazy. No but it, I think he got, he got, some other, like, people he admires - tattoos as well.\" Fallon said, \"Oh, maybe I'm on there.\" Denzel then responds immediately - bursting with sincere laughter. He also rapidly scratches (during 4:23 - 4:24), four times, with his paired, left index and left middle fingers - just in front of his left ear on his \"cheekbone\" (zygomatic process). When a person scratches or rubs the region in front of their ear - just after someone else makes a statement/answers a question, etc. - or just as/just before THEY (the person doing the scratching/rubbing) says something - with very high probability, HE BELIEVES or KNOWS what was just said was a lie. In an analog/watered-down sense, this can also be a tell indicating, \"I disagree with you\". In this example with Denzel, it's obvious to us all that Jimmy was joking, Moreover, Washington is a world-class actor - and yet he still can't/doesn't suppress the subconsciously-driven, but very natural act of calling-out a lie when he hears one (even if it was told in jest). Media Inquiries and Keynote Appearances Body Language Analysis No. 4125: Michael Flynn, Trick Arrows, and Suppressing Strong Emotions Body Language Analysis 4121: Roy Moore's Far Too Frequent Expression Body Language Analysis No. 4108: Sarah Huckabee Sanders' White House Briefing regarding Paul Manafort and George Papadopoulos Body Language Analysis No. 4056: Ed Sheeran"}, {"title": "", "text": "bust loose?'\" This is also one of the first things his father asked which shows that both of them are respectful of the law and realize that it is not okay to break it. They both seem to realize that Tommy was just defending himself when he killed that man so they don't judge him and hold it over his head when he comes home. Thomas Coyle link Ch 8 pg. 79 \"Full a piss an' vinegar,\" said Grampa. His mind jumped. \"Jus' like I said, they ain't a gonna keep no Joad in jail. I says, Tommy'll come a-bust in' outa that jail like a bull through a corral fence. An' you done it. Get outa my way, I'm hungry.\" This quote sets up Grampa Joad as a ornery, bossy, and stubborn person. \"Did you spen' your money for them clothes?\" He asked. \"Them clothes are just gunna be a nuisance to you\" (page 84) What I like about this quote is how it portrays the sence of plainness this family and many others during this time were. It shows that they were practicle and worked with what they had. Extra stuff was simply a distraction and got in the way. I can't beeline he won't take my mules. They are young and strong and easily worth the car in the amount of labor they can do. pg. 64 Believe not beeline... Jeremy link \"If me jus' bein' glad to be here an' bein' thankful for people that's kind and generous, if that's enough- why,"}, {"title": "", "text": "woman's husband spoke up and asked the judge if he could say something. The judge, figuring he was going to make a speech pleading for leniency, figured he pretty much had to let him speak. \"Go ahead, sir,\" he said. The husband said, \"She also stole a can of peas.\" A drunk was proudly showing off his new apartment to a couple of friends late one night, and led the way to his bedroom where there was a big brass gong and a mallet. \"What's that big brass gong?\" one of the guests asked. \"It's not a gong. It's a talking clock,\" the drunk replied. \"A talking clock? Seriously?\" asked his astonished friend. \"Yup,\" replied the drunk. \"How's it work?\" the friend asked, squinting at it. \"Watch,\" the drunk replied. He picked up the mallet, gave the gong an ear-shattering pound, and stepped back. The three stood looking at one another for a moment. Suddenly, someone on the other side of the wall screamed, \"You asshole...it's three-fifteen in the morning!\" 1. It's important to have a woman who helps at home, cooks, cleans and has a good job. 2. It's important to have a woman who can make you laugh. 3. It's important to have a woman who you can trust and doesn't lie. 4. It's important to have a woman who is good in bed and likes being with you. 5. Its very, very important that these four women don't ever find out about each other. An American touring Spain stopped at a local restaurant"}, {"title": "", "text": "evidence of anything that would portray the nerves he must have had. Your use of 'choke' says more about you than anything else. Interesting how I haven't seen your considered commentary on how Rose \"choked\" his tee shot up 18 in the playoff, or how he hit such a fat recovery even you could have done better. You're so selective in your hatred, it's laughable. And all because you perceive Garcia as having dissed your hero, Woods. navyblueshorts Location : Off with the pixies... by McLaren on Tue Apr 11, 2017 1:42 pm I guess saying \"you perceive\" is one way of putting it. Another would be that I just accept what other better placed people have said about using \"fried chicken\" as a racial slur. But do we really need to rake over this again? If you really want to then take it to the off topic section, I will make no further comments about this on Kwini's thread. As for Sergios putt on 18 (in regulation) it didn't look as bad a stroke as the approach putt on 17. His stroke totally broke down and he hit across it almost chopping down on the ball. Ugly. by raycastleunited on Tue Apr 11, 2017 1:43 pm Be_the_ball wrote: I see some people picking Sergio Garcia on Sporty's game. Does anyone really think he has a chance of winning on Augusta greens? or is it an attempt at winding up GPB, Shotrock and Robo? Gazing into your crystal ball again BtB? Haha raycastleunited Location : North"}, {"title": "", "text": "with unquenchable love for N. or M.), and I will join you.\" See also \"The two Orphans,\" where the witch's daughter steals a lock of the queen's hair, p. 222. Cf. the Finnish method of curing \"knarr\" (German \"Knirrband\"), a complaint that is common at harvest-time among those who are not used to the reaping-hook. Amongst its symptoms are curious crackings of the wrist. The sick one asks someone who is well \"to chop his knarr\" for him, which is done as follows. The patient lays his sick hand upon a chopping block, and three pieces of three-jointed straw are so laid, side by side, as to correspond joint for joint. The \"doctor\" then takes an axe, and chops with all his strength into the block through the first joint. \"What are you chopping?\" asks the sick one. \"I'm chopping the 'knarr' out of your joint into the wood.\" The same question and answer is repeated after second blow; after the last blow the chopper cries \"Now he's gone!\" In North Germany the ceremony is performed on the threshold, and ends with the sign of the cross. Cf. Finnish Folk-Lore in \"Notes and Queries,\" 6th S. xi. p. 23. Also, Suomen Muinaismuisto-Yhdistyksen Aikakauskirja, v. p. 103. Algerian peasants have a great objection to their portraits being taken; and Holderness folks rub warts with stolen beef, &c., and let it rot, saying the warts will disappear with the decaying of the meat, &c., &c. \"A similar train of thought shows itself in the belief that the utterance"}, {"title": "", "text": "same way you come in. I always wanted to take me a ride on a train.\" \"A cold, empty boxcar isn't the glamorous fun it sounds like. Anyway, they'll have the train yard covered.\" \"Well, we can't fly.\" \"Oh, I don't know,\" Mr. Lyss said. \"If your skull is as hollow as it seems to be, I could tie a basket to your feet, blow hot air up your nose, and ride you out of here like you were a big old balloon.\" For a block or so, Nummy thought about that as the old man switched on the defroster and as the windshield, which had started to cloud at the edges, became clear once more. Then he said, \"That don't make no sense unless it was just you being mean.\" \"You may be right.\" \"I don't know why you have to be mean.\" \"I do it well. A man likes to do something if he's good at it.\" \"You aren't as mean to me now as you was at first, back when we just met.\" After a silence, Mr. Lyss said, \"Well, Peaches, I have my ups and downs. Nobody can be a hundred percent good at something 24/7.\" Mr. Lyss sometimes called him Peaches. Nummy wasn't sure why. \"A couple times,\" Nummy said, \"I even sort of thought maybe we was getting to be friends.\" \"I don't want any friends,\" Mr. Lyss said. \"You take a Kleenex and blow that thought out of your head right now. Blow it out like the snot it"}, {"title": "", "text": "dub ... well said. The failure to condemn those that represent or support gang activity, is tacit approval for that lifestyle. So many people are mourning the deceased, yet not one person has said anything about the victims of his gang. \u2014 syscom3 June 7, 2011 at 8:46 a.m. Tell your kids not to bang. Shooters dont care about your charisma or talent, thats makes you more of a target. By not addressing his banging, {seen by a few thousand},you condone it or cause other youngsters to miss the big picture....dont bang. \u2014 jay dub June 6, 2011 at 10:24 p.m. thats to bad \u2014 jack June 6, 2011 at 5:22 p.m. its horrible that people could be so blind to whats around them. i knew duck very well. as a kid duck was in my home everyday. at birthday parties to just walking me to the store. i loved him dearly. and it really hurts to know that people could only try to point out the negative with in him. who are you to dear say he \"banged\"? who are you to say that he meant less to us if he banged?or he was less of a person? you need to respect the family and friends of duck that comment was not needed . You weren't there, when we as a unit endured the pain of loosing a family member , friend , brother son whatever it may have been. its comments like that ,that makes African Americans look ignorant . any one that knew"}, {"title": "", "text": "as a complete sentence, you better run. Every 60 seconds in Africa, a minute passes. If the koreans cannot do it, they will tell you that they won do it. There is endless debate about the existence of the human soul. Well it does exist and Chuck Norris finds it delicious. Sure, white people can't say the \"N word\" but at least we can say phrases like, \"Thanks for the warning, Officer\" and, \"Hey, Dad.\" What do you call a short black person? By their name, you racist. The attorney tells the accused, \"I have some good news and some bad news.\" \"What's the bad news?\" asks the accused. \"The bad news is, your blood is all over the crime scene, and the DNA tests prove you did it.\" \"What's the good news?\" \"Your cholesterol is 130.\" I finally realized my parents favored my twin brother. It hit me when they asked me to blow up balloons for his surprise birthday party. So a dude turns to the guy next to him at a bar and asks, \"Hey, you wanna hear a redneck story?\" The guy says, \"Buddy, I'm six feet, 210 pounds, an' ma name's Billy Joe. You see the guy on the other side of you? That there's Bubba. He's 225 pounds of solid muscle and he's a redneck. And the boy next to him? Mike's a trucker who weighs 295 and he's a redneck, too. Now, do you still want to tell your redneck story?\" The fella says, \"Naw, you're right... I'd hate"}, {"title": "", "text": "USED to use crack. But not any more. You were adamant. \"I fell to my knees,\" you said. \"I was so tired, Miss Manning. I fell to my needs and asked God please. Please take this stronghold away from me.\" I kept listening. Almost feeling like I didn't deserve to be on the other end of this testimony given my mood. My team was surrounding me during this conversation. They followed my lead, saying nothing. You went on: \"Then? Just like that. He took it away from me. I swear. It's been three whole months. THREE WHOLE MONTHS.\" You repeated that last part. \"Wow,\" I said. My 'wow' didn't sound wow-ish. It sounded mechanical and fake. My hand was rubbing the side of my neck. I was listening to you and watching you. Your eyes were dancing and your hands were animated. The laxity of your jaw as you spoke reminded me of the many heavy crack users I'd seen over the years and the patient years ago who pointed to Bobby Brown on the television and said, \"That way he move his jaw like that? That's when you use a whole, whole bunch of crack.\" So yeah. This was what I was thinking about. The whole time that you were talking about what God had taken away from you. I didn't fully believe you. Not that I didn't think you believed what you were saying. But I was tired. Very tired this day. And I just needed something to just bark exactly like a dog"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bad timing, kids. As if with one brain, we all jumped out of our hedge screaming, \"Break yourself!\" \"North Oakland Motherfuckers!\" \"Get these Motherfuckers!\" We pounced on those kids like a fuckin' cat on some mice. Like a fuckin' fox on some chickens. Like us on them. Their eyes went wide like plates. One kid took a look at us and bolted, full speed away, up the hill. Smart. The other kids? Not so lucky. Dave Hansen rushed them, fists swinging. As he punched the kid, I noticed he made, like, some kind of karate chop noise as he hit him, as if we were playing kung fu. _Boom! Biff! Pow!_ What a loser. The two kids fell to the concrete hard. One of them scrambled to his feet and we kicked him down again. This time he looked up at us, tears falling from his eyes, shame all over him. He screamed, \"What do you want from me?\" Poor kid. \"Your fucking wallet!\" I screamed, excited at this turn of the karmic wheel. You punch me, I rob you. The fact that these kids had literally nothing to do with my little situation meant little to me. I had power again. We jumped back into the car screaming, our hearts pumping with adrenaline. We counted our spoils. Ugh. Eight dollars. Not enough to give us each a dollar. \"Fuck those fucking white boys,\" Donny barked, pissed. \"Wait, aren't we white boys?\" I tried to inject my patented levity into the situation. \"Shut the fuck up,"}, {"title": "", "text": "part. - This? - Yeah. There's an entire unspoken conversation happening between them. \"Please stand still so I can hit you\"? They're telling each other what they think of each other. See there? When he keeps his gloves down like that? - Doesn't mean he's tired. - He looks tired. But it doesn't necessarily mean he is tired. Might be a-- an invitation to his opponent to take a shot, free and clear. When you invite a punch, you're saying you can take it. So what looks like vulnerability is exactly the opposite. By playing weak, you're saying, \"I'm stronger than you. \" Now. See, that is an insult. Moore just insulted him. - He did? How? - A right-hand lead. It's a right punch thrown like a jab, but you don't set up with your left. You're saying to your opponent, \"I don't think much of you. \" I don't understand. Well, come here. I'll show you. So, put up your dukes. They really say that? Now, when I come at you like this, with a right-hand lead, see how far my fist has to travel through space, all-- all this extra distance - past your shoulders? - So? So, that's the time you have to respond. If you see something coming, you can stop it. All right, well, how do I do that? You don't. It's coming too fast. You just said that I could-- that I could see it coming. Yes, but the fact that I'm throwing a right-hand lead proves to you"}, {"title": "", "text": "part. - This? - Yeah. There's an entire unspoken conversation happening between them. \"Please stand still so I can hit you\"? They're telling each other what they think of each other. See there? When he keeps his gloves down like that? - Doesn't mean he's tired. - He looks tired. But it doesn't necessarily mean he is tired. Might be a-- an invitation to his opponent to take a shot, free and clear. When you invite a punch, you're saying you can take it. So what looks like vulnerability is exactly the opposite. By playing weak, you're saying, \"I'm stronger than you. \" Now. See, that is an insult. Moore just insulted him. - He did? How? - A right-hand lead. It's a right punch thrown like a jab, but you don't set up with your left. You're saying to your opponent, \"I don't think much of you. \" I don't understand. Well, come here. I'll show you. So, put up your dukes. They really say that? Now, when I come at you like this, with a right-hand lead, see how far my fist has to travel through space, all-- all this extra distance - past your shoulders? - So? So, that's the time you have to respond. If you see something coming, you can stop it. All right, well, how do I do that? You don't. It's coming too fast. You just said that I could-- that I could see it coming. Yes, but the fact that I'm throwing a right-hand lead proves to you"}, {"title": "", "text": "it fairly certain they were in the throes of breaking up. My brain, without my direct guidance, decided what I really wanted to do with my right-handed hammer swing was connect to my left hand instead of that measly nail. The blow came down on my left index finger with all the force my biceps could muster. The end of my finger burst like a ripe tomato. It didn't hurt for a few seconds. The shock was in the appearance. I held up my finger stupidly and said to the nearest woman, \"What happened?\" She was a clipped-of-speech butch who worked as a prison guard. She said \"Put something cold on it\" and went back to hammering. When I didn't move -- her sentence didn't really make sense to me, I was in such shock -- she got up irritably and went to the nearby cooler. But all the ice had melted, and the only thing left was a Pepsi in a can. She brought that back to me and said \"This is still cold, hold it again your finger.\" As if sleepwalking, I did what she said. It didn't help, and contact with the ruptured flesh finally registered as pain. I cried out \"Oh my god, oh my fucking god.\" This got the attention of others, and Laney rushed over, her back and breasts covered in sweat, her workpants stiff with sawdust. \"Come on\" she said. \"Let's walk you back to the house.\" She helped me stand and led me gently through the mesquite, a"}, {"title": "", "text": "was thinking. I was often suspicious if Bruce was too nice; it meant he wanted something or was about to take advantage of you. This character made people like him, and at the same time, made it easy for me to trick him. I asked him how he developed the ability to close in that quickly. He said\u2019 \u201clook, Hawkins, in the United States you don\u2019t have any good training partners to practice wing chun with. You can say that my wing chun is better than any so called wing chun masters there. I can\u2019t go any further. But I have had a lot of challenge fights. My opponents are fast, so I have to be faster; they\u2019re strong, so I have to he stronger than them. There\u2019s no other way, because in the U.S., I\u2019m a \u2018gung-fu\u2019 guy. Because my wing chun is limited and my structure can\u2019t hold up against larger opponents, I have to use no way as the way, no limitation as the limitation.\u201d That was the first time I heard Bruce say that. There is a Chinese saying Called, \u201cBik fu tiu cheung,\u201d meaning, \u201cThe cornered tiger has to jump over a wall.\u201d It is the equivalent of saying, \u201cHaving no way out\u201d in English. I realized that Bruce felt frustration in his martial arts training. Although Bruce was becoming Westernized, he still felt pride that he was Chinese and he never wanted to appear inferior when comparing Chinese gung-fu with other nations\u2019 martial arts. Bruce continued: \u201cI have to train"}, {"title": "", "text": "The knife! It attacked me! Doctor! Long story short: I'm a victim of knife crime. I was just stood there (in my kitchen) helpless (making a salad) when all of a sudden, suddenly, with suddenness, a flash of silver same at me like a Bruce Lee movie without the 'heeuuyaaaaa'. There were vegetables and a pineapple involved but rest assured that the authorities are on the lookout of 'hoody' covered youths, most likely with a limp, low riding pants and a London-cockney accent, carrying pointy things. ASBO alert. A: This is where the knife hit at a jaunty angle, causing the tip of my finger to slice off. We have found and stapled the fingertip back on. B: 'Twas a deep cut. My finger went numb. I was in need of a doctor. It hurts. Next week: Why eating chicken wraps, Skittles and 4 dozen marshmallows in your mother's car with the windows down at 10pm listening to The Weepies and Massive Attack at full volume, driving without destination and using the phrase 'you holy fleurking schnit' at every other driver is not what your mother meant when she said, 'here, get some air inshaAllah, take the car, take your friends, be back before 6'. OMG! I laughed out so loud, multiple times reading your post. You are really a Riot! Get well soon."}, {"title": "", "text": "The knife! It attacked me! Doctor! Long story short: I'm a victim of knife crime. I was just stood there (in my kitchen) helpless (making a salad) when all of a sudden, suddenly, with suddenness, a flash of silver same at me like a Bruce Lee movie without the 'heeuuyaaaaa'. There were vegetables and a pineapple involved but rest assured that the authorities are on the lookout of 'hoody' covered youths, most likely with a limp, low riding pants and a London-cockney accent, carrying pointy things. ASBO alert. A: This is where the knife hit at a jaunty angle, causing the tip of my finger to slice off. We have found and stapled the fingertip back on. B: 'Twas a deep cut. My finger went numb. I was in need of a doctor. It hurts. Next week: Why eating chicken wraps, Skittles and 4 dozen marshmallows in your mother's car with the windows down at 10pm listening to The Weepies and Massive Attack at full volume, driving without destination and using the phrase 'you holy fleurking schnit' at every other driver is not what your mother meant when she said, 'here, get some air inshaAllah, take the car, take your friends, be back before 6'. OMG! I laughed out so loud, multiple times reading your post. You are really a Riot! Get well soon."}, {"title": "", "text": "means money over bitches, Jaden. You wouldn't know nothin' bout that.\" The conversation paused for gaming two lovely young ladies and quickly picked back up when they kept on walking by. \"Stuck-up bitches. Let's go splurge. Matter of fact, we need to get some more,\" Eric sucked his teeth and said. \"First things first,\" Nick said. \"We can't go into these schemes with box cutters and screwdrivers anymore. People know us. We need blickeys.\" Eric nodded and we were off to the pizza shop on Broadway. The money was divided on the way. We were excited about the paper and sat close at the window to clock the ladies while Eric voiced concerns. He took a bite of a pepperoni slice and said, \"You know how many young ones are strapped nowadays? Just the other day this nerdy-ass idiot I used to push around, flashed a pistol.\" \"You talking about Rob? He never had the heart to talk to a chick. Now he wanna be a killer?\" I asked. \"I was thinking the same shit, my nigga. But then again, I did put a major whooping on him a couple times.\" Nick laughed. \"That shit was wrong, dude.\" \"We need straps.\" Later, I asked General Lee about a place to buy guns. He told me about a spot downtown on Madison Av and for me to mention his name. We took the train down to the shop and walked in bright-eyed. The store owner knew right away that we were first-timers. I reeled from his loud"}, {"title": "", "text": "know what he was thinking. I was often suspicious if Bruce was too nice; it meant he wanted something or was about to take advantage of you. This character made people like him, and at the same time, made it easy for me to trick him. I asked him how he developed the ability to close in that quickly. He said\u2019 \u201clook, Hawkins, in the United States you don\u2019t have any good training partners to practice wing chun with. You can say that my wing chun is better than any so called wing chun masters there. I can\u2019t go any further. But I have had a lot of challenge fights. My opponents are fast, so I have to be faster; they\u2019re strong, so I have to he stronger than them. There\u2019s no other way, because in the U.S., I\u2019m a \u2018gung-fu\u2019 guy. Because my wing chun is limited and my structure can\u2019t hold up against larger opponents, I have to use no way as the way, no limitation as the limitation.\u201d That was the first time I heard Bruce say that. There is a Chinese saying Called, \u201cBik fu tiu cheung,\u201d meaning, \u201cThe cornered tiger has to jump over a wall.\u201d It is the equivalent of saying, \u201cHaving no way out\u201d in English. I realized that Bruce felt frustration in his martial arts training. Although Bruce was becoming Westernized, he still felt pride that he was Chinese and he never wanted to appear inferior when comparing Chinese gung-fu with other nations\u2019 martial arts. Bruce continued: \u201cI"}, {"title": "", "text": "life. So I\u2019ve had that same experience when I\u2019ve been with friends who were white and someone drives down the street, rolls down the window, and says, \u201cHey, you chink, go back to where you came from,\u201d or something like that. While that\u2019s not something I enjoy, it\u2019s not actually novel or interesting. Sometimes when a kid comes up to me and does karate moves on the street and \u201cching-chong\u201d noises, I\u2019m not offended as an Asian American. I\u2019m offended as someone with a sense of humor, because if you\u2019re gonna diss me, at least get some new material. Wu: I got you to laugh. (See, I\u2019m not going to be as funny in print. You have to add in the introduction how funny I am.) When I was a kid, I\u2019d be teased and taunted, and teachers in school would always say to me, \u201cJust reply, \u2018Sticks and stones will break my bones but words will never hurt me.\u2019\u201d That\u2019s among the stupidest advice I\u2019ve ever gotten. It shifts responsibility away from the bullies, as well as the teachers. There are two reasons this is not good counsel. Reason one is the words lead to the sticks and stones. It\u2019s on a spectrum. Sometimes people say, \u201cOh come on, lighten up, it\u2019s just name calling.\u201d All right, you\u2019re right, if it\u2019s just name-calling. But it\u2019s never just name calling. There\u2019s always the possibility that if someone has a baseball bat in their car, they\u2019re gonna come out and kill you. Rumpus: There\u2019s a link. Wu:"}, {"title": "", "text": "the need for employment, having thought that the book's message was that people should \"spend [their] lives doing pretty much just hanging out and stuff\". Heist is surprised that someone would interpret the 435-page novel that he spent three years writing as a call to do nothing. Heist says that he abhors real violence, but says that \"fake violence is fucking brilliant\", and names Crotz's My Heads on Swivels as a work of fiction that accurately conveys what combat is really like, calling it \"beyond horrific\". In contrast to Klara, Heist does not believe that war is justified even to defend one's land, saying that \"Dirt is dirt.\" After the family spends one week at his home, Prince Robot IV arrives there to look for the family. When Prince Robot IV sees the manuscript to Heist's next (and last) novel, The Opposite of War, he surmises that it is an allusion to peace, but Heist contends that peace is not the opposite of war, but merely \"a lull in the action\". Pressed by Robot, Heist asks him about what Robot saw in his visions during the near-death experiences he himself had during battle, which Heist correctly guesses were explicitly sexual. After Robot admits that he saw himself in an orgy with every man and woman he ever fought alongside, he realizes that the opposite of war is sex. Heist is accidentally killed in an ensuing confrontation by Gwendolyn. After his death, Klara reads another one of his books, despite calling it \"juvenile twaddle\", because it was"}, {"title": "", "text": "Castor's face escapes prison and wants to put back together his life. It is hard for Archer, who has to deal with the people that he fought so hard against. He begins to see that the other side is not so bad at heart, and softens up a bit.

          John Travolta gives a solid performance as both Archer and Castor. But, it is really Nicolas Cage who carries the film. Cage's performance as Castor is, to say the least, maniacal. When he switches over to portraying Archer, he completely changes his performance and calms everything down. Travolta, though solid, does not give that feeling, throughout the movie, that he's really someone else. His performance feels as if he were himself all the time. But there are times when Travolta just unleashes, and those are his stand out moments. The switching of faces also allows for both actors to poke fun at themselves, including Travolta, as Castor, saying to Pollox, \"This nose, this hair, this ridiculous chin!\"

          Woo fills this film up with imagery that is very powerful. One that remains in my mind is that of Castor getting out of his car, and his coat blowing in the wind. Once you see it, you'll be entranced by how powerful that one short sequence is. This imagery goes further into the action sequences. Woo uses quick cuts and odd camera angles to capture the action and the urgency. What Woo does not resort to, and what most new action directors over use, is the unnecessary camera jiggling"}, {"title": "", "text": "WWE Hall Of Famer Says Fans Will Still Bust His Chops If He Returns & Has A Phenomenal Match During a recent interview with Inside The Ropes, WWE Hall of Famer Shawn Michaels was asked if he would return to the ring for one more match. Below is what HBK said: \u201cLet\u2019s just say I did it and the match is phenomenal. The reality is this hairline is still what it is \u2014 like it\u2019s all hot and sweaty \u2014 and even if the match is phenomenal and everything else, you\u2019re still gonna bust my chops because I\u2019ve got no way not to expose to you that I\u2019m 53. That\u2019s the thing \u2014 and I don\u2019t mean it in a bad way \u2014 but you want me to kip up and everything look as if it was 1996, \u201997. That\u2019s not gonna happen because father time waits for no man. There\u2019s a lot of stuff like what do you do and even does the young guy benefit when all is said and done. I don\u2019t know, it just seems like more trouble than it\u2019s worth.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "never hurt anybody and that he just needs help while Alyah pulls a knife out of the drawer after setting the shotgun down. Alyah then cleans a wound on the back of Dante's leg. Now held at knifepoint, Dante goes on to explain that he has to get to Puerto Angel as he needs to find someone. Alyah tells Dante that when her husband comes home it will be bad for him but that she can help him and that she knows someone who can take care of him. Alyah pushes Dante onto the bed and removes her headscarf and unfastens her dress. She says to him that since he is here without papers he does not have much of a future. Alyan pulls off her dress explaining to Dante that if you're pretty people hide you forever from your work. She then climbs on top of him while telling him that you belong to everyone who can pay and that it changes you as you might even like it. Alyah then kisses Dante and they start to make love. When Dante protests saying that he needs her to help him she says that she does not like men and could kill him no problem. She further explains that in Puerto Angel she \"was a puta\" under the employ of Kufard and that she was stoned most of the time, which is what led her to dislike men. Alyah then says that her daughter, the little girl who was with her, came into her life and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that way much, unfortunately. Which is not to say that busting someone's chops does not have therapeutic value. Especially for someone who, like me, might be grieving. Because that's what I was doing, of course. Grieving for Jesse. Except - and I don't know if this applies to all mediators or just me - I don't really grieve like a normal person. I mean, I sat around and cried my eyes out after the realization first hit me that I was never going to see Jesse again. But then something happened. I stopped feeling sad and started feeling mad. Really mad. There I was, and it was after midnight, and I was extremely angry. It wasn't that I didn't want to keep my promise to Father D. I really did. But I just couldn't. Any more than Jesse could apparently keep his promise to me. So it was only about fifteen minutes after my phone call to Father D that I emerged from my bathroom - Jesse was gone, of course, so I could have changed in my room, but old habits die hard - in full ghost-busting regalia, including my tool belt and hooded sweatshirt, which even I will admit might seem a bit excessive for California in July. But it was nighttime, and that mist rolling in from the ocean in the wee hours can be chilly. I don't want you to think I didn't give serious thought to what Father D had said about my telling my mom everything and getting her and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that way much, unfortunately. Which is not to say that busting someone's chops does not have therapeutic value. Especially for someone who, like me, might be grieving. Because that's what I was doing, of course. Grieving for Jesse. Except - and I don't know if this applies to all mediators or just me - I don't really grieve like a normal person. I mean, I sat around and cried my eyes out after the realization first hit me that I was never going to see Jesse again. But then something happened. I stopped feeling sad and started feeling mad. Really mad. There I was, and it was after midnight, and I was extremely angry. It wasn't that I didn't want to keep my promise to Father D. I really did. But I just couldn't. Any more than Jesse could apparently keep his promise to me. So it was only about fifteen minutes after my phone call to Father D that I emerged from my bathroom - Jesse was gone, of course, so I could have changed in my room, but old habits die hard - in full ghost-busting regalia, including my tool belt and hooded sweatshirt, which even I will admit might seem a bit excessive for California in July. But it was nighttime, and that mist rolling in from the ocean in the wee hours can be chilly. I don't want you to think I didn't give serious thought to what Father D had said about my telling my mom everything and getting her and"}, {"title": "", "text": "a sport and compared it to hunting and said that a similar reaction does not occur when other animals die. Roy Jones Jr., a prominent boxer, stated, \"really two dogs fighting can happen in anyone's backyard or on the street. It happened in my backyard, two of my dogs fought and one died.\" Clinton Portis, a star running back on the Washington Redskins, stated, \"I don't know if he was fighting dogs or not, but it's his property, it's his dog. If that's what he wants to do, do it. I think people should mind their own business.\" Deion Sanders, a former star football and baseball player and current commentator for CBS Sports, stated, \"Why are we indicting him? Was he the ringleader? Is he the big fish? Or is there someone else? The fights allegedly occurred at a property that he purchased for a family member. They apparently found carcasses on the property, but I must ask you again, is he the ringleader? This situation reminds me of a scene in the movie New Jack City when drug dealer Nino Brown is on the witness stand and eloquently says, 'This thing is bigger than me.' Are we using Vick to get to the ringleader? Are we using him to bring an end to dogfighting in the United States? The only thing I can gather from this situation is that we're using Vick.\" Public comments about dogfighting, animal abuse During the furor arising around the Bad Newz Kennels investigation and prosecutions, even such diverse notables as"}, {"title": "", "text": "me? In my sleep! Yes, that's a fact. There I was, working away, trying to do my bit -- never knew I had any bad stuff in my mind at all. And then I started talking in my sleep. Do you know what they heard me saying?'

          He sank his voice, like someone who is obliged for medical reasons to utter an obscenity.

          \"Down with Big Brother!\" Yes, I said that! Said it over and over again, it seems. Between you and me, old man, I'm glad they got me before it went any further. Do you know what I'm going to say to them when I go up before the tribunal? \"Thank you,\" I'm going to say, \"thank you for saving me before it was too late.\"

          'Who denounced you?' said Winston.

          'It was my little daughter,' said Parsons with a sort of doleful pride. 'She listened at the keyhole. Heard what I was saying, and nipped off to the patrols the very next day. Pretty smart for a nipper of seven, eh? I don't bear her any grudge for it. In fact I'm proud of her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway.'

          He made a few more jerky movements up and down, several times, casting a longing glance at the lavatory pan. Then he suddenly ripped down his shorts. 'Excuse me, old man,' he said. 'I can't help it. It's the waiting.'

          He plumped his large posterior into the lavatory pan. Winston covered"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post status: publish published: true title: My Take on Imus author: Jeff author_login: admin author_email: jeff@allthingsdork.com author_url: http://www.allthingsdork.com wordpress_id: 81 wordpress_url: http://www.allthingsdork.com/?p=81 date: '2007-04-17 12:56:29 -0500' date_gmt: '2007-04-17 16:56:29 -0500' categories: - Random tags: [] comments: - id: 105963 author: social networking software author_email: '' author_url: http://www.social-networking-software.org/ date: '2010-08-31 18:43:54 -0500' date_gmt: '2010-09-01 00:43:54 -0500' content: |- social networking software... Great post! I really liked the content and disposition in your topic!... ---

          Who gives a fuck? The guy makes a living saying foul shit all the time and NOW we want to give him a problem. He's a SHOCK JOCK. That's what they do. They say silly stupid inhumane shit. So I guess now we'll be going after CarlosMencia, and just about every black comedian in the world. We (I'm black so we refers to the African-American community) scream and rant about equality. But when someone does the same thing we've been doing on stage to whites because its entertaining, we throw ahissy fit. That's part of it! Not separating ourselves from the rest. Every race, color and sex is the brunt of a joke some where. My girlfriend and I (who is white) always make fun of our two races. Not because we're abnormal, but because there ARE cultural differences. Being aware and comfortable with those differences is what makes us capable of sharing a laugh ABOUT our differences.

          I honestly think if it wasn't for the great Al Sharpton, this would have blown over in a weekend. Is it fucked up what"}, {"title": "", "text": "asks his friend Matt where we go when we die. Matt gives him a more detailed explanation, proposing that when we die we return to a vagina, similar to being born, although the vagina does not belong to our mother. Beethoven walks by and Matt calls him a fag. At lunch, Marcy and Tricia tell their friends about an upcoming party at Marcy's house. The two are clearly drunk and debate about the \"Spork\". Matt is disgusted by all the germs. CB goes to Beethoven's practice room to listen to his music. CB then monologues over his dead dog which irritates Beethoven so much that, in return, Beethoven tells CB about how he cannot go through his day without someone bullying him in some sort, and tells CB that \"messing around with me\" means teasing and other sorts. CB makes a truce with Beethoven to re-establish their friendship. CB sits next to Beethoven while he plays, and then CB kisses Beethoven. At the party, Beethoven, to everyone's surprise, walks in, and Matt calls Beethoven a fag again. CB comes to Beethoven's defense and kisses him again, this time in front of everyone. After abruptly leaving the party with CB, Beethoven demands an explanation of what happened. CB says he wanted to do that and in return, Beethoven kisses CB, leading to them (implicitly) having sex. The morning after, Matt, Tricia, and Marcy all wake up together, half-naked and wondering what happened between them the night before. CB goes to visit Van's sister, who was institutionalized for"}, {"title": "", "text": "performing in public, but this is not done by Punk women. Female characters in both novels are depicted wearing ripped jeans. According to Setyanto (2015), torn jeans are a symbol of independence for the oppression of the environment that makes the space of the Punk to be limited. Thus, ripped jeans are a symbol of their freedom of expression and freedom from the rules of a cultural construct. Besides, Punk men and women also often wear outfits or t-shirts that read harsh words or curses as contained in the following excerpts. He's got a rolled-up cigarette hanging out of his mouth, and his skinnysleevetattooedarms poke out of his once black, now faded gray T-shirt that says NOSTRA DUMB ASS. (Beige, p. 3) A girl with stingy thin dyed-black hair, black jeans, and a black T-shirts that says BUST on it comes up to Sam. (Beige,p. 46) In the first quotation, there is the word NOSTRADUMBASS on the shirt worn by the character. In urbandictionary.com the word is defined as someone who makes stupid predictions about a future event that obviously will not be real, or someone who cannot reasonably judge the direction of a particular situation. However, in the quotation NOSTRADUMBASS is split into three parts, namely 'NOSTRA', 'DUMB' and 'ASS'. 'NOSTRA' has no clear meaning (but it can be associated with terms in music or religion), 'DUMB' means 'fools' and 'ASS' means 'butt'. The last two words are often used by young Americans to throw a swear. In the second excerpt, there is a BUST"}, {"title": "", "text": "say the bells of St Clement's!\"

          To his astonishment she capped the line:

          'You owe me three farthings, say the bells of St Martin's,
          When will you pay me? say the bells of Old Bailey -- '

          'I can't remember how it goes on after that. But anyway I remember it ends up, \"Here comes a candle to light you to bed, here comes a chopper to chop off your head!\"

          It was like the two halves of a countersign. But there must be another line after 'the bells of Old Bailey'. Perhaps it could be dug out of Mr Charrington's memory, if he were suitably prompted.

          'Who taught you that?' he said.

          'My grandfather. He used to say it to me when I was a little girl. He was vaporized when I was eight -- at any rate, he disappeared. I wonder what a lemon was,' she added inconsequently. 'I've seen oranges. They're a kind of round yellow fruit with a thick skin.'

          'I can remember lemons,' said Winston. 'They were quite common in the fifties. They were so sour that it set your teeth on edge even to smell them.'

          'I bet that picture's got bugs behind it,' said Julia. 'I'll take it down and give it a good clean some day. I suppose it's almost time we were leaving. I must start washing this paint off. What a bore! I'll get the lipstick off your face afterwards.'

          Winston did not get up for"}, {"title": "", "text": "the film, Skolimowski initially nearly dismissed the project as being \"too political\", he strove to make it non-political: \"The political aspects of the situation didn't interest me: to me politics is a dirty game and I don't want to voice my opinions. What is important is that the man who runs away is returning to the state of a wild animal, who has to kill in order to survive.\" The film is deliberately non-specific as to locations: \"I don't even say whether the film starts in Afghanistan, Iraq or maybe some other place, whether it's an American military base, where the prisoners are kept, whether it's situated in any of those countries. I don't say whether the plane which is landing somewhere in Europe is really landing in Szymany, in Poland.\" As was also true with his protagonist's identity: \"There is something in the facial features of Vincent Gallo that is difficult to identify. Nobody knows where he is from. I was hoping that even if Vincent would not be perceived as a native Arab or a Muslim, he would still be the 'different' one, not someone from here, not someone from there. Besides, it could be someone like John Walker Lindh, the famous Californian who became a Taliban member and joined Osama bin Laden's forces.\" This enigmatic quality is furthered by the fact that the protagonist does not utter a single word during the course of the movie. Moreover, while some characters are named in the credits, no names are used in the film itself."}, {"title": "", "text": "the words \u201cMaybe he was Italian before, but he\u2019s Albanian now.\u201d Even though Gino says this about Spiro\u2019s papers, what he truly means is that there is nothing Gino can see in him that identifies him as Italian in his eyes. Gino only knows the \u201cnew\u201d Italy, filled with materialistic wants and its society\u2019s representation of status. Spiro embodies the \u201cold\u201d Italy, which Gino is completely unfamiliar with. Spiro is still stuck in this past \u201cold\u201d Italy. Gino determined that Spiro has lost his identity as an Italian, because Italians have changed with the times and Spiro has not. Example Scene 2 In the scene in the Albanian countryside, Gino experiences one of the first signs he might be losing his Italian identity when enters a store and emerges to find someone has taken the tires off of his car. The Albanians were always interested in this materialistic item. As the embodiment of the \u201cnew\u201d consumer-driven Italy, he is used to everyone having cars and is surprised when the poor Albanians vandalized his property. Gino complains and threatens the people around him, but no one understands him because they do not speak Italian or do not care. He then tries to explain that he needs the police and, when an Albanian man does not understand him, he gets increasingly frustrated that no one speaks his language. Nobody here can speak Italian, his native tongue. Gino realizes that his message doesn\u2019t resonate with the Albanians. Gino begins to lose who he is here because by speaking in"}, {"title": "", "text": "swirling nebulae at the centre of my earrings, and my starry-sky dress disappears to reveal a mostly-clean navy blue blouse and black skirt. I vigourously drag my hands through my hair to get the most mess off, cursing each time my hand accidentally tugs on a knot, and then I swipe at the rest of me with some wet toilet paper. I turn to Stella. \"How do I look?\" \"Like shit.\" Sometimes I want to kick this damn cat. \"That\u2019ll do.\" I rush out the door before Stella can complain about the alien still dead on the bathroom floor, my wet tennis shoes sliding across the hallway tiles until I collide with the library double doors. Luckily for me, there he is, head buried in a textbook as big as a concrete block. He raises his head and notices me through the glass right away. My eyes widen, and I do one more once-over to make sure I don\u2019t still have evidence of extraterrestrial life stuck in my teeth. He rolls his eyes, which I guess is a better sign than absolute disgust, so I get in and try on my best apology voice. \"I\u2019ve been looking for you every\u2014\" \"You can stop pretending,\" Derek says. \"I\u2019m sorry I got caught up with something else\u2014\" \"Don\u2019t you mean \u2018someone else\u2019?\" I pause. \"... what's _that_ supposed to mean?\" \"Nothing.\" He starts shutting books and getting up. \"Wait! I mean it, I want to make this project work.\" I snatch one book off the table \u2014 _Sociology:"}, {"title": "", "text": "we should teach our kids to declare \u201cWakanda Forever.\u201d We need to start telling ourselves and our kids another story. Let us not flee from Jesus - let us take our stand with the Prince of Peace.

          You may disagree with me, but how can I think anything different when this is what our King told us: \u201cHere\u2019s another old saying that deserves a second look: \u2018Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.\u2019 Is that going to get us anywhere? Here\u2019s what I propose: \u2018Don\u2019t hit back at all.\u2019 If someone strikes you, stand there and take it. If someone drags you into court and sues for the shirt off your back, giftwrap your best coat and make a present of it. And if someone takes unfair advantage of you, use the occasion to practice the servant life. No more tit-for-tat stuff. Live generously.

          \u201cYou\u2019re familiar with the old written law, \u2018Love your friend,\u2019 and its unwritten companion, \u2018Hate your enemy.\u2019 I\u2019m challenging that. I\u2019m telling you to love your enemies. Let them bring out the best in you, not the worst. When someone gives you a hard time, respond with the energies of prayer, for then you are working out of your true selves, your God-created selves. This is what God does. He gives his best\u2014the sun to warm and the rain to nourish\u2014to everyone, regardless: the good and bad, the nice and nasty. If all you do is love the lovable, do you expect a bonus? Anybody can do that. If you simply say hello"}, {"title": "", "text": "eye must jerk in order to be counted as a jerk? How many millimeters?\u201d If the officer continues to hesitate, rescue him: \u201cSorry, Officer, I\u2019m not busting your chops. There is no definition, right?\u201d Write: No Def. of How Far Jerk (mm). \u201cHow many times does the NHTSA manual say the eye must jerk in order to be counted as a clue of intoxication?\u201d Write: No Def # of Jerks. Some officers may get cheeky and say it just has to be distinct and sustained. Break it down for the officer, gently. \u201cDistinct means you clearly see it. And sustained means it must be continual. And that\u2019s just for the second pass when you are holding it out for at least four seconds. What about in the first clue\u2014lack of smooth pursuit? How many times does it have to jerk when you are just going side to side? And then in the third clue\u2014onset prior to 45 degrees\u2014how many times does it have to jerk before 45 degrees for you to stop your pen before you get to their shoulder?\u201d Most officers will state just once. If they are still being evasive, refer back to the learned treatise NHTSA manual. \u201cShow me in this manual where it says once, twice, three times a lady that it had to jerk?\u201d Even writing this type of evasive answering makes me want to destroy this officer. Repeat to yourself: This officer is human, he is loved by someone, somewhere. Get back to your center. \u201cOfficer, I\u2019m not trying to"}, {"title": "", "text": "in his next movie. Kevin says he doesn't know what his next movie's going to be. Jonathan says it's going to be \"Jonathan, Ethan, and Bodie sleep with Kevin Smith's wife.\" Kevin starts yelling and defending his wife. Bodie says it will be a short film because they don't believe in foreplay. Over the credits, they remind him that lying about a job in a state university is a federal offense punishable by up to one year in prison. Kevin then gets on his phone and calls his wife Jen to cancel dinner with the Afflecks because she has to sleep with three of his students. In reply to a question, he says \"Yeah, they're kind of sexy.\" Episode Four: Kevin's breakdown Intro In the intro to Episode 4, Kevin writes a letter to the students saying he quit because he sucks as both filmmaker and a teacher after reading the reviews of the show on the Internet. Because peer acceptance means jack if someone on the Internet doesn't like your stuff. It closes by a student asking, \"does anyone else think it's weird that the man shot a montage to accompany his letter?\" Dagmar and Jonathan: squirrel fishing Since they need \"a fat guy on such short notice\", they dress Jonathan up to look like Kevin. This is pretty much a way to play with and feed wild squirrels, either by pushing bait out on a line, or the freehand method. If using a line, it is fun to lift the squirrel off the ground,"}, {"title": "", "text": "not sure why you\u2019re reading this post. I like using coconut water/juice (I always keep it around because it\u2019s all I drink when I\u2019m sick), but water or chicken broth work great too. My mom always soaks chicken in salted water for half an hour before cooking it, \u201cto get rid of the smell.\u201d Brining does keep the chicken super moist, but I\u2019m always too lazy to do it. It\u2019s good if you feel like it though! Also, traditionally the chicken parts are chopped up into bite-size pieces for this dish. Part of that is frugality and part of it is flavor- more surface area to soak in more of the sauce. Plus it\u2019s fun to bust out your cleaver! I generally make the pieces baby-fist sized (so three or four bites) because I am lazy. You could also not chop them. I guess they had to give that suburban sitcom star a nickname instead of just calling him by his last name. Then it\u2019d sound like a serial killer sitcom instead of a family one: Leave it to Cleaver! Next, chop up some garlic, onion, and ginger. A few thoughts on this: for our wedding someone gave us a mortar and pestle, and it is AWESOME for garlic. I don\u2019t even peel or smash the cloves, I just throw them in and smash them a couple times. The paper falls off and you can pick it out. This isn\u2019t great if you care about uniform sizes, but if you want a ton of garlic quickly"}, {"title": "", "text": "like...love!\"), (\"Homer\", \"Fame was like a drug. But what was even more like a drug were the drugs.\"), (\"Homer\", \"Books are useless! I only ever read one book, \\\"To Kill A Mockingbird,\\\" and it gave me absolutely no insight on how to kill mockingbirds! Sure it taught me not to judge a man by the color of his skin...but what good does *that* do me?\"), (\"Chief Wiggum\", \"Can't you people take the law into your own hands? I mean, we can't be policing the entire city!\"), (\"Homer\", \"Weaseling out of things is important to learn. It's what separates us from the animals...except the weasel.\"), (\"Reverend Lovejoy\", \"Marge, just about everything's a sin. [holds up a Bible] Y'ever sat down and read this thing? Technically we're not supposed to go to the bathroom.\"), (\"Homer\", \"You know, the one with all the well meaning rules that don't work out in real life, uh, Christianity.\"), (\"Smithers\", \"Uh, no, they're saying \\\"Boo-urns, Boo-urns.\\\"\"), (\"Hans Moleman\", \"I was saying \\\"Boo-urns.\\\"\"), (\"Homer\", \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is, never try.\"), (\"Homer\", \"Here's to alcohol, the cause of - and solution to - all life's problems.\"), (\"Homer\", \"When will I learn? The answers to life's problems aren't at the bottom of a bottle, they're on TV!\"), (\"Chief Wiggum\", \"I hope this has taught you kids a lesson: kids never learn.\"), (\"Homer\", \"How is education supposed to make me feel smarter? Besides, every time I learn something new, it pushes some old stuff out of my brain. Remember"}, {"title": "", "text": "small tower in front. There was a railing running round the building, and at the rear end there was what appeared to be a statue. Winston gazed at it for some moments. It seemed vaguely familiar, though he did not remember the statue.

          'The frame's fixed to the wall,' said the old man, 'but I could unscrew it for you, I dare say.'

          'I know that building,' said Winston finally. 'It's a ruin now. It's in the middle of the street outside the Palace of Justice.'

          'That's right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in -- oh, many years ago. It was a church at one time, St Clement's Danes, its name was.' He smiled apologetically, as though conscious of saying something slightly ridiculous, and added: 'Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement's!'

          'What's that?' said Winston.

          'Oh-\"Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement's.\" That was a rhyme we had when I was a little boy. How it goes on I don't remember, but I do know it ended up, \"Here comes a candle to light you to bed, Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.\" It was a kind of a dance. They held out their arms for you to pass under, and when they came to \"Here comes a chopper to chop off your head\" they brought their arms down and caught you. It was just names of churches. All the London churches were in it -- all the principal ones, that"}, {"title": "", "text": "aggravated. \u201cNo one calls me Woodrow.\u201d \u201cRelax,\u201d Gus says. \u201cI\u2019m just busting your chops because I\u2019ve heard Sugar call you that. I think she\u2019s calling you that for a reason.\u201d \u201cYeah, it\u2019s because she\u2019s busting my chops too. It\u2019s her way of saying, I knew you when, and when I knew you, you were this way, so please remember what the pecking order is. Girls like Sugar want to keep the power structure from high school exactly the way it was at the time of their senior year, when they were on top of the social ladder.\u201d \u201cNo,\u201d Maloney says. \u201cIt\u2019s not about being on top and keeping the pecking order. I think it\u2019s about preventing you from thinking you\u2019re better than her, I mean, going to college like you are, and all. Last winter, over break, I used to talk to her all the time. She felt left behind. All her friends were in school and it made her feel bad about herself.\u201d \u201cDid you guys smooch?\u201d Kenny asks. \u201cNo, retard. We\u2019re friends. I see how others would find her pretty, but she\u2019s not my type. I\u2019m not fond of that All-American, girl next door kind of look, but perhaps with bigger breasts....\u201d \u201cYes, you, peering through the blinds into the bedroom window of the girl next door, you should know about her breasts,\u201d Gus said, ending his own joke with what he usually ends his own jokes with--a manic laugh. \u201cShe was, umm,\u201d Woody stops in mid-sentence, as they all stopped to listen to"}, {"title": "", "text": "charges against a man who was merely doing his job.\u201d \u201cExactly! Himmler was also just doing his job!\u201d \u201cGood point Joshua. Should I also press criminal charges against the dude who busted your chops?\u201d \u201cUh, eh?\u201d \u201cOh, I mean the guy who slammed your skull.\u201d \u201cIf it\u2019ll make you happy.\u201d \u201cOh, don\u2019t worry, it\u2019ll definitely make me happy.\u201d \u201cWell, I\u2019m glad to provide some happiness in someone\u2019s life. Mine is sadly lacking in that department now.\u201d \u201cYou\u2019re content, though.\u201d \u201cIf you put it like that, yes.\u201d \u201cSee, I knew we could come to an impasse.\u201d \u201cSo let\u2019s just review my instructions, shall we?\u201d \u201cDoes it look like I have any more appointments?\u201d \u201cRight. So we\u2019re suing the maid for making your bed, the dude for cracking your skull, and the butler for being a jerk.\u201d \u201cWhy the butler?\u201d \u201cWell, three is my lucky number.\u201d \u201cOkay then, go right ahead.\u201d \u201cHey, Joshua, I\u2019ve got the results right here!\u201d \u201cWhat are they lawyer?\u201d \u201cThe maid was let off because he was just doing his job;\u201d \u201cI\u2019ll appeal!\u201d \u201cWe lost that one too.\u201d \u201cDang. Well, go on. \u201cYou\u2019re assaulter got off.\u201d \u201cWell, it appears that you were having a theological discussion, and US law is very particular on that one.\u201d \u201cWell, it appears that when a person enters into a theological discussion they cede all of their rights.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s a terrible law.\u201d \u201cWhich is why I appealed it.\u201d \u201cAnd what did the appeals court say?\u201d \u201cThey laughed so hard their dentures fell into their water glasses.\u201d \u201cI thought that"}, {"title": "", "text": "you there? You gave me a frightful shock.'

          'Not long, and I'm sorry about the shock. Goldfinger's been giving poor old Mr Du Pont shocks for a whole week.'

          'Yes,' she said doubtfully. 'I suppose it's really rather mean. But he's very rich, isn't he?'

          'Oh yes. I shouldn't lose any sleep over Mr Du Pont. But Goldfinger might choose someone who can't afford it. Anyway, he's a zillionaire himself. Why does he do it? He's crawling with money.'

          Animation flooded back into her face. 'I know. I simply can't understand him. It's a sort of mania with him, making money. He can't leave it alone. I've asked him why and all he says is that one's a fool not to make money when the odds are right. He's always going on about the same thing, getting the odds right. When he talked me into doing this,' she waved her cigarette at the binoculars, 'and I asked him why on earth he bothered, took these stupid risks, all he said was, \"That's the second lesson. When the odds aren't right, make them right.\"'

          Bond said, 'Well, it's lucky for him I'm not Pinkertons or the Miami Police Department.'

          The girl shrugged her shoulders. 'Oh, that wouldn't worry him. He'd just buy you off. He can buy anyone off. No one can resist gold.'

          'What do you mean?'

          She said indifferently, 'He always carries a million dollars' worth of gold about"}, {"title": "", "text": "finally shows up. Egon Spengler, previously depicted as an object-moving poltergeist or a faceless body, is shown helping his granddaughter with the final zapping necessary to send the bad guy back to Hell or wherever and it\u2019s the digitized face and body of Harold Ramis on screen, the movie\u2019s true ghost, doing the busting instead of being busted. Reitman says this was done with the full approval of Ramis\u2019 family and I believe him, I have no reason not to. Family members can make bad decisions when they\u2019ve lost someone. It\u2019s interesting how even here, we don\u2019t hear Egon speak, even though the technology to play a dead man\u2019s voice is even easier to deploy. Maybe that was too weird? Putting words in a dead man\u2019s mouth? But putting his face up there was no problem, a digital specter that finally confirms the movie\u2019s insistent thesis of Ghostbusting gravity \u2014 it\u2019s a job, a story, a movie so important that they had to bring someone back from the dead to make it happen. This fucker has more dignity \u201cEvery time I say the word progress, my tongue literally rolls backwards,\u201d one of the villagers in Burial says as they prepare a letter to the government demanding they keep their land and their dead. Then he reminisces about his father who helped chop down the old forest so the main road could come by. The old man watched the ribbon-cutting ceremony and his words, his son recalls, were not enthusiastic: \u201cMy son, what they call progress, it"}, {"title": "", "text": "school and every test you\u2019ve ever taken? On a 100-question multiple-choice test, you miss 6, what\u2019s your grade (94)? That\u2019s because you get credit for every answer you got right? If your kid came home from school, missed six, and had an F written next to that 94, what would you do? (Most say march down to that school. Agree. And welcome the sidebar objection.) \u201cOfficer, I\u2019m Not Here to Bust Your Chops\u201d Say it 10 times during your cross. Do not attack the officer\u2014attack the tests. \u201cOfficer, I know these aren\u2019t your tests. You didn\u2019t design them. You are just following what you were trained to do. So, I\u2019m not busting your chops.\u201d Repeat this over and over. Let the jury know we are not attacking this officer. We are not complaining about the officer. We don\u2019t hate the player; we hate the game. \u201cBut, Officer, if someone admits to drinking or you think they might be intoxicated, you are going to give them these tests in this same standard way.\u201d Start putting the jurors\u2019 minds in the shoes of the client. Many times, I\u2019ve even gestured around the entire courtroom and stated: \u201cSo everyone in this entire courtroom, as long as they are not intoxicated, should be able to pass these tests? Judge, reporter, bailiffs, people in the gallery, everyone in this whole courtroom?\u201d Purposefully leave out the jurors to avoid any potential objection. Some officers may pause because they know there are certain limitations on the SFSTs. \u201cWell, I mean there are certain"}, {"title": "", "text": "deeply embarrassed that I behaved in this manner. I deeply regret my serious error in judgment in using this word and I am very sorry for the offence this has caused. After the match I called my opponent Raven and apologised for what had happened and also apologised for any offence caused to his support team\". He was fined $14,000 by the ATP, the maximum possible amount by the organisation, and later fined a further $10,000 following a full investigation into the incident. Talking about the incident in December 2010, Klein's father said \u2014 \"It is sad to see him continually punished for what was, in truth, one single word muttered inaudibly over 18 months ago. It was reported inaccurately then and continues to be. The way he was disciplined, you would think it was a constant, repeated offence. What pains me most is the way that, more than a year later, Brydan's indiscretion is still being dragged up again and again. He didn't actually know what the meaning of the word 'kaffir' was. He actually heard the South African players say it. He thought it was a swear word, so when he said it, he obviously had no idea what he was saying. He was only 18 years old and the other person didn't even hear it and it didn't really affect the match. I was there, sitting close to where Brydan was as humanly as possible apart from being on the court, and you couldn't hear anything. If you had been there you wouldn't"}, {"title": "", "text": "Skinner calls Holder with news that someone may have spotted Mills. At the scene of the car accident, Skinner tells Linden and Holder the girl had red hair and was badly injured. The driver says a man pursued the girl through the forest. Linden traces the girl's original path to find a red biohazard bag hanging on a tree. Back in the car, Linden and Holder interpret the empty biohazard bag as a sign the girl is still alive. They begin to canvas the area and the city looking for her. In prison, Alton rehearses the speech he plans to give to the family of his victims. When inmate Dale (Nicholas Lea) says God has already forgiven them all, Seward says he's not asking for forgiveness. Elsewhere, Becker (Hugh Dillon) requests six volunteer guards to assist with Seward's execution. Henderson (Aaron Douglas) does not sign up. Linden and Holder visit Beacon Home. Pastor Mike (Ben Cotton) suggests they check one of the city's three remaining 24-hour clinics. Outside, Bullet arrives and asks what the gameplan is. Holder says they're going to look for Kallie at the clinics. Bullet says she has a better idea and gets into their car. She directs them to an overpass where Kallie sometimes sleeps when she can't find a bed elsewhere. Holder swaps his suit for a hoodie and talks to a gang of punks loitering nearby. One punk (Nelson Leis) heard crying near the river the previous night. Across the river, Holder notices some large drainage pipes. He, Linden, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "so far as to say that I don't think Bellingham is a very safe man to live near. I intend to camp out here as much as I can for a time.\"

          \"Not safe! What do you mean?\"

          \"Ah, that's what I mustn't say. But do take my advice, and move your rooms. We had a grand row to-day. You must have heard us, for you came down the stairs.\"

          \"I saw that you had fallen out.\"

          \"He's a horrible chap, Smith. That is the only word for him. I have had doubts about him ever since that night when he fainted — you remember, when you came down. I taxed him to-day, and he told me things that made my hair rise, and wanted me to stand in with him. I'm not strait-laced, but I am a clergyman's son, you know, and I think there are some things which are quite beyond the pale. I only thank God that I found him out before it was too late, for he was to have married into my family.\"

          \"This is all very fine, Lee,\" said Abercrombie Smith curtly. \"But either you are saying a great deal too much or a great deal too little.\"

          \"I give you a warning.\"

          \"If there is real reason for warning, no promise can bind you. If I see a rascal about to blow a place up with dynamite no pledge will stand in my way of preventing him.\"

          \"Ah, but I cannot prevent him, and I can do"}, {"title": "", "text": "jagged ends of a broken Whiskey bottle and seeks to become his own master and run an enterprise. He has no remorse about it either: \"I'll never say I made a mistake that night. In Delhi, when I slit my master's throat. I'll say it was all worthwhile to know, first for a day, just for an hour, just for a minute, what it means not to be a servant.\" It is necessary for him to murder his master to be free of the vicious binding of the coop. Half-Baked Person An oft-repeated metaphor is that of a half-baked person, someone who is partially educated. As explained by the by the protagonist: \" 'The Autobiography of a Half-baked Indian'. That's what I ought to call my life's story. Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked because we were never allowed to complete our schooling. Open our skulls, look in with a penlight, and you'll find an odd museum of ideas: sentences of history or mathematics remembered from school textbooks\u2026\" (Adiga, 2008, pp.10 -11). Further on the writer emphasizes how his story, the story of a half-baked Indian changes as he makes a big effort to become an entrepreneur. He elaborates that fully formed fellows, after twelve years of school and three years of university wear nice suits, join companies but take orders from other men for the rest of their lives. While he, a half-baked fellow, becomes an entrepreneur. Enjoined to the concept of a half-baked fellow is the parallel of"}, {"title": "", "text": "gains nothing. Letting them get away with murdering troops thru actions like this does not, either. 'Leadership' sometimes means making decisions you are not happy with but are best in the long run. Last week, I had a chance to listen to a speech at Ohio University by LTG Freakley, the Accesions Command chief, who detailed how we in America have ''a serious leadership problem- in too many places strong leadership is sorely lacking, and too many so-called 'leaders' have no idea how to do so.'' His comments that night resonated loudly throughout the crowd. And I agree with him 100%. Mr Wolf Posted by Mr Wolf on Thursday, April 30, 2009 at 08:20 AM in Bust Their Chops, Caring For The Defenders, Current Affairs, Military | Permalink | Comments (47) Someone you should know: five men earned the Medal of Honor on May 8 Robert \"Concrete Bob\" Miller - Someone You Should've Known Arthur J. Jackson - someone you should know \"No Survivors\" - The Eagle Flight Anniversary Casey Sheehan - A Palm Sunday Someone You Should Know Busting Their Chops! A National Shame Willfully Aiding & Abetting Child Rape National Airborne Day: The Best Photo of a Paratrooper by an AP Photographer Daily Beast: Wounded Warrior Project Fights - to Get Rich Climate Change Is Our Largest National Security Threat? Two To Keep An Eye On David Bellavia Medal of Honor Presentation Book Review: Blood Oath Book Review: Dark Tribute Book Review: Cold Stone Heart Book Review: Desert Vengeance Book Review: Run Away Book"}, {"title": "", "text": "your head like that.' And I would say, 'Like what? What do you mean?' He'd say, 'There\u2014you're doing it again. Don't do that'.\" Price reportedly became so upset with Reeves that he refused to watch the film's dailies. In one scene, Reeves needed Price to shoot his flintlock between the ears of the horse he was riding. When Price realised that Reeves had ordered that an actual blank charge was to be used so the weapon's puff of smoke would be visible, he shouted, \"What? You want the gun to go bang between the ears of this fucking nag? How do you think he's going to react?\" However, Reeves insisted and, when the gun went off, the horse reared and sent Price tumbling onto the ground. Price was not hurt but he was extremely angered by the incident. On the final day of shooting, Price showed up on the set visibly intoxicated. Reeves seethed to Waddilove, \"He's drunk\u2014how dare he be drunk on my set! I'll kill the bastard.\" Waddilove soon discovered that Reeves planned to inflict painful revenge on the actor. During preparations for Price's violent death scene, the director was overheard instructing Ogilvy to \"really lay into Vincent\" with the stage axe. When the scene was filmed, Ogilvy responded with blows that were not faked, but Waddilove had fitted Price's costume with padding, protecting the actor from injury. Despite the tension between the two men during the production, when Price saw the film the following year, he admitted that he understood Reeves's artistic vision"}, {"title": "", "text": "me and did all she could during the whole night to quiet my nerves. The next morning I heard the hooting of the horn as it was foggy. Everything went well I sat down to lunch when the explosion occurred. The people rushed for the stairs. I heard someone shouting to be calm. I looked up and saw it was one of the captains. I cannot say whether it was the first or the second... ...When we finally reached the top deck, I saw very few of the first class passengers. I was simply horrified with fright. Mr. Schwartz\u2019s trying to calm me when Mr. E. Gorer, (the art dealer of Bond Street) rushed over to us and put a life-belt on me which was the means of my being saved and told me to be brave. He returning for other life-belts and Mr. Schwartz after putting me into the boat where Mrs. was already sitting, went to help other women. That\u2019s the last I saw of those two brave heroes. Just then our boat was lowered but immediately it hit the water it upset, throwing all its occupants out. About six were saved from that boat which contained 60 or 70 passengers. The sights I saw when that boat upset is too awful. Words cannot describe it. A rope was thrown to us which a few caught hold of. I then remember a few of us getting hold of an oar, but some of them soon dropped off. The cries for mercy, the people drowning"}, {"title": "", "text": "that you cared for him; but really, Betty, I hardly think that — at present, if I were you — I would — \"

          \"You hardly think that now's the time for me to tell the world of my belief in Fairfax's innocence?\" she said defiantly. \"You'll have to forgive me for differing with you. I can't imagine any time more appropriate!\"

          The major looked at her with a gleam of admiration in his eyes. The color had mounted in her cheeks, and her eyes shone bright under the level brows.

          \"Of course, my dear,\" he answered in a conciliatory voice, \"we all believe that Fairfax is innocent. Tell me, how does Cary feel about it?\"

          The dimple under Betty's eye came into play, and she broke into a little laugh.

          \"Oh, he says he won't marry me!\"

          The major looked relieved.

          \"He means, of course, not till this mess is straightened out.\"

          They crossed the street and passed up the steps to the Elevated. When they were seated in the train Betty answered.

          \"I don't know what he means,\" she said. \"I only know that I'm going to marry him as soon as possible.\"

          \"Well, you modern girls certainly know your own minds!\" remarked the major. \"Now, in my day if was customary — \"

          \"To wait until we were asked?\" interposed Betty merrily. \"Well, things have changed, Uncle Tod; now it's the other way round. You men don't realize it, but it's really the women who do the proposing. We let the"}, {"title": "", "text": "dick. My father knew I'd do it. When I say I'm gonna do it, then I'm gonna do it because I can't go back, babama karsi olmaz, not when my father's concerned. My father always said no and let's talk again, he talked a thousand times but the prick didn't respond. I never opened my mouth, was always quiet because I can't talk next to my father in such serious business. I can only talk if he says: It's your thing, and I allow you to take care of him. I sat next to my father with my arms crossed, looking at that prick, and my eyes never moved from him. And my father keeps talking to him: Satilmis, listen to reason and on and on. The last time I said to my father: Baba, I'll come with you, but I don't want to see him make an ass out of you again, I'll go along with everything, it might not mean shit to you, but it does to me. If he says to you again: I have no debts with you, then-- with me there-you say: Okay, one can't talk reasonably with you. Ertan, I'm leaving it up to you, get the money back. My father said okay, he was as fed up as me. So then the three of us were sitting in a cafe in the Neumunster train station right by the store. My father says: Satilmis, do you have debts with me? No, the prick says, what debts? He looks at me,"}, {"title": "", "text": "deceived, he rushes back to the Reichenbach Falls but finds no one there, although he does see two sets of footprints going out onto the muddy dead end path with none returning. There is also a note from Holmes, explaining that he knew the report Watson was given to be a hoax and that he is about to fight Moriarty, who has graciously given him enough time to pen this last letter. Watson sees that towards the end of the path there are signs that a violent struggle has taken place and there are no returning footprints. It is all too clear Holmes and Moriarty have both fallen to their deaths down the gorge while locked in mortal combat. Saddened, Dr. Watson returns to England. The Moriarty gang are all convicted on the strength of evidence secured by Holmes. Watson ends his narrative by saying that Sherlock Holmes was the best and the wisest man he had ever known. Background \"The Final Problem\" was intended to be exactly what its name says. Conan Doyle meant to stop writing about his famous detective after this short story; he felt the Sherlock Holmes stories were distracting him from more serious literary efforts and that \"killing\" Holmes off was the only way of getting his career back on track. \"I must save my mind for better things,\" he wrote to his mother, \"even if it means I must bury my pocketbook with him.\" Conan Doyle sought to sweeten the pill by letting Holmes go in a blaze of glory,"}, {"title": "", "text": "said, almost humbly.

          She mistook his tone and raised her head with a rash clutch at dignity.

          \"I think you had better ask this gentleman to excuse you first.\"

          \"No, by God, I won't!\" he shouted. \"This gentleman says he knows all about you and I mean him to know all about me too. I don't mean that he or anybody else under this roof shall go on thinking for another twenty-four hours that a cent of their money has ever gone into my pockets since I was old enough to shift for myself. And he sha'n't leave this room till you've made that clear to him.\"

          He stepped back as he spoke and put his shoulders against the door.

          \"My dear young gentleman,\" I said, politely, \"I shall leave this room exactly when I see fit to do so—and that is now. I have already told you that Mrs. Amyot owes me no explanation of her conduct.\"

          \"But I owe you an explanation of mine—you and every one who has bought a single one of her lecture tickets. Do you suppose a man who's been through what I went through while that woman was talking to you in the porch before dinner is going to hold his tongue, and not attempt to justify himself? No decent man is going to sit down under that sort of thing. It's enough to ruin his character. If you're my mother's friend, you owe it to me to hear what I've got to say.\"

          He pulled out"}, {"title": "", "text": "ego for the film, has just become a widow and grieves his wife's death by wondering who's going to hold and love me now for my body. He wants someone to hold him, and to the rescue comes his narcissistic thirtysomething son Storey (Matthew Delamere), who gets into bed with him for some tender incest. The two bond further by trading sexual fantasies: Storey's is that he's in love with his own penis ever since he was a child and looked at himself in a double mirror. The old man responds to his kid's fantasty, by telling him that he should get a woman to kiss his dick.

          After he goes to the cinema with his son and sees Fellini's 8 1/2 (an overated film that the passage of time has been unkind to), and watches Mastroianni setting up a harem of women, this gives the son an idea on how he can console his father, as he copies the film, setting up a harem in their Swiss estate. After viewing the film again on video, the son begins collecting the 8 1/2 women -- the half is an amputee bound in a wheelchair named Giulietta (Manna Fujiwara) -- Is her name an homage to Fellini's wife? If so, what a left-handed honor is bestown on Fellini! The father's response to the film is, \"How many film directors make films to satisfy their sexual fantasies?\" The son says -- \"most of them.\" Which is about the best way of explaining what this very personal film means"}, {"title": "", "text": "their question to. Becky, Leilene, and Saaphyri team up together and decide that they would ask Shay all of the questions. Shay gets eliminated when asked \"Which fork do you use to eat frog legs?\", saying the table fork. Mo'Nique then says it was a trick question and the answer was fingers. The three remaining girls are then given one hour to write a speech explaining what it would mean to them to win the money and to explain what they learned. Mo'Nique acknowledged that Shay had been ganged-up on and convinced to come back and judge the ladies on their speeches to show that you can play a person one time, but have to need the person another time. Leilene and Becky both read their speeches on paper, but Saaphyri comes out and says that she does not have anything, and begins to speak \"off the top of her head\". Leilene talks about using the money towards a better future for her and her kids. Becky says if she wins the money that she would repay Saaphyri's kindness back by giving her $25,000, half the money prize. During Saaphyri's speech, she says that the money would be used for her to have a place that she could call home, leaving Mo'Nique and Shay in tears. Saaphyri and Shay reconcile and forgive each other and Mo'Nique then tells Shay she must choose the final two. Shay first picks Saaphyri because her speech was from the heart and it moved her the most. However, Shay could not"}, {"title": "", "text": "buy it. You hold the container in your hands, reverent. \u201cWhen I was a kid, before Steve was born and Mom went on her sugar-free power trip, this was my life.\u201d I put my spoon down. This is a moment of your Secret History. Even as the world dies, I\u2019m still learning so much about you. \u201cYeah?\u201d You nod. Your beautiful, blonde curls dance. \u201cEvery week, one flavor. I\u2019d devour chocolate first, because it\u2019s an immediate satisfaction sort of thing. Then, I\u2019d tackle strawberry the next week, because it grew on you, and was harder to love. And then\u2014\u201d \u201cVanilla.\u201d \u201cVanilla.\u201d You sigh with relief, like sighting an old friend in a crowd, or finding a lost, lucky penny. \u201cVanilla was the hardest to love, and I loved it for that.\u201d \u201cBest for last, yeah?\u201d I say. \u201cYeah.\u201d You bite your lip. An explosion rocks us to our cores. If the shaking doesn\u2019t stop, something will be knocked loose. But it does. The smell of oil and cordite and ash is heavy on the air. It is very still. \u201cBetter eat your vanilla, love,\u201d I say. \u201cBecause it doesn\u2019t look like there\u2019s going to be a next time.\u201d You kiss me on the cheek, before digging straight to the vanilla within. I wait a moment, wait for the susurration of moans and wails and metallic rattling to die, before I turn back to my own container of vanilla. \u201cThink about it. Some day, hundreds of years ago, someone realized that freezing a combination of dairy, ice,"}, {"title": "", "text": "says, \"I swear I'll kick his ass!\" In \"Eric's Hot Cousin\", Eric tries to get out of something by claiming he's sleepwalking and Red says, \"And I'm about to be sleep-kicking your ass\", and, in \"Prank Day\", when Red gets covered in oatmeal, Eric tries to explain that it was just a prank that had gone \"horribly, horribly wrong\" Red says, \"Well, I have a prank, too. One where my foot doesn't plow through your ass. Let's hope it doesn't go horribly, horribly wrong!\" In the eighth season, Hyde asks Red, \"did you ever actually do that?\" To which Red replies \"Once, during the war... I can't talk about it.\" Several of the running gags were shown in edited clips for the series finale. Some other notable running gags and catchphrases are: Fez's country of origin is never revealed. Sometimes, Fez is about to disclose where he is from, or at least hint at it, but something happens to prevent him from doing so, like someone entering the room as seen in \"Stolen Car\", or Fez rambling in \"Love of My Life\". Fez's real name was also never revealed. Even Fez stood for FES, Foreign Exchange Student. Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign names when he is speaking directly to him, including Tarzan. Someone, usually Kelso, falls off the Water Tower. Charlie is the only one to fall off and die from the tower in \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" due to him having weak endurance. Kelso yells \"Ow, my eye!\" when Hyde rough-houses with him. For"}, {"title": "", "text": "his presidencies of American Cancer Society and American College of Surgeons One of your teachers, I know, was W. Montague Cobb, and that's someone who--?$$Absolutely, Dr., Dr. W. Montague Cobb was one of my favorite teachers [at Howard University Medical School, Washington, D.C.]. He was a man I met in my first year because he taught anatomy. And he used to have what we would call \"bust out sessions\". Now, what does that mean? You'd go into him, and you'd say \"bust me out\", meaning, ask me any question you want to ask me. I think I know the answer. And, and I liked that kind of challenge. And he liked that. He liked young students who felt so confident that they would walk in and say, \"Dr. Cobb, bust me out\" (laughter), and that meant, ask me anything you want on anatomy. And we wanted to let him know that we knew the answers. And I just enjoyed him as a teacher. And we used to have something called the cadaver walk. On the final examination, they would ask a hundred and eighty questions, and the cadavers have all been dissected then. All the cadavers are dissected. And they would have labels on some of everything, arteries, veins, muscles, bones, all this. And you had to identify those structures. And I really loved that. And when I was a medical student in my later years and as a surgical resident, I used to come back every year to go over with the freshman, medical and"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.04277220740914345, 0.03836079686880112, 0.07646799087524414, 0.10752149671316147, -0.019435659050941467, 0.035059332847595215, 0.09845410287380219, 0.07953991740942001, 0.11188320070505142, 0.10993535071611404, 0.09657786041498184, 0.03959893435239792, 0.1373429000377655, 0.020869074389338493, 0.13220323622226715, 0.06345481425523758, 0.08067553490400314, 0.0747230052947998, 0.10980110615491867, 0.03588099405169487, 0.013156714849174023, 0.035294126719236374, 0.01698082499206066, 0.012233855202794075, 0.13193312287330627, 0.06055167689919472, 0.07475309073925018, 0.0334157831966877, 0.09753555804491043, 0.06767311692237854, 0.020698875188827515, 0.0379670076072216, 0.06998669356107712, 0.09066213667392731, 0.06119707599282265, 0.08519405871629715, 0.07453738152980804, 0.06024039909243584, 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The pipes need cleaning, he\u2019s the landlord, so we\u2019ve got free reign to drink to our heart\u2019s content, unless they burst, of course. He\u2019s still smiling and look thoroughly smug. I grab my pint and take a sip to buy myself more time. I frantically search my memory. All my life I\u2019m positive I\u2019ve said and heard other people say \u2018that old chestnut.\u2019 Someone must have told me what it meant. It must mean something. Doesn\u2019t it? Surely, it means something? My brain begins to hurt as I strain further. Bollocks. It\u2019s over. I can\u2019t think of anything. Without realising it, I was staring at the floor. I raise my head, ready to throw in the towel. He\u2019s beaten me. I\u2019m prepared to take whatever he\u2019s about to dish out when I notice that his head is in his hands. His whole body is shaking and jiggling up and down. \u201cWhat\u2019s up with you?\u201d I say. His hand is clamped to his face but pulls it away to reveal his face. Tears of laughter pouring down his rosy cheeks. His finger comes out again, but this time there\u2019s no wag. \u201cYou\u2026 you\u2026 you bloody believed me!\u2026\u201d He says, and he falls even deeper into hysterics. He\u2019s got me. I close my eyes. I know about to get the piss taken out of me for years on end for this. I reopen them again to find that he\u2019s still balling with laughter. \u201cYou bastard!\u201d I say, but as soon as the words leave my lips, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "How to Tell the Difference Between Busting Chops and Being Insulted Chris Bourn May 29, 2017 A body language expert helps us figure out the difference. One of the weirder features of being a guy is our preferred method of letting other guys know we value them, trust them and enjoy hanging out with them: By being spectacularly, unforgivably rude toward them in public. An unfortunate side effect of this bizarre ball-busting bonding ritual, however, is that it\u2019s occasionally difficult to tell whether jibes made in our direction by guys we\u2019re not too familiar with are meant with genuine affection, or genuine seething malice. This is especially true if you happen to be what body language-expert Joe Navarro calls a \u201csocial aardvark.\u201d \u201cThey\u2019re people who just don\u2019t get it. They\u2019re either serious, or they\u2019re challenged when it comes to any kind of social interaction,\u201d explains Navarro, who worked for 25 years as a bona-fide spy-catcher for the FBI and wrote the body-language bestseller What Every Body Is Saying. So if you can\u2019t tell whether that intimidating co-worker, potential in-law or pugnacious new recruit to your organized crime syndicate wants you to play along with their ribbing or curl up and die, here are some tips for aardvarks everywhere\u2026 Context Is Everything The first rule of figuring out the intent of someone\u2019s words, says Navarro, is that while you shouldn\u2019t ignore the content of what your challenger is saying, you should always put their words in the context of the \u201cnon-verbal\u201d side of the conversation \u2014 that"}, {"title": "", "text": "http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/IHitYouYouHitTheGround I Hit You, You Hit the Ground Create New - Create New - Analysis Characters FanficRecs FanWorks Fridge Haiku Headscratchers ImageLinks PlayingWith Quotes Recap ReferencedBy Synopsis Timeline Trivia WMG YMMV A crude diagram \"There'll be only two blows struck: I'll hit him, and he'll hit the earth.\" \u2014 Flip, Little Nemo, 1909-06-20 Stock phrase originating... we're not really sure. The internet doesn't seem to know either. Our best guess is Little Nemo (see page quote). It's been showing up fairly frequently in the last ten years, making it stock dialogue. The implied threat is obvious: Screw with me, I'll punch your lights out. Obviously, it doesn't have to be the ground, just whatever surface is under your feet. A subtrope of Badass Boast, and related somewhat to Chew Bubblegum. Not to be confused with Meteor Move. For when this actually occurs, see One-Hit Kill. open/close all folders In The Breakfast Club, Andrew Clark (Emilio Estevez) says to John Bender (Judd Nelson), \"Two hits: Me hitting you, you hitting the floor.\" Awesomely followed up with him proving it - though the wrestling version, not the boxing version. In Inglourious Basterds, Sgt. Donny Donowitz says this to a Nazi soldier when leading him to be interrogated by Lt. Aldo Raine. The Devil's Rejects, Captain Spaulding to Otis Driftwood during a tense moment; \"Two hits; I hit you, your dick hits the dirt!\" Subverted in the first live action Scooby-Doo movie, When Shaggy and Scooby are about to fight each other over Scooby accusing Shaggy's love interest of"}, {"title": "", "text": "your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of ours.\" \"You'll have to recharge your fist because your magic is naked.\" \"I\u2019d acquired a taste for niquor and licotine.\" \"Put down the munker [marker].\" \"You can't question me, I'm captain of the Bible Quiz team.\" \"The Bible says don't toot your own horn. I don't want anybody to toot.\" \"But I love you more than I hate it.\" \"Every now and then your butt looks camouflaged.\" \"It hurtens every time I straight it.\" \"The scars in your eyes light up the sties.\" \"Is the steering wheel hot?\" \"Yes. But I'm hotter.\" \"By the time it's noon, they're already in college.\" \"You might be mathematically smart, but you are everything else challenged.\" \"Soon you will have no ish.\" \"It'll be okay.\" \"Lottle\" \"Me three.\" \"I want you to stay here so I can constantly admire your leather pants.\" \"You'd hit an armed manned person?\" \"You wouldn't abuse me in the public eye.\" \"I wouldn't abuse you in the private eye.\" \"I was giving everybody time to say 'goodnight' to the rat.\" \"Have you ever laughed so hard that you threw up just a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "So, yeah, it's like if you're asking my personal line. So I don't give to shit what someone says. But you know, like if you're asking, like what's work someone getting backlass, like making fun of someone, proving you aid your cancer or something like, you know, like that's like a backlash that would be warranted. I guess I tried to answer the question for the best of my built. Is evenler was a trap question. So he respond. So I guess he has a thumb, who has a WHO has a very serious medical condition and I like as a tricheotomy and all sorts of stuff. So he respond. So what you're saying is now, I'm going to stop right there. Whenever someone says so, what you're saying is they're they're about to say some shit that you did not say one hundred percent of the of course it is always true. They're about to say something that you absolutely did not say, and in this case was no different. He said so what you're saying is it's okay to make fun of my child with whatever the disorder was. I don't remember what the disorder of and I said I responded back. I said, did you break your shoulder reaching that hard? That is and he he deleted the thread. I then get a message. Had said, if you're if you think it's okay it to make fun of my kid with whatever, here's my address. He drops his address and said come say"}, {"title": "", "text": "are is an expression of how I\u2019m going to break your arm or hit you in the face,\u201d Benavides says."}, {"title": "", "text": "yer can also be used to establish one\u2019s location or whereabouts. \u201d Last week I was down yer Cyprus. The missus has been bangin\u2019 on for years about going there\u2019 banged up: arrested / locked up in jail Knocked up: pregnant Sorry: almost totally meaningless, yet viewed as a panacea for all self-caused problems situations. Barged past someone on an escalator, knocking their bag out of their hand and spilling their coffee all over their jacket because you are too busy wrapped up in your own world? No need to stop, just yell \u2018sorry\u2019,or possibly \u2018excuse me\u2019 as you continue on your way. Those two phrases have magical powers to right the wrong you just caused, thus exonerating you from any possible blame or contrition. Works in any circumstance where you wish to avoid taking responsibility for your actions. I find myself saying sorry when people barge into ME! I suspect that\u2019s not uncommon in London. Chav \u2013 where to begin to explain that one? Maybe start with people who say \u2018innit\u2019 \u2026. I love Bojo, just saying\u2026 Daniel Tyler (@tyl3rama) says Innit may have started off with chavvy overtones but it has spread a lot farther now and is often said very much tongue in cheek by middle class folk. I say it occasionally around my mates, but we would know when to or when not to use it.. Kacee says knocked up: called upon as in \u2018I\u2019ll knock you up at 6\u2019, etc. not \u2018pregnant\u2019. Abigail Rogers says They have a specific name for"}, {"title": "", "text": "A friend said this to me last night. I was kinda dumbfounded. it sounded like he was teasing me. and I asked him if that was bad. and he said no. but i'm just curious of it's meaning."}, {"title": "", "text": "battle. Yooooo Joe! Wait, \u201cson of a gun\u201d isn\u2019t just a thing people say because they like rhyming and don\u2019t want to say Rachel\u2019s codename? The story itself was a joke that not everyone realized was a joke. The term goes back a bit, so not easy to trace how it originated for sure. In British usage, it is said to come from the Navy. Two possible origins is that it came from babies born on ships with unknown fathers so they just listed Gunner\u2019s Mate instead, or that it came from women giving birth on a section of the gun deck. There\u2019s even one historian who attributes it to knights using it as an epithet. \u2063aaaaaaa on May 21, 2015 at 23:53 said: iirc it was more of a sailor\u2019s bastard thing I\u2019m so proud of Skitter! Not quite as proud as if she\u2019d somehow managed to explode their pants, but still proud. Pants exploding is what it is called in the Fallout series when you pickpocket someone to slip a grenade or other explosive onto them. They spend a second screaming and trying to find it on them before Kablooey! Also, the psychological aspect was fun. Tapeworms and centipedes and mosquitos all talking and screwing with them. I like one of the taunts from Def Jam: Fight for NY, \u201cI\u2019m gonna rip your eyes out and put them on my knee and call you \u2018Niecy'\u201d though that fighter also has a good one in \u201cI\u2019m gonna tear your tongue out and lick my ass"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2018no exaggeration\u2019 or \u2018for real\u2019 How to use it: \u201cThat really happened, no cap.\u201d An acronym for \u201cas f*ck\u201d. This oldie but goodie is often used as an adjective to emphasise and exaggerate a statement. Mainly used in text messages, this term isn\u2019t regularly used in a face-to-face conversation (trust us, we\u2019ve tried it and it wasn\u2019t pretty). How to use it: \u201cMy daughter broke my favourite highlighter today. I\u2019m mad AF.\u201d Have you ever done something so silly that it made you question all of your life decisions? The Gen Z kids would call that a big brain moment (though you might feel your own brain shrink as you regret all of your life decisions). How to use it: \u201cand then I used my fork to cut my steak instead of my knife\u201d Friend: \u201cThat\u2019s a big brain moment right there.\u201d Used to describe your typical alpha male, for some (ahem, men) they may think that it is a compliment but for others, it is most definitely not. How to use it: \u201cIsn\u2019t he such a gentleman?\u201d Friend: \u201cUh, no he\u2019s a chad.\u201d Clapped To be completely and utterly destroyed. How to use it: Person: *insults someone* Friend: \u201cDamn, you clapped him.\u201d People who are completely unintelligent. See also: clowning. How to use it: Person: \u201cRoses are blue!\u201d Friend: \u201cPlease stop, you are clowning right now.\u201d Cringy For once this actually does mean what the root word implies, but Gen Z kids these days use it to describe anything that\u2019s embarrassing or try-hard. The Gen"}, {"title": "", "text": "to luck into a 3-pointer, but it\u2019s best when you say it when you\u2019re not shooting a 3, because then people are like, \u201cDoes this guy think layups are worth three points?\u201d Then they don\u2019t try to guard you that hard. You can also just stare at your own hand. Another all-time move. That\u2019s you being Dwyane Wade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdGtGU2VaTo?t=34s Here\u2019s What to Say When Someone Hits a Jumper Over You \u201cLuck!\u201d Never ever give credit. You cut your tongue out before you tell someone on the other team something nice. \u201cLeche!\u201d It literally means \u201cmilk\u201d when translated from Spanish to English, but really it means \u201cyou lucky prick.\u201d \u201cYou gotta step up on that screen!\u201d You say it to whichever of your teammate is standing closest to you, even if there was no actual screen that was set. This is you being James Harden. Here\u2019s What to Say When You Steal the Ball From Someone \u201cCall the cops!\u201d Because you just got robbed. Get it? Pro tip: Don\u2019t actually call the cops. Unless you know some cops who are good at basketball. Then I guess you can call those cops. \u201cCookies!\u201d Somehow this one got popular. It\u2019s the worst. This is you being Carmelo Anthony. (I don\u2019t have a link for you here. He just looks like the kind of guy that would shout \u201cCookies!\u201d after he stole the ball from you.) Here\u2019s What to Say When Someone Steals the Ball From You Any curse word. Here\u2019s What to Say When You Block Someone\u2019s Shot Oh,"}, {"title": "", "text": "meaning and most other verb classes simply put these nouns into relation with each other, it's surprising how frequently and easily people use the \"wrong\" verb out of these pairings (as all of you have noted). This phenomenon is easy to describe with verb valency theory, however, because all of these pairings describe the same basic activity, the only difference being whether you make the recipient the subject or the object of the sentence. In other words, the sentence isn't really wrong, you just messed up the word order, which is a much easier mistake for your brain to make. 11 hours ago, Problem Machine said: I felt like saying that phrase would make the whole thing collapse so it remained unsaid. I got the feeling everyone felt that way. You don\u2019t want to pull out the keystone. 17 hours ago, Jake said: It just feels cruel to tease everyone this way though. I guess it's an audience retention trick, because now we have to tune in to all future pods to see if you say the thing. Saying \"Bustin' made me feel bad\" would make me feel good, and then the bustin' cycle would finally be complete. posh_somme Location: Birmingham, UK I lost it in public at lore lord bean TychoCelchuuu On 2/17/2018 at 3:58 AM, Deadpan said: Ditto (except the last night part). A very good podcast. SecretAsianMan Thumbs Candyman Backing up Chris' endorsement of an extra long shoehorn. I own the same model and it is legitimately nice to have. It came in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mine is BITE ME when someone pisses me off. Mine seems to be the term 'Also as well . . .' after somebody has finished talking. It used to be: Beer Me! I have a lot of sayings that would be sensored. \"Nice\" and when I get mad it's \"Snap\" The undisputed champs of this lark are the Australians...hopefully there'll be a few along shortly...! When I'm hungry: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2 I'm so hungry I could eat the @rse out of a rag doll. When I'm thirsty: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2 I'm as dry as a dead dingo. When asked if I'm busy: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2 Like a lizard drinking. When I don't want to do something: \u00c3\u201a\u00c2 I'd rather stick a needle in my eye. I would say that Howard is \"as toey as a roman sandal\". What about \"a mouth like a cat's bum\". Somebody that is really drunk is \"as full as a state school hat rack\" or \"as full as a goog\". I like \"Wicked.\" I say it when I think something is good or bad. I also say, \"What a man/babe X 2\" and \"I don't like phones.\" from the mobile ringtone adverts. That must actually be from Little Britain. My mum likes the saying \"What a cuffufle (sp?)\" from the TV series. What does that mean, Fuss? I've heard the saying before but have no idea where it come from. Well, my best guess is that a cigar could be given as a minor sort of prize for getting something right."}, {"title": "", "text": "bitch\u2026.If I say turn, you turn.\u2019\u201d Sounds like a real scum to me. Boy Steve, you must be having a slow day today thinking I might want to \u201ctear into them\u201d for their observations if they added their name. My guess is they are not proud of what they are saying but I don\u2019t have any reason for \u201ctearing into them.\u201d Leave a Reply to Steve Stine Cancel reply"}, {"title": "", "text": "Add Injury Then she proved to me exactly how far out of the loop I am, slang wise. Her: \u201cI\u2019m tired of \u2018Throwing shade.\u2019 \u201d Me: \u201cWhat? I\u2019ve never heard of that one.\u201d Her: \u201cIt\u2019s an insult.\u201d Me: \u201cLike \u2018dissing\u2019 someone?\u201d Her: \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone uses that one anymore.\u201d (I swear she snickered when she said this.) Her: \u201cAnd \u2018Butthurt\u2019. I\u2019m tired of \u2018Butthurt\u2019.\u201d Me: \u201cThat\u2019s what she said.\u201d** Her: \u201cHah hah. Very funny.\u201d Me: \u201cNo, I\u2019m tired of the phrase, \u2018That\u2019s what she said.\u2019 I don\u2019t really know the expression \u2018Butthurt\u2019 is it like \u2018Asshole\u2019?\u201d We devolve into a nattering Google search trying to confirm the origin of that one. Her: \u201cIt means: \u2018Overly annoyed, bothered or bugged because of a perceived insult; needlessly offended.\u2019 I would have thought it had a more sexual meaning.\u201d Then she looks a bit further; she is scrolling the text when she stops. Her: \u201cOh\u2026someone here uses it to be degrading, as if it means rape.\u201d We\u2019re both silent for a minute tacitly agreeing this isn\u2019t funny and maybe we should just drop this line of thought. But, we aren\u2019t over finding ourselves terribly amusing in general, if not in this particular instance. You\u2019ve Been Served Me: \u201cI hate it when I use slang that I am wayyy too old to be using: \u2018My Bad!\u2019\u201d Her: \u201cI\u2019ll confess, with a pre-teen running around the house, I\u2019ve been known to drop a \u2018Whatevs\u2019 on occasion.\u201d Me: (Gasp) \u201cNo!\u201d She nods sadly and I shake my head in disbelief. We"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is an effort, then I do not push.\u201d \u201cOkay. I get it.\u201d He chewed for a minute. \u201cI heard your presentation went well. Did your friends like it?\u201d \u201cIt went marvelously. My friend Dallas took me aside to share quite the flow of compliments.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s great, Celeste.\u201d He was downing half her iced tea. \u201cAnd then I bitch slapped her.\u201d Matt choked on the drink and desperately tried to clear his airway. \u201cI\u2019m sorry. You did what?\u201d She cocked her head. \u201cI bitch slapped her.\u201d \u201cThat\u2026 that can\u2019t be right,\u201d he sputtered. \u201cI mean, I hope it\u2019s not.\u201d \u201cI slapped my hand against her hand. Up in the air.\u201d She looked at Matt blankly. \u201cIs that not the right term?\u201d \u201cThank God, no, it\u2019s not. I think you mean a high-five.\u201d \u201cIf you say so. Well, either way, it happened. You know I have trouble with colloquialisms, so I resent your shocked reaction.\u201d \u201cI do know that about you, and I apologize.\u201d \u201cSince we are on the subject, there is something else I would like for you to clarify.\u201d \u201cShoot.\u201d \u201cWhat is meant by \u2018nut bag\u2019? Is that a testicular reference or merely the identification of a satchel of cashews or pecans?\u201d Matt groaned. \u201cThis conversation has gotten really weird. Could we just talk about\u2014 Wait a minute. Why are you asking me this? Did someone say that to you?\u201d He looked angry. Celeste picked at her fry. \u201cNo. Certainly not. I heard the term and had a natural curiosity.\u201d \u201cOkay then\u2026\u201d Her brother crumpled"}, {"title": "", "text": "gossip over cups of tea. If you're spilling tea, it means you're sharing some especially juicy gossip. But if you're over 40, most people are going to assume that you're being literal. They'll think you actually did spill some tea, and rather than lean in close to hear what gossip you have to share, they'll bring you a towel to clean it up. I'm Dead Obviously this slang phrase isn't literal. When someone says \"I'm dead,\" the implication is that whatever has just been said is so funny or true that it's figuratively sent them to an early grave. However, joking about your own premature death is only charming if you're years away from leaving this mortal coil. When somebody over 40 makes such a proclamation, it tends to be a little more worrying. Don't make your friends ask if you were kidding or if you've just received some alarming medical news. Bye, Felicia! First uttered by rapper Ice Cube in the 1995 comedy Friday, \"Bye, Felicia!\" is a way of telling someone to get out of your face and stop annoying you. Now, you might argue that it's perfectly acceptable to say this slang phrase as it came from a time period (the '90s) in which many people now over 40 were coming of age. What's more, you might remind us that Ice Cube is now 49\u2014so if he can say it, why can't you? Well, the thing is, Ice Cube was just 26 when he first said, \"Bye, Felicia.\" And he definitely doesn't run"}, {"title": "", "text": "'n dash\" maintenance worker are fairly obvious... or they should be. So tell me BougieLand, what catch phrase clich\u00e9s have you heard that let you know exactly where you stand? Have you used these? Have any tales of escaping the friend/smash zone? Do share. Tomorrow: \"What happened was...\" & other signs that some sneaky-freaky may be going on. \"We need to talk\" and other signs a break up is near Every one knows that \"We need to talk\" means two things: either someone actually needs to talk or someone is about to get placed curbside. But let's take a look at a few other phrases that might spell doom for a relationship: I'm trying not to hurt you - This is generally uttered by someone (male or female) who has already hurt the hell out of you and wants to be let off the hook for it. Furthermore, they will do it again. Also beware of \"I don't want to hurt you\" and \"I hope this doesn't hurt you.\" I'm always confused by this one. If you don't want to hurt someone, take steps to make sure you don't. Am I oversimplifying? I just need space - This means they've already found an alternate space (away from you) and just need you to be aware of it. And the follow-up question to this is, \"Space to do what, with who?\" If any of you have an example where someone \"took some space\" and then came back all excited about the relationship and it worked out -"}, {"title": "", "text": "and don\u2019t want to say Rachel\u2019s codename? The story itself was a joke that not everyone realized was a joke. The term goes back a bit, so not easy to trace how it originated for sure. In British usage, it is said to come from the Navy. Two possible origins is that it came from babies born on ships with unknown fathers so they just listed Gunner\u2019s Mate instead, or that it came from women giving birth on a section of the gun deck. There\u2019s even one historian who attributes it to knights using it as an epithet. \u2063aaaaaaa on May 21, 2015 at 23:53 said: iirc it was more of a sailor\u2019s bastard thing I\u2019m so proud of Skitter! Not quite as proud as if she\u2019d somehow managed to explode their pants, but still proud. Pants exploding is what it is called in the Fallout series when you pickpocket someone to slip a grenade or other explosive onto them. They spend a second screaming and trying to find it on them before Kablooey! Also, the psychological aspect was fun. Tapeworms and centipedes and mosquitos all talking and screwing with them. I like one of the taunts from Def Jam: Fight for NY, \u201cI\u2019m gonna rip your eyes out and put them on my knee and call you \u2018Niecy'\u201d though that fighter also has a good one in \u201cI\u2019m gonna tear your tongue out and lick my ass with it.\u201d Or I might go with \u201cI\u2019m gonna yank your lungs out through your ears and feed"}, {"title": "", "text": "into relation with each other, it's surprising how frequently and easily people use the \"wrong\" verb out of these pairings (as all of you have noted). This phenomenon is easy to describe with verb valency theory, however, because all of these pairings describe the same basic activity, the only difference being whether you make the recipient the subject or the object of the sentence. In other words, the sentence isn't really wrong, you just messed up the word order, which is a much easier mistake for your brain to make. 11 hours ago, Problem Machine said: I felt like saying that phrase would make the whole thing collapse so it remained unsaid. I got the feeling everyone felt that way. You don\u2019t want to pull out the keystone. 17 hours ago, Jake said: It just feels cruel to tease everyone this way though. I guess it's an audience retention trick, because now we have to tune in to all future pods to see if you say the thing. Saying \"Bustin' made me feel bad\" would make me feel good, and then the bustin' cycle would finally be complete. posh_somme Location: Birmingham, UK I lost it in public at lore lord bean On 2/17/2018 at 3:58 AM, Deadpan said: Ditto (except the last night part). A very good podcast. SecretAsianMan Thumbs Candyman Backing up Chris' endorsement of an extra long shoehorn. I own the same model and it is legitimately nice to have. It came in especially handy when my wife was pregnant and bending over became"}, {"title": "", "text": "exactly what it is right there. Tempest says She needs her tubes tied. CalamityJane says Laugh out loud blew my coffee through my nose funny, Tempest. Thank you for making my day. Chumptitude says Right there with you Calamity Jane, coffee up my nose funny\u2026 And yep Tempest, you, as so many other times, have made my day :)! GlassHalfFull says Totally and completely OT\u2026 Tracy i dont know where in texas you and mr. Chumplady reside, but please be safe during this horrible time with Hurricane Harvey. Also, I just read on my newsfeed that an explosion at an ammonia/chemical plant has occurred. Please be safe and i know others will join me in daying prayers for all those affecfed in Texas. That Is Not A Thing says Go ahead, make my day. But I need that sip of coffee I just sprayed, so avert your eyes while I lick my desk. lovedandlost says Or maybe she needs to have her own infidelity experience in which she s the unsuspecting chump blindsided by her trusted partner who loves her but isn\u2019t \u201cin\u201d love anymore? sweetChumpgirl says Yeah. My SIL said \u201ccommunication is key\u201d. In which I replied \u201d yes, it would have been nice if he told me he was cheating on me 17 years ago\u201d but I guess he couldn\u2019t communicate that (I wonder why) and that\u2019s why he feels \u201cwe grew apart\u201d. \u201cGrew apart.\u201d That\u2019s one of the classic lines, sweetChumpgirl. It\u2019s so universally used and accepted that no one stops to ask"}, {"title": "", "text": "Flattened\u2013 I know I said it many times to the rat\u2019s ass. FlattenedChump \u2013 odd to hear you say this tonight. \u201cWho said, \u2018Oh, what a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive\u201d?'\u201d My X said this to me while we were divorcing and I couldn\u2019t figure out if he meant he was sorry or not. How would you interpret him saying this to me? Just curious \u2013 what it might mean from a cheater. Shechump \u2013 maybe its as close as he could get to an apology. I\u2019ve heard/read narcissists have a lot of trouble owning up to mistakes. Or maybe he was just reflecting on the impending changes in your lives brought about by his infidelity. I first heard this saying from Sheriff Andy Taylor in an episode of the Andy Griffith Show (my cheater and I both loved this show and watched and laughed together through many episodes). I broke down and looked it up though \u2013 its from a poem called \u201cMarmion\u201d by Walter Scott, written in 1808. Its a timeless truth though, isn\u2019t it? Chumpedelic says It was Sir Walter Scott. 1. She moved fast. On our first date she literally jumped on me while we were sitting on the beach. Then for the rest of our relationship, she denied this. 2. She moved in fast. Although she didn\u2019t literally move in, we were neighbors and she came over daily. We were literally together everyday. I thought is was slightly odd but I also enjoyed the love bombing"}, {"title": "", "text": "nearly roared. \u201cNothing!\u201d Snags responded. \u201cYes you did. You said something. Now tell me, what did you say?\u201d \u201cNothing!\u201d Snags lied, a smile beginning to spread on his face. \u201cI didn\u2019t say anything.\u201d \u201cYes you did,\u201d my husband insisted. \u201cI HEARD you say something. Now tell me, what was it that you said?\u201d \u201cChip!\u201d Snags responded. \u201cI said Chip. Like Chip! Where are you?\u201d Now the thing is, Snags MAY have been telling the truth. Because at the time he uttered what he claims was \u201cChip!\u201d but what we think was actually \u201cShit!\u201d he was playing on the floor with a Beauty and the Beast playset, and \u201cChip\u201d the broken teacup character, is a part of that playset. And he\u2019s really, really tiny too. About the size of a toddler\u2019s pinky nail. So Snags, he claimed he had lost Chip, and was simply calling his name to find him. Because tiny toys will answer you if you call them, right? And then Snags added, \u201cI didn\u2019t say a naughty word!\u201d Only it came out like \u201cI didn\u2019t say a NAWTEE wurd. But you see, we never suggested he\u2019d said a NAWTEE wurd. What\u2019s that saying? \u201cThe lady doth protest too much\u201d? Well, methinks the kid was lying. Probably. Maybe. But\u2026 I\u2019m not sure. Then tonight, as he was climbing the stairs from the basement to the kitchen Snags uttered something else. When questioned on it, he claimed he said \u201cBuck!\u201d My husband though, wasn\u2019t convinced. He questioned Snags over and over: \u201cI said BUCK!\u201d Snags kept"}, {"title": "", "text": "about is, that new chick from accounting has some tits I'd love to smush my face in, you know what I'm saying?\" What You Think It Says About You: I care about my appearance, and I paid a lot of money for one of those five-blade razors, so I'm gonna get my money's worth. What It Really Says About You: I am afraid to experiment with facial hair, because I have no idea what would happen. It might grow in all patchy and I'll look like the neighbor from The Burbs or something. It's better to just avoid it altogether. Good For: Children, Women, The Terminally Ill Sentence Heard From This Person: \"I'd love to get coffee with you, I just have to finish some work. Shall we say Coffee Bean at 8:30? Tentatively?\" The Soul Patch What You Think It Says About You: I'm hip with the youngsters of today. I understand their television programs, and their music, and their youtubes. I sent a text message yesterday, too. That's how hip I am! What It Really Says About You: I'm playing in a 1998 high school baseball game tomorrow. Good For: Ska Band Trombone Players, Beatknick Poets, Evil Alter-Egos Sentence Heard From This Person: I just got a hold of this new Rob Thomas album, have you heard this guy? Great rythym.\" The Chin Strap What You Think It Says About You: I have the masculinity for a beard, but I'm also concerned about my appearance, and I take the time to make myself look"}, {"title": "", "text": "she proved to me exactly how far out of the loop I am, slang wise. Her: \u201cI\u2019m tired of \u2018Throwing shade.\u2019 \u201d Me: \u201cWhat? I\u2019ve never heard of that one.\u201d Her: \u201cIt\u2019s an insult.\u201d Me: \u201cLike \u2018dissing\u2019 someone?\u201d Her: \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone uses that one anymore.\u201d (I swear she snickered when she said this.) Her: \u201cAnd \u2018Butthurt\u2019. I\u2019m tired of \u2018Butthurt\u2019.\u201d Me: \u201cThat\u2019s what she said.\u201d** Her: \u201cHah hah. Very funny.\u201d Me: \u201cNo, I\u2019m tired of the phrase, \u2018That\u2019s what she said.\u2019 I don\u2019t really know the expression \u2018Butthurt\u2019 is it like \u2018Asshole\u2019?\u201d We devolve into a nattering Google search trying to confirm the origin of that one. Her: \u201cIt means: \u2018Overly annoyed, bothered or bugged because of a perceived insult; needlessly offended.\u2019 I would have thought it had a more sexual meaning.\u201d Then she looks a bit further; she is scrolling the text when she stops. Her: \u201cOh\u2026someone here uses it to be degrading, as if it means rape.\u201d We\u2019re both silent for a minute tacitly agreeing this isn\u2019t funny and maybe we should just drop this line of thought. But, we aren\u2019t over finding ourselves terribly amusing in general, if not in this particular instance. You\u2019ve Been Served Me: \u201cI hate it when I use slang that I am wayyy too old to be using: \u2018My Bad!\u2019\u201d Her: \u201cI\u2019ll confess, with a pre-teen running around the house, I\u2019ve been known to drop a \u2018Whatevs\u2019 on occasion.\u201d Me: (Gasp) \u201cNo!\u201d She nods sadly and I shake my head in disbelief. We pause for a"}, {"title": "", "text": "and give the impression of being personal. You have the right idea\u2026.. Ditch it and forget it. You have come up with a wonderful idea. This might take a little while to blossom but is a good endeavour. Aww thank you so much! That was the perfect dose of motivation I needed! Lame ducks is the most hilarious \u201cinsult\u201d I\u2019ve ever heard! \ud83d\ude02\ud83d\ude02 It sounds like whoever wrote to you did a broken English translation. I know right! I thought it was the weirdest thing ever, but when I googled it, apparently it is a real expression! I\u2019m so sorry to hear that, Lauren. How frustrating! I\u2019ve really enjoyed your writing and getting to know you over time! They clearly don\u2019t know what they are talking about."}, {"title": "", "text": "else on the team with older laptops. I have a deadline, can you fix this? Bob: No, I told you, if it breaks, you'll get to keep both pieces. What Bob is trying to say is \"I told you so\", \"go away\", \"you are on your own\", and \"it's not my problem\". Thus it's a generic excuse. Sometimes it comes across as patronizing, especially when it later turns out that it's a real problem which should have been supported/working, instead it was dismissed by Bob. That would be called a bug denial. It means all the pieces that are broken, kind of equivalent of \"don't do that\" when asking a doctor why it hurts when you do a particular action. Well, it can be used in any tone one likes from nice to angry. The phrase is informal by nature, but it's not a joke. One seriously means it as a caution / warning. This can go on: Carol: Bob, did anybody upgrade to windows 10 yet? Bob: Only Alice, and it broke Office for her. But you know, she got to keep both pieces. Carol: Well, I don't use that. Here be dragons. Carol heard the warning, accepts responsibility for any fallout, and goes ahead with the upgrade to see what happens (and breaks). jimm101 DimaDima Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged expressions or ask your own question. When has the phrase \u201cdirty sex\u201d started to be used? What does the phrase \u201cWe'll keep you whole,\u201d really mean? How can I"}, {"title": "", "text": "shoddy game I glance back at him. Its dawn on me. He thinks he\u2019s telling the truth! His jaw and face are set, and his arms are still folded. I shake my head in wonder. \u201cMate, the saying is \u2018old chestnut\u2019 you tit. It\u2019s always been that. You look like a right pillock.\u201d I say. He\u2019s having known of it. He shakes his head angrily again, his arms still solidly folded. \u201cIt\u2019s bloody not! Why would it be \u2018old chestnut?\u2019 What does that even mean? Think about it!\u201d He says and unfolds a hand to tap on his temple. I\u2019m about to retort, but I stop. Old chestnut. What the bloody hell does it mean? I grope around for a few seconds while I rummage around my memory. There must be something in there. To my horror, it comes up with nothing. I tune back into him and find that he\u2019s grinning broadly. A regular Cheshire Cat. It\u2019s my turn to be angry. I point my finger, but I reserve the wag for the moment. \u201cNow, hold on! Don\u2019t you be turning this around on me! It\u2019s not me who has been talking rubbish all these years! The saying is \u2018old chestnut!\u201d And you bloody know it!\u201d I say, and he snorts. \u201cProve it.\u201d He says. My finger falls back down to Earth unwagged. He\u2019s got me there. As a rule, we don\u2019t bring our mobile phones to our weekly meetups. To make matters worse, there\u2019s no one else in this pub because this is a"}, {"title": "", "text": "too smart to play it.\" \"Oh, don't fuss. I just cut myself, it's no big deal.\" Really means.... \"I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt.\" \"I do help around the house.\" Really means.... \"I once put a dirty towel in the laundry basket.\" \"Hey, I've got my reasons for what I'm doing.\" Really means.... \"And I sure hope I think of some pretty soon.\" \"I can't find it.\" Really means.... \"It didn't fall into my outstretched hands, so I'm completely clueless.\" \"What did I do this time?\" Really means.... \"What did you catch me at?\" \"What do you mean, you need new clothes?\" Really means.... \"You just bought new clothes 3 years ago.\" \"No, I left plenty of gas in the car.\" Really means.... \"You may actually get it to start.\" \"I'm going to stop off for a quick one with the guys.\" Really means.... \"I am planning on drinking myself into a vegetative stupor with my chest pounding, mouth breathing, pre-evolutionary companions.\" \"I heard you.\" Really means.... \"I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and am hoping desperately that I can fake it well enough so that you don't spend the next 3 days yelling at me.\" \"You know I could never love anyone else.\" Really means.... \"I am used to the way you yell at me, and realize it could be worse with anyone else.\" \"You look terrific.\" Really means.... \"Oh, God, please don't try on one more outfit. I'm starving.\" \"I brought"}, {"title": "", "text": "15. When asked \"Are you allright?\" You respond with \"I'm allright its the others\". 16.When someone mentions football, you say about them being overpaid and falling over when they are tapped. Echoing something said a trillion times before, but with an air of originality and gravitas as if you have just created an alternative to fossil fuels. 17. You like Mrs Brown's Boys 18. You dislike London and take every opportunity to tell people that. 19. Someone mentions martial arts, you respond with: \"I've got a black belt in Origami\"....No you have a black belt in C**t 20. When someone has had a haircut, you chide in with \"You had a fight with a lawnmower.\" If you are a true c**t, you end it with the words \"...and lost!\" to really finish the room off. 21. You have said at one time: \"Say what you like about Katie Price but she is a savvy businesswoman\" 22. When someone uses a long word that you do not know the meaning of, you say: \"Can you repeat that in English please\". A baffling thing to say, loudly proclaiming your ignorance. \"Can you repeat that in ignorant cunt\" would, of course, be more accurate. 23. When a baby/toddler unwraps a gift and then proceeds (as they invariably do) to play with the packaging and show more interest in the box than the gift, it is more certain than 3 follows 2 that some empty vessel will quip: \"Right Next year we all know what to get him/her.....a box!\" Hear"}, {"title": "", "text": "and I\u2019m concerned about the impact on OP\u2019s performance as well as her ability to get a good reference from him in the future. The letter mentioned that event, but that doesn\u2019t seem to be the crux of the question, the LW\u2019s main concern or even why she\u2019s asking. The primary question the letter is asking is about the not looking at her thing. I assume that\u2019s why the answer focuses on that. OP/LW doesn\u2019t need help with that part though, she already addressed it with her boss. It sounds like she\u2019ll have to do it again since he apologized to her husband instead of her but it doesn\u2019t seem like she needs a script or any other help there. My Brain is Exploding* July 14, 2021 at 1:24 pm I don\u2019t know what theory to vote for, but I\u2019ll pose another. Is there some reason he is at BEC stage with you, but knows it\u2019s on him, not you, and just doesn\u2019t look to avoid losing it? Examples: someone who plays with their hair constantly, or bites their nails (although: gross, I\u2019d probably say something) or talks with their mouth full. what does \u201cBEC\u201d mean? :) B*tch eating crackers \u2013 when you get to the point every little thing someone does, even innocently eating crackers, ticks you off. It comes from a someecard meme I believe. \u201cLook at that b*tch over there eating crackers like she owns the place.\u201d Fortuona* July 14, 2021 at 7:12 pm it stands for \u201cbitch eating crackers,\u201d meaning like when"}, {"title": "", "text": "kissing. Better safe than sorry. Get tested, lose his number, block his email and consider yourself all the wiser. And the second note: To BougieLand: Ok here's my question what does it mean when he/she says,\"I know that's what you said, but I thought you meant...\" oooh that is soo a relationship killer for me. Where do folks get that from? Thanks, TSB TSB, Umm-hmm. Game recognize game. Basically, you're being told that they heard what they wanted and acted accordingly. This is why I use the psych 101 tool of \"mirroring\". I say something, you say it back and then we repeat and I follow up with, \"Are we on the same page?\" That way not only do I know you heard me, I know you understood. If someone wants to play dumb later... they get the side-eye. I had a boss once question a document I sent out to the company. When I pointed out that she had signed (and dated) the draft; she said \"Just because I signed it doesn't mean I read it and agreed with it.\" Even though it explicitly said \"By Execution Below\"? Okay, I knew my days there were numbered. I have no patience for bald-headed barefoot reindeer games. No, I don't know what that means but I heard it somewhere and I'm using it. So what you BougieLand, anything to share with TSB or Beautiful in BougieLand? Enjoy the rest of your weekend. Tags: Ask a Bougie Chick, He Said/She Said, Relationships \"I don't think you can handle"}, {"title": "", "text": "pertains to drainage. It derives from a 1924 Congressional transcript regarding the Teapot Dome Scandal, a scandal as boring as the milkshake metaphor is weird. That is, if you find national bribery scandals involving the Harding admin- zzZZZZzzzzZzzz. When you decontextualize that line, it's nonsense. It has nothing to do with victory, or getting back at someone, or sinking that sweet three-pointer. You might as well yell, \"How are those tulip investments?!\" Which would be a sick burn in the Dutch Golden Age after the crash of the tulip bubble, but right now it's nothing but gibberish. The only thing \"I drink your milkshake\" means is that you're finished explaining a technical scam oft-employed in old-timey oil drilling ... but try telling that to the guy shouting at you over your Xbox. \"I Am The One Who Knocks!\" (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad has it all: solid performances, good writing, methamphetamine, saggy underpants. That's everything! There are a lot of quotable moments in the show, but Walter White's fierce \"I am the one who knocks!\" is among the most enduring. It's the moment when Walter truly transforms from humble nerd in over his head into Big Boss Heisenberg. Plus, it's a crazy badass thing to say. \"Now you're supposed to say 'Who's there?'\" Few people consider the context around the line. Walter isn't giving his big speech to a crime boss or a gangbanger come to challenge his meth empire. He's angrily berating his wife. He's telling her \"I'm a big ol' tough guy! People are scared"}, {"title": "", "text": "woman likes being called \"ma'am\" as much as you enjoy being called \"Gramps.\" \"Blow it up!\" The exploding fist bump, accompanied by sound effects and wiggling fingers (to simulate fireballs and shrapnel), is especially egregious behavior among older men. \"If handshakes were bands, then the exploding fist bump would be a mixture of Ace of Base and that Gangnam Style guy,\" says Frieman. \"In a world where bro handshakes can be a solid way of bonding with someone on a more down to earth level, the exploding fist bump simply says, 'I'm trying to be cool, but unless you're a toddler, I'm a complete goober.'\" \"Is it that time of the month?\" \"The answer to this question is none of your business,\" Pachter says. \"The question should not be asked.\" Also, and we mean this in the most supportive, non-judgmental way possible, we're shocked you're still getting laid in your 40s. You know that every thought that pops into your brain isn't something you need to say out loud, right? \"Bae\" You should never try to pick up high-school lingo when you're 22 years removed from high school. \"[Pop star half your age] is so hot.\" It could be Lorde, or Miley Cyrus, or Ariana Grande. The point is, she's young enough to be your daughter. \"40-year-olds say this because they still believe that the 20-something in them would actually have a chance to sleep with said pop star,\" says Frieman. \"That's phat with a p!\" There are many reasons you shouldn't be saying \"phat.\" For"}, {"title": "", "text": "to apply to all sorts of things that may set off a series of bad feelings or thoughts. Trigger warnings are \u201cput in place to avoid discomfort.\u201d For example, Trigger warning: this news clip shows graphic images of police brutality. Part 5: Up your cool factor. If you\u2019re a middle-aged person attempting to relate to a much younger person, here are some phrases that may help. Don\u2019t actually use them, because you\u2019ll sound ridiculous. This exercise is merely to increase your understanding: by knowing what the phrase means, and responding appropriately, your cool factor will exponentially increase. \u2026and then I found fifty dollars: \u201cCan be added to the end of any pointless, boring story to indicate your awareness of how pointless and boring your story turned out to be.\u201d The thing is, a snarky, cheeky younger person may ACTUALLY tack this phrase on to YOUR story, so beware. But if they do, you can simply reply: \u201cIt was actually a hundred.\u201d This will negate their attempt to patronize you, and means you\u2019ve essentially beat them at their own game. Chastain: This is an ode to Jessica Chastain and her meteoric rise to fame, despite average acting talent. It simply means one is \u201coverrated yet highly visible,\u201d i.e., not a compliment. Double-click (this one was not in the book). Okay so I slid this one in for those of you lucky enough to work in tech. When someone says \u201clet\u2019s double click on that for a minute,\u201d what they mean is: \u201cI want to focus on that"}, {"title": "", "text": "sweet. \u201cThe Swamp. You should come.\u201d \u201cI would,\u201d says Gig, though he never would, \u201cBut mi esposa-in-law is coming to visit and I\u2019m fully obligated. Break a leg, amigo.\u201d \u201cWhy do people say that?\u201d asks Champ, frowning. \u201cBreak a leg? Seems stupid.\u201d \u201cI think it\u2019s like laughing in the face of death,\u201d says Gig, smiling about his guess. \u201cIt\u2019s like what bullfighters say before they go out to face a bull that might kill them.\u201d \u201cWhat do they say?\u201d asks Champ, who is often perplexed by Gig. \u201cMe cago en las botas de la virgen,\u201d says Gig, his Spanish accent dreadful. \u201cWhich means, \u2018I shit in the boots of the virgin.\u2019 And the virgin they\u2019re talking about is the Virgin Mary.\u201d \u201cThe Virgin Mary wore boots?\u201d says Champ, scrunching up his face in doubt. \u201cSince when do they have boots in the Bible?\u201d \u201cExcellent question,\u201d says Gig, scratching his head. \u201cIt\u2019s been a while since I read the good book, but, you\u2019re right, I don\u2019t remember any boots in there. But that\u2019s the expression. I shit in the boots of the virgin. Blaspheming in the face of death.\u201d \u201cThat would make a good song,\u201d says Champ, heading for the door. \u201cA bunch of expressions in a whole bunch of languages saying fuck you to death.\u201d \u201cI can\u2019t wait to hear it,\u201d says Gig, winking at Dane. \u201cYeah, me, too,\u201d says Dane, waving goodbye to Champ. \u201cSo what\u2019s up?\u201d asks Gig, grinning at Dane. \u201cCan I talk to you in private?\u201d asks Dane, glancing at Beckman, Gig\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "perhaps. I think it's possible to interpret it in multiple ways. \u2013 Justin Jan 17 '19 at 16:05 Your interpretation is better. I didn't realize the joke was trying that hard. \u2013 Mazura Jan 17 '19 at 19:22 @Mazura - Apparently no one else thinks so! Tough crowd here. \u2013 Justin Jan 18 '19 at 13:45 @UnhandledExcepSean - You can't just replace it with \"you are dumb\" - you have to replace it with, I'm \"constantly thinking and planning how how family finances are going to meet the couple's needs and avoiding financial disaster, which is no trivial job.\" - you idiot.' - Then it's not funny, because it's true. \u2013 Mazura Jan 18 '19 at 14:11 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning jokes or ask your own question. What's the meaning of \u201cget behind\u201d? Meaning of this phrase? you turned out \u2014 what exactly does that mean? What does ''harness'' mean? What does \u201cI'm partial to \u2026\u201d mean? What does \u201cwrap around my head\u201d mean? What does it mean? \u201cFeminism's fine, but there's a lot to be said for having your bills paid\u201d What does the man mean by saying this statement? \u201cHow could it hurt?\u201d. Does this sentence have any special meaning other than what it says?"}, {"title": "", "text": "you mean \"let's make room -a hut size room!- in my tummy for this delicious food\". Avere la botte piena e la moglie ubriaca. (having the full barrel and the drunk wife) You say it to someone who wants two things that can't happen together. For example you say \"You can't have the full barrel and the drunk wife, my dear\" to a student who says he wants high marks at school, but he also wants to enjoy life, go out with friends everyday and not study a lot. Ridi, ridi, che mamma ha fatto i gnocchi. (laugh, laugh, because mum made gnocchi) It's usually said to someone who is laughing for a silly reason, or for something that annoys you. For example, if you fall and someone laughs about you, you reply \"laugh, laugh, because mum made gnocchi\". Una ciliegia tira l'altra. (one cherry drags the other) You say it about a food that is so tasty that you can't stop eating it. For example \"I can't stop eating these biscuits, they're like cherries: one drags the other!\" \u00c8 inutile piangere sul latte versato. (it's useless to cry over poured milk) This proverb simply says that \"what is done is done\", it's useless to regret past actions or errors over and over. Let's say that we park downtown and we go shopping, but you forgot to lock our car. When we go back to the parking, we discover that someone stole the car. If you start to whine that you've been stupid, that is was"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a basic-level learner and the sentence is a run-of-the-mill sentence, with \"the fuck\" being emphatically laden but semantically void. I certainly missed a fuckton of exciting linguistic variations in my answer, being the lazy __ that I am. (0: \u2013 CowperKettle Sep 27 '15 at 18:08 Posted an answer... \u2013 Malady Sep 27 '15 at 21:07 Yes, Context is necessary. Out of context it parses: You (favorite colorful adjective inserted here) people need to stop making (more colorful adjectives can go here) noise (talking, singing, banging on pots, etc) Immediately. posterposter This seems like it would be better as a comment, either as a reply to my reply to CopperKettle's answer, or as a comment on the main question itself... \u2013 Malady Sep 27 '15 at 21:02 CopperKettle's answer is almost certainly the intended meaning. However, it could mean several things. As a shorthand, people are designated by a capital letter, such as A or B. A\u2192B means A is talking to B. (CopperKettle's answer.) \"Shut up\" means to stop talking. \"The fuck\" is semantically inert to add emphasis. \"Down there\" is a location, which could refer either to the location of the person we're talking to, or the location we expect the shutting up to occur. A sings loudly and annoyingly while people are trying to study. B\u2192A: Shut the fuck up down there! Meaning: I really want you, who is down there, to shut up, because your noise bothers me a lot. Similar: Shut up! As an example of the other meaning of"}, {"title": "", "text": "fight** Do you want to step outside (and settle this)? Would you like to step outside? Want to make something of it? _something = an issue to fight about_ Care to make something of it? #### **186 Asking someone to leave your property alone** Hands off! Excuse me, that's mine. Did I say you could touch that? Look with your eyes not your hands. If you break it, you pay for it. If you break it, you've bought it. #### **187 Asking someone to stay out of your affairs** Mind your own business. _(informal)_ Mind your own beeswax. _(slang)_ _beeswax = business_ M.Y.O.B. _(slang)_ _= Mind your own business._ Butt out! _(slang)_ _= Mind your own business!_ That's none of your affair. Get your nose out of my business. _(informal)_ Keep your nose out of my business. _(informal)_ #### **188 When someone is harassing you \u2014 angry and direct** Get off my back! _(slang)_ Lay off, will you! _(slang)_ Get off my tail! _(slang)_ Get off my ass! _(mildly vulgar)_ Get off it! _(slang)_ Come off it! _(slang)_ #### **189 When someone is harassing you \u2014 rude** Nuts to you. _(mildly vulgar)_ Screw you. _(mildly vulgar)_ Up yours. _(vulgar)_ #### **190 When someone is presumptuous** Why would you ask such a thing? How could you say such a thing? What right do you have to say that? Who gave you the right? Where do you come off saying that? Well, I never! #### **191 When someone has underestimated your intelligence** How dumb do you think I"}, {"title": "", "text": "lambasting with silence, especially in public, usually a quick short sharp non debating type remark, like 'Rubbish!', or 'Calm down you'll have a heart attack' and then just look at your watch and walk away. Something like that, don't try and be too clever when the fans spraying it everywhere. 14 year contractor >> It's a pity the person who created this whole injustice couldn't be pulled aside and be presented in detail a list of just how negatively they affected somebody elses life. You want to know something else? The guy that did this appeared to be PROUD of the event. I suspect that this weasel would be on a major ego trip if he heard that it torpedoed this person's self confidence. He would view his rich salary and continued presence as affirmation that he's better than everyone else. I heard through the grapevine that the executives, who are a clique of stupid clod farmboys who got lucky, apparently instructed this guy to \"get tough\" with \"R\". While I am belaboring this event, I've seen similar dynamics in other companies. Someone is \"set up\" and it's almost celebratory that the person's life is ruined or the person is reduced to \"nothing.\" Scene from a university: One of the more senior programmers (call him Michael) in an office where I worked was essentially hounded into quitting by a young manager who has only worked there three years, but who has won favor with management. It was a real shame. There were some very old systems"}, {"title": "", "text": "about the surprise factor. It's about someone going to so much trouble that it just... overwhelms you. Votes: 0 I don't find the business easy. The moment you start talking about the business, you start sounding like someone in Spinal Tap. Votes: 0 Never make excuses for someone who disrespects you-who they are or what they do isn't a pass to treat you like trash! Votes: 0 When you like someone, you like them in spite of their faults. When you love someone, you love them with their faults. Votes: 0 It's only afterwards that it becomes anything like a story at all. When you're telling it, to yourself or to someone else. Votes: 0 When things get tough, you should seek out someone like a coach or friend or family member to talk things through with. Votes: 0 I try to avoid calling myself a poet because I think that's something someone else has to call you. It's like bragging. Votes: 0 Those lips looked tasty, especially when they said things like ' i jumped up every time someone knocked, hoping it's be you Votes: 0 Meditating takes on a different quality when someone taps you on the shoulder and says, \"Dad, why are you sleeping like that?\" Votes: 0 Misha Collins You sounded like someone who should be singing on a cruise ship. Halfway through your song, I wished the ship was sinking. Votes: 0 Sex is like nose picking. It's fine as long as you practice it yourself, but it's disgusting watching someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sorry. Make that forcing instead of forces. UXworld says Disco Wednesday . . . (music by The Andrea True Connection, lyrics by Ben\u2019s Fuckwit) Oooh, how do you like my bull? . . . But if you want to know How I really roll Keep the hustle going Keep the bullshit flowing Baby you know that wasn\u2019t really me Listen to my drivel Not the UBT Core, core, core Wasn\u2019t the real me, not the ideal me Now you can trust me, once we\u2019ve discussed me I\u2019m a quick learner \u2014 hey, where\u2019s my burner phoooooooone? . . . LeeLoo says I\u2019m DYING! I\u2019m sitting here singing this in my head! PERFECT way to start the day! Tx for the laugh! Sometimes \u2013 ya gotta laugh or your head will be in the oven\u2026I always say! Blahahahaha! LovedaJackass says A classic one. We need a forum thread for these. That\u2019s why I am almost grateful for being a chump!!!!Roaring with laughter AllOutofKibble says Laughing till it hurts in my cubicle. Just waiting for coworkers to come see if I am OK. Learning says Such heartfelt cheater bull crap! UBT nails it again! Apparently ass-hat cheaters seem to use the same bullshit-o-meter because pretty much everything that the CL publishes, I\u2019ve experienced either first hand as a devastated Chump or dealt with from a clueless narcissist. It\u2019s uncanny that they\u2019re all cut from the same cloth, never having known each other! Yeah \u2013 I got the same shit. Mine was\u2026\u201dI was in a dark place.\u201d Really? You"}, {"title": "", "text": "Did you microchip your pet issue? Does your suit jacket have sleeves that go all the way around? \"This thread has jumped the shark\" \"This [site/blog/forum] has jumped the shark with this [topic/article/story]\" \"It's not that I don't have an intelligent response to your arguments. I'm simply too bored with you to bother with posting them.\" #167 ::: Dan Blum ::: (view all by) ::: July 20, 2007, 11:06 PM: Chad @137: A related one I've seen is \"Oh, when I say [common term, used in dozens of messages in the thread] I don't mean [the common contextual meaning], I mean [something entirely idiosyncratic].\" To which I think the only reasonable response is to quote Humpty Dumpty. #168 ::: mythago ::: (view all by) ::: July 20, 2007, 11:10 PM: Following a long rant: \"But this debate has gone on long enough, so that's my last word on the subject.\" \"I'm outta here\" followed by d10 variants of \"One more thing before I go.\" \"IANAL, but [insert complete erroneous and usually self-serving legal interpretation here].\" \"I'm not refusing to answer your question. You're just mad because I won't follow your script.\" \"It's anonymous assholes like you that are ruining the internet\" Here's a classic from Electrolite: \"For example, Tolkien fans will deny that THE LORD OF THE RINGS is built around Tolkien's fear of women and foreigners. But it is, it really is.\" #171 ::: Carrie S. ::: (view all by) ::: July 20, 2007, 11:31 PM: \"I guess only your friends are allowed to talk"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"I'm out of patience\"? \"I can't even.\" \"I'm totally out of here.\" \"I'm about ready to bug out.\" \"I'm done.\" How well executed is Apple product design? It's on fleek. It's righteous. It's sharp. It's gorgeous. How would you refer to your significant other in an informal context? They are my bae. That's my boy/girl! They're my baby. They're my boy/girlfriend. How would you flat out insult someone? \"Talk to the hand.\" \"Bag your face.\" \"Make like a tree.\" \"You're a jerk!\" How would you say someone is excellent at a skill? \"They are v good.\" \"They're gnarly.\" \"They're neato.\" \"They're really good.\" How good are McDonald's french fries? They are perf! They're delish! They're outta sight! They're lovely! How would you indicate sarcasm, if the audience didn't get it? JK! ...not! I'm just pulling your leg. I'm kidding! How would you indicate \"Me too\"? \"It me.\" \"Right here.\" \"Right on.\" \"I would like to as well.\" How would you confront someone when they demand an apology you don't want to give? \"Sorry, not sorry.\" \"Not gonna happen.\" \"Don't sweat it.\" \"I'm not saying I'm sorry because I am not\" If you wanted to emphasize the description of an action or an adjective, how would you do it? I'd say it's _____ AF. I'd say when it _____, it rocks. I'd say when it_____, it's bad. It say it _____s very well. How would you say you're really up for something? I'm turnt. I'm wicked there. Be there or be square. I'll drop in, sure. Can"}, {"title": "", "text": "love you\" = I'm finally used to the yelling and screaming, so I give up. \"You look great!\" = Please don't try on another dress or else I'll kill myself. \"That was an amazing movie\" = Everything blew up, had tons of beautiful women and super hot cars. \"Oh man I cut myself. It's not a big deal, I'll be okay\" = I will never let her know I'm slowly dying inside from severed arteries. \"Why do you work so hard? Take a break.\" = The vacuum is preventing me from listening to what the commentators on ESPN are saying. \"I always forget things, you know how it is\" = I remember my first kiss, my first GF, the score of the first arcade game I ever played but can't remember your birthday. \"I'm really tired today\" = You didn't want to put out the last few days, so I took care of my own business. ANYTHING ELSE YOU CAN ADD? What are somethings Guys say but mean something totally different, leave your answers in the comments and I may feature yours in this post. LEAVE your Twitter name as well! True.... Threesome = 3 people Twosome = 2 people Handsome = 1 guy & his hand Let's hang = let's f*ck \"mmhmm\", \"don't you hate that\", \"yeah\", \"ooh\". \"that sucks\" = I didn't hear a word you said and when you mention this later I won't be able to recall any of this conversation and will assume i was heavily intoxicated when it took place."}, {"title": "", "text": "love you\" = I'm finally used to the yelling and screaming, so I give up. \"You look great!\" = Please don't try on another dress or else I'll kill myself. \"That was an amazing movie\" = Everything blew up, had tons of beautiful women and super hot cars. \"Oh man I cut myself. It's not a big deal, I'll be okay\" = I will never let her know I'm slowly dying inside from severed arteries. \"Why do you work so hard? Take a break.\" = The vacuum is preventing me from listening to what the commentators on ESPN are saying. \"I always forget things, you know how it is\" = I remember my first kiss, my first GF, the score of the first arcade game I ever played but can't remember your birthday. \"I'm really tired today\" = You didn't want to put out the last few days, so I took care of my own business. ANYTHING ELSE YOU CAN ADD? What are somethings Guys say but mean something totally different, leave your answers in the comments and I may feature yours in this post. LEAVE your Twitter name as well! True.... Threesome = 3 people Twosome = 2 people Handsome = 1 guy & his hand Let's hang = let's f*ck \"mmhmm\", \"don't you hate that\", \"yeah\", \"ooh\". \"that sucks\" = I didn't hear a word you said and when you mention this later I won't be able to recall any of this conversation and will assume i was heavily intoxicated when it took place."}, {"title": "", "text": "I showed her my chainsaw she ran away screaming. Did you drop the Chainsaw on her when she ran down the stairs than in a Christian Bale American Psycho way shout out ' BAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!!!' when it landed on her? Dropping chainsaws on a girl - it always goes down well. by Seppuku on Wed May 27, 2009 6:50 pm I use that line all the time. I always figured it would probably work better if I were female, but I carried on using it anyway. I never thought about changing the \"me\" to a \"you.\" This just opened up a whole world of possibilities. by buster00 on Thu May 28, 2009 11:45 am \"I'll sell you my body...for a kiss.\" \"Now I know what death tastes like.\" Those are my new favorites. I try to shoehorn them into my everyday conversation. by magicmonkey on Thu May 28, 2009 12:36 pm I go around saying, \"Tell me what you need Spock, tell me what you need.\" magicmonkey I AM fucking Zen Location: Shanghizzo by Seppuku on Wed Jul 01, 2009 6:15 pm One of the best rants in movie history courtesy of Bob Hoskins at the end of The Long Good Friday, painfully transcribed by yours truly because I couldn't find it online: \"I'll tell you something... I'm glad I found out in time just what a partnership with a pair of wankers like you would have been. A sleeping partner's one thing, but you're in a fucking coma! No wonder you've got an energy crisis your"}, {"title": "", "text": "though he may well have been copying the mighty Nick - who I really preferred as a host for some reason, who's with me? Bollock Chops People who say \"If [Band/Album/Film/Book] is so shit, how come they sold [X] million?\" Gobshites. chand \"like Louise Mensch but with a sexy beard\" Quote from: \"Bollock Chops\" That argument is tremendously common among the strange folk who write in to the various Teletext music pages, along with 'I don't understand why people are listening to [currently popular pop artist], everyone should go out and buy the new album by [top-20 guitar band who get blanket coverage in NME and are popular enough already to make the main stage at a huge rock festival]' and 'How come no-one ever talks about [indie band that have been talked about a whole fucking lot]?'. 'They don't even write their own songs' gazzyk1ns \"I don't give a shit if your dad's dead or anything else\" \"It's just a noise...\" Fucknose my other half says \"lets be honest about this\" before just about everything, it drives me fucking insane. 'no, really, I thought you were about to lie to me... grrrrrrrrrr. Purple Tentacle People who still say \"Oh behave!\" and \"Yeah, baby!\", even though that stopped being funny when Mike Myers re-released the same film but rubbish, and Austin Powers was never that funny a character anyway. Mildly Diverting 200 Marlboro Lights. And these jeans. Even worse, people who say 'Not' after a sarcastic comment, still believing it to be amusing seventy eight years"}, {"title": "", "text": "broke down on her way to church and her cell phone was dead and she had to walk three miles (unpaved) in her nice pumps before finding help. She had a rough day, bless her heart. You could also bless the hearts of friends who've done something a little silly but nevertheless deserve sympathy, like the girl who accepts some dude's invite to go inner-tubing without realizing that it takes several hours longer than he's predicted and they'll run out of beer and get sunburnt and as it's getting dark she'll be forced to climb out of the river via my parents' boat ramp and wander the poison-ivy-infested woods until finding my mother to ask for a ride back to the truck so she can pick up the aforementioned foolish dude and his now-empty cooler. That girl just didn't know, bless her heart. It also functions nicely as a smokescreen for shameless gossip. As one confidant put it: \"You can tell an entire lurid life story over a bridge table, relishing every misadventure. She's been through so much. Bless her heart.\" It's a means of covering your ass, or your bad intentions. Sometimes you want to call a third party a fucking fool, but you can't let it get back to them that \"so-and-so called you a fucking fool.\" It's a way to speak frankly while making clear that you don't want to go nuclear over the fact that she just never arrives at the PTA meeting any less than an hour late. \"Bless your heart\""}, {"title": "", "text": "the distance until that moment. Now, he turns to me with a look of confusion on his face. \u201cWhat do you mean? Nothing wrong with that. It\u2019s a saying. Everyone says it.\u201d He says. He falls silent. Is he winding me up? There must be a look on my face because he shrugs. \u201cWhat?\u201d He says. I take a much-needed gulp of beer. I don\u2019t know whether he\u2019s joking or not. We frequently do this kind of thing all the time, and it usually ends up with me being laughed at. Of course, I\u2019m always game for a laugh so I\u2019ll press on. Besides, if he\u2019s wrong, then I can take the piss out of him forever. That is a risk worth taking \u201cIt\u2019s a saying, mate. But it\u2019s not \u2018old Chester\u2019, it\u2019s actually \u2018old chestnut\u2019. You do know that, don\u2019t you?\u201d I say. He looks incredulous and then shakes his head angrily. \u201cNo, it\u2019s bloody not! Don\u2019t be daft!\u201d He says and continues to shake his head and grabs his pint. I can\u2019t help but snort. I\u2019m really starting to believe he\u2019s saying the wrong thing and he doesn\u2019t know it. \u201cMe being daft? It\u2019s you who\u2019s daft, mate. You\u2019ve been going around for forty-odd years saying, \u2018that old Chester\u2019 like a complete idiot.\u201d I say and then burst out laughing. I just couldn\u2019t contain it any longer. It\u2019s been bubbling up inside me since he first uttered those words. Now, he really doesn\u2019t look happy. He deposits his pint down on the table firmly,"}, {"title": "", "text": "stealing our valor.\" \"I don't think that's true.\" \"Asshole.\" Do you really think that's a case of someone being an asshole? And I can pick one up for a buck fifty. Maybe two bucks. What does that say about your sacrifice? It says that I value your sacrifice at no more than chump change. You bleeding and suffering in the line of duty is worth no more to me than something I can find beneath the couch cushions. I don't think that follows at all. You will value the medal less because you didn't earn it yourself. But it would be silly for you to infer that the medal means the same thing when pinned to the chest of someone who did earn it as it does to you. The medal itself is just a symbol. If lost or sold off at a garage sale, the sense of honor doesn't go away. That would be magical thinking. Do you really think it is assholery to question the factual and moral basis of any given attempt to control someone else's self-expression? Already answered: Let's take a look at your short fictional dialogue (which is what I prefer to call it rather than \"fake quote\"). It begins with someone being an asshole. \"Bro, take off those hoops\" is a terrible way to start the discussion. Thus, your dialogue poisons the well by putting the person in a position where they are demanding that a person recognise their cultural right to hoops. Second, the same person makes a terrible"}, {"title": "", "text": "is saying, darn or some cuss word when they think they are \u2018done,'\u201d she says."}, {"title": "", "text": "disagree -- which is it?) \"I think I just threw up in my mouth a little.\" (Just gross.) \"Are you still picking?\" or \"Are you still working on that?\" (As often said by restaurant wait-staff. I am dining, not picking or working.) \"He's in a world of hurt.\" (Just silly.) \"Torching\" calories (Please, please, health magazines, think of a different alternative to \"burning\" calories.) \"Pull the door to.\" (What's wrong with \"close the door\"?) and I meant touche' typos...I'm sure there's typo peeve party. who proofreads comments. Lordy Two that I hate: 1) When people say \"old timer's disease\" for \"Alzheimer's disease.\" So ignorant. It is especially NAILS-ON-CHALKBOARD annoying when they have to say it more than once in a conversation. Yuck! 2) The stupid fad (trend?) of saying, \"Seriously\" or \"Really\" to show feigned disbelief just for dramatic effect. Stupid. @AKM the moo point threw me for abit of a loop. SO I looked it up....funny, very funny :) Gotta love and \"Friends\" reference. I especailly on the heels of yesterdays reference \"im in an ATM vetibule with Jill Goodacre\". Good one Sorry for all my spacing and spelling errors. Now I feel shameful :( @violet - Thank GOD somebody got it. ;-) mr. ray said... \"your\" \"you're\",\"their\", \"they're\" and \"there\" a animal when it should be AN animal...that drives e NUTS! ant=aunt \"It also makes me nuts when people say they will 'give 110%' or 'on a scale of 1-10, I give it an 11.'\" The \"11\" is a THIS IS SPINAL TAP reference."}, {"title": "", "text": "Grammaretto Thu 05-Apr-18 13:39:46 She was like and he was like to describe any situation. as in She was like really upset. Or should that be, So she was like really angry.. DanniRae Thu 05-Apr-18 13:50:55 How about when someone agrees with something you have said and they reply \"Oh yes. All day long\". Bradley Walsh says it all the time on \"The Chase\". I find it quite annoying. I think some people find it easier to say that someone has 'passed' rather than died and I don't mind this at all. MissAdventure Thu 05-Apr-18 13:56:20 I heard a new 'thing' yesterday. Someone thought that their friend had blatantly ignored them whilst out, and had been standoffish since. When the friend asked why they hadn't said anything, or explained what the problem was, the ignored person said they aren't \"A beg\" pensionpat Thu 05-Apr-18 14:00:15 I often see FB posts which aren't even a sentence. E.g. When you come home from work and your child/partner/dog is pleased to see you. I presume it's to signify emotion. Or boasting usually. MissAdventure we will all need subtitles soon. a beg? what does that mean? People who turn around all the time as in: He turned round and then I turned round etc. I think they'll all get dizzy. At least there is still the spoken word. I often get the bus (it's free!!!) and some people seem only to be able to speak in 4 letter swear words. gmelon Thu 05-Apr-18 14:13:08 \"Narcissist \". The latest word for"}, {"title": "", "text": "on aloha setting\" \"I called my wife and told her that I\u2019ll pick up Fish and Chips\" (joke) \"I called the cops about a murder on my front lawn...\" (joke) \"I called the restaurant and I asked them if they take orders...\" (joke) \"I called the Tinnitus hotline earlier, but it just kept ringing\" \"I call bravo sierra\" (\"I call bullshit\") \"I call myself terms and conditions because y'all keep ignoring me\" \"I came from a tough neighborhood. On my street, the kids take hubcaps - from moving cars\" \"I came from a tough neighborhood. In the local restaurant, I sat down and had broken leg of lamb\" \"I came, I ate, I conquered\" \"I can\u2019t afford vacation, so I am just going to drink until I don\u2019t know where I am\" \"I can't believe it's been a year since I didn't become a better person\" \"I can\u2019t believe it\u2019s riot season already. I still have my COVID decorations up\" \"I can't believe I've been arrested for shoplifting. The cashier TOLD me to swipe the cardigan!\" \"I can't believe I got arrested for impersonating a politician. I was just doing nothing\" \"I can't believe I still have to protest this shit\" \"I can't believe pretzels are knot bread\" \"I can't be your valentine for medical reasons. You make me sick!\" \"I can't breathe\" (anti-police brutality slogan) \"I can't decide if people who wear pajamas in public have given up or are living the fullest\" \"I can't die! I'm booked!\" \"I can\u2019t drink responsibly because responsibilities are"}, {"title": "", "text": "you could help me to find the closest idiom/expression/proverb for this case. A-friend A-friendA-friend You have received some good answers to your literal question about proverbs that are similar to your \"My cow gave birth\". But in my experience, native speakers would not usually use a proverb or indeed any long phrase to fill in the blank in your example; rather they would probably just use a single word and most likely an expletive such as (from polite to most rude) \"Oh my (dear)\", \"Oh, shit\" or \"Oh, fuck\" or some variation of that. \u2013 CompuChip Apr 21 '19 at 21:51 The answers above provide many common phrasings, the only one I would potentially add is \"That does it!\" This can be used to signify that after other things have gone wrong, the most recent upset has pushed you over the edge. Another in that vein is (sarcastically) ` \"That's just what I need!\" When you could really do without whatever has happened. Freddie RFreddie R Thank you very much @Freddie R for the great response. +1 for the unique answer. Just please let me know a bit more about the nuance between your two suggestions! For me, they both exactly mean the same! \u2013 A-friend Apr 22 '19 at 10:22 \"That does it!\" is said without sarcasm, and usually before action. \"First my car wouldn't start, and now it's broken down! That does it, I'm getting the train\". \u2013 Freddie R Apr 22 '19 at 10:28 \"That's just what I need!\" is sarcastic, and is"}, {"title": "", "text": "a way of saying the truth that hurts with a laugh, a way of capping on (shutting up) someone. Getting even talking bout people\u2019s mammas and such. It\u2019s a love/hate exercise in exorcising one\u2019s hostilities. It\u2019s a funny way of saying something negative that is obviously untrue like \u201cyou look like you been whupped wid uh ugly stick\u201d or saying something that is negative as: \u2026nigger: standing on the corner, thought him was cool. him still standing there. it\u2019s winter time, him cool. Signifying is very often a bloody knife job, with a vocal touch. It moves in progressions sometimes and it is both general and specific. In Black Boy by Richard Wright, we are taken through a dozens scene or signifying scene (to me they are the same), and each phrase is labeled in terms of its significance. \u201cYou eat yet?\u201d [uneasily trying to make conversation] \u201cYeah, man I done really fed my face.\u201d [casually] \u201cI had cabbage & potatoes.\u201d [confidently] \u201cI had buttermilk & blackeye peas.\u201d [meekly international] \u201cHell, I ain\u2019t gonna stand near you, nigger!\u201d [pronouncement] \u201cHow come?\u201d [feigned ignorance] \u201cCause you gonna smell up this air in a minute!\u201d [a shouted accusation] \u201cNigger your mind\u2019s in a ditch.\u201d [amusingly moralistic] \u201cDitch, nothing! Nigger, you going to break wind any minute now!\u201d [triumphant pronouncement creating suspense] \u201cYeah, when them black-eyed peas tell that buttermilk to move over, that buttermilk ain\u2019t gonna wanna move and there\u2019s gonna be a war in your guts and your stomach\u2019s gonna swell up and bust!\u201d [climax] As you"}, {"title": "", "text": "in my mouth a little.\" (Just gross.) \"Are you still picking?\" or \"Are you still working on that?\" (As often said by restaurant wait-staff. I am dining, not picking or working.) \"He's in a world of hurt.\" (Just silly.) \"Torching\" calories (Please, please, health magazines, think of a different alternative to \"burning\" calories.) \"Pull the door to.\" (What's wrong with \"close the door\"?) and I meant touche' typos...I'm sure there's typo peeve party. who proofreads comments. Lordy Two that I hate: 1) When people say \"old timer's disease\" for \"Alzheimer's disease.\" So ignorant. It is especially NAILS-ON-CHALKBOARD annoying when they have to say it more than once in a conversation. Yuck! 2) The stupid fad (trend?) of saying, \"Seriously\" or \"Really\" to show feigned disbelief just for dramatic effect. Stupid. @AKM the moo point threw me for abit of a loop. SO I looked it up....funny, very funny :) Gotta love and \"Friends\" reference. I especailly on the heels of yesterdays reference \"im in an ATM vetibule with Jill Goodacre\". Good one Sorry for all my spacing and spelling errors. Now I feel shameful :( @violet - Thank GOD somebody got it. ;-) mr. ray said... \"your\" \"you're\",\"their\", \"they're\" and \"there\" a animal when it should be AN animal...that drives e NUTS! ant=aunt \"It also makes me nuts when people say they will 'give 110%' or 'on a scale of 1-10, I give it an 11.'\" The \"11\" is a THIS IS SPINAL TAP reference. I find it funny that in this thread people go on"}, {"title": "", "text": "a report of a man holding a sign with swear words on it on Shadow Lane. When someone confronted the man about the sign, he reportedly acted like he had a gun in his pocket and told the person who confronted him, \u201cI\u2019ll drop you like a rental car\u201d. I have heard of the expression \u201cdrive it like you stole it\u201d but never \u201cdrive it like a rental car\u201d. Is that a local expression? Bob newstadt says: \u201cWe would have been kicking ourself in the foot if we hadn\u2019t already done the research and proven that this was safe,\u201d Brown said. \u2014 hehe. From business Insider article on the heme ingredient in Impossible burgers. Combines \u201cshooting ourselves in the foot\u201d unintentional self-inflicted injury with \u201ckicking ourselves\u201d self-flagellation as punishment. Imagine a foot kicking itself. Impossible! Bob, this is a great one but sadly I have already used it. See https://malaphors.com/2017/10/12/they-keep-kicking-themselves-in-the-foot/ \u201cI\u2019ve just spent the last thirty years busting my arse off\u201d \u2013 Gordon Ramsay on the Masterclass trailer\u2026 made me chuckle\u2026 https://www.masterclass.com/classes/gordon-ramsay-teaches-cooking Victor Richardson says: My late friend Lola was full of these malaphors and kept us helpless with laughter on many an occasion. How about this one: \u201cSorry, I couldn\u2019t tell you \u2013 not off the cuff of my head\u201d. Or when her husband slipped and fell in the snow: \u201cHe went down like a cropper!\u201d And she would regularly just use the wrong word: \u201cHIV is a big problem \u2026 even extraterrestrials are getting it now\u201d \u2026 oh, I have a list of them!"}, {"title": "", "text": "is like storing something radioactive in lead. You say what you were going to say, but you package it carefully as to protect yourself from becoming a player in this little drama. Bless her heart. Butter wouldn't melt in your mouth! By far the most dangerous \"bless your heart\" usage\u2014a situation requiring absolute mastery\u2014is when you want to call someone a goddamn idiot straight to their face. You can't just come right out and call them a goddamn idiot; that would take us to DefCon 1. You want to stay comfortably at DefCon 3, but you also feel you cannot allow idiocy to go unremarked upon, because then it'll just run rampant. So you hit them with the \"bless your heart,\" which basically translates to \"It's a good thing for you God looks after the lilies of the field because the way you're acting you'd be up shit creek without literal divine intervention.\" Alternatively, \"bless your heart\" could serve as the long fuse to an insult that takes just long enough to detonate that your victim misses her moment to respond before she even realizes what's happening, at which point you'll be long sailed off to refill your highball glass. \"You always seem to have the worst luck picking husbands, bless your heart.\" These last instances are very rare. To see one in the wild is to witness a thing of vicious and terrible beauty. Like many socially weighted expressions, \"bless his/her/your heart\" doesn't really mean anything when stripped of context. It's neutral. It's inert. Its"}, {"title": "", "text": "the time, I was too young to fully understand the philosophy of that. The only other meaning I can understand, is that, in the case of these insane Islamic suicide bombers, it can stand for \u201cReduced into Pieces\u201d. dearieme November 3, 2020 at 12:37 pm We discovered yesterday that a friend from olden times is still alive: he\u2019d penned a short memoir of Sean Connery. More often, of course, it\u2019s people we have known who have fallen off the perch. Or friends of friends. A friend farewelled Robin Cook \u2013 whom he\u2019d known in primary school \u2013 with \u201cstill a shit\u201d. TD November 3, 2020 at 12:41 pm napsjam. I was thinking there were times when it might mean roast in purgatory. bloke in spain November 3, 2020 at 1:13 pm I always felt sorry for my late mother, who learned about her brother\u2019s death in the obits. You have to come from a particularly fucked-up family to have that happen Oblong November 3, 2020 at 1:28 pm \u201cWhy does Tyler Cowen\u2019s otherwise excellent blog have such terrible commenters?\u201d You mean you don\u2019t enjoy surreal rantings on the glory of the nation of Brazil? I simply cannot believe the effort that goes into those posts. Almost as monomaniacal as ragging on ritchie;-) djc November 3, 2020 at 2:52 pm When I were a lad\u2026 the local paper had a large classified section for such notices. There was a time when I could look at the matches and recognise a few names, maybe the hatches too. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "the time, I was too young to fully understand the philosophy of that. The only other meaning I can understand, is that, in the case of these insane Islamic suicide bombers, it can stand for \u201cReduced into Pieces\u201d. dearieme November 3, 2020 at 12:37 pm We discovered yesterday that a friend from olden times is still alive: he\u2019d penned a short memoir of Sean Connery. More often, of course, it\u2019s people we have known who have fallen off the perch. Or friends of friends. A friend farewelled Robin Cook \u2013 whom he\u2019d known in primary school \u2013 with \u201cstill a shit\u201d. TD November 3, 2020 at 12:41 pm napsjam. I was thinking there were times when it might mean roast in purgatory. bloke in spain November 3, 2020 at 1:13 pm I always felt sorry for my late mother, who learned about her brother\u2019s death in the obits. You have to come from a particularly fucked-up family to have that happen Oblong November 3, 2020 at 1:28 pm \u201cWhy does Tyler Cowen\u2019s otherwise excellent blog have such terrible commenters?\u201d You mean you don\u2019t enjoy surreal rantings on the glory of the nation of Brazil? I simply cannot believe the effort that goes into those posts. Almost as monomaniacal as ragging on ritchie;-) djc November 3, 2020 at 2:52 pm When I were a lad\u2026 the local paper had a large classified section for such notices. There was a time when I could look at the matches and recognise a few names, maybe the hatches too. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "tipped him off. I got thinking if his head was busted, then maybe somebody busted it for him and got away with it. Never heard of someone in your position making an unofficial deal. He sank his teeth into someone and never let go, until they were in Hell. Can somebody give me a shove in the right direction? Someone told Caleb about this old mine and this thing they swore was in it. Phrases like \"on the other hand\" and \"furthermore\" also fall into this category. \", Another clever meme shows the problem with incorrect placement of this comma. For someone like him \u2026 he never even bowed down to the Dark One. She could live a lifetime and never find someone so perfectly fit to her wants and desires. I mean, we're siccing the police after someone Howie saw in... a vision, for God's sake! You cannot sell to someone the right to kill you or hold you prisoner. There is no rectitude whatsoever. Here\u2019s an example: According to the findings of a lot of researches, MFA programs \u201cconstitute the best way of aiding amateur writers in becoming successful\u201d(Johnson, Lloyd, and Robinson 94). Dusty should have given you a means of contacting someone in an emergency, he said with disapproval. It was Darian's rule\u2014if you trust someone, don't do it. I know that when somebody asks to buy your company it's a bit like being asked to the prom. The nature of them must he communicated to the warden through somebody, and through whom"}, {"title": "", "text": "LGBTQ+ peers. I don\u2019t remember the specifics, but a debate came up on the bus ride home. Since we were teenagers, it was probably something dumb, but it was boisterous and loud. Eventually, one person on the losing end of the argument starts getting their balls busted\u2014in this case, we\u2019ll go with \u201cGreg\u201d\u2014and said loser gets heated. Where I\u2019m from it\u2019s no big deal. You bust balls back, it\u2019s all done. Nobody offended mothers, and nobody threw hands. But Greg was mad. Greg was especially mad at me because out of the goddamn blue, completely after all the arguing and ball busting was done, Greg turned to me and said: \u201cWhy don\u2019t you shut the fuck up, you stupid spic?\u201d Being on a bus, we could assume I was not the only spic in Greg\u2019s vicinity, but guess what? I was. I won\u2019t get into the post script here. We\u2019ll say Greg learned not to say that word ever again in earshot of me. My point is that turn. You\u2019ve overstepped an invisible line. You had the gall to treat them as an equal and debate them on a level playing field. You had the absolute balls to even discuss a thing, no matter what that thing is. Hence, the \u201cturn\u201d. It\u2019s the look of disdain as the drunk MAGA uncle \u201cClues you in on a few things.\u201d or gives you a little bit of the old \u201cLet me explain to you how the world works.\u201d. It\u2019s the Twitter thread where a mutual decides, \u201cYou\u2019re misinformed.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "posted by Lira Yayy new word. I've always thought it was \"she's one to do this kind of thing\" You're right, I see that you purposely left it open to interpretation as to whether you were trying to be funny about correcting him, or whether you legitimately didn't know what it meant. I'll admit that's a good tactic for not coming off as quite as much of an idiot as you usually do. And you really don't have any insults. They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) or some VAR-esque psychotic diatribe. That's not really an insult so much as a psychosis manifesto. Intellekshual tranceaddict in training Location: Oubliette They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) Pffffffffff LOL. Really? He said your fiancee is fake? What's wrong with these people... The only hard feelings should be in your pants Moongoose Supreme tranceaddict Location: Celje, Slovenia Ive just been greeted by gmails new compose \"experience\". I have the strongest urge to fly to google HQ and strangle the asshat responsible for that with a guitar string (i know that a piano wire is more traditional but i dont have one handy). Haha, I know the feel, Slovak bro Originally posted by Vivid Boy I was a little pissed last night so let me clarify. He didn\ufffdt steal 12 grand from me. he fucked me out of 12 grand because he thought he was saving himself money by doing it when really he didn't save anything and in"}, {"title": "", "text": "be doing in any situation MulticoloredSlug 18 That's amazing. ??? Lillysar91 20 Oh my god... You should have just left instead of enduring this! tmj25789 23 I agree. That is just embarrassing. I give OP credit for sitting through that. angbelles 5 I totally thought OP was talking about the weed dabs... like that's a lot for one date ? MrSlothieSloth 6 Monday 10 October 2016 16:03 So did i Catdragon 40 Yabadabadoo? pancakebunny 19 FellFrmSky 8 If u aren't on a dance floor, when would that even be appropriate? I mean, how is that worked into a conversation? J352SAURUS 30 You'd be surprised. My sister's boyfriend does it all the time. He often uses it as a response when someone asks him a question he doesn't want to answer, or a semi-rhetorical question like \"What on earth are you doing?!\" He also says \"breakfast!\" a lot, and \"savage\". It's infecting my sister too. She wanted us all to dab in a family photo. It needs to stop! DeMamp 15 i don't get it... why is it wrong to say breakfast? It's not wrong to say \"breakfast\". It just gets annoying sometimes. Like, you'll ask him what movie he wants to watch or what he wants to eat and he'll reply \"breakfast!\" He gets it from that video with the Down Syndrome kids. \"What's going on here? Breakfast!\" It's the same with that \"my name is Jeff\", or the \"twenty-one\" thing. You'll ask him what the time is or how many biscuits he'd like and he'll"}, {"title": "", "text": "a bad word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "British usage, it is said to come from the Navy. Two possible origins is that it came from babies born on ships with unknown fathers so they just listed Gunner\u2019s Mate instead, or that it came from women giving birth on a section of the gun deck. There\u2019s even one historian who attributes it to knights using it as an epithet. \u2063aaaaaaa on May 21, 2015 at 23:53 said: iirc it was more of a sailor\u2019s bastard thing I\u2019m so proud of Skitter! Not quite as proud as if she\u2019d somehow managed to explode their pants, but still proud. Pants exploding is what it is called in the Fallout series when you pickpocket someone to slip a grenade or other explosive onto them. They spend a second screaming and trying to find it on them before Kablooey! Also, the psychological aspect was fun. Tapeworms and centipedes and mosquitos all talking and screwing with them. I like one of the taunts from Def Jam: Fight for NY, \u201cI\u2019m gonna rip your eyes out and put them on my knee and call you \u2018Niecy'\u201d though that fighter also has a good one in \u201cI\u2019m gonna tear your tongue out and lick my ass with it.\u201d Or I might go with \u201cI\u2019m gonna yank your lungs out through your ears and feed them to you,\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m gonna kick your face in so hard you\u2019re gonna be tasting ass for a week,\u201d or even \u201cI will break my own goddamn foot off, hobble up to you, and shove it"}, {"title": "", "text": "to tell you - Usually followed by \"and don't get upset\". Rest assured that whatever comes next will get you upset. Unfortunately, this phrase prefaces a lot of bad news. But as far as the freaky-sneaky goes... would you rather your S/O told you they cheated or would you rather you find out from someone else? Really, is there any good way to find out? Baby it was just that one time - Also \"It won't happen again, I promise\", \"It was a momentary mistake\" and \"I'm sorry I did that to you.\" Uh-huh. It's up to you. Purportedly you know your beloved better than anyone else. Was it just that one time? One tequila shooter too many? You'll have to decide and move forward from there. Just make sure that a few months later, you're not listening to \"It will be different this time, I swear.\" She/he means nothing to me - Code for she/he means something to me but if I say that I know you're walking. This is almost worse than the admittance. I'd almost prefer it if you cheated on me for someone you cared about, that at least has some purpose behind it. But hittin' for hits' sake? I don't know. This might just be me, let me know your thoughts. Why do I keep hearing Usher's Confessions playing in my head? She/He is just a friend - Hmm. This one is tricky. She/He may just be a friend. But then again... at some point your friends need to fallback and"}, {"title": "", "text": "An abrupt conversational transition device which is often sung (a la Rebecca Black) and is accompanied by immediately walking away. Most commonly used to extricate oneself from a conversion with a bore, braggart, or person with halitosis. Drunk Fat Chick: \"ya wan....ya wann...ya wanna get atah hear a get sumfin ta eat? My daddy owns his own roofing company.\" Get a I see my friends mug for your grandma Julia."}, {"title": "", "text": "The fact he went to the effort of calling it out shows it mattered to him, and implies he\u2019s just fucking lying, really. It\u2019s even possible to hear him stutter on the word \u2018for\u2019, where he considers \u2013 just for a moment \u2013 that maybe, maybe it\u2019s not the best idea to draw attention to that fact people reckon you\u2019re sus by calling out some randomer in the chat\u2026 BUT THEN HE DOES IT ANYWAY! For real why the fuck did I go to the effort of making such a massive post if he\u2019s just gonna go around telling people \u201cI-I am a real person btw, aha.\u201d Folks, this is no ordinary bruh moment, this is an epic bruh moment! An analogy just because it\u2019s funny: Imagine you\u2019re sitting around watching TV with a friend who has small hands, and the show makes a crappy joke about how people with small hands have small penises. Out of fucking nowhere, completely unprompted, your friend turns to you and, with the most sincere dead-pan expression, says: \u201cI-I have a big dick btw, aha.\u201d Yeah\u2026 Ok buddy. I\u2019ve got another one: You\u2019re in a room full of activists all chatting to each other. One person says John, who\u2019s on the other side of the room, might be sus. John\u2019s ears prick up, and he immediately leaves the conversation he\u2019s in to come over and say \u201cI-I\u2019m not an undercover cop btw, aha\u201d, then turns around and walks back. This has never happened because it\u2019s fucking stupid. Not that there\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "switch and burst into tears. I would end up consoling him and apologizing. This worked well for him after I busted him for cheating because he could refer to \u201call the times you made me cry\u201d. Technically I guess it was true. The Fucktard claimed in MC that he was \u201cwalking on eggshells\u201d with me too. At the time, it made no sense at all as he was a tempramental entitled bastard and I was doing backflips to accommodate his endless demands and criticism. I think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d because I was starting to put the pieces together and when the puzzle became complete he expected all hell to break loose. YES to this > \u201cI think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d Mine also said he was walking on eggshells like I would get upset randomly. I could never figure it out because I always had a legitimate reason for being angry or frustrated with him. Your explanation makes more sense. For several years after I kicked him out due to Affair #2, cheater narc would do entitled, selfish stuff involving me, the kids, money, whatever. I\u2019d get mad, usually managed to express that clearly and reasonably politely. Every. Single. Time, he\u2019d say something like \u2018I know you are angry about the separation, but blah blah\u2019. No, asshole, I\u2019m angry about what you JUST DID, right now! Never, ever acknowledged his on-going fuck-ups and assholery. ChumpSaidBuhBye says They love to claim abuse. During the"}, {"title": "", "text": "switch and burst into tears. I would end up consoling him and apologizing. This worked well for him after I busted him for cheating because he could refer to \u201call the times you made me cry\u201d. Technically I guess it was true. The Fucktard claimed in MC that he was \u201cwalking on eggshells\u201d with me too. At the time, it made no sense at all as he was a tempramental entitled bastard and I was doing backflips to accommodate his endless demands and criticism. I think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d because I was starting to put the pieces together and when the puzzle became complete he expected all hell to break loose. YES to this > \u201cI think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d Mine also said he was walking on eggshells like I would get upset randomly. I could never figure it out because I always had a legitimate reason for being angry or frustrated with him. Your explanation makes more sense. For several years after I kicked him out due to Affair #2, cheater narc would do entitled, selfish stuff involving me, the kids, money, whatever. I\u2019d get mad, usually managed to express that clearly and reasonably politely. Every. Single. Time, he\u2019d say something like \u2018I know you are angry about the separation, but blah blah\u2019. No, asshole, I\u2019m angry about what you JUST DID, right now! Never, ever acknowledged his on-going fuck-ups and assholery. ChumpSaidBuhBye says They love to claim abuse. During the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Trekkies use them. I kind of feel like Star Trek lingo is a protected class. http://youtu.be/HofoK_QQxGc GENTLEMEN, WE CAN REBUILD HIM. WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY. Sample usage: When something is dropped or broken, or somebody has something really high tech going on their person. \u201cWow, check out your new Bluetooth ear thingy. Gentlemen, we can rebuild him! We have the technology!\u201d Backstory: Opening of Six Million Dollar Man. Thoughts: Questionable. Probably no longer meaningful to too many people, and it just doesn\u2019t stand on its own. I think it would sound weird if you never watched the show. That probably won\u2019t stop me from using it in certain conversations, but I feel I have to retire it from blogs and books. Ditto for \u201cI can\u2019t hold her! She\u2019s breaking up! She\u2019s breaking up!\u201d AAAAND LOVING IT. Sample usage: Sarcastic or tongue-in-cheek retort. Q: \u201cAre you babysitting the neighbor\u2019s kids again?\u201d A: \u201cAaaaand loving it.\u201d Backstory: Maxwell Smart from Get Smart always said it. His boss might say something like, \u201cBut Max, you\u2019ll be in constant peril every second!\u201d And Max would say \u201cAaaaand loving it.\u201d Thoughts: This is one of those references you can still use, and even if people don\u2019t get where it\u2019s from, it still makes sense. UP YOUR NOSE WITH A RUBBER HOSE Usage: Insult Backstory: The character Barbarino from Welcome Back Kotter always said it. Thoughts: I don\u2019t think people know what this is anymore. Even in its day, it was nonsense. But, in a certain strange mood, I\u2019d still be willing"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u00bb Does this seem like light ribbing or mean comments ? Does this seem like light ribbing or mean comments ? Trixie120 Sun 12-Jan-20 10:12:01 Sometimes I genuinely have difficulty knowing when people are saying things from a sly place with malice behind it, or if they are just having a laugh with you and mean no harm. I didn't react to any of these comments on the spot, because I'm trying to just let stuff go but it's got me thinking. I was with this friend in a caf\u00e9, I ordered a milkshake and forgot to ask for no whipped cream. When the cream arrived I just scooped it off and put it into my bowl. Next time we were all together she recited the milkshake incident to them all in front of me and said I was 'like a child.' I went to see her when she had had an operation in hospital. I don't drive and she made a comment about \"How I know about public transport better than anyone.\" again in front of others there . Not in a \"oh if you need help getting somewhere then she can give you info\" way either. One night at a hen party we stayed in a room together, she was throwing up from alcohol at 3am and I rubbed her back to comfort her. The next morning she told everyone what I had done and was laughing at it. She didn't even thank me, even though she woke me up at 3am and I"}, {"title": "", "text": "for books.\" Yes, if by \"books,\" you actually mean \"candy\" or \"toys.\" \"He started it!\" Nobody says this unless they've been caught red-handed and don't want to be take the rap alone. Odds are, whoever you're ratting out didn't start it\u2014they're just a co-conspirator. \"I think I'm too sick to go to school today.\" No actual sick person says this. If you're feverish or nauseated, you don't have time for indecisive pondering. You just want to be left alone to moan in the dark. \"Dad said I could.\" Was Dad looking at his phone when he said that? Yeah, here's the truth: Dad didn't hear a word you said. \"I'm fine.\" It's not the denial, it's how the denial is said\u2014with folded arms, a big frown, a furrowed brow, and an expression that practically screams, \"I am so mad right now.\" \"My phone died.\" One thing we know for sure: Your most beloved gadget on earth is never, ever dead. \"The party is chaperoned.\" You do realize that a \"chaperone\" means a grown-up and not just a friend, right? \"I was late getting home because of traffic.\" Nothing worse than getting stuck in midnight rush-hour gridlock. Oh wait, that doesn't happen. \"Of course I ate the lunch you packed.\" Sorry, but they definitely ditched the celery for some chips out of the vending machine. \"I didn't block you on Facebook. That must be a mistake.\" Congratulations on being the first person under 18 to be confounded by how social media privacy settings work. \"I'll be super"}, {"title": "", "text": "that aren\u2019t brilliant: emails (not written by Albert Einstein or John Maynard Keynes), dogs, restaurant suggestions. Like \u201ccheers,\u201d \u201cbrilliant\u201d has an acceptable place in the British vocabulary but should be used sparingly anywhere else. We needed a long break before our second \u201cBro\u201d entry. This one was first uttered by popular American TV star Ron \u201cRonnie\u201d Ortiz-Magro on Episode 1.6 of the show Jersey Shore. Since then it has STEROID BLOWN UP in popularity, first as a legitimate taunt (you\u2019re in a bar, some guy \u201csteps to you\u201d impolitely \u2014 \u201ccome at me bro!\u201d) and more recently as a hipster-claimed ironic expression (you\u2019re at a used record store, some guy grabs the Pixies album you were eyeing). In either case the time has come to retire the expression \u2014 now nearly two years old! \u2014 to whatever dumpster Charlie Sheen\u2019s \u201cWinning!\u201d, and probably Charlie Sheen, is in. I just wanted one we could all agree on. It\u2019s so dumb! The above represent really just the tip of the iceberg. At the rate we are all talking more and more like members of the Burger King Kids Club, there will probably be enough new material for a follow-up post in about six weeks. Stay tuned! This entry was posted on August 25, 2011 at 2:23 pm and is filed under Gripes & Tirades. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site."}, {"title": "", "text": ""You are smarter than you look\" It's hard to rebound from that one, trust me. "Oh my god! That's not a mask?! EWWWW!\" What? It's terrible. That or, \"Hey, got any hot grandkids?\" Hi, nice to meet you, any idea who is wearing such cheap cologne? Have you ever been picked up by the fuzz? I've got my own crib, in my mom's basement. She said she's not gonna charge me rent until I get on my feet. my boyfriend likes to say this to me when hes being funny. (in a very very southern accent) you got a purrrrty mouth can I make sweet love to it like I did my mommsa chickens? its stupid but you probably shouldnt say something like that. Believe it or not I have had men tell me their erect size. Whats the worst thing a woman can say to break up with a man?"}, {"title": "", "text": "did you do it?\u201d line, and it\u2019s best quickly refuted as well. Nod, smile, and say, \"I am very lucky,\" and understand that there's probably entire chapter about you in that person's burn book. In the best-case scenario, this is imbued with happy incredulity. In a less-than-ideal delivery, it\u2019s shock wrapped in belittling smarm. The only thing to say to that is, \u201cTotally serious,\u201d without cracking a smile. If the person who said it smiles back, you're safe to high-five them without hesitation. This is another way to say, \u201cI do not care and this doesn\u2019t impact me.\u201d Don\u2019t bother replying with words, just nod, and make a note to yourself not to inform that person of your next amazing win."}, {"title": "", "text": "of it. You say this when someone is getting very excited or upset about an issue and you want them to relax. This is a very big deal. You say this when you're talking about something that's very important but other people don't realize that yet. Big deal! This is a response that's similar to \"So what?\". You say this when you want to show that you don't care about what someone just said. \u201cCan you follow up with Jay later this week?\u201d \u201cDo you think this will go well in the study?\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "It was loud. Isaac and I stopped for a split second and we looked at each other in disbelief \u2014 did that guy really just say that? It was a freeze-framable moment where a voiceover, preferably Sam Elliot, says: Yes, he did, folks. Yes, he did. Kudos for comic timing, however. The phrase sounds like a very antiquated thing to say. \u201cMy nuts in your mouth\u201d also comes across as an unfortunate catchphrase uttered by some inept secondary antagonist from a late-90s/early-2000s film. It\u2019s a catchphrase written by overtired, stoned writers trying to outdo whatever teen comedy was the rage during that time. The more the phrase is repeated, the more it sticks. Safeway presented a cast of familiar background characters in those television shows and movies. The workers were Dante and Randal from Clerks but they were happy to be there. The clothing, shirts and jorts included, were mostly baggy. There were wallets chained to belt buckle loops. Hair was matted down and still gelled. These styles once were thought as cool but, in reality, aren\u2019t. I should know because I was guilty such atrocities. There was a lot to take in. This place felt familiar. It sparked memories and I felt like a teen again, although I\u2019ve never set foot in Spokane until this point. Or have I? Suddenly \u2014 cue the glass shattering sound effect from the \u201cSpoiler Alert\u201d episode of How I Met Your Mother, when each character\u2019s quirk is revealed \u2014 everything boiled down to one culminating observation: Could Spokane be"}, {"title": "", "text": "word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "Say it when it will save me!\u201d 12. \u201cWhere\u2019s the fun in wrecking a single man? When I break you, I want to know I\u2019m breaking generations.\u201d 13. \u201cI know that now, and now is all that matters.\u201d 14. \u201cFor someone with no spine, you\u2019ve sure got a lot of balls.\u201d 15. \u201cI wouldn\u2019t let that c*cks*ck*r pay for my funeral.\u201d 16. \u201cThat\u2019s a conversation for another time that we\u2019ll never have.\u201d 17. \u201cYou look like a real soft f*ck. All of you city boys do.\u201d 18. \u201cWhat insight. No wonder you\u2019re governor.\u201d 19. \u201cYou should try Zumba. Get that cardio up.\u201d 20. \u201cI don\u2019t speak d*psh*t.\u201d 21. \u201cYou know, houses are like boats. They need to be Christened.\u201d 22. \u201cYou better have a big pistol in that purse.\u201d 23. \u201cI\u2019m not f*ck*ng you, I\u2019m f*ck*ng her. And if you have a brother I\u2019m f*ck*ng him too. I\u2019m chopping your family tree down.\u201d 24. \u201cJust tell me who to fight.\u201d 25. \u201cNo one wants to merge with you. You have a three-to-one debt ratio. It\u2019d be easier to sell VCRs.\u201d 26. \u201cWhat do you think is gonna happen when I dump our 18-percent share tomorrow morning? I\u2019ll tell you what. The stock will drop below 10, SEC will suspend trading, and every creditor you have will file on you.\u201d 27. \u201cHe never has anything to say, Dad.\u201d 28. \u201cI do. It\u2019s called my name. Beth Dutton. What\u2019s yours?\u201d 29. \u201cThey f*ck*d with the wrong bull, daddy.\u201d 30. \u201cI\u2019ve got the cure for that. We\u2019ll see how"}, {"title": "", "text": "Say it when it will save me!\u201d 12. \u201cWhere\u2019s the fun in wrecking a single man? When I break you, I want to know I\u2019m breaking generations.\u201d 13. \u201cI know that now, and now is all that matters.\u201d 14. \u201cFor someone with no spine, you\u2019ve sure got a lot of balls.\u201d 15. \u201cI wouldn\u2019t let that c*cks*ck*r pay for my funeral.\u201d 16. \u201cThat\u2019s a conversation for another time that we\u2019ll never have.\u201d 17. \u201cYou look like a real soft f*ck. All of you city boys do.\u201d 18. \u201cWhat insight. No wonder you\u2019re governor.\u201d 19. \u201cYou should try Zumba. Get that cardio up.\u201d 20. \u201cI don\u2019t speak d*psh*t.\u201d 21. \u201cYou know, houses are like boats. They need to be Christened.\u201d 22. \u201cYou better have a big pistol in that purse.\u201d 23. \u201cI\u2019m not f*ck*ng you, I\u2019m f*ck*ng her. And if you have a brother I\u2019m f*ck*ng him too. I\u2019m chopping your family tree down.\u201d 24. \u201cJust tell me who to fight.\u201d 25. \u201cNo one wants to merge with you. You have a three-to-one debt ratio. It\u2019d be easier to sell VCRs.\u201d 26. \u201cWhat do you think is gonna happen when I dump our 18-percent share tomorrow morning? I\u2019ll tell you what. The stock will drop below 10, SEC will suspend trading, and every creditor you have will file on you.\u201d 27. \u201cHe never has anything to say, Dad.\u201d 28. \u201cI do. It\u2019s called my name. Beth Dutton. What\u2019s yours?\u201d 29. \u201cThey f*ck*d with the wrong bull, daddy.\u201d 30. \u201cI\u2019ve got the cure for that. We\u2019ll see how"}, {"title": "", "text": "guy, just like my cheater. But nice is not the same thing as kind, and they are not kind. They are heartless users. They play the hapless bumbler, but are crafty enough to conduct double lives for some time. It\u2019s bullshit, my friend. All their chaos, cruelty and negligence is intentional. At some point they made a decision to use and abuse their way through life, abdicating any responsibility for the results of their choices. It\u2019s really that simple. It took me some time to accept this reality, but once you do, it explains everything that formerly perplexed you about the person. UnknowingChump says \u201cIt was an accident\u201d was my fuckwit\u2019s refrain. Chumpy me would think \u201cof course it was, who would do that on purpose?\u201d Turns out he would. I think of \u201cI didn\u2019t mean to\u201d as a passive-aggressive form of \u201cit isn\u2019t about you, but you always want everything to be about you \u2013 it\u2019s about me, and everything SHOULD be about me, NOT you\u201d. My response to that line of.thinkimg these days is generally along the lines of, \u201cWell, that hardly matters, because you did it, so now we\u2019re here, and has created some pretty big problems for both of us\u201d followed by some boundaries and expectation setting. Wish I had been this Amiisfree 20 years ago. Sorry for phone typos. Rushing. NotANiceChump says \u201cI didn\u2019t intend to\u201d is the responsibility equivalent of the \u201cI regret that anyone got hurt\u201d apology. I too am sick of this lack of responsibility BS, in person"}, {"title": "", "text": "wanted to be friends i just thought i wouldnt close the door to you \" WTF ? sorry im on a roll \"i thought i would give you a hand because i know you dont have many friends \" \"i got mine thanks \" eww , \"the trouble with you scoop is ...... \" then he would spend an hour telling me how he is so sorted and im so rubbish....\"its youre fault you got pregnant YOU slept with ME\" i can laugh at that one now ... so many more but the best one \"im not a controle freak \" oh, that is classic What a flaming piece of crap! I'll tell ya, I've never known anyone like my N who I wanted to punch so much. What a hilarious thing to say - even though it's so incredibly hurtful. I mean, who the heck does he think he is? I wonder if these guys save up these lines, and then see how effective they are, and re-use them over and over again. It seems like if you really wanted to hurt someone then you would just use the lines that get the most effect, statistically that is. Which might explain why insulting someone's boobs is used so frequently - because it often works. I think I am going to start storing up my own lines. I bought it hook line and I bought it hook line and sinker too :( I owned my own home free and clear, had a very successful career as"}, {"title": "", "text": "you. it comes and sits softly on your shoulder. 1. You offer someone a sincere compliment on their moustache and suddenly she\u2019s not your friend any more. 2. This one goes out to all the amnesiacs out there, and don\u2019t think you know who you are. 3. The neighbour just asked if I was stealing his wi-fi, it felt like such an invasion of my piracy. 4. Baby with a bib that said, \"This dumbass put my cape on backwards.\" 5. Exorcism is nothing but the removal of a beast implant. 6. All knight diners were big during the Renaissance period. 7. It takes a long time for a giraffe to swallow his pride. 8. I wonder how things worked out for the guy that grabbed the bull by the horns. 9. When we got married she treated me like a God. A few years later and the letters have been reversed. 10. I hate it when you\u2019re making your way home drunk, minding your own business, and someone steps on your fingers. This entry was posted by Sunil Bali on September 11, 2011 at 7:01 am, and is filled under Mindset, Set & Match. Follow any responses to this post through RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed."}, {"title": "", "text": "Op mean? I just started, sorry for being a fml noob obamathellama 0 Thank you for ending my confusion, I thought it meant other person KiddNYC1O 20 No. She asked nicely and admitted to being a noob. Poop party. zombicidal 11 HEPATITIS C!!! I didnt ask because i thought i would sound stupid but i thought it meant either Opposing Person or Other Person. Thank you so much for asking 42, and no your not a noob. 42 you weren't the only one who didn't know what it meant jokerdull 0 She said he was her crush... So obviously she has feelings for him too... malpal2011 0 Sunday 1 January 2012 19:20 It said her CRUSH returned from out of town. Obviously she had feelings. lemonkittens 8 He doesn't deserve you! Sorry OP. hope you meet someone who will treat you right! daminantion 14 You'd think after six years OP should've or would've said something.. Waiting for him to make a move, she deserves it. Harsh, but truth hurts OP maybe could've said something, but it says OPs crush admitted to having feelings for her, then he came home and had a girlfriend. That's a dick move. So there's some fault on both sides, but mostly the boy was an asshole. thisisafunnyname 12 op never said she admitted she had feelings for him, so he couldve thought that she didnt like im back. bananagrams 9 33- OP said she's known him for 6 years, not that she's had a crush on him that long. She could've"}, {"title": "", "text": "Slaps his thigh with each word starting after 'it'. Esper Valari 12/04/18 It was carnage, blood everywhere....then the ****....Oh how it burned.....Then the cleaning and the stitches...Oh the stitches.... Esper Valari 12/04/18 laughs a bit. \"Ever **** glass before? I wouldn't recommend that now...\" Esper Valari 12/04/18 Still burning cigarettes on the tongue I see. When are you coming home? I've gotten so bored. And lonely. And I've made Blue uncomfortable. Mackenzie 12/02/18 You are the sweetest, most perfect person ever. You deserve all the compliments. You deserve more than all the compliments. Look how handsome you are. You look sexy with your hair pushed back. Okay. Just be careful. I'll be fine. I promise. \uf5a4 Is this because of the thing? I swear, Jasp. I didn't do it. I'll explain later. Are you able to come to Moscow? It's a lot to explain via text. There's a whole lot of inspiration at your favorite bar. Glad you appreciate. I worked hard to develop it. Jamison King 11/30/18 -snuggles in- Yes, yes. Take me under your wing. I smell hanky panky. Jamison King 11/30/18 If not, you'd teach me, right? -admires- Jamison King 11/30/18 Public display of affection? Sign me up. -coos- Jamison King 11/30/18 -winks- Don't get bashful now. Perhaps next time you could threaten us with bodily harm? -fans self- Is it getting hot in here? Jamison King 11/30/18 You know, I like it when you get all assertive and angry.. Kinda hot. Mackenzie 11/28/18 \"I called you better than pretty, Jasp,\" instinctively, she"}, {"title": "", "text": "chips I'd given her into my daughter's hand and stalked off. When we'd gone back inside, my daughter asked, \"What did she mean by that, when she said, 'That's like stealing from me'?\" I said, \"I do not see it that way. That's too extreme a view of it. For her it just means she doesn't make the money she wants to make, but that was an unfair way to put it. Mean, even.\" \"She was probably tired and hungry. It's Saturday night and she's probably been out walking around for hours,\" added my husband. I could see the gears turning in my daughter's head -- it's news to her that people don't always mean what they say, or that people might disagree about whether others speak the truth. She's just recently grasped the abstract concept of sarcasm: saying one thing and meaning another. So I see her grappling with what it means when what someone says doesn't reckon with what she knows. But I do know what it feels like to lose a sale when you really need one: I've been on the same side of the door as our Venus lookalike. I actually did it a couple of times. The first was selling encyclopedias (New Standard brand - not even very good ones) and another time I canvassed for CalPIRG, the public interest research group in California (in that day Colorado's was COPIRG but is now Environment Colorado). I remember the encyclopedia sales team leader on our excursions into Denver calling the houses that"}, {"title": "", "text": "think I just threw up in my mouth a little.\" (Just gross.) \"Are you still picking?\" or \"Are you still working on that?\" (As often said by restaurant wait-staff. I am dining, not picking or working.) \"He's in a world of hurt.\" (Just silly.) \"Torching\" calories (Please, please, health magazines, think of a different alternative to \"burning\" calories.) \"Pull the door to.\" (What's wrong with \"close the door\"?) and I meant touche' typos...I'm sure there's typo peeve party. who proofreads comments. Lordy Two that I hate: 1) When people say \"old timer's disease\" for \"Alzheimer's disease.\" So ignorant. It is especially NAILS-ON-CHALKBOARD annoying when they have to say it more than once in a conversation. Yuck! 2) The stupid fad (trend?) of saying, \"Seriously\" or \"Really\" to show feigned disbelief just for dramatic effect. Stupid. @AKM the moo point threw me for abit of a loop. SO I looked it up....funny, very funny :) Gotta love and \"Friends\" reference. I especailly on the heels of yesterdays reference \"im in an ATM vetibule with Jill Goodacre\". Good one Sorry for all my spacing and spelling errors. Now I feel shameful :( @violet - Thank GOD somebody got it. ;-) mr. ray said... \"your\" \"you're\",\"their\", \"they're\" and \"there\" a animal when it should be AN animal...that drives e NUTS! ant=aunt \"It also makes me nuts when people say they will 'give 110%' or 'on a scale of 1-10, I give it an 11.'\" The \"11\" is a THIS IS SPINAL TAP reference. I find it funny that in"}, {"title": "", "text": "beat up by the inventor of scrabble!\u201d 6. \u201cWrong place, wrong time. Nothing personal.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s what you think. Last night I fucked your wife.\u201d \u201cOh you did, huh? How\u2019d you know it was my wife?\u201d \u201cShe said her husband was a big pimp lookin\u2019 motherfucker with a hat.\u201d 5. \u201cCan we get a formal introduction?\u201d \u201cWho gives a fuck? You\u2019re the bad guy, right?\u201d \u201cI AM the bad guy.\u201d 4. (To Himself in the mirror) \u201cNobody likes you. Everybody hates you. You\u2019re gonna lose. Smile, you fuck.\u201d 3. \u201cNow what are you doing?\u201d \u201ci\u2019m drawing them a picture.\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s that?\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s a bomb.\u201d \u201cIt doesn\u2019t look like a bomb, it looks like an apple with lines coming out of it. What are they gonna say, \u201cDon\u2019t open the briefcase, it\u2019s full of fresh fruit?\u201d [\u2026 Shows picture, gets shot at \u2026] \u201cI forgot to tell you, \u201cBomb\u201d means \u201cFuck You\u201d in Polish.\u201d \u201cHey, that\u2019s not funny, man. I nearly bought it there!\u201d \u201cTragic loss to the art world, let me tell ya.\u201d 2. \u201cLeather pans.\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s something like that run?\u201d \u201cSix-fifty.\u201d \u201cSix hundred and fifty dollars??\u201d \u201cThey\u2019re pants?\u201d \u201cYou wear them?\u201d \u201cThey don\u2019t, like, have a TV in them or nothin\u2019?\u201d \u201c\u2026I am very old.\u201d 1. \u201cYou think you are so fuckin\u2019 cool, don\u2019t you? You think you are so fucking cool. But just once, I would like to hear you scream in pain.\u201d \u201cPlay some rap music.\u201d Posted in Listeria | 5 Comments \u00bb"}, {"title": "", "text": "Yayy new word. I've always thought it was \"she's one to do this kind of thing\" You're right, I see that you purposely left it open to interpretation as to whether you were trying to be funny about correcting him, or whether you legitimately didn't know what it meant. I'll admit that's a good tactic for not coming off as quite as much of an idiot as you usually do. And you really don't have any insults. They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) or some VAR-esque psychotic diatribe. That's not really an insult so much as a psychosis manifesto. Intellekshual tranceaddict in training Location: Oubliette They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) Pffffffffff LOL. Really? He said your fiancee is fake? What's wrong with these people... The only hard feelings should be in your pants Supreme tranceaddict Location: Celje, Slovenia Ive just been greeted by gmails new compose \"experience\". I have the strongest urge to fly to google HQ and strangle the asshat responsible for that with a guitar string (i know that a piano wire is more traditional but i dont have one handy). Haha, I know the feel, Slovak bro Originally posted by Vivid Boy I was a little pissed last night so let me clarify. He didn\ufffdt steal 12 grand from me. he fucked me out of 12 grand because he thought he was saving himself money by doing it when really he didn't save anything and in the end fucked us"}, {"title": "", "text": "something like \"she was saying you don't have to do this\"(because of this I started to wonder if the sentence was offensive), we argued a little bit on why I did not want this(nothing rude here, just explanation). Finally his friend said that they would not do it again and shut the door. \u2013 Wamuu Apr 19 '16 at 20:09 @WAMUUU If you had put all this context in your question, it would have made it better and perhaps easier to answer. The more context the better is usually true regarding interpretation of statements. Still, no one can guess the reason behind the the friend's action. \u2013 Alan Carmack Apr 19 '16 at 20:31 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning-in-context or ask your own question. What did \u201cyour mom did a number on you\u201d mean in Seinfeld? Meaning of \u201cmy fool of a sister can't get at you\u201d \u201cwhen all is said and done\u201d, finger should be \u201clevel\u201d Does this sentence have two meanings? If not which one is the true meaning? Meaning of \u201cI'll break it for him,\u201d (Chapter 3 Moby Dick) To have older brothers Is the following information being said in the implied quote, to the reader, or is it ambiguous I am your friend. What about you? what's the usage of \u201cthen\u201d in the sentence below? What does this context mean? \u201cthe juxtaposition of someone as strong-willed as you being forced into dressing up like a chicken.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "sentence. Alternatively say \"that is my business\". (defensively) Why are you asking? Why do you want to know?. \"I saw you in the chemist yesterday, what did you buy?\" / \"What's it to you?\" Mind your own business; it's none of your business. \"Hey, leave that girl alone.\" / \"'What's it to you'?\" Usage notes: This is usually used defensively, against someone who is being nosy. If you really have to say it so directly you could, depending on the context, say 'mind your own beeswax', the word 'beeswax' was apparently slang for a bore back in the 19th Century. If someone is asking me something that is truly none of their business, then that person, not myself, is the one being rude and impolite and I feel no need to suffer them gladly. I like to go with the silent icy stare. I'm sorry, that is personal. I'm not a allowed to share that with you. I don't feel like talking about that now. I'm sorry, I'm not ready to share that with you. If you don't like them you can be just like the Buddha and keep 'noble silence'. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged idiom-requests expression-requests or ask your own question. Is there an idiom to express \u201cYou couldn't get anything better\u201d? What is the word or phrase for trying to convince someone to join you in a bad decision?"}, {"title": "", "text": "face but I won't put your pillow in the water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out"}, {"title": "", "text": "\" \"i got mine thanks \" eww , \"the trouble with you scoop is ...... \" then he would spend an hour telling me how he is so sorted and im so rubbish....\"its youre fault you got pregnant YOU slept with ME\" i can laugh at that one now ... so many more but the best one \"im not a controle freak \" oh, that is classic What a flaming piece of crap! I'll tell ya, I've never known anyone like my N who I wanted to punch so much. What a hilarious thing to say - even though it's so incredibly hurtful. I mean, who the heck does he think he is? I wonder if these guys save up these lines, and then see how effective they are, and re-use them over and over again. It seems like if you really wanted to hurt someone then you would just use the lines that get the most effect, statistically that is. Which might explain why insulting someone's boobs is used so frequently - because it often works. I think I am going to start storing up my own lines. I bought it hook line and I bought it hook line and sinker too :( I owned my own home free and clear, had a very successful career as an RN, and had many other remarkable accomplishments. Just kind of normal things that demonstrated that I was a survivor and fairly courageous. He was homeless (I only discovered this later) had two outstanding arrest warrants, and a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Christian Bale American Psycho way shout out ' BAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!!!' when it landed on her? Dropping chainsaws on a girl - it always goes down well. by Seppuku on Wed May 27, 2009 6:50 pm I use that line all the time. I always figured it would probably work better if I were female, but I carried on using it anyway. I never thought about changing the \"me\" to a \"you.\" This just opened up a whole world of possibilities. by buster00 on Thu May 28, 2009 11:45 am \"I'll sell you my body...for a kiss.\" \"Now I know what death tastes like.\" Those are my new favorites. I try to shoehorn them into my everyday conversation. buster00 by magicmonkey on Thu May 28, 2009 12:36 pm I go around saying, \"Tell me what you need Spock, tell me what you need.\" magicmonkey I AM fucking Zen Location: Shanghizzo by Seppuku on Wed Jul 01, 2009 6:15 pm One of the best rants in movie history courtesy of Bob Hoskins at the end of The Long Good Friday, painfully transcribed by yours truly because I couldn't find it online: \"I'll tell you something... I'm glad I found out in time just what a partnership with a pair of wankers like you would have been. A sleeping partner's one thing, but you're in a fucking coma! No wonder you've got an energy crisis your side of the water. But us British, we're used to a bit more vitality, imagination, touch of the Dunkirk spirit. Know what I mean?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Christian Bale American Psycho way shout out ' BAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!!!' when it landed on her? Dropping chainsaws on a girl - it always goes down well. by Seppuku on Wed May 27, 2009 6:50 pm I use that line all the time. I always figured it would probably work better if I were female, but I carried on using it anyway. I never thought about changing the \"me\" to a \"you.\" This just opened up a whole world of possibilities. by buster00 on Thu May 28, 2009 11:45 am \"I'll sell you my body...for a kiss.\" \"Now I know what death tastes like.\" Those are my new favorites. I try to shoehorn them into my everyday conversation. buster00 by magicmonkey on Thu May 28, 2009 12:36 pm I go around saying, \"Tell me what you need Spock, tell me what you need.\" magicmonkey I AM fucking Zen Location: Shanghizzo by Seppuku on Wed Jul 01, 2009 6:15 pm One of the best rants in movie history courtesy of Bob Hoskins at the end of The Long Good Friday, painfully transcribed by yours truly because I couldn't find it online: \"I'll tell you something... I'm glad I found out in time just what a partnership with a pair of wankers like you would have been. A sleeping partner's one thing, but you're in a fucking coma! No wonder you've got an energy crisis your side of the water. But us British, we're used to a bit more vitality, imagination, touch of the Dunkirk spirit. Know what I mean?"}, {"title": "", "text": "means, \"That's awesome!\" \"Just joshing\" - Okay, I'm completely stumped on how someone could come up with this phrase. Apparently it means that they're joking. \"Well -vs- Good\" - This is the most common one that I find, and probably the second most annoying. When I'm outside and social, I correct at least one person a day on this. Sometimes it's strangers, sometimes it's people I know. \"I did good on that test.\" You'd think after I yell \"WELL! YOU DID WELL ON THAT TEST.\" They'd realize they have the change. The sad part is, my first language isn't even English, and I'm correcting them. \"im gansta\" - This is probably the most annoying one. I can't get over how stupid these morons are. I walk around my school, and you can't go across the main hallway without morons saying it. Apparently now it means that they're cool. Someone please tell me how 'ganstas' are cool. Actually, if anyone wants a laugh, feel free to download this: http://brpg.japf.co.uk/zeteg/gangster.mp3 [Broken]. While I can go on for quite some time talking about the deformalities of speech found in 'ganstas' I'll leave it at that. Not all kids speak poorly. While the majority of kids these days do, there are still the few that respect themselves. Last edited by a moderator: May 1, 2017 17. Nov 28, 2004 ### Chi Meson Well, I liked that bit about Jupiter. I never knew that! And who the heck is \"lol\"? 18. Nov 28, 2004 ### Zeteg Lol = Abbreviated \"Laughing out"}, {"title": "", "text": "pertains to drainage. It derives from a 1924 Congressional transcript regarding the Teapot Dome Scandal, a scandal as boring as the milkshake metaphor is weird. That is, if you find national bribery scandals involving the Harding admin- zzZZZZzzzzZzzz. When you decontextualize that line, it's nonsense. It has nothing to do with victory, or getting back at someone, or sinking that sweet three-pointer. You might as well yell, \"How are those tulip investments?!\" Which would be a sick burn in the Dutch Golden Age after the crash of the tulip bubble, but right now it's nothing but gibberish. The only thing \"I drink your milkshake\" means is that you're finished explaining a technical scam oft-employed in old-timey oil drilling ... but try telling that to the guy shouting at you over your Xbox. \"I Am The One Who Knocks!\" (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad has it all: solid performances, good writing, methamphetamine, saggy underpants. That's everything! There are a lot of quotable moments in the show, but Walter White's fierce \"I am the one who knocks!\" is among the most enduring. It's the moment when Walter truly transforms from humble nerd in over his head into Big Boss Heisenberg. Plus, it's a crazy badass thing to say. \"Now you're supposed to say 'Who's there?'\" Few people consider the context around the line. Walter isn't giving his big speech to a crime boss or a gangbanger come to challenge his meth empire. He's angrily berating his wife. He's telling her \"I'm a big ol' tough guy! People are scared"}, {"title": "", "text": "pertains to drainage. It derives from a 1924 Congressional transcript regarding the Teapot Dome Scandal, a scandal as boring as the milkshake metaphor is weird. That is, if you find national bribery scandals involving the Harding admin- zzZZZZzzzzZzzz. When you decontextualize that line, it's nonsense. It has nothing to do with victory, or getting back at someone, or sinking that sweet three-pointer. You might as well yell, \"How are those tulip investments?!\" Which would be a sick burn in the Dutch Golden Age after the crash of the tulip bubble, but right now it's nothing but gibberish. The only thing \"I drink your milkshake\" means is that you're finished explaining a technical scam oft-employed in old-timey oil drilling ... but try telling that to the guy shouting at you over your Xbox. \"I Am The One Who Knocks!\" (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad has it all: solid performances, good writing, methamphetamine, saggy underpants. That's everything! There are a lot of quotable moments in the show, but Walter White's fierce \"I am the one who knocks!\" is among the most enduring. It's the moment when Walter truly transforms from humble nerd in over his head into Big Boss Heisenberg. Plus, it's a crazy badass thing to say. \"Now you're supposed to say 'Who's there?'\" Few people consider the context around the line. Walter isn't giving his big speech to a crime boss or a gangbanger come to challenge his meth empire. He's angrily berating his wife. He's telling her \"I'm a big ol' tough guy! People are scared"}, {"title": "", "text": "person referred to is \"crazy\" or \"nuts.\" Also known as a \"crotch chop,\" this gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the groin. This was used by popular professional wrestling stable D-Generation X. There is a variation in which a fist is made and shaken near the mouth while pushing one's tongue against the inside of the cheek, to mimic fellatio. Eat me (out) / EMO (Lagnar) The forefinger and middle finger are placed on opposite sides of the mouth, palm toward the self, in a \"V\" and the tongue flicked in between, simulating cunnilingus. It is mostly used as a dismissive retort, but can also convey a taunt. Popular in the 1970s. More recently it is used as a derogatory way of signifying a lesbian. Touched / screw loose Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or \"touched in the head\". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is \"mixed up\" or \"has a screw loose\". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase \"du hast einen Vogel.\" While this literally means \"You have a bird,\" it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning. A variant of"}, {"title": "", "text": "say, \"I'm not intimidated!\" Fiddling with an object (hair, pencil, car keys, cell phone) It could mean: Nothing some people just like to fiddle. But it might mean: \"I'm nervous\" or \"I'm bored.\" What the experts say: To figure out what's going on, look for other clues, says Tavlin. Yawning suggests boredom; blinking, nervousness. If the fiddling is distracting you, draw attention to the object, says Watts. Say, \"Is that a new cell phone?\" Then get back to your discussion. It could mean: \"I'm really passionate about this topic.\" But it might mean: She's trying to intimidate you. What the experts say: \"Pointing is generally an aggressive sign,\" says life coach and social worker Carol Moss. It can signal that someone is blaming or attacking you. If you can't let it go, \"It's OK to ask someone not to point,\" says Moss. Make a joke about it: \"Hey, nice manicure.\" Wringing hands It could mean: She's cold. But it might mean: She's worried. What the experts say: \"People who are very uncomfortable with a question, topic, or situation sometimes do this,\" says Karos. The best thing is to ignore it. If the person is truly nervous, commenting on her nerves will only make her more so. Excessive touching It could mean: She's overly friendly. But it might mean: \"I'm more powerful than you.\" What the experts say: \"People of higher status often feel freer to touch people of lower status,\" says Tannenbaum. (Of course, it can also be sexual.) \"If you're uncomfortable, you don't need to"}, {"title": "", "text": "say, \"I'm not intimidated!\" Fiddling with an object (hair, pencil, car keys, cell phone) It could mean: Nothing some people just like to fiddle. But it might mean: \"I'm nervous\" or \"I'm bored.\" What the experts say: To figure out what's going on, look for other clues, says Tavlin. Yawning suggests boredom; blinking, nervousness. If the fiddling is distracting you, draw attention to the object, says Watts. Say, \"Is that a new cell phone?\" Then get back to your discussion. It could mean: \"I'm really passionate about this topic.\" But it might mean: She's trying to intimidate you. What the experts say: \"Pointing is generally an aggressive sign,\" says life coach and social worker Carol Moss. It can signal that someone is blaming or attacking you. If you can't let it go, \"It's OK to ask someone not to point,\" says Moss. Make a joke about it: \"Hey, nice manicure.\" Wringing hands It could mean: She's cold. But it might mean: She's worried. What the experts say: \"People who are very uncomfortable with a question, topic, or situation sometimes do this,\" says Karos. The best thing is to ignore it. If the person is truly nervous, commenting on her nerves will only make her more so. Excessive touching It could mean: She's overly friendly. But it might mean: \"I'm more powerful than you.\" What the experts say: \"People of higher status often feel freer to touch people of lower status,\" says Tannenbaum. (Of course, it can also be sexual.) \"If you're uncomfortable, you don't need to"}, {"title": "", "text": "word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "as an insult, the cast has integrated the phrase as a term of endearment and use it often as a means of bidding farewell. The phrase has essentially taken the place of \"Live Life and Party.\" \"Tunnel\" The cast uses this phrase whilst talking to callers with whom they want to stop communicating. The phrase, \"Tunnel\" refers to the assumption that the idiot caller must have driven through a tunnel and dropped the call. In actuality, it is Woody hanging up on said idiot. Often near the end of a call a caller will be asked where they are from. No matter where they are from Woody will proudly state that they are number one in said location (including a single bell ding in the background). This has turned into an inside joke for long-time listeners because some hate-filled listeners will call in with the \"breaking news\" that the Woody Show is not number one. The cast (and avid listeners) will then delight in Woody's explanation that \"number 1 is an effing joke you idiot\". \"Getting! / Getting it!\" A more generic phrase used to acknowledge the understanding that a quip or witticism has been said. Often this comes in the form of a sound clip (though there are presently many different versions), or one of the members will say the phrase themselves. \"Victor Mature\" This phrase is a homophone for \"very mature.\" It's used when mocking another person's immature action or comment. This usually comes in the form of either spoken word or sound clip."}, {"title": "", "text": "Observer that she felt bad for busting Rick Marin\u2019s chops, saying that she \u201cwould feel pretty shitty if someone lost their job over a stupid prank.\u201d Or, in other words, a real lamestain. Photo via The Seattle Times Brian Boone edits the Splitsider Humor Section. megan jasper Of Lamestains and Wack Slacks: The Elaborate Joke That [\u2026]"}, {"title": "", "text": "a bad word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "smack 'em with. han freak solo I know a manager that uses \"ummmms\" to prevent people from breaking into the conversation because he is never done until he leaves the room. Bastid. http://forums.ubi.com/images/smilies/icon_twisted.gif Originally posted by I_KG100_Prien: I feel the same way with people that constantly say, \"you know what I'm saying?\". No, I don't know what you're saying and apparently you aren't able to communicate to me and give up by saying, \"you know what I'm saying?\". http://forums.ubi.com/images/smilies/16x16_smiley-mad.gif As far as F-bombs, the most I ever heard was when I had to work side by side with people from the Czech Republic and Egypt. They used it like breathing. I think it was because even though they spoke English very well, they used it to fill gaps when they couldn't think of the proper translation. Pirschjaeger Try this Solo; everytime someone says \"You know what I'm say?\" reply with \"No, but I'm listening anyway\". I'd be surprised if they say it more than twice,...you know what I'm saying? http://forums.ubi.com/images/smilies/16x16_smiley-wink.gif joeap You guys, like take off eh? You're such a hoser eh! DuxCorvan What I can't stand is the \"I can't accept it\" kind of person. I have to tell many people the thing they've requested has been denied by my superiors, or that is even against the law. So it can't be. And I mean IT CAN NOT BE. That they'll NEVER get away with it. And then, it starts: -\"But... if I bring this certificate from my boss and blah blah blah\" -\"No. it"}, {"title": "", "text": "doesn't put out the fire\" \"Even though you're fed up, you gotta keep your head up.\" - Tupac \"When people yawn, do deaf people think they're screaming?\" \"You're actually able to see your nose at all times.... your brain just chooses to ignore it.\" \"If I worked in a restaurant... on Valentines Day I would put a fake engagement ring in every girl's drink.\" \"If Pinocchio said, \"My nose will grow right now\" what would happen...think about it. Mind=Blown\" \"My life... based on a true story.\" \"Tell someone \"You wore that shirt the day after yesterday\". See how long it takes them to get it.\" \"When I see insane people on the street talking to themselves I want to tell them about Twitter.\" \"Fast way to fuck up someones Knock Knock joke? \"It's open.\" \"Before you diagnose yourself with depression or low self-esteem, first make sure that you are not, in fact, just surrounded by assholes.\" \"If people are trying to bring you down, it only means that you are above them.\" \"Carry on straight, shake off the frost, cause I am deep winter, and I'll just get you lost..\" - 'Winter's Wall' song by Wise Children. \"Remember that everyone you meet is afraid of something, loves something, and has lost something.\" \"Someone who truly loves you, sees what a mess you can be, how moody you can get, and how hard you can be to handle, but still wants you.\" \"The quickest way to get someone's attention, is to no longer want it.\" \"Did i"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Vehicle Identification Number of every car I've ever owned, but I forgot your birthday.\" \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses,\" REALLY MEANS, \"The girl selling them on the corner was a real babe, wearing a thong.\" \"Oh, don't fuss. I just cut myself. It's no big deal,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt.\" \"I do help around the house,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I once threw a dirty towel near the laundry basket.\" \"Hey, I've got reasons for what I'm doing,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I sure hope I think of some pretty soon.\" \"What did I do this time?\" REALLY MEANS, \"What did you catch me doing?\" \"She's one of the rabid feminists,\" REALLY MEANS, \"She refused to make my coffee.\" \"I heard you,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and am hoping desperately that I can fake it well enough so that you don't spend the next 3 days yelling at me.\" \"You really look terrific in that outfit,\" REALLY MEANS, \"Please don't try on another outfit. I'm starving.\" \"I brought you a present,\" REALLY MEANS, \"It was free ice scraper night at the ball/hockey game.\" \"I missed you,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I can't find my sock drawer, the kids are hungry and we are out of toilet paper.\" \"I'm not lost. I know exactly where we are,\" REALLY MEANS, \"No one will ever see us alive again.\" \"This relationship is getting too serious,\" REALLY MEANS,"}, {"title": "", "text": "meaning of fear... but then again, he doesn't know the meaning of MOST words. You know you're fat when you step on the scale and it says \"one at a time please\". I made dinner reservations for my wife's birthday and told the host there's an extra $20 for the bartenders if they card her. I found there was only one way to look thin: hang out with fat people. How do you Circumcise a Cracker? Kick his 3-year old daughter in the jaw. A woman once wanted me to father her child no strings attached. In other words, \"I like your genes, but I don't like what you've done with them.\" I agreed but with one condition. She had to put it up for adoption. Crap. Something is wrong with my cell phone. {Oh Really. What is that?} Its just that...your numbers not in it. A dog has an owner. A cat has a staff. I cooked Pancakes this morning. I was thrilled but my kids weren't. Apparently, he was their favorite rabbit. When a woman says \"what?\" It's not because she didn't hear you. She's just giving you a chance to change what you said. \"Could you take a couple steps back. I have a nut allergy.\" You would never be able to live down to your reputation, but I see you're doing your best. What does an Ethiopian family look like? A barcode. What's the difference between love, true love and showing off? Spitting, swallowing, and gargling. I'm already visualising the duct tape"}, {"title": "", "text": "too smart to play it.\" \"Oh, don't fuss. I just cut myself, it's no big deal.\" Really means.... \"I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt.\" \"I do help around the house.\" Really means.... \"I once put a dirty towel in the laundry basket.\" \"Hey, I've got my reasons for what I'm doing.\" Really means.... \"And I sure hope I think of some pretty soon.\" \"I can't find it.\" Really means.... \"It didn't fall into my outstretched hands, so I'm completely clueless.\" \"What did I do this time?\" Really means.... \"What did you catch me at?\" \"What do you mean, you need new clothes?\" Really means.... \"You just bought new clothes 3 years ago.\" \"No, I left plenty of gas in the car.\" Really means.... \"You may actually get it to start.\" \"I'm going to stop off for a quick one with the guys.\" Really means.... \"I am planning on drinking myself into a vegetative stupor with my chest pounding, mouth breathing, pre-evolutionary companions.\" \"I heard you.\" Really means.... \"I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and am hoping desperately that I can fake it well enough so that you don't spend the next 3 days yelling at me.\" \"You know I could never love anyone else.\" Really means.... \"I am used to the way you yell at me, and realize it could be worse with anyone else.\" \"You look terrific.\" Really means.... \"Oh, God, please don't try on one more outfit. I'm starving.\" \"I brought"}, {"title": "", "text": "going to attack you with the neck of a guitar.\"/\"Is that a fret?\" \"I'm going to a notable restaurant tonight. I'm excited, but I don't know where I'll put my plate\" \"I'm going to hire the same landscaper I used last year. He was easy to get a lawn with\" \"I'm going to open a Vietnamese soup/Southern barbeque restaurant and call it Ph\u1edf Que\" \"I'm going to the strip club. The chicken strip club. I mean Chick-Fil-A\" \"I'm gonna be a Social Justice Warrior for Halloween\" (joke) \"I'm great at multitasking. I can waste time, be unproductive, and procrastinate all at once\" \"I'm having an out-of-money experience\" \"I'm having fruit salad for dinner...\" (wine joke) \"I'm having trouble organizing a Hide and Seek league. Good players are hard to find\" \"I'm holding a cup of coffee. So yeah, I'm pretty busy right now\" \"I'm hungry.\"/\"Hi hungry. I'm Dad.\" \"I'm into auto-cannibalism. People say I'm full of myself\" \"I'm in a band called Dyslexia. We've just released our greatest shit album\" \"I'm in a pirate-themed band. We can't stop writing hooks\" \"I'm in so much debt, I could start a government\" \"I'm just a girl, standing in front of a salad, asking it to be a donut\" \"I'm just a girl, standing in front of a salad, asking it to be 3 tacos and 2 margaritas\" \"I'm just here for the beer\" \"I'm just working here until a good fast food job opens up\" \"I'm leaving office to spend more time with my family\" (political scandal excuse)"}, {"title": "", "text": "This has happened to us a few times now, mostly during exchanges with pushcart vendors when we're somehow screwing up the transaction. Since these women are speaking Mandarin, which we don't understand, it sounds like: \"Blah blahdy blah blah BLAH-BLAH-BLAH-BLAH-BLAH!\" Executed with proper ferocity, that midsentence upshift is truly terrifying. I've been practicing it in my spare time, as I feel the maneuver might come in handy someday when, in the middle of an argument, I realize that in order to win, my only hope is to induce a massive heart attack in my opponent. 2. To get your attention, elderly Chinese women will sometimes clap their hands. Right in your face. With percussive force. I've also been practicing this technique, occasionally employing it on Rebecca. (For full effect, it's best if you follow your sonic-boom hand-clap with a frightening midsentence volume boost. And then spit on the ground.) For her part, Rebecca's been most intrigued to learn that in Mandarin there is no easy way to say \"no.\" It's just not in the language. To express a negative, you can use the word _bu_ \u2014the equivalent of \"not\"\u2014coupled with the appropriate verb. So if someone inquires as to whether it's raining outside, you could answer, \"Not is.\" Or if someone asks you if you want to go out to a movie, you could say, \"Not want.\" Which, I would argue, sounds much harsher than an unadorned no. Rebecca, in her endearing way, instantly cottons to this harshness. For a full afternoon, she adopts \"not _x_"}, {"title": "", "text": "of like a stop sign (as in stop writing so badly). Whenever I read over something I\u2019ve written, \u201cnow\u201d invariably rattles me, like hearing the wrong note in a musical scale or a driving over pot hole. The only time I will spare \u201cnow\u201d from the chopping block is when it\u2019s used to differentiate times (now and later) or for emphasis in dialogue (\u201cShoot that mofo now!\u201d). Otherwise I just cut it. Which reminds me of another problematic word: Just. I use it too much. It sometimes works in dialogue (\u201cJust leave me along, will ya?\u201d), but in narrative it often feels unnecessary because it usually adds nothing to the meaning of the sentence. Unless I\u2019m just trying to give it a colloquial feel. Of course, rules are meant to be broken, and I don\u2019t mean to be dogmatic about my pet peeves. I mean, suppose I had written this: \u201cJust when I thought I had time to finish this blog, I suddenly realized I had to be somewhere right now.\u201d I might leave that one as is because it says exactly what I want it to say and sounds the way I want it to sound. As you can see, writing is not a science. Boob Tube No More Back in the 1960s, the phrase \u201cMade in Japan\u201d generally meant that a product was cheap, poorly made, and unreliable. A few decades later companies like Toyota, Honda, Sony, and Panasonic turned that on its head. Japanese products became synonymous with quality and value. Similarly, there"}, {"title": "", "text": "almost walk up and ask the girl where she got the jacket from. When you use Sanderson books as examples. When someone says 'Splinter' or 'Shard' and you freak out. Screaming every time the progress bar on SA4 goes up. When you stub your toe and yell \"RUST AND RUIN!\" When your Kahoot! name is cosmere related. When you are told to do something and mutter 'Honor is dead but I'll see what I can do.\" When every somebody says chivalry is dead but you correct them because clearly honor is the dead one. I had a similar experience where someone in the band had a sweater that said TUBA on the front, and I thought \u201cI didn\u2019t know TUBA had sweaters...\u201d and then I saw someone else wearing one that said TRUMPET. OH MY GOODNESS TUBA SWEATERS THIS SOUNDS AMAZING I WANT ONE! YKYASW you're falling asleep in class so you slowly take out your pen and draw a bronze feruchemical symbol on your wrist. And you instantly feel like you just took a caffeine hit. YKYASW you phone not only recognizes the word Kaladin, but it assumes you mean to use the word Renarin right after. Proof, that I Hoid, belong with the two hottest Radiants in the Cosmere, Kaladin and Renarin!"}, {"title": "", "text": "do to someone else. His stiff forefinger is drawn horizontally across his own neck, mimicking the action of a knife cutting someone else's throat. There is also a version using the edge of a flat hand. This is popular in television studios, when time has run out, to indicate that a speaker must stop immediately or he will be cut off. Grasping the throat is another action in which a man does to himself what he would like to do to someone else. The exact message varies from place to place. In many the action means 'I will strangle you'. In others, however, the same action may be used to indicate suicide, either by the gesturer himself or by someone else. In Italy, it is more likely to mean 'I am fed up to here' and 'I have had enough.' In South America, it is a signal that someone has been caught and will go to jail, or that what is being done right now could lead to imprisonment. In North America, it is used by sportsmen to say that they have done badly. The American Red Cross have also suggested the use of this gesture as an official sign to indicate that a man is literally choking. If he has a piece of food stuck in his throat, he is supposed to make the self-choking gesture with his hand, but the problem is that, since this action has so many different meanings in different parts of the world, he may not be properly understood. While"}, {"title": "", "text": "exam with an old crusty doctor that was probably delivering babies in the Alamo. Nice guy, but seen it all, heard it all a million times. I was stuttering around searching for the right words to ask when we \"should stop....you know.....having s*x?\" The Doc's answer was priceless, \"Sonny, as long as you don't get in my way in the delivery room, I don't care!\" What He Says, What He Means \"It's a guy thing.\" Really means: \"There is no rational thought pattern connected with it, and you have no chance at all of making it logical.\" \"Can I help with dinner?\" Really means: \"Why isn't it already on the table?\" \"Uh-huh.\" \"Sure, honey.\" \"Yes, dear.\" Really means: Absolutely nothing. It's a conditioned response. \"It would take too long to explain.\" Really means: \"I have no idea how it works.\" \"We're going to be late.\" Really means: \"Now I have a legitimate excuse to drive like a maniac.\" \"Take a break, honey, you're working too hard.\" Really means: \"I can't hear the game over the vacuum cleaner.\" \"That's interesting, dear.\" Really means: \"Are you still talking?\" \"You look terrific.\" Really means: \"Please don't try on one more outfit. I'm starving.\" \"I'm not lost. I know exactly where we are.\" Really means: \"No one will ever see us alive again.\" The passenger sat in the backseat, clutching the door handle and wondering if she could expect to survive the trip. The cabdriver sped through the crowded streets,weaving in and out of traffic. The passenger watched as one"}, {"title": "", "text": "disagreeing or correcting something. P1: \"So you got about seven inches of snow?\" P2: \"yeah-no, it was only about four.\" Once you hear it a few times, you will hear it all the damn time. My father used to do a variation of this when I was a kid. He would tell you something, you would go, \"are you serious?\" And he would respond, \"No... (just a long enough pause) I'm DEAD serious!\" I'm not sure if it was intentional are just a strange inflection of speech he had. He also used to say, \"I'll shit and fall back in it...\" Which was a little more flexible. It could be a declaration of truth. \"If I am not telling the truth, let me shit and fall back in it...\" But also an expression of shock or surprise. \"That is such an incredible thing to hear, if I were taking a dump, I would fall back into it once I was done on hearing this.\" I call these \"redneck witticisms.\" My father was full of them, or I'll shit and fall back in it. Tue Feb 09 2021 08:28:22 EST from zooer I don't think I have a problem with that phrase. It's short for \"yes I understand, and no I don't agree\". [#] Sun Feb 21 2021 05:43:13 EST from zooer yeahno [#] Wed Feb 24 2021 19:25:39 EST from zooer \"xxxxx be like....\" Example \"That dog be like don't touch my food.\" [#] Thu Feb 25 2021 14:10:32 EST from ParanoidDelusions White people aren't really"}, {"title": "", "text": "disagreeing or correcting something. P1: \"So you got about seven inches of snow?\" P2: \"yeah-no, it was only about four.\" Once you hear it a few times, you will hear it all the damn time. My father used to do a variation of this when I was a kid. He would tell you something, you would go, \"are you serious?\" And he would respond, \"No... (just a long enough pause) I'm DEAD serious!\" I'm not sure if it was intentional are just a strange inflection of speech he had. He also used to say, \"I'll shit and fall back in it...\" Which was a little more flexible. It could be a declaration of truth. \"If I am not telling the truth, let me shit and fall back in it...\" But also an expression of shock or surprise. \"That is such an incredible thing to hear, if I were taking a dump, I would fall back into it once I was done on hearing this.\" I call these \"redneck witticisms.\" My father was full of them, or I'll shit and fall back in it. Tue Feb 09 2021 08:28:22 EST from zooer I don't think I have a problem with that phrase. It's short for \"yes I understand, and no I don't agree\". [#] Sun Feb 21 2021 05:43:13 EST from zooer yeahno [#] Wed Feb 24 2021 19:25:39 EST from zooer \"xxxxx be like....\" Example \"That dog be like don't touch my food.\" [#] Thu Feb 25 2021 14:10:32 EST from ParanoidDelusions White people aren't really"}, {"title": "", "text": "p.m. Q: And Mr. Edington was dead at the time, is that correct? SMASHING DAY FOR A BARBEQUE. Location: The Land of Tea and Crumpets...England. Wocky Kitaki wrote: That was hilarious. Seriously-gotta tewll my friends that. did u come up with it or did u find it on a website or something? Scarred_owl wrote: Ice-Ice Look! A doot! Spoiler: Not Appropriate For Young Children A boy about four walks in the kitchen to hear him mom, who was stuffing a chicken, yell \"Fuck!\" The little boy, not knowing what the word means asks his mother \"What does 'fuck' mean?\" The mom quickly turns around and replies \"Um...Fuck means stuffing the chicken.\" Later the boy went into the restroom to find his father in there shaving his face. After cutting his chin his father yelled \"Shit!\" The boy, again not knowing what the word ment asked his father what it ment. His father quickly turned around and replied \"Um...Shit means shaving cream.\" Soon the boy heard his parents start to argue. He entered the room and heard his father yell \"Bitch!\" and his mother yell \"Bastard!\" Again the bot asked what these words ment so he asked. Both parents, stared at there son. \"Bitch is another way to say woman.\" repiled his father. \"And bastard is another way to say man.\" added his mother. At about a hour later an elderly couple rang the door bell of the house. The little boy opened the door and smiled at them saying \"Hi, Bitch! Hi, Bastard!\" The elderly man,"}, {"title": "", "text": "(a quote from a movie about having bad breath in the morning), \"Bullsh*t,\" \"Who gives a sh*t?\" \"Eat sh*t and die,\" \"Holy sh*t,\" \"I must be getting too old for this sh*t,\" \"Some kind of sh*t is going to hit the planetary fan,\" \"C'mon you d*ckweeds,\" \"Don't be a p*ssy,\" \"Bite my bag,\" \"Hell no,\" \"Take a leak,\" \"Piss off,\" \"Fat ass,\" \"Moron,\" \"Let's kick their asses,\" \"Bitch in a buzz saw (or something close to that), \"Turds,\" \"What the hell?\" \"Broad\" (woman), \"Shut up,\" \"Bastards,\" \"Freaked out,\" \"Kick some ass,\" \"Schmucks\" and \"We don't have time to screw around.\" A man puts a handgun to his head as he prepares to commit suicide (but he doesn't). Beaver repeatedly eats peanut butter out the jar with one finger. Beaver gives \"the finger\" to a passing helicopter for not helping. The sudden ringing of a phone in a tense scene might startle some viewers. A car suddenly slams into a man crossing the street. A seemingly dead woman reaches out and grabs a guy. A person suddenly comes back into the picture. Sudden music might startle some viewers in a quiet scene. An extreme amount of suspenseful and ominous music plays in the film. At least 25 \"f\" words (4 used sexually, 3 used with \"mother\"), 25 \"s\" words, 5 slang terms using female genitals (\"p*ssy\" and \"tr*m\"), 4 using male genitals (\"d*ck\" and \"c*cks*cker\"), 8 damns, 4 hells, 3 asses, 2 craps and 6 uses of \"G-damn,\" 5 of \"Oh my God,\" 3 each of \"God\""}, {"title": "", "text": "it's kind of like a fixed expression. It is not literally referring to the act of \"daring to say\"; after all, most speakers do not introduce their statements with such redundancies as \"I say that...,\" \"I vocalize that...,\" etc. \"I daresay\" is an expression meaning that what I am about to say may or may not be true; however, it is quite likely based on the given circumstances and I am therefore being bold and going ahead and assuming it. At least that's how I'd use it. For the past, you can easily say \"I dared to say,\" and for the third person, you can say \"he dared to say\" - but you wouldn't really say these things anyway. Also, Aupick, if you're so averse to these bizarreabominations (writingwordstogether or sep arat in gth eminc orrectl y), I'm surprised you wrote \"on line,\" as I believe the standard is \"online.\" panjandrum said: You won't, but I don't think it's incorrect. I believe I've seen it on numerous occasions. elroy said: Please give us examples and sources. I need something to fry with the tomato horn worms. pleugggggh!! I don't recall specific examples, but there are 238,000 Google results at your disposal. What I was trying to say is that I've seen it in trusted sources. Since the dictionary also recognizes it (without dubbing it as \"regional,\" \"archaic,\" or \"informal\"), I can only assume that it is correct. foxfirebrand The Northern Rockies Southern AE greatly modified by a 1st-generation Scottish-American mother, and growing up abroad. Daresay is"}, {"title": "", "text": "it's kind of like a fixed expression. It is not literally referring to the act of \"daring to say\"; after all, most speakers do not introduce their statements with such redundancies as \"I say that...,\" \"I vocalize that...,\" etc. \"I daresay\" is an expression meaning that what I am about to say may or may not be true; however, it is quite likely based on the given circumstances and I am therefore being bold and going ahead and assuming it. At least that's how I'd use it. For the past, you can easily say \"I dared to say,\" and for the third person, you can say \"he dared to say\" - but you wouldn't really say these things anyway. Also, Aupick, if you're so averse to these bizarreabominations (writingwordstogether or sep arat in gth eminc orrectl y), I'm surprised you wrote \"on line,\" as I believe the standard is \"online.\" panjandrum said: You won't, but I don't think it's incorrect. I believe I've seen it on numerous occasions. elroy said: Please give us examples and sources. I need something to fry with the tomato horn worms. pleugggggh!! I don't recall specific examples, but there are 238,000 Google results at your disposal. What I was trying to say is that I've seen it in trusted sources. Since the dictionary also recognizes it (without dubbing it as \"regional,\" \"archaic,\" or \"informal\"), I can only assume that it is correct. foxfirebrand The Northern Rockies Southern AE greatly modified by a 1st-generation Scottish-American mother, and growing up abroad. Daresay is"}, {"title": "", "text": "take seats facing away from the door if I'm at a ML gathering. The folks facing the door can warn me if someone inimical approaches. Madeline 496: If you honestly don't see the difference between running with a knife point out and accidentally using a word that you were unaware was (or had become!) a racist codeword, I really don't know what to say to you. Suppose you're learning a new language, one in which 'saaffar' means 'shelves'. You try to say 'Saaffar do pirot wobuut te' (\"nail your shelves to the wall\") but you botch the pronunciation of 'saaffar' and instead say 'safar', which means \"hands.\" Would you apologize for accidentally saying something you didn't intend, or for being violent? \"Nail your hands to the wall\" is a pretty violent suggestion, don't you agree? If you would say \"Sorry for being a torturer there\" in those circumstances, then you'd be consistent with your statements...and I'll stop arguing with you. (I still won't think you're right, just that your worldview is so different from mine as to make argument useless.) Scraps 498: Thank you. Michael 499 ct Madeline: Yeah, that too. What you said there. Better than how I said it. I'd even take the blame for the hurt. I just don't want to apologize for something I don't feel I've done, because that WOULD be insincere. Malcolm Gin has some good links today on the subject of white folks who sincerely want to Get It: ethan @ 497: \"There's something about \"I'm not a stabber\","}, {"title": "", "text": "birthday. 15. \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses.\" MEANS: the girl selling them on the corner was a real babe, and was wearing a bikini thong. 16. \"Oh, don't fuss, I just cut myself, it's no big deal.\" MEANS: I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt. 17. \"Hey, I've got reasons for what I'm doing.\" MEANS: what did you catch me at? 18. \"She's one of those rabid feminists.\" MEANS: she refused to make my coffee. 19. \"I heard you.\" MEANS: I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and hope I can fake it well enough, so that you don't spend the next three days yelling at me. 20. \"You know I could never love anyone else.\" MEANS: I am used to the way YOU yell at me, and realize it could be worse. 21. \"You really look terrific in that outfit.\" MEANS: Please don't try on one more outfit, I'm starving. 22. \"I brought you a present.\" MEANS: It was free ice scraper night at the ball/hockey game. 23. \"I missed you.\" MEANS: I can't find my sock drawer, the kids are hungry, and we're out of toilet paper. 24. \"I'm not lost, I know exactly where we are.\" MEANS: No one will ever see us alive again. 25. \"This relationship is getting too serious.\" MEANS: I like you almost as much as I like my truck. 26. \"I don't need to read the instructions.\" MEANS: I am perfectly"}, {"title": "", "text": "birthday. 15. \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses.\" MEANS: the girl selling them on the corner was a real babe, and was wearing a bikini thong. 16. \"Oh, don't fuss, I just cut myself, it's no big deal.\" MEANS: I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt. 17. \"Hey, I've got reasons for what I'm doing.\" MEANS: what did you catch me at? 18. \"She's one of those rabid feminists.\" MEANS: she refused to make my coffee. 19. \"I heard you.\" MEANS: I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and hope I can fake it well enough, so that you don't spend the next three days yelling at me. 20. \"You know I could never love anyone else.\" MEANS: I am used to the way YOU yell at me, and realize it could be worse. 21. \"You really look terrific in that outfit.\" MEANS: Please don't try on one more outfit, I'm starving. 22. \"I brought you a present.\" MEANS: It was free ice scraper night at the ball/hockey game. 23. \"I missed you.\" MEANS: I can't find my sock drawer, the kids are hungry, and we're out of toilet paper. 24. \"I'm not lost, I know exactly where we are.\" MEANS: No one will ever see us alive again. 25. \"This relationship is getting too serious.\" MEANS: I like you almost as much as I like my truck. 26. \"I don't need to read the instructions.\" MEANS: I am perfectly"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pretty dang sure she is a tweeker....what a hypocritical loser. Listening to what is said after the cuts in her video, gives me the distinct impression that she has made threats in the neighborhood before. She sounds insane, doped up, or stupid and uninformed. She could just be so drunk on the Hillary Kool-aid, that her mental faculties have turned to mush. I just don't see how a finger is aggressive. Now, holding up a knife or a gun or a bomb - THAT would be aggressive. A finger is just a finger like a sign is just a sign. If a finger means something, then a sign can mean something too. For some people, a sign putting a woman presidential candidate in prison is \"fighting words\". What about if a person walks past you and draws their thumb across their neck from left to right? What about if someone pulls up in a car and makes a gun sign with index and forefinger? How about holding their hands in a noose pull, is that just a sign? Anyway, signs can mean things, in this case they clearly meant something, we are talking about it. 1. That's absurd and redneck. 2. Because if you leave your home and follow me to my home, I'm going to kill you with guns. I find these two ironic in their juxtaposition. Morons who disagree that's what would happen. He's seriously lucky he didn't get shot or sent to jail. If you hypothetically shouted at someone driving by you, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pretty dang sure she is a tweeker....what a hypocritical loser. Listening to what is said after the cuts in her video, gives me the distinct impression that she has made threats in the neighborhood before. She sounds insane, doped up, or stupid and uninformed. She could just be so drunk on the Hillary Kool-aid, that her mental faculties have turned to mush. I just don't see how a finger is aggressive. Now, holding up a knife or a gun or a bomb - THAT would be aggressive. A finger is just a finger like a sign is just a sign. If a finger means something, then a sign can mean something too. For some people, a sign putting a woman presidential candidate in prison is \"fighting words\". What about if a person walks past you and draws their thumb across their neck from left to right? What about if someone pulls up in a car and makes a gun sign with index and forefinger? How about holding their hands in a noose pull, is that just a sign? Anyway, signs can mean things, in this case they clearly meant something, we are talking about it. 1. That's absurd and redneck. 2. Because if you leave your home and follow me to my home, I'm going to kill you with guns. I find these two ironic in their juxtaposition. Morons who disagree that's what would happen. He's seriously lucky he didn't get shot or sent to jail. If you hypothetically shouted at someone driving by you, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"heinous?\" Back in the day, a pop quiz was \"heinous.\" \"Heinous\" doesn't even sound like a pleasing word. Gen Xers used it for something seriously disturbing. For example, if you were denied the keys to the car, you felt most \"heinous.\" When you tell someone, \"Don't go there,\" what are you telling them? Skip it. It's dangerous. Mind your own business. If someone sticks their nose in where it doesn't belong, they might get told, \"Don't go there.\" If you hit a nerve or touched on a sensitive subject, you might get told the same thing. If you're \"crunk,\" what are you? Put down When you're \"crunk,\" you're amped up and ready to party. \"Crunk\" is also a style of music that came out of the Dirty South. Lil Jon and Lil Scrappy are some of the artists who perform it. \"Bye, Felicia.\" This quiz is over. When did Gen Xers say this? When Felicia left a room When someone annoying left a room In Ice Cube's movie, \"Friday,\" Felicia was an irritating moocher. He wanted to dismiss her, so he said, \"Bye, Felicia.\" He succeeded in getting rid of her and created a catchphrase in the process. On a Scale of 1\u201310, How Gen X Are You? Can You Pass This Gen X Slang Test? What % Gen X Are You? Generation X: Are You a True Gen X-er? Play a Game of \"Would You Rather\" and We'll Guess If You're Gen X, Baby Boomer, or a Millennial Interpret These Gen X Phrases and We'll"}, {"title": "", "text": "can be jerks, but it doesn't mean you stop talking to them. You get that I'm saying I'm sorry, right?\" ~ Derek 6. \"I was right. I swear I really believe what I did was right. I don't want you to forgive me. Frankly, I'd find it patronizing if you did. Because. while I know I was right, you think I'm wrong. Which doesn't matter. because. I'm in this. I'm in this for the long haul. And I'm in this to finish the race. So if that means I don't win this one, then fine. I don't win. You win. I'm talking. See? I'm talking first. You win.\" ~ Cristina 7. \"I drilled a hole into this guy's skull. Several holes, actually. With a drill that I borrowed from a guy named Vince, packed the hole with freakin' tissue then brought him back here. Now I get to scrub in on his craniotomy.\" ~ Izzie 8. \"We went to Vegas. My idea. I embrace the trashy.\" ~ Callie 9. \"Aren't you gonna get in there? If you wanna be chief, you gotta fight with the big boys. \" ~ Mark 10. \"I dunno. it's just. Meredith always makes me think screwed up people have a chance.\" ~ Alex So there you have it -- ten great quotes to celebrate the end of the strike. Let's hope that the coming episodes have as many memorable Grey's Anatomy quotes as the episodes of seasons past. For more Grey's Anatomy quotes, check out the popular Famous-Quotes-And-Quotations.com, a website that"}, {"title": "", "text": "they are eager to give the answer to a question. It can also be used when telling a story, to get a surprise effect. In Latin America this gesture is used as a way to say \"Hurry up.\" The Beats (Beatniks) used to snap repeatedly as more reserved \"cooler\" applause. Three snaps in the shape of the letter Z are used to convey superiority or disdain for all others. This is called a \"Z snap\". This has even been expanded to include other letters, such as a W or N. What the Fuck!! This gesture involves bringing all fingers together and squezzing your finger tips tightley together. After you must signify to person directed to by a flick in the wrist, you can either apply this hand guesture with either one or two hands. This is commonley used as a sign to eat in India, but across eastern Europe and some parts of Italy this is a gesture used to tell someone to Fuck off, usually because the person is being destructive or annoying. In Europe, when referring to someone and making this symbol it means they are inferurated, or want to fight about a perticular problem. Clement Moore's version of the Wisperin story first used the now familiar phrase, \"If you want to start something, just give me the sign...,\" in which The Don, upon discovery, made this gesture and winked before vanishing into the night. Another interesting reference from the Urdu poem \"The Fourth Era of \u0100b-e \u1e25ay\u0101t:Part Three\" is as follows: \"When the"}, {"title": "", "text": "mother says oh it means ladies. so then there outside walking and the mother says look at the h$%# and the sone says what does that mean and the mother say it means gentlemen. so the son is with his father and the fatherr says my penus hurts and the sons says what does that mean and the father say it means hats then the mother was in her room and the mother says i think i have a vagina infection and the son says what does that mean and the\ufffd mother says it means coats. the father was in the bathroiom shaving and he said shit and the saon says what does that mean and he says shaving. the mother is in the kitchen cuttin tomatoes and she accidently cut herself and she said fuck and the son says what does that mean and the mother says it means cutting so one day the family haves this big party and the son stands up and say bitches and hores may i have your vaginas and penuses my dad is upstairs taking the shit off his face and my mom is fucking the turkey lol please comment this or whatever you would like to do 11:24 am - 7 comments - 7 Kudos"}, {"title": "", "text": "to reply? I've also heard it said that \"I'd sooner eat a handful of green snakes!\" Another one comes to mind, but I don't want to be too crude, so I won't say it........oh well why not: In \"The Right Stuff\", one of the astronauts (a Southerner) exclaims \"I'm so hungry I could eat the a-- end out of an alligator!\" One of my personal favorites is what my yankee mother has started saying. I don't knwo who she picked it up from but I love it. \"It's raining like a cow peeing on a flat rock.\" The one I keep hearing is \"I'll be on you like white on rice.\" I don't really get it... maybe it's because I eat brown rice. Oh, and a woman I know gets \"as angry as a Georgia thunderstorm.\" And the one that annoys me to the point that I have to overanaliyze it is when someone has a headache, and someone else says, \"if I had a head like that, it'd hurt too.\" I have no clue what it means!! What about my head makes it hurt on others?? WHAT!? No one has mentioned \"Don't know them from Adam's housecat\" -High as a Georgia pine (drunk) -Grinnin' like a mule eatin' briars (happy and a bit smug about it) -Bless your heart (runs the gamut from bless your heart to !@#$% you -I'm a fixin' to (preparing to) -Confirmed bachelor (gay, and I am too) -Three sheets to the wind (drunk) -Right...whatever. Right smart, right dumb, right here,"}, {"title": "", "text": "'Waldo' in almost every picture.\" \"We're going to be late.\" Really means.... \"Now I have a legitimate excuse to drive like a maniac.\" \"Hey, I've read all the classics.\" Really means.... \"I've been subscribing to Playboy since 1972.\" \"You cook just like my mother used to.\" Really means.... \"She used the smoke detector as a meal timer, too.\" \"Take a break, honey, you're working too hard.\" Really means.... \"I can't hear the game over the vacuum cleaner.\" \"That's interesting, dear.\" Really means.... \"Are you still talking?\" \"Honey, we don't need material things to prove our love.\" Really means.... \"I forgot our anniversary again.\" \"You expect too much of me.\" Really means.... \"You want me to stay awake.\" \"It's a really good movie.\" Really means.... \"It's got guns, knives, fast cars, and Heather Locklear.\" \"That's women's work.\" Really means.... \"It's difficult, dirty, and thankless.\" \"Will you marry me?\" Really means.... \"Both my roommates have moved out, I can't find the washer, and there is no more peanut butter.\" \"Go ask your mother.\" Really means.... \"I am incapable of making a decision.\" \"You know how bad my memory is.\" Really means.... \"I remember the theme song to 'F Troop', the address of the first girl I ever kissed and the Vehicle Identification Numbers of every car I've ever owned, but I forgot your birthday.\" \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses.\" Really means.... \"The girl selling them on the corner was a real babe.\" \"Football is a man's game.\" Really means.... \"Women are generally"}, {"title": "", "text": "power, or by turning the conveniently left-behind key in the ignition (especially in a city where you would never, ever do this, like in LA). 15. When an ugly girl is made-over into a hot chick. 16. When people are punched or kicked in the face REPEATEDLY and keep fighting with no visible damage. 17. Opposite of #16. When a well-placed karate chop between the shoulder blades knocks an unsuspecting victim unconscious. 18. When the hero figures out the only way he can protect some priceless artifact or protected secret, is to steal it. 19. When the pain-in-the-ass maverick, or convicted felon, is recruited for something only he can do\u2026and that something turns out to be just a lot of fighting. That\u2019s just stupid. 20. Any trash-talkin\u2019 between the good guy and the bad guy that includes the line, \u201cI don\u2019t think so.\u201d By either one of them. It comes off like the little sticky-note with \u201csubstitute this with a decent line when you get a chance\u201d fell out of the script. Posted in Is It Really a Man's World?, Movies, Obsessive Listmaking | 1 Comment \u00bb"}, {"title": "", "text": "Luna1968 said: the one that gets me when hearing people order is \"can i have.....\" WTF NO! go away. thats not new. i heard my grand parents use that phrase 40 years ago. I feel like \"lemme get\" is extremely rude, like you're demanding it. \"Can I get\" is a lot more polite and appropriate when ordering from someone. rh71 said: HA, old person found.... I remember, 35+ years ago, one of my BFFs telling the McDs lady, \"Give me....\" I busted his chops about it. He would have never said that to his Mom. Polite goes a long way. For the record, 35 years ago, I was....-20. ^ yup I'm a dad - I don't want to teach my kids shittily. Yeah, I always say, \"Can I get...\" when ordering something. \"Lemme get\" sounds too demanding. s0me0nesmind1 Some good news about horrible phrases: I haven't heard the stupid shit ass term \"YOLO\" in quite some time. Maybe we are making progress in society? You just have to correct their shitty. We all would go for shitty before proper upbringing. Story time....Buddy was in the store and his daughter wanted some candy. He told her no. She snatched it up anyway at the counter. He popped her hand. A lady behind him made a disapproving sound. He says, \"You want to thank me now or 20 years form now?\" She's obviously confused. He says, \"I can properly discipline her today or she can be breaking in your house later. Stealing your stuff and assaulting your family.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "s0me0nesmind1 said: Well, it is only once, right? Mr.IncrediblyBored kage69 \"Diggin her out\" In my experience girls don't like it when their business is likened to a trench, or large container, or pool, etc. If they're nice enough to want to play, shouldn't you mind your manners and act grateful? Not sound like you're doing something mundane with a shovel? YMMV. clamum The large number of people that use \"literally\" in every other sentence they speak; and it's used incorrectly 90% of the time at that. Makes me literally want to kick them in the throat. Mr.IncrediblyBored said: LOL yeah this is kind of annoying. Usually it's referring to some stupid f'ing ankle biter rat thing too. Oh, and using \"whilst\" when you're not British. No, you don't sound more intelligent when you do it. GrumpyMan When someone agrees with something and they say, \"100%\"... FeuerFrei snoopy7548 said: smh... Not \"SHM\" it's \"SMH.\" Come on, you literally got it wrong. Try to be more woke next time. Seems to have supplanted *facepalm* Who authorized this change? SHM means \"Someone hit me\" ibex333"}, {"title": "", "text": "your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of ours.\" \"You'll have to recharge your fist because your magic is naked.\" \"I\u2019d acquired a taste for niquor and licotine.\" \"Put down the munker [marker].\" \"You can't question me, I'm captain of the Bible Quiz team.\" \"The Bible says don't toot your own horn. I don't want anybody to toot.\" \"But I love you more than I hate it.\" \"Every now and then your butt looks camouflaged.\" \"It hurtens every time I straight it.\" \"The scars in your eyes light up the sties.\" \"Is the steering wheel hot?\" \"Yes. But I'm hotter.\" \"By the time it's noon, they're already in college.\" \"You might be mathematically smart, but you are everything else challenged.\" \"Soon you will have no ish.\" \"It'll be okay.\" \"Lottle\" \"Me three.\" \"I want you to stay here so I can constantly admire your leather pants.\" \"You'd hit an armed manned person?\" \"You wouldn't abuse me in the public eye.\" \"I wouldn't abuse you in the private eye.\" \"I was giving everybody time to say 'goodnight' to the rat.\" \"Have you ever laughed so hard that you threw up just a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: beat me over the head with it From an American sitcom Friends S08E13 Phoebe thought Joey liked her, so she went to Joey's to talk about this affair. But as the conversation went on, it turned out that it was Rachel that Joey liked, instead of Phoebe. After knowing that, Phoebe said, \"Beat me over the head with it.\" I don't understand the meaning of it. If she just wanted to express that message made her confused, just like using something beat her head, why did she use the preposition \"over\"? Specifically, for this sentence: \"He beat me over the head with a stick\", I would interpret it as \"He brandished a stick over my head, just as menace, it didn't touch my head\", so I feel \"beat me on the head with it\" is better to convey \"I'm confused\". Is there anything wrong? A: My interpretation of \"Beat me over the head with it\" is that it is being used sarcastically to mean \"don't rub it in,\" \"don't add insult to injury,\" or plainly \"don't make me feel worse about something by reminding me of it.\" A: The expression beat me over the head with it is used when someone states the obvious, usually a painful truth. It's close to the expression rub it in, when someone goes on and on about something that is painfully obvious. As for over the head, there are three prepositions that are used in this context, at least in American English: to hit someone... on the head (with"}, {"title": "", "text": "please share it. This one also comes in the form of \"We need to take a break\" and \"Let's just take a step back\". We've grown apart - It's already over, you're just now finding out about it. Usually stated when you have nothing left to say and the thrill is gone. This is sometimes stated as \"We're just in different places right now\". Resist the urge to fling hot grits while screaming, \"I thought we were in a relationship!\" Oh, is that just me? Never mind. Moving on. You're too good for me - This means \"I actually think I'm too good for you but I can't say that.\" Really, if someone tells you this - just agree and keep it moving. Seriously, your response should be, \"Yes, I am too good for you. Glad you recognize it.\" As Maya Angelou says, \"When someone tells you who they are, believe them.\" And let's not forget the ever popular: It's not you, it's me - Similar to above because guess what? They think that it is you, they just don't want to say it. Not only is the problem you, they've probably already found somebody else that they believe is an upgrade. There's nothing you can say to this one. If someone is wickety-wack enough to use that phrase on you, you're well free of them. I don't say these things to be mean, I say them in the spirit of education. If you're hearing a lot of these phrases coming your way... trouble is a-brewing."}, {"title": "", "text": "I might be totally deaf, I never thought I\u2019d hear myself say that! (\u201cI never thought I\u2019d hear myself say that\u201d means \u201cI\u2019m surprised that I\u2019m saying that\u201d but it also means that he\u2019s surprised to actually hear himself saying it because he might be deaf. 13. This song is called Subtraction, take it away! (What you say in a performance before a song, Let\u2019s start the song!) Hit the music please! \u201csubtraction\u201d is also the act of subtracting numbers in maths, or \u2018taking things away\u2019. 15. Bnag! That\u2019s bang out of order. \u201cThat\u2019s bang out of order\u201d is what you say when someone is behaving in an unacceptable way. He\u2019s also talking about the word \u201cBNAG\u201d which is the word \u201cBANG\u201d but with the letters in the wrong order. He is also literally putting himself through a piece of cardboard. 17. Hello, My name is Bruce Willis, and I was in a diehard film, I shoot people and people shoot back at me. Yes, I am BruceWillis, I was in The Sixth Sense, I am a film star. I\u2019m Bruce Willis. Sorry, I think I might give you the wrong impression. To give someone the wrong impression = to make someone think the wrong thing about you. Also \u201cto do an impression\u201d means to copy the voice of someone. In this joke he has copied Bruce Willis, but with the wrong voice. He\u2019s given us the wrong impression. 19. Of course, binoculars is plural, and the singular is \u2014 telescope! 20. But I love language."}, {"title": "", "text": "appears in Multicultural London English (MLE)) \"Are you dumb?\" (to describe someone who behaves stupidly and completely idiotically) \"Bless up!\" (expression of greeting or farewell) \"Dun Know\" (another way of saying \"you already know,\" \"of course,\" or \"I know\") \"Holy!\" (often used when a person needs to chill out or to stop doing too much) \"Jokes!\" (\"that's jokes!\", compliments something funny or hilarious) \"Wagwan\" (an equivalent greeting to \"what's up\" or \"what's going on?\") \"Wallahi\" (an Arabic word meaning to swear to god) \"What you sayin?\" (\"what you up to?\" used as an expression of greeting) Pronouns \"Mans\" or sometimes \"man-dem\" (I/me/you/people; first-person singular is the most notable usage) Mans in 21st-century Toronto English has gained special attention in being applied as a variety of personal pronouns, including (most notably) as a first-person singular pronoun (like I or me), a second-person singular pronoun (like you), or an indefinite pronoun (similar to people or folks). A plural-conjugated verb is required with the use of mans; for example: \"Mans are ready\" can mean \"I am ready\", \"you are ready\", or \"people are ready\". \"What are mans saying?\" can mean \"What am I saying?\", \"What are you saying?\", or \"What are people saying?\". The similar usage of man as a pronoun is common in Multicultural London English (MLE), but mans as a singular pronoun is exclusively Torontonian; the two terms likely developed in parallel timeframes, but not with one dialect directly affecting the other. It is likely that both usages ultimately come from man with a Jamaican Patois or"}, {"title": "", "text": "only skin deep, but ugly goes clean to the bone.\" quote[17] = \"Those who can't write, write manuals.\" quote[18] = \"All generalities are false.\" quote[19] = \"I'd give my right arm to be ambidextrous.\" quote[20] = \"Duct tape is like the Force. It has a light side, and a dark side, and it holds the universe together.\" quote[21] = \"I used to think I was indecisive, but now I'm not so sure.\" quote[22] = \"Boob's Law: You always find something in the last place you look.\" quote[23] = \"Cole's Law: Thinly sliced cabbage.\" quote[24] = \"Things are more like they used to be than they are now.\" quote[25] = \"There is so much sand in Northern Africa that if it were spread out it would completely cover the Sahara Desert.\" quote[26] = \"It has been said that we only use 15% of our brain. I wonder what we do with the other 75%?\" quote[27] = \"If you want your spouse to listen and pay strict attention to every word you say, talk in your sleep.\" quote[28] = \"If you have a difficult task, give it to someone lazy ... that person will find an easier way to do it.\" quote[29] = \"The way to make a small fortune in the commodities market is to start with a large fortune.\" quote[30] = \"Automatic simply means that you cannot repair it yourself.\" quote[31] = \"A clean desk is a sign of a sick mind.\" quote[32] = \"A closed mouth says nothing wrong; a closed mind does nothing right.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "recently-
          eager-esophagus-emptied-water glass

          i don\u2019t need to be over anything to love you
          and i don\u2019t have to make a fool of myself to prove it, like
          leaping around in a field of sleeping cows while wearing a fishbowl on my head
          pretending to be a lost astronaut to cope with it,

          or something to that effect
          *emetophobia* what i mean to say, what i meant to say,
          i mean
          is that i\u2019m happy you decided not to invite me
          to that party you hosted when everyone was home
          you\u2019ve been saying life has never been so good lately
          so i imagine him looking at you like you are happy
          not the emotion, but a physical thing he can pick up
          and pocket and carry with him,
          i mean, i don\u2019t know
          maybe you are a nightlight or the last battery left
          in      the kitchen drawer, maybe you are the color yellow
          not like jaundice but sleepy sun stillness

          oh and speaking of illness i\u2019m still mental
          because i think about vomiting at least twice a day
          and it makes me want to die
          i live with tomato soup in my throat
          and i can feel it boiling     on the back of my tongue
          when i sleep
          when i lay on my side

          let me tell you, my mind cooks up the perfect grilled cheese
          to go with it
          so thank you, for not inviting me, it would\u2019ve been embarrassing
          for everyone to see me cry and say the word regurgitation like a choke"}, {"title": "", "text": "so much, within the school. Then making fun of people that are different like people with disabilities and stuff, I witness that maybe like twice a week or three times a week. : Which kids do they normally say mean things to? : Recently, surprisingly, you wouldn't think this would be going on today in 2017, but recently it's been a lot of like political issues, which is crazy. Our volleyball team knelt during the national anthem so it made a big deal in the school, so there were people who agreed with it and people who disagreed with it, and all day people were just criticizing each other about it literally all day. High school students today have a really hard time accepting that someone else can believe something different than they do, and if someone thinks differently it is so quick and easy to criticize than it is to listen, so that happens a lot. : How often do these kids say mean things to you? : I am pretty confident in my opinions, if I think someone is doing something that I don't think is okay, I'll be like, \"hey that's not okay,\" and I get criticized about that a good deal. : What happens when they say mean things to other kids? : A lot of times people don't stand up and say anything, and sometimes people will agree and say the same thing. But sometimes students will say, \"hey that's not okay.\" But it's a lot easier to just go with"}, {"title": "", "text": "the crowd and just laugh about it. : How do you feel when they say mean things to others? : It really sickens me to see it, because it's just so unfair I think. : Sometimes people talk about other people and say mean or untrue things about them. For example, kids might spread rumors, gossip, or tell lies about someone to hurt them. Can you think of examples of this happening at your school? : Oh yes. That happens all the time. I think that's the primary issue at my high school: gossiping and rumors being spread all the time. : Let's think about the different groups of kids at your school. Sometimes kids will leave others out of the group or ignore them on purpose. Can you tell me about this happening at your school? : Yeah, I think that does happen a lot. : Are there kids who do this kind of thing a lot? : Probably everyday. You see it everyday at lunch. : Which kids do they normally leave out? : The people who are not so popular, not dressed with the trends or whatever. : Are there kids at your school who leave you out? : Yeah, there has been friend groups that I was part of that I necessarily wouldn't always like get invited to things. : What happens when they do this to you? : It does kinda hurt cause it's like, \"Why wasn't I good enough?\" but most of the time I get over it pretty quickly"}, {"title": "", "text": "explicitly reflects on how some metaphorical expressions do not make sense to him. In (9) and (10) following, Lou comments respectively on the current conversation with his friend Marjorie and a remembered conversation with a neighbour he often meets in the shared laundry room of his apartment block: (9) 'Tom and Lucia both sounded angry with Don,' I say. [\u2026] 'Don can be a real heel,' she says. Don is not a heel; he is a person. Normal people say things like this, changing the meaning of words without warning, and they understand it. [\u2026] If someone is a bad person, why not just say it? (Speed of Dark, p. 37) (10) 'I need to go make some phone calls; are you going to be here? To watch the dryer?' 'I will be downstairs,' I say. 'Not in this room; it is too noisy.' I have said this before when she has asked me to keep an eye on her clothes. I always think of taking out an eye and putting it on the clothes, but I do not tell her this is what I think. I know what that expression means socially, but it is a silly meaning. (Speed of Dark, In The Curious Incident, Christopher mentions that one of the two main reasons why he finds people 'confusing' is that (11) [\u2026] people often talk using metaphors. These are examples of metaphors I laughed my socks off. He was the apple of her eye. They had a skeleton in the cupboard. We had a"}, {"title": "", "text": "face but I won't put your pillow in the water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out"}, {"title": "", "text": "I won't put your pillow in the water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their"}, {"title": "", "text": "water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of ours.\" \"You'll have to recharge your fist because your magic is naked.\" \"I\u2019d acquired a taste for niquor and licotine.\" \"Put down the munker [marker].\" \"You can't question me, I'm captain of the Bible Quiz team.\" \"The Bible says don't toot your own horn. I don't want anybody to toot.\" \"But I love you more than I hate it.\" \"Every now and then your butt looks camouflaged.\" \"It hurtens every time I straight it.\" \"The scars in your eyes light up the sties.\" \"Is the steering wheel hot?\" \"Yes. But I'm hotter.\" \"By the time it's noon, they're already in college.\" \"You might be mathematically smart, but you are everything else challenged.\" \"Soon you will have no ish.\" \"It'll be okay.\" \"Lottle\" \"Me three.\" \"I want you to stay here so I can constantly admire your leather pants.\" \"You'd hit an armed manned person?\" \"You wouldn't abuse me in the public eye.\" \"I wouldn't abuse you in the private eye.\" \"I was giving everybody time to say 'goodnight' to the rat.\" \"Have you ever laughed so hard that you threw up just a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "* Retrospectives being done since 1930 :-) * Dont criticize people, understand them * If you want honey, dont kick the beehive * People want to be important and appreciated * People can even go crazy without appreciation * Speak no harm, focus on the qualities * Inspire people so they get eager to do stuff, instead of just commanding * Find out what people want and care about that * Everyone is in love with its own name, use this * Listening to someone is one of the best compliments * Encourage others to talk about themselves * Dramatize * Love the game * Throw a challenge * Ask questions, no orders * Let people save face ## Just thinking on what you are going to say next I do this all the time and it is awful, the best thing to do is truly listen to the person, instead of just listening pretty fast until I got my chance to talk. This is a sign of an inflated ego and wrong sense of self importance. ## People love their own names Cool history about how a kid with 8 years old convinced all its friends to find food to its rabbits just by proposing to name the rabbits after them. Humans do all kind of stuff to get their names on stuff, like libraries and hospitals. Give them sense of importance by using this. ## Being ruthless as a mean to be awesome Now I think this is just plain bullshit. I thought being"}, {"title": "", "text": "American Sign Language (ASL), the sign language used by the deaf community throughout most of North America, has a rich vocabulary of terms, which include profanity. Within deaf culture, there is a distinction drawn between signs used to curse versus signs that are used to describe sexual acts. In usage, signs to describe detailed sexual behavior are highly taboo due to their graphic nature. As for the signs themselves, some signs do overlap, but they may also vary according to usage. For example, the sign for \"shit\" when used to curse is different from the sign for \"shit\" when used to describe the bodily function or the fecal matter. Examples The back of dominant open b-handshape flipped out under chin literally means \"so what?\" Using a middle finger as the 'classic' flipping of the bird has a different meaning. In the 1980s, the myth was made that the b-handshape flipped under the chin was a sign of saying \"Fuck you\". Some linguists contend that when the middle finger is used directionally, and pointed at someone or something, it becomes a sign. Another common sign for \"fuck\" uses an \"FK\" abbreviation, signed with an f-handshape changing to a k-handshape, which is referred to as a \"loan sign\". A \"loan sign\" is when a fingerspelled word is modified to leave out letters, form a specific shape, or move in a specific direction to become an actual sign(1). \"Whore,\" \"slut,\" or \"prostitute\" is signed by waving an open hand on the side of the chin front to back (fingers"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.20405052602291107, -0.0849485769867897, -0.10508373379707336, -0.12466907501220703, -0.0765322744846344, -0.09967825561761856, -0.11808542162179947, -0.19251012802124023, -0.10271795839071274, -0.11703789979219437, -0.08647069334983826, -0.18291765451431274, -0.17505787312984467, -0.15340523421764374, -0.14893659949302673, -0.14898517727851868, -0.14485599100589752, -0.1314050257205963, -0.17572622001171112, -0.09645804762840271, -0.17642353475093842, -0.12387464940547943, -0.1477537751197815, -0.13506297767162323, -0.14821700751781464, -0.14418485760688782, -0.06511589139699936, -0.15385989844799042, -0.13577048480510712, -0.1550731062889099, -0.0897754654288292, 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In both of those formats, you do have this appreciation of, \"I'm writing something that I know other people are going to read.\" In that class, I do because it's technically available to other people, but it's not indexed. **Gayathri**: [17:43] Is it available to others/students? **Carwil**: [17:46] It would be available to others outside, but it's also not \u2011\u2011 what am I looking for \u2011\u2011 it's not indexed on search engines and things like that. [17:55] It's not very likely that someone would come to it and decide or that 10 years from now, someone will say, \"When you were a freshman, you thought this, this, and that.\" It does allow them to respond back and forth. That's a good medium for when you're exploring, \"What are my perspectives?\" \"[18:15] What is my opinion where that's really, and how am I coming to understand, grappling with an ethical issue or grappling with an idea that I haven't had to deal with before?\" That's a good medium. [18:27] Whereas Wikipedia also has the interactive, \"You put it out there, other people are going to read it.\" I can say on my first day, whatever you write is going to be read by whoever's interested in your topic in the future. [18:42] There is a challenge of specialization around it where it's much more helpful to be able to write something more complete. Maybe, something that's poorly covered now so that means it would"}, {"title": "", "text": "or \"our language.\" Finally, my response, barechatta \"busted,\" provided uptake of Mother-in-law's comment and, crucially, can be heard as admission that my dialect use was somehow unexpected and possibly inappropriate. The meta-talk that unfolded after Mother-in-law's comment depicted my dialect use as unexpected and positioned me as a dialect novice in comparison to the expert status assumed by Husband and Father-in-law. Examination of the meta-talk excerpt reveals four factors that contribute to the co-construction of me as someone not expected to use dialect: (1) Mother-in-law comments explicitly on my dialect use, (2) she labels the words I used as \"our language\" (this side/her side, i.e., not my side, not my language), (3) I ratify her claim by saying \"busted,\" and (4) Father-inlaw and Husband engage in an account-taking of my knowledge and use of dialect in an extended meta-talk sequence. What is at issue here is how utterances come to be heard or not heard. Meta-talk has the effect of ignoring the content of the utterance and focusing on its linguistic form (cf. Liddicoat 2016). As a result, the utterance fails to be heard, denying the speaker's legitimacy (cf. Bourdieu 1991). In the above example, both Husband's announcement of upcoming plans and my comment about the announcement were lost in the meta-talk discussion. Meta-talk allows L1 speakers to exert their ownership of the language (in this case, of the dialect), making them qualified to comment on the linguistic form of an L2 speaker's utterance. As this discussion demonstrates, meta-talk is one example of what can happen"}, {"title": "", "text": "it distinguishes from everything else. Then I actually don't remember if it was from my personal writing or if it's somewhere else on Wikipedia, that someone would use that term. [23:01] I would just say, \"OK. You want to know what this is talking about. They're not talking about this, they're talking about that. Let's write that up.\" [23:09] You then do have the satisfaction that, maybe, that influences a public dialog, that, maybe, people who are not aware of that, who are wrestling with that term for the first time, will have a chance. [23:22] That, maybe, is a reason why even I don't see where much of my Wikipedia work has been about our race than my academic work because it's a part of a public dialog. It's just helpful to have information out there. **Gayathri**: [23:37] Also, to have clear concepts of what it is that they're talking about. That makes a lot of sense. [23:42] To me, because I'm almost like an outsider coming into these conversations, it's very helpful to understand these different terminologies and results for when you said that, in conversation, this is what it means. Not this, but this, those contrasts. **Carwil**: [23:58] The other thing that I would say is that when I have wrestled with something for a long time and found out a lot typically for teaching purposes, then I'm very tempted to upload and share that particular bit of research in Wikipedia. This is also a race example for what it's worth. [24:18] I"}, {"title": "", "text": "is often attributed to Socrates on the basis of a statement in Plato's Apology, though the same view is repeatedly found elsewhere in Plato's early writings on Socrates. In other statements, though, he implies or even claims that he does have knowledge. For example, in Plato's Apology Socrates says: \"...but that to do injustice and disobey my superior, god or man, this I know to be evil and base...\" (Apology, 29b6\u20137). In his debate with Callicles, he says: \"...I know well that if you will agree with me on those things which my soul believes, those things will be the very truth...\" Whether Socrates genuinely thought he lacked knowledge or merely feigned a belief in his own ignorance remains a matter of debate. A common interpretation is that he was indeed feigning modesty. According to Norman Gulley, Socrates did this to entice his interlocutors to speak with him. On the other hand, Terence Irwin claims that Socrates's words should be taken literally. Gregory Vlastos argues that there is enough evidence to refute both claims. On his view, for Socrates, there are two separate meanings of \"knowledge\": Knowledge-C and Knowledge-E (C stands for \"certain\", and E stands for elenchus, i.e. the Socratic method). Knowledge-C is something unquestionable whereas Knowledge-E is the knowledge derived from Socrates's elenchus. Thus, Socrates speaks the truth when he says he knows-C something, and he is also truthful when saying he knows-E, for example that it is evil for someone to disobey his superiors, as he claims in Apology. Not all scholars have"}, {"title": "", "text": "because we were staying with my in-laws while visiting Japan, and early in the visit, Mother-in-law said she wanted to know our schedule to plan meals accordingly. In line 3, I say daibu saki yan (that's really a ways off) ending with the dialect sentence-final particle yan. Mother-in-law does not respond to Husband's comment, but instead addresses me in line 5, repeating what I said. This is followed by Mother-in-law's and my laughter, and then, in line 7, Mother-in-law says kotchi no kotoba ga deta (our side's language came out). Her use of the expression kotchi no kotoba is notable: kotchi refers to \"this side,\" or in this context, her side rather than mine. Her comment labels my use of the dialect token yan as \"this side's language,\" or \"our language.\" Further, although Mother-in-law does not say something like \"you shouldn't use dialect,\" by saying deta (came out, intransitive verb) rather than repeating the word \"say,\" Mother-in-law implies that my dialect use was unintentional, as well as unexpected or perhaps even inappropriate. This is followed in line 9 by me saying barechatta, \"busted\" or \"you caught me,\" which functions as a way of aligning with Mother-in-law's use of deta and her characterization of my dialect use. Mother-in-law's meta-talk caused the topic to shift, focusing on my dialect use and questions such as what dialect tokens I understand and whether or how much I use dialect. This shift produced an extended metatalk sequence, presented below, in which numerous dialect tokens were discussed. (2) Data excerpt 1-2: Do"}, {"title": "", "text": "have anything to do with the other. (\u2026) S: Do you feel hunger sometimes? P: No, not particularly; I just eat because I know that you are supposed to. Somehow I can't get it in my head that this whole thing is me. It seems that I have been dissociated in some way with anything that resembles thisthis whatever it is. Since about six years ago I don't feel like anything. It is as though I wander around, in and out, never anything significant about it at all. S: Now what does Today mean to you? If I say today or we say today, is it different in its meaning? P: It just doesn't have any meaningtime. Six years ago I stopped living almost, it is as though, and now this is just playing around. It is something you have to do. It just goes on, I don't know why it goes on. I don't' even feel like it is happening. S: Does motion of things appear different? P: Yes. S: When you see someone moving around here on the grounds, playing ball, or going over there to eat? P: I can't get it into my head that there are such things and people. They appear to be like cardboard cutouts. (\u2026) S: When you see a truck or a car moving around here, is it also different from what it was? P: Yes. S: How is that? P: I don't know. Motion doesn't seem to have any significance. I know that my hand is moving"}, {"title": "", "text": "the someone who phoned. Does this analogy hold and is it correct to say that sensation reports and mentalistic expressions in general are topic-neutral, that they refer only to experienced \u2018somethings\u2019? Smart's claim runs as follows: When a person says, \u2018I see a yellowish-orange after-image\u2019, he is saying something like this: \u2018There is something going on which is like what is going on when I have my eyes open, am awake, and there is an orange illuminated in good light in front of me, that is, when I really see an orange\u2019. (And there is no reason why a person should not say the same thing when he is having a veridical sense-datum, so long as we construe the \u2018like\u2019 in the last sentence in such a sense that something can be like itself.) Notice that the italicised words, namely \u2018there is something going on which is like what is going on when\u2019, are all quasi logical or topic neutral words. This explains why the ancient Greek peasant's reports about his sensations can be neutral between dualistic metaphysics and my materialistic metaphysics. It explains how sensations can be brain processes and yet how a man who reports them need know nothing about brain processes. For he reports them only very abstractly as \u2018something going on which is like what is going on when\u2026\u2019 Similarly, a person may say \u2018someone is in the room\u2019, thus reporting truly that the doctor is in the room, even though he has never heard of doctors."}, {"title": "", "text": "is that, very often, different stakeholders show different backgrounds and, most important, have different goals. Of course, this is not so easy to obtain when each organization is close-minded in the sense that it does not want to look at the whole picture, but is only focused on its own needs. Finally, it is very important that in order to be competitive on the market you cannot focus only on the cost but you have to focus on the quality of what you are going to put on the market. \\paragraph*{Difficulty in accountability/taking ownership for people} As already highlighted, DevOps adoption means automation but also collaboration between people. Obviously, collaboration implies that each party involved shall take the ownership for something inside the collaborative process but also for the relations it has with other actors. A ``silo mentality'' is what we actually have in different teams involved in the realization of the same software product. In other words, a team or department shares common tasks but derives their power and status from their group with no accountability about relations. ``I do my best in my tasks. Period''. An example can be the one related to a ``Misunderstanding of requirements'': when the developer appears to be responsible for a requirement not well-understood, she usually says ``the functional analyst gave me wrong information''. And the analyst will blame someone else for something else. This is related to the fact that often companies or, maybe better, single managers act following a ``blame culture'': if something goes wrong, the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "I need an example of feeling which is of T-type. This is the case for group 3. It includes acts of T-type and, moreover, active and passive voices of relevant verbs are loaded with affective meaning. To this group belong love, 23 admiration, hatred, 24 envy, contempt, honour, and abhorrence. 25 20 One may remark that if I am rejoicing, an external observer can be affected by my rejoicing -infected, so to speak, by my expression of that joy. But this is again what may but does not have to happen and, as such, can be put aside here. 21 By absent I mean here not present in any way whatsoever. At the risk of circularity I would say that when the object of f is not present in any way whatsoever, it cannot be that an object is passing over into it and a modification cannot be instantiated. But what about love and other elements of group 3? Does love occur only in the presence of the beloved? And if not, what is the difference between loving and missing? May the beloved feel being loved when the lover is absent? I am not able to conceptualise this here. 22 Verbs of group 2b remind us of thinking about (see above), which may pass over into the object of thinking about only if additional conditions are fulfilled. So here: I may feel (or only: I may know because I have learnt) that I am missed but I don't feel (or know) this simply because of someone's"}, {"title": "", "text": "Magic in real world. If we define magic as a set of laws parallel to the laws of physics that also affect our universe and that can be manipulated, it will not be impossible to find magic in the real world. The only exception is that it does not looks like what we would expect. Somehow I feel as everything people say about spirits, curses and spiritual experiences is only this, some strange system of laws that we can access with some behavior whose logic is hard to fully understand, so people call it all just by \"magic\" and don't think about it. But my intuition about this magic does not ends there. People have intuition and with this they know things that they should not know. I fell like there is a lot more things on it, things we do everyday: - A police officer can often tell if someone is a criminal or not, just by looking at them, how can they do that if they can't even explain it? - We can communicate with animals with bodylanguage even if we share no common ancestor for an eternity. - The same colors that mean danger to us also mean danger to animals. - Animals can detect earthquakes and run even if they never lived an earthquake before. - Sometimes we find out that we are having the exact same thought as other person even if we had no apparent reason to think about it. - Why all religions have entranced states? Why people with"}, {"title": "", "text": "our argument about the impossibility of differentiating clearly enough between metaphorical and literal meaning even to make such distinctions, much less to enact them, I realized that my friend was doing exactly what he had been saying was out of the question-he was giving example after example of the kind of switching that I had been talking about and that he had been saying could not be done. He was alternating effortlessly between the literal and the figurative meanings of \"have a green thumb.\" I'm not sure that my friend accepted fully the fact that he had been doing what he had been saying was impossible, but voila! He was doing it! The fact that my friend claims that he is now (April 2021) stuck in the \"on\" position, unable to resolve a metaphor into nonsense, does not reduce the importance of his previous feat. This is of great importance to me because it proves that I am not unique in having, or, rather, in having learned, this capacity, and that someone else could serve as an experimental subject in such a study. This possibility should enable researchers, with appropriate equipment, to see clearly at the neurological level what distinguishes autists from those who experience metaphors as such. BOX 3 Perceiving a Metaphor. Throughout this essay, I have been speaking of experiencing, or apprehending, metaphor as metaphor and perceiving metaphor as nonsense. Here an interesting issue can be seen forming. It is partly a matter of terminology, but that terminology reveals a minute flaw in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "personal and they know their addresses' pronouns, {\\em e.g.}, ``\\textit{I would say my style of address to someone depends on my individual experiences with that person, rather than any potential stereotypes.}'' ($P${1}). They also stated that the inclusion of the gender role is usually intended, {\\em e.g.}, ``\\textit{I would be concerned. My sister does not necessarily fit stereotypes, and my birthday messages are pretty similar across gender. Adding gender-specific language would likely be different from my usual style}'' ($P${5}). \\change{Statistically, 90\\% users (18 out of 20) expressed that they would not be concerned about gender roles in their greeting card messages. } \\textbf{C3: Users would like to get some suggestions, but are against the system changing things for them.} \\change{Users do not want to be intervened with modifying their greeting messages.} For example, $P${4} responded to the second question, saying that ``\\textit{I'd be careful about adding a feature that suggests an alternative message because sometimes the person for whom the greeting is meant does not follow traditional gender roles}.'' $P${3} and $P${16} further emphasized that they do not want to be criticized by the machine. However, they are not against the idea of getting suggestions in two aspects: (1) To diversify their message. $P${8} mentioned ``\\textit{I'd love to get some new ideas on what I can include in a greeting message.}''; and (2) to know what contributes to their manifested gender role, o that they can make informed decisions on what to keep or change their messages. \\subsection{Design Requirements} Based on Section~\\ref{section:pilot}, we find that users"}, {"title": "", "text": "Alice: Mm. Discrimination. And this is true. I mean, if you look at this population in comparison to the general population, generally speaking, indigenous peoples have a lower life expectancy, poorer health\u2026 don't have equal access to health care, or education. They are marginalized in many, many ways, which is true. Elaine: But I guess the problem is that\u2026. I think they want to compensate the indigenous people, but then who decides what kind of compensation is right, how much, and to who? Like who is\u2026 Alice: Yes. Who are the indigenous people? We were talking about it here in this classroom. What does it really mean? Elaine: Who is supposed to get compensation? And also, if they want their land back then they're asking the US to take land from someone else and give it back to them. Basically, they are saying that what they did a long time ago was wrong. So, it's a little bit like \u2026 I understand why they should have that land, but as it was so long ago, it's also a little bit\u2026 Like you can't really punish me for what my grandfather did. But I'm not saying that they shouldn't be compensated. Obviously, they should. Alice: Mm. But the problem here is\u2026 We will come to that when we get to the individual articles. Have I overlooked any of the points that you addressed? Like, can you punish landowners today for the sins of the past? Whose land is it? Can you take land and say \"OK, you"}, {"title": "", "text": "mind. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself;\" \"[l]abor is external to the worker,\" it is not a part of their essential being. During work, the worker is miserable, unhappy and drained of their energy, work \"mortifies his body and ruins his mind.\" The production content, direction and form are imposed by the capitalist. The worker is being controlled and told what to do since they do not own the means of production they have no say in production, \"labor is external to the worker, i.e. it does not belong to his essential being. A person's mind should be free and conscious, instead it is controlled and directed by the capitalist, \"the external character of labor for the worker appears in the fact that it is not his own but someone else's, that it does not belong to him, that in it he belongs, not to himself, but to another.\" This means he cannot freely and spontaneously create according to his own directive as labor's form and direction belong to someone else. From their Gattungswesen (species-essence) The Gattungswesen ('species-essence' or 'human nature'), of individuals is not discrete (separate and apart) from their activity as a worker and as such species-essence also comprises all of innate human potential as a person. Conceptually, in the term species-essence, the word species describes the intrinsic human mental essence that is characterized by a \"plurality of interests\" and \"psychological dynamism,\" whereby every individual has the desire and the tendency to engage in"}, {"title": "", "text": "First, resolving financial situations might lead to happiness. However, as time progressed I realized that it's only a scant hope. In some ways money contributes to a part of happiness, but not to the fullest. Secondly, being in a \"good\" romantic relationship might resolve anxieties which further catalyzes happiness. This, in many regards, is a tautology for me. But, it's equally destructive if you are the person (like me) who takes almost everything seriously. Some parts of the relationships that contributed to my happiness were going on a long walk with someone, getting an email from a soul from another country, someone thinking of me... You know how it goes... Lastly, working for financial independence. This directly relates to the first. But, given the nature of anxieties I have been getting, I'd say work life can only create satisfaction, not what \"being happy\" is. Surely, there are more than enough times that I got happy to solve that problem X that had been bugging me for a while. But, it can only do so much. ### So, [[What is Happiness]] for me? I have come to the terms for this meaning: > **_Happiness = Reality - Expectation_** Happiness is a state when I accept and appreciate reality without much expectations. > \"The greatest obstacle to living is expectancy, which hangs upon tomorrow and loses today\u2026 The whole future lies in uncertainty: live immediately.\"- Seneca Perhaps, that's again me trying to comfort myself with _\"Don't worry Nish! Everything works out eventually\" narrative._ For the upcoming times, reaching"}, {"title": "", "text": "can be called a respectable person: \"Zhong-ni said, 'The respectable person embodies the course of the Mean; the average person acts contrary to the course of the Mean.\" Self-watchfulness This guideline requires self-education, self-questioning and self-discipline during the process of self-cultivation. This principle was exposited in the first chapter of Doctrine of the Mean: \"The respectable person does not wait till he sees things to be cautious, nor till he hears things to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior person is watchful over himself, when he is alone.\" Leniency This guideline requires understanding, concern and tolerance towards one another. Leniency was exposited in the 13th chapter: \"When one cultivates to the utmost the principles of his nature, and exercises them on the principle of reciprocity, he is not far from the path. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others.\" In this chapter, Confucius explained this guideline with four examples: \"to serve my father, as I would require my son to serve me\", \" to serve my prince as I would require my minister to serve me\", \"to serve my elder brother as I would require my younger brother to serve me\", \"to set the example in behaving to a friend, as I would require him to behave to me.\" Sincerity Sincerity contributes to a close connection between Heaven and human. This guideline was exposited in the 23rd chapter: \"It is only he who"}, {"title": "", "text": "sale of Indigenous plants, the most obvious example being high end tea stores. People don't ask where they are getting the plants that make up those teas. What does the chain of custody look like? What intentions went into their harvest? My philosophy and my intentions go into the picking of teas that I make and gift to people, and that can't be put into a price tag and be sold. Kelsey: What do you mean by chain of custody? Dancing Water: It's more than custody, it's really the chain of care. It's the intentional stages of care that begin with the seed and germination. The acknowledgment for the plant, the harvest, the gifting, the sharing, and for someone to finally ingest it or to put it on their body. It's the opposite of commodification. Kelsey: This is reminding me of the current focus in the media on the climate crisis and how we, as a global community, need to start thinking about the energy exchanged to get any product from Point A to Point B. I recently had a conversation with a family member about fossil fuels and the hidden carbon footprints that bring vegetables and clothing and car parts through complex global pathways, from initial ingredients to the final consumer, but when you say 'chain of care' it's making me think of energy as intention and human wellbeing. What impact does the food we eat have on the bees, the birds, and other human populations? Dancing Water: Yes, foundationally it's about the intentions. Kelsey:"}, {"title": "", "text": "other words, the people of New Guinea had their own reality, their own conceptions of how society is organized; and they followed their own thoughts, not African thoughts. 8 This caused a reflective and reflexive swing in anthropology that is not over yet. It even made anthropologists rethink what they thought they knew about Africa. In a similar vein, one year later, Marshall Sahlins wrote \"Rich Man, Poor Man, Big Man, Chief: Political Types in Polynesia and Melanesia\" (1963). Sahlins made the case that political leadership in Melanesia did not involve anything like a chief ruling over a chiefdom, a polity that was imagined for Polynesia and for Africa. In Melanesia, Big Man leadership involves different dynamics than leadership by a chief. So, now, on the first day of class when I am teaching anthropology, I tell my students that the best way to fail this class is to use questionable terms like \"totemism,\" or \"tribe,\" or \"chief,\" or \"animism,\" or \"primitive,\" or \"simple.\" Question: Does Homosexuality Exist in the Pacific Islands? All that to say, when someone asks me to speak or write about homosexuality in cross-cultural perspective, I am hesitant. Most of my life has been focused elsewhere, on land tenure and political organization specifically in the islands of the Pacific. My first question is whether or not the English term homosexuality is a legitimate cross-cultural category? What descriptions do we have of things that people do that are like what Americans mean when they use the term? The answers are so varied and"}, {"title": "", "text": "be very difficultalthough, I hope, not impossibleto persuade them to desist by telling them why some people may choose not to express their negative views of others. I would claim, however, that the results of my investigation may be able to help inform one small part of a strategy which a state may employ in order to reduce the level, intensity and frequency of hate speech. And, to repeat, we need all the parts of such a strategy that we can find. Range of Relevant Acts I want to begin my argument by clearly identifying the range of acts in which I am interested. What do I mean by self-restraint? What sort of acts fall into this category? Conversely, what are not instances of self-restraint as I am characterizing it? What acts of non-expression fall outside the range with which I am concerned? I shall proceed first by exclusion, by describing two classes of acts which fall outside my remit. First, I am not interested in acts of non-expression in which someone does not say something since they fear the consequences if they do speak. Where hate speech laws are in place, many people who have hateful sentiments will not express them since they fear the punishment that may follow if they do. I put acts of this kind aside since, ex hypothesi, I want to explore the reasons why individuals may refrain from hate speech even when such speech is not legally proscribed. 2 For my purposes in this article, therefore, I shall assume that"}, {"title": "", "text": "act, and only rarely on the subdivision of the locution into phone, pheme and rheme. How to Do Things With Words is based on lectures given at Oxford between 1951 and 1954, and then at Harvard in 1955. Performative utterance According to J. L. Austin, \"performative utterance\" refers to a not truth-valuable action of \"performing\", or \"doing\" a certain action. For example, when people say \"I promise to do so and so\", they are generating the action of making a promise. In this case, without any flaw (the promise is flawlessly fulfilled), the \"performative utterance\" is \"happy\", or to use J. L. Austin's word, \"felicitous\"; if on the other hand, one fails to do what he or she promised, it can be \"unhappy\", or \"infelicitous\". Notice that performative utterance is not truth-valuable, which means nothing said can be judged based on truth or falsity. There are four types of performatives according to Austin: explicit, implicit, primitive, and inexplicit. \"How to Do Things With Words\", edited by J. O. Urmson and Marina Bissau, records Austin's lectures on this topic. In this book, Austin offers examples for each type of performative mentioned above. For explicit performative, he mentioned \"I apologize\", \"I criticize\" (Page 83), which are so explicit to receivers that it would not make sense for someone to ask \"Does he really mean that?\". Inexplicit performatives are the opposite, where the receiver will have understandable doubts. For a primary performative, the example Austin gave is \"I shall be there\". Compared with explicit performatives, there is uncertainty in"}, {"title": "", "text": "In that sense, a philosophy of Christianity is possible, simply because, as Emmanuel Falque has put it eloquently in a different context, it covers elements of what it means to be a human being that are universally credible on the basis of our being a human being: the Christian message, Falque says, \"is not only 'believable' (by giving faith), it is also 'credible' (with a universalisable rationality)\", for it \"is not simply one of conviction, but also one of 'culture', or of pure and simple humanity\" (Falque, The Wedding Feast of the Lamb, 43 (translation modified)). 63 Wolfe,Heidegger and Theology,183. 64 Bultmann, \"The Historicity of Man and Faith\", 99. 65 Bultmann, \"What Does it Mean to Speak of God?\", 54. not something external in respect of which it is possible either to act and speak or to refrain from acting and speaking. Love exists only as a determining element of life itself. Love is there only when I love or am loved; it has no existence alongside or behind me.\"66 Indeed, is it not by definition that unconditional love is not a choice for one of many possible ways of existing, but rather that that choice is made for me by the existentiell situation I find myself in and the way it changes my existentiality, the possibilities that I have? Friendship is a more casual relationship, but nevertheless, in choosing to be someone's friend, other things, such as sleeping with my friend's wife, become less possible-though not by my own decision. That is, the ontic experience"}, {"title": "", "text": "to an individual X, is to know how someone else, of a determinate kin type to oneself, refers to X. From that knowledge alone, a correct appellation can be deduced. For example, suppose someone I call a t\u00eed\u00ea 'sister' calls X a tp:ee 'my child,' then I can call X a ch\u00ean\u00ea 'my nephew', without having the faintest idea of my genealogical connection to X. Michel Gofman, a good friend of mine, while reading this chapter, wondered whether this operator was com 4 mutative or not. Read answered that the kin term product operator is non-commutative for most kin term pairs. Dousset (2008) presents details about the procedure followed by Ngaatjatjarra natives from Central Australia 5 when computing their mutual kinship relations by building a model taking the form of a \"relational triangle\" (Dousset 2008: 263, 272, 273 notably) that reflects \"the indigenous principles underlying their representation, as well as their portrayal of kinship.\" One should not forget that this kin term starts with K; that is to say, from the term alter1 uses to refer to alter2. Scheffler & Lounsbury (1971: 140) stressed, relying on their own experience, that competent informants, when asked about the meaning of the kin terms that they used were likely to answer using a \"relative product.\" For example, when asked \"what is a cousin\" they might reply: My cousins are the children of my uncles and aunts\u2026. These two authors (1971: 143) continued by saying that most anthropologists since Morgan and Fison, had collected lists of relative products, but rather"}, {"title": "", "text": "a means. What van der Graaf and van Delden call this the not merely as a means principle (NMMP) has achieved mantra-like status in bioethics. 33 To say that a practice treats someone merely as a means is generally viewed as a conversation stopper. Still we need to ask several questions: when do we treat people merely as a means? Is the principle sound? Does it do moral work not done by other moral principles? And does the best account of NMMP support CR or condemn coercive participation? As is often pointed out, no sensible moral principle could prohibit using people as a means. In general, we do not treat people wrongly or merely as a means if they consent to the terms of an interaction. The taxi driver uses me as a means to earn an income and I use him as a means to get to my destination. But we do not treat each other merely as a means if we both give valid consent to the terms of the transaction-he does not deceive me about the fare and I do not make a false promise to pay him. It is not clear whether valid consent is always sufficient to satisfy NMMP. For example, it might be thought that a customer treats a prostitute merely as a means even if the interaction is consensual. I think this is doubtful, but, in any case, consent surely goes much of the way towards satisfying NMMP. Now depending upon what is required to satisfy NMMP, the principle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Pushkin and Istomina: Ballet in Nineteenth-Century Russia Where is the point from which we say \u201cI see\u201d? We begin with our eyes (\u201call eyes,\u201d we say), and we watch. We become spectators, those who watch, and who are defined by that act alone. The act is old, but each perception is new, and each is individual: \u201cI see,\u201d I say, not someone else. Do others see indeed? What do they see? Turn to your left, to your right; enquire, and arguments abound. Believe your eyes, we say: I do, of course, but do I believe yours? There's the rub \u2014 and I rub my eyes; the problem vexes. No spectacle provides its spectators with an identical experience. I close my eyes; the spectacle dissolves, yet a vision persists: persistence of vision, we say. Yet how can I see what someone else has seen, if the eyes that saw are gone, if the spectacle they saw is gone? Your eyes, his eyes, those eyes long dead and gone \u2014 can I believe them? How does the vision persist?"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the slightest extent would be taken for a fool. Consequently, even if love does not always successfully pass over into its object and does not reach it, this is not what is expected nor believed to be its completion. Let me then acknowledge that love is an example of a T-type act because it inherently contains the intention of acting upon the beloved. What is crucial to my argument is that it happens to pass over into the beloved. 30 26 I don't consider a case when someone may feel loved without being loved, that is, without an act of loving. I would take this to be an example of affective hallucination. 27 For obvious reason loving what-is-not-a-person (animals, plants, and other living organisms as well groups, nations, etc.) lies beyond the scope of the paper. 28 Here it becomes clear that being loved makes sense only if it stands for feeling being loved. Symmetrically, we could say feeling loving, but we don't say this because to say loving is enough. 29 The same is valid for other elements of this group, e.g. admiring a person versus the person being admired, even though here the intention of acting upon the admired person seems less obvious than in the case of love. But to see it, please imagine that you admire someone and keep your admiration inside, that is, you keep your admiration hidden from the person admired so that she is unable to spot it. Here a distinction between admiring and contemplation (which is for"}, {"title": "", "text": "effects that it would have when it is considered on its own may not be its only relevant effects. I should ask, 'Will my act be one of a set of acts that will together harm other people?' The answer may be Yes\" (1984, p. 86). Similarly, when deciding whether to blame, it is not enough to ask, \"Does the person deserve blame?\" Even if the answer is \"Yes,\" my blaming that person may still be wrong when considered in view of whether and how much others Footnote 19 (continued) the more that others are blaming, the more your blame is appropriate-a claim I do not endorse. We might then amend the principle to say that the appropriateness of your act of blame depends inversely on how much others are blaming. But this still does not capture what is at stake. If you are the second person to blame someone for some serious wrongdoing, it does not mean that your act of blame is less appropriate than the act of blame performed by the first person to blame. So, more precisely, the appropriateness of an act of blame depends (in part) on whether the contributions of others to the amount of blame P deserves would render your added act of blame to be one that contributes to blame beyond P. 20 An observation that an anonymous reviewer helpfully raises pertains to the much maligned lex talionis penal principle, famously associated with the phrase \"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.\" This principle, at"}, {"title": "", "text": "reflects degrees of comprehension, remains flat for metaphor and nonsense alike. 3 The failure to distinguish is not a failure of intelligence or understanding; it is an actual physiological event, or, rather, absence of event. The reader may be interested, or, perhaps, merely horrified, to know that I have recently learned, or trained myself, to experience a few metaphors as nonsense; to force them back into their nonsensical condition. What does it mean for someone to have a green thumb? Or to say that he weeps crocodile tears? Or to think that his love is a red, red rose? I have actually learned, though with considerable effort, to switch back and forth between the metaphoric experience/apprehension of these expressions andwhat shall I say-their nonsensical equivalents. (It's something like performing the figure/ground, or rabbit/vase switch, in perception, or-a slightly less precise comparison-like what happens when you resolve a word into its phonetic components, forgetting its meaning in ordinary discourse.) I feel myself to be, in this regard, something of a monster, perhaps the first person in history to attempt such a feat. So far, I have been able to avoid getting stuck in the \"off\" position. But what would induce one to engage in such a perilous exercise? What happened, in my case, is that I was trying to understand exactly what would happen if one experienced the Metastasio passage as Arcudi described it-as dead words, trite and unconvincing-in other words, as nonsense-rather than as live metaphor. How would it feel not to have a live experience"}, {"title": "", "text": "in this manuscript: EQ Empathy Quotient EMG Electromyography Appendix A. Empathy Quotient Questionnaire 1. I can easily tell if someone else wants to enter a conversation. 2. I prefer animals to humans. 3. I try to keep up with the current trends and fashions. 4. I find it difficult to explain to others things that I understand easily, when they don't understand it the first time. I really enjoy caring for other people. 7. I try to solve my own problems rather than discussing them with others. 8. I find it hard to know what to do in a social situation. 9. I am at my best first thing in the morning. 10. People often tell me that I went too far in driving my point home in a discussion. 11. It doesn't bother me too much if I am late meeting a friend. 12. Friendships and relationships are just too difficult, so I tend not to bother with them. 13. I would never break a law, no matter how minor. 14. I often find it difficult to judge if something is rude or polite. 15. In a conversation, I tend to focus on my own thoughts rather than on what my listener might be thinking. 16. I prefer practical jokes to verbal humor. 17. I live life for today rather than the future. 18. When I was a child, I enjoyed cutting up worms to see what would happen. 19. I can pick up quickly if someone says one thing but means another. 20. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "in touch with you. But I\u2019m not talking about those notifications. I\u2019m talking about the little semi-useful bits of information that get pushed to you, sucking up your attention throughout the day with little noises and pop-ups. How many times a day would you check your phone even if all the sounds were turned off? Does this not strike you as a little bit crazy? Remember when we had *real life things* to do? When is the last time you gave something 100% of your attention? **Is it just easier to let other people decide what we should be paying attention to?** ## Focus Means Paying Attention In the pursuit of focus, I asked myself, \u201cWhat is more important: the notifications I receive, or the thing I should be giving my full attention to?\u201d I decided that whatever I\u2019ve decided to do at any given moment is the thing that should have my full attention. That\u2019s worth repeating. \u201cI\u2019ve decided to do this thing. I will give this thing my full, undivided attention for as long as I need to. For as long as **I decide to**.\u201d A push notification is nothing more than **something trying to convince you that it deserves your attention more than anything else at the moment**. I say NOPE. It\u2019s my job to decide what I want to give my attention to. If I\u2019m lucky, I have 50 or 60 years of life left. **I don\u2019t want to live my life letting other people decide what I do with my time,"}, {"title": "", "text": "it one's own. In an alternate argument, Locke claims that we must allow it to become private property lest all mankind have starved, despite the bounty of the world. A man must be allowed to eat, and thus have what he has eaten be his own (such that he could deny others a right to use it). The apple is surely his when he swallows it, when he chews it, when he bites into it, when he brings it to his mouth, etc.: it became his as soon as he mixed his labour with it (by picking it from the tree). This does not yet say why an individual is allowed to take from the common store of nature. There is a necessity to do so to eat, but this does not yet establish why others must respect one's property, especially as they labour under the like necessity. Locke assures his readers that the state of nature is a state of plenty: one may take from communal store if one leaves a) enough and b) as good for others, and since nature is bountiful, one can take all that one can use without taking anything from someone else. Moreover, one can take only so much as one can use before it spoils. There are then two provisos regarding what one can take, the \"enough and as good\" condition and \"spoilage.\" Gold does not rot. Neither does silver, or any other precious metal or gem. They are, moreover, useless, their aesthetic value not entering into the equation."}, {"title": "", "text": "(its), nia (our). These agree with their noun like any other adjective: ni salutis liajn amikojn (we greeted his friends). Esperanto does not have separate forms for the possessive pronouns; this sense is generally (though not always) indicated with the definite article: la mia (mine). The reflexive pronoun is used in non-subject phrases only to refer back to the subject, usually only in the third and indefinite persons: li lavis sin \"he washed (himself)\" ili lavis sin \"they washed themselves (or each other)\" li lavis lin \"he washed him (someone else)\" li man\u011dis sian panon \"he ate his (own) bread\" li man\u011dis lian panon \"he ate his (someone else's) bread\" The indefinite pronoun is used when making general statements, and is often used where English would have a passive verb, oni diras, ke ... \"one says that...\", \"they say that ...\" or \"it is said that ...\" With impersonal verbs, no pronoun is used: pluvas \"it is raining\". Here the rain is falling by itself, and that idea is conveyed by the verb, so no subject pronoun is needed. When not referring to humans, \u011di is mostly used with items that have physical bodies, with tiu or tio used otherwise. Zamenhof proposed that \u011di could also be used as an epicene (gender-neutral) third-person singular pronoun, meaning for use when the gender of an individual is unknown or for when the speaker simply doesn't wish to clarify the gender. However, this proposal is only common when referring to children: La infano ploras, \u0109ar \u011di volas man\u011di \"the"}, {"title": "", "text": "valuable for, all this kind of stuff. [13:55] It changes how you think about knowledge and its production. There's work that's involved with that, and bringing students along through that. Some of the work involves that. [14:11] I tend to think of it as I emphasize the things that are relevant to the class for doing that. For just practical reasons, I have a class that's knowledged and so full of socially generated concepts fits best in is actually my interim class. [14:31] But I feel like I don't want to do as much technical teaching with them that says, \"How are we going to write, and how are we going to do this kind of stuff because there's a lot to cover anyway?\" [14:46] Yes, there's a lot. It's actually valuable on both of those levels. Are they getting the content? Are they thinking through \u2011\u2011 how do you write about something in a way that it can be shared and neutral? What does neutral mean, anyway? What kind of knowledge is excluded from traditional versions of things? [15:10] Over the longer term, I'd say that some of my writings on and editing personal writings, I've been in this kind of experimental mode. What are the things that are natural parts of how we describe something? [15:25] Say, Wikipedia has a page on an armament, say, a bomb that's in your ops somewhere over time? Does it just cut this cover, the caliber and ballistics and other stuff like this, or does it also cover,"}, {"title": "", "text": "came to improving their English. One student commented, \"More people is easy to work because when I don't know what to say, someone teaches me.\" Another student commented, \"It's good that we can exchange our opinions. It can make opportunity that we have conversation more.\" Meeting in groups helped one student gain perspective. In their words, \"We can share different types of view. Other people say some advice to my ideas.\" However, not all students' responses to group work were positive. One student said, \"Working in a group of three or more sometimes has trouble when someone is being lazy or what else in your group.\" And another student commented, \"Quality is more important than a lot of people. So, I don't like to work with a lot of people.\" Reflecting on the challenges of working in groups one student wrote, \"Before I work in a group, I need a couple of time to think by myself.\" And another student said, \"Working with a partner is OK, but if your partner is not good it's tough.\" It is difficult to answer the research questions that inspired my study conclusively or with full confidence. A two-tailed t-test comparing students' pre and post-surveys failed to reach significance, which means the results reported here might not be replicable. Additionally, a mixed range of beginners took part in this survey and it is possible that higher-level students may not want to work with lower-level students for fear of having to do most of the work. Also, students' desire to work"}, {"title": "", "text": "What does it mean when a company says that a product is \"approvable\"?"}, {"title": "", "text": "time to time. \"A lot depends on the experience of the company and the norm followed by its foreign partner,\" says the private insurer. OM Kotak, for example, is said to reinsure policies above Rs 5 lakh in general while LIC is said to generally reinsure covers above Rs 25 lakh. What does it mean to you? One, your money is safe because the risk of your insurer going bust stands eliminated. Two, your premium will be slightly loaded, but that is not something you should really mind, right? Moreover, here is a tip: large risk covers on term policy, the cheapest form of insurance because it covers pure risk, are usually reinsured. \"We charge very low premium on term plans, taking a huge risk. So it is in my interest to derisk,\" says a private insurer. This means you get a large cover for a cheap rate and it is also re- In his address vice-chancellor, GGSIPU, K K Aggarwal urged for a system, which will allow students to enroll in multiple courses so that they are able to enhance their skills. ICEM workshop The of this programme is to train young and fresh graduates with an aptitude for publishing and shape a career in publishing and book-selling. Also, a specialised course in publishing will help to make the functioning of Indian publishing industry more professional.\" Moreover, this programme offers a well structure and organised institution and curriculum for those already working in the publishing and book-selling professions but have not had an exposure to"}, {"title": "", "text": "bans subtle racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, and other kinds of bias. This one is different from the rest, because it covers a class of behaviors instead of one very specific pattern. Subtle -isms are small things that make others feel uncomfortable, things that we all sometimes do by mistake. For example, saying \"It's so easy my grandmother could do it\" is a subtle -ism. Like the other three social rules, this one is often accidentally broken. Like the other three, it's not a big deal to mess up \u2013 you just apologize and move on. If you see a subtle -ism in the Pony community , you can point it out to the relevant person, either publicly or privately, or you can ask one of the project maintainers to say something. After this, we ask that all further discussion move off of public channels. If you are a third party, and you don't see what could be biased about the comment that was made, feel free to talk to the project maintainers. Please don't say, \"Comment X wasn't homophobic!\" Similarly, please don't pile on to someone who made a mistake. The \"subtle\" in \"subtle -isms\" means that it's probably not obvious to everyone right away what was wrong with the comment. If you have any questions about any part of the code of conduct or social rules, please feel free to reach out to any of the project maintainers."}, {"title": "", "text": "or her talent into a work of art. From a transcribed lecture in his Classes on Fitzgerald (Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina, 2001): My approach to literature is rooted in authorial intention: here is a writer who knew what he was doing; let me try to understand what he was doing and how it works. If he didn't know what he was doing, why read him? I suppose that every writer--except for the really bad ones, except for the truly incompetent ones--knows what he's doing; but someone with a great deal of talent or someone with genius knows more than other writers. I once asked the widow of one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century for a photo of her husband to illustrate a book I was publishing. She sent me a baby picture of him, with a note saying, \"If you look in the baby's eyes you can see that all of my husband's work is there already.\" My first reaction was that she was bonkers. My second reaction was that she was joking. My third reaction was that she believed what she had said--and that, in a way, it was true. All geniuses are born geniuses; and his wife knew that when he was in his crib, Vladimir Nabokov's genius existed. It was just a matter of letting it develop. I believe in authorial intention; I believe in it devoutly. That is not to say that there aren't happy accidents, that an author never gets lucky; but the good ones"}, {"title": "", "text": "that must be further elucidated\". Nonetheless, Grice never settled on a full elucidation or definition of his favoured notion of saying, and the interpretation of this notion has become a contentious issue in the philosophy of language. One point of controversy surrounding Grice's favoured notion of saying is the connection between it and his concept of utterer's meaning. Grice makes it clear that he takes saying to be a kind of meaning, in the sense that doing the former entails doing the latter: \"I want to say that (1) \"U (utterer) said that p\" entails (2) \"U did something x by which U meant that p\" (87). This condition is controversial, but Grice argues that apparent counterexamples\u2014cases in which a speaker apparently says something without meaning it\u2014are actually examples of what he calls \"making as if to say\", which can be thought of as a kind of \"mock saying\" or \"play saying\". Another point of controversy surrounding Grice's notion of saying is the relationship between what a speaker says with an expression and the expression's timeless meaning. Although he attempts to spell out the connection in detail several times, the most precise statement that he endorses is the following one: In the sense in which I am using the word say, I intend what someone has said to be closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered. Unfortunately, Grice never spelled out what he meant by the phrase \"closely related\" in this passage, and philosophers of language continue to debate"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: What does 'urban' mean? description: And is the alternative to it 'suburban' or 'rural'? layout: post image: /images/LasVegas_Strip.jpg --- Discussions about urban geography and planning often include the term _urban_. But what do we mean when we say \"urban,\" and what is the alternative or opposite? And how can you examine a place and determine whether or not it's urban? I've spent a lot of time thinking about this and have decided that it really involves a mix of four distinct factors: - Density - Regional population - \"Soft factors\": architecture, urban design, social issues - Transportation To improve our discussion of these issues, it's best to use as specific language as possible. ## Density Perhaps the easiest way to quantitatively classify an area as urban or not is based on population density (or household density). This is a spectrum from high-density to low-density, where we usually think of high-density as _urban_, low-density as _rural_, and the middle of the spectrum as _suburban_. Where do you draw the lines between urban, suburban, and rural? FiveThirtyEight/Trulia addressed this issue in a [fascinating study](http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-suburban-are-big-american-cities/) of how people describe where they live. Their findings: > Our analysis showed that the single best predictor of whether someone said his or her area was urban, suburban or rural was ZIP code density. Residents of ZIP codes with more than 2,213 households per square mile typically described their area as urban. Residents of neighborhoods with 102 to 2,213 households per square mile typically called their area suburban. In ZIP codes with"}, {"title": "", "text": "Children are more confused than adults about memories for what they said and what they imagined saying. The present studies examine the extent to which this confusion is related to the person subjects imagine. In Experiment 1, subjects (7, 10, and adult) said words and imagined someone (themselves, a parent, or a friend) saying other words. They were then asked to distinguish words they said from words they imagined. Performance varied with age as well as with the person subjects imagined. Further, performance was better for words subjects imagined than for words they said. Metamemory responses indicated subjects of all ages remembered elaborative processing activated spontaneously during imagination when discriminating between memories. When the nature of subjects encodings was constrained (i.e., subjects said and imagined someone saying words as part of a sentence completion task. Experiment 2), performance declined for all age groups. Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that elaborations reported in response to our metamemory questions occurred during imagination and were not solely prompted by our metamemory questions."}, {"title": "", "text": "case. While the proposition expressed by \"There is a sheep\" entails the proposition expressed by \"There is a sheep (somewhere),\" believing the former does not entail seriously believing the latter. If someone who believed the former were asked whether he believed the latter, no doubt he would say that he didthough in a special tone of voice, I think. We can allow that there is a sense -the philosopher's sense -in which one believes any proposition one thinks is entailed by a proposition one believes. But we need not agree that one seriously believes everything one thinks is entailed by something one believes. Thus if by 'belief' we mean 'serious belief,' Gaultier is right that one cannot infer a 'There' belief from a 'There' belief. But this is not just, or primarily, because the former is weaker. He offers as a general principle that \u2026at t, one cannot believe about the question whether p something weaker, more indefinite or undetermined, than what, at t, E appears to one to support or establish about the question whether p. 43 This seems to me to be too strong a claim. Having just seen my neighbour enter his house, I believe that there is someone in that house; I will bet you that there is if you claim otherwise. In fact, my neighbour has left through the back door but a burglar has snuck in the same way. The reason why this is not a Gettier case is not that believing that there is someone in the house is"}, {"title": "", "text": "I am simply supposing that he has just the same as I have so often had.\" \u2014 That gets us no further. It is as if I were to say: \"You surely know what 'It is 5 o'clock here' means; so you also know what 'It's 5 o'clock on the sun' means. It means simply that it is just the same there as it is here when it is 5 o'clock.\" \u2014 The explanation by means of identity does not work here. Thus, according to Wittgenstein, mental states are intimately connected to a subject's environment, especially their linguistic environment, and conceivability or imaginability. Arguments that claim otherwise are misguided. Seeing that vs. seeing as In addition to ambiguous sentences, Wittgenstein discussed figures that can be seen and understood in two different ways. Often one can see something in a straightforward way \u2014 seeing that it is a rabbit, perhaps. But, at other times, one notices a particular aspect \u2014 seeing it as something. An example Wittgenstein uses is the \"duckrabbit\", an ambiguous image that can be seen as either a duck or a rabbit. When one looks at the duck-rabbit and sees a rabbit, one is not interpreting the picture as a rabbit, but rather reporting what one sees. One just sees the picture as a rabbit. But what occurs when one sees it first as a duck, then as a rabbit? As the gnomic remarks in the Investigations indicate, Wittgenstein isn't sure. However, he is sure that it could not be the case that the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of consonant sounds. Those with APD may have problems relating what has been said with its meaning, despite obvious recognition that a word has been said, as well as repetition of the word. Background noise, such as the sound of a radio, television or a noisy bar can make it difficult to impossible to understand speech, since spoken words may sound distorted either into irrelevant words or words that do not exist, depending on the severity of the auditory processing disorder. Using a telephone can be problematic for someone with auditory processing disorder, in comparison with someone with normal auditory processing, due to low quality audio, poor signal, intermittent sounds and the chopping of words. Many who have auditory processing disorder subconsciously develop visual coping strategies, such as lip reading, reading body language, and eye contact, to compensate for their auditory deficit, and these coping strategies are not available when using a telephone. As noted above, the status of APD as a distinct disorder has been queried, especially by speech-language pathologists and psychologists, who note the overlap between clinical profiles of children diagnosed with APD and those with other forms of specific learning disability. Many audiologists, however, would dispute that APD is just an alternative label for dyslexia, SLI, or ADHD, noting that although it often co-occurs with these conditions, it can be found in isolation. Subcategories Based on sensitized measures of auditory dysfunction and on psychological assessment, patients can be subdivided into seven subcategories: middle ear dysfunction mild cochlear pathology central/medial olivocochlear efferent system (MOCS)"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Statistics Can Do Anything? layout: post comments: true categories: - Statistics - Blag --- Sometimes people are fond of saying:

          \"Well, you know, the thing with statistics is that you can get the statistics to say whatever you want.\"
          I think that this is the equivalent of saying:
          \"...What I am saying is true because of my argument.\"
          You can say that anything is true, but what really matters is the strength of your argument. And statistics... The same goes for statistics, you could perform a variety of tests to support a particular point. However, your argument depends on the suitability of your statistical test for what you are trying to prove or demonstrate. Statistics are used to articulate a particular point. The author has the responsibility of ensuring they are correctly using a statistic to prove this point. The reader also has a responsibility to evaluate their use of tools to construct and support their argument. So yes, statistics could be used to support the argument
          Johnny steals tim tams from Nick, as he has done this a statistically significant number of times.
          Upon reading this, one should be very keen to investigate the ways in which the statistics were used, and ask questions like: > What data was it? Observation? _Who_ observed it? _How_ did they observe it? > What sort of anaysis was used? Why? > Were any data transformations used? Why? And so on. So when someone says that statistics can be used to prove anything, I like to replace this"}, {"title": "", "text": "In social psychology, the boomerang effect, also known as \"reactance\", refers to the unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in the adoption of an opposing position instead. It is sometimes also referred to \"the theory of psychological reactance\", stating that attempts to restrict a person's freedom often produce an \"anticonformity boomerang effect\". In other words, the boomerang effect is a situation where people tend to pick the opposite of what something or someone is saying or doing because of how it is presented to them. Typically, the more aggressive something is presented, people would more than likely want to do the opposite. For example, if someone were to walk up to a yard with a sign saying \"KEEP OFF LAWN\" the person would be more likely to want to walk on the lawn because of the way they read the sign. If the sign read \"please stay off my grass\" people would be more likely to follow the directions. Conditions and explanations Early recognition Hovland, Janis and Kelly first recorded and named the boomerang effect in 1953, noting that it is more likely under certain conditions: When weak arguments are paired with a negative source. When weak or unclear persuasion leads the recipient to believe that the communicator is propounding a different position to that which the communicator really intends. When the persuasion triggers aggression or unalleviated emotional arousal. When the communication adds to the recipient's knowledge of the norms and increases their conformity. When non-conformity to their own group results in feelings of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the first, is to actively nudge residents to talk to one another, to discuss among themselves instead of with the teacher. In one institute's instructional documents, teachers are advised to avert their eyes when a resident is speaking as a nonverbal signal to address the other residents instead of the teacher. If that does not work, teachers are advised to ask the resident why they are addressing the teacher instead of the group. Many teachers, however, are adamant that active teacher participation is exactly what creates educational value. In their view, it is unproductive not to let residents solicit teacher contributions because the teacher is usually an expert on the topic at hand and even on how such discussions should proceed. The third example is to actively engage residents in the discussion. This could involve encouraging a silent resident to participate, for example by telling them \"I'm missing your input\" (F897). An indirect invitation is probably more \"elegant\" than an explicit solicitation, according to one teacher: [I]f I say 'Now you have to say something,' then I'm giving a command. Then they can be compliant or not, but then-then it suddenly becomes an issue of 'am I going to listen to this teacher?' But if I say to someone, for example, 'I'm missing your input,' 'I haven't heard from you yet,' then I give them a different message. And then someone can decide for themselves like 'oh hey, how does that feel, that apparently people would like to hear my opinion?' (F824) Indeed, teachers have numerous"}, {"title": "", "text": "customer who learns my home address might use that knowledge to come to my home and attack me or damage my property. Because cases like these involve people using information they have acquired about others in ways that harm those others, we will describe the interest people have in avoiding having this happen as \"security interests.\" Protection of such \"security interests\" constitutes an important reason people have for wanting to avoid having others acquire information about them. (When we use the word \"security\" here, we are referring to the security of the person, or protection of the individual against harm. This is distinct from another usage of the word to indicate security of data, meaning the prevention of unauthorized access to it.) Notice, however, that, in the cases discussed above, the problem does not lie simply in the acquisition of information about someone. The person acquiring the information has to take some further action on the basis of that information-such as accessing my bank accounts, or attacking me in my home. This raises the possibility that a person could acquire lots of information about someone else, but never use that information to harm the other. Thus, there could be what Tony Doyle has called a \"perfect voyeur\" (Doyle, 2009) who observes another, but never does anything with that information that is harmful to the other. In such a case, the \"security interests\" of the person observed are not compromised-but that does not mean that there has been no violation of privacy. Indeed, we believe this simply"}, {"title": "", "text": "and dialogic contraction. White also developed a set of terminology to clarify the nature of heteroglossia. The following presentation is the most general introduction to this terminology set with necessary interpretations and illustrations in Vietnamese. Dialogic contraction Statements containing dialogic contraction have indicators to prevent or narrow the space for alternative viewpoints, even though there can be several. For example, in Vietnamese, when advising someone to end a relationship with someone else, one may say, the phrase \"S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \" indicates the speaker's strong opposition to a different view. Dialogistic expansion In the category of Dialogistic expansion, the phrase \"C\u00f3 l\u1ebd\" indicates that my move to Saigon is only one among different possibilities (e.g., I may still stay in Hanoi). Concerning ATTRIBUTE, the speaker says what he/she says from a certain point of view as one among different possibilities, and its authenticity depends on the evidence or credibility of the owner of that point of view. For example, in the following utterance: White and Motoki (2003) said that this is a case of utterances with indicators that different views are alternative and the difference between them is only in terms of the degree of epistemic modality. For example, in Vietnamese, when I say, (8) T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u1ed5n. I believe that all thing will fine 'I believe that everything will be fine.' the phrase \"T\u00f4i tin\" indicates other possibilities, e.g. there may be someone who doesn't share my view, someone who thinks everything will be bad. The category of dialogistic expansion comes"}, {"title": "", "text": "what my body does. I can't stop it.\" When teaching medical students or other professionals-in-training about LND, or when counseling family members, caregivers, or school staff, we often find ourselves comfortable conveying what we know about the incidence of the disorder. We are equally comfortable talking about the extent of physical self-injury that we see in these individuals. We are comfortable talking about the psychological, medical, and technological strategies that are thought to be the most effective in addressing the behaviors. Where we stumble, however, is in finding words to convey the nature of the self-injurious behaviors. When telling students about things that persons with LND do to other people, such as when patients kick caregivers who are trying to put socks on their feet; when they accuse a long-time and appreciated aide of abusing them; or when they draw visitors close by whispering, then headbutt them or spit in their faces as they lean in, our descriptions are particularly awkward. At times individuals with LND will warn their caregiver that a behavior is coming, perhaps telling the caregiver to move because they are going to spit on them or asking someone to step back so that they cannot be kicked. The individual might tell a visitor who does not know them, \"I might say some things but I won't really mean them.\" Not only do they show remorse for a behavior after the fact, but there is a desire to prevent a behavior from impacting another. Our awkwardness in talking about LND behaviors is, in"}, {"title": "", "text": "security prices will go up or down, and their profitability is based on making securities' prices better reflect their true values. Alternatively, what I would refer to as \"investors\" buy or sell a security at one point in time, hoping that the market value of the security will change, and then at a later point in time execute the other side of the trade and make a profit. The definition of trader and investor I'm using here is by no means the correct or true definition of trader, and when other people say trader they likely are not referring to the definition I'm using here. I'm just using this definition for the purpose of clarity in this article, as I am only going to talk about those who fall in this definition of trader.     ## Market Making Before explaining how traders who function as market makers create value for society, or even what they are, let me build a hypothetical scenario. Let's imagine we're at the intergalactic exchange. We're looking at the gleep market in particular, which trades in the currency blorgs. Currently the best bid for a gleep is 10 blorgs, meaning that someone is openly stating that they will pay 10 blorgs to anyone in exchange for a gleep. The best offer is 15 blorgs, meaning that someone is openly stating that if someone pays them 15 blorgs, they will give them a gleep. So the market looks like this:
          \"The
          There are other bids and"}, {"title": "", "text": "investigated and will result in a response that is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately. Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other members of the project's leadership. ### Attribution This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version] [homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org [version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/ ## Social Rules ### No feigning surprise. The first rule means you shouldn't act surprised when people say they don't know something. This applies to both technical things (\"What?! I can't believe you don't know what the stack is!\") and non-technical things (\"You don't know who RMS is?!\"). Feigning surprise has absolutely no social or educational benefit: When people feign surprise, it's usually to make them feel better about themselves and others feel worse. And even when that's not the intention, it's almost always the effect. ### No well-actually's A well-actually happens when someone says something that's almost - but not entirely - correct, and you say, \"well, actually\u2026\" and then give a minor correction. This is especially annoying when the correction has no bearing on the actual conversation. This doesn't mean we aren't about truth-seeking or that we don't care about being precise. Almost all well-actually's in our experience are about grandstanding, not truth-seeking. ### No subtle -isms Our last social rule"}, {"title": "", "text": "golden friends I had\" visualizes a heart carrying rue (whatever plant rue may be), or sees \"golden\" friends? One might say, in this case, there isn't even anything to perceive. This is why it may be misguided to ask someone (say, a student), to visualize anything in a poem. A recent example, for me: a former student wrote me a long, rambling email, mainly to occupy the time during the Covid-19 lockdown, consisting of reminiscences of student days, difficulties in writing, and other trivia. I was having some trouble following his train of images and thoughts, and was somewhat bored, when I came upon his last sentence. I had a sudden feeling of relief: at last, here is a part of a sentence that I don't have to understand, that I don't have to figure out. Paradoxically, it is more vivid than what precedes it, but I'm not required to envisage it. It's simply a good clause. The last eight words: \"of sending whatever gift may be wrapped inside,\" had had their effect on me without having to be deciphered, unlike all the preceding talk. \"This moment, this realization that whoever does the writing you're reading is my companion, whenever I decide to engage with the hard discipline of saying what is on my mind and of sending whatever gift may be wrapped inside.\" Instead of feeling the stress, the \"hard discipline\" of being called upon to visualize, or \"perceive,\" what was happening in that last clause, I felt the opposite: a feeling of relaxation, a"}, {"title": "", "text": "law is necessarily insufficiently precise to cover every possible case. In this way it is very similar to hand-created knowledge bases. Attempts to encode knowledge in a system capable only of deductive reasoning were invariably very limited in their usefulness, because they lacked this ability to extend reasoning to new cases by analogy (Speer 2008). The ability to find analogies is essential to understanding physical systems and human intent. Suppose a boy hits a baseball through a window of the house. A mother provides negative reinforcement, saying \"don't do that again.\" But what does she mean by \"do that\"? It could mean: \u2022 \"never hit a ball with a bat\" \u2022 \"don't play near the house\" \u2022 \"don't hit a ball towards this particular window\" \u2022 \"don't move your arms\" And so forth. In order to understand what she means by \"do that,\" the boy may apply the golden rule: his unconscious reasoning is something like, \"I would be angry if someone broke one of my possessions, so she must be angry because I broke one of her possessions.\" The boy will recognize that throwing a stick inside the house where it might break a lamp is an analogous situation to be avoided in the relevant sense of \"causing an object to move unpredictably where it has the chance to damage someone's fragile property.\" But the ability to pull out this particular meaning of \"do that\" over any of the others depends on a lifetime of experience and an internal set of desires that corresponds, more"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Is Third\u2010Wave Feminism? A New Directions Essay M any of my colleagues in women\u2019s studies tell me they do not know how to react when copies of Bitch or BUST show up in their faculty mailboxes. They know that the magazines are examples of something called third-wave feminism, but they are not exactly sure what that is or how it differs from second-wave feminism. Do young women have a genuinely different version of feminism? Do they have different issues, different solutions? Or are they just claiming they do as part of their rebellion against their \u201cfeminist mothers\u201d? What exactly is third-wave feminism anyway? This essay explores a wide array of popular and academic literature on third-wave feminism in an attempt to make sense of a movement that on its face may seem like a confusing hodgepodge of personal anecdotes and individualistic claims, in which the whole is less than the sum of its parts. While third-wave feminists do not have an entirely different set of issues or solutions to long-standing dilemmas, the movement does constitute, I would argue, more than simply a rebellion against second-wave mothers. What really differentiates the third wave from the second is the tactical approach it offers to some of the impasses that developed within feminist theory in the 1980s. That is to say, third-wave feminism makes three important tactical moves that respond to a series of theoretical problems within the second wave. First, in response to the collapse of the category of \u201cwomen,\u201d the third wave foregrounds personal narratives that"}, {"title": "", "text": "things that are not (...).\" Krippendorff goes on to cite the color theory of J. W. von Goethe who exposed Isaac Newton\u2019s spectral theory of colors as epistemologically flawed by pointing out that color is the product of the human eye. Color does not exist without it. Krippendorff refers to the Italian philosopher G. Vico for opposing R. Descartes by claiming we humans know what we have constructed, made up, cognitively, materially, or socially, to the biologists J. Uexk\u00fcll for his species-specific theory of meaning and H. Maturana and F. Varela for developing a biological foundation of cognition, to the psychologist J. J. Gibson for his conception of affordance, which acknowledges that our environment does not account for our perception, it merely affords our sensory-motor coordinations or it does not; and to the anthropological linguist B. L. Whorf for his recognition that our perceptions are correlated with language, its grammar and vocabulary. Most important, Krippendorff allies himself with L. Wittgenstein\u2019s definition of meaning as use, culminating in the axiom that Humans do not see and act on the physical qualities of things, but on what they mean to them. Meaning Attributing meaning to something follows from sensing it, and is a prelude to action. \" One always acts according to the meaning of whatever one faces \" and the consequences of these actions in turn become part of the meanings of what one interacts with. Meanings are always someone's construction and depend on context and culture. The same artifact may invoke different meanings at different times,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the recursion problem. That is, for those moved both by worries about harshness but also concerns about responsibility, it would be attractive to find a principled point at which to stop the cyclical decline in which some individuals may find themselves due to responsibilisation. | THREE SOLUTI ON S This section considers three possible solutions to the recursion problem, where a 'solution' is a proposal that would be attractive to someone who wants to retain some role for responsibility in healthcare, but finds the recursion problem a genuine worry. The first such solution, suggested to me by Andreas Albertsen, depends on a particular interpretation of the core luck egalitarian commitment. I have presented luck egalitarianism as saying that whatever results from the properly situated exercise of choice is not thereby unjust. However, Albertsen suggests understanding the luck egalitarian commitment as saying that 'our relative position should reflect our exercise of responsibility'. This would mean that at some point, a luck egalitarian could insist that an individual's position is no longer proportionate to their exercise of responsibility. My view is that this is not what most luck egalitarians mean and is anyway not an attractive solution. Such a view implies not only that it is not unjust if some are worse off than others through their free choices, but that it is unjust if some are equally well off despite their free, reckless choices. For instance, if someone performs a risky action like smoking but does not suffer, a proportionality view seems to imply that this is"}, {"title": "", "text": "very timid and they're scared they're going to run into things. They're scared they're going to step off the curb and into the street... I think confidence in their skill and confidence in knowing they have a dog or a cane to help them. Also, just confidence that `You know what, hey I might fall off the curb and into the street but that's okay, it might happen.'}'' \\textit{``Oh I love when someone is confident! It makes my job so much easier. They're more responsive. I was helping someone in a... She started walking and I said turn a little bit to the left. Sometimes when you tell a (PVI) that, they'll stop slowly and turn and they'll keep walking and say `am I going the right way'(PVI) where as people who are confident will turn left. Then if you say `turn a little bit to the right,' they'll turn right and just go. They're just so responsive and confident in their skills and trusting in me that I'm not going to let them run into anything. It's just really nice. I love it.''} \\subsubsection{Knowing the other's level of familiarity with the space.} We found that familiarity with and knowledge of the location and area of both parties is another important factor in their coordination. Agents use this in their decision of what type of information to present and how much detail to include. PVI and agents mutually share their knowledge to help one another; it is not just the agent giving information to the PVI."}, {"title": "", "text": "Modernist magic: Not guilty; post-postmodernist\u2014Yes Prof. V. Assche\u2019s and his associates\u2019 \u201creflection\u201d on my essay is a welcome surprise to me. It is welcome because it shows that there are people who care enough about planning and planning theory to mourn their passing. It surprised me in blending agreement with blame for positions I did not take. My essay observed no \u201cstockpile of problems in the planning discipline,\u201d but it does address one problem for planning: when the best that someone knowledgeable -Tim Chapin, review editor of the Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA)can say about it is \u201cPlanning is a fuzzy field\u201d (Chapin, 2015). This hardly seems adequate for informed theory and research in a discipline, or useful education and effective action in a practice. Isn\u2019t it a problem if we have no idea what we are theorizing about, what we are teaching, and what we are practicing? I seem to suggest that \u201cplanning and planning theory ... lose their unity and validity\u201d\u2014not necessarily\u2014only if unity and validity are incompatible with variation and diversity, which of course they are not. Acknowledging that planning as a fuzzy field combines diverse recognizable practices reinforces its integrity and enhances planning theories\u2019 validity. V. Assche and colleagues do this: when they refer to \u201cplanning as spatial planning,\u201d they agree with me, not talking about \u201cplanning,\u201d but about spatial planning as a recognized planning practice. Spatial planning is explicitly the subject of their subsequent discussion, none of which is incompatible with my essay\u2019s account of spatial planning theories and"}, {"title": "", "text": "is left-over\", (3b) \"bribes are crumbs\", (3c) \"Bribe is dash\". In (1'a) and (1'b), \"boss' wine\" and \"whisky\" are respectively the values used in source domains to represent the target domain lexis \"bribe\" while \"in (2'a),(2'b) and (2'c) the lexes \"pure water\", \"chop-chop\" and \"my lunch\" are the vehicles used in the source domain to represent \"bribe\" in the target domain. In (3a), (3b) and (3c) the lexes \"crumbs\" and \"left-over\" and \"dash\" are the values used to represent \"bribe\". What is common to these values is that all of them belong to the lexical domains of foodstuff and drinks. Therefore, the above metaphors can be paraphrased as \"bribe is food and drinks\". It is important to indicate that the above values used to represent bribe are just euphemistic. This concurs Meutem Kamtchueng (2015, p. 76) when he points out that \"when a corrupt worker asks a person who needs his or her services to give him/her \"kola nut\" before he/she can attend to him/ her, he/she does not certainly expect from him/her the fruit of the kola nut tree neither does he expect CFA 25 or CFA 50 which are roughly the price of a kola nut on the Cameroonian market\". This point is buttressed by Adeyemi Adegoju and Saheed Oke Raheem (2015, p. 161) who state that reference for \"lunch\" and \"transport fare\" in the expressions used to ask for bribe does not necessarily mean that what is expected from the interlocutor is not equivalent to what is requested. It should be observed that"}, {"title": "", "text": "I see there are too many inquiries, questions, and so on \u2026 if I want to divide my energy for all of them, nothing would be left for me. So it's better to just forget those things that are not important that much \u2026 my wife asks me to go to buy something special. I go out but since my financial status is not too good at the time and I can't afford the costs, I forget the shopping list, on purpose! [Laughing] You know, I pretend to forget. When they ask me about their requests, I say, oh, my God, see! I just forgot that! You know, if you forget something, they don't execute you for your forgetfulness!' To prevent the progress of forgetfulness or avoid its consequences, participants used different strategies, like exercising their memory skills, concealing their inability to remember or respond satisfactorily, and comparing themselves with those who had worse situations. 'I call someone to ask them to bring something to me. When they come, I have forgotten what I wanted. Then I just greet and thank them, without saying I forgot what I wanted.' (74-year-old male) Living with forgetfulness in the private sphere means feeling incompetent but still loved Participants discussed how forgetfulness raised problems in their family lives. They expressed their feelings of incompetence in meeting their family members' and relatives' expectations. Although their family members blamed them for behaviours that caused the family members trouble, the participants still felt loved. Feeling incompetent in family roles Forgetfulness, as an apparent"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Bandura 1982). The mediating role of selfevaluation as a way of guiding self-improvement by comparing self-performance with expert-performance is further illustrated in the case of an Investment Complaints Manager (82: ranked second for self-evaluation, ninth for SRL). This Manager 'shadowed' an experienced colleague at a different site, acknowledging that the opportunity to learn from and compare performance with an expert was a more effective way to learn than training: It wasn't a case of BCan you go down and get some [formal] learning?^It was a case of BThis is what I want to do to make sure I can do the job to the highest level.^I believe that that was the right thing for me. It has achieved the goal for me and it has made me more knowledgeable. Not all professionals view self-evaluation embedded within work practice as a means of guiding self-improvement. One example is a Manager (74: ranked 27th for selfevaluation and 27th for SRL) who had been assigned greater responsibility for strategic business planning. Learning was not viewed as an integral part of work performance: My job isn't to keep learning\u2026 there should be time to learn and develop, but if all I did was professional development of myself I'd never get anything done. When asked by the interviewer to describe how her learning was evaluated, she responded: [Through] someone else's validation of my work, rather than my own. So far everyone internally is really pleased because we got something, but it's not quite the same as someone saying BYeah what you've"}, {"title": "", "text": "Professional performances, as opposed to amateur performances, are those in which performers receive payment for their performances. Professional performances are engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work. A professional actor is someone who derives income by participating in professional performances. A professional theatre company auditions actors to perform in their professional theatre. The company sells tickets; actors receive payment for their performances. This is the same for musicians, dancers, comedians. Also see: professional sports. The perfect movie to watch for research is la la land A professional performer is a person in a profession that requires certain types of skilled work requiring formal training or education. In western nations, such as the United States, the term commonly describes highly educated, salaried workers, who enjoy considerable work autonomy, economic security, a comfortable salary, and are commonly engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work. A professional athlete is someone who derives income by participating in competitive sports. Sometimes also called \"commercial grade\". Sport In sports, a professional is someone who participates for money. The opposite is amateur, meaning a person who does not play for money, but in an academic (e.g. college football) or other private setting. The term \"professional\" is commonly used incorrectly when referring to sports, as the distinction simply refers to how the athlete is funded, and not necessarily to what competitions he engages in or what results he achieves. Sometimes the professional status of an activity is controversial; for example, there is debate as to whether professionals should be allowed to compete in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "some context of use. Thus, it fails to say anything because the sentence as such does not yet determine some particular use. The sentence is only meaningful when it is used to say something. For instance, it can be used so as to say that no person or historical figure fits the set of descriptions attributed to the person that goes by the name of \"Moses\". But it can also mean that the leader of the Israelites was not called Moses. Or that there cannot have been anyone who accomplished all that the Bible relates of Moses, etc. What the sentence means thus depends on its context of use. Meaning as use The Investigations deals largely with the difficulties of language and meaning. Wittgenstein viewed the tools of language as being fundamentally simple and he believed that philosophers had obscured this simplicity by misusing language and by asking meaningless questions. He attempted in the Investigations to make things clear: \"Der Fliege den Ausweg aus dem Fliegenglas zeigen\"\u2014to show the fly the way out of the fly bottle. Wittgenstein claims that the meaning of a word is based on how the word is understood within the language-game. A common summary of his argument is that meaning is use. According to the use theory of meaning, the words are not defined by reference to the objects they designate, nor by the mental representations one might associate with them, but by how they are used. For example, this means there is no need to postulate that there is something"}, {"title": "", "text": "laboring body. The laboring body does not know distinctness because its cyclic process is the same for everyone. However, the way we appear before others in public is distinct. This statement could be related to Merleau-Ponty when he argued that the lived body is not an object, \"je ne suis pas devant mon corps, je suis dans mon corps, ou plut\u00f4t je suis mon corps. [I am not in front of my body, I am in it, or rather, I am it]\" (Merleau-Ponty, 2010: 834). When Merleau-Ponty explained that 'I am my body,' it means, from an Arendtian perspective, that our distinctness is necessarily embodied. Furthermore, it refers to the distinction I have made between the body as an object and embodiment. When the body is taken as an object, its appearance is submitted to a model of analysis. In other words, I already or instantly know what this object/body is. However, if a phenomenon is embodied and appears in public, then, this embodiment is a disclosure that is yet to be discovered or understood. Therefore, to follow Arendt's formula that 'being and appearing coincide,' the distinct body which appears before others reveals who someone is and not only what someone is. The what-ness of someone is the result of the knowledge of a body as an object for empirical sciences. Every time we appear in public, it is \"like a second birth, in which we confirm and take upon ourselves the naked fact of our original physical appearance\" (Arendt, 1998: 176f.). Thus, we are the"}, {"title": "", "text": "incarnation of .Red Red Red before you, please read my \"film\" first - that is, my film's bare bones. As you read, imagine a film, imagine the words opening unto an imagistic field and in-and-of themselves incomplete. The series of words that form this text call for and render something beyond them. They are in such a context, traumatic, empathetically uncertain and saturated with a stubborn potentiality. Then again, was Barthes right? Are these words, despite the context from which they were pulled, quite simply enough? To begin teaching someone: \"That looks Red,\" makes no sense, for he must say that spontaneously, once he has learned what Red means, i.e. learnt the technique of using that word. For if someone has mastered the use of what looks red - or indeed what looks red to me - he must also be capable of answering the question, \"And what is Red like? \u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "forall e, forall fresh z, [ x <~> y ] e = [ z ~> y ] [ y ~> x ] [ x ~> z ] e. If yes, can all the properties of one operation derive from those of another? ## Other questions about Chapter 4 + PFPL Ch.4 discussed a lemma called \u201cinversion for typing\u201d, and it says:\u201d In richer languages such inversion principles are more difficult to state and to prove.\u201d What\u2019s the example of such a \u201cricher language\u201d? ## Other questions about Chapter 5 + In the section of equational dynamics, the book mentioned that we can't prove n1 + n2 === n2 + n1 because of the lack of induction principle. Does the book here mean that we can't introduce an induction principle out of the equational reasoning rules? Why is this a challenge? And if so, why is it more difficult than introducing an induction principle for something like typing judgements that we developed earlier? + My question for the class is the advantages of using contextual dynamics over structural dynamics. The book says that all transitions in contextual dynamics are between complete programs. What does this mean? Moreover, what is the observable type? + Chapter 5 of PFPL spends a lot of time discussing equational dynamics. What's the advantage of stating things this way? The text states that we can determine the value of an expression using simplification and substitution, but this seems true of structural dynamics as well. ## Questions about Coq 1. In Coq, unlike Agda,"}, {"title": "", "text": "know that. It's kinda like this gut feeling. And I know that's not very scientific, but I can look at a chart and be like this just isn't showing what I want it to show---it's kinda like a gut check.}'' P11 simply stated ``\\textit{I feel like mostly this is intuitive for me right now.}'' Aside from their own intuition, participants also talked about evaluating their work by involving other people to help determine how to move forward. This typically involved showing their work to either clients or colleagues and friends. P6 describes their view on how their own judgment often works well, but they also like to test with users: ``\\textit{I have become quite a good judge of `is this thing going to convey the message that I think it will?' But of course you know, the ultimate test of that is to show it to someone and say, `what do you see in this?}''' P16 described something similar saying ``\\textit{there's a lot of discussions with the client showing them things and getting their feedback [\\ldots] I also will often check with you know, friends, colleagues, my wife, whatever, to say does this communicate what I wanted to communicate? What do you think it says?}'' \\textbf{Planning in Action.} In addition to not relying on predetermined design processes, many participants described a kind of situated planning that often relied on forms of experimentation and responding to what was happening in the moment. For instance, some participants talked about creating visual representations almost immediately in their process, either"}, {"title": "", "text": "to and from a broad variety of distant brain regions, allowing the neurons there to integrate information over space and time. Multiple sensory modules can therefore converge onto a single coherent interpretation, for example, a \"red sports car zooming by\". This global interpretation is broadcast back to the global workspace creating the conditions for the emergence of a single state of consciousness, at once differentiated and integrated. Alternatively, the theory of practopoiesis suggests that the global workspace is achieved in the brain primarily through fast adaptive mechanisms of nerve cells. According to that theory, connectivity does not matter much. Critical is rather the fact that neurons can rapidly adapt to the sensory context within which they operate. Notably, for achieving a global workspace, the theory presumes that these fast adaptive mechanisms have the capability to learn when and how to adapt. Criticism Susan Blackmore challenged the concept of stream of consciousness. \"When I say that consciousness is an illusion I do not mean that consciousness does not exist. I mean that consciousness is not what it appears to be. If it seems to be a continuous stream of rich and detailed experiences, happening one after the other to a conscious person, this is the illusion.\" However, she also says that a good way to observe the \"stream of consciousness\" may be to calm the mind in meditation. The criticism is based on the stream of perception data from the senses rather than about consciousness itself. Also, it is not explained why some things are conscious at"}, {"title": "", "text": "clear. An expert violinist plays the piece well and without mistakes; an expert athlete wins lots of games (or at least qualifies for high-level competitions). With ubiquitous or everyday expertise, like cycling or chopping wood, however, the criteria are much less stringent, as to be an expert in this sense means only to be good enough to 'get the job done.' For although there are esoteric expert cyclists and even wood-choppers, who put great energy into perfecting their techniques, such refined techniques are not necessary to achieve everyday expertise. Thus, while your father-in-law might insist there exists one objectively most efficient way to chop wood, we can at any rate also imagine someone who has been successfully chopping wood for 20 years using a less efficient techniquealthough still efficiently enough to get the job done. They might be slightly slower, or have chronic back pain, as a result of their imperfect technique, but they are nevertheless an everyday expert; they perform the task smoothly to a standard that meets their needs. This is the sense of expertise that is central to Dreyfus' phenomenology of coping, where what makes someone an expert is less the quality of their knowledge or technique than their experience as they act. Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986, p. 30) emphasise that the central criterion for expertise is that the practitioner does not follow explicit rules, but responds to the affordances presented by the situation (cf. Dreyfus 2005, p. 63, [n. 32]). At this stage, as I will discuss further below, the Dreyfuses do"}, {"title": "", "text": "third possibility. We might say that violations of consent also come in degrees. The wrongness of non-consensual sex depends on how nonconsensual it is. Sex that results from deception involving a strong deal-breaker is non-consensual to a high degree, and is therefore seriously wrong, whereas sex that results from deception involving a weak deal breaker is non-consensual to a low degree, and is therefore not seriously wrong. On this approach, we should say that Dougherty's argument is equivocal. What is meant by ''having sex with someone while lacking her morally valid consent''? Does this refer to sex that is nonconsensual to a high degree (involving a strong deal-breaker), or to a low degree (involving a weak deal-breaker). If the former, then we should reject Premise 2; if the latter, Premise 1. The idea that acts may be non-consensual to a greater or lesser degree seems fairly intuitive. Suppose I employ you to paint my house. You show me the tins of paint you will use, which, according to their labels, are the colour I have carefully selected, a particular shade of white called ''Snow White.'' If you have surreptitiously filled the tins with cheaper paint of a slightly different colour, ''Periwinkle White,'' then you act to some extent without my consent when you paint my house. But not to the same extent as if the paint was bright purple. It seems natural to say that, though both acts of house painting are to some extent nonconsensual, the latter is more so than the former. It also"}, {"title": "", "text": "part in-good education does not necessarily happen immediately. It may take time. In fact, it might take a long time. Events of subjectivation require time and educational work. Biesta (2017) thus says that slowness and \"suspension\" is needed in order to realise a world-centred approach to education and to make subjectivation possible (p. 89). He says there is a need for creating a gap between the interruption and the possible jump. To make this gap, both time and someone who raises questions, someone who makes you stay in the trouble and wonders about what the trouble is doing to you, is needed. This is the role of the educator. In my PhD, I criticise the speed-date character of TCS workshops (Skregelid, 2016). Instead, I created more longer lasting art education events, made in collaboration with schoolteachers and museum educators to ensure that visits to art exhibitions were part of the teaching in school, or at least prepared or taken care of when returning to school. One could say that the version of the Teiporama workshop that the arts and crafts students were exposed to with the preparations and the continuing work after the visit was a more holistic art education event. The disturbance was supported and turned out to be meaningful due to the depth of analysis and followup. The workshops for the general student teachers were disturbances that were more or less left for the students to handle themselves. The pilot study demonstrates the need for spaces for reflection and discussions. Students should be able"}, {"title": "", "text": "the children created in the first meeting. Example Explanation A string which shows 'Hey! I want to say something too!'. Readhead: 'When you pull something, a sign comes up. And if you want to say something too, you don't have to say it, but you can write it down' You can pick each of the notes to write what you want to say. It is easier to write something than to say it. Skater and Statue of Liberty combined it with a system with a green and red stick which either meant truth/false or agree/ don't agree. There was also the option 'skip' if you don't know what to say. Ghost rider tells about a situation in which his father keeps telling lies and the case manager believes everything his father says. 'Ok, the green means that it is true and the red that it is not true, that someone is not telling the truth' Rose: 'This is a heart with a little house. A heart for peace at home. I have a heart I can put in somewhere for happiness. Then they have to be kind'. Swagger: 'This is my cowbell thing and when you want to say something, you have to ring the bell'. There is a mini whiteboard on it to write down topics you want to discuss. through body language. The purpose of this discussion was to get a better understanding of the child's behaviour, underlying perspectives and needs, and of the non-verbal cues used to convey a message. Thereafter, the industrial"}, {"title": "", "text": "be radial, is it going to be circles, rectangles, curves, whatnot. And only by iterating a lot with different things, you know, going from circles to rectangles or using size, or maybe variable x or y, do I kind of [\\ldots] slowly iterate my way to the final design that I feel I'm okay with.''} P1 also illustrates this way of knowing and acting, stating ``\\textit{There are no really real hard steps in my process that I say, well, okay, I'm gonna sit down and look what I've done and then think about what direction I should take. It's more like an organic and intuitive kind of process of gradually getting new insights and new ideas and trying things out and getting rid of things.}'' \\subsubsection{Design Knowledge} Participants were asked about their use of various forms of knowledge, including theories, principles, methods, and guidelines. None of the participants reported relying on any high-level general theories such as distributed cognition, activity theory, dual process theory, information theory, and the like. P6, who has a PhD in information visualization and now works as a practitioner, mentioned some academic frameworks like the Design Activity Framework, the Nested Model, and Design Study Methodology. When asked specifically about how they influence his design work, P6 noted that they've helped him think ``\\textit{very explicitly about what are the tasks, why is someone sitting down to use my visualization? What's the context that they have? And then what are the decisions that I make as a designer to try to work within that"}, {"title": "", "text": "can help solve? Are you having conversations that are going to lead to more projects later, or does this reflect the fact that you don't have immediate access to this number?'' There's always a question under the question, right?} \\end{quote} Uncovering the `question under the question' can be a tricky process since a client's ultimate end goal may not be clear at the beginning of an analysis project, and the attributes of what the data analysis should achieve may not be precisely defined. P3, who investigates digital interventions in public health, explains the kinds of questions she asks to get to the bottom of these issues: \\begin{quote} \\textit{When someone comes to me and says, ``I want to do X,'' I ask a ton of clarifying questions: What will this data be used for? Is it going to be like a one-and-done publication? Or is it going to be a platform that's rolled out like a website? Or, how far in advance do you want to predict [using some model]? Would it be successful if it was predicting one month out or are you looking for 12 months of prediction?} \\end{quote} One specific problem framing technique that some participants used was to ask their clients for what kind of output they want. Focusing on asking questions about concrete analysis outputs like tables, graphs, and models can help data scientists productively drive conversations about what questions an analysis should try to answer, as P3 recounts from doing analysis for a public health research project: \\textit{``I asked [my client]"}, {"title": "", "text": "as possible in the room. This gesture gives a message of interest and connectedness. Watch for the subtle signs of people agreeing or disagreeing with what is being said. Positive gestures include: maintaining eye contact, a slight smile, nodding. Gestures of dissension include: raised eyebrows, rolling of eyes, a slight sneer, looking down, shifting in the seat, avoiding eye contact. When someone does make a comment or suggestion, do not rush to discount their opinion or defend your own. To shut down someone who speaks up will send the message that you are not sincere, and people will retreat back into non-participation. Instead, say something like, \u2018Thanks for your idea, Holly, let me think about that.\u2019 Learn to be comfortable with silence. It takes getting used to, but allowing silence to be in the room is a powerful presence that gives people a chance to digest what was said, and to consider whether they have a response or contribution, and how they may want to present it. If you try to encourage more openness, and at first others are unresponsive or hesitant to participate, consider asking someone you trust after the meeting if there is something that you might have missed or could have done differently to achieve the desired result\". Interactional justice In a podcast entitled \"Under New Management\", Joel Brockner, a professor of business at Columbia University, talks about the importance of the \"interpersonal component of procedural fairness called 'interactional justice.'\" Interactional justice refers to \"how the employee feels that the implementer did things.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "An unergative verb is an intransitive verb that is characterized semantically by having a subject argument which is an agent that actively initiates the action expressed by the verb. For example, in English, talk and resign in the sentence \"You talk and you resign\" are unergative verbs, since they are intransitive (one does not say \"you talk someone\") and \"you\" are the initiator or responsible for talking and resigning. But fall and die in the sentence \"They fall and die\" are unaccusative verbs, since usually they are not responsible for falling or dying but still the verb is intransitive, meaning it is comprehensively used without a direct object. (They cannot \"fall something\" or \"die someone\"). Some languages treat unergative verbs differently from other intransitives in morphosyntactic terms. For example, in some Romance languages, such verbs use different auxiliaries when in compound tenses. Besides the above, unergative verbs differ from unaccusative verbs in that in some languages, they can occasionally use the passive voice. In Dutch, for example, unergatives take (to have) in the perfect tenses: \"I call (by phone). \u2013 I have called.\" In such cases, a transition to an impersonal passive construction is possible by using the adverb er, which functions as a dummy subject and the passive auxiliary : literally, \"*There is by Jan telephoned.\" (meaning \"A telephone call by Jan is going on.\") By contrast, Dutch ergative verbs take (\"to be\") in the perfect tenses: \"The grease solidifies \u2013 The grease has solidified.\" In that case, no passive construction with is possible. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "is usually given in short sentences, we believe this jeopardises the fidelity and integrity of the message's content, a basic requirement for a narrative on which the granting of refugee status may depend: Entity D: \"The 'Are you saying what I'm saying?' feeling. [\u2026] We've all experienced that, when someone carries on talking for 15 minutes, but then the interpreter only talks for 2 minutes\". Entity D: \"When it was translated into Spanish, I said, `But half of it has been left out! \u00b4. That feeling that information is being lost, and you say, `OK, what information has been lost? \u00b4 Because the fact that a person has or hasn't passed through a country is a very important piece of information. [\u2026] It's not the job of the person who is interpreting to judge what is or isn't important\". Entity E: \"I've seen interpreters being chewed out at police stations. `What do you mean he says yes!? He's just been talking for two hours; he must have told you something else!'\". Interestingly, Entity B preferred interpreters not to use notebooks, for fear of violating confidentiality. But if an interpreter is a professional, his/her deontology should guarantee that nothing will be disclosed. Fidelity is a particularly highly-appreciated principle: Entity C: \"If I'm raising my voice and I'm angry, you have to convey that I'm angry. Because if you don't, your message isn't going to come across the same as mine\". Parallel conversations, where the other party is not told what is being said, are avoided as much"}, {"title": "", "text": "head\" instead of \"to stitch my head\". The use of vocabulary is indeed one of the most important conditions for good and effective writing. The lack of vocabulary means that someone sometimes does not write what he or she will say because he or she has difficulty choosing the most suitable words that correspond to Indonesian words. According to Pincas (1987), a writer does several things to express his opinion in writing. He arranges his ideas into a sentence, then sorts the sentence into paragraphs and uses it to construct the entire essay, the story. They are all made with special words, sentences, sentences and paragraphs that actually relate to each other. Based on this statement, it is necessary to use some activities to improve the students' vocabulary so that they can write their idea using an appropriate and comprehensive vocabulary. Nunan (1989) discovered that some of the successful conditions for writing are to control the mechanics of letter information, to control and to follow the convention of English spelling and punctuation, using the grammatical system to convey the intended meaning. However, students still cannot use mechanical elements such as spelling and punctuation while writing. The most common problems were the spelling of words such as \"swemming\" instead of \"swimming\" or \"village together\". They sometimes make some mistakes when using such conventions. Therefore, a lot of practice is required at this point to improve their skills in this case. Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that a lot of practice is still needed"}, {"title": "", "text": "images in a group setting, particularly for her profile picture which is publicly accessible. She does this so that when people who do not follow her, namely strangers, view her profile, they will not know who owns the account. Some participants are also cognizant that sensitive background information can be in their images. Two participants mentioned they do not share images in or of their house. P7 detailed that she tries to generally conceal information that may reveal her location: \\textit{``I don't really tend to post pictures of my house or like inside my house, outside my house, around my school, on my story or on my feed.''} When she does post content that might have location-sensitive information, she staggers her post such that she is no longer in the area when she posts: \\begin{quote} \\textit{`` If I'm somewhere and I'm doing something that could say `I'm in New York' and I take a bunch of pictures there, I don't post that on VSCO while I'm in New York. I wait until I get home or somewhere else so because I\u2019m not sure if the location is tied but it's just better to be careful.'' -- P7 } \\end{quote} Younger participants, or new users, seemed more likely to express apprehension about sharing their location or personal appearance. P15 shared he used to be concerned about revealing information about his location; however, over time, he realized that \\textit{``the chances of [someone finding his location] happening are very low, so [he's] not really nervous about location stuff anymore.''}"}, {"title": "", "text": "very nature of epistemology. Is there such a thing as an aesthetic \"percept\" to begin with? It is clear enough that, when an autist perceives, even if only by means of mental representation, that someone has a green thumb, it is perfectly appropriate to speak of perception. On the other hand, when someone experiences that same phrase as a metaphor, that object of perception disappears, as by sleight of hand. It vanishes, to be replaced, in a mental manoeuvre, by something that is not at all \"perceived.\" Exactly what that is no one can say: it is the secret of metaphor, perhaps of the aesthetic as such; a palimpsest of words over meaning. (I have spoken before of the \"tenor,\" in the background, that cannot be exorcised from metaphor.) What becomes apparent, though, is that such a metaphor is essentially verbal, not visual: in the phrase \"John has a green thumb,\" we do not visualize a thumb, much less a green one. In the metaphor these words, important as they are, are in the service of something else; they lose their denotational value or competence. The material, or perceptual, content of the words is elided. It is true that different metaphors evoke different degrees of visualization, from \"chew the fat\" or \"green thumb,\" to the situation in which Odysseus, clutching at pebbles to avoid being swept out to sea, is compared to an octopus. Still, metaphors do not demand or even call upon us to visualize: who, on reading Housman's \"With rue my heart is laden/For"}, {"title": "", "text": "for UIA (i) Reportability Whenever we are in a conscious mental state, we are easily able to report on that very mental state when prompted. 8 This is a datum that the UIA-Skeptic ought to accept: it is a highly plausible claim about consciousness, and its plausibility does not rely on any presupposition that UIA is true. UIA-Backers argue that the best explanation of this datum is that all consciousness includes a peripheral/pre-reflective consciousness of itself. Zahavi, drawing explicitly on Sartre, argues as follows: If I am engaged in some conscious activity, such as the reading of a story, my attention is neither on myself nor on my activity of reading, but on the story. But if my reading is interrupted by someone asking me what I am doing, I reply immediately that I am (and have for some time been) reading; and the self-consciousness on the basis of which I answer the question is not something acquired at just that moment but a consciousness of myself which has been present to me all along. (2004, p. 84) Since the experience is one of immersion in the story, it would be implausible to explain the report by saying that the subject was explicitly introspecting his experience whilst reading. Since the report is immediate and effortless, it would be implausible to say that the report was made on the basis of an introspection performed by the subject after he was interrupted. We are thus encouraged toward the conclusion that the subject's experience of the story is characterised"}, {"title": "", "text": "have a decision table that includes logic like this, which says when an adult living in London is 18 or over, issue the card: However the ID department does not set the policy on who an adult is. That's done at a central government level. If the central government were to change that age to 21, this would initiate a change management process. Someone would have to liaise with the ID department and make sure their systems are updated, in time for the law going live. This change management process and communication between departments is not ideal for an agile environment, and change becomes costly and error prone. Also the card department is managing more information than it needs to be aware of with its \"monolithic\" approach to rules management which is \"leaking\" information better placed elsewhere. By this I mean that it doesn't care what explicit \"age >= 18\" information determines whether someone is an adult, only that they are an adult. In contrast to this, let's pursue an approach where we split (de-couple) the authoring responsibilities, so that both the central government and the ID department maintain their own rules. It's the central government's job to determine who is an adult. If they change the law they just update their central repository with the new rules, which others use: The IsAdult fact, as discussed previously, is inferred from the policy rules. It encapsulates the seemingly arbitrary piece of logic \"age >= 18\""}, {"title": "", "text": "and does and whether or not he \u201cfinishes last,\u201d as the common adage states. If a woman believes that a nice guy is kind and respectful to women then they will say that he does not finish last. If the nice guy is perceived as being passive or unattractive then they will say that he does finish last. Urbaniak and Killman (2003) constructed vignettes of four hypothetical dating show contestants: \"Nice Todd\" vs. \"Neutral Todd\" vs. \"Jerk Todd\" vs. \"Michael\", who was created to be a control. \"Nice Todd\" described a \"real man\" as \"in touch with his feelings,\" kind and attentive, non-macho, and interested in putting his partner's pleasure first. \"Neutral Todd\" described a \"real man\" as someone who \"knows what he wants and knows how to get it,\" and who is good to the woman he loves. \"Jerk Todd\" described a \"real man\" as someone who \"knows what he wants and knows how to get it,\" who keeps everyone else on their toes, and avoids \"touch-feely\" stuff. \"Michael\" described a \"real man\" as relaxed and positive. In two studies, Urbaniak and Kilmann found that women claimed to prefer \"Nice Todd\" over \"Neutral Todd\" and \"Jerk Todd,\" relative to \"Michael\" even at differing levels of physical attractiveness. They also found that for purely sexual relationships, \"niceness appeared relatively less influential than physical attractiveness.\" After acknowledging that women's preference for \"niceness\" could be inflated by the social desirability bias, especially due to their use of verbal scripts, they conclude that \"our overall results did not favor"}, {"title": "", "text": "scientists acquire their training from a variety of academic fields~\\cite{Kross2019}, which often have different norms for canonical statistical methods, reporting of findings, and thresholds for significance of results. Here P9 recounted his experience doing counseling (`playing therapy') to reassure a client of the soundness of his results when the client had different field-specific norms: \\begin{quote} \\textit{There's definitely also like a tension of field-specific expectations or norms and your principles or values as an outside consultant or analyst. And then it gets manifested as like ``my analyst did something wrong'' or ``they didn't do what I told them.'' And then you just sort of feel like you're playing therapy with them, trying to reason out why what you did is actually okay.} \\end{quote} \\subsection{Power dynamics when presenting results to clients} Power dynamics appear here as well: Some of our participants work in environments (e.g., large companies) where there are many data scientists that clients can consult with. Therefore, they are afraid that they may be `replaced' if they deliver results that a client does not like. P3 laments that clients do not understand how much they may be giving up by finding a new data scientist (whom they hope will produce more favorable analysis results) rather than sticking with the current one: \\begin{quote} \\textit{When someone doesn't get the result they want as fast as they want, they think that it could be your fault. And so they say, ``Well let's just bring in another one of you!'' But they don't understand that I can't just give you"}, {"title": "", "text": "on the questionnaire. To assess whether the children felt supported in their homes, they were asked, \"How true are the following statements about your home and family? 1) \"When I talk at home, someone listens to what I say\"; 2) \"My family really tries to help me\"; and 3) \"I feel safe at home\". For the purpose of this research, family support is considered to exist when the child answers true, or very true, to at least two of the three questions. Fully, 88.8% of the children answered affirmatively, compared to 11.2% who did not acknowledge any, or only one, of these kinds of support. Similarly, when considering children who have rules of behaviour, the extent to which the following statements are true for the child is considered: 1) \"My father/mother/caretaker appreciates my good behaviour\", and \"My father/mother/caretaker establishes rules about what I can do\". An answer is considered to be affirmative when the child says that both statements are true either always, or very frequently, which is 61.6% of the cases as opposed to 38.4%, who say that none, or only one, of the two statements is true. Analysis and results In general, the influence of enabling strategies -related to the positive use of the Internet and including forms of active mediation and online security-is higher than that of restrictive and technical mediation. The frequency of influence of all the strategies is higher for older minors. Enabling mediation In enabling mediation (Table 1), which involves primarily communicative strategies that promote or assist the online safety"}, {"title": "", "text": "language cannot be understood outside of its context. Wittgenstein lists the following as examples of language-games: \u201cGiving orders, and obeying them\u201d; \u201c[d]escribing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements\u201d; \u201c[c]onstructing an object from a description (a drawing)\u201d; \u201c[r]eporting an event\u201d; \u201c[s]peculating about an event.\" The famous example is the meaning of the word \"game\". We speak of various kinds of games: board games, betting games, sports, \"war games\". These are all different uses of the word \"games\". Wittgenstein also gives the example of \"Water!\", which can be used as an exclamation, an order, a request, or as an answer to a question. The meaning of the word depends on the language-game within which it is being used. Another way Wittgenstein puts the point is that the word \"water\" has no meaning apart from its use within a language-game. One might use the word as an order to have someone else bring you a glass of water. But it can also be used to warn someone that the water has been poisoned. One might even use the word as code by members of a secret society. Wittgenstein does not limit the application of his concept of language games to word-meaning. He also applies it to sentence-meaning. For example, the sentence \"Moses did not exist\" (\u00a779) can mean various things. Wittgenstein argues that, independent of use, the sentence does not yet 'say' anything. It is 'meaningless' in the sense of not being significant for a particular purpose. It only acquires significance if we fix it within"}, {"title": "", "text": "then a route to individually stored distinctive characteristics. For some social categories, we may almost all rely on deference to experts. I know what my friend in the pub promised, but am I right to categorize this under the concept CONTRACT? I know roughly what copyright is, but the conceptions stored in my COPYRIGHT concept do little to make it distinctive from PATENT. Even with more everyday concepts like MANSLAUGHTER, a certain amount of deference to legal experts is called for. Deference is not automatic. For some concepts, people prefer their own judgements to those in the wider community. In identifying basic emotions like happiness and disappointment, people seem to prefer their own judgements as to how to classify faces, ignoring advice as to which cues are most reliable indicators of emotional valence [24]. Deference is a psychological attitude, carried by some concepts and not others. Sometimes deference will be explicit. The concept user will say or think, 'I don't know the difference between elms and beeches, I'd better ask someone'. This does not imply they think the category is ill-defined. We have plenty of evidence that COPYRIGHT is a robust, reliable and widely used category; but most are willing to defer to experts as to when copyright arises and what the consequences are. At other times deference will be implicit. The concept user does not need to formulate a thought about deferring to others or make a reasoned decision. They may simply be inclined to trust others about how to apply the concept and inclined"}, {"title": "", "text": "jailers speaks if there is a prisoner for which he says that he will be % executed safe_after_tell:- safe(a), tell. % a is safe after the jailer has spoken if he is safe and the jailer has told % that someone is going to be executed :- end_lpad. /** ?- prob(safe(a),tell,Prob). % what is the probability that a is not executed after the jailer has spoken % expected result 1/3, means that the jailer communication did not change the % probability of a being safe ?- prob(safe(a),Prob). % what is the probability that a is not executed % expected result 0.3333333333333333 ?- prob(tell_executed(b),Prob). % what is the probability that the jailer says b is going to be executed? % expected result 0.5 ?- prob(tell_executed(c),Prob). % what is the probability that the jailer says b is going to be executed? % expected result 0.5 ?- prob(safe(c),tell_executed(b),Prob). % what is the probability that c is safe % given that he has told b to a % expected result 0.6666 ?- prob(safe(c),Prob). % what is the probability that c is not executed % expected result 0.3333333333333333 ?- prob(safe(a),tell,Prob),bar(Prob,C). % what is the probability that a is not executed after the jailer has spoken % expected result 1/3, means that the jailer communication did not change the % probability of a being safe ?- prob(safe(a),Prob),bar(Prob,C). % what is the probability that a is not executed % expected result 0.3333333333333333 ?- prob(tell_executed(b),Prob),bar(Prob,C). % what is the probability that the jailer says b is going to be executed? % expected result"}, {"title": "", "text": "a mind is not a thing, and changing a mind or informing a mind with a command is not directly to change the world of mice and microbes, electrons and elephants. To change a mind is to change how things appear to it. But \"appearing\" itself is not one of the things that appears, though doubtless it, too, can be made to appear to the philosophical mind. (2) In the second place, if the world does get changed through my changing someone's mind, it gets changed only through being displayed in a certain way. (3) In speech, I contrast what is and what could be, and thereby show the desirability of what could be, its goodness, and in that way I persuade another to act directly on the world. My persuading or presenting something as to be done would be a moral act, praxis, but it would not be poesis. And of course, in the third place, sometimes we speak purely and entirely only to display the world, simply to show it, and perhaps to show it in such a way as to make manifest that it cannot be changed, or cannot be changed by us, or maybe should not be changed by us. We could say, in other words, that among the illocutionary speech acts, such things as promising and pronouncing judgment and persuading, there is also simple description or the giving of information. (4) We could say that in addition to practical reason, there is speculative reason. The distinction between doing and saying is"}, {"title": "", "text": "first Chancellor of the German Empire\" do not. Thus, for example, it might have been the case that Bismarck died in infancy. If so, he would not have ever satisfied the description \"the first Chancellor of the German Empire,\" and (indeed) someone else probably would have. It does not follow that the first Chancellor of the German Empire may not have been the first Chancellor of the German Empire\u2014that is (at least according to its surface-structure) a contradiction. Kripke argues that the way that proper names work is that when we make statements about what might or might not have been true of Bismarck, we are talking about what might or might not have been true of that particular person in various situations, whereas when we make statements about what might or might not have been true of, say, the first Chancellor of the German Empire we could be talking about what might or might not have been true of whoever would have happened to fill that office in those situations. The \"could\" here is important to note: rigid designation is a property of the way terms are used, not a property of the terms themselves, and some philosophers, following Keith Donnellan, have argued that a phrase such as \"the first Chancellor of the German Empire\" could be used rigidly, in sentences such as \"the first Chancellor of the German Empire could have decided never to go into politics.\" Kripke himself doubted that there was any need to recognize rigid uses of definite descriptions, and argued"}, {"title": "", "text": "is easy to see that, characteristically, all Gordon's examples are biased. They are forms of verbs that do not refer to emotions because in their active voice they are causative. 18 To amuse, to annoy, to astonish etc. have nothing affective in themselves, but only their result. I would rather say that even if I amuse/annoy/astonish/etc. you, with the intention of amusing/annoying/astonishing/etc. you, it is rather a posteriori that my intention can be ascribed an affective meaning (only) insofar as I am successful in my amusing/annoying/astonishing/etc. you, and the result occasioned is your being amused/annoyed/astonished/etc. But it is not sine qua non and you may well be amused/annoyed/astonished/etc. without my intention of amusing/annoying/astonishing/etc. you, e.g. by my saying something or by means of a gesture. If so, this kind of verb has something to do with affectivity, but attains it only contingently. The concept of my amusing/annoying/astonishing/etc. you is added to what I have done. There is no such thing as amusing/annoying/astonishing/etc. in concreto, but only by doing something that may or may not amuse/annoy/astonish/etc. This is an abstraction built onto the whole of what is produced as amusement, that is, someone's being amused. But it is also easy to see that this is only one category of verbs. And if Gordon's examples are one-sided, then his conclusion, if only grammatically, begs the question. Selecting verbs of which the past participles refer to passive affective acts in order to argue for the passivity and against the activity of affectivity is defective, especially because we can consider"}, {"title": "", "text": "says that the phrase is \"Objectionable to many, who regard it as a legalism\". Legal criticism The phrase has come under criticism in both American and British courts. Judges have called it a \"freakish fad\", an \"accuracy-destroying symbol\", and \"meaningless\". In a Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion from 1935, Justice Fowler referred to it as \"that befuddling, nameless thing, that Janus-faced verbal monstrosity, neither word nor phrase, the child of a brain of someone too lazy or too dull to know what he did mean\". The Kentucky Supreme Court has said it was a \"much-condemned conjunctive-disjunctive crutch of sloppy thinkers\". Finally, the Florida Supreme Court has denounced the use of \"and/or\", stating ...we take our position with that distinguished company of lawyers who have condemned its use. It is one of those inexcusable barbarisms which were sired by indolence and damned by indifference, and has no more place in legal terminology than the vernacular of Uncle Remus has in Holy Writ. I am unable to divine how such senseless jargon becomes current. The coiner of it certainly had no appreciation for terse and concise law English. Other authorities point out that it is usually quite unambiguous and can be the most efficient way to indicate the inclusive or in some contexts. Kenneth Adams, lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Alan Kaye, professor of linguistics at California State University, write, \"It does, after all, have a specific meaning\u2014X and/or Y means X or Y or both.\" However, the authors state that it should not be"}, {"title": "", "text": "it in various ways while keeping the basic idea intact. Grice next turns to the second step in his program: explaining the notion of timeless meaning in terms of the notion of utterer's meaning. He does so very tentatively with the following definition: \"x meansNN (timeless) that so-and-so\" might as a first shot be equated with some statement or disjunction of statements about what \"people\" (vague) intend (with qualifications about \"recognition\") to effect by x. The basic idea here is that the meaning of a word or sentence results from a regularity in what speakers use the word or sentence to mean. Grice would give a much more detailed theory of timeless meaning in his sixth Logic and Conversation lecture. A more influential attempt to expand on this component of intention-based semantics has been given by Stephen Schiffer. Grice's theory of implicature Grice's most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, which started in his 1961 article, \"The Causal Theory of Perception\", and \"Logic and Conversation\", which was delivered at Harvard's 'William James Lectures' in 1967, and published in 1975 as a chapter in volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts. Saying/implicating distinction According to Grice, what a speaker means by an utterance can be divided into what the speaker \"says\" and what the speaker thereby \"implicates\". Grice makes it clear that the notion of saying he has in mind, though related to a colloquial sense of the word, is somewhat technical, referring to it as \"a favored notion of 'saying'"}, {"title": "", "text": "this basic approach to getting funding from mortgages (Bernanke, 2015). In particular, when the GSEs sell their mortgage-backed securities, they provide guarantees against credit loss. Fannie and Freddie were permitted to operate with adequate capital. While many aspects of the financial crisis were not well anticipated, this one was. The Fed said that Fannie and Freddie just did not have enough capital and that they were, in fact, a danger to the stability of the financial system. What made the situation even somewhat worse was that Fannie and Freddie besides selling these mortgage-backed securities to investors, also purchased on their account large amounts of mortgage-backed securities both their own and some that were issued by the private sector. They made profits from holding those mortgages. An important trigger of the crisis was that this was not just a house-price boom and bust, but it was the mortgage products and practices that went along with the house price movements that were particularly damaging. There were a lot of exotic mortgages by which economists mean non-standard and standard mortgages, thirty-year, prime, fixed-rate mortgages, etc. There were all kinds of mortgages being offered and often to people with weaker credit and poor credit ratings (Binder, 2013). One feature that many of these mortgages had was that for them to be repaid, one had to have ongoing increases in house prices. So, for example, someone might be a mortgage borrower who would buy an adjustable-rate mortgage or ARM where the initial interest rate was, say, 1 per cent which meant"}, {"title": "", "text": "being a weatherman on the local news and saying, \u201cWhat lovely weather it is! Rain, rain, and rain,\u201d with an exaggerated enthusiastic voice and not explicit statement of whom she's referencing. The speaker would not be using a sentence, in this case, but rather she would be mentioning what she has heard the weatherman say before. Taking on the pretense of an oblivious weatherman and saying, \u201cWhat lovely weather it is!\u201d when it is storming and dark outside is making mention of a phrase previously said by weathermen and expressing contempt toward it. Speech acts One of Clark's better-known studies was on how to make requests that overcome an obstacle to compliance. In making requests, speakers analyze the greatest potential obstacle they see to getting the information that they want, and frame their requests in a way that overcomes them in the easiest manner possible. They can frame the request in 3 different ways: to design an indirect request conditional on the absence or elimination of the obstacle, to make broadly applicable conditional requests, or to approach an obstacle sideways. For example, if a speaker wants to know the time of the concert he is attending with his friend, he knows his friend may not remember. He will therefore make an indirect request conditional on the elimination of the obstacle and ask, \u201cDo you remember what time the concert is tonight?\u201d which will mean \u201cDo you remember what time the concert is, and can you tell me?\u201d Therefore, if the friend does not remember, he can"}, {"title": "", "text": "a result consistent with her own description. The converse holds for $B$. But this is clearly a different statement than to say that $A$ and $B$ agree on the values assigned. The former is, of course, very close to what happens in a solipsistic description of the world: I can explain everything I see as being how my mind works, and no observer, phenomenon, or information can make me change my mind. There is no ``agreement'' between what I see and what someone else sees, simply because there is nobody else seeing things. {\\bf There is an aspect of the ontology that is left open in the RQM literature: whether a system ontology or a quantum event ontology is more convincing. I think that RQM is compatible with both, and each has its own appeal. In the first, we assume that what exists is an electron, and its manifestations are sparse quantum event. In the second, we assume that what exists are sparse quantum events and we call electron their ensemble and their dynamical relations. I think that both views are viable. After all, we can say that there is a chair, and its manifestation are all the perspectives on it, or we can say with Hume, that a chair is nothing else that the coherent ensemble of all its manifestations. I see no reasons for which QM should decide a metaphysical issue that is open independently from quantum theory itself.} {\\bf A similar remark hold for the formulation of the theory as a principle theory"}, {"title": "", "text": "assign different values to different goals, and that some of our goals might clash, leading to ambivalence; what is important here is that in order for a possible state to be one of our goals, we must at least have some prima facie intention to realize it. On the other hand, with options this is not the case. Although options do have some prima facie evaluative load, it is not the case that an agent intends to realize every possibility that he or she sees. When my goal is losing weight, I might come up with different options for realizing that goal. I might start exercising daily, I might go on a diet, I might apply for cosmetic surgery. The fact that I generate those action representations as options does not mean that I want to bring them about: I probably find some options more attractive than others; what I want to do remains to be decided upon. The second difference is that options are by definition representations of actions, whereas goals are not. For example, one could adopt a goal such as \"being happy\": this goal is not the representation of an action, but of a certain state of mind. Another example is someone having the goal \"the neighbor saying sorry for his rude behavior.\" This goal is not a representation of an action either, but a representation of a certain external outcome. PLANS A second question is whether options are in any important sense different from action plans. The literature on planning largely focuses"}, {"title": "", "text": "the text itself should be the starting point in determining what Paul seeks to say about justification. Through his attempt of returning to the text to allow Paul to speak for himself as he suggests, Wright offers a definition of what he believes the apostle means by \u2018justification,\u2019 which is contrary to popular belief. In crafting said definition, the interpreter identifies three pieces, which he believes to be vital to this consideration: that justification is dependent upon covenant language, that it utilises law-court language, functioning within the covenantal setting as a strong explanatory metaphor of justification, and that it cannot be understood within a Pauline context as separate from eschatology. Through the inclusion of covenant language, justification alludes to the presence of sin and wickedness in the world and the way in which the covenant was instituted to bring about salvation. Within this context, the law-court metaphorical language acknowledges God's role as judge who is to put the world to rights, to deal with evil and to restore justice and order to the cosmos. Finally, Wright's definition of \u2018justification\u2019 within Paul's letters acknowledges that the term is not associated, as has commonly been perceived, with one's personal needs necessary to attain salvation, but instead with what marked someone as a member of God's people. Secular utopianism In 2008, Wright criticised \"secular utopianism\", accusing it of advocating \"the right to kill unborn children and surplus old people\". The Times columnist David Aaronovitch challenged Wright specifically to substantiate his claim that any secular group does indeed advocate the"}, {"title": "", "text": "at semantic analysis time. That means that // we end up giving confusing \"unexpected comma\" or \"expected type\" // errors when it would be more informative to the user to simply // tell them that an unbound type is not legal in this position. // // This also means that we can get semantic analysis of the open // type in the IDE even in what would have been a syntax error case // in the native compiler. // // We need a heuristic to deal with the situation where both kinds of errors // are potentially in play: what if someone says \"typeof(Bogus<>.Blah)\"? // There are two errors there: first, that Bogus is not found, not a type, // or not of the appropriate arity, and second, that it is illegal to make // a partially unbound type. // // The heuristic we will use is that the former kind of error takes priority // over the latter; if the meaning of \"Bogus<>\" cannot be successfully // determined then there is no point telling the user that in addition, // it is syntactically wrong. Moreover, at this point we do not know what they // mean by the remainder \".Blah\" of the expression and so it seems wrong to // deduce more errors from it. var plainName = node.Identifier.ValueText; SeparatedSyntaxList typeArguments = node.TypeArgumentList.Arguments; bool isUnboundTypeExpr = node.IsUnboundGenericName; LookupOptions options = GetSimpleNameLookupOptions(node, isVerbatimIdentifier: false); NamedTypeSymbol unconstructedType = LookupGenericTypeName( diagnostics, basesBeingResolved, qualifierOpt, node, plainName, node.Arity, options); NamedTypeSymbol resultType; if (isUnboundTypeExpr) { if (!IsUnboundTypeAllowed(node)) { // If we"}, {"title": "", "text": "// types at parse time, not at semantic analysis time. That means that // we end up giving confusing \"unexpected comma\" or \"expected type\" // errors when it would be more informative to the user to simply // tell them that an unbound type is not legal in this position. // // This also means that we can get semantic analysis of the open // type in the IDE even in what would have been a syntax error case // in the native compiler. // // We need a heuristic to deal with the situation where both kinds of errors // are potentially in play: what if someone says \"typeof(Bogus<>.Blah)\"? // There are two errors there: first, that Bogus is not found, not a type, // or not of the appropriate arity, and second, that it is illegal to make // a partially unbound type. // // The heuristic we will use is that the former kind of error takes priority // over the latter; if the meaning of \"Bogus<>\" cannot be successfully // determined then there is no point telling the user that in addition, // it is syntactically wrong. Moreover, at this point we do not know what they // mean by the remainder \".Blah\" of the expression and so it seems wrong to // deduce more errors from it. var plainName = node.Identifier.ValueText; SeparatedSyntaxList typeArguments = node.TypeArgumentList.Arguments; bool isUnboundTypeExpr = node.IsUnboundGenericName; LookupOptions options = GetSimpleNameLookupOptions(node, isVerbatimIdentifier: false); NamedTypeSymbol unconstructedType = LookupGenericTypeName( diagnostics, basesBeingResolved, qualifierOpt, node, plainName, node.Arity, options); NamedTypeSymbol resultType; if (isUnboundTypeExpr) {"}, {"title": "", "text": "intensely correlated to the previous one, lack of vocabulary. During my observation, I perceived that lecturers tend to speak in Bahasa Indonesia when they discussed the topics I prepared for the discussion. When I asked them about the reason for that in the interview; they explained that they did not have any adequate vocabularies to say. This condition drove them to decide to use Bahasa when they had no idea to express in English. In one of the observations, K, tried to share her childhood as follows: \"I think my childhood is not...really..what, what,..not really menyenangkan hehe.So I want my kids more happy than I am hehe\" The word \"menyenangkan\" was spoken because S did not know how to say it in English. When K spoke this word, another participant, S, tried to tell that menyenangkan was interesting. This was good response since there was a student-to-student interaction which is very helpful to maintain their ability. This example of her sentences also showed that there was a grammatical error such as word \"more happy\" which should be happier. Socio-cultural Problems No opportunity to Practice English \"Practice makes perfect\". This quote says that when someone wants to acquire a skill, no matter it is, practice is undoubtedly necessary. In language learning, the opportunity to practice is very important. Lantolf and Thorne (2004) explained the significance of peer group as a developmental process of learning occur through participation in cultural, linguistic, and previously formed settings such as family life and peer group interaction. Tok Seng (2006) in his"}, {"title": "", "text": "response, namely the government's response to Covid-19 pandemic by educating their people using public service announcements. shows an example of a Covid-19 PSA published on May 22, 2020 by the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia or Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes-RI). The message displayed, \"Maskerku melindungimu. Maskermu melindungiku\" which means \"My mask protects you. Your mask protects me,\" accompanies the picture of a diversity of people wearing masks. Taken literally, the information published only delivers what someone's mask can do, which is 'protecting'. However, this PSA carries the implied message of reminding the public to wear masks. The context of this announcement is the fact that a significant amount of Indonesian society still neglects to wear masks, thus contributing to the increase of positive Covid-19 patients on a daily basis. The phrases \"your mask\" and \"my mask\" implies that everyone needs to use masks, and that the government expects the community to do so in order to protect themselves, their families and other people. Through this example, it can be seen that what is said literally is different from what is implied. The pragmatics study of implicature, for the most part, were explored in the context of classrooms. While the premise of these studies of implicature is often concerned with the fact that what speakers say means much more than what they were actually saying, majority of previous studies were concerned with evaluating students' comprehension of implicatures. Recent studies have applied implicature theory to analyse literature works to offer insight on the implied meanings of"}, {"title": "", "text": "of non-believers of this sort will be to learn from believers what the meaning of such terms actually amounts to. However, the dispute can also take another form: non-believers can treat the religious discourse as a quasi-scientific one (there being, of course, many different ways in which religious utterances can be interpreted as constituting quasi-scientific statements). In this case, religious utterances are criticized as amounting to statements that fail to be confirmed by any scientific evidence. Wittgenstein points out that a person who adopts a viewpoint according to which scientific evidence can confirm or falsify religious utterances is operating on entirely different plane from a religious person -there is, as it were, a gulf separating them: Suppose someone were a believer and said: \"I believe in a Last Judgement,\" and I said: \"Well, I'm not so sure. Possibly.\" You would say that there is an enormous gulf between us. If he said \"There is a German aeroplane overhead,\" and I said \"Possibly I'm not so sure,\" you'd say we were fairly near. It isn't a question of my being anywhere near him, but on an entirely different plane, which you could express by saying: \"You mean something altogether different, Wittgenstein.\" (Wittgenstein 1967a, LRB: 53) Why can one say that there is a gulf between these two people? The main reason is the fact that the believer does not treat religious questions as questions to which scientific evidence or scientific doubts are relevant. By contrast, a nonbeliever of the sort invoked by Wittgenstein in this fragment is,"}, {"title": "", "text": "which means that one justified action, often a decision, tends to lead to another. When we say that one argument (and its supported action) tends to lead to another, we mean that it makes the occurrence of the subsequent argument more likely, not that it necessarily makes it highly likely or, still less, inevitable. Hence the transition between arguments is not based on strict logical entailment.\" Essentially, if accepting p raises the probability of z sufficiently that the risk of it happening passes a tolerable threshold the argument will be considered reasonable. There is, of course, considerable room for disagreement as to the likelihood of z occurring and what would be a tolerable level of risk. Kahane says, \"The slippery slope fallacy is committed only when we accept without further justification or argument that once the first step is taken, the others are going to follow, or that whatever would justify the first step would in fact justify the rest.\" The problem then arises as to how to evaluate the likelihood that certain steps would follow. Volokh's article \"The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope\" sets out to examine the various ways in which making one decision might render another decision more likely. He considers such things as implementing A making B more cost effective and implementing A changing attitudes such that acceptance of B will become more likely. He says, \"If you are faced with the pragmatic question \"Does it make sense for me to support A, given that it might lead others to support B?,\""}, {"title": "", "text": "cyber-warfare in more detail below. Thanks to Colin Lewis for raising this point. 7 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), Chapter xiii.8. 8 To the best of my knowledge, no one has yet given a meaningful or extended conceptual analysis of what it is for something to be a fight. So, what follows is my initial attempt at doing so. It is not a full or complete account, of course, but it is hopefully enough to begin the discussion. By contrast, much against someone who is able and willing to take up arms against you; otherwise, you are not fighting, but rather are annoying, aggravating, beating, killing, slaughtering, annihilating, destroying, or exterminating. 9 To fight is to contend with another, to struggle against them for supremacy. If there is no contention or struggle, it is difficult to say either that a fight is occurring or has occurred. This is why it is possible for someone to refuse to fight: famously, pacifists and nonviolence advocates refuse to physically fight for their causes. So, when the police attacked U.S. Representative John Lewis at Selma in 1965, it was a physical beating that took place, not a physical fight. 10 You simply cannot fight with someone who will not fight you. Added to that, you cannot fight with someone who cannot fight you; this is why it is impossible to (physically) fight a quadriplegic, for instance. Of course, you may well be able to have other kinds of conflict with them, but you cannot have a physical"}, {"title": "", "text": "that offer multiple perspectives on a shared experience (husbands and wives, for example, or psychiatrists and patients); or they may collect accounts over a period of time, to develop a longitudinal analysis. Data collection In IPA, researchers gather qualitative data from research participants using techniques such as interview, diaries, or focus group. Typically, these are approached from a position of flexible and open-ended inquiry, and the interviewer adopts a stance that is curious and facilitative (rather than, say, challenging and interrogative). IPA usually requires personally salient accounts of some richness and depth, and it requires that these accounts be captured in a way that permits the researcher to work with a detailed verbatim transcript. Data analysis Data collection does not set out to test hypotheses, and this stance is maintained in data analysis. The analyst reflects upon their own preconceptions about the data, and attempts to suspend these in order to focus on grasping the experiential world of the research participant. Transcripts are coded in considerable detail, with the focus shifting back and forth from the key claims of the participant, to the researcher's interpretation of the meaning of those claims. IPA's hermeneutic stance is one of inquiry and meaning-making, and so the analyst attempts to make sense of the participant's attempts to make sense of their own experiences, thus creating a double hermeneutic. One might use IPA if one had a research question which aimed to understand what a given experience was like (phenomenology) and how someone made sense of it (interpretation). Analysis in IPA"}, {"title": "", "text": "these behave more like nouns. Directional Focus: -An The focused noun phrases of directional verbs are treated as places or destinations. When a person is the focus, a notion of direction (either to or from) or an affected party is implied, for example, suratan to write to someone, takawan to rob from someone (compare with tawaken to steal something). In addition, the focused noun phrase is treated as an area that is affected by the verb. Verbs of cleaning, dalusan, to clean, labaan, to launder, sagadan, to sweep, are in this focus as the focused noun phrases are considered as an area affected. It is possible to use -en with these roots, but notice in the following sentences how the affix alters the focus and meaning: (with -an) Dinalusak ti sala. \"I cleaned the living room.\" versus (with -en) Dinalusko ti rugit ti sala. \"I cleaned the dirt in the living room.\" Meanings: Directionality, movement to or from Place or destination Area affected Cleaning Thematic Focus: i- The focused noun phrases of thematic verbs are transferred or whose location or state is affected in some way by the semantics of the root. An analog of this idea of transference, verbs of saying are commonly use this affix. What is said becomes the focused element and is thought of as being transferred from one person to another. Examples of roots that commonly take this form: Transference, conveyance, e.g., dulin safe place, idulin' to save, put away Change of non-permanent state, e.g., lukat exposed, ilukat to open; rikep"}, {"title": "", "text": "Nagel says: But one might also believe that there are facts which could not ever be represented or comprehended by human beings, even if the species lasted for ever -simply because our structure does not permit us to operate with concepts of the requisite type. This impossibility might even be observed by other beings, but it is not clear that the existence of such beings, or the possibility of their existence, is a precondition of the significance of the hypothesis that there are humanly inaccessible facts. (After all, the nature of beings with access to humanly inaccessible facts is presumably itself a humanly inaccessible fact.) it is like to be a bat, but what I am considering here, and what Nagel tried to point out in his own essay is that there is a fact (or facts) associated with the particular point of view of the immortal with which we are not remotely able to comprehend or to conceive. The Future Is Not What It Used To Be Second, a critic might contend that my argument suggesting that we cannot conceive of our own future mental life presupposes that our future self living a body-bound immortal life has radically different experiences of the world than the sensory experiences of the person who lives in the present. If my argument is correct, so the critic will argue, then it is not my own mental life that experiences the future but the mental life of someone else, some distinct future self. According to the objection, it does not"}, {"title": "", "text": "often, as with all signifieds, this definition is up for debate; one may imagine the stickiness of what it would mean to sit on a desk or a kitchen counter instead and if that may be considered a chair). Saussure claims that the terms \"mother\" and \"father\" are \"distinct\"-they lack any overlap in the physical forms and mental concepts of each term. Saussure therefore positions these words and the ideas they represent within a binary. As a result, there is no room for non-binary positions between these two signs and their signifiers; to be the feminine \"mother\" is to be the exact opposite of the masculine \"father.\" Within Vuong's coming-of-age novel, Little Dog constructs and reconstructs his identity in relation and in opposition to this Saussurean binary syntax. One of the earliest memories he recalls in the novel-an encounter with a bully on the bus ride to school-reveals the dominant syntax of American masculinity and its effects on his body: \u2026 I realized the spark came from inside my head. That someone had shoved my face into the glass. \"Speak English,\" said the boy with a yellow bowl cut, his jowls flushed and rippling\u2026 \"Don't you ever say nothin'? Don't you speak English?\" He grabbed my shoulder and spun me to face him. \"Look at me when I'm talking to you.\" He was only nine but had already mastered the dialect of damaged American fathers... \"Say my name then.\" He blinked, his eyelashes, long and blond, nearly nothing, quivered. \"Like your mom did last night.\" \u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "information and to ensure the security controls required by the classification are in place and are followed in their right procedures. Access control Access to protected information must be restricted to people who are authorized to access the information. The computer programs, and in many cases the computers that process the information, must also be authorized. This requires that mechanisms be in place to control the access to protected information. The sophistication of the access control mechanisms should be in parity with the value of the information being protected; the more sensitive or valuable the information the stronger the control mechanisms need to be. The foundation on which access control mechanisms are built start with identification and authentication. Access control is generally considered in three steps: identification, authentication, and authorization. Identification Identification is an assertion of who someone is or what something is. If a person makes the statement \"Hello, my name is John Doe\" they are making a claim of who they are. However, their claim may or may not be true. Before John Doe can be granted access to protected information it will be necessary to verify that the person claiming to be John Doe really is John Doe. Typically the claim is in the form of a username. By entering that username you are claiming \"I am the person the username belongs to\". Authentication Authentication is the act of verifying a claim of identity. When John Doe goes into a bank to make a withdrawal, he tells the bank teller he is John"}, {"title": "", "text": "family and peer support on a 7-point Likert scale. The students were asked to mark how much they agree (from 1, \"very strongly disagree\", to 7, \"very strongly agree\") with the statements about their family and friends. The family support items were the following statements: \"my family really tries to help me\", \"I get emotional help and support I need from my family\", \"I can talk about problems with my family\", and \"my family is willing to help me make decisions\". The peer support contained the next items: \"my friends really try to help me\", \"I can count on my friends when things go wrong\", \"I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows\", and \"I can talk about my problems with my friends\". The Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the family support scale and 0.92 for the peer support scale. Finally, the summary of the scores was calculated separately for the two parts (total score ranged from 4 to 28), where a higher score means higher support. Besides social support, the quality of family communication was also measured with the short version of the clear communication scale from the Family Dynamics Measure II (FDMII). In this part of the questionnaire, there were four statements, and the students were asked to mark on a five-point scale how much they agree (1, \"strongly agree\"; 5, \"strongly disagree\") with the following: \"in the family, the important things are talked about\", \"when she/he speaks, someone listens to what she/he says\", \"they ask questions when they don't"}, {"title": "", "text": "that represents me, and I say 'let's use it.'\" N. said, \"It's important because the truth is that besides the picture, there's really nothing to see. I want to upload a picture that presents me the best way, yes, one that I look great in.\" There are two main motivations for the profile picture: The first is creating a first impression, with the possibility of having a deep conversation or meeting. A picture should appeal to the person you are trying to impress. J. said, \"If I just met someone, I could change the picture just because we met, and because I think this is the picture that will broadcast what I want to in the best way.\" A. mentioned she would choose a picture based on the effect she wanted to make on someone. \"They should think that I have good eyes, cute.\" She also noted that the purpose of the picture is \"to influence new people; less about those who already know me.\" The second motivation is for the picture to attract the attention of someone from the user's past, with whom they are no longer in touch, such as an ex-partner. O. said, \"I changed my picture just to attract the attention of my ex, or a guy I went out with who disappeared.\" The picture actually serves as a means to provoke the spouse who left, supposedly making them think and wonder about what they lost. Increasing Expressive Information -The Status Line High IM is characterized by high media affordance in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Being someone has several meanings, identity and place too. This project analyse the multiple identities, the physical and virtual structure which supports them and the relationship which occur between what is inside and/or what is outside of a restrict community such as the UniRSM. Somehow, members from this community are travelers and exchange information between them and the world outside. This happens both virtually and physically even though Saint Marino is well known for being one of the smallest nation in the world. Even its geographical location, upon the Titano, suggests that spreading to the rest of the world would be difficult. ####Concept Each one from the UniRSM community has the potential to spread his identity all over the world and bring there the identity of the community. Have you ever thought about this in this way? Everyday we built a path of our travel, phisically and virtually. The IP address which has given to my personal internet connection every eight hours represent my virtual myself. From the moment I start to navigate, this does not remain only a bunch of bytes in a virtual domain but somehow my virtual identity is transpose to a physical domain, the one of server which host my virtual myself. ####Dataviz my IP address = my identity = a part of my community How to represent it? I think there might be to main ways: 1) Data will remain data each IP address can be represented as: - IPv4 192.168.16.31 - binary 11000110 10101000 00010000 00011111 - Decimal 3232239647 -"}, {"title": "", "text": "kind of silly -what will happen when the people we do fieldwork with read what we write? What is the difference between writing for academics and writing for a \"popular\" audience? How does our writing objectify and isolate culture, fencing it off in an artificial time and place? E-mailing back and forth with the children of the Q'eqchi' farmers I did dissertation research with 35 years ago, I do not even pause to think about what particular writing genre I am contributing to, or the obstacles to intersubjectivity. For my last book I engaged with members of a Belizean bulletin board, and quoted some of the responses to my questions and provocations. Was this fieldwork, requiring a signed consent form, or was it public discourse which can be used without permission? The nineteenth-century classification of the world into discrete spaces separated by boundaries does not conform to a twenty-first century reality. One of Bourdieu's enduring insights was that every time we classify and sort objects in the real world, we are also classifying and reifying categories of people, defining our own identities (1984). When the conceptual boundaries which define the site of our own research are undermined, it therefore challenges the legitimacy of the ethnographer. This fundamental reflexivity means that we are no longer so easily defined by what we do in the world, or by our specialized knowledge and expertise, particularly in places where the label \"anthropologist\" has no particular referent (or is mistaken to mean someone who studies insects or static native cultures). In"}, {"title": "", "text": "I organise with in a housing action network or a trade union or a social movement -a comrade -and they ask what I think of the action, what should I say? Should I say the same thing to my grandmother and my comrade? I think not. To my grandmother, a blanket rejection of the action might simply reinforce her view that the climate justice movement is unworthy of support. A better approach might be to reinforce that action is needed, and that in any case the action itself is merely one of many kinds of action taking place. The purpose here might be to slightly win over my grandmother towards a more sympathetic position vis-\u00e0-vis the climate justice movement. She does not care about whether it is working-class people or others inconvenienced by the action -in short, her problem is climate militancy. It is safe to assume we will not be able to find common ground on climate change during a phone call. What matters is to not feed her pre-existing prejudice but to perhaps simply shine new light on the issue. Say that even if the action seems somewhat misguided, the urgency of climate change for my and future generations means that we must do more, even if that means sometimes we do not pick the exact right options. The crucial point to get across is to focus on the broader issue of climate change rather than the particulars of the wrong action. When I respond to my comrade calling me, I can be much"}, {"title": "", "text": "and even \"data binding\". Some of those systems *can* be slow (often deliberately, and for good reason). They involve things like queuing or doing dynamic allocation for each notification. But, now that you've seen how the pattern is actually implemented, you know that isn't the case. Sending a notification is simply walking a list and calling some virtual methods. Granted, it's a *bit* slower than a statically dispatched call, but that cost is negligible in all but the most performance-critical code. I find this pattern fits best outside of hot code paths anyway, so you can usually afford the dynamic dispatch. Aside from that, there's virtually no overhead. We aren't allocating objects for messages. There's no queueing. It's just an indirection over a synchronous method call. ### It's too *fast?* In fact, you have to be careful because the Observer pattern *is* synchronous. The subject invokes its observers directly, which means it doesn't resume its own work until all of the observers have returned from their notification methods. A slow observer can block a subject. This sounds"}, {"title": "", "text": "words: Granted, some insurance solutions will work in these cases and he discusses some. But what should be done to people who do not have the means to buy insurance or compensate other people for the risks of his actions? Should they be forbidden from doing it? (This is going to have important consequences in the next chapter, see next section). Nozick's conclusion is to prohibit specially dangerous actions that are generally done and compensating the specially disadvantaged individual from the prohibition. This is what he calls the Principle of Compensation. For example, it is allowed to forbid epileptics from driving, but only if they are compensated exactly for the costs that the disadvantaged has to assume (chauffeurs, taxis). This would only take place if the benefit from the increased security outweighs these costs. But this is not a negotiation. The analogy he gives is blackmail: it is not right to pay a person or group to prevent him from doing something that otherwise would give him no benefit whatsoever. Nozick considers such transactions as \"unproductive activities\". Similarly, (it should be deduced) it is not right for the epileptic to negotiate a payment for not doing something risky to other people. However, Nozick does point to some problems with this principle. Firstly, he says that the action has to be \"generally done\". The intention behind that qualification is that eccentric and dangerous activities should not be compensated. His extreme example is someone who has fun playing Russian roulette with the head of others without asking them."}, {"title": "", "text": "asks: How are words, phrases and sentences put together to create conversations, speeches, email messages, newspaper articles. 4. Strategic competence means knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns, how to work around gaps in one's knowledge of the language, and how to learn more about the language and in the context. Strategic competence asks: How do I know when I've misunderstood or when someone has misunderstood me? What do I say then? How can I express my ideas if I don't know the name of something or the right verb form to use? (Canale and Swain, 1980:20) CLT stresses the need to allow students opportunities for authentic and creative use of the language. It focuses on meaning rather than form; it suggests that learning should be relevant to the needs of the students; it advocates task-based language teaching. Students should be given tasks to perform or problems to solve in the classroom. What's more, CLT emphasizes a functional approach to language learning (i.e. what people do with language, such as inviting, apologizing, greeting and introducing, etc.). Also, to be competent in the target language, learners should acquire not only linguistic knowledge, but also the cultural background of that language. Richards and Rogers address the issue, saying that in practice there are some elements to be taken into account: the communicational principle (i.e. activities that involve real communication promote learning), the task principle (i.e. activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning) and the meaningfulness principle (i.e. language that is meaningful"}, {"title": "", "text": "80%, the probability of someone testing positive really being a cannabis user only rises from 19% to 21%, but if the sensitivity is held at 90% and the specificity is increased to 95%, the probability rises to 49%. Cancer rate Even if 100% of patients with pancreatic cancer have a certain symptom, when someone has the same symptom, it does not mean that this person has a 100% chance of getting pancreatic cancer. Assuming the incidence rate of pancreatic cancer is 1/100000, while 10/99999 healthy individuals have the same symptoms worldwide, the probability of having pancreatic cancer given the symptoms is only 9.1%, and the other 90.9% could be \"false positives\" (that is, falsely said to have cancer; \"positive\" is a confusing term when, as here, the test gives bad news). Based on incidence rate, the following table presents the corresponding numbers per 100,000 people. Which can then be used to calculate the probability of having cancer when you have the symptoms: Defective item rate A factory produces items using three machines\u2014A, B, and C\u2014which account for 20%, 30%, and 50% of its output respectively. Of the items produced by machine A, 5% are defective; similarly, 3% of machine B's items and 1% of machine C's are defective. If a randomly selected item is defective, what is the probability it was produced by machine C? Once again, the answer can be reached without using the formula by applying the conditions to a hypothetical number of cases. For example, if the factory produces 1,000 items, 200 will"}, {"title": "", "text": "follows. I will begin with one illustrative example and work from there. It should be acknowledged before we begin that I do not have deep explanations for all aspects of these novel data. I hope that other theorists might be inspired to work on them and improve on what I have here. Universal quantification One day, some years ago now, I found myself in the following discussion with someone near and dear to me: (1) SP: Every towel has a purpose. PE: No, it doesn't! The details of our dispute are now sunk in merciful oblivion. But it is worth dwelling for a while over the occurrence of the pronoun it. From the above transcript, it looks as if I might possibly have been referring to one towel in particular (perhaps with the aid of a gesture) and saying of it, as we say, that it did not have a purpose. The pronoun, in other words, might be thought to be referential, if all we had to go on was the above transcript. But this is not what I was doing. I did not have the intention to refer to a particular towel. No gestures accompanied my utterance. And, in terms of intonation, the pronoun was downstressed and did not have the contrastive stress that would be necessary in such circumstances to use the pronoun referentially. (And such a stressed, referential use of it is not very good in my dialect anyway.) My meaning, if we can trust my intuitions on this point, was 'It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "outcome is a reflexively critical understanding (Grondin, 1994) of pertinent literature. Engaging with literature/ understanding as participation / participation in meaning A piece of literature, or text, is \"what someone says to someone about something\" (Vanhoozer, Smith & Benson 2006, p.19). Both 'someones' are always located within their own time and place in history. Vanhoozer et al. (2006) go on: \"The text is a verbal work by which or in which various persons have made or discovered the attempt to say something about something. As such, the text is the site for a work of meaning\" (p.20). The text does not therefore present itself as evident truth but rather both reveals and conceals the authors' \"conscious and unconscious interests at play\" (Gadamer, 2007, p.241). Moreover, it is and will be read by others with similar conscious and unconscious interests. The traditional approach to critiquing an article is to first consider text itself. This is what we have been taught and are accustomed to doing -go back with the purpose of presenting the authors' main arguments to the reader. Understanding a text from a Gadamerian perspective \"does not primarily mean to reason one's way back into the past, but to have a present involvement in what is said\" (Gadamer in Vanhoozer et al., 2006, p. 42). It is therefore impossible to pretend that we can take a historical text (albeit a recent publication) and examine it from a neutral and objective stance. As reader, we are always interpreter, and as such always bring our past understandings and"}, {"title": "", "text": "but when we feel our bodies change in a certain way, we are experiencing a specific mood. So Tye offers a different understanding of mood: the felt character of mood consists of feelings, which have intentional objects. What it means for feelings to have intentional objects, is something I will address later on. The relation between music and feelings has been discussed, but this always remained separate from the debate on music and moods. My proposal is that if the experience of a mood is a cluster of feelings, we can introduce feelings to the debate on music and mood. This provides a new account of musical moods, one which meets Kivy's and Zangwill's objections. The idea is that each mood is associated with a specific cluster of feelings. This does not mean that if you experience feelings X, Y, and Z it is necessarily implied that you have mood M. Every mood is different, and denominating moods is not a matter of logical inference. We usually find it hard to precisely describe every specific feeling we are experiencing. Nevertheless, if someone says that she in a \"energetic\" mood, we can get a sense of which feelings she might have. I will argue that music evokes certain feelings which can be associated with a specific mood. So I need to show that bodily feelings can be directed at the music and that clusters of these feelings are part of the aesthetic experience of the music. Tye argues that bodily feelings have intentionality in the same way"}, {"title": "", "text": "be specific, my aim is to consider under what circumstances, and for what reasons, individuals may freely choose not to speak hatefully about others. Even if not threatened with legal sanction, why might people restrain themselves from saying something which they think they have good reason to say? 1 My hope is that an understanding of the different sorts of reasons which people might have for restraining themselves from speaking hatefully about others could usefully inform a strategy which aims to combat such speech without resource to the law. It will not be possible to describe such a strategy here, but in my concluding remarks I shall suggest what some of its principal elements are likely to be. This might seem like a futileor at best a foolishendeavour. In the public spheres of contemporary societies, the expression of hatred seems to be the 'new normal'. In this case, there may seem to be little point in trying to understand why some people may sometimes not speak hatefully about others. Whilst I would fully understand this reaction to my proposal, I would want to turn it around and argue that it is precisely because we live in such times that it is necessary to explore all means possible for tackling this problem, including the possibility of self-restraint. I certainly would not claim that the investigation I intend to conduct here could provide a silver bullet. In popular parlance, 'haters gonna hate'. In particular, if someone speaks with the express intention of inciting hatred against others, it will"}, {"title": "", "text": "a construction boom that outpaced larger cities on a per capita basis (Boom and Bust in Alberta 2001). Since then, the economy has been through ups and down, with a major decline starting in 2014 when oil prices dropped. Given the lack of studies which account for the residents' perspectives on resilience to boom and bust cycles, our study is a narrative enquiry of what the resident adult population have to say about their boom and bust experiences within individual, communal, and social contexts. Therefore, in order to answer our main question which is what capacities the adults of this small town have to deal with the multiple challenges they face, our interview questions targeted their individual, social, and work life. The participants' answers were explored for potential promotive and protective processes of resilience with the goal to provide a new understanding of resilience in economically adverse contexts which benefits from the residents' narratives and narrative identity as organizing concepts for the data. In the next section we elaborate on these two terms. Narrative, Narrative Identity, and Resilience At its most simplistic, a narrative is a story with a beginning, a middle and an end (Atkinson and Delamont 2008). The recent interest in the study of narratives beyond the fictional/ semi-fictional and literary domain has initiated the narrative turn not only in the humanities but within fields as diverse as sociology, medical science, and law. By extension, narrative analysis can be viewed as an approach towards understanding humans' perception of life and its meaning. The number"}, {"title": "", "text": "argument requires formalizing Korsgaard's assumptions. First, she assumes that Bill believes you, so he won't search your house if he thinks Sara isn't home. Second is what the convention of belief assumption: if $X$ thinks $Y$ utters a statement as a lie, $X$ won't believe that statement. For example, if you say that it is raining, but I think that you are lying, I will think that it is sunny. This assumption is almost definitional; if you think someone is lying, you won't believe them. Third, she assumes that if a maxim is universalized, then everyone believes that everyone else wills it. For example, if the falsely promising maxim is universalized, everyone notices that people who are strapped for cash falsely promise to repay loans. This is the heaviest assumption of the three; if you observe that many do $X$ in circumstances $C$, you will assume that everyone does $X$ in circumstance $C$. I call this the universalizability assumption. Using these assumptions, my system proves that lying to a murderer is permissible. The full proof is in Figure \\ref{murdererfig}. \\begin{figure} \\centering \\includegraphics[width=1.0\\linewidth]{images/murderer.png} \\caption{The proof that lying to the murderer is permissible. This proof relies on technical assumptions, specification of the example, the convention of belief assumption, and the universalizability assumption.} \\label{murdererfig} \\end{figure} These examples show that, even with uncontroversial assumptions, my system can make nuanced moral judgements. \\subsection{Testing Framework}\\label{tests} I contribute a testing framework to evaluate how well my implementation coheres with philosophical literature. These tests make ``philosophical faithfulness'' precise. Each test consists of a sentence"}, {"title": "", "text": "Wheelchair: (1) I use a wheelchair (specifically I have an Action 3 manual chair with a jay3 backrest for indoors, very short distances outdoors and/or when someone is with me and a Quickie Jive M Hybrid powerchair with a jay comfort back for everything else). (About Me) 6 Using a wheelchair is the disability practice that defines having a disability for A Writer in A Wheelchair, as the name of her blog itself suggests. This sentence above occurs on the About Me section of the blog immediately following the blogger describing herself as \"having been disabled my whole life\". Using a wheelchair is, first and foremost, what being disabled means for this blogger. Moreover, she is specific about which particular disability practices -habitual strategies for accommodation -she uses: a manual chair ... for indoors, a powerchair ... for everything else, and someone is with me pushing the manual chair for any long distance outdoors. These disability practices are unique to this individual with a disability. In the continuation of her About Me section, A Writer in A Wheelchair does label her underlying medical condition and impairments, but she does so in response to assumed audiences. Noting that \"I seemed to get asked a lot by strangers whether I've got MS or if I had polio\", the blogger answers readers who might also wonder about her underlying medical condition (one category of my model of disability) by stating \"What I've actually got is CP aka Cerebral Palsy\". She goes on to explain the interaction between her medical"}, {"title": "", "text": "a continual practice) and should be open to constructive feedback. The lead facilitator encouraged participants to engage in self-reflection and acknowledge how much space one's voice is commanding (e.g., the extent to which someone may be dominating a conversation). Part 1-Bias education: What are microaggressions? What harm is done? What effects do microaggressions have on climate? To raise awareness about microaggressions, facilitators opened with common microaggressions that they have personally experienced in an academic context. The conversation was centered on the facilitators to avoid having participants publicly share personal stories. Each example was framed as a question to the audience with an explanation of how the facilitator interpreted the comment. For instance: [Question raised to audience]: Have you ever overheard someone with (presumably) good intentions say something dismissing about someone else? [Audience shown example as facilitator reads aloud]: \"Wow\u2026 Ican't believe she's so good at statistics. Ican't believe she taught statistics\u2026 to college students!\" [Facilitator explanation of gender-based microaggression experience]: Microaggressions often take the form of things that we say to each other. The person who said this may be impressed by my knowledge of statistics and research; perhaps, the person had good intentions. However, the impact this statement has on me-and many women or people of color who have experienced similar reactions-feels much different from the intention. This statement sends me asubtle message that Idon't look or act like Ibelong as aprofessor in academia, especially one that is skilled at math. The person who typically says this to me upon learning about my career typically"}, {"title": "", "text": "frequently reported as a metric of model fit, this criterion is rarely a useful fit indicator because it is highly sensitive to sample size [35,36]. Thus, to evaluate model fit the following guidelines were applied: the model must have had a comparative fit index (CFI) approaching .95, a root-mean-square error Interaction concerns I will no longer know what to say to make him/her recognize me. I will not know what to do to make him/her recognize me. I will not know what to do when he/she does not recognize me anymore. I will not know what to talk about when he/she does not recognize me anymore. I will be unable to convince him/her that we know each other. I will not know how to talk with him/her when he/she does not recognize me anymore. I will be unable to get him/her to remember the activities we used to do together. I will not know how to interact with him/her if he/she does not remember me. I will be unable to get him/her to remember my visits. I will no longer know what to say for him/her to remember events from my childhood. I will not know how to interact with him/her if he/she does not seem to be present. I will no longer know how to carry a conversation about familiar topics with him/her. I will no longer be able to make him/her happy to see me. I will not know how to continue a conversation with him/her. I will no longer know what topics to"}, {"title": "", "text": "could mean forgetting to set something in production leads to an incorrect value rather than an error (this is closely related to what Minsky says as mentioned by Eric above). 1. **Common arguments through delegating methods** - these are representative of what @maxpow4h originally stated. That if you have multiple methods with optional arguments, it is extremely easy for incorrect code to compile by forgetting to delegate one of the arguments. 1. **Faux overloading** - it is cool to hate on overloading so I will avoid it by using named arguments with defaults, ending up with the exact same situation. Code that is subtly wrong (such as forgetting to pass argument) still compiles. This is not an acceptable situation. [Eric Torreborre on when to use DPV](https://github.com/wartremover/wartremover/issues/116#issuecomment-51268242): > So my own conclusion is that default arguments (and overloading) still have some value (for non-critical DSLs) but you need to be very careful where you use them. [Mark Hibberd on focussing on correct programs](https://github.com/wartremover/wartremover/issues/116#issuecomment-51280344): > But the most troublesome part of this thread, is that almost all of the discussion is about what developers find \"convenient\" and aesthetically pleasing, when we should be asking how a language feature adds or removes from our ability to build robust, correct programs - and, as quickly as possible. When held in this light, default arguments do not hold up. They are a mere syntactic convenience - that does not help us with this goal. This might be ok, if they didn't come with risk or issues, but even the gentler arguments"}, {"title": "", "text": "e.g., Strawson (1966: p. 16), Putnam (1981: p. 60ff.), Walker (1995), Moore (2012: p. 362ff.), Allais (2015: p. 209ff.), and Stephenson (2015a). For some key passages, see A62/87, A155-6/B194-5, A218-26/B266-73, B279, A492-6/B521-4, A647/B675; Prolegomena (4: [290][291][336][337]. References to Kant are to volume and page of the academy edition and are accompanied by a short English title, except those to the Critique of Pure Reason, which take the standard A/B format. about non-epistemic statements. This in turn provides a principled motivation for my proposed restriction of knowability to non-epistemic statements. Anti-realism and the knowability paradox As the labels will be used here, 'realism' and 'anti-realism' denote views about meaning and truth. The views agree that the meaning of a declarative statement is given by its truth-conditions-how things must stand if the statement is to be true. They disagree about how to understand the notion of truth involved in such a theory of meaning. Anti-realism gives an epistemic characterization of truth such that a statement is true if and only if someone could, at least in principle, come to know it. Realism places no such constraints on truth, holding that a statement can be true independently of whether or not someone could, even in principle, come to know it. Anti-realism can be captured in the following principle 3 : (AR) \u03c6 \u2194 K \u03c6 K is our epistemic operator. It says 'someone knows, at some time, that'. I will say more in Sects. 3.3 and 4 about what counts as 'someone', including imposing some specifically Kantian constraints. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is wrong to act toward such people without taking this enthusi-asm into account, which is that a certain part of what is good for them is neglected. In a nutshell, because some actions may be seen as unacceptably paternalistic in virtue of the fact that they neglect what matters to someone, we should accept a No-Rejection requirement on well-being, which precisely says that what matters to someone is good for this person. Before going further, let me be clear about the status of the two last constraints that I have put forward. My point is not to argue directly that we must accept a certain theory of well-being because some forms of paternalism are wrong. My point is merely to argue that a subjectivist theory of well-being should allow for the rejection of certain actions as wrong and paternalistic because they do not take into account what matters to people. In other words, all things being equal, we should discard subjectivist theories of well-being that would be rejected by anti-paternalists on the grounds that these theories do not tie tightly enough what is good for someone to what matters to him or her. And I argue that the two constraints considered above should be accepted precisely as expressing this theoretical orientation. I acknowledge that this point has little dialectical force against objectivists or perfectionists, who can respond that they are just trying to describe what wellbeing consists in, and that the legitimacy of paternalism is a different point. But my aim here is not to"}, {"title": "", "text": "was poor but she was honest', for example, we say merely that she was poor and she was honest, but we implicate that poverty contrasts with honesty (or that her poverty contrasts with her honesty). Grice makes it clear that what a speaker conventionally implicates by uttering a sentence is part of what the speaker means in uttering it, and that it is also closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says. U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence \"She was poor but she was honest\". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word \"but\", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature). Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts. Conversational implicature To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation. The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"After the self-regulation workshop I stopped fighting with my brother\"; S119 \"Now I think before I act\"; S207 \"I have avoided several fights and conflicts by reflecting and thinking about my actions\"). Followed by social intelligence, related to the awareness of one's own emotions and those of others, the development of empathy and other social skills (e.g. S1 \"It helped me in my relationship with others, in dealing with them\"; S39 \"Greeting people, trying to be more sociable\"; S100 \"I learned to understand people, to help them) The third strength most applied by the youth was gratitude, linked to being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen, (e.g. S34 \"When someone is good to me I give thanks...\", S45 \"It also helped me value more the things I have because everything that life gives us is important\"). The fourth most reported strength was bravery, highlighted as the ability to stand up for the point of view that the person feels is right and not to be intimidated by threats, change, difficulty or pain (e.g. S40 \"I applied bravery to face a problem...\"; S73 \"I applied bravery because I encouraged myself to do things I didn't do before and to say no to what is bad for me\"; S203 \"In my life I learned to be brave, to fight for what I want...\") The fifth most reported strength was open-mindedness, which relates to the willingness to change one's ideas based on new evidence, to think about things and to examine their meanings and implications"}, {"title": "", "text": "have repealed the tax whether the citizen had asked or not. In that case, it seems odd to say that the mayor repealed the tax because the citizen asked. Divine conservation. This case is brief enough to quote the relevant section: \"Finally, suppose that God has a million strong reasons to sustain in existence the current world, the world in which you and I exist right now. Imagine that I pray that God would continue to sustain in existence this current world for the next five minutes, and that God does so. Should we say that God has answered my prayer? Had I not prayed, the incomplete, weighted list of all of God's million strong reasons for sustaining in existence the current world would have remained unchanged (although the complete list of all of God's reasons would have changed, if Pruss is right). Since my prayer carries virtually no weight in God's decision to sustain in existence this current world over the past five minutes, we should not say that God has answered it, contrary to Pruss-his account requires too little.\" 12 It does seem to me that at least some of these cases are instances where it is wrong to say that someone \"did X because of Y,\" despite the fact that Y featured among that person's reasons for doing X. (I will discuss the reservations I have about some of the cases in more detail in the next section.) That is a strange phenomenon. What's going on here? I offer the following explanation. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "of us are empowered? Does that mean I can use my authority as a teacher to check and balance my students' power as native speakers and vice versa? Power relations are another riddle that has to be solved. In what follows, I will discuss two kinds of power that supplement the concept of praxis. External power When power is regarded as a force located outside a dialogical process oriented toward reaching understanding, it is an external condition of the dialogue. Therefore, it is called external power. It is what Carspecken (1999) refers to as coercive power or coercion in communicative action. External power should be neutralized or the dialogue will be distorted. Suppose, for instance, someone asks me to read a paper she has worked on. After a couple of weeks when we met, the person inquires excitingly, \"What did you think about my paper?\" Seeing me remain silent, the person adds, \"It was the third revision I made. Hopefully, it would be accepted this time.\" Showing impatience, I comment, \"I thought it was only the first draft.\" Considering my status as a university professor, the person begins to doubt her own ability and concurs, \"I guess I'd better redo it.\" In this case, my status had an impact on the dialogue. This is an example where my status was used as a sort of external power to distort the dialogue. Internal power Power can also be located internally in a dialogical process oriented toward reaching understanding. The attempt to reach understanding has intrinsic reasons (i.e.,"}, {"title": "", "text": "So apparently we have some kind of idea about what good moral reasoning is, and apparently it is also something we want to teach. FP10 Coming from general psychiatry, it does indeed strike me that, the, hm, the moral framework is implicitly presentmuch more than outside of forensic psychiatry. It is not made explicit, but it does play a role. If you would put it bluntly: 'To what extent do we want the people whom we are treating here to be good citizens?' Yes, I'm afraid that it does, that it does play a role beneath the surface, but that we do not talk about it. On a superficial level, we aim to make sure that people no longer pose a risk, or as little risk as possible to themselves or others. But of course that has a very strong moral component. So, yes: it plays a big role. And no: it is not expressed as such. FP8 So it is not my job to socialize people. Although somehow it is, but I will never say this out loud, because otherwise people will interpret socializing as re-educating, in the sense of 'becoming like us'. I embrace a socialization that takes place from within a subject's own coordinates. If someone regains a place within societywithout necessarily actively participating in society, but also without wandering and suffering; if someone is able to make life bearable for himself/oneself, in a very discrete manner, without experiencing others as threatening and so forththat for me is already a successful socialization. Whether"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is justified. Any consent-based justification would not cancel out those general reasons against sex; it would need to overcome them. But would it, necessarily? There are great difficulties with thinking that consent, of all things, is capable of defeating strong moral reasons against sexual penetration, should those reasons exist. Consider the oddness of this exchange: \"Q: Why did you have sex with him? A: Because he consented!\" As Wall rightly acknowledges, the act of consent is only permissive or empowering. Consent is a 'cancelling permission', not a defeating reason, in that it does not provide the reasons in favour of performing an action; it only releases one to act on certain reasons in favour of that action, sometimes in spite of the extant reasons against it. 38 'Just because a person consents to penetrative sex', Wall writes, 'does not mean that there is a reason to engage in penetrative sex with that person.' 39 That is quite right, and it underscores a more general point about the relevance of consent for justified wrongdoing. Consent itself is not what provides the justificatory grist when it empowers one to do what would otherwise be wrong. This is sharply brought out by the myriad circumstances in which consent abjectly fails to justify harmful conduct. The power of my consent cannot justify someone in lopping off my arm for fun. If severing my limb is the only way to save my life, on the other hand, (perhaps it has become gangrenous), the action will be justified, subject to my"}, {"title": "", "text": "prevented the trigger pulling from being harmful. (2022, p. 218) This is how offsetting on a preventive model would work. The problem for Deigan is that, in order for this to happen, the offsetting and the potential harm must be linked in the right way. What this means in the above example is that: I have to unload my gun to prevent myself from doing harm. If I unload someone else's gun, that might prevent someone else from doing harm-a good thing, to be sure-but it doesn't prevent my trigger-pullings from harming. (2022, pp. 218-219) The prevention account requires that offsetting actions interfere in some way with the effects of the actions they are supposed to offset. When it comes to carbon offsetting, the problem is that it does not remove the same molecules that one emits (Broome, 2012, p. 85) and the molecules of CO 2 that one has emitted 'will wreak their damage' (Ibid, 89) even when one has fully offset one's emissions. These remarks from Broome seem to challenge his own position of offsetting as a genuine preemptive. If this is right, then offsetting actions cannot be understood as preempting the harm that emissions would have caused. This is because offsetting does not necessarily affect the consequences of the actions that they are supposed to offset (Deigan, 2022, p. 219). The carbon-offsetting advocate has resources against this line of attack, and the defense stems from the nature of the harms associated with climate change. The first characteristic to note is that climate change"}, {"title": "", "text": "as \"bad, good, better\" in order of descending calorie count. Physical activity labels helped participants apply caloric information to their lives and thus their food choices. \"What's interesting to me is there's only 60 calories between the top and the bottom sandwich, [but] the difference in the amount of exercise is significant. I mean it's almost 20 minutes. To me, that's a big difference. So you can think I might say gosh for just 60 calories less I can do 20 minutes less of exercise. So it would help inform my choice, I think.\" More tellingly, when presented with physical activity labels, each of the groups began a discussion of whether the labels were personally applicable and how they might be modified to apply to the average American. For example, several groups thought labels designed with information for an average weight of 160 pounds could be misleading or unrealistic and would need to be clarified. \"Let's just say that you show someone this nutrition label, would it have that disclaimer at the bottom that this is based on a 160 pound adult? Because that might not be me. [It should be there.] That way, I can calculate maybe my own number based on my weight.\" The change in focus itself indicates that participants regarded physical activity labels differently. Participant preferences for label types In designing the labels, we expected that more participants would identify with icons that depicted walking than those that depicted running. Participants said that walking is an activity that more people can do,"}, {"title": "", "text": "provide enough of a background picture for me to now move on to my more specific arguments for (some) responsibilitysensitive distributions. The costless reneging argument The equal participation ideal includes the idea of cooperation for overall advantage. Cooperation for overall advantage requires division of labour and specialisation. For example, I could try to build a house all by myself in the woods, chopping down the trees myself, sawing the logs, and so on. But in an advanced economy, I can draw on division of labour and specialisation and thereby have a better house built more effectively. However, specialisation also creates dependencies. Whereas before my house just depended on my doing my job, now I depend on the contractors and producers doing theirs. In this sense, cooperation for overall advantage parcels out responsibilities and creates dependencies. Equal participants in a cooperative undertaking for overall advantage will join more specific cooperative undertakings. In so doing, participants typically agree to take on obligations towards others. Acquired obligations and dependencies in cooperative undertakings matter for relational egalitarianism. When someone engages in what I call costless reneging, she acquires obligations to other participants, makes no serious effort to discharge them, yet bears no consequential responsibility. For example, imagine my neighbour promises to saw the logs for me if I do her gardening for a week first. Yet after I have done the gardening, she reneges on her obligation and stops speaking to me. As participants in a voluntarily created cooperative undertaking, she clearly treats me as unequal, because she fails to"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a marriage ceremony. \"I name this ship the 'Queen Elizabeth'\" \"I give and bequeath my watch to my brother\" \u2013 as occurring in a will \"I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow\" (Austin 1962, 5) As Austin later notices himself, these examples belong (more or less strikingly) to what Austin calls, explicit performatives; to utter an \"explicit\" performative sentence is to make explicit what act one is performing. However, there are also \"implicit\", \"primitive\", or \"inexplicit\" performatives. When, for instance, one uses the word \"Go!\" in order to command someone to leave the room then this utterance is part of the performance of a command; and the sentence, according to Austin, is neither true nor false; hence the sentence is a performative; \u2013 still, it is not an explicit performative, for it does not make explicit that the act the speaker is performing is a command. As Austin observes, the acts purported to be performed by performative utterances may be socially contested. For instance, \"I divorce you\", said three times by a man to his wife, may be accepted to constitute a divorce by some, but not by others. Every performative utterance has its own procedure and risks of failure that Austin calls 'infelicities'. He sees a sharp distinction between the individual text and the 'total speech act situation' surrounding it. According to Austin, in order to successfully perform an illocutionary act, certain conditions have to be met (e.g. a person who pronounces a marriage must be authorized to do so). Besides the context,"}, {"title": "", "text": "// There are a number of possible error conditions. First, errors involving lookup: // // * Lookup could fail to find anything at all. // * Lookup could find a type of the wrong arity // * Lookup could find something but it is not a type. // // Second, we could be asked to resolve an unbound type T<,,,> when // not in a context where it is legal to do so. Note that this is // intended an improvement over the analysis performed by the // native compiler; in the native compiler we catch bad uses of unbound // types at parse time, not at semantic analysis time. That means that // we end up giving confusing \"unexpected comma\" or \"expected type\" // errors when it would be more informative to the user to simply // tell them that an unbound type is not legal in this position. // // This also means that we can get semantic analysis of the open // type in the IDE even in what would have been a syntax error case // in the native compiler. // // We need a heuristic to deal with the situation where both kinds of errors // are potentially in play: what if someone says \"typeof(Bogus<>.Blah)\"? // There are two errors there: first, that Bogus is not found, not a type, // or not of the appropriate arity, and second, that it is illegal to make // a partially unbound type. // // The heuristic we will use is that the former"}, {"title": "", "text": "Little bit. FRANCESC: Yeah. One of my favorite things is that it does entity recognition, which is basically you can say things like, New York, and it says, yeah, New York. But you can also say the Big Apple, and it will say, yeah, New York. So it's actually able to understand all of these complex concepts and tie them together, which is very nice. MARK: Yeah, what I thought was quite interesting about this, too, is it does sentiment analysis in terms of, like, are these positive comments or negative comments, and it can respond. But you can also do like topped entity listings. So you can start to see what the topics of conversation across time have been within the Slack channel, which I think is actually really, really cool. FRANCESC: Yeah. Yeah, I will not get into the details on the Slack channel where she's talking, because it seems like it's related to politics, which I try to avoid lately. Anyway, I think we have one more cool thing of the week, though. MARK: Yeah. So we talked about this a little bit last week, where we're talking about cloud audit logging, so that you can determine who does what and where and when and how on the Google Cloud platform. But literally, last week when we announced the podcast, at the same time there was a blog put out explaining that we are significantly expanding a set of products that cloud audit logging is now integrated with, which is really cool. So"}, {"title": "", "text": "12A). \"I don't do much exercise because I am working all the time. Don't know how to fit it in. Maybe someone needs sit down with me and show me how and when?\" [to exercise] (Fiona 02A). Emotions The domain 'Emotion' refers to a woman's reaction and feelings as to what affects her CBG concentrations. Enablers most commonly reported for were positive emotions, such as being happy and excited to understand the link between food intake and exercises and glycaemic control. Barriers most commonly reported related to negative emotions, such as being stressed about not seeing any difference in glycaemic control despite trying hard to follow the dietary guidelines and feeling hungry most of the time when trying to achieve optimal glycaemic control. \"There are days when I am so worried that I am eating the wrong food and might hurt my baby, where I have checked myself 12 times just to see where I am staying at because the strict diet does not make a difference [to CBG concentrations], maybe I should just stop altogether? If you don't know, you don't know\" (Aroha 10B). \"\u2026but if I'm too hungry then I don't care, which is quite often\" (Elizabeth 08B). \"I was kind of worried about what the dietician was going to say because I did have a few highs like in my first week of trying and I remember just feeling so overwhelmed and walking in she said, 'are you OK?' and I just burst into tears, it was just one of those things. She"}, {"title": "", "text": "To determine the feasibility of pragmatic implementation strategies for three good questions (in Dutch: Drie Goede Vragen; 3GV. What are my options; what are the risks and benefits related to these options; and what does this mean for my situation?) to increase shared decision-making (SDM) efforts in Dutch secondary care, and identify barriers and facilitators of implementation."}, {"title": "", "text": "a monologue with the words ' he said to his 0t;/j.os,' and then the person pauses by saying, 'Why did my OV/JLOS say this to me?', who is meant to be talking to whom? This question has never been adequately answered. P. seeks a fundamental solution to the problem by asking fundamental questions: 'What does it mean to address a speech to the dvposV and 'What does it mean to imply that your Bvpos has spoken to you?' He observes that the Bvfxosspeeches 'are almost all directed at the resolution of some moral or intellectual problem' (p. 121), and that they occur when the speaker is in isolation, in other words, 'out of contact with any outside audience or addressee' (p. 146). From this and from his careful examination of the occasions on which the speeches are or are not addressed to the Ovfios, he comes to conclude that the dvfxos is not conceived as possessing speech-powers. According to his hypothesis, which is well supported, the dvfios is a fictive audience, a ' kind of rhetorically and psychologically useful second self (p. 212), which speakers often use as a 'scapegoat' to distance themselves from a discredited opinion (' / agree with you, but my dvpos had a bad idea.';' It was my dvfios who said that.')."}, {"title": "", "text": "is to issue currency (an IOU) denominated in its own unit of account. But why would someone accept an IOU denominated in its own unit of account (like we said before, a 10-dollar bill that says that the government will pay me back 10-dollars)? Legal tender laws, alone, cannot explain why this IOU is accepted. As we saw in my own IOU example, if there is a demand for this \"money thing\" it would be accepted. And Sovereign Governments have a third power which creates that demand: the power to impose taxes and to determine what he will accept as payment. The Government is saying that it will accept its IOU as payment for the taxes, that this IOU is a way for other agents to fulfill their obligation. Taxes create the minimum demand to make national currency accepted, and will normally create more demand, as legally speaking other things are denominated in that unit. So, Government\u00bbs IOU is implicitly saying that it is promising to accept it in the payment of taxes, instead of saying that it will payback. As Wray (2015, p.48) puts: Why would anyone accept government\u00bbs \"fiat\" currency? Because the government\u00bbs currency is the main (and usually the only) thing accepted by government in payment of taxes. In the Gold-Standard era, currencies were convertible in a commodity, gold. That does not deny the fact that the US Government owned you 10 dollars if you were holding a 10-dollar bill. It only means that you could redeem the Government\u00bbs IOU in an additional"}, {"title": "", "text": "by a camera or by something and you just, there's just error in the way that you read the data. Just an error in the sensors. M: Alright, can you think of other ways. I guess in this case you're imagining that the data came by actually measuring something, with the machine. So that makes a lot of sense. What other ways can we put together the data? C: I don't know I could think of a bunch. I mean the error, well, the errors could come, maliciously. There could be someone out there that is trying to give us bad data. M: Alright, that seems like a possibility when the data set was collected, let's say that we're collecting, various. Oh, this happens a lot. So if you're trying to collect data from other Computer Science departments and you're trying to put together, some kind of collection of, you know, how much do you spend on your Graduate students say sometimes these departments will actually misrepresent the data and give you something that is wrong. Because, they don't want to tell you the truth, because they're afraid of what you are going to do. So we're just, you know, we've copied everything, but you know, there's just some of the lines that got filled in just got mistyped. So sensor errors were actually saying there's something physical, that's being measured and there's just noise in that. Transcription error, is similar except it's a person. Right? The, the there's a little blips in the person's head"}, {"title": "", "text": "the body of macros and I still need to sort things out. But it is functional and the work feels possible. I have only felt amazed by the implications of what I was programming twice and this is the most tremendous one of the two, by far. Need I say both happened with Lisp? This would have not be possible in a so quick and so painless manner if someone hadn't taken the trouble of implementing in Common Lisp the backquote facility. It happened Mr Guy Steele Jr. did and added that work as an annex to the book Common Lisp the Language. I knew about it even before my sabbatical so when the idea struck my mind to have tokens about backquotes and commas, I knew where to look. And from there, it was a smooth road. So, thank you very much, Mr Guy Steele Jr.!"}, {"title": "", "text": "one else) can understand what I or others say, and on which neuronal processes my phenomenal belief that someone else understands what I say or write depend. One should be sceptical of the simple idea that speech largely reflects what happens in consciousness. Time The central issue regarding the attribution of significance becomes apparent when the following simple question is asked: \"How can a retrieval from episodic neuronal memory, as a present neuronal event, signify a past event?\" or, more precisely, \". . . signify the temporal feature, 'the past\"'? In my opinion, such a question lies at the root of consciousness much more than the complexity problem discussed by others (see below). This is because, for the case of \"time, \" significance attribution cannot be circumvented: the normal work of the scientist becomes impossible if he/she rejects the attribution of \"past\" significance to the retrieved content of a biological or a technical memory. Nevertheless, quite generally, significance attribution is not a valid relationship in the realm of natural science. However, when the task is to elucidate the status of consciousness that attribution would contaminate the investigations. A loss of \"scientific comfort\" is the consequence; the scientist's work becomes more wearisome: The concept of \"time\" can no longer be applied in equal measure to neuronal and to phenomenal events, and one cannot invoke causality, as it is usually done when intracerebral processes are studied. That is not all. When one has internalised the idea that only the \"present\" exists as a single instant but neither the"}, {"title": "", "text": "in tune with reality, he is not anxious or worry. This, in turn, allows him to become more composed, relaxed, and ultimately more productive while working toward his goal with a peace of mind.

          What I am explaining here is also captured by Epictetus as follows:

          Do not seek to have events happen as you want them to, but instead want them to happen as they do happen, and your life will go well. -Epictetus

          Our Duty To Reality

          When someone\u2014like me\u2014is applying for graduate school I might, right away, desires to be accepted. But who am I to want or not want things from reality without ever creating the right causes for it to happen? In reality, whether or not anyone would or would not be accepted has many different factors\u2014many beyond one\u2019s control. So just by applying or having a great supporting resume doesn\u2019t mean I have the right to demand or hope from reality my admission. So why hope? Why put my desire ahead of the reality? Why worry? And why not channel this energy, instead, at creating the right causes which are writing the best application?

          You can attain anything in life with or without the need to desire for it. But since reality runs by the absolute law of cause and effect, it does not obey one\u2019s desire no matter how large or small the desire. The only that matters is whether or not there is enough causes for the effect to occur. Thus, there is no need to desire because\u2026

          "}, {"title": "", "text": "phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. This is not the same as saying that this fraction of an individual phenotype is caused by genetics. For example, it is incorrect to say that since the heritability of personality traits is about 0.6, that means that 60% of your personality is inherited from your parents and 40% comes from the environment. In addition, heritability can change without any genetic change occurring, such as when the environment starts contributing to more variation. As a case in point, consider that both genes and environment have the potential to influence intelligence. Heritability could increase if genetic variation increases, causing individuals to show more phenotypic variation, like showing different levels of intelligence. On the other hand, heritability might also increase if the environmental variation decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation, like showing more similar levels of intelligence. Heritability increases when genetics are contributing more variation or because non-genetic factors are contributing less variation; what matters is the relative contribution. Heritability is specific to a particular population in a particular environment. High heritability of a trait, consequently, does not necessarily mean that the trait is not very susceptible to environmental influences. Heritability can also change as a result of changes in the environment, migration, inbreeding, or the way in which heritability itself is measured in the population under study. The heritability of a trait should not be interpreted as a measure of the extent to which said trait is genetically determined in an individual. The extent of dependence"}, {"title": "", "text": "it says about how the agent interprets the given situation that we are assigning to it a particular update. The conception of updates I wish to propose is intended to render them mighty, so that by assigning to a situation the update P \u2228 Q, we are saying, among other things, that the agent interprets the situation as telling them that it might be that P , and that it might be that Q. The condition of the situation telling the agent that it might be that P here is to be understood in a specific, comparatively demanding way. In a weak sense, we might say that the situation tells the agent that it might be that P whenever the situation, as interpreted by the agent, does not-actively and by itself, as it were-exclude the possibility that P . A more natural interpretation of the condition is more demanding. It requires, we might say, that the situation explicitly presents it as a possibility that P , that it being the case that P would (at least) help account for the situation, or that it being the case that P would (at least) partially constitute the truth of what the agent takes the situation to tell them. The distinction is difficult to define in independent, non-metaphorical terms, but it is clear and familiar enough. An example may help to illustrate the idea. Suppose my neighbour has twin sons, Bob and Bill. Suppose further that I see someone walking towards my house, and that I see them well"}, {"title": "", "text": "difficult to classify fully within any of the four preceding conceptions. This view argues that moral correctness evolves similarly to other kinds of knowledge\u2014socially over the course of many lifetimes\u2014and that norms, principles, and moral criteria are likely to be improved as a result of inquiry. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey are known as the founders of pragmatism; a more recent proponent of pragmatic ethics was James D. Wallace. Role ethics is based on the concept of family roles. Morality as a binding force It can be unclear what it means to say that a person \"ought to do X because it is moral, whether they like it or not.\" Morality is sometimes presumed to have some kind of special binding force on behaviour, though some philosophers believe that, used this way, the word \"ought\" seems to wrongly attribute magic powers to morality. For instance, G. E. M. Anscombe worries that \"ought\" has become \"a word of mere mesmeric force.\" The British ethicist Philippa Foot elaborates that morality does not seem to have any special binding force, and she clarifies that people only behave morally when motivated by other factors. Foot says \"People talk, for instance, about the 'binding force' of morality, but it is not clear what this means if not that we feel ourselves unable to escape.\" The idea is that, faced with an opportunity to steal a book because we can get away with it, moral obligation itself has no power to stop us unless we feel an obligation. Morality"}, {"title": "", "text": "failure to use her power results only from the fact that to do so would inflict unacceptable costs on her, Martha. This does not mean that she tolerates Lois's going out. Of course, the fact that Lois can use the threats itself restricts Martha's power, but it does not simply prevent Martha's prevention. Lois makes Martha's antecedently preferred option, that Lois stays at home and the chair does not go through the window, unavailable. But, since by hypothesis Martha could stop Lois if she were prepared to bear the cost of doing so, it is mistaken to say that she cannot prevent what she disapproves of. Martha is forced to put up with something that she finds very disagreeable, for fear of suffering something yet worse. Here again, 'forced' includes the inducing of an outcome by making the alternative to it unsustainably costly. So it seems that the power condition needs to be 9 An important question concerns the relevant counterfactual set, the truth-conditions of whose members bear on the truth of the judgement that A tolerates P. What counterfactually varies is the power A exercises. But sometimes the fact that A has additional power alters the practical environment for others (the putatively tolerated), and with it the relevant counterfactual set. A's greater power may work proleptically, deterring people from doing P, so no question of toleration arises. 10 For this reason, on my analysis it is sometimes indeterminate whether someone tolerates a practice. interpreted in such a way that an agent's power can be removed"}, {"title": "", "text": "justify some modes of harmful agency compared to others does not entail that unjustified instances of those modes of harming are, other things being equal, morally worse than unjustified instances of other modes of harming. On the contrary: other things being equal, unjustifiably killing someone as a side-effect is plausibly as morally bad as unjustifiably killing her eliminatively, or in ways that make use of her (Frowe 2019: 630-631;Tadros 2018: 291). At the very least, and sufficient for my argument here, the mode of agency of an unjustified killing does not seem to bear on what may be done to prevent it. Consider Attack: Attack: Terrorist lethally and unjustifiably throws a grenade at Victim, intending to kill him as a means of intimidating others. The grenade blast also kills Bystander as a foreseen but unintended side-effect. Bystander's death will also have the effect of intimidating others. The fact that Terrorist intends to kill Victim and merely foresees that he will kill Bystander does not mean that killing Bystander is less bad than killing Victim. That the killings are equally bad is reflected in most legal systems, which would count both as murder. Nor do Terrorist's intentions give third parties any reason to save Victim rather than Bystander. This moral parity explains why the literature on defensive harm has comparatively little to say about the modes of agency of unjustified killings despite the considerable interest in how modes of agency might settle whether a killing is justified. 7 Consider, for example, that Coerced Trolley does not specify"}, {"title": "", "text": "exposition is unlikely to be influenced by material from outside the Bible (though such material may be mentioned in the sermon, for example the writings of a commentator on the passage). However, in churches that elevate church tradition, individual experience, and/or human reason to a level on par with Scripture, expository preaching (if used) will include reconciliation of the Biblical text to other sources: Congregations with a strong view of church tradition or church authority (common in churches with a strong hierarchical structure) will want to know how their denomination has traditionally interpreted the passage. Congregations with a strong belief in personal experience (common in the charismatic and Pentecostal circles) will want to understand how the passage relates to their experiences. Congregations with a strong belief in human reason (common in churches which reject the view of Biblical inerrancy) will want to know what modern research has to say regarding the authenticity of the passage. Regardless of these differences of emphasis, however, most preachers and congregations would agree that preaching must be honouring to God rather than to human beings. In practice, this means that the preacher as expositor should be concerned with speaking about what God sees as important. This will be of little use, however, if it does not connect to what the people in the congregation see as important - even if it only does so by seeking to upset their priorities. But the principle must be that when a church is exposed to expository preaching, they are being enabled to hear God"}, {"title": "", "text": "(e.g. due to the use of irony, different meanings of words in different contexts, words that negate meaning such as 'not', etc.). To take the examples cited in this article by the authors, while 'rainbow' may be most commonly used in positive sentences, it is conceivable someone might say \"What a terrible disappointment that season finale was: It was like finding there is no pot of gold at the end of the rainbow!\". The word 'rainbow' in this negative phrase would be given a very 'happy' score based on the study's methods. Likewise, someone might use 'earthquake' in a metaphorical sense, for example, \"Meeting Samantha was like an earthquake. I am in love and my entire landscape has shifted!\". The word 'never' is defined as sad, so an optimistic tweet saying \"Never say never!\" would get a doubly sad score. There are innumerable examples of this kind. Essentially, this way of ascribing sentiment to tweets using a 'bag of words' approach is likely to be prone to error. Indeed, this fact is widely understood within the social scientific discipline of linguistics, where issues such as word sense disambiguation [6] and linguistic compositionality have been studied for decades [7,8]. Remarkably the authors claim the lack of precision associated with this method as a badge of objectivity: By ignoring the context of words we gain both a computational advantage and a degree of impartiality; we do not need to decide a priori whether a given word has emotional content, thereby reducing the number of steps in the algorithm"}, {"title": "", "text": "on them. * Your class will likely mention the raising of the hand. * Explain to everyone that when students raise their hand, it is an \"event\" that causes you to know that they want to be called on. * Ask the class if they can think of any other events that give signals. * You may need to remind them that you're not talking about an event like a birthday party or a field trip. * If they have trouble, you can remind them that an event is an action that causes something to happen. * What about an alarm clock going off? What does that make happen? * What about pressing \"Start\" on the microwave? What does that do? * What about pressing the power button on your tv remote? * Today, we're going to practice changing programs by introducing events. [together] ## Activity: (15 min) ### 4) [The Big Event](/curriculum/course2/15/Activity15-TheBigEvent.pdf) * Do you remember guiding your friends to fill in an image of squares in Graph Paper Programming? * In that exercise, you knew in advance exactly what you wanted your friends to draw, so you could make a program that took them from start to finish without any interruptions. * In most real programs, we can't do that because we want to have options, depending on what the user needs. * Say that I only want my character to move when my finger is on the screen of my phone. I would need to program the character to *only* move"}, {"title": "", "text": "of understanding makes it difficult to give a clear definition. We seem to be able to tell only what understanding is not, but not what it is. I think that understanding does not consist purely of knowledge, methods or a particular ability, but rather is a complex of multiple elements. Understanding is not knowledge From an epistemological point of view, knowledge is a belief that has been proved to be true. That is, when one connects understanding with knowledge, the implied meaning is that both may be true and refer to facts. In other words, when we say that someone understands p, the underlying requirement is that p is true. However, the concept of understanding is ambiguous in this context. Understanding does entail beliefs or propositions, but it does not necessarily require consistency with external conditions; it requires only logical self-consistency and coherence. Similarly, we can, in many cases, have little understanding of our acquired knowledge. For example, someone may know who George Washington is without understanding him (for example, his biography, religious beliefs, political positions and education). When only the search for knowledge is the aim, understanding is not required. Understanding is not a type of knowledge; it pertains to providing evidence for the inner coherence of knowledge, and thus requires a grasp of interpretive and other coherence relations in a large body of information covering all fields. A person may know many items of fragmented and unrelated information, but understanding is achieved only when that information is pieced together by the relevant subject. Such"}, {"title": "", "text": "companies) where there are many data scientists that clients can consult with. Therefore, they are afraid that they may be `replaced' if they deliver results that a client does not like. P3 laments that clients do not understand how much they may be giving up by finding a new data scientist (whom they hope will produce more favorable analysis results) rather than sticking with the current one: \\begin{quote} \\textit{When someone doesn't get the result they want as fast as they want, they think that it could be your fault. And so they say, ``Well let's just bring in another one of you!'' But they don't understand that I can't just give you my code. They don't understand that it doesn't just transfer without any effort, like the other person has to understand what's going on.} \\end{quote} Ultimately, helping clients cope with analysis results comes down to the data scientist's ability to empathize. They often have to find a balance where they are not so empathetic as to make undesirable results look better than they actually are, but to still be mindful about how clients are going to be affected by bad news. For instance, P1 explained her approach to empathy for her clients and how she frames analysis results in terms of how it will affect her client's future plans: \\begin{quote} \\textit{If something doesn't go the way that somebody likes, how do you handle that? I think I'm a pretty empathetic person. And so being able to put myself in their shoes and think, ``Ugh, this"}, {"title": "", "text": "Right Acting: What I Do The Buddha was a cultural revolutionary: he taught that moral worth rests in one\u2019s intentions and their actual consequences. My every intentional action on something or someone is intrinsically and at once an action on myself. If \u2018karma\u2019 has any meaning at all then it is that and only that. There is a vivid saying in the Dhamma teachings that getting angry with a person is like picking up a burning coal with one\u2019s bare hand to throw at that person. When I am directing anger towards you I am suffering anger. This chapter also discusses basic non-dogmatic guidance on refraining from killing and physical harm, from stealing and taking what is not given, from sexual misconduct, from lying and deceiving, and from intoxicants and drug abuse."}, {"title": "", "text": "to projects and contributions would be a great all-in-one CV for developers, designers and other tech people}{R_2tMty22IqpCKjnC} Recruitment was mentioned both in the context of industry work but also in the context of open source, e.g., current project members could use skill information \\inlinequo{to decide [to] include or not a person as a collaborator}{R_2zT3HOKdHV4EuVU}. Other examples that were mentioned related to assessing one's contributions to an open source project. Skill information can be useful for pull requests, both for the reviewer to understand the submitter's background and for the submitter to get their voice heard: \\inlinequo{To offer some legitimacy / street cred when seeking to get a PR merged into a project}{R_3dS8kc3qA5yIYTj} and \\inlinequo{I think it's helpful in having people listen. The way having a lot of commits to certain projects can make people care about what you have to say.}{R_2dsEJCtPlNFq37S} Skill information was also considered useful for newcomers. Knowing someone's skills can help existing members to better understand and support new members through mentorship. \\inlinequo{If a certain person is contributing to an Android project, but they have a badge which shows they're newcomers to the Android platform, we could give them more detailed, step-by-step feedback or explain some concepts using simpler terms when reviewing}{R_29jqIQhEE6FJPiv} Another participant explained: \\inlinequo{For example, if I\u2019d want to grow my skills on the Elixir language, and someone I know notices it, they might offer me a pair programming or sparring session on one of their projects. I might also do the same for people around me.}{R_XGL2exJfm8mKPbb} Other examples were centered"}, {"title": "", "text": "a 15-item scale for measuring OC. \"Our boss treats employees with whom he has a closer personal connection with greater tolerance, \" \"In our institution, workers are paid based on their performance rather than their personal relationships with the management, \" or \"When settling disagreements, our manager protects employees with whom he has a deeper personal connection.\" Robinson and Bennett (1995) designed five items scale to check VPC. Restubog et al. (2007) and Sayers et al. (2011) used this measure in their researches \"Almost all of my employer's promises made to me during recruiting have been maintained so far, \" \"I believe that my employer has come through in keeping the promises made to me when I was employed, \" and \"So far, my employer has done a great job of delivering its promises to me.\" Organizational Deviance Nineteen item scale is used by Bennett and Robinson (2000) to access the OD. Other researchers also used this measure in their research, i.e., (O'Neill and Hastings, 2011;Yen and Teng, 2013). Some of the questions include \"Made fun of someone at work, \" \"Said something nasty to someone at work, \" and \"Made an ethnic, religious, or racial comment at work\" are some sample scale items used in this study to measure OD. Organizational Cynicism Dean et al. (1998) used a five item scale to measure OCy. Items include \"I believe my organization says one thing and does another, \" \"Policies, aims, and practices of my organization appears to have little in common, \" \"When my organization promises"}, {"title": "", "text": "on a page. If you are preparing a document using a non-\\LaTeX\\ document preparation system, please arrange for an equivalent line numbering. \\subsection{Mathematics} Please number all of your sections and displayed equations. Again, this makes reviewing more efficient, because reviewers can refer to a line on a page. Also, it is important for readers to be able to refer to any particular equation. Just because you didn't refer to it in the text doesn't mean some future reader might not need to refer to it. It is cumbersome to have to use circumlocutions like ``the equation second from the top of page 3 column 1''. (Note that the line numbering will not be present in the final copy, so is not an alternative to equation numbers). Some authors might benefit from reading Mermin's description of how to write mathematics: \\url{http://www.cvpr.org/doc/mermin.pdf}. \\section{Blind review} \\label{sec:blind} Many authors misunderstand the concept of anonymizing for blind review. Blind review does not mean that one must remove citations to one's own work---in fact it is often impossible to review a paper unless the previous citations are known and available. Blind review means that you do not use the words ``my'' or ``our'' when citing previous work. That is all. (But see below for techreports). Saying ``this builds on the work of Lucy Smith [1]'' does not say that you are Lucy Smith, it says that you are building on her work. If you are Smith and Jones, do not say ``as we show in [7]'', say ``as Smith and Jones show"}, {"title": "", "text": "One agent, Ginger, gave us some examples of the kind of descriptors she uses: \\textit{''Usually we could just say, like, if the person wasn't really making any facial expressions, it could be a neutral or resting face. If they were smiling, we would say that they were smiling, and it could be like, slightly smiling, or a toothy smile if it was a really big smile. Um, if maybe they were like looking up and kind of moving their head side to side, it would be kind of like a thoughtful expression, so just really describing what we see.''} \\subsubsection{Classroom settings} A slightly more advanced social situation in which PVI have used Aira is in the classroom. Here, many of the above protocols still stand, especially avoiding speaking over others, as agents do not want to distract students from class material. There are also social implications for PVI seen receiving sighted assistance, which we found that agents are observant of. Stella said: \\textit{''It's different when someone in the classroom sees me talking... I feel like people tend to belittle visually impaired individuals... They treat them (PVI) like they're children in the way that they touch them, in the way that they address them and talk to them... They want to come across as professional and knowledgeable and adults, because they are adults. I think just being conscious of what I say, especially in a classroom with other people around. I think I mentioned this before, but just using my words to a minimum to where I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "things like gambling and porn. There's nothing innately compassionate or generous about the web. For any good thing people do online, someone could also be doing something bad with the internet. Lehmann also suggests that a cognitive surplus raises a question about what the baseline value of time spent was to begin with, \"one\", he claims \"that might be better phrased as either 'Surplus for what?' or 'Whose surplus, white man? In the same vein, Lehmann accuses Shirky of being myopic. Shirky says the worst thing on the web is LOLcats when actually there are some bad things such as, for example, fake Obama birth certificates. Shirky says you cannot communicate with society on the basis of a web search to which Lehmann responds, The idea of society as a terminally unresponsive, nonconversant entity would certainly be news to the generations of labor and gender-equality advocates who persistently engaged the social order with demands for the ballot and the eight-hour workday. It would likewise ring strangely in the ears of the leaders of the civil rights movement, who used a concerted strategy of nonviolent protest as a means of addressing an abundance-obsessed white American public who couldn't find the time to regard racial inequality as a pressing social concern. The explicit content of such protests, meanwhile, indicted that same white American public on the basis of the civic and political standards\u2014or rather double standards\u2014of equality and opportunity that fueled the nation's chauvinist self-regard. Shirky bases a lot of his conclusions of generosity on the Ultimatum Game"}, {"title": "", "text": "but important differences in the precise processes modulated might provide some discriminating value: for instance, dopamine has an established role in reinforcement learning in response to rewards, whereas serotonin seems to modulate reinforcement learning for aversive stimuli.\" (p. 29). Pursuing such discrimination, Lanni et al. (2008) review the neuroscience literature investigating the neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters and molecular events underlying the cognitive domains of memory, attention, and creativity to distinguish the effects of different enhancement substances. Elsewhere, Smith and Farah (2011) review the cognitive neuroscience literature to examine whether (and which) prescription stimulants improve learning, working memory, cognitive control, and other executive functions. If neuroscientific research were able to distinguish between the effects of different PCEs this could have some implications for discussions about cheating. This is again effect stratification. Combined with population stratification, neuroscience research could bring us closer to understanding what effect this particular PCE will have in this person. This reflects the move to \"personalized medicine\" and might be dubbed \"personalized enhancement.\" Only when we can predict the personal benefits and costs of enhancement can policy be truly informed and ethical. It might be thought that the enhancement of some cognitive functions is more unfair than the enhancement of others. For example, the enhancement of creative thinking might be thought to constitute more significant cheating than improving wakefulness or even memory capacity. Imagine someone who says \"when I take enhancers my work is no better, I can just do more of the same for longer\" vs. someone who says \"when I taken enhancers my"}, {"title": "", "text": "kem (assigned rafsi): selkemcpadji (derivative lujvo, \"what someone wants to get\") sam, pli (component rafsi, from skami (computer) and pilno (use) respectively): sampli (derivative lujvo, \"computer user\") The unambiguity of Lojban morphology, according to John Woldemar Cowan, gives rise to \"significant clues to the meaning and the origin of the word, even if you have never heard the word before\". He further says: \"The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts 'on the fly'; yet it offers people that you are trying to communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lojban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely.\" Syntax and semantics According to What Is Lojban?, the language's grammatical structures are \"defined by a set of rules that have been tested to be unambiguous using computers\", which is called the \"machine grammar\". Hence the characteristics of the standard syntactic (not semantic) constructs in Lojban: each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation; the words relate grammatically to each other in exactly one way. Such standards, however, are to be attained with certain carefulness: The computer-tested, unambiguous rules also include grammar for 'incomplete' sentences e.g. for narrative, quotational, or mathematical phrases. Lojbanic expressions are modular; smaller constructs of words are assembled into larger phrases so that all incorporating pieces manifest as a possible grammatical unity. 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created the hole about 13 minutes after launch, it likely caused about a one-meter error in GPS programs, according to a paper in Space Weather. The lead author of the study, Charles C. H. Lin from the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, describes a rocket launch like a small volcano erupting, unloading energy into the middle and upper atmosphere in a way that\u2019s comparable to what we see from a magnetic storm. Currently, the impact from a single launch remains relatively insignificant. \u201cWithout considering the rocket launch effects, there are errors from the ionosphere, troposphere, and other factors that will produce up to 20-meter errors or more,\u201d he told Ars Technica. But the impact will grow as space technology continues to develop."}, {"title": "", "text": "positioning and navigation systems, Lin said. He found in the new study that the FORMOSAT-5 launch disturbed Earth\u2019s ionosphere in a way that threw off GPS locations by up to one meter (three feet) for up to two hours after the launch, potentially affecting aviation and military navigation systems. An unusual rocket launch The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere extending from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers (37 to 620 miles) above Earth\u2019s surface. It is essentially a shell of electrons and charged particles called plasma created by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Most rockets follow a curved trajectory after launch and deliver satellites to an altitude of about 200 kilometers (125 miles), creating a V-shaped shock wave in the ionosphere. After that, operators on the ground remotely maneuver the satellite to get it to the correct altitude and angle. But the FORMOSAT-5 launch, Taiwan\u2019s first self-made satellite, was unique. The satellite was originally scheduled to launch with several others but was delayed because of a Falcon 9 launchpad explosion in September 2016. By the time the launch was rescheduled, FORMOSAT-5 was the rocket\u2019s only cargo. With such a light payload, Falcon 9 traveled nearly vertically after its launch from California\u2019s Vandenberg Air Force Base August 24, 2017. The rocket delivered the satellite to its intended altitude of 720 kilometers (450 miles) shortly after. Detecting changes in the ionosphere In the new study, Lin and his colleagues used GPS signals to determine how the FORMOSAT-5 launch affected the upper atmosphere. They found Falcon 9\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "Laboratory, Bedford, Mass., 1985) HARGREAVES, J.K.: \u2018The upper atmosphere and solar-terrestrial environment\u2019 (Cambridge University Press, 1992) RATCLIFFE, J.A.: \u2018Sun, earth and radio\u2019 (World University Library, 1970) RISHBETH, H., and GARRIOTT, O.K: \u2018Introduction to ionospheric physics\u2019 (Academic, New York, 1969) RUSSELL, C.T. and KIVELSON, M.: \u2018Introduction to space physics\u2019 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) SCHUNK, R.W., and NAGY, A.F.: \u2018Ionospheres: physics, plasma physics and chemistry\u2019 (Cambridge University Press, 2000) TASCIONE, T.F.: \u2018Introduction to the space environment\u2019 (Orbit, 1988) Ionospheric propagation Paul S. Cannon and Peter A. Bradley 16.1 A systems perspective The ionosphere, which extends from \u223c60 km to \u223c1000 km, signi\ufb01cantly a\ufb00ects the propagation of high-frequency (HF) to ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) signals which pass through it. The e\ufb00ects are varied but include refraction, retardation and scintillation. Ground\u2013ground HF communications systems, ground\u2013space communications systems, single frequency GPS (global positioning system), HF over-the-horizon radars, satellite altimeters and space-based radars [1] are examples of radio systems constrained by this medium. HF communications and radar systems are of course dependent on the ionosphere for long distance operation but most systems are degraded by the ionosphere. Loss of phase lock and range errors in GPS are examples of such deleterious e\ufb00ects. As with all radio systems the design of ionospheric systems must address the issues of signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SNR), multipath and Doppler shift and spread. For many systems, however, signal group delay, phase scintillation and other issues are also important. Table 16.1 provides quantitative estimates of some of these e\ufb00ects. For ionospheric signals the SNR is determined by a number of"}, {"title": "", "text": "applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. It\u2019s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers High-rate RTK: Helpful or hypeful? US Army selects Orolia Defense & Security as winner in XTech Plugfest This article is tagged with CASSIOPE, GPS interference, ionosphere, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Richard Langley, signal"}, {"title": "", "text": "factors. For HF signals whether the signal is actually re\ufb02ected by the ionosphere is critical. All transionospheric signals also experience some excess attenuation over free space but, as we will see, because this is frequency dependent, the e\ufb00ects at higher frequencies are generally negligible. In the HF band interference dominates over the noise but further discussion falls outside of the remit of this Chapter. The reader is referred to Reference [2] for further discussion. Multipath arises from various sources. A transmitted HF signal can be re\ufb02ected from more than one of the several layers in the ionosphere. The transmission of a single pulse of energy is consequently received as a number of loss of communications fading error rate changes loss of communications changes in area of coverage low signal power fading error rate changes ground-wave/sky-wave interference LEO and MEO SATCOM UHF/SHF satellites VLF-MF communications and broadcasting HF communications and broadcasting range and bearing errors multiple targets loss of target discrimination loss of phase coherence across SAR aperture range and bearing errors skip zone changes multiple targets generated loss signal power clutter target masking UHF/SHF radars spaced-based SAR geolocation HF OTH radar HF electronic warfare Table 16.1 The e\ufb00ects of ionospheric variability on system operation range errors loss of phase lock and data loss ground-based systems GPS GLONASS GNSS 314 Propagation of radiowaves total electron content variations irregularities particle precipitation irregularities over 500 m at UHF 1000s of erroneous returns clutter 30 dB fades at UHF 20 dB fades at L-band changes in E and F region"}, {"title": "", "text": "and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan California Institute of Technology in Pasadena Elizabeth Landau NASA's Deep Space Network NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA's Science Mission Directorate Previous articleTennessee Highway Patrol announces 2014 Trooper and Dispatcher of the Year; District of the Year Next articleIRS gives Five Good Reasons why you should choose Direct Deposit NASA\u2019s Geotail Spacecraft ends Operations Come after 30 Years NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope finds Exoplanet NASA\u2019s retired Earth Radiation Budget Satellite to Reenter Earth\u2019s Atmosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \"It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\" he said. NASA's Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \"By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\" Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Elizabeth Landau."}, {"title": "", "text": "in which magnetic field lines close around Earth. These are crucial details that explain the different dynamics of the two regions. To look at irregularities in the ionosphere, researchers used data from the Canadian Space Agency satellite Cascade Smallsat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE), which launched in September 2013. The satellite covers the entire region of high latitudes, making it a useful tool for exploring the ionosphere. The data come from one of the instruments on CASSIOPE that looks at GPS signals as they skim the ionosphere. The instrument was conceived by researchers at the University of New Brunswick. \u201cIt\u2019s the first time this kind of imaging has been done from space,\u201d said Attila Komjathy, JPL principal investigator and co-author of the study. \u201cNo one has observed these dimensional scales of the ionosphere before.\u201d The research has numerous applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information"}, {"title": "", "text": "Study of Atmospheric \u2018Froth\u2019 May Help GPS Communications By NASA | February 27, 2015 When you don\u2019t know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smart phone or other device with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. View: Engineering Newswire 129: Rocket Flies Through Northern Lights Researchers at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble that surrounds Earth, crash into the ionosphere below it. The auroral zones are narrow oval-shaped bands over high latitudes outside the polar caps, which are regions around Earth\u2019s magnetic poles. This study focused on the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere. \u201cWe want to explore the near-Earth plasma and find"}, {"title": "", "text": "affected. \u201cAs rocket launches become more common, Lin sees a need to better understand their effects on the upper atmosphere to be able to compensate for any effects they have on GPS navigation or other spaceborne technologies. The Sun is currently in a solar minimum, when the Sun\u2019s activity is low. But during times when solar activity is high, rocket-induced changes to the ionosphere could be amplified, inducing even greater errors into GPS positioning,\u201d Lin said. Wind: 3mph W"}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun for a viewer on Earth. There is a region of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, called the ionosphere which affects radio waves, including GNNS. The ionosphere consists of \u201cions,\u201d a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules. Because ions are created through sunlight interacting with the atoms and molecules in the very thin upper atmosphere, the density (thickness and consistency) of the ionosphere varies from day to night. The ionosphere bends radio signals, similar to the way water will bend light signals. That is why you can hear AM radio broadcasts from far away at night. Also, ham radio operators rely on the ionosphere to bounce their signals from their station to the far reaches of the globe. Since GNSS is a radio signal, its measurements are slightly impacted by ionosphere changes, resulting in small increases in position error. For all except very precise GNSS users, these changes are negligible. Note that a total eclipse of the sun is similar to our day-night cycle, only very much faster. So, while the ionosphere will be more dynamic during an eclipse, it will not cause a loss of the GNSS signal. In summary, while any effects from the eclipse are of scientific interest, GNSS service should not be adversely affected by the Aug. 21 Solar Eclipse. Ionospheric effects should not be confused with those from solar flares (a brief eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun\u2019s surface) that can cause significant electromagnetic disturbances on the earth, impacting radio frequency communications/transmissions (including GNSS signals) and power"}, {"title": "", "text": "HomeTech/ScienceNASA researchers study of Ionosphere may help improve GPS Communications NASA researchers study of Ionosphere may help improve GPS Communications Written by Elizabeth Landau NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA \u2013 When you don\u2019t know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smart phone or other device with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. Researchers at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The Aurora Borealis viewed by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the International Space Station. The sequence of shots was taken on February 7, 2012 from 09:54:04 to 10:03:59 GMT, on a pass from the North Pacific Ocean, west of Canada, to southwestern Illinois. (NASA/JSC) The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the signal as it is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, in order to have a good communication it is expected that the BER is at least 5 10 bit s The modelling of the ionosphere is performed using first-order approximations taken from [29]. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere where charged particles are mixed with neutral particles. The charged particles are created by photoionisation caused by incoming UV and X-radiation from the Sun: gas molecules are heated, and electrons are liberated then. The rate of this ionisation depends on the density of gas molecules and the intensity of the radiation. In the neutral atmosphere charged particles are practically absent, since the created charged particles are recombined rapidly due to the high density of particles. In the ionosphere, however, only the charged particles can influence the propagation of radio waves. Mainly, the free electrons affect the propagation since the free ions are much heavier than the electrons. The interaction of the ionosphere with the navigation signal can be decomposed into four sources of delay called first-order, second-order, third-order delay, and geometrical signal bending denoted respectively as (1) i , (2) i , (3) i and \u03ba [29]. The second and third-order delays are often referred to as the ionospheric higher-order terms. The total ionospheric delay can be written as: All the formulations for the evaluation of the different sources for the ionospheric delay are taken from [29]. The first-order delay, (1) i , which is also the most significant for the ionospheric delay"}, {"title": "", "text": "Study of Atmospheric 'Froth' May Help GPS Communications --Irregularities in Earth's upper atmosphere can distort GPS signals --Scientists are studying these irregularities to help overcome their effects on communications When you don't know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smart phone or other device with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth's upper atmosphere. Researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact. Image above: The Aurora Borealis viewed by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the International Space Station. The sequence of shots was taken on February 7, 2012 from 09:54:04 to 10:03:59 GMT, on a pass from the North Pacific Ocean, west of Canada, to southwestern Illinois. Image Credit: NASA/JSC. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven"}, {"title": "", "text": "to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at www.nasa.gov/scan."}, {"title": "", "text": "it should not be the ionospheric electron density distribution that is is primary structure to model, but its autocorrelation function or equivalent its power-spectrum. Any information about the phase structure of the ionospheric electron density distribution is lost in the cross-correlation of the electric field when obtaining the visibilities. \\item A three-dimensional ionosphere causes a spatially varying convolution of the sky (at second order level), whereas a two-dimensional phase-screen or a thin ionosphere results in a spatially invariant convolution. Ionospheric structure in the $w$-direction causes, to lowest order, radial stretching or squeezing of the ionospheric scattering point spread function but leaves its tangential structure invariant. Correcting for the thickness of the ionosphere can thus be reduced (to lowest order) to determining a single number, i.e.\\ the level of stretching or squeezing. \\item Residual speckle, which can not be corrected in short time integrations, causes a diffuse intensity halo around bright sources beyond a certain distance from the source. Whereas longer integrations probe more of the total scattered flux of the ISP, because of its very steep intensity decline away from the source, these longer integrations also cause smearing of the instantaneous speckle pattern due to variations of the ionosphere. This halo (``seeing'') and related speckle noise might therefore pose a fundamental limitation on the ability to reach the thermal noise level in interferometers at very low frequencies after long total integrations. \\item Long baselines substantially help in correcting for the effects of the largest wave modes of the ionosphere, as seen inside the field of view"}, {"title": "", "text": "Some operators may place satellites into 'safe mode' during intense particle radiation events to mitigate damage. In addition, during intense geomagnetic and ionospheric storms the upper atmosphere is heated and expands, possibly leading to increased drag on low-orbit satellites. Further, satellite signals can experience 'scintillation' effects (a rapid fluctuation in the signal strength due to ionospheric irregularities) in particular regions and short duration (minutes) interference during intense solar radio emissions. Satellite Navigation Systems One of the largest sources of error in global positioning systems (GPS) or PNT signals is due to the passage of the satellite signal through the relatively dense electron environment of the upper atmosphere. These errors are typically compensated for by using correction models. During ionospheric storms or periods where the ionosphere deviates from normal conditions the models may be inadequate and lead to errors. Precision navigation systems that autocorrect for the ionosphere, such as differential GPS, may be susceptible to errors during severe ionospheric storms. GPS may also be susceptible to interference from solar radio bursts in the UHF range, leading to significant loss of satellite availability for tens of minutes (in severe cases). High-Frequency Communications Background radiation produced by the sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray range is typically absorbed at altitudes above 90 km, in a region known as the ionosphere. This region supports the HF radio communication used by defence, aviation and emergency service sectors. Emissions associated with solar flares and SEP events produce ionisation of the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere at lower altitudes, which causes increased absorption"}, {"title": "", "text": "awareness, and geolocation related to national security. Although a relatively new technology, the use of signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites is pervasive, facilitating everyday activities that range from navigation to financial transactions. The magnetosphere is the domain of nearly all Earth-orbiting satellites, affecting those in low, medium, and geostationary orbits, as well as those in high-apogee orbits. It is a region filled with charged particles, including the intense radiation belts that vary continuously in response to changes in the solar wind and to the solar disturbances that strongly affect the space environment. (See Figure 3.2.) Charged particles affect space technology in a variety of ways: at their most benign they cause surface charging and discharging, 2 See Report on the Space Economy Symposium, March 13, 2009, available at http://spaceeconomy.gmu.edu/ses2009/symposiumreport2009.pdf. FIGURE 3.2 A diagram of the Van Allen radiation zone surrounding Earth. This cutaway image shows the weak inner zone, the \u201cslot\u201d region that is relatively devoid of trapped radiation, and the more intense and highly variable outer Van Allen belt. The two spacecraft of the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission are shown schematically. SOURCE: Courtesy of NASA. and at their most destructive they damage electronics components, including the temporary (single-event) upset of spacecraft commanding. Furthermore, upper atmospheric heating associated with the dynamics of the space environment can dramatically change drag effects on low-Earth-orbiting satellites, notably the International Space Station (ISS). Ionospheric Variability, Communication, and Navigation The specification and forecasting of ionospheric scintillation (i.e., radio propagation fluctuations due to plasma density irregularities) is a high"}, {"title": "", "text": "becomes unstable and generates these FAIs. \\par While this section discusses the ``traditional\" ionospheric probes, in the following section we describe a more sensitive probe, namely radio interferometers. \\par \\section{Effect of the ionosphere on radio interferometers} \\label{sec:radio_interferometer_ionosphere} A radio interferometer directly measures the ``spatial coherence function'' with the pair of antennas pointed towards the sky \\citep[see][]{Cornwell1999ASPC..180..187C}. The function describes the far-field radiation pattern and by performing the Fourier inversion of this function, one gets an image of the intensity distribution of the sky signal. The observed visibility ($V_{ij}$) for a baseline ($i,j$) is given by the van-Cittert-Zernike theorem: \\begin{equation} \\label{eq:visibility} V_{ij}(u,v) = G_{ij} \\int e^{-i (\\phi_i(l,m) - \\phi_j(l,m))}I(l,m) e^{-2 \\pi i (u_{ij}l+v_{ij}m)} dl dm \\end{equation} where $I(l,m)$ is the brightness distribution of the sky, $G_{ij}(t)$ is ``instrumental gain''. For an antenna $i$, the phase for a point source at sky position ($l,m$) expressed as $\\phi_i(l,m)$, which is the effect of the ionosphere by simply adding a excess path length. However, the scale size of ionospheric disturbances is $\\sim$ a few hundred kilometers, thus for a small field of view (FoV), it is often the case where $\\phi_i(l,m)$ is constant over the entire primary beam. \\par \\begin{figure*}[ht] \\centering \\includegraphics[width=1.5\\columnwidth]{fig1.png} \\caption{Schematic overview of four calibration regimes discussed by \\citet{Lonsdale2005ASPC..345..399L} for low-frequency arrays. The quantities A, S, and V are the array size on the ground, the ionospheric irregularities scale size, and the FoV at projected ionospheric altitude respectively. For isoplanatic conditions (V$<<$S; Regime 1 and 2), the ionospheric phase rotation does not vary much within the FoV of"}, {"title": "", "text": "on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \"It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\" he said. NASA's Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \"By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\" Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Elizabeth Landau."}, {"title": "", "text": "applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. It\u2019s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers High-rate RTK: Helpful or hypeful? US Army selects Orolia Defense & Security as winner in XTech Plugfest This article is tagged with CASSIOPE, GPS interference, ionosphere, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Richard Langley, signal"}, {"title": "", "text": "sun. Solar ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules and atoms creating a globe-straddling haze of electrons and ions. Ham radio operators know the ionosphere well. They can communicate over the horizon by bouncing their signals off of the ionosphere\u2014or communicate not at all when a solar flare blasts the ionosphere with X-rays and triggers a radio blackout. The ionosphere also has a big impact on GPS reception. Before a GPS satellite signal reaches the ground, it must first pass through ionospheric gases that bend, reflect and attenuate radio waves. Solar and geomagnetic storms that unsettle the ionosphere can cause GPS position errors as large as 100 meters. Imagine a pilot flying on instruments descending toward a landing strip only to discover it is a football field to the right. \"Understanding the ionosphere is clearly important. That's why NASA's Living with a Star (LWS) program funded this work,\" says Guhathakurta, LWS program scientist. Space Environment Technologies, Inc. of California received the LWS grant and they partnered with Space Environment Corp. of Utah and the US Air Force to develop the 4D ionosphere. \"Colors represent electron content,\" Tobiska explains. \"Bright red is high density; that's where radio communications are restricted to few or no frequencies. Blue denotes low density; no problem there.\" Using the intuitive Google Earth interface, users can fly above, around and through these regions getting a true 3D view of the situation. Make that 4D. \"The fourth dimension is time. This is a real-time system updated every 10 minutes,\" he says. The 4D model can be"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere and created the hole about 13 minutes after launch, it likely caused about a one-meter error in GPS programs, according to a paper in Space Weather. The lead author of the study, Charles C. H. Lin from the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, describes a rocket launch like a small volcano erupting, unloading energy into the middle and upper atmosphere in a way that\u2019s comparable to what we see from a magnetic storm. Currently, the impact from a single launch remains relatively insignificant. \u201cWithout considering the rocket launch effects, there are errors from the ionosphere, troposphere, and other factors that will produce up to 20-meter errors or more,\u201d he told Ars Technica. But the impact will grow as space technology continues to develop."}, {"title": "", "text": "VHF, UHF) pass through the ionosphere into space. This effect makes satellite communication possible and signals of satellite based navigation systems can be received on Earth. Due to the ionosphere, radio waves emitted from satellites are slowed down, deviated from their linear propagation and scattered by plasma inhomogeneities. In global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), this relative time delay equals distance errors up to 100 m. Because of plasma turbulences induced by space weather, signals are scattered. This leads to strong fluctuations in signal strength, the so called radio scintillations. Strong scintillations usually only occur in high and equatorial latitudes. Nevertheless, even in Central Europe ionospheric perturbations can affect the precision and reliability of GNSS applications and reduce its economic efficiency. This is an important reason why the examination of the ionosphere is a research field at the DLR Neustrelitz. The constant observation of ionospheric behaviour enables us to provide travel time correction information, e.g. for GPS users (SWACI)."}, {"title": "", "text": "solar wind interact. Rayleigh-Taylor instability often occurs in tropical latitudes, causing rising bubbles to ascend out of the top of the ionosphere and substantially distorting the normal layering. This causes radio beams propagating through the rising columns to suffer up to 30 dB of scintillation; GPS receivers lose lock and communication signals break up as a result. The communications industry has lots of problems with solar events. Solar activity can garble radio transmissions, fry the electronics on satellites and in antennas. The power industry has problems with solar events as well, as their transformers can be overloaded. Almost any industry that uses electronics in space can be affected by extremely powerful bursts, but these are rare. Small wonder then, that solar radiation upsets the navigational ability of our pigeons. There has been much discourse over many years that ordinary radio/TV and now telephone radiation also has this effect on our birds, and there is much that is yet to be understood in this sphere. Suffice it to say however, that radiation does disturb avian navigation, and the sensible fancier would do well to acquaint himself with the facilities that exist to ascertain where and when solar disturbances are taking place, and whether or not the forecasts put out by Geomagnetic Stations are sufficiently high for him to take remedial action. The technical descriptions are not mine, they come from the Space Environmental Centre in the USA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, to whom I am indebted for their use. In Europe, using an ordinary"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the broadcast signal may have an impact on the propagation time determination in the user receiver. Satellite position errors: if the spacecraft orbits are not properly determined by the system\u2019s ground segment, the user will not be able to precisely establish the spacecraft location at any given point in time. This will introduce an error when computing the user position. The size of the error affecting the range measurements depends on the user\u2019s location. Ionospheric effects: The ionosphere is the ionised layer of the Earth atmosphere located from around 60 kilometres to several thousand kilometres. When propagation through the ionosphere, navigation signals are disturbed, resulting in range measurement errors or reduced availability. Please refer to the article Ionospheric Delay for further information. Tropospheric effects: The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena take place. The signal propagation in this region will be affected by specific atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity\u2026) and will result in range measurement errors. Tropospheric effects are further described in the article Tropospheric Delay. Local effects: When propagating in the local environment of a user receiver, navigation signals are prone to reflections or obstructions from the ground or nearby objects (buildings, vehicles...). Thermal noise, interference and user receiver design: the navigation signals have an extremely low power level when they reach the user receiver. When computing its position the user receiver combines the range measurements from the different satellites in view. Through this process, the individual errors affecting each range measurement are combined which results in an"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the broadcast signal may have an impact on the propagation time determination in the user receiver. Satellite position errors: if the spacecraft orbits are not properly determined by the system\u2019s ground segment, the user will not be able to precisely establish the spacecraft location at any given point in time. This will introduce an error when computing the user position. The size of the error affecting the range measurements depends on the user\u2019s location. Ionospheric effects: The ionosphere is the ionised layer of the Earth atmosphere located from around 60 kilometres to several thousand kilometres. When propagation through the ionosphere, navigation signals are disturbed, resulting in range measurement errors or reduced availability. Please refer to the article Ionospheric Delay for further information. Tropospheric effects: The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena take place. The signal propagation in this region will be affected by specific atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity\u2026) and will result in range measurement errors. Tropospheric effects are further described in the article Tropospheric Delay. Local effects: When propagating in the local environment of a user receiver, navigation signals are prone to reflections or obstructions from the ground or nearby objects (buildings, vehicles...). Thermal noise, interference and user receiver design: the navigation signals have an extremely low power level when they reach the user receiver. When computing its position the user receiver combines the range measurements from the different satellites in view. Through this process, the individual errors affecting each range measurement are combined which results in an"}, {"title": "", "text": "the induced current was so high the coils at the receiving side burst in flames, or the operators received electric shocks. Geomagnetic storms affect also long-haul telephone lines, including undersea cables unless they are fiber optic.[34] Damage to communications satellites can disrupt non-terrestrial telephone, television, radio and Internet links.[35] The National Academy of Sciences reported in 2008 on possible scenarios of widespread disruption in the 2012\u20132013 solar peak.[36] The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and other navigation systems such as LORAN and the now-defunct OMEGA are adversely affected when solar activity disrupts their signal propagation. The OMEGA system consisted of eight transmitters located throughout the world. Airplanes and ships used the very low frequency signals from these transmitters to determine their positions. During solar events and geomagnetic storms, the system gave navigators information that was inaccurate by as much as several miles. If navigators had been alerted that a proton event or geomagnetic storm was in progress, they could have switched to a backup system. GNSS signals are affected when solar activity causes sudden variations in the density of the ionosphere, causing the satellite signals to scintillate (like a twinkling star). The scintillation of satellite signals during ionospheric disturbances is studied at HAARP during ionospheric modification experiments. It has also been studied at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. One technology used to allow GPS receivers to continue to operate in the presence of some confusing signals is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, RAIM is predicated on the assumption that a majority of the GPS constellation is"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch acts somewhat like a small volcano eruption, dumping energy into the middle and upper atmosphere. In the case of this Falcon 9 launch, it induced a plasma hole that lasted for two to three hours, which a magnitude comparable to a magnetic storm. The magnetic storm effect is global, however, whereas the rocket effect is regional. By itself, Falcon-9 induced error for GPS navigation devices was not too significant, Lin told Ars. \u201cWithout considering the rocket launch effects, there are errors from ionosphere, troposphere and other factors that will produce up to 20-meter errors or more,\u201d he said. Typically, navigation software can adjust for these kinds of uncertainties, but sometimes when a GPS steers you to a wrong address, it may be because of these ionospheric perturbations. When it comes to self-driving systems, in which GPS navigation results are integrated into the system, the impacts of these errors can become much more important, Lin said. Rocket launches may prove increasingly consequential, especially at a time when there are more of them and they are becoming more powerful. \u201cHuman are entering an era that rocket launches are becoming usual and frequent due to reduced cost by reusable rockets,\u201d Lin said. \u201cMeanwhile, humans are developing more powerful rockets to send cargoes to other planets. These two factors will gradually affect the middle and upper atmosphere more, and that is worthwhile to pay some attention to.\u201d Sebastien Clarke Astronaut is dedicated to bringing you the latest news, reviews and information from the world of space, entertainment, sci-fi and"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch acts somewhat like a small volcano eruption, dumping energy into the middle and upper atmosphere. In the case of this Falcon 9 launch, it induced a plasma hole that lasted for two to three hours, which a magnitude comparable to a magnetic storm. The magnetic storm effect is global, however, whereas the rocket effect is regional. By itself, Falcon-9 induced error for GPS navigation devices was not too significant, Lin told Ars. \u201cWithout considering the rocket launch effects, there are errors from ionosphere, troposphere and other factors that will produce up to 20-meter errors or more,\u201d he said. Typically, navigation software can adjust for these kinds of uncertainties, but sometimes when a GPS steers you to a wrong address, it may be because of these ionospheric perturbations. When it comes to self-driving systems, in which GPS navigation results are integrated into the system, the impacts of these errors can become much more important, Lin said. Rocket launches may prove increasingly consequential, especially at a time when there are more of them and they are becoming more powerful. \u201cHuman are entering an era that rocket launches are becoming usual and frequent due to reduced cost by reusable rockets,\u201d Lin said. \u201cMeanwhile, humans are developing more powerful rockets to send cargoes to other planets. These two factors will gradually affect the middle and upper atmosphere more, and that is worthwhile to pay some attention to.\u201d Sebastien Clarke Astronaut is dedicated to bringing you the latest news, reviews and information from the world of space, entertainment, sci-fi and"}, {"title": "", "text": "extreme cases the induced current was so high the coils at the receiving side burst in flames, or the operators received electric shocks. Geomagnetic storms affect also long-haul telephone lines, including undersea cables unless they are fiber optic.[34] Damage to communications satellites can disrupt non-terrestrial telephone, television, radio and Internet links.[35] The National Academy of Sciences reported in 2008 on possible scenarios of widespread disruption in the 2012\u20132013 solar peak.[36] The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and other navigation systems such as LORAN and the now-defunct OMEGA are adversely affected when solar activity disrupts their signal propagation. The OMEGA system consisted of eight transmitters located throughout the world. Airplanes and ships used the very low frequency signals from these transmitters to determine their positions. During solar events and geomagnetic storms, the system gave navigators information that was inaccurate by as much as several miles. If navigators had been alerted that a proton event or geomagnetic storm was in progress, they could have switched to a backup system. GNSS signals are affected when solar activity causes sudden variations in the density of the ionosphere, causing the satellite signals to scintillate (like a twinkling star). The scintillation of satellite signals during ionospheric disturbances is studied at HAARP during ionospheric modification experiments. It has also been studied at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. One technology used to allow GPS receivers to continue to operate in the presence of some confusing signals is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, RAIM is predicated on the assumption that a majority of the GPS"}, {"title": "", "text": "extreme cases the induced current was so high the coils at the receiving side burst in flames, or the operators received electric shocks. Geomagnetic storms affect also long-haul telephone lines, including undersea cables unless they are fiber optic.[34] Damage to communications satellites can disrupt non-terrestrial telephone, television, radio and Internet links.[35] The National Academy of Sciences reported in 2008 on possible scenarios of widespread disruption in the 2012\u20132013 solar peak.[36] The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and other navigation systems such as LORAN and the now-defunct OMEGA are adversely affected when solar activity disrupts their signal propagation. The OMEGA system consisted of eight transmitters located throughout the world. Airplanes and ships used the very low frequency signals from these transmitters to determine their positions. During solar events and geomagnetic storms, the system gave navigators information that was inaccurate by as much as several miles. If navigators had been alerted that a proton event or geomagnetic storm was in progress, they could have switched to a backup system. GNSS signals are affected when solar activity causes sudden variations in the density of the ionosphere, causing the satellite signals to scintillate (like a twinkling star). The scintillation of satellite signals during ionospheric disturbances is studied at HAARP during ionospheric modification experiments. It has also been studied at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. One technology used to allow GPS receivers to continue to operate in the presence of some confusing signals is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, RAIM is predicated on the assumption that a majority of the GPS"}, {"title": "", "text": "if the propagation path passes through or near the fireball. Ionization by delayed radiation, especially beta particles, can produce absorption lasting a few minutes over regions of from tens of miles to a few hundred miles in radius. If the ground-to-satellite propagation path moves rapidly, the degradation period will depend primarily on the relative geometry of the path and the disturbed region. Wide-band satellite signals can be degraded by signal distortion. ### RADAR SYSTEM EFFECTS (VHF AND ABOVE) 10.114 Radar systems are similar to radio communications systems in the respect that a transmitter and receiver of electromagnetic waves are used. However, in radar the receiver is located near the transmitter and may use the same antenna, which typically is highly directional. The transmitted signal, consisting of a series of pulses, is in part reflected back to the receiver, like an echo, by objects in the path of the pulsed beam. From the direction of the antenna, the travel time of the signal, and its speed of propagation, information can be obtained concerning the location and movement of the source of the echo. Frequencies normally employed in this connection are in the VHF range and above. There is little effect of ionization on signals of these frequencies provided both the radar and the target are below the ionosphere. 10.115 If the signal must pass through the ionosphere, however, the interference from nuclear detonations becomes important. Radar signals traversing the ionosphere will, like radio signals, be subject to attenuation. Although any additional attenuation is undesirable, the amount which"}, {"title": "", "text": "radio signals might undergo random modulations of their amplitude and phase caused by scattering on irregular structures in the ionosphere. This phenomenon, known as scintillation, is governed by the space weather conditions, time of the day, season, local distribution of the geomagnetic field, etc. All these factors make ionospheric scintillation both highly variable in space and time. Moreover, scintillation are intrinsically anisotropic since the associated scattering irregularities tend to align and stretch along the geomagnetic field lines. Depending on the relative position of signal source, the receiving station, and the irregularity, the scintillation effect on the transmitted wave might be enhanced or reduced. This study is focused on the consistent accounting of this geometric effect in scintillation modeling with the emphasis on situations when the communication or sensing sender-receiver link is nearly horizontal. For this task the single phase screen model has been used to model the scattering of propagating radio signals on random ionospheric layer. The geometric enhancement effect of scintillation is demonstrated by considering communication links via a geostationary beacon satellite over the equator. Fully coupled photochemistry of the deuterated ionosphere of Mars and its effects on... Bethan Sarah Gregory Although deuterium (D) on Mars has received substantial attention, the deuterated ionosphere remains relatively unstudied. This means that we also know very little about non-thermal D escape from Mars, since it is primarily driven by excess energy imparted to atoms produced in ion-neutral reactions. Most D escape from Mars is expected to be non-thermal, highlighting a gap in our understanding of water loss from"}, {"title": "", "text": "radio signals might undergo random modulations of their amplitude and phase caused by scattering on irregular structures in the ionosphere. This phenomenon, known as scintillation, is governed by the space weather conditions, time of the day, season, local distribution of the geomagnetic field, etc. All these factors make ionospheric scintillation both highly variable in space and time. Moreover, scintillation are intrinsically anisotropic since the associated scattering irregularities tend to align and stretch along the geomagnetic field lines. Depending on the relative position of signal source, the receiving station, and the irregularity, the scintillation effect on the transmitted wave might be enhanced or reduced. This study is focused on the consistent accounting of this geometric effect in scintillation modeling with the emphasis on situations when the communication or sensing sender-receiver link is nearly horizontal. For this task the single phase screen model has been used to model the scattering of propagating radio signals on random ionospheric layer. The geometric enhancement effect of scintillation is demonstrated by considering communication links via a geostationary beacon satellite over the equator. Fully coupled photochemistry of the deuterated ionosphere of Mars and its effects on... Bethan Sarah Gregory Although deuterium (D) on Mars has received substantial attention, the deuterated ionosphere remains relatively unstudied. This means that we also know very little about non-thermal D escape from Mars, since it is primarily driven by excess energy imparted to atoms produced in ion-neutral reactions. Most D escape from Mars is expected to be non-thermal, highlighting a gap in our understanding of water loss from"}, {"title": "", "text": "positioning, and exposure irregular structure of plasma associated with plasma bubbles and so on. This phenomenon is called \"ionospheric scintillation\" or simply \"scintillation\", and it leads to the deterioration of communication quality between the ground and satellites and the disturbance of image data transmitted from satellites. This phenomenon has been known for a long time and affects satellite communications such as Inmarsat in Japan (Karasawa et al. 1985). In addition, during the US Army's al-Qaeda sweeping operation \"Operation Anaconda\" in Afghanistan in March 2002, the UHF satellite communication (SATCOM) failure caused fatalities among US troops. It has been pointed out that a plasma bubble may have caused the failure (Kelly et al. 2014). The higher the frequency, the smaller the effect of ionospheric scintillation. It is almost negligible in satellite communication systems with frequencies above 10 GHz compared with other effects such as the troposphere. On the other hand, in satellite communication systems of the L-band at 1.5 GHz and the S band at 2 GHz, the effect of scintillation due to plasma bubbles cannot be ignored. The longer the radio wave propagation path through the plasma bubble, which usually extends in the north-south direction along the magnetic field line, the greater the effect becomes. Therefore, in Japan, it is considered that communication with GEO satellites and other low-elevation-angle satellites could be greatly affected by plasma bubbles (Karasawa et al. 1985). Positioning usage Positioning with GPS satellites (GNSS) determines the position using radio waves coming from multiple satellites. Radio waves of two frequencies in the L1"}, {"title": "", "text": "positioning, and exposure irregular structure of plasma associated with plasma bubbles and so on. This phenomenon is called \"ionospheric scintillation\" or simply \"scintillation\", and it leads to the deterioration of communication quality between the ground and satellites and the disturbance of image data transmitted from satellites. This phenomenon has been known for a long time and affects satellite communications such as Inmarsat in Japan (Karasawa et al. 1985). In addition, during the US Army's al-Qaeda sweeping operation \"Operation Anaconda\" in Afghanistan in March 2002, the UHF satellite communication (SATCOM) failure caused fatalities among US troops. It has been pointed out that a plasma bubble may have caused the failure (Kelly et al. 2014). The higher the frequency, the smaller the effect of ionospheric scintillation. It is almost negligible in satellite communication systems with frequencies above 10 GHz compared with other effects such as the troposphere. On the other hand, in satellite communication systems of the L-band at 1.5 GHz and the S band at 2 GHz, the effect of scintillation due to plasma bubbles cannot be ignored. The longer the radio wave propagation path through the plasma bubble, which usually extends in the north-south direction along the magnetic field line, the greater the effect becomes. Therefore, in Japan, it is considered that communication with GEO satellites and other low-elevation-angle satellites could be greatly affected by plasma bubbles (Karasawa et al. 1985). Positioning usage Positioning with GPS satellites (GNSS) determines the position using radio waves coming from multiple satellites. Radio waves of two frequencies in the L1"}, {"title": "", "text": "been increasing. Wide area navigation (RNAV), which uses radio waves including GNSS, enables shorter aviation routes than those determined by previous navigation methods. Therefore, the installation of RNAV is being promoted and its use is expanding. Code positioning, one type of single-frequency positioning using a pseudo-range, is used in aviation navigation. The effect of the ionospheric delay is large in single-frequency positioning. Ionospheric disturbances such as ionospheric positive storms and plasma bubbles increase range-finding errors and degrade positioning accuracy. In addition, ionospheric scintillation reduces the number of usable satellites and the positioning accuracy. An augmentation system corrects the deterioration of accuracy and provides reinforcement information including integrity information to ensure safety even in rarely occurring worst cases. On the other hand, the augmentation system corrects the ionospheric delay using the data at GPS reference stations, so the local gradient of the ionospheric delay causes an additional error. However, the evaluation of these effects on aviation positioning is very difficult, because the required performance of navigation systems depends on the flight phase and the architecture and design of the specific navigation system. Therefore, the impacts on aeronautical navigation are left unlabeled (white) in Table 2. Aviation: exposure dose of crew members When galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) or high-energy SEPs are incident on the atmosphere, they induce an air-shower by producing various secondary particles such as neutrons. Aircrews and passengers are exposed to an enhanced radiation dose due to these secondary particles. The GCR dose rate depends on the solar modulation potential, and it gradually varies with an"}, {"title": "", "text": "been increasing. Wide area navigation (RNAV), which uses radio waves including GNSS, enables shorter aviation routes than those determined by previous navigation methods. Therefore, the installation of RNAV is being promoted and its use is expanding. Code positioning, one type of single-frequency positioning using a pseudo-range, is used in aviation navigation. The effect of the ionospheric delay is large in single-frequency positioning. Ionospheric disturbances such as ionospheric positive storms and plasma bubbles increase range-finding errors and degrade positioning accuracy. In addition, ionospheric scintillation reduces the number of usable satellites and the positioning accuracy. An augmentation system corrects the deterioration of accuracy and provides reinforcement information including integrity information to ensure safety even in rarely occurring worst cases. On the other hand, the augmentation system corrects the ionospheric delay using the data at GPS reference stations, so the local gradient of the ionospheric delay causes an additional error. However, the evaluation of these effects on aviation positioning is very difficult, because the required performance of navigation systems depends on the flight phase and the architecture and design of the specific navigation system. Therefore, the impacts on aeronautical navigation are left unlabeled (white) in Table 2. Aviation: exposure dose of crew members When galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) or high-energy SEPs are incident on the atmosphere, they induce an air-shower by producing various secondary particles such as neutrons. Aircrews and passengers are exposed to an enhanced radiation dose due to these secondary particles. The GCR dose rate depends on the solar modulation potential, and it gradually varies with an"}, {"title": "", "text": "6:35 Keynote Speaker 7:30 Closing remarks Sandwiches and beverages will be served during the Meet and Greet portion of the meeting. cover custodia samsung Keynote Presentation: Title: Ionosphere Effects and other GNSS and RF Navigation Research at Miami Presenter: Jade Morton, Professor at Miami University Abstract: The ionosphere is a dynamic medium characterized by irregularities in electron density distributions which cause refraction, scattering, and diffraction of GNSS signals that traverse the ionosphere. The results of these signal interactions with the ionosphere are highly variable signal group delays and carrier advances, deep signal amplitude fading, and random carrier phase fluctuations. custodia samsung s8 While the group delay and carrier advances cause GPS range measurement errors which cannot be totally eliminated by the current state-of-the-art receivers, the signal amplitude fading and carrier phase fluctuations, collectively referred to as ionospheric scintillations, may result in receiver loss-of-lock of satellite signals. These ionosphere effects pose a serious challenge for applications that require continuous and high accuracy measurements. In this presentation, I will focus on two of our current research efforts in ionosphere effects. iphone cover outlet The first effort aims to assess the higher order ionosphere error in GPS receiver range measurements and to characterize the higher order error temporal and spatial structure. The second study concerns the establishment of a multi-constellation, multi-band GNSS receiver array in Alaska to collect GNSS signals under both natural and controlled ionospheric scintillation conditions, and the development of robust GPS receiver algorithms for the estimation of satellite signal parameters. Technical approaches, recent findings, and significance"}, {"title": "", "text": "6:35 Keynote Speaker 7:30 Closing remarks Sandwiches and beverages will be served during the Meet and Greet portion of the meeting. cover custodia samsung Keynote Presentation: Title: Ionosphere Effects and other GNSS and RF Navigation Research at Miami Presenter: Jade Morton, Professor at Miami University Abstract: The ionosphere is a dynamic medium characterized by irregularities in electron density distributions which cause refraction, scattering, and diffraction of GNSS signals that traverse the ionosphere. The results of these signal interactions with the ionosphere are highly variable signal group delays and carrier advances, deep signal amplitude fading, and random carrier phase fluctuations. custodia samsung s8 While the group delay and carrier advances cause GPS range measurement errors which cannot be totally eliminated by the current state-of-the-art receivers, the signal amplitude fading and carrier phase fluctuations, collectively referred to as ionospheric scintillations, may result in receiver loss-of-lock of satellite signals. These ionosphere effects pose a serious challenge for applications that require continuous and high accuracy measurements. In this presentation, I will focus on two of our current research efforts in ionosphere effects. iphone cover outlet The first effort aims to assess the higher order ionosphere error in GPS receiver range measurements and to characterize the higher order error temporal and spatial structure. The second study concerns the establishment of a multi-constellation, multi-band GNSS receiver array in Alaska to collect GNSS signals under both natural and controlled ionospheric scintillation conditions, and the development of robust GPS receiver algorithms for the estimation of satellite signal parameters. Technical approaches, recent findings, and significance"}, {"title": "", "text": "expressed in hours. A standard twobody problem propagator or a perturbed propagator can be chosen. An attitude propagator is also available, which takes as input all the physical properties and the initial conditions for the Euler angles and the angular velocities of each spacecraft of the constellation. The attitude propagator will be presented in Sec. III as it is important to understand its modelling and the type of output provided to the other functions. Attitude perturbations are already embedded in the models, and the propagation time is equal to the time used for the coverage analysis. II.2. Signal in Space Path The second functional block deals with the signal propagation starting from the navigation antenna up to the ground surface. All the models embedded in the tool rely on approximations of the main factors affecting the navigation signal propagation. The signal propagation requires the modelling of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with the atmosphere, precisely two layers: the ionosphere and the troposphere. Several phenomena like refraction, scintillation, and multipath need to be considered. For the sake of simplicity, only the refraction is considered by the tool. Both the ionosphere and the troposphere can cause the refraction of the signal for different reasons, with the result of the signal deviation from the straight path and the introduction of a delay in the reception of the signal. The ionosphere is responsible for the deflection of the signal due to the presence of charged particles which interact with the electromagnetic wave. On the other side, the troposphere also"}, {"title": "", "text": "expressed in hours. A standard twobody problem propagator or a perturbed propagator can be chosen. An attitude propagator is also available, which takes as input all the physical properties and the initial conditions for the Euler angles and the angular velocities of each spacecraft of the constellation. The attitude propagator will be presented in Sec. III as it is important to understand its modelling and the type of output provided to the other functions. Attitude perturbations are already embedded in the models, and the propagation time is equal to the time used for the coverage analysis. II.2. Signal in Space Path The second functional block deals with the signal propagation starting from the navigation antenna up to the ground surface. All the models embedded in the tool rely on approximations of the main factors affecting the navigation signal propagation. The signal propagation requires the modelling of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with the atmosphere, precisely two layers: the ionosphere and the troposphere. Several phenomena like refraction, scintillation, and multipath need to be considered. For the sake of simplicity, only the refraction is considered by the tool. Both the ionosphere and the troposphere can cause the refraction of the signal for different reasons, with the result of the signal deviation from the straight path and the introduction of a delay in the reception of the signal. The ionosphere is responsible for the deflection of the signal due to the presence of charged particles which interact with the electromagnetic wave. On the other side, the troposphere also"}, {"title": "", "text": "distance between the receivers increases, the error orbit does not project the same way about scope, and extent of differentiation process does not completely cancel. SBAS networks that use multiple reference stations can more accurately calculate the orbit of each satellite carrier. The resulting correction is geographically independent, so that a very low-correlation occurs with respect to the positioning in the network. The ionosphere and troposphere causing both measurement errors in the signals received by the GPS. The troposphere is the wet portion of the atmosphere closest to the ground. Because of the humidity, the refraction of the GPS signals at lower altitudes can cause distortion of the satellite measurements. The source of error is easily modeled within the GPS receiver and does not present a serious problem. The error caused by the ionosphere is more important, however, and is not easy to fix. The ionosphere is the charged layer of the atmosphere responsible for the aurora borealis. Charged particles from the sun ionize this portion of the atmosphere, resulting in an electrically active layer of the atmosphere. This electrical activity night to GPS signals that penetrate this layer, affecting the spans measured. Making it difficult to remove the effect of the ionosphere is that changes daily, even hourly, because the solar cycle of 11 years and the rotation of the earth. During summer 2001, the solar cycle reached its highest point in 11 years, and we noted a gradual cooling of the ionosphere in the years that followed, accompanied by a smaller ionospheric activity. Removal"}, {"title": "", "text": "distance between the receivers increases, the error orbit does not project the same way about scope, and extent of differentiation process does not completely cancel. SBAS networks that use multiple reference stations can more accurately calculate the orbit of each satellite carrier. The resulting correction is geographically independent, so that a very low-correlation occurs with respect to the positioning in the network. The ionosphere and troposphere causing both measurement errors in the signals received by the GPS. The troposphere is the wet portion of the atmosphere closest to the ground. Because of the humidity, the refraction of the GPS signals at lower altitudes can cause distortion of the satellite measurements. The source of error is easily modeled within the GPS receiver and does not present a serious problem. The error caused by the ionosphere is more important, however, and is not easy to fix. The ionosphere is the charged layer of the atmosphere responsible for the aurora borealis. Charged particles from the sun ionize this portion of the atmosphere, resulting in an electrically active layer of the atmosphere. This electrical activity night to GPS signals that penetrate this layer, affecting the spans measured. Making it difficult to remove the effect of the ionosphere is that changes daily, even hourly, because the solar cycle of 11 years and the rotation of the earth. During summer 2001, the solar cycle reached its highest point in 11 years, and we noted a gradual cooling of the ionosphere in the years that followed, accompanied by a smaller ionospheric activity. Removal"}, {"title": "", "text": "to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at www.nasa.gov/scan."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the signal as it is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, in order to have a good communication it is expected that the BER is at least 5 10 bit s The modelling of the ionosphere is performed using first-order approximations taken from [29]. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere where charged particles are mixed with neutral particles. The charged particles are created by photoionisation caused by incoming UV and X-radiation from the Sun: gas molecules are heated, and electrons are liberated then. The rate of this ionisation depends on the density of gas molecules and the intensity of the radiation. In the neutral atmosphere charged particles are practically absent, since the created charged particles are recombined rapidly due to the high density of particles. In the ionosphere, however, only the charged particles can influence the propagation of radio waves. Mainly, the free electrons affect the propagation since the free ions are much heavier than the electrons. The interaction of the ionosphere with the navigation signal can be decomposed into four sources of delay called first-order, second-order, third-order delay, and geometrical signal bending denoted respectively as (1) i , (2) i , (3) i and \u03ba [29]. The second and third-order delays are often referred to as the ionospheric higher-order terms. The total ionospheric delay can be written as: All the formulations for the evaluation of the different sources for the ionospheric delay are taken from [29]. The first-order delay, (1) i , which is also the most significant for the ionospheric delay"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the signal as it is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, in order to have a good communication it is expected that the BER is at least 5 10 bit s The modelling of the ionosphere is performed using first-order approximations taken from [29]. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere where charged particles are mixed with neutral particles. The charged particles are created by photoionisation caused by incoming UV and X-radiation from the Sun: gas molecules are heated, and electrons are liberated then. The rate of this ionisation depends on the density of gas molecules and the intensity of the radiation. In the neutral atmosphere charged particles are practically absent, since the created charged particles are recombined rapidly due to the high density of particles. In the ionosphere, however, only the charged particles can influence the propagation of radio waves. Mainly, the free electrons affect the propagation since the free ions are much heavier than the electrons. The interaction of the ionosphere with the navigation signal can be decomposed into four sources of delay called first-order, second-order, third-order delay, and geometrical signal bending denoted respectively as (1) i , (2) i , (3) i and \u03ba [29]. The second and third-order delays are often referred to as the ionospheric higher-order terms. The total ionospheric delay can be written as: All the formulations for the evaluation of the different sources for the ionospheric delay are taken from [29]. The first-order delay, (1) i , which is also the most significant for the ionospheric delay"}, {"title": "", "text": "signals through the dispersive media. The experiment relies on the observation of the phase, amplitude, polarisation and propagation times of radio signals transmitted from the spacecraft and received at ground station antennas on Earth. The radio signals are affected by the medium through which the signals propagate (atmospheres, ionospheres, interplanetary medium, solar corona), by the gravitational influence of the planet on the spacecraft and finally by the performance of the various systems involved both on the spacecraft and on ground. Radio sounding of the atmosphere and ionosphere As the spacecraft is entering and exiting occultation by Mars as seen from the Earth, the TT&C radio beam slices through the layers of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. The TT&C system is operating in the two-way mode, which means that the downlink frequencies are derived from the received uplink frequency. Changes in the received radio frequency measured with an accuracy of one part in 10-13 correspond to the detection of a change in the angle of refraction of radio rays in occultation experiments of the order of 10-8 radians. The separation of the effects of the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere on the radio link is feasible by using a dual-frequency downlink and due to the fortunate fact that the peak height of the ionosphere and the limit of the detectable neutral atmosphere are well separated in height. Bistatic radar investigation of planetary surface properties The bistatic radar configuration is distinguished from the monostatic by spatial separation of the transmitter (the spacecraft) and the receiver (ground station on"}, {"title": "", "text": "signals through the dispersive media. The experiment relies on the observation of the phase, amplitude, polarisation and propagation times of radio signals transmitted from the spacecraft and received at ground station antennas on Earth. The radio signals are affected by the medium through which the signals propagate (atmospheres, ionospheres, interplanetary medium, solar corona), by the gravitational influence of the planet on the spacecraft and finally by the performance of the various systems involved both on the spacecraft and on ground. Radio sounding of the atmosphere and ionosphere As the spacecraft is entering and exiting occultation by Mars as seen from the Earth, the TT&C radio beam slices through the layers of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. The TT&C system is operating in the two-way mode, which means that the downlink frequencies are derived from the received uplink frequency. Changes in the received radio frequency measured with an accuracy of one part in 10-13 correspond to the detection of a change in the angle of refraction of radio rays in occultation experiments of the order of 10-8 radians. The separation of the effects of the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere on the radio link is feasible by using a dual-frequency downlink and due to the fortunate fact that the peak height of the ionosphere and the limit of the detectable neutral atmosphere are well separated in height. Bistatic radar investigation of planetary surface properties The bistatic radar configuration is distinguished from the monostatic by spatial separation of the transmitter (the spacecraft) and the receiver (ground station on"}, {"title": "", "text": "bursts (flares) yield impulsive perturbations in the Sun-Earth environment and to magnetic storms and substorms in the near-Earth region. By consequence, under these perturbed conditions coming from the outer space, the ionosphere may become highly turbulent and the probability of irregularities formation, typically enhancements or depletions of the electron density embedded in the ambient ionosphere, increases. Such irregularities cause diffraction effects, mainly due to the random fluctuations of the refractive index of the ionosphere, on the satellites signals passing through them and consequent perturbations may cause GNSS navigation errors and outages, abruptly corrupting its performance. Due to the morphology of the geomagnetic field, whose lines are almost vertical at high latitude, polar areas are characterized by the presence of significant ionospheric irregularities having scale sizes ranging from hundreds of kilometres down to a few centimetres and with highly dynamic structures. The understanding and consequent mitigation of the effect of such phenomena is important, in preparation for the next solar cycle (24), whose maximum is expected in 2012. We analyse the fluctuations in the carrier frequency of the radio waves received on the ground, commonly referred to as ionospheric amplitude and phase scintillations, to investigate the physical processes causing them and, conversely, to understand how these processes affect the operational capabilities of GNSS receivers under different geomagnetic conditions. The phase scintillations on GNSS signals are likely caused by ionospheric irregularities of scale size of hundreds of meters to few kilometers. The amplitude scintillations on GNSS signals are caused by ionospheric irregularities of scale size smaller than the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Earth which are determined mostly by the Earth\u2019s gravity, but some of the concerns over potential errors are due to the following factors: \u201cThird body\u201d gravitational effect from the Moon and Sun Solar radiation pressure Earth\u2019s non-uniform density All these perturbations need to be accurately modeled to have sufficient accuracy in the estimate of the satellite\u2019s position. Ionospheric Delay The ionosphere layer is between 50km and 1000km above the Earth\u2019s surface. This layer contains electrically charged ions. These ions cause a significant amount of delay, which is timevarying (Figure 3). Figure 3. Ionosphere and Troposphere Atmospheric Delays Occur Between the GNSS Satellite and GNSS Receiver The ionospheric delay varies with the GNSS radio frequency in a predictable way. By comparing the pseudo-ranges computed to a particular satellite using signals transmitted on two different carrier frequencies, a receiver can accurately estimate and compensate for the ionospheric delay. Tropospheric Delay The closest atmospheric layer to the Earth is the troposphere. A change in humidity, temperature, or atmospheric pressure causes variations in the troposphere delay. Accurate models of the troposphere allow compensation for most of the tropospheric delay. Signal Arrival Time A GPS receiver estimates the arrival time of a satellite signal by comparing the received satellite\u2019s spreading code sequence with a local replica. The achievable measurement resolution is typically 1% of one chip time of the code, corresponding to a 3m range error. Multipath Multipath signals occur with the reflection of a GNSS signal. These signals reflect off objects, such as the wall of a building or"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Earth which are determined mostly by the Earth\u2019s gravity, but some of the concerns over potential errors are due to the following factors: \u201cThird body\u201d gravitational effect from the Moon and Sun Solar radiation pressure Earth\u2019s non-uniform density All these perturbations need to be accurately modeled to have sufficient accuracy in the estimate of the satellite\u2019s position. Ionospheric Delay The ionosphere layer is between 50km and 1000km above the Earth\u2019s surface. This layer contains electrically charged ions. These ions cause a significant amount of delay, which is timevarying (Figure 3). Figure 3. Ionosphere and Troposphere Atmospheric Delays Occur Between the GNSS Satellite and GNSS Receiver The ionospheric delay varies with the GNSS radio frequency in a predictable way. By comparing the pseudo-ranges computed to a particular satellite using signals transmitted on two different carrier frequencies, a receiver can accurately estimate and compensate for the ionospheric delay. Tropospheric Delay The closest atmospheric layer to the Earth is the troposphere. A change in humidity, temperature, or atmospheric pressure causes variations in the troposphere delay. Accurate models of the troposphere allow compensation for most of the tropospheric delay. Signal Arrival Time A GPS receiver estimates the arrival time of a satellite signal by comparing the received satellite\u2019s spreading code sequence with a local replica. The achievable measurement resolution is typically 1% of one chip time of the code, corresponding to a 3m range error. Multipath Multipath signals occur with the reflection of a GNSS signal. These signals reflect off objects, such as the wall of a building or"}, {"title": "", "text": "applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. It\u2019s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers High-rate RTK: Helpful or hypeful? US Army selects Orolia Defense & Security as winner in XTech Plugfest This article is tagged with CASSIOPE, GPS interference, ionosphere, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Richard Langley, signal"}, {"title": "", "text": "and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan California Institute of Technology in Pasadena Elizabeth Landau NASA's Deep Space Network NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA's Science Mission Directorate Previous articleTennessee Highway Patrol announces 2014 Trooper and Dispatcher of the Year; District of the Year Next articleIRS gives Five Good Reasons why you should choose Direct Deposit NASA\u2019s Geotail Spacecraft ends Operations Come after 30 Years NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope finds Exoplanet NASA\u2019s retired Earth Radiation Budget Satellite to Reenter Earth\u2019s Atmosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "minutes based on current data. This minimizes spatial sampling errors and improves space weather and climate change studies. Full ionosphere profiling Our fields of vision are, and therefore the measurements we take are located in the entire space below, above, and behind the spacecraft. This gives us insight to the ionosphere from 90 km above the Earth's surface all the way to directly above the spacecraft which is really important when monitoring the very dynamic changes in the ionosphere. Ionospheric Scintillation Detection and Localization This one is really cool, and a unique part of COSMIC-2. Scintillation is essentially these fluctuations in radio frequency signals through the ionosphere due to disturbances in the structure of plasma, or ionized gas. This phenomena can cause interruptions of some communications and navigation systems. Since COSMIC-2 uses GPS signals to make measurements, we can measure the scintillation, or interference.. Before COSMIC-2, these measurements could only be made from ground-based stations. We can now measure this phenomena across the entire globe, over land and sea.Although we can\u2019t really do anything about the effects of scintillation, being able to detect it allows us to understand where there may be interruptions in things like GPS. Observing scintillation is important for people who use information about radio signals to understand how to avoid it potentially, or to understand why they're seeing what they are seeing. It's a really new and emerging area in ionospheric physics and we were really quite lucky to be among the world leaders in making these scintillation measurements. Map of COSMIC-2"}, {"title": "", "text": "on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \"It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\" he said. NASA's Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \"By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\" Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Elizabeth Landau."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the broadcast signal may have an impact on the propagation time determination in the user receiver. Satellite position errors: if the spacecraft orbits are not properly determined by the system\u2019s ground segment, the user will not be able to precisely establish the spacecraft location at any given point in time. This will introduce an error when computing the user position. The size of the error affecting the range measurements depends on the user\u2019s location. Ionospheric effects: The ionosphere is the ionised layer of the Earth atmosphere located from around 60 kilometres to several thousand kilometres. When propagation through the ionosphere, navigation signals are disturbed, resulting in range measurement errors or reduced availability. Please refer to the article Ionospheric Delay for further information. Tropospheric effects: The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena take place. The signal propagation in this region will be affected by specific atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity\u2026) and will result in range measurement errors. Tropospheric effects are further described in the article Tropospheric Delay. Local effects: When propagating in the local environment of a user receiver, navigation signals are prone to reflections or obstructions from the ground or nearby objects (buildings, vehicles...). Thermal noise, interference and user receiver design: the navigation signals have an extremely low power level when they reach the user receiver. When computing its position the user receiver combines the range measurements from the different satellites in view. Through this process, the individual errors affecting each range measurement are combined which results in an"}, {"title": "", "text": "addition, by measuring the arrival times of the various GPS signal wave fronts at each antenna against a very stable time base, the relative range between antennas can be determined, yielding real-time spacecraft attitude determination. One of the GAP antennas is mounted on the anti-ram side of the spacecraft and dedicated to ionospheric radio occultation measurements in which the relative phase delay of the measured L1 and L2 signals (at frequencies of 1.57542 GHz and 1.2276 GHz, respectively) from different satellites of the GPS constellation will be used to determine the electron density profile of the ionosphere using tomographic techniques. The other four antennas are mounted on the anti-nadir face of the spacecraft, with bore-sights normal to the spacecraft surface, and are used primarily for the timing, position, and velocity measurements. Figure 25: Block diagram of GAP (image credit: UNB) CER (Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation) CER was developed at NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) in Washington, D.C. (Paul Bernhardt). The objective is to determine ionospheric total electron density (TEC) by using a three-frequency beacon; cooperative ionospheric observations with fixed ground receivers. The instrument is of CERTO (Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography Instrument) heritage flown on ARGOS of DoD (launch Feb. 23, 1999) and on PICOSat (launch Sept. 30, 2001) of DoD. CER consists of a tri-frequency beacon and a three-frequency, circular polarized antenna on a 68.6 cm boom. CER provides a global ionospheric map to aid the prediction of radio-wave scattering. CER transmits three beacon signals near 150, 400, and 1066 MHz (VHF/UHF bands), for reception by a network"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2018scintillation\u2019 effects (a rapid fluctuation in the signal strength due to ionospheric irregularities) in particular regions and short duration (minutes) interference during intense solar radio emissions. Satellite Navigation Systems One of the largest sources of error in global positioning systems (GPS) or precision navigation and timing systems (PNT) signals is due to the passage of the satellite signal through the relatively dense electron environment of the upper atmosphere. These errors are typically compensated for by using correction models. During ionospheric storms or periods where the ionosphere deviates from normal conditions the models may be inadequate and lead to errors. Precision navigation systems that autocorrect for the ionosphere, such as differential GPS, may be susceptible to errors during severe ionospheric storms. GPS may also be susceptible to interference from solar radio bursts in the UHF range, leading to significant loss of satellite availability for tens of minutes (in severe cases). High-Frequency Communications Background radiation produced by the sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray range is typically absorbed at altitudes above 90 km, in a region known as the ionosphere. This region supports the High-Frequency (HF) radio communication used by defence, aviation and emergency service sectors. Emissions associated with solar flares and SEP events produce ionisation of the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere at lower altitudes, which causes increased absorption of HF radio communications, leading to radio \u2018blackouts\u2019 or loss of HF communications. Map of estimated positioning error due to the ionosphere for single frequency GPS systems due to the modest ionospheric storm of 8th September 2017. Much"}, {"title": "", "text": "to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at www.nasa.gov/scan."}, {"title": "", "text": "in which magnetic field lines close around Earth. These are crucial details that explain the different dynamics of the two regions. To look at irregularities in the ionosphere, researchers used data from the Canadian Space Agency satellite Cascade Smallsat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE), which launched in September 2013. The satellite covers the entire region of high latitudes, making it a useful tool for exploring the ionosphere. The data come from one of the instruments on CASSIOPE that looks at GPS signals as they skim the ionosphere. The instrument was conceived by researchers at the University of New Brunswick. \u201cIt\u2019s the first time this kind of imaging has been done from space,\u201d said Attila Komjathy, JPL principal investigator and co-author of the study. \u201cNo one has observed these dimensional scales of the ionosphere before.\u201d The research has numerous applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the user if jamming or another problem is detected. The U.S. military has also deployed their Selective Availability / Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) in the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR). In demonstration videos, the DAGR is able to detect jamming and maintain its lock on the encrypted GPS signals during interference which causes civilian receivers to lose lock.[77] ## Accuracy enhancement ### Augmentation Augmentation methods of improving accuracy rely on external information being integrated into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the GPS sensor receives the information. Some systems transmit additional information about sources of error (such as clock drift, ephemeris, or ionospheric delay), others provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provide additional navigational or vehicle information to be integrated in the calculation process. Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System, Differential GPS, Inertial Navigation Systems and Assisted GPS. ### Precise monitoring The accuracy of a calculation can also be improved through precise monitoring and measuring of the existing GPS signals in additional or alternate ways. After SA, which has been turned off, the largest error in GPS is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere. The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters, but errors remain. This is one reason the GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. Ionospheric delay is a well-defined function of frequency and the total electron content (TEC) along the path,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Some operators may place satellites into 'safe mode' during intense particle radiation events to mitigate damage. In addition, during intense geomagnetic and ionospheric storms the upper atmosphere is heated and expands, possibly leading to increased drag on low-orbit satellites. Further, satellite signals can experience 'scintillation' effects (a rapid fluctuation in the signal strength due to ionospheric irregularities) in particular regions and short duration (minutes) interference during intense solar radio emissions. Satellite Navigation Systems One of the largest sources of error in global positioning systems (GPS) or PNT signals is due to the passage of the satellite signal through the relatively dense electron environment of the upper atmosphere. These errors are typically compensated for by using correction models. During ionospheric storms or periods where the ionosphere deviates from normal conditions the models may be inadequate and lead to errors. Precision navigation systems that autocorrect for the ionosphere, such as differential GPS, may be susceptible to errors during severe ionospheric storms. GPS may also be susceptible to interference from solar radio bursts in the UHF range, leading to significant loss of satellite availability for tens of minutes (in severe cases). High-Frequency Communications Background radiation produced by the sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray range is typically absorbed at altitudes above 90 km, in a region known as the ionosphere. This region supports the HF radio communication used by defence, aviation and emergency service sectors. Emissions associated with solar flares and SEP events produce ionisation of the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere at lower altitudes, which causes increased absorption"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionospheric delay is one of the largest and most variable sources of error for Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) users because inospheric activity is unpredictable. Under normal conditions, GBAS eliminates ionospheric delays, but during extreme ionospheric storms, GBAS users and GBAS ground facilities may experience different ionospheric delays, leading to considerable differential errors and threatening the safety of users. Therefore, ionospheric monitoring and assessment are important parts of GBAS integrity monitoring. To study the effects of the ionosphere on the GBAS of Guangdong Province, China, GPS data collected from 65 reference stations were processed using the improved \"Simple Truth\" algorithm. In addition, the ionospheric characteristics of Guangdong Province were calculated and an ionospheric threat model was established. Finally, we evaluated the influence of the standard deviation and maximum ionospheric gradient on GBAS. The results show that, under normal ionospheric conditions, the vertical protection level of GBAS was increased by 0.8 m for the largest over bound \u03c3 v i g (sigma of vertical ionospheric gradient), and in the case of the maximum ionospheric gradient conditions, the differential correction error may reach 5 m. From an airworthiness perspective, when the satellite is at a low elevation, this interference does not cause airworthiness risks, but when the satellite is at a high elevation, this interference can cause airworthiness risks."}, {"title": "", "text": "and clock data, multipath signals, and natural and artificial interference. Magnitude of residual errors from these sources depends on geometric dilution of precision. Artificial errors may result from jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft[174] or from intentional signal degradation through selective availability, which limited accuracy to \u2248 6\u201312 m (20\u201340 ft), but has been switched off since May 1, 2000.[175][176] Accuracy enhancement and surveying Main article: GNSS enhancement Augmentation Integrating external information into the calculation process can materially improve accuracy. Such augmentation systems are generally named or described based on how the information arrives. Some systems transmit additional error information (such as clock drift, ephemera, or ionospheric delay), others characterize prior errors, while a third group provides additional navigational or vehicle information. Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Differential GPS (DGPS), inertial navigation systems (INS) and Assisted GPS. The standard accuracy of about 15 m (49 ft) can be augmented to 3\u20135 m (9.8\u201316.4 ft) with DGPS, and to about 3 m (9.8 ft) with WAAS.[177] Precise monitoring Accuracy can be improved through precise monitoring and measurement of existing GPS signals in additional or alternative ways. The largest remaining error is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere. The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters, but some errors remain. This is one reason GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. Ionospheric delay is a well-defined function of frequency and the total electron content (TEC) along the path, so measuring the arrival"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.1485319435596466, 0.14869092404842377, 0.07323023676872253, 0.052680037915706635, 0.1599697470664978, 0.0686086043715477, 0.0023361025378108025, 0.1014723926782608, 0.10147450119256973, 0.024983322247862816, 0.10544338822364807, -0.01482409331947565, -0.040460843592882156, 0.13325732946395874, 0.08593833446502686, 0.010100513696670532, 0.04714365303516388, 0.13249792158603668, 0.05555739998817444, 0.055557042360305786, 0.06331554800271988, 0.09143409878015518, 0.10906527936458588, 0.0473087839782238, 0.07878679037094116, 0.15566961467266083, -0.11762778460979462, 0.08766064792871475, -0.03236161917448044, 0.009506297297775745, 0.10544338822364807, -0.0592915341258049, -0.0592915341258049, 0.16946697235107422, 0.1731736809015274, 0.14853224158287048, 0.06245862692594528, 0.14869092404842377, 0.07987238466739655, 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you are also getting an increase in electron density in certain areas, and this can cause failures in GPS.\" He added that there were about 30 minutes of complete GPS outage in December 2006. In addition to GPS, Howard noted that the effects of solar storms on communications satellites extend to such things as cell phones, pagers, television, the Internet and streaming video. \"Society is becoming increasingly dependent on space-based assets,\" he commented. Howard added that strong ionospheric disturbances can also cause ground controllers to lose track of low orbit satellites. \"Electromagnetic energy comes in and heats the atmosphere,\" he said. \"When you heat the atmosphere, you get increased density at spacecraft altitude, and that causes an increase in drag, and you can lose track of them.\" Solar radiation also can pose a threat to humans. \"The radiation can damage astronauts, or if you're flying [in an aircraft] over the polar regions, you have to worry about getting too much radiation from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation,\" he said. \"The transpolar routes are becoming extremely popular for the airlines,\" Howard added, \"so the crews have to wear radiation dosimeters to measure how much exposure they are getting.\" High-energy particles also pose a hazard to anyone working high in the atmosphere or in space, Howard said. \"Particles can also be released, and they're coming at fantastic speeds, 500 times that"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionized particles in the ionosphere, causing them to absorb radio waves, causing communication fade-outs, he explained. \"That's the issue of the satellites themselves,\" Howard said. \"But with ionospheric disturbances, you are also getting an increase in electron density in certain areas, and this can cause failures in GPS.\" He added that there were about 30 minutes of complete GPS outage in December 2006. In addition to GPS, Howard noted that the effects of solar storms on communications satellites extend to such things as cell phones, pagers, television, the Internet and streaming video. \"Society is becoming increasingly dependent on space-based assets,\" he commented. Howard added that strong ionospheric disturbances can also cause ground controllers to lose track of low orbit satellites. \"Electromagnetic energy comes in and heats the atmosphere,\" he said. \"When you heat the atmosphere, you get increased density at spacecraft altitude, and that causes an increase in drag, and you can lose track of them.\" Solar radiation also can pose a threat to humans. \"The radiation can damage astronauts, or if you're flying [in an aircraft] over the polar regions, you have to worry about getting too much radiation from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation,\" he said. \"The transpolar routes are becoming extremely popular for the airlines,\" Howard added, \"so the crews have to wear radiation dosimeters to measure how much exposure they are getting.\" High-energy particles also pose a hazard to anyone working high in the atmosphere or in space, Howard said. \"Particles can also be released, and they're coming at fantastic speeds, 500 times"}, {"title": "", "text": "The latest batch of Starlink satellites encountered a geomagnetic storm while still in very low-Earth orbit. Their engines could not overcome the significantly increased drag, and the satellites began slowly falling toward Earth and eventually burned up in the atmosphere. Drag is just one hazard that space weather poses to space-based assets. The significant increase in high-energy electrons within the magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms means more electrons will penetrate the shielding on a spacecraft and accumulate within its electronics. This buildup of electrons can discharge in what is basically a small lightning strike and damage electronics. Penetrating radiation or charged particles in the magnetosphere \u2013 even during mild geomagnetic storms \u2013 can also alter the output signal from electronic devices. This phenomenon can cause errors in any part of a spacecraft\u2019s electronics system, and if the error occurs in something critical, the entire satellite can fail. Small errors are common and usually fixable, but total failures, though rare, do happen. Finally, geomagnetic storms can disrupt the ability of satellites to communicate with Earth using radio waves. Many communications technologies, like GPS, for example, rely on radio waves. The atmosphere always distorts radio waves by some amount , so engineers correct for this distortion when building communication systems. But during geomagnetic storms, changes in the ionosphere \u2013 the charged equivalent of the thermosphere that spans roughly the same altitude range \u2013 will change how radio waves travel through it. The calibrations in place for a quiet atmosphere become wrong during geomagnetic storms. This, for example, makes"}, {"title": "", "text": "heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1000 km increases significantly. This results in increased drag on satellites in space, causing them to slow and change orbit slightly. Unless low-Earth-orbit satellites are routinely boosted to higher orbits, they slowly fall, and eventually burn up in Earth's atmosphere. Skylab is an example of a spacecraft re-entering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can cause physical damage to microchips and can change software commands in satellite- borne computers. Differential Charging. Another problem for satellite operators is differential charging. During geomagnetic storms, the number and energy of electrons and ions increase. When a satellite travels through this energized environment, the charged particles striking the spacecraft cause different portions of the spacecraft to be differentially charged. Eventually, electrical discharges can arc across spacecraft components, harming and possibly disabling them. Bulk Charging. Bulk charging (also called deep charging) occurs when energetic particles, primarily electrons, penetrate the outer covering of a satellite and deposit their charge in its internal parts. If sufficient charge accumulates in any one component, it may attempt to neutralize by discharging to other components. This discharge is potentially"}, {"title": "", "text": "joined in the interview by George Doschek, head of the Naval Research Laboratory's Solar Terrestrial Branch, who explained that the \"solar wind,\" a stream of charged particles and radiation constantly blowing toward the Earth, is intensified by disturbances in the sun's magnetic field, such as sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. \"All the activity on the sun is produced when the sun's magnetic field is converted into particle emissions and acceleration, and radiation,\" Doschek said. He explained that the magnetic field of the sun actually stores energy, which is released in bursts when the structure of the field suddenly changes to a configuration that holds less energy. \"When that happens,\" he said, \"we think that the excess energy goes into radiation and accelerating particles.\" Howard, who holds a doctorate in chemical physics, said the release of electromagnetic radiation in the form of X-rays, ultraviolet rays, and gamma rays, interacts with the Earth's ionosphere. \"The ionosphere is an electrically charged layer of the Earth's atmosphere,\" he said. \"It's most important, because it reflects radio waves, and that's what allows us to propagate radio waves around the Earth,\" said Doschek, who holds a doctorate in physics. Radiation affects the ionized particles in the ionosphere, causing them to absorb radio waves, causing communication fade-outs, he explained. \"That's the issue of the satellites themselves,\" Howard said. \"But with ionospheric disturbances, you are also getting an increase in electron density in certain areas, and this can cause failures in GPS.\" He added that there were about 30 minutes of complete"}, {"title": "", "text": "energy called magnetic reconnection, which can affect Earth's technosphere and telecommunications networks. See More of APL\u2019s Work Across the Solar System Explore the Destination Map Magnetospheres Electronics and Avionics Flight and Ground Software Spaceflight Parts and Packaging Spacecraft Power Engineering"}, {"title": "", "text": "because Earth's magnetic shield deflects less the incoming cosmic radiation allowing it to penetrate the atmosphere to levels much closer to the ground than in latitudes closer to the equator. These studies were of a very important nature for pionnering efforts to reach near space altitudes in manned programmes like \"MANHIGH\". After that series of launches, and during the remainder of the decade, there were only some isolated balloon missions launched there. 9/1/1955 5:50 CST + 4 d ANIMAL CAPSULE Failure of the separation system. Never recovered. 7/19/1958 6:57 cst --- ANIMAL CAPSULE (JIG I) No Flight. Balloon destroyed at launch."}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere. But is the transmitter powerful enough to have fried the electronics of Russia\u2019s Mars mission? The answer is categorically no, according to Craig Selcher, HAARP program manager with the Air Force Research Laboratory\u2019s Space Vehicles Directorate at Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M. For starters, HAARP\u2019s IRI has not been operated since September 3, he says. But even if the IRI had been on during the early days of the Mars mission, the beam couldn\u2019t have had any real impact on the craft. The beam\u2019s energy, although strong enough to affect overflying airplanes, which have an operating ceiling of about 26 kilometers (in Earth\u2019s stratosphere), is too diffuse by the time it reaches the ionosphere, part of the planet\u2019s upper atmosphere. Phobos\u2013Grunt\u2019s orbit has been between 200 and 400 kilometers. It turns out that the beam is indeed diffuse at that height. The maximum energy that Phobos\u2013Grunt could have felt from HAARP would have equaled a power density of 1.03 milliwatts per square centimeter, according to Selcher. That is like shining a 60-watt lightbulb on the craft from 21 meters, he says. The sun, on the other hand, blasts the top of the atmosphere with an average of 135,100 milliwatts per square centimeter. In fact, Cohen says, \u201cHAARP routinely points itself at full power towards certain satellites\u201d that monitor what happens at the top of the ionosphere above an IRI beam. He also notes that despite the relative density of low Earth orbit\u2013satellites, HAARP has not damaged a single one. None of these counterpoints is likely"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere. But is the transmitter powerful enough to have fried the electronics of Russia\u2019s Mars mission? The answer is categorically no, according to Craig Selcher, HAARP program manager with the Air Force Research Laboratory\u2019s Space Vehicles Directorate at Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M. For starters, HAARP\u2019s IRI has not been operated since September 3, he says. But even if the IRI had been on during the early days of the Mars mission, the beam couldn\u2019t have had any real impact on the craft. The beam\u2019s energy, although strong enough to affect overflying airplanes, which have an operating ceiling of about 26 kilometers (in Earth\u2019s stratosphere), is too diffuse by the time it reaches the ionosphere, part of the planet\u2019s upper atmosphere. Phobos\u2013Grunt\u2019s orbit has been between 200 and 400 kilometers. It turns out that the beam is indeed diffuse at that height. The maximum energy that Phobos\u2013Grunt could have felt from HAARP would have equaled a power density of 1.03 milliwatts per square centimeter, according to Selcher. That is like shining a 60-watt lightbulb on the craft from 21 meters, he says. The sun, on the other hand, blasts the top of the atmosphere with an average of 135,100 milliwatts per square centimeter. In fact, Cohen says, \u201cHAARP routinely points itself at full power towards certain satellites\u201d that monitor what happens at the top of the ionosphere above an IRI beam. He also notes that despite the relative density of low Earth orbit\u2013satellites, HAARP has not damaged a single one. None of these counterpoints is likely"}, {"title": "", "text": "And the additional problem of radiation hardening. To my knowledge batteries are not that fond of radiation, so having them out in space would require significant mass to protect them from it. Even if the radiation wouldn't destroy them, it would probably lower the capacity over time as well as make it lose energy, making your recharging even more a problem. I doubt it is possible. Maybe today with High-End secret military projects, but not with anything normal I could find. But with 1995 technology it is even less likely. ArtificialSoulArtificialSoul $\\begingroup$ \"And how would you store that energy?\" A bomb!!! :) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 RonJohn Sep 14 '18 at 12:55 $\\begingroup$ @RonJohn Bombs would certainly make that easier. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 ArtificialSoul Sep 14 '18 at 12:57 The ionosphere will power it. Lightning is a natural cause of electromagnetic pulses. These natural occurring EMP pulses can do significant damage to electronics on the ground. http://www.alphamarinesystems.com/lightning_and_emp_damage.htm The ionosphere of the earth carries a high electrical charge. This charge builds up because the atmosphere is a good insulator, preventing the charge from going to ground. http://www.metlink.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/PhysRev25_4_Nicoll.pdf Global current The potential difference between the ionosphere and Earth\u2019s surface is approximately 250kV (2.5 \u00d7 105V). This very large potential difference means that the charged ions in the atmosphere will move and thus produce a vertical current. Your Goldeneye capitalizes on this. It first emits a gas which diffuses out in a large radius, quickly becoming conductive plasma. Then it fires a \"rod from god\" orbital weapon from its onboard railgun (powered"}, {"title": "", "text": "weather and communication satellites. American Idol? You may miss an episode, but that may not necessarily be a bad thing... Death by boredom. Are you starting to feel a pinch now? Large and turbulent changes in the ionosphere during geomagnetic storms triggered by these CME events interfere with high-frequency radio communications... just what your pilot is using to communicate with the control tower. As of today (24 January) Delta Airlines has started re-routing pole-crossing international flights away from the poles, where the dipolar nature of the Earth's magnetic field allows these huge ion-storms to penetrate deeply into our Earth's protective atmosphere. This is why the auroras will be so bright and far-reaching tonight. What about our astronauts in the International Space Station? They have a protective \"safe room\" to retreat to, but this is a partial mitigation at best. As I write this, all six astronauts in the ISS are being severely irradiated. The highly energetic particles during solar events like this cause temporary operational anomalies, damage critical electronics, degrade solar arrays, and blind optical systems such as imagers and star trackers. The latter are necessary to keep the solar arrays correctly oriented, and to keep one side of the ISS from broiling while the other side freezes. For the vast majority of us, there will likely be no manifestation of anything unusual. But then, when Hurricanes Andrew (1992), Isabel (2003), Katrina (2005) and Felix (2007) struck the eastern United States, most of the rest of us felt nothing... until the forced immigrants began to arrive."}, {"title": "", "text": "with charge differences. If they encounter bodies on different orbits, electrical discharging is more likely. In the case of the Moon and Earth, if the Moon encountered Earth, they might not discharge much, since their charges would be about the same. When spacecraft come down to Earth, there's usually no discharge between them. See the thread on the Columbia disaster. 3. The Earth doesn't seem to be a very strong magnet, so Earth's magnetic attraction may not affect such a body as much as gravity does. Again, metal spacecraft as well as satellites and aircraft don't seem to be strongly attracted to Earth magnetically."}, {"title": "", "text": "low orbit was due to the Shuttle carrying up massive components to the station. After the Shuttle was retired and no more massive components were scheduled to be delivered, the ISS was given a big boost into a much higher 381 km by 384 km orbit. This means the resupply rockets can carry less station reboost propellant and more cargo payload. If the planet the station orbits has a magnetic field, it probably has a radiation belt. Needless to say this is a very bad place to have your orbit located, unless you don't mind little things like a radiation dosage of 25 Severts per year. And that is for Terra, Jupiter's radiation belts are a thousand times worse. In 1973 Pioneer 11 was surprised by radiation levels around Jupiter ten times greater than NASA had predicted. This is why Pioneer did not send back photos of the moon Io since the radiation belt had fried its imaging photo polarimeter. Work on the Voyager space probe came to a screeching halt as they frantically redesigned it to cope with the radiation, but still be assembled in time for the launch window. Terra's zone of glowing blue death is called the Van Allen radiation belts. The Inner Belt starts at an altitude from 400 km to 1,200 km, depending on latitude, and ends at an altitude of about 6,000 km, with its most lethal area 3,500 km out. The South Atlantic Anomaly can potentially disrupt satellites in polar orbits, but usually does not pose a problem for"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface quite unimpeded normally, so there\u2019s no mechanism for a CME impact to make them worse. Also, bulletproof vests don\u2019t stop bullets, the kevlar or ballistic plate inside them does. The ionosphere is considered to be the lowest part of the magnetosphere. However, if something shoves the ballistic plate out the way, like an accompanying magnetic flux that shoves all the ions to the poles and makes the pretty lights, then the incident bullets hurt more. It\u2019s *transparent*, but extremely *dispersive*, which is important. For instance, the E1 component of an EMP occurs on nanosecond timescales: the *actual energy* absorbed by the device is extremely small, but because it\u2019s compressed to tiny timescales, the voltage far exceeds breakdown and Bad Things happen. A coherent impulse like that can\u2019t get through the ionosphere: it\u2019d get dispersed massively, and the energy would spread out over microseconds \u2013 meaning the voltage the electronics sees would be far, far lower. So in some sense the ionosphere *does* protect against RF blasts, although any impulse from the Sun is already highly dispersed by the time it hits the Earth anyway, and things like EMPs are actually caused by impulses generated by insulators induced by gamma ray ionization. However, specifically for the Sun, \u201cbroadband RF blasts\u201d aren\u2019t a worry. Why? Because we already have a massive, massive \u201cbroadband RF blaster\u201d right below our feet. Imagine viewing things just by temperature: the entire Earth is sitting below you, at 300 K, covering half of the world for you. The sky\u2019s at 3K (it\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "by. These changes can cause (usually mild) electromagnetic disturbances on Earth. More serious are solar flares, which shower the upper atmosphere of Earth with X-rays, energetic particles, and intense ultraviolet radiation. The X-rays and ultraviolet radiation can ionize atoms in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, and the freed electrons can build up a charge on the surface of a spacecraft. When this static charge discharges, it can damage the electronics in the spacecraft\u2014just as you can receive a shock when you walk across a carpet in your stocking feet in a dry climate and then touch a light switch or some other metal object. Most disruptive are coronal mass ejections. A CME is an erupting bubble of tens of millions of tons of gas blown away from the Sun into space. When this bubble reaches Earth a few days after leaving the Sun, it heats the ionosphere, which expands and reaches farther into space. As a consequence, friction between the atmosphere and spacecraft increases, dragging satellites to lower altitudes. At the time of a particularly strong flare and CME in March 1989, the system responsible for tracking some 19,000 objects orbiting Earth temporarily lost track of 11,000 of them because their orbits were changed by the expansion of Earth\u2019s atmosphere. During solar maximum, a number of satellites are brought to such a low altitude that they are destroyed by friction with the atmosphere. Both the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (Figure 15.24) require reboosts to higher altitude so that they can remain in orbit. International"}, {"title": "", "text": "radiation field produced by the Sun and other stars (while substantial!) is no secret. All GPS satellites orbit above 22,000 miles (over ISS\u2019s paltry 250), while the Sun-observing STEREO satellites sit way out in front and behind the Earth acting exclusively as radiation monitors for solar storms. The radiation out there will cook circuits as much as it\u2019ll cook DNA, so communication/navigation satellite managers are awfully interested in the radiation out there (and it being accurate \u2014 our satellites aren\u2019t falling out of the sky). But you absolutely shouldn\u2019t take my word for it \u2014 you can see for yourself here at the Space Weather Prediction Center\u2019s stream of the STEREO and GOES radiation monitoring page \u2014 you can calculate the doses for yourself if you\u2019d like: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/communities/satellites . So, given the wrong time in the solar cycle or too much time spent out there, it causes a problem for astronauts\u2019 career dose limits, but no ones\u2019 faces are melting off unless they catch a direct hit from a Coronal Mass Ejection or get marooned right in the thick of the Van Allan proton belt. I worked in NAS Headquarers during the Apollo Program. I worked on which missions to come next. Given the importance of the moon on human activities further ecploration of the other 99% was obvious. Once designed and flown building a few more Saturn V rockets is cheap. The DOD marching bands cost dozens of times more each year. It was not money that precluded more lunar visits. No one thought endless"}, {"title": "", "text": "this answer, but the related question linked in comments seems to clarify that that's really only applicable outside the heliosphere, and that shielding for travel within the solar system can probably be left at the parameters given. Can you clarify or rebut this within the answer? $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Nathan Tuggy $\\begingroup$ What is it on Earth, then, if not the magnetic field, that shields us from galactic ionizing radiation? Why wouldn't an astronaut carrying a refrigerator magnet in his pocket (several orders of magnitude stronger than Earth's field) have all the protection he needs? $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Brian A. Henning $\\begingroup$ @Lotharyx It is the atmosphere. The article linked to in paragraph 3 explains it well at the beginning. The incoming particles collide with the molecules of the atmosphere, shatter them, create more particles, which collide again, and that cascade disperses the energy well before it reaches the ground. We have about 1 kg of air over every cm2 of the Earth, some large fraction of that would be needed over every cm2 of a crew module to protect it that way. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 kim holder $\\begingroup$ so much rain, so many parades! 1, 2 ;-) $\\endgroup$ This might be of interest: CERN, in collaboration with the European Space Radiation Super Conducting Shield project are using advances in super conductor technology to develop a super conducting magnetic field to protect spacecraft and their occupants. The aim is to create a magnetic field 3,000 times stronger than the Earth's to protect astronauts in a region of diameter ten"}, {"title": "", "text": "system on Mars, you need to understand the structure and variability of the ionosphere to understand how the ionosphere is going to disrupt those signals, affecting both positioning and communications for future Martian settlers,\" Lillis said. TRACERS is one in a long line of NASA missions designed to understand what drives space weather: the winds, storms and electric currents occurring in the space around Earth akin to the weather systems we track in the lower atmosphere. Storms in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere can affect communications on Earth and the safety of astronauts and satellites. Winds of charged particles from the sun (off-screen to lower left) impinge on Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and enter at points of reconnection somewhere on the magnetopause. Those high-energy particles \u2013 electrons and ions \u2013 are funneled along magnetic field lines to Earth\u2019s magnetic cusp. In close-up at upper right, the twin TRACERS satellites will fly in single file in a polar orbit to sample particles in the cusp, to determine where and when reconnection happens. (Image courtesy of University of Iowa) Space weather is driven by a vast outpouring of solar particles from the sun called the solar wind. When these particles reach Earth, they interact with our planet\u2019s magnetic field, creating sometimes destructive electromagnetic storms. Earth\u2019s magnetic field, the so-called magnetosphere, protects life on the ground from this solar radiation, deflecting it safely around the planet. Yet, some of the energy in that solar wind punches through the magnetopause, the protective shield at its boundary. At these sites, the sun\u2019s magnetic"}, {"title": "", "text": "constellation is operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. Satellite hardware damage Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1,000 km (621 mi) increases significantly. This results in increased drag, causing satellites to slow and change orbit slightly. Low Earth Orbit satellites that are not repeatedly boosted to higher orbits slowly fall and eventually burn up. Skylab's 1979 destruction is an example of a spacecraft reentering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week, the U.S. Space Command had to post new orbital elements for over 1000 objects affected and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite fell out of orbit in December the same year. The vulnerability of the satellites depends on their position as well. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a perilous place for a satellite to pass through. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers. Another problem for"}, {"title": "", "text": "constellation is operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. Satellite hardware damage Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1,000 km (621 mi) increases significantly. This results in increased drag, causing satellites to slow and change orbit slightly. Low Earth Orbit satellites that are not repeatedly boosted to higher orbits slowly fall and eventually burn up. Skylab's 1979 destruction is an example of a spacecraft reentering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week, the U.S. Space Command had to post new orbital elements for over 1000 objects affected and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite fell out of orbit in December the same year. The vulnerability of the satellites depends on their position as well. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a perilous place for a satellite to pass through. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers. Another problem for"}, {"title": "", "text": "operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. Satellite hardware damage Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1,000 km (621 mi) increases significantly. This results in increased drag, causing satellites to slow and change orbit slightly. Low Earth Orbit satellites that are not repeatedly boosted to higher orbits slowly fall and eventually burn up. Skylab's 1979 destruction is an example of a spacecraft reentering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week, the U.S. Space Command had to post new orbital elements for over 1000 objects affected and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite fell out of orbit in December the same year. The vulnerability of the satellites depends on their position as well. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a perilous place for a satellite to pass through. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers. Another problem for satellite operators"}, {"title": "", "text": "solar wind passes by. These changes can cause (usually mild) electromagnetic disturbances on Earth. More serious are solar flares, which shower the upper atmosphere of Earth with X-rays, energetic particles, and intense ultraviolet radiation. The X-rays and ultraviolet radiation can ionize atoms in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, and the freed electrons can build up a charge on the surface of a spacecraft. When this static charge discharges, it can damage the electronics in the spacecraft\u2014just as you can receive a shock when you walk across a carpet in your stocking feet in a dry climate and then touch a light switch or some other metal object. Most disruptive are coronal mass ejections. A CME is an erupting bubble of tens of millions of tons of gas blown away from the Sun into space. When this bubble reaches Earth a few days after leaving the Sun, it heats the ionosphere, which expands and reaches farther into space. As a consequence, friction between the atmosphere and spacecraft increases, dragging satellites to lower altitudes. At the time of a particularly strong flare and CME in March 1989, the system responsible for tracking some 19,000 objects orbiting Earth temporarily lost track of 11,000 of them because their orbits were changed by the expansion of Earth\u2019s atmosphere. During solar maximum, a number of satellites are brought to such a low altitude that they are destroyed by friction with the atmosphere. Both the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (Figure 15.24) require reboosts to higher altitude so that they can remain"}, {"title": "", "text": "disruptions why the storms sometimes disrupt electronic systems. \"For example,\" Martineau said, \"the navigational systems used in our aircraft are greatly affected by the magnetic storms. Some of the larger magnetic storms can even affect electrical grids on the ground.\" Beyond that practical concern, the compact satellites could shed light on greater mysteries. \"Part of that ionosphere is actually being leaked out into space,\" Hinton said. \"We need to understand what's going on.\" \"For instance,\" Martineau said, \"Mars used to have an atmosphere and they're wondering if these solar storms are having an effect as to why it doesn't have an atmosphere now.\" Earthlings probably don't need to worry too much about that last point. If the Earth is losing its atmosphere, it's a very slow process stretching over eons of time. As for disruptions of electronics, the hope is that if scientists better understand when and why the solar storms interfere, they may be able to design more effective countermeasures."}, {"title": "", "text": "the electronic systems of spacecraft approaching the planet. And secondly, because the bombardment of Saturn\u2019s moons and moons by these high-energy particles alters their surface."}, {"title": "", "text": "space can interact with spacecraft in several damaging ways. The ionization track that energetic ions can leave in microminiaturized electronics can upset spacecraft computer memories and can otherwise disrupt sensitive space electronics. The result can be damage to satellite solar power panels, confusion to optical tracker systems, and scrambling of spacecraft command and control software. Even more worrisome is the fact that high-energy solar particles can be damaging, or even potentially deadly, to astronauts who are in space at the time of major solar particle events (Turner, 2000 [19]). Another aspect of the space environment that can be quite harmful to spacecraft is very energetic (\"relativistic\") electrons. As shown in Fig. 5b, these energetic electrons can penetrate through even thick spacecraft shielding and can bury themselves within dielectric (insulating) materials deep within spacecraft systems and subsystems. When sufficient charge has built up within dielectric materials such as coaxial cables or electronics boards, a Fig. 4. A diagram illustrating a coronal mass ejection and also showing the Earth on a relative scale (courtesy of NASA). powerful internal electrical discharge can occur (Baker, 1998 [2]; Robinson, 1989 [15]). This is very much like a miniature lightning strike within sensitive spacecraft electronics. Numerous recent spacecraft failures have been laid at the feet of this \"deep dielectric charging\" mechanism (Vampola, 1987 [20]; Baker, 1998 [2]; Baker et al., 1998 [8]). Yet another space weather phenomenon of concern, known as \"surface charging\", is illustrated by part (c) of Fig. 5. Electrical charges coming from 10-100 kilovolt electrons within Earth's magnetosphere can"}, {"title": "", "text": "World Heritage.\" From here. low-earth-orbit radiation radio-communication magnetosphere radio-astronomy $\\begingroup$ The Van Allen Belts are formed by the fairly constant magnetic field of the earth. But these VLF transmissions build an alternating magnetic field. If this field forms a barrier against high energy particles, the density of the barrier should also alternate with the VLF frequency used. If those particles are counted on earth, their rate should vary synchronous to the VLF frequency. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Uwe $\\begingroup$ I was hoping the cows would be the antennas so we could model them as spherical antennas. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Organic Marble $\\begingroup$ Spherical cows ahem antennas would be a problem of finanzing and construction for a wavelength of tenth of kilometers. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ @OrganicMarble so people DO read my questions! ;) $\\endgroup$ That paper \"Anthropogenic Space Weather\" runs to 55 pages, but only 5 pages discuss VLF impact on the ionosphere (chapter 8), while 35 pages (chapters 2-7) discuss EMP from high altitude nukes. This is for the simple reason that even a world-class VLF transmitter like Cutler 24kHz transmitter can only emit a few megawatts, while a big nuke emits billions of times more energy. Most planet-scale phenomena like the jet stream or tides are so enormous that we can't even begin to directly impact them on a global scale. So it's actually surprising that our comparatively tiny megawatt VLF transmitters and ionospheric heaters can have any detectable impact on the planet's ionosphere. (For example, the natural electrical power driving an aurora substorm has been estimated at 500,000"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the radiation you would encounter in low Earth orbit. In the ISS, 95% of the radiation is blocked. This is enough for low Earth orbit: these orbits are inside the Van Allen Belts, so they are protected from the worst radiation. If we want to go beyond LEO for longer periods, more protection is needed. You could make the hull thicker, but this makes the launch more expensive. One way around this would be to use a small asteroid and build the spaceship inside it, but that leaves the problem of capturing an asteroid and bringing it to Earth. We've never done that. Another way is a magnetic shield. This requires a lot of power. I seem to remember a figure of 500 kW for a reasonable shield for a small spacecraft (I can't find the reference at the moment though). The ISS (with its massive solar arrays) can produce about 200 kW. Some interesting related questions and answers: Efficiency of radiation shielding $\\begingroup$ Not only does using a thicker hull make the launch more expensive (because you need more fuel to lift an identical useful payload mass), it lowers your maximum useful payload mass too. The Ariane V can lift 15 tons to LEO (table 3). If the hull weighs 1 ton (figure out of thin air) then you have 14 tons you can use for other things; if the hull weighs 5 tons, that leaves you with only 10 tons for anything actually useful. I'm not sure whether this includes take-off fuel but"}, {"title": "", "text": "> >space??? EMP is caused by an atmospheric effect after all). bit which deals with Electromagnetic Effects). = fairly uniformly. Low altitude and high altitude bursts do. I would think space would absorb gamma rays pretty damn uniformly. = scattering, generating a cascade effect. = is also generated between the Earth's surface and the ionised layer. Anyway, the result of all this is that I still believe I'm right. you didn't have (a) an atmosphere and (b) ground."}, {"title": "", "text": "towards other parts of the craft, especially those where an opposite charge has built up. These arcs can cause physical damage to the craft, generating unwanted electrical currents that flow around it and even burn out computer chips. They can even sneakily change the charges held on computer chips and, since those charges form the computer's memory, data losses may occur. More rarely, the changes can be interpreted as spurious commands which could, for example, trigger an unwanted attitude adjustment. Or worse. This is less of a problem these days, simply because it is now better understood. Protecting against these threats is part of the 'space hardening' process, which can involve improved physical design and smarter, self-checking software. (The chances of two copies of the data being identically corrupted are really very small.) Testing that the hardening works is a crucial pre-launch activity carried out in specialized test chambers that can simulate the hostile space environment. Much of this radiation becomes trapped in the two Van Allen belts, lying roughly between 1000\u20136000 km and then 13,000\u201360,000 km above the Earth's surface. Any spacecraft intending to pass through or, worse still, operate within these belts must be especially well hardened. ### Heat and power For any object in space, another problem is one of heat transfer. We'll need a quick detour to explain this. Heat energy can be transferred between objects in some combination of three ways: conduction, convection and radiation. _Conduction_ means that the objects are in physical contact and heat flows from hot to cold."}, {"title": "", "text": "on a satellite - due mainly to air drag and satellite motion - the more recent term microgravity has generally been adopted as well. Unfiltered solar radiation can cause illuminated portions of a spacecraft to rise to high temperatures. Meanwhile, shaded portions of the craft will radiate their warmth into space and cool below the freezing point of common fluids such as water and storable rocket fuels. All such fluid containers and lines are commonly equipped with electrical heaters, while overall temperatures are moderated by rotating the spacecraft along an axis perpendicular to the spacecraft-Sun line. This is known as passive thermal control or, more colorfully, \"barbecue mode.\" Unmanned spacecraft to the inner planets must be equipped with parasols to reflect away unwanted solar heat. Those sent to the outer solar system - or to the Moon's surface, with its two-week-long nights - have often used radioisotope heaters. Radiation effects on spaceflights also took some time to appreciate. Satellites in LEO are protected by the magnetosphere from solar charged particles and from a large percentage of the cosmic rays arriving from outer space. Vehicles operating at GEO or on interplanetary missions, however, receive the full force of these radiations. Cosmic rays have been known to penetrate integrated circuits in spacecraft autopilots and to alter data and commands. A space version of static electricity has built up on other space vehicles during solar storms, resulting in electrical sparks that caused severe problems in onboard electronics. Experienced design of such systems has reduced the effects of these influences."}, {"title": "", "text": "weather and communication satellites. American Idol? You may miss an episode, but that may not necessarily be a bad thing... Death by boredom. Are you starting to feel a pinch now? Large and turbulent changes in the ionosphere during geomagnetic storms triggered by these CME events interfere with high-frequency radio communications... just what your pilot is using to communicate with the control tower. As of today (24 January) Delta Airlines has started re-routing pole-crossing international flights away from the poles, where the dipolar nature of the Earth's magnetic field allows these huge ion-storms to penetrate deeply into our Earth's protective atmosphere. This is why the auroras will be so bright and far-reaching tonight. What about our astronauts in the International Space Station? They have a protective \"safe room\" to retreat to, but this is a partial mitigation at best. As I write this, all six astronauts in the ISS are being severely irradiated. The highly energetic particles during solar events like this cause temporary operational anomalies, damage critical electronics, degrade solar arrays, and blind optical systems such as imagers and star trackers. The latter are necessary to keep the solar arrays correctly oriented, and to keep one side of the ISS from broiling while the other side freezes. For the vast majority of us, there will likely be no manifestation of anything unusual. But then, when Hurricanes Andrew (1992), Isabel (2003), Katrina (2005) and Felix (2007) struck the eastern United States, most of the rest of us felt nothing... until the forced immigrants began to arrive."}, {"title": "", "text": "in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft. Main pages: Astronomy:Space debris, Astronomy:Graveyard orbit, and Astronomy:Spacecraft cemetery Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use. Main page: Astronomy:Space law A wide range of issues such as space traffic management or liability have been issues of spaceflight regulation. Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international space law ever since the first phase of space exploration.[38] Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as imperialist and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.[38] Further information: Physics:Human presence in"}, {"title": "", "text": "in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft. Main pages: Astronomy:Space debris, Astronomy:Graveyard orbit, and Astronomy:Spacecraft cemetery Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use. Main page: Astronomy:Space law A wide range of issues such as space traffic management or liability have been issues of spaceflight regulation. Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international space law ever since the first phase of space exploration.[38] Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as imperialist and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.[38] Further information: Physics:Human presence in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Solar storms interrupt radio communications by altering the properties of the ionosphere, which happens in two basic ways. The first is simply due to the high-energy radiation from the flare. X-rays bombard Earth, knocking electrons off atoms in the ionosphere. This creates an abnormally high density of free electrons in the lower ionosphere and is referred to as a Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance. High frequency (HF) radio waves are absorbed by this increased density, which blocks their \u201cskipping\u201d property and results in a complete blackout of HF communications for minutes to hours. They can also cause waves of noise to roll through the Shortwave (SW) communications bands as well. Solar storms can also impact radio communications due to the plasma that\u2019s blasted out into interplanetary space. Solar particles, most importantly protons, are accelerated to a significant fraction of light speed and reach Earth within less than an hour. Most are deflected by Earth\u2019s protective magnetic field, but some enter the atmosphere at the poles and collide with and ionize air particles. As with the X-rays, this increases the density of the ionosphere at low heights, causing absorption of HF radio communications. These \u201cPolar Cap Absorption\u201d events can last for days and are particularly disruptive to airline communications needed when they commonly fly near the poles to reduce travel times. Finally, lesser degrees of HF radio interference are experienced for similar reasons during aurora-producing geomagnetic storms caused by Coronal Mass Ejections, which are massive releases of slower plasma that generally takes 2-3 days to reach Earth."}, {"title": "", "text": "even though it is alternating, it\u2019s alternating on a longer, more irregular period than power distribution grids. As such, power distribution grids can be damaged or disrupted by the increase and irregularity of ground currents for which their transformers are not rated, or for which precautionary switches would be tripped, respectively. Similarly, conduction-based telecommunications cables experience signal disruption when these currents are induced, as the man-made lines provide a path of lower resistance along which the magnetically induced current can travel. The effects of solar flares at the Earth\u2019s surface are also significantly diminished by radiation products such as X-rays being absorbed by the atmosphere. As X-ray photons travel through the atmosphere, they encounter oxygen and nitrogen atoms. When they collide with these atoms, the energy from the X-ray is absorbed, causing an electron to be released. These collisions result in an overall energy increase in the atmosphere, which \u2013 in turn \u2013 causes an increase in temperature and an accompanying expansion of the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. The ionosphere is the layer of the atmosphere through which man-made high-frequency radio waves travel, and this expansion leads to the ionosphere\u2019s distortion, resulting in disruption of these radio transmissions, and inhibiting global communication and positioning systems. Additionally, this expansion of the ionosphere can affect spacecrafts and satellites. As the ionosphere increases in size, it intersects with a satellite\u2019s trajectory, introducing unforeseen friction which slows the satellite, necessitating a course adjustment and possibly causing a premature re-entry. Satellites and spacecrafts are also prone to charged particles causing an electrical discharge"}, {"title": "", "text": "particles in the ionosphere, causing them to absorb radio waves, causing communication fade-outs, he explained. \"That's the issue of the satellites themselves,\" Howard said. \"But with ionospheric disturbances, you are also getting an increase in electron density in certain areas, and this can cause failures in GPS.\" He added that there were about 30 minutes of complete GPS outage in December 2006. In addition to GPS, Howard noted that the effects of solar storms on communications satellites extend to such things as cell phones, pagers, television, the Internet and streaming video. \"Society is becoming increasingly dependent on space-based assets,\" he commented. Howard added that strong ionospheric disturbances can also cause ground controllers to lose track of low orbit satellites. \"Electromagnetic energy comes in and heats the atmosphere,\" he said. \"When you heat the atmosphere, you get increased density at spacecraft altitude, and that causes an increase in drag, and you can lose track of them.\" Solar radiation also can pose a threat to humans. \"The radiation can damage astronauts, or if you're flying [in an aircraft] over the polar regions, you have to worry about getting too much radiation from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation,\" he said. \"The transpolar routes are becoming extremely popular for the airlines,\" Howard added, \"so the crews have to wear radiation dosimeters to measure how much exposure they are getting.\" High-energy particles also pose a hazard to anyone working high in the atmosphere or in space, Howard said. \"Particles can also be released, and they're coming at fantastic speeds, 500 times that"}, {"title": "", "text": "caused by trapped radiation and galactic cosmic rays. Key words: Radiation environment / SEP / modelling / radiation / missions \u00a9 S. Aminalragia-Giamini et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2018 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Solar particle events (SPE) are of particular interest for spacecraft design and radiation estimations. Protons with energies higher than \u223c1 MeV have the ability to cause typical semiconductor (Si, GaAs, etc.) devices to malfunction through the effects of total ionizing dose (TID) such as errors caused by Single Event Upsets (SEUs) (Dodd & Massengill, 2003) which cause the excitation of electrons triggering false signals. Furthermore lasting damage can be caused by protons, and heavier nuclei, which result in atomic displacements in the crystalline lattices. Such defects can seriously hamper device function or even cause failure. Underestimation of such risks can degrade the performance of systems aboard spacecrafts and cause important loss of mission lifetime. Such considerations become even more important for manned missions, especially outside the protective shielding of Earth's magnetic field especially with regard to manned missions to the Moon or Mars (Cucinotta et al., 2010). On the other hand, overprotection against these risks in the form of excessive and unneeded shielding, results in increased cost, design complexity and severely reduced payloads. In order to have reliable and cost-effective spacecraft design and implement new space technologies, accurate and reliable models for"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionized particles in the ionosphere, causing them to absorb radio waves, causing communication fade-outs, he explained. \"That's the issue of the satellites themselves,\" Howard said. \"But with ionospheric disturbances, you are also getting an increase in electron density in certain areas, and this can cause failures in GPS.\" He added that there were about 30 minutes of complete GPS outage in December 2006. In addition to GPS, Howard noted that the effects of solar storms on communications satellites extend to such things as cell phones, pagers, television, the Internet and streaming video. \"Society is becoming increasingly dependent on space-based assets,\" he commented. Howard added that strong ionospheric disturbances can also cause ground controllers to lose track of low orbit satellites. \"Electromagnetic energy comes in and heats the atmosphere,\" he said. \"When you heat the atmosphere, you get increased density at spacecraft altitude, and that causes an increase in drag, and you can lose track of them.\" Solar radiation also can pose a threat to humans. \"The radiation can damage astronauts, or if you're flying [in an aircraft] over the polar regions, you have to worry about getting too much radiation from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation,\" he said. \"The transpolar routes are becoming extremely popular for the airlines,\" Howard added, \"so the crews have to wear radiation dosimeters to measure how much exposure they are getting.\" High-energy particles also pose a hazard to anyone working high in the atmosphere or in space, Howard said. \"Particles can also be released, and they're coming at fantastic speeds, 500 times"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft down when being inserted into orbit around another planet, but this will have an adverse effect on satellites orbiting Earth as any slowing of velocity could cause it to re-enter the atmosphere. Although satellites are on the front line, if there is a powerful surge in energetic particles entering the atmosphere, we may feel the adverse effects down here on Earth too. Due to the X-ray generation of electrons in the ionosphere, some forms of communication may become patchy (or be removed all together), but this isn't all that can happen. Particularly in high-latitude regions, a vast electric current, known as an \"electrojet\", may form through the ionosphere by these incoming particles. With an electric current comes a magnetic field. Depending on the intensity of the solar storm, currents may be induced down here on the ground, possibly overloading national power grids. On March 13th 1989, six million people lost power in the Quebec region of Canada after a huge increase in solar activity caused a surge from ground-induced currents. Quebec was paralysed for nine hours whilst engineers worked on a solution to the problem. Can Our Sun Produce a Killer Flare? The short answer to this is \"no\". The longer answer is a little more involved. Whilst a solar flare from out Sun, aimed directly at us, could cause secondary problems such as satellite damage and injury to unprotected astronauts and blackouts, the flare itself is not powerful enough to destroy Earth, certainly not in 2012. I dare say, in the far future when"}, {"title": "", "text": "kilometers in a second. They can thus have an effect referred to as sound blasting on to expansive arrays of important solar panels. This could lead to complete system failure as the spacecraft harness solar energy for their operation (Johnson & McKnight, 1987). In the case that there is a storm, as was the case in Leonoids, the responsible scientists came up with the Hubble space telescope which ensured that the solar panels offered the least surface area for any incoming meteors. Another hazard is the case of solar flares. They are a major influence to space weather within the earth\u2019s vicinity. Solar flares have been found to generate very energetic particles in solar wind commonly referred to as the proton event. Other scientists have also called it the \u201ccoronal mass ejection\u201d or CME. The particles aare known to impact earth\u2019s magnetosphere which has lead to the effect of radiation hazards to the spacecraft, the astronauts as well as cosmonauts. It has been found out that the soft X-ray flux exhibited by X type flares raise the ionization of gases in upper atmosphere. This in turn interferes with all short wave radio communication. It can also heat the upper atmosphere which increases the drug on satellites that orbit in this low atmosphere. The lowered speeds are what cause orbital decay. The hard X-rays will produce energy that is capable of penetrating and ruining spacecraft equipment and are the cause of big plasma ejection that is found in the upper chromosphere. The radiation is also a cause"}, {"title": "", "text": "may cause damage to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and circulatory system of astronauts. There is evidence that humans exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "may cause damage to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and circulatory system of astronauts. There is evidence that humans exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "may cause damage to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and circulatory system of astronauts. There is evidence that humans exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the interaction of a coronal mass ejection with the earth or by another solar phenomena called a high-speed stream, emanating from what is called a coronal hole. A coronal mass ejection is sometimes associated with a flare, but not always. It is now widely thought that the Suns magnetic fields drive the mass ejection, rather than the radiative energy released from a flare. Coronal holes are regions of open coronal magnetic fields. In these voids of the Suns atmosphere, material flows rapidly away from the sun (more than it does over the closed field regions) and a high-speed stream of solar wind forms in interplanetary space. When the high speed stream interacts with the Earth we can often see a geomagnetic storm result. Electric currents begin to flow in the upper atmosphere producing the aurora, which occurs almost simultaneously around both the north and south poles. The currents cause atmospheric heating and increased drag for satellite operators. They also induce voltages and currents in long conductors at ground level, adversely affecting pipelines and electric power grids. The energetic particles cause surface and deep dielectric charging of spacecraft. Subsequent electrostatic discharge of the excess charge build-up can damage spacecraft electronics. The ionosphere departs from its normal state, due to the currents and the energetic particles, thereby adversely affecting communications and radionavigation. Solar storms can cause danger to astronauts, for the exposure to protons and plasma from solar storms can cause radiation poisoning. Astronauts who are not within the protection of the Earths atmosphere can be exposed"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the interaction of a coronal mass ejection with the earth or by another solar phenomena called a high-speed stream, emanating from what is called a coronal hole. A coronal mass ejection is sometimes associated with a flare, but not always. It is now widely thought that the Suns magnetic fields drive the mass ejection, rather than the radiative energy released from a flare. Coronal holes are regions of open coronal magnetic fields. In these voids of the Suns atmosphere, material flows rapidly away from the sun (more than it does over the closed field regions) and a high-speed stream of solar wind forms in interplanetary space. When the high speed stream interacts with the Earth we can often see a geomagnetic storm result. Electric currents begin to flow in the upper atmosphere producing the aurora, which occurs almost simultaneously around both the north and south poles. The currents cause atmospheric heating and increased drag for satellite operators. They also induce voltages and currents in long conductors at ground level, adversely affecting pipelines and electric power grids. The energetic particles cause surface and deep dielectric charging of spacecraft. Subsequent electrostatic discharge of the excess charge build-up can damage spacecraft electronics. The ionosphere departs from its normal state, due to the currents and the energetic particles, thereby adversely affecting communications and radionavigation. Solar storms can cause danger to astronauts, for the exposure to protons and plasma from solar storms can cause radiation poisoning. Astronauts who are not within the protection of the Earths atmosphere can be exposed"}, {"title": "", "text": "when dust became airborne inside their spacecraft. A way to control that will need to be found. Radiation poses one of the biggest challenges. Outside the protective magnetic bubble surrounding Earth, astronauts are exposed to roughly three times the radiation dose per day they receive in low-Earth orbit. It contributes to an increased risk of long-term problems such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The radiation comes from several sources. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) have lots of energy, but there are few of them. The Van Allen Belts around Earth contain trapped sub-atomic particles, but exposure to these is temporary. However, ways need to be found to protect against solar particle events (SPEs) - where the Sun periodically hurls electrically charged particles into space. Nasa\u2019s next-generation ship, Orion, uses materials within its structure to shield the occupants from radiation. The cornerstone of America\u2019s plan to return to the Moon is the Orion crew module. Its conical contours recall the Apollo command modules, rather than the spaceplane stylings of its immediate predecessor, the space shuttle. To many people, the spacecraft evokes a golden age of space exploration, when anything seemed possible. But the 10-tonne spacecraft makes use of technology unimaginable back in the 1960s, and even the methods being used to build it are innovative. At Lockheed Martin, which is building Orion for Nasa, engineers have been equipped with augmented reality (AR) headsets. \u201cYou\u2019re looking through a lens that\u2019s a see-through visor, but then you have these digital objects that are overlaid in the environment,\u201d explains Shelley Peterson,"}, {"title": "", "text": "a geomagnetic storm shortly after launch, but pose little menace to Earth as they burn up within the environment, the company stated. The most recent forty nine satellites from the Starlink community launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Feb. Three and efficiently assumed their preliminary orbit, with their nearest method to the floor 210 kilometers (130 miles) high. Geomagnetic storms are brought on by ejections of the photo voltaic corona into area, leading to disturbances to the Earth\u2019s higher ambiance and elevated drag on objects in low orbits. On Feb. 4, nonetheless, they had been struck by the area weather occasion, Elon Musk\u2019s company stated in a statement late Tuesday. The corporate locations them into this area to carry out last checks before flying further into house. \u201cThese storms cause the atmosphere to warm. Now, a little bit over five months after Crew Dragon C206\u2019s second profitable reentry and splashdown, the spacecraft is scheduled to launch another four astronauts \u2013 this time all private residents \u2013 to the ISS. It could be little surprise if combining a reusability pathfinder mission with the safety requirements of crewed spaceflight resulted in a need for extra inspections, testing, and evaluation than initially expected. Possibly explaining a number of the launch delays the mission has experienced, that implies that Ax-1 \u2013 a crewed launch \u2013 will likely be the primary time any Dragon 2 capsule flies for the third time. For an April third launch, they need to thus return to Earth on April thirteenth, leaving NASA"}, {"title": "", "text": "a geomagnetic storm shortly after launch, but pose little menace to Earth as they burn up within the environment, the company stated. The most recent forty nine satellites from the Starlink community launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Feb. Three and efficiently assumed their preliminary orbit, with their nearest method to the floor 210 kilometers (130 miles) high. Geomagnetic storms are brought on by ejections of the photo voltaic corona into area, leading to disturbances to the Earth\u2019s higher ambiance and elevated drag on objects in low orbits. On Feb. 4, nonetheless, they had been struck by the area weather occasion, Elon Musk\u2019s company stated in a statement late Tuesday. The corporate locations them into this area to carry out last checks before flying further into house. \u201cThese storms cause the atmosphere to warm. Now, a little bit over five months after Crew Dragon C206\u2019s second profitable reentry and splashdown, the spacecraft is scheduled to launch another four astronauts \u2013 this time all private residents \u2013 to the ISS. It could be little surprise if combining a reusability pathfinder mission with the safety requirements of crewed spaceflight resulted in a need for extra inspections, testing, and evaluation than initially expected. Possibly explaining a number of the launch delays the mission has experienced, that implies that Ax-1 \u2013 a crewed launch \u2013 will likely be the primary time any Dragon 2 capsule flies for the third time. For an April third launch, they need to thus return to Earth on April thirteenth, leaving NASA"}, {"title": "", "text": "a logical explanation that is consistent with what I do know about radiation. Without the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, there is nothing save the thin skin of the space craft to shield travelers from deadly radiation. There are also \u201chot particles\u201d that, if absorbed by the body, could easily spell doom for the recipient. Besides those, there are \u201cmicro-meteorites\u201d that travel at incredible speeds. Punching a hole through an object that is in essence little mare than an aluminum can would not be a challenge for them. I watched your video link (all 3 hours of it!) and they do raise some pretty pesky questions. In the interest of staying away from suspected motives, the actual technological challenges present enough problems of their own. As they say, why have we not returned? The degree of danger for radiation exposure, like other hazardous materials, are rated as the product of the level (dosage) over exposure time. It seems, at least from the video, that NASA was rather generous with their calculations as to exposure in the Van Allen Belt. While that is a formidable obstacle itself, once through the belt one is not exactly \u201chome free\u201d. Coupling that with the nature of the propellant used in the LEM, apparent visibility for landing both impeded by the apparent non-existent reaction of dust to thrust and the difficulty of landing in an area obscured by the terminal line of darkness on the Moon, as Desi says, \u201cyou\u2019ve got some \u2018splainin\u2019 to do\u201d. lophatt Correct, you\u2019re not home free outside the belts."}, {"title": "", "text": "a logical explanation that is consistent with what I do know about radiation. Without the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, there is nothing save the thin skin of the space craft to shield travelers from deadly radiation. There are also \u201chot particles\u201d that, if absorbed by the body, could easily spell doom for the recipient. Besides those, there are \u201cmicro-meteorites\u201d that travel at incredible speeds. Punching a hole through an object that is in essence little mare than an aluminum can would not be a challenge for them. I watched your video link (all 3 hours of it!) and they do raise some pretty pesky questions. In the interest of staying away from suspected motives, the actual technological challenges present enough problems of their own. As they say, why have we not returned? The degree of danger for radiation exposure, like other hazardous materials, are rated as the product of the level (dosage) over exposure time. It seems, at least from the video, that NASA was rather generous with their calculations as to exposure in the Van Allen Belt. While that is a formidable obstacle itself, once through the belt one is not exactly \u201chome free\u201d. Coupling that with the nature of the propellant used in the LEM, apparent visibility for landing both impeded by the apparent non-existent reaction of dust to thrust and the difficulty of landing in an area obscured by the terminal line of darkness on the Moon, as Desi says, \u201cyou\u2019ve got some \u2018splainin\u2019 to do\u201d. lophatt Correct, you\u2019re not home free outside the belts."}, {"title": "", "text": "of an antigravitational spacecraft would cause a big problem during landing. As long as this vehicle is surrounded by such a field it would behave like an ideally elastic ball, which there is no way of stopping because it would bounce back off everything. Therefore to stop its infinite ricochets it would be necessary to remove its antigravitational field. But to achieve this, all its energy must be withdrawn. Energy is not a bag of rubbish which may be thrown overboard when it is no longer necessary. It must be converted into something (assuming that antigravity would allow for any conversion). And here is the problem. If the energy is converted into heat, it would cause the evaporation of the spacecraft. If it is converted into electricity, the spacecraft would be destroyed by the attraction and electromotive forces of the opposite charges (there is no way to produce only identical electric charges - e.g. only the negative or only the positive ones). The radiating of all this energy would take too long because radiation has a low efficiency, whereas its storing would require sufficiently capacious accumulators (the oscillatory chamber described in chapter F of monograph [1e] would provide the required capacitance, however, when this device is built, magnetic propulsion will become a reality and there will be no further need for antigravity). Let us assume that the crew of an antigravitational spacecraft somehow would manage to get rid of unwanted energy and have successfully landed. Then at the moment of taking off, there would arise the"}, {"title": "", "text": "that travel through it. If a satellite is hit by a high-energy proton, it can short-circuit and cause an event called SEU (Single Event Upset). This can cause the satellite\u2019s function to glitch temporarily or can cause permanent damage if a key component is hit. In order to avoid losing instruments or an entire satellite, operators commonly shut down non-essential components as they pass through the SAA. Indeed, NASA's ICON (Ionospheric Connection Explorer) regularly travels through the region and so the mission keeps constant tabs on the SAA's position. - The International Space Station, which is in low-Earth orbit, also passes through the SAA. It is well protected, and astronauts are safe from harm while inside. However, the ISS has other passengers affected by the higher radiation levels: Instruments like the GEDI (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation) mission, collect data from various positions on the outside of the ISS. The SAA causes \u201cblips\u201d on GEDI\u2019s detectors and resets the instrument\u2019s power boards about once a month, said Bryan Blair, the mission\u2019s deputy principal investigator and instrument scientist, and a lidar instrument scientist at Goddard. - \u201cThese events cause no harm to GEDI,\u201d Blair said. \u201cThe detector blips are rare compared to the number of laser shots \u2013 about one blip in a million shots \u2013 and the reset line event causes a couple of hours of lost data, but it only happens every month or so.\u201d - In addition to measuring the SAA\u2019s magnetic field strength, NASA scientists have also studied the particle radiation in the region"}, {"title": "", "text": "this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d Source: spaceweather.com You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control equipment in electric power transmission and distribution systems, pipelines, and other cable systems on land or undersea. Higher radiation levels experienced by crew & passengers flying at high latitudes in high-altitude aircraft or"}, {"title": "", "text": "this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d Source: spaceweather.com You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control equipment in electric power transmission and distribution systems, pipelines, and other cable systems on land or undersea. Higher radiation levels experienced by crew & passengers flying at high latitudes in high-altitude aircraft or"}, {"title": "", "text": "but brimming with radiation \u2014 and how it affects spacecraft and electronics in orbit (video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Genna Duberstein) - The slot region is an attractive one for satellites \u2014 especially navigation and communications satellites \u2014 because from about 12,000 miles up, it offers not only a relatively friendly radiation environment, but also a wide view of Earth. During intense magnetic storms, however, energetic particles from the outer belt can surge into the slot region. - SET will survey the slot region, providing some of the first day-to-day weather measurements of this particular neighborhood in near-Earth space. The mission also studies the fine details of how radiation damages instruments and tests different methods to protect them, helping engineers build parts better suited for spaceflight. - \u201cElectronic devices these days are so small, complicated and fast,\u201d Xapsos said. The smaller a device is, the more vulnerable it is to radiation damage, and the more challenging it is to predict its performance in space. \u201cSET will allow us to better understand what happens when an ion hits a device, and to improve models for how often these upsets occur.\u201d - There are two kinds of radiation damage that SET studies. The first are known as single event effects \u2014 that is, what happens when a high-energy ion accelerated by a solar eruption or from a galactic cosmic ray pierces electronics. These strikes happen at random, one particle at a time, and load a circuit with extra electric charge. The result can be a data flip"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recent studies of \"space brain\" Studies show that cosmic radiation can cause lasting cognitive defects and brain impairments. What is going on? Studies show that cosmic radiation can cause lasting cognitive defects and brain impairments. Astonauts in space experience a plethora of behavioral changes that may be due to changes in the brain, including disorientation, loss of sleep and misaligned circadiam rhythm, and deficits in multitasking, sensory integration, spatial processing, and attention. Are we close to understanding the cause of \"space brain\"? Earlier this year, scientists published a study that compared brain images of astronauts before and after long-term missions in space. They observed altered brain function after long-duration spaceflight. Specifically, the researchers found difference in connectivity between the motor cortex and cerebellum. The disorientation that astronauts typically experience after returning to normal gravity might result from these changes in brain function. These changes in functional connectivity were still present 9 days after returning to Earth. Although the International Space Station is docked within the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and is protected from cosmic radiation, astronauts aboard the space station receive over 10-times the radiation that Earth-dwelling humans receive. The brain is particularly vulnerable to lasting effects of radiation. One study in mice found that the combination of low-gravity and radiation causes leakage of the blood brain barrier, a network of blood vessels and supporting cells that regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and the brain. A recent study found effects of radiation on the performance of specific behavior tasks in rodents, even after 24 weeks"}, {"title": "", "text": "Protection of Materials from Space Radiation Environments on Spacecraft Spacecraft in orbit will encounter space radiation environments such as electron, proton, heavy ions, gamma ray, etc; and results in the space radiation effects such as single event effects, total ionizing dose effects, displacement damage effects, surface charging and discharging or electrostatic discharging, internal charging effects. So protection from space radiation should be given to the spacecraft. The protection principle and validity from space environments on spacecraft is introduced firstly, and then mass shielding material, ESD protection material, and radiation hardening functional material, were discussed. At last, some development directions on protection material from space radiation environments are proposed. Introduction During the orbital operation of the spacecraft, it will encounter severe tests from various space radiation environments, such as electrons, protons, heavy ions, photons, etc., which can cause single-particle effects, total dose effects, and other total dose effects of spacecraft materials, components, subsystems, etc. Surface charge and discharge effects, internal charging effects, displacement damage effects, etc., cause degradation of material or device performance. Therefore, in the design and development of spacecraft, it is necessary to strengthen the material selection and structural protection design of spacecraft to ensure that the spacecraft does not cause failure or failure due to space radiation during the orbit, effectively improving the spacecraft space in orbit. At present, the world's major space powers have invested a lot of efforts in the research and development of spacecraft radiation protection materials, and have done a lot of work on spacecraft structural design, and have achieved"}, {"title": "", "text": "on a satellite - due mainly to air drag and satellite motion - the more recent term microgravity has generally been adopted as well. Unfiltered solar radiation can cause illuminated portions of a spacecraft to rise to high temperatures. Meanwhile, shaded portions of the craft will radiate their warmth into space and cool below the freezing point of common fluids such as water and storable rocket fuels. All such fluid containers and lines are commonly equipped with electrical heaters, while overall temperatures are moderated by rotating the spacecraft along an axis perpendicular to the spacecraft-Sun line. This is known as passive thermal control or, more colorfully, \"barbecue mode.\" Unmanned spacecraft to the inner planets must be equipped with parasols to reflect away unwanted solar heat. Those sent to the outer solar system - or to the Moon's surface, with its two-week-long nights - have often used radioisotope heaters. Radiation effects on spaceflights also took some time to appreciate. Satellites in LEO are protected by the magnetosphere from solar charged particles and from a large percentage of the cosmic rays arriving from outer space. Vehicles operating at GEO or on interplanetary missions, however, receive the full force of these radiations. Cosmic rays have been known to penetrate integrated circuits in spacecraft autopilots and to alter data and commands. A space version of static electricity has built up on other space vehicles during solar storms, resulting in electrical sparks that caused severe problems in onboard electronics. Experienced design of such systems has reduced the effects of these influences."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 producing breathtaking aurorae but also disturbing telecommunication networks and GPS (video credit: ESA/ATG medialab) - ESA\u2019s Swarm mission manager, Anja Str\u00f8mme, added, \u201cIt\u2019s thanks to having both missions extended well beyond their planned lives, and hence are having both missions in orbit simultaneously, that allowed us to realise these findings.\u201d - While this scientific discovery might appear somewhat academic, there are real benefits for society. - The Sun bathes our planet with the light and heat to sustain life, but it also bombards us with dangerous charged particles in the solar wind. These charged particles can damage communication networks and navigation systems such as GPS, and satellites \u2013 all of which we rely on for services and information in our daily lives. - As the paper discusses, these storms can affect Earth\u2019s surface and subsurface, leading to power outages, such as the major blackout that Quebec in Canada suffered in 1989. - With a rapidly growing infrastructure, both on the ground and in space, that supports modern life, there is an increasing need to understand and monitor weather in space to adopt appropriate mitigation strategies. - Alexi Glover, from ESA\u2019s Space Weather Office, said, \u201cThese new results help further our understanding of processes within the magnetosphere which may lead to potentially hazardous space weather conditions. Understanding these phenomena and their potential effects is essential to develop reliable services for end users operating potentially sensitive infrastructure.\u201d Figure 46: Space weather refers to the environmental conditions in space as influenced by solar activity. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "void in nothing but their space suits, astronauts would be fried alive by the charged particles that arrive only minutes after the initial flash.[3] If an extravehicular astronaut managed to get inside the airlock in time, they would be momentarily safe from the effects of the oncoming solar storm. Spacecraft are equipped with heavy shielding to protect their occupants from cosmic radiation, and the charged particles raining forth from the Sun would roll off the hull like raindrops. But with satellites knocked out, astronauts in space would have no way of calling home. They would be dead in the water with nothing to do but await the final onslaught. 8 Destruction Of Electrical Grids While the first two stages of a massive solar storm are bad enough, the third and final stage of a CME dwarfs its precursors in terms of sheer destructive potential. Long after the radiation and charged particles associated with a CME have already made landfall on the Earth\u2019s electromagnetic shores, an enormous cloud of gas and plasma would still be lumbering inexorably toward us at millions of miles per hour. The atmosphere protects us from being directly affected by a CME. But all Hell would break loose on the surface of the planet upon contact of this miasma of expelled solar matter with the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere. Power transformers would explode all over the world, instantly plunging millions into darkness. Power lines would sag and snap, and regional communications systems would fail.[4] In the case of a powerful enough solar storm, every single"}, {"title": "", "text": "within the radiation belts. You actually have these space weather events that do cause the radiation belts to get bigger and hotter, and it can cause anomalies on spacecraft. The same processes at work in the radiation belts are also causing related space weather phenomena like the auroras, which is going to cause currents to flow down to the ground. That can cause problems for power grids, and it can affect the ionosphere's ability to reflect radio signals.\" Despite their discovery in the 1950s, the radiation belts are not well understood by scientists. Physicists learned in the 1990s the belts are not as stable as once thought. Instead, they expand, heat up, and contract when charged particles from solar eruptions reach Earth. \"You can have three large coronal mass ejections from the sun looking like they're identical,\" Fox said. \"One can cause the radiation belts to pump up, get very hot and very big. Another can actually have no real effect on them at all. And another can make them get smaller and less energetic, and yet if you were looking at just the solar signatures, you could think the three phenomena were the same.\" Not only will RBSP try to uncover why the belts respond differently to each solar storm, but data collected by the satellites could lead to predictions of when radiation fluxes will grow around Earth, giving satellite operators and astronauts warning before potential danger arrives. The Atlas 5 rocket will inject the satellites into a highly elliptical equatorial orbit. The craft will"}, {"title": "", "text": "telemetry data. Since we are aware of these interferences in advance, engineers on the ground can take them into account and make corrections before firing any commands that may jeopardize the life of the spacecraft. The only real unpredictable danger is a total hardware failure, with a proton hitting an electronic component and killing it. But according to Biesecker, this \"is a very remote possibility.\" Global positioning systems are also affected\u2014and will be even more affected tomorrow. Regular humans will not notice this. You will be able to keep using your GPS normally, but people using high precision GPS equipment\u2014like oil drilling, military, engineering and mining operations\u2014will definitely notice the problems. According to Karen Fox at NASA Goddard Space Center, \"NASA alerted operators of their satellites that the CME was coming, so those operators can take whatever shielding precautions they can.\" The biological danger NOAA's scale says that an S3 proton storm may pose danger to passengers in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes, which is why some airplanes below the 65th parallel north are now actually flying at lower altitudes to avoid any kind of radiation nastiness. They also recommend that astronauts to stay home and avoid space walks but\u2014according to Biesecker\u2014this type of storm is \"far below the level needed for the ISS to take any extraordinary protection measures.\" If it's ok for them, you can be sure it's perfectly fine for you and me down here on good old planet Earth. What's happening with the Coronal Mass Ejection The Coronal Mass Ejection is caused"}, {"title": "", "text": "telemetry data. Since we are aware of these interferences in advance, engineers on the ground can take them into account and make corrections before firing any commands that may jeopardize the life of the spacecraft. The only real unpredictable danger is a total hardware failure, with a proton hitting an electronic component and killing it. But according to Biesecker, this \"is a very remote possibility.\" Global positioning systems are also affected\u2014and will be even more affected tomorrow. Regular humans will not notice this. You will be able to keep using your GPS normally, but people using high precision GPS equipment\u2014like oil drilling, military, engineering and mining operations\u2014will definitely notice the problems. According to Karen Fox at NASA Goddard Space Center, \"NASA alerted operators of their satellites that the CME was coming, so those operators can take whatever shielding precautions they can.\" The biological danger NOAA's scale says that an S3 proton storm may pose danger to passengers in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes, which is why some airplanes below the 65th parallel north are now actually flying at lower altitudes to avoid any kind of radiation nastiness. They also recommend that astronauts to stay home and avoid space walks but\u2014according to Biesecker\u2014this type of storm is \"far below the level needed for the ISS to take any extraordinary protection measures.\" If it's ok for them, you can be sure it's perfectly fine for you and me down here on good old planet Earth. What's happening with the Coronal Mass Ejection The Coronal Mass Ejection is caused"}, {"title": "", "text": "co-workers (1970) in balloon-borne mice and monkeys, respectively. Very high local concentration of absorbed energy produced by an HZE particle can cause serious biological effects upon an organism since complete cells can be damaged or destroyed. The ultimate consequence of such damage is dependent upon the organism's ability to repair or replace the affected cell. The destruction of cells in the central nervous system is of serious concern since these cells cannot regenerate. Although the potential hazards to living systems from the heavy nucleii component of galactic cosmic radiation was recognized, very little active research was conducted until the crews of Apollo 11 and subsequent Apollo missions reported experiencing a visual light flash phenomenon. The primary reason for the inactivity in this field was an inability to generate particles with comparable charge and energy with existing accelerators. The light flashes experienced by the astronauts provided an increased impetus for radiobiological experimentation by direct exposure to the HZE particles in space. Exposure to HZE particles during a spaceflight mission offers several unique advantages, principally, exposure to the primary spectra modified only by the interactions in the relatively lightly shielded space vehicle. Balloon-borne exposures were [344] limited to a spectrum significantly modified by the shielding of the remaining atmosphere and by the geomagnetic field The Biostack experiment was designed to study the effect of individual heavy nucleii of the cosmic radiation environment upon biological systems during actual space flight. Since there were no means by which the Biostack experiment could be insulated from other spaceflight factors, such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "further from charged particle bombardment. But some particles get trapped in these cavities and they become radioactive belts surrounding Earth. Astronauts have to pass through these dangerous belts before they reach deeper space. Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR): Outside our solar system ionized atoms traveling at almost light speed pass through space matter, including humans and man-made objects unless they are properly shielded. Solar Particle Events (SPE): Sometimes the Sun flares and ejects copious amounts of highly charged radioactive particles into space. These particles travel so fast they are capable of reaching Earth within ten minutes of a solar or coronal flare event. These are dramatic happenings that temporarily drastically increase radiation exposure. Astronauts traveling through space radiation or living in the ISS have to be protected from space radiation. Radiation exposure causes damage to human cells. There is a scientific formula used to calculate how much radiation exposure an astronaut can expect when working on the ISS. It\u2019s a bit too complicated for the gringa to understand. These calculations are the reason ISS missions have a maximum six month cycle and spacewalks are limited. Exposure is increased during a spacewalk to perform repairs and maintenance. Shielding is preferred to be constructed of materials like polyethylene because it has a high hydrogen content. This kind of material is more effective than metals at reducing the ability of particles to pass through and enter the modules. Astronauts also wear monitors called \u201cdosimeters\u201d that constantly measure the level of radiation damage to the chromosomes in their blood cells. Every"}, {"title": "", "text": "the density must very low is simply to consider that the spacecraft is in orbit through the thermosphere: spacecraft do not orbit in atmosphere, or not for very long. The answer to the second question is subtle, and I'm not sure I understand it. I think that David Hammen's answer provides much better information than I could. Thanks for contributing an answer to Space Exploration Stack Exchange! Should we accept questions about information provided by ChatGPT? Would a Europa lander need radiation shielding similar to Juno? If Juno's long orbit means a lower rate of radiation damage, why the planned short orbit? How can SpaceX's Mars spacecraft be protected against solar flares? Can you avoid the costs of cooling superconductors for magnetic shields by separating them from the spacecraft and using shades? When a coronal mass ejection (CME) hits a spacecraft, from which direction will the particles come? How can they be so sure that Dragonfly will \"freeze to death\" as opposed to simply (and eventually) running out of RTG power? (238Pu decay) How much solar radiation hits a spacecraft in transit to Mars?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Commentary regarding \u201con-orbit sleep problems of astronauts and countermeasures\u201d This commentary addresses the article by Wu et al. entitled \u201cOn-orbit sleep problems of astronauts and countermeasures\u201d. In this article, the authors discussed the sleep problems of astronauts. Despite its challenging topic, the paper authored by Wu et al. has at least one major shortcoming. This issue is related to the observation that the sleep pattern of astronauts can be disturbed by light flash phenomenon. Since the first report by astronaut E.E. Aldrin in 1969, many astronauts have reported light flashes. These visually perceived flashes of light occurred in different shapes but they apparently moved across the visual field of astronauts and possibly caused, at least to some extent, sleep problems. Moreover, the countermeasures proposed by the authors may improve astronauts\u2019 sleep pattern, but they do not address the root cause of the light flashes (i.e., heavy ion interactions outside the shielding provided by the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere). A possible approach to reducing light flashes is available using the fact that much of the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) spectrum is composed of ions that can be diverted from the spacecraft using electromagnetic fields. Possible design parameters and the requisite electric and magnetic field strengths to successfully deflect GCR radiation are outlined. Background The findings of a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-funded study published in the Lancet Neurology journal showed sleep deficiency in astronauts not only during space shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) missions, but also from the start of a three-month preflight training interval [1]."}, {"title": "", "text": "exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or EBIS magnets was upgraded to handle higher energy currents. In addition, new probes were installed in two of the beamline\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "crew. They did three launches in August and September of 1958, but the scintillator detector on Explorer 4 failed before the third one. The sailors saw the flashes and then some striking auroras as the particles rained down. The particles also bounced around the field lines and came down over the Azores in the north Atlantic, causing more auroras. The satellite really did detect an increase in electron flux up in the Belts, and radio propagation was affected. The news of the test leaked out a year later. Detailed reports were published, and everyone congratulated themselves on an experiment well-done. Christofilos went on to lead an equally grandiose but actually useful project, the gigantic Ground Dipole Antenna for using 80 Hz radio waves to communicate with submarines. York became chancellor of UCSD, and later helped negotiate the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Yet no one seemed to have stopped to think this through. Unless you did a lot more testing, how could you be sure this would have any effect on ICBMs? And how was that supposed to happen when atmospheric testing was both poisoning the planet and illegal? Even if this did work, the Van Allen belts start at about 500 miles up, and ICBMs can easily fly below that. Were they seriously thinking of spending extremely expensive H-bombs and rockets for something that could be dodged with a guidance tweak? And are warheads that enter the atmosphere at several miles per second really going to be bothered by a couple of minutes of radiation exposure?"}, {"title": "", "text": "crew. They did three launches in August and September of 1958, but the scintillator detector on Explorer 4 failed before the third one. The sailors saw the flashes and then some striking auroras as the particles rained down. The particles also bounced around the field lines and came down over the Azores in the north Atlantic, causing more auroras. The satellite really did detect an increase in electron flux up in the Belts, and radio propagation was affected. The news of the test leaked out a year later. Detailed reports were published, and everyone congratulated themselves on an experiment well-done. Christofilos went on to lead an equally grandiose but actually useful project, the gigantic Ground Dipole Antenna for using 80 Hz radio waves to communicate with submarines. York became chancellor of UCSD, and later helped negotiate the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Yet no one seemed to have stopped to think this through. Unless you did a lot more testing, how could you be sure this would have any effect on ICBMs? And how was that supposed to happen when atmospheric testing was both poisoning the planet and illegal? Even if this did work, the Van Allen belts start at about 500 miles up, and ICBMs can easily fly below that. Were they seriously thinking of spending extremely expensive H-bombs and rockets for something that could be dodged with a guidance tweak? And are warheads that enter the atmosphere at several miles per second really going to be bothered by a couple of minutes of radiation exposure?"}, {"title": "", "text": "satellites) are subject to bombardment by these nuclear particles and electromagnetic radiations from both external and on-board sources [12]. When they penetrate the surfaces of these space vehicles, the electrical, electronic and electro-chemical components in them may be affected in one form or the other. Among other effects radiation exposure may cause include (i) induction of sporadic and unexplainable errors in sensitive parts in spacecrafts (ii) degrade the critical properties of structural materials (iii) jeopardize flight worthiness of the spacecraft (iv) lead to catastrophic failure and possibly mission ending effect and (v) constitute transient and terminal health hazard to both on-board passengers and astronauts. This research will verify and address these chal- In the last 25 years the National Geophysical Data Centre (located in Boulder Colorado and a part of US Dept of Commerce, NOAA) recorded over 4500 spacecraft anomalies or malfunctions that have been traced to the effects of the space radiation environment [3]. A reset occurred in Hubble Telescope after upgrade in 1996, when the spacecraft flew through South Atlantic Anomaly, a region in space where protons are trapped in earths magnetic field. All parts of Galileo, a space satellite were subjected to thorough radiation testing after its failure. It was discovered that failure did not occur until radiation level was close to design level [4]. These incidents and instances of spacecrafts anomalies and/or failures among host of others, is a challenge and a threat to space technology and calls for attention of researchers and hence a justification for this research. The aims and"}, {"title": "", "text": "the protection of the magnetosphere and crossing the Van Allen Belts, two regions of trapped high-energy particles at the edges of the magnetosphere, and then enduring constant exposure to ionizing radiation in deep space for the rest of the trip. The astronauts who flew to the moon on the Apollo missions are the only humans who have ever been outside Earth\u2019s protective magnetosphere. Although the Apollo spacecraft offered some radiation shielding, they couldn\u2019t completely protect the astronauts. NASA\u2019s Van Allen Probes orbit through two giant radiation belts surrounding Earth. Their observations help explain how particles in the belts can be sped up to nearly the speed of light. (Credit: NASA) \u201cThe lunar astronauts also experienced a visual phenomenon of light flashes (~17/hour) when the spacecraft was dark, and tests indicated that the flashes were the result of HZE cosmic rays traversing the retina,\u201d wrote Delp and his colleagues. Until recently, though, everyone assumed that the trips to the moon had been too short to expose astronauts to enough ionizing radiation to do lasting damage. However, according to a preliminary study published today in Scientific Reports, that short exposure may have been enough to jeopardize the Apollo astronauts\u2019 long-term cardiac health. Increased Mortality Rate Delp and his colleagues compared the causes of death for 7 Apollo astronauts to those of 35 astronauts who had flown missions in low Earth orbit, along with 35 more who trained but never flew a space mission. Astronauts who had been to low Earth orbit died of cardiovascular disease at about the"}, {"title": "", "text": "altitudes. Figure 2 shows the focus/subdomains (the types of impacts and their sources) of the Space Radiation and Plasma Effects Working Team. Spacecraft Charging Spacecraft charging (see NASA Handbooks, NASA-HDBK-4002A w/CHANGE 1, NASA-HDBK-4006) remains a serious operational threat for the design and operation of space assets. It usually manifests as surface charging and/or internal charging. When charge is built up either in the outside (surface) material or in the material (internal), an electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur when the electric field exceeds the breakdown strength of the material. If the discharge occurred at or near a sensitive component, these ESD currents can cause compromised function and/or catastrophic destruction of sensitive electronics, solar array failures, uncommanded change in system states (phantom commands), loss of synchronization in timing circuits, spurious mode switching, power-on resets, erroneous sensor signals, telemetry noise, and/or loss of data. Other concerns with discharges are possible electromagnetic interference and material damage. Electromagnetic interference can produce noise levels in receive bands that exceed the receiver sensitivity, communications issues due to the excess noise, or phantom commands or signals. ESDs can damage mission-critical materials, including thermal control coatings, reentry thermal protection systems, and optical materials such as dielectric coatings and mirror surfaces. The re-attracted photoionized outgassing materials can be deposited as surface contaminants. Surface and internal charging can also compromise science instrument and sensor functionality. The distinction between surface charging and internal charging is that internal charging is caused by energetic particles that can penetrate and deposit charge very close to a victim site (e.g., Garrett, 2016,"}, {"title": "", "text": "trapped in these cavities and they become radioactive belts surrounding Earth. Astronauts have to pass through these dangerous belts before they reach deeper space. Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR): Outside our solar system ionized atoms traveling at almost light speed pass through space matter, including humans and man-made objects unless they are properly shielded. Solar Particle Events (SPE): Sometimes the Sun flares and ejects copious amounts of highly charged radioactive particles into space. These particles travel so fast they are capable of reaching Earth within ten minutes of a solar or coronal flare event. These are dramatic happenings that temporarily drastically increase radiation exposure. Astronauts traveling through space radiation or living in the ISS have to be protected from space radiation. Radiation exposure causes damage to human cells. There is a scientific formula used to calculate how much radiation exposure an astronaut can expect when working on the ISS. It\u2019s a bit too complicated for the gringa to understand. These calculations are the reason ISS missions have a maximum six month cycle and spacewalks are limited. Exposure is increased during a spacewalk to perform repairs and maintenance. Shielding is preferred to be constructed of materials like polyethylene because it has a high hydrogen content. This kind of material is more effective than metals at reducing the ability of particles to pass through and enter the modules. Astronauts also wear monitors called \u201cdosimeters\u201d that constantly measure the level of radiation damage to the chromosomes in their blood cells. Every single astronaut is a hero. No matter what the"}, {"title": "", "text": "craft to shield travelers from deadly radiation. There are also \u201chot particles\u201d that, if absorbed by the body, could easily spell doom for the recipient. Besides those, there are \u201cmicro-meteorites\u201d that travel at incredible speeds. Punching a hole through an object that is in essence little mare than an aluminum can would not be a challenge for them. I watched your video link (all 3 hours of it!) and they do raise some pretty pesky questions. In the interest of staying away from suspected motives, the actual technological challenges present enough problems of their own. As they say, why have we not returned? The degree of danger for radiation exposure, like other hazardous materials, are rated as the product of the level (dosage) over exposure time. It seems, at least from the video, that NASA was rather generous with their calculations as to exposure in the Van Allen Belt. While that is a formidable obstacle itself, once through the belt one is not exactly \u201chome free\u201d. Coupling that with the nature of the propellant used in the LEM, apparent visibility for landing both impeded by the apparent non-existent reaction of dust to thrust and the difficulty of landing in an area obscured by the terminal line of darkness on the Moon, as Desi says, \u201cyou\u2019ve got some \u2018splainin\u2019 to do\u201d. lophatt Correct, you\u2019re not home free outside the belts. In the above handwaving estimate(dont trust me on the exact numbers) I got "}, {"title": "", "text": "this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d Source: spaceweather.com You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control equipment in electric power transmission and distribution systems, pipelines, and other cable systems on land or undersea. Higher radiation levels experienced by crew & passengers flying at high latitudes in high-altitude aircraft or"}, {"title": "", "text": "shortwave radio communications, which were being used by amateurs and professionals in emergency response efforts, although it does not detail how emergency efforts may have been affected by the radio blackout. \u201cSafeguards put in place to prevent dangerous disruption to GPS from solar events worked,\u201d said Mike Hapgood, head of space weather at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom, and a scientist not connected to the new study. \u201cIn many ways, we were ready. Some things that could have caused big problems didn\u2019t, but shortwave radio is always tricky to use during solar events. But good radio operators are aware of the events and will work hard to overcome problems.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s the Sun reminding us that it\u2019s there,\u201d Hapgood added. \u201cThe Sun\u2019s been very quiet for the last 10 years. It reminds people not to be complacent.\u201d Unexpected space weather The 2017 flares were the largest since 2005 and the best documented solar storm to date, observed from a fleet of spacecraft between the Earth and the Sun, in Earth\u2019s orbit, on Earth and Mars. Solar flares release bursts of X-rays from the Sun that travel outwards in all directions at the speed of light. Strong flares can disrupt radio and aviation communications. Space weather forecasters have only minutes to broadcast warnings to spacecraft, aviation and other administrators before affects are felt on Earth. X-rays from solar flares interact with Earth\u2019s atmosphere 50-1000 kilometers (30-600 miles) above the Earth, in a region called the ionosphere. Shortwave radio communication works by bouncing signals off the ionosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d Source: spaceweather.com You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control equipment in electric power transmission and distribution systems, pipelines, and other cable systems on land or undersea. Higher radiation levels experienced by crew & passengers flying at high latitudes in high-altitude aircraft or"}, {"title": "", "text": "injuries Asthenization Ebullism Illness and injuries during spaceflight Medical treatment during spaceflight Space adaptation syndrome Space and survival Spaceflight osteopenia Aerospace Medical Association National Space Biomedical Research Institute Rubicon Foundation Space Nursing Society Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight Effects of sleep deprivation in space Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation Sleep in space Health threat from cosmic rays Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space Renal stone formation in space Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure Astrodynamics Asian Space Race Space launch Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Space command Militarisation of space Private spaceflight Imagery and mapping Weather and environment monitoring Communications satellite Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Space architecture Life-support system Animals in space Extravehicular activity Overview effect Space toilet Space colonization Space diving Voskhod Apollo\u2013Soyuz Shuttle\u2013Mir Shenzhou Tiangong Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Space capsule Orbital module Reentry capsule Robotic spacecraft Self-replicating spacecraft Space telescope Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Sub-orbital Geosynchronous Direct ascent Expendable and reusable launch systems Non-rocket spacelaunch Ground segment Mission control center WikiProject Radiation health effects Spaceflight health effects"}, {"title": "", "text": "Radio Blackouts on the NOAA SWPC website at the following link: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation Another source for space weather information is the spaceweather.com website, which contains some information not found on the NOAA SWPC website. For example, this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control"}, {"title": "", "text": "on the Sun-Earth line, 1.5 million km from the Earth. Gravitational stability in this region results in a stable orbit. Magnetogram an image displaying the strength and location of magnetic field regions on the sun. Image: Courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. MOSWOC Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. bright and hot patches in the Sun's chromosphere. Plage are associated with concentrations of magnetic fields and sources of strong ultraviolet radiation. a super-heated, ionised gas of charged particles, accounting for 99% of all visible matter in the Universe. a positively charged subatomic particle. Radio blackout during a large space weather event, the ionosphere may start to absorb HF radiation instead of reflecting it. This causes problems with communication systems. low energy electromagnetic radiations, used for long distance communication. Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) a space weather spacecraft launched in 1995, orbiting at L1. Its objective is to measure magnetic field regions in the chromosphere and corona, investigating the emission of solar wind. Solar cycle the 11-year periodic change in the sun\u2019s activity, including changes in the levels of radiation and solar wind emitted. Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) a space weather spacecraft launched in 2010, orbiting at an inclined geosynchronous orbit. Its objective is to image the Sun across different wavelengths to detect features appearing at varying depths of the Sun\u2019s surface and investigate the causes of solar variability. the sudden release of magnetic energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, originating from the sun\u2019s atmosphere. 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1410", "Document 1436", "Document 1456", "Document 1460", "Document 1470", "Document 1495", "Document 1497"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "converting its kinetic energy to thermal energy. This is the reason engineers pay special attention to deal with this heat and design a \u201cthermal protection system\u201d. There have been accidents in the past which have caused tremendous damage and loss of human life2. Artist\u2019s concept depicting the Apollo Command Module (CM) re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere after returning from a lunar landing mission (1968). Image was created by North American Rockwell for NASA. Another interesting effect of these physical phenomena is that because of the ionised state of air around the spacecraft during re-entry, the communication with the spacecraft does not work for these few minutes. This is termed as the \u201cre-entry blackout\u201d. It happens because the ionised air molecules interfere with the radio waves which we use to communicate with spacecraft. These moments of complete radio silence are therefore spent worrying and hoping that everything goes according to plan. Brief history of re-entry thermal protection The earliest techniques for re-entry, used during the Apollo era, were more rudimentary. The idea of adding more material to absorb the heat generated was one such example. This meant more weight had to be carried to space and it certainly was one of the expensive implementations. The Apollo heat shield was the beginning of a long race for a safer, cheaper, and more convenient thermal protection system. One of the next big programs by NASA, the space shuttle was a brilliant spacecraft primarily because it was reusable. For thermal protection, different types of special insulation tiles were used. These could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "converting its kinetic energy to thermal energy. This is the reason engineers pay special attention to deal with this heat and design a \u201cthermal protection system\u201d. There have been accidents in the past which have caused tremendous damage and loss of human life2. Artist\u2019s concept depicting the Apollo Command Module (CM) re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere after returning from a lunar landing mission (1968). Image was created by North American Rockwell for NASA. Another interesting effect of these physical phenomena is that because of the ionised state of air around the spacecraft during re-entry, the communication with the spacecraft does not work for these few minutes. This is termed as the \u201cre-entry blackout\u201d. It happens because the ionised air molecules interfere with the radio waves which we use to communicate with spacecraft. These moments of complete radio silence are therefore spent worrying and hoping that everything goes according to plan. Brief history of re-entry thermal protection The earliest techniques for re-entry, used during the Apollo era, were more rudimentary. The idea of adding more material to absorb the heat generated was one such example. This meant more weight had to be carried to space and it certainly was one of the expensive implementations. The Apollo heat shield was the beginning of a long race for a safer, cheaper, and more convenient thermal protection system. One of the next big programs by NASA, the space shuttle was a brilliant spacecraft primarily because it was reusable. For thermal protection, different types of special insulation tiles were used. These could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 '18 at 8:34 $\\begingroup$ The Sprint anti-ballistic missile launches extremely fast and heats up a lot during launch, as it was designed to reach an altitude of 18 miles in about 15 seconds. It reaches Mach 10 in 5 seconds and requires an ablative heat shield to protect it from the heat (around 3400\u00b0C). It also forms a plasma sheath like a re-entry vehicle and needs special transmitters to get radio to it during ascent (if it works correctly, there is no descent!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Inductiveload Jan 3 '18 at 12:04 Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the earth atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield. Why is this so? A spacecraft on launch does heat up, just not to the degree that it does on reentry. And it heats up for the same reason--atmospheric drag, which includes adiabatic air compression and atmospheric friction. The key difference between launch and reentry is that they are two different flight profiles meant to optimize the drag variable (less drag on launch, more drag on reentry). (This is a simplified statement to address the OP's question regarding vehicle heating--real rocket launch and reentry dynamics are multi-variable optimizations.) On launch the rocket spends the initial portion of flight attempting to gain altitude to go into the upper atmosphere where the air is less dense. Then it switches into a lateral velocity regime to gain the necessary lateral velocity to obtain orbit. The rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "up when reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry be done slowly? Why didn\u2019t the Spacecraft used for the Apollo 11 mission melt in the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere? Why not increase contact surface when reentering the atmosphere? What is the principle behind using a moment reference center to compute the moments acting on a spacecraft re-entering a planet's atmosphere?"}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry be done slowly? Why didn\u2019t the Spacecraft used for the Apollo 11 mission melt in the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere? Why not increase contact surface when reentering the atmosphere? What is the principle behind using a moment reference center to compute the moments acting on a spacecraft re-entering a planet's atmosphere?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Why do spaceships heat up when entering earth but not when exiting? Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the Earth's atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield at that point of time yet. Why is this so? I know then when entering earth, the spacecraft will heat up due to various forces like gravity, drag and friction acting upon it, thus causing it to heat up. This is the reason why a spacecraft entering Earth's atmosphere would need a heat shield. Why wouldn't an exiting spacecraft experience this too? Any help would be appreciated. temperature acceleration drag rocket-science space-mission QuIcKmAtHs QuIcKmAtHsQuIcKmAtHs $\\begingroup$ When taking off the engine exhaust get quite hot. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Thorbj\u00f8rn Ravn Andersen Dec 31 '17 at 11:11 $\\begingroup$ I recommend a great physics simulator called Kerbal Space Program which does a great job of simplifying a lot of the concepts behind orbital mechanics. Re-entry conditions for example becomes very clear after just a few failed attempts. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Adam Naylor Dec 31 '17 at 11:33 $\\begingroup$ Spacecraft do heat up during launch. That's why rockets have payload fairings, which function in part as a heat shield. That's also one of the key challenges during launch is getting past maximum dynamic pressure, or max Q for short. (Not to be confused with the band Max Q, for which the membership requirements are amateur level of musical talent and a professional chance of passing through max Q). $\\endgroup$"}, {"title": "", "text": "not entirely coincidence; the Pacific is so big that just by random chance it was likely to fall there. Predictions made months ago put the re-entry time around now, but it's not possible to know exactly when or where it would come down. Orbital speed is 8 kilometers per second, so if you're off by an hour it could be thousands of kilometers away. I saw some confusion over this whole thing on social media. Briefly, when an object is in orbit it's not flying like an airplane; it's only being controlled by gravity. In general if you put something in orbit it'll stay there forever, falling due to gravity around the planet. However, in low Earth orbit, up to a few hundred kilometers above the surface, there is a little bit of air. It's not much, because the atmosphere thins with height, but even at 400 km or so there's some. Every time an orbiting spacecraft hits an air molecule, that collision robs the craft of a little bit of energy. Over time that lowers the orbit of the spacecraft. Usually, spacecraft can be reboosted to a higher orbit; the International Space Station (ISS) has done this many times. During servicing missions, the Shuttle was used to boost the Hubble Space Telescope higher in orbit as well. Left unchecked, though, this lowering orbital height is a vicious circle. As the spacecraft drops, the air gets thicker, and the drag increases, dropping it more and faster. This is an incredibly small effect at first, and it"}, {"title": "", "text": "RoePhilip Roe The spacecraft taking off is already outside the stratosphere when it has the speed that re-entry spacecraft posses when they enter the stratosphere. The stratosphere only extends for about 100 miles above sea level. Since a rocket takes off vertically it will clear the stratosphere in less than 8 minutes and way before it has the speed to cause any appreciable friction in said part of atmosphere. The re-entry spacecraft, on the other hand, is using the atmosphere to slow down from orbital velocity. It needs to slow from 8 to 10 km/sec to a much slower speed in which to either deploy parachute or land on an extended runway. This is a very significant reduction in speed and the friction in the atmosphere is what accomplishes this reduction. Since friction causes heat and it will have to spend considerable time in atmosphere to work off the speed, an evaporative tile heat shield is necessary. 0tyranny 0poverty0tyranny 0poverty Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged temperature acceleration drag rocket-science space-mission or ask your own question. Temperature of a black-body in LEO on the dark side of the Earth Does the metal foam \u201cwhiffleball\u201d orbital reentry idea make any sense? Orbital mechanics and rocketry: Is it ever a good idea to intentionally lower periapsis? What exactly is \u201cpressure\u201d, and what's its relation to force? Non-Constant Acceleration due to Gravity Why is specific impulse measured in seconds? What's the difference between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration? Projectile Path Farther Away From Earth How"}, {"title": "", "text": "Image: NASA Goddard, 2001 TRMM Workshop The onset of re-entry usually occurs at an altitude of 120 to 100 Kilometers when the spacecraft enters the dense atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate yet but already interacting with plenty of molecules in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. Given the high speed of the object, traveling at 7.7 Kilometers per second, air in front of the craft is compressed creating a shock wave layer in which some of the molecules are separated into ions, creating the typical visible plasma layer that can be present even minutes before disintegration starts. The Entry Point, as defined by USSTRATCOM and represented in all their data, refers to the spacecraft passing 80 Kilometers in altitude where drag builds up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of the disintegration of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave layer forming just in front of the spacecraft and any separated components leads to considerable heating that causes the incineration of the majority of the spacecraft structure. The mechanical deceleration experienced during re-entry can be up to 20Gs further crushing the structural components and causing the break-up of the spacecraft. The mechanical energy of a re-entering satellite is ~3.2 x 10^7 J/kg which would be sufficient to easily vaporize the entire satellite if all of this energy were converted into heat entirely absorbed by the satellite structure. However, only a fraction of a satellite\u2019s total energy is converted into heat absorbed by its body and depends on a number of factors such"}, {"title": "", "text": "abomination that doesn't present a smooth face to the airstream (unfolding is only effective at the level of individual parts. Combine that with needing a large wheelbase to make a reasonably stable rover on low-g worlds and you can end up with rovers you can't get in a fairing) you need to go farther out before you turn. Loren PechtelLoren Pechtel $\\begingroup$ Rather useful i must admit $\\endgroup$ \u2013 QuIcKmAtHs Jan 1 '18 at 12:39 Spacecraft do indeed heat up as they leave the atmosphere. They suffer aerodynamic heating just like everything else. However, there is a major different: direction. As you are accelerating upwards, you are traveling through thinner and thinner atmosphere, faster and faster. These partially cancel each other out, keeping your heating reasonable. On the way down, you are traveling into thicker and thicker atmosphere, and must dissipate the heat as you go. If you were, say, fired from a railgun, you'd experience the greatest heating at the start, where you are going very fast at low altitudes (thick atmosphere). If you feel the reentry should be more symmetric with the launch in terms of heating, consider this: on the bottom of the rocket being launched is a great big ball of angry fire that is at least as hot as the reentry. Cort AmmonCort Ammon When an object orbiting the earth enters the descending path of re-entry it has huge speed, hence huge kinetic energy and it also has potential energy of approximately m.g.h. Because 100 km is a fraction of 6.7"}, {"title": "", "text": "interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. As the spacecraft re-enters, heat starts building on the vehicle and aerodynamic forces occurring at the high entry velocity cause the light propellant tank structures to break up soon into the entry process. Beak-up and disintegration of the vehicle usually occurs at around 80 Kilometers. Most components of the disintegrating spacecraft burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere and never reach the ground, especially for rocket bodies that consist for a large part of thin metal that forms the propellant tanks. However, dense components such as pressurant tanks and engine components can survive re-entry and reach the ground. The third stage of the Soyuz is 2.66 meters in diameter and 6.74 meters long with an empty mass of 2,410 Kilograms featuring a single RD-0110 engine with four chambers. During the ascent, the stage provided a thrust of 30 metric ton force over the course of a 4-minute burn to push its payload into orbit. The Joint Space Operations Center monitors the re-entry of objects through the use of ground and space-based sensors that can detect the infrared signature of re-entering objects, making it possible to precisely determine the timing and location of orbital decay \u2013 at least for sizeable objects like the Soyuz third stage. Space Surveillance Data places re-entry (=the object passing 80km in altitude) at 20:29 UTC on December 17 +/-1 Minute. The location of"}, {"title": "", "text": "WHy does shuttle burn on re-entry? I know rockets and shuttles burn on reentry. They've got heat shields and tiles. BUt why one re-entry only? The heat generated is do to the friction created by the shuttle moving past the air molecules at super-sonic velocitites. But why on re-rentry only? DOes the shuttle not have enough velocity at launch to cause the molecules of air to heat up and form plasma around it? One of those things I've always wondered. Space shuttles do not experience the same kind of temperatures on launch as they do on re-entry. Consider the angle for example. On launch, the shuttle is almost completely vertical and starts with zero velocity, clearing the denser air fast before it has a very high velocity. Once it has passed the denser parts of the atmosphere, it starts to accelerate to orbital speed. Of course it still encounters some heading from the compressed air ahead of it, but nothing compared to re-entry. On re-entry the angle compared to the ground is shallow compared to launch, forcing the shuttle to go through a longer distance of denser air. Key word is the pitch angle that is different (as indicated by Moridin's post). I think the shuttle needs something like 10 minutes or less to reach the orbital speed ,but it needs for a whole hour or so to decelareate to its' landing speed.Figuratively speaking it glides the atmosphere . Trust rockets gives an energy to the shuttle needed to reach the orbit. When in orbit the"}, {"title": "", "text": "at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Given the extremely high speed of the object, traveling 7.8 Kilometers per second at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. AMS Reports \u2013 Credit: American Meteor Society, http://www.amsmeteors.org The disintegration of the spacecraft usually begins at an altitude around 80 Kilometers (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave layer forming just in front of the spacecraft and any separated components leads to considerable heating that causes the incineration of the majority of the spacecraft structure. The mechanical deceleration experienced during re-entry can be up to 20Gs \u2013 further crushing the structural components and causing the break-up of the spacecraft. Temperatures reached during re-entry can melt most metal types used on the spacecraft and most of the fragments created on entry fully burn up, leaving a cloud of dust in the upper atmosphere. Given the structure of the satellite it is unlikely that any major components survived re-entry. Typically, objects that can survive the re-entry environment include the dense components of the thrusters and reaction wheels as well as smaller pressurant tanks and propellant tanks. Surviving debris that make it to the ground impact"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Atmospheric entry shield is due to adiabatic compression, the vehicle's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction (viscosity) after the vehicle has passed by. Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gases and chemical reactions between ionized gases. Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at reentry, and in fact, are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed. Furthermore, slow-speed returns to Earth from near-space such as parachute jumps from balloons do not require heat shielding because the gravitational acceleration of an object starting at relative rest from within the atmosphere itself (or"}, {"title": "", "text": "bottom section of our atmosphere that is used to effectively slow the spacecraft to safe landing speed is not sufficiently thick (~ 100 km) to allow for vertical re-entry. So, the spacecraft is forced to re-enter at an angle to the horizontal of between 5.2o and 7.2o. This small angular corridor is called the re-entry window. If the astronauts re-enter at too shallow an angle, the spacecraft will bounce off the atmosphere back into space. If the astronauts re-enter at too steep an angle, both the g-forces and the heat generated will be too great for the crew to survive. Sometimes the gravitational fields of planets can be used to increase the speed of spacecraft relative to the Sun and thus reduce travel times and minimize fuel and energy demands. Such spacecraft are said to be on \u201cgravity-assist trajectories\u201d and the whole process is often referred to as the \u201cslingshot\u201d effect. Essentially, the spacecraft moves behind the planet as viewed from the Sun, and is accelerated by this moving gravity field, much as a surfer is pushed forward by a wave. The energy gained by the spacecraft does not actually come from the gravitational field but from the kinetic energy of the moving planet, which is slowed by a tiny amount in its orbit, causing it to drop very slightly closer to the Sun. Let us consider the example of the Cassini spacecraft that reached Saturn in 2004. On its long voyage, Cassini boosted its speed by passing close to Venus, Earth and Jupiter. With each"}, {"title": "", "text": "for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of Columbia"}, {"title": "", "text": "in wind effects on the landing design of the vehicle. The GRAM thermodynamic model can be used from deorbit altitudes to the location at which the RRA will take effect. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) has also been used for certain reentry calculations, but should be used with due consideration for its lack of representativeness of the reentry atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric density and density perturbations generally play a big role in reentry heating and in fuel-budgeting calculations. ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS Orbital environment parameters apply to LV concept development in two principal ways: (1) When a vehicle includes an upper stage that must operate in orbit; and (2) when a vehicle has reusable elements (spacecraft) that reach orbital altitude and then return to Earth. An important addition is the case of crewed vehicles, in which, because of their very high reliability requirements, the problems with ionizing radiation (classified here as an orbital environment) should be considered even in the launch phase (first and second stage) for the mission-critical avionics. In addition to the information present here and the references cited, the current space and orbital environment information online at the Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) is recommended. Also, the European Space Agency's European Cooperation for Space Standardization presents a good space environment standard document on their website. Ionizing Radiation Hazard At the concept development stage, it is rarely necessary to select electronic parts, so there is usually no need to consider the specifics of the radiation environment. Rather, selecting and planning for the electronic"}, {"title": "", "text": "for Cassini, which had a 19 km/s Earth flyby on the way to Saturn. A great deal of work was done to assure that the probability of an inadvertent reentry due to any cause, including spacecraft failures, was less than $$10^{-6}$$. Furthermore, the project had to convince expert, non-advocate review boards (i.e. people who didn't care if your project went forward or not) that that had all been engineered and calculated correctly. Probably never. According to wikipedia, PuO2 has a melting point of 3017 K, comparable to other materials which aren't expected to burn up on reentry like titanium alloy (1900 K) and silicon carbide (3103 K). Given that a failed interplanetary launch is likely to come down on a very steep trajectory, it would have even less time for heating than reentering from orbit, and so be less likely to burn up, just hitting the ground extremely fast. Remember also that a launch can fail at any stage, including seconds after launch, when it wouldn't be going very fast at all. As pointed out by Uwe in a comment, leaving a trail of plutonium vapour in the atmosphere would probably not be considered to be \"not causing any problems\", so in that sense the answer is definitely never. Each of the Apollo missions carried an RTG in the lunar module, to be left behind on the moon to power scientific instruments. However, Apollo 13's lunar module returned back to Earth as a \"lifeboat\" for the crew, and was destined to re-enter Earth's atmosphere with the"}, {"title": "", "text": "earth through the atmosphere at very high speeds. The heat created by atmospheric friction at these speeds will damage or incinerate anything not specifically designed to be protected. Building a heat-shielding re-entry vehicle that also keeps position errors to a minimum is a difficult technical task, and most definitely requires flight tests. An update to this post can be found here (2/22/16). Tags: iran, iran missiles, Missiles and Missile Defense, simorgh, Space and Satellites More from Laura Laura Grego is the Research Director and a Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. She focuses her analysis and advocacy on the technology and security dimensions of ballistic missile defense and of outer space security."}, {"title": "", "text": "(24 kph). Thunderbolts, such as the one that destroyed a U.S. Atlas-Centaur rocket laden with a multimillion dollar communications satellite in March 1987, pose similar hazards. **Figure 22. _Aerospace Interfaces_** Spacecraft must overcome strong aerodynamic drag immediately after launch, but resistance becomes progressively weaker as they rise through the troposphere, because thinner air bears down with less pressure and the amount of fuel expended lightens the load they must lift. They break free for practical purposes where the mesosphere and thermosphere merge at an altitude that averages about 60 miles (95 kilometers). Frictional heat consumes space vehicles of all kinds when they reenter Earth's atmosphere at high velocities unless a shield protects exteriors and insulation keeps crews (if any) and other contents acceptably cool. Apollo command modules returning from the Moon, for example, had to offset 5,000 \u00b0F (1,900 \u00b0C), four times that of blast furnaces. Friction nevertheless exerts some positive effects. Aerodynamic drag at the interface where atmosphere and space imperceptibly merge can act as a brake or alter orbit configurations without burning fuel, provided computers calculate reentry angles correctly. Spacecraft skip or bounce back erratically when trajectories are too shallow and incineration results when they are too steep, but reentry windows as a rule open wider for powered vehicles than for those that glide. #### **GRAVITY** Propulsion systems must be powerful enough to boost military spacecraft into orbit, despite atmospheric drag and gravity (g), which keeps objects on Earth without an anchor and pulls unsupported bodies from atmosphere or space toward the surface. Astronauts"}, {"title": "", "text": "survive reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, let alone its ability to guide such a missile."}, {"title": "", "text": "orbital velocity and therefore moves into a lower orbit closer to the Earth\u2019s surface. If orbital decay continues, the satellite will eventually crash. Remember- LEOs crash because they collide with air particles. Discuss issues associated with safe re-entry into the Earth\u2019s atmo- sphere and landing on the Earth\u2019s surface (including \u201cIdentify that there is an op- timum angle for safe re-entry for a manned spacecraft into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the consequences of failing to achieve this angle\u201d) Re-entry is a complex procedure due to the high velocities and temperatures encountered, as well as the fine balance of trajectory required to land safely. To land a space vehicle, the vehicle must firstly slow down, and secondly travel back down through the atmosphere. These are done simultaneously with atmospheric drag slowing the vehicle as it descends. The high velocity of the vehicle results in a great deal of friction, which heats the vehicle to up to 3000\u25e6C depending on airflow. This necessitates highly temperature resistant shielding, usually ceramic or carbon based, that can withstand the temperatures and protect the rest of the vehicle as it descends. Modern designs also feature blunt noses and have the spacecraft descend belly-first, which ensures the majority of the vehicle is shielded. Without appropriate shielding, the vehicle will be unable to return, as recently seen in the 2004 Columbia space shuttle accident in which its heat shielding was compromised. Secondly, the angle of re-entry is critical. If the angle is too steep, the descent rate will be too fast, and the vehicle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Geosynchronous Orbit wil have only 1/20,664th the resolution as one in LEO @ 160 miles. The atmosphere thinnens roughly exponentially, so even at higher low earth orbits you have some heating. So the altitude also depends on how much warming you want. For a sigint satellite a Geosynchronous Orbit is an advantage. You can collect signals from a very large area with just one satellite Reentry heating only begins after \"entry interface\", generally defined as about 400,000 ft (122 km, or 76 mi.) altitude. For the first few minutes after entry interface, heating is very slight, then it ramps up. I seriously doubt there's any measurable heating at the discussed interception altitude of about 140 mi (225 km). However it doesn't matter -- an ice cube is over 400 degrees hotter than the near-absolute-zero backdrop of space, and would show up brightly on IR sensors. If a satellite is inserted into a 160 mile high orbit and no thruster adjustments are ever made to maintain it's orbit, how long will it take for the satellite's orbit to decay and cause it to reenter? Is there a table somewhere that shows orbit altitude and expected length of time before reentry? Nobody knows for sure. Sometime in late February/early March. They plan to shoot it down before reentry. The reason they have been unable to narrow it down to a specific day or time of day is that the interaction between the upper atmosphere and the satellite is unpredictable. There's no way of knowing the exact moment of"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Faraday cage when lightning strikes. The charge disappears into the ground by traveling through the metal body frame. So, it\u2019s important that you don\u2019t lean on the door or touch any other metal part of the car\u2019s body during lightning. (1, 2, 3) 9. The heat generated during re-entry of a spacecraft isn\u2019t (primarily) the result of friction against the atmosphere. It\u2019s caused due to rapid compression of the atmosphere by the spacecraft. Image credits: Space We all know that that a meteor burns up when it enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This is due to the extreme heat generated due to friction with Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This can be dangerous when planning for space travel at extremely high speed. So, while planning for space programs, scientists take special precautions to protect the spaceship from heat. So, what causes the atmosphere to heat up while a spacecraft re-enters? The most common answer would be friction. While friction does play a role in a later part, the heat produced just as the spacecraft re-enters is actually due to compressive heating. During re-entry, the spacecraft arrives at a speed of about 17,000 miles per hour. As the spacecraft enters the atmosphere at such a high speed, it heavily compresses the air in front of it and pushes the air off to the side. This compression raises the air temperature as high as 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit! As the compressed air heats up, the expanding air cools down (according to the Ideal Gas Law). However, this super-hot air doesn\u2019t even touch the"}, {"title": "", "text": "reach the ground, but the risk they pose is very small and is within NASA requirements for satellite reentry,\u201d he said."}, {"title": "", "text": "The re-entry: How do astronauts get back to earth? As of January 2023, over 600 people have been to space, and those numbers are continuing to rise, particularly with the privatization of spaceflight. But what happens when your time in space is completed? How do you come back to Earth? Let\u2019s go over the process of re-entry including the concerns and technological requirements of spacecraft along with the experiences of astronauts. The Fundamentals of Re-entry: Understanding the Process of Entering Earth's Atmosphere When an object from space enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, it hits the gas molecules that make up the air in our atmosphere. Anything moving through the atmosphere has to move the molecules out of the way to get through. We don\u2019t have to really worry about this until we get close to Mach 1, the sound barrier when molecules can\u2019t get out of the way fast enough and the object has to break through the \u201cwall\u201d of molecules in its way which results in a sonic boom. A spacecraft entering from low Earth orbit falls at about Mach 25 or 25 times the speed of sound. This is fast enough to break apart the chemical bonds of the air molecules, creating an electrically charged plasma around the spacecraft. This plasma is extremely hot and spacecraft need special thermal barriers or heat shields to protect them and their occupants during re-entry. So, how do different spacecraft handle the physical requirements of re-entry? Atmospheric re-entry for spacecraft An important aspect to remember is that the requirements for"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Tag Info Accepted ### Why don't we know exactly where the Chinese rocket will fall? If the orbital period is about 90 minutes, that means \u00b145 minutes error at predicting the moment of landing means randomizing that point all around the globe. At the moment the prediction error is \u00b1 ... \u2022 53.6k Accepted ### Why not increase contact surface when reentering the atmosphere? I've done a lot of work on this subject with researchers and engineers at JPL, NASA Langley, and NASA Ames. There are some interesting things that come out of high-fidelity CFM (Computational Fluid ... \u2022 18.1k Accepted ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? Skipping reentries aren't unheard of. The Apollo command module performed a single skip when returning from lunar missions. However, there are several reasons why a skipping reentry (especially one ... \u2022 1,899 ### Why didn\u2019t the Spacecraft used for the Apollo 11 mission melt in the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere? Although the temperature at altitude can be several thousands of degrees, the atmosphere is so thin it does not transfer heat efficiently. Wikipedia explains it very well - The highly diluted gas ... \u2022 943 ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? I think bounce back causes intermittent heating so heat shield tiles get a lot of time of radiate heat"}, {"title": "", "text": "release its hold on Orion was the structural supports and the Launch Abort System. Orion was headed out of Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Seventeen minutes and thirty-nine seconds after lift-off, Orion began its orbit. Two hours into its flight, Orion traveled through the Van Allen radiation belts which are 3,609 miles away. Data recorders provided critical calculations on the doses of radiation within the cabin. This determined if the craft was of sound design and safe to man with a human crew. Three hours and twenty-three minutes into its flight, Orion headed for Earth\u2019s atmosphere where the heat shield withstood the brutal re-entry friction. What is re-entry like? Orion hit Earth\u2019s atmosphere at a speed of 20,000 mph. The gringa can only say, \u201cIncredible!\u201d The spacecraft gets so amazingly hot at that speed, it is eventually enveloped in plasma. Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter after solids, liquids and gases. When plasma is created on Orion upon re-entry, what happens is that the heat and friction become so energized that electrons break free from their nucleus and travel along with them. That\u2019s what the Sun does all the time. It\u2019s just a big, ol\u2019 ball of plasma. Orion creates a little bit of Sun on re-entry. The gringa\u2019s mind is filled with the Beatles refrain, \u201cHere comes the sun, little darlin\u2019. Here comes the sun. And I say it\u2019s alright.\u201d After all, ultimately that IS the plan, RIGHT? Orion is going to help launch the scientific efforts that hopefully will make everything wrong with the environment"}, {"title": "", "text": "will encounter the higher density atmosphere closer to the Earth\u2019s surface while it retains too much of its velocity. Higher density air provides more drag, which therefore decelerates the vehicle faster and leads to higher temperatures. This will result in at the very minimum excess g-forces for the crew, and at worst, the extra heating could destroy the entire vehicle. On the other hand, if the angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will retain too much of its velocity and exit the atmosphere by effectively skimming it, returning to space. The vehicle must have an angle between 5.2 and 7.2 degrees to make a safe re-entry. During re-entry, the high temperature of the spacecraft results in the air around it becoming ionised. This results in an ionisation blackout, with the ionised air blocking radio communication with the ground during re-entry. Although not a direct hazard, it can cause complications in the event of a safety issue arising during re-entry which could endanger the spacecraft. Finally, in order to land, the descent rate must be slowed dramatically. In the Apollo missions and with non-reusable space probes, parachutes are used to slow the descent to make a gentle landing. The space shuttle uses wings to generate lift, enabling it to glide to a gentle landing. Remember- To re-enter, you need strong heat shielding and an approach with a specific angle of descent. Gravity and Gravitational Fields Define weight as the force on an object due to a gravitational field Weight is the force experienced by an object due"}, {"title": "", "text": "By Staff Writers on April 1, 2018 in Press Clips Re-Entry: Block-ML from 2001 Molniya Launch Re-Enters After Skipping A Block-ML upper stage that had helped send a Molniya-3K dual-use communications satellite into orbit re-entered the atmosphere on March 17, 2018 after bouncing off the atmosphere in July 2016. The Molniya-M rocket carrying the Molniya-3K No. 1 communications satellite launched from Plesetsk on July 20, 2001 and, with the help of the Block-ML upper stage, sent the 1,740-Kilogram satellite into a highly elliptical Molniya orbit for optimized coverage over the Russian territory including its northern regions. The Molniya satellite series, inaugurated in the 1960s, was employed for military and civil communications via Omega-S transponders (for Molniya-3K). Only one Molniya-3K satellite reached orbit, a second launch in 2005 ended in failure and marked the end of the Molniya program as Geostationary communications satellites had taken over for civilian communications while Russia\u2019s Meridian took over military communications from Molniya Orbit. Read more at: Spaceflight 101 Deep-Space Radiation May Be Getting More Dangerous for Future Astronauts Space radiation may be a bigger worry for voyaging astronauts than scientists had thought, at least in the near future, a new study suggests. \u201cThe radiation dose rates from measurements obtained over the last four years exceeded trends from previous solar cycles by at least 30 percent, showing that the radiation environment is getting far more intense,\u201d study lead author Nathan Schwadron, a professor of physics at the University of New Hampshire\u2019s Space Science Center, said in a statement. \u201cThese particle radiation conditions"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft returning from LEO. Apollo Command Module, Deltaglider and the Space Shuttle. The coloured lines mark the approximate altitude of the beginning of the last three stages. The deorbit stage begins 180 degrees (i.e. about 18000-19000 km) from the base. The retro engines are fired to bring the periapsis down into the atmosphere, approximately over the target base. This causes the trajectory to intersect the atmosphere about 8000 km from the base at an altitude of 120 km. This location is known as the Entry Interface and is where the entry stage begins. The flight path angle at this point will be a couple of degrees below the horizontal. The entry angle is more or less fixed by the geometry of the orbit and there is little room for optimization of this parameter unless you are returning from interplanetary space. If the entry interface is too far from the base it can be moved closer by firing the retro engines past the 180 degrees point. Performing the burn about 15000 km from the base (approaching) will place the entry interface about 4000 km from the base. What is important at this stage is to use the vehicle\u2019s lift to manage the g-levels and heating once in the atmosphere. The peak g stage will occur once it hits the thick part of the atmosphere at around 65 km altitude. Around this time peak heating will also occur. Lift can be used to prevent the vehicle descending into the thicker reaches of the atmosphere. Care has to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "Before impacting, the comet had passed within Jupiter\u2019s Roche limit (probably several times), been pulled into a streamer of rocks, and slowed down. What is a \"Sun Synchronous\" orbit? (b) Why are satellites launched from near the equator? (1) Why don't its particles separate by weight? (2) What accelerates the solar wind? Science Fair Project on the Size of the Earth If you have a relevant question of your own, you can send it to audavstern(\"at\" symbol)erols.com ### 114. Why not use a heat shield going up? The other day a colleague asked me a question that I could not answer and which keeps intriguing me. \"We know that (the shield of) a spacecraft that re-enters the earth's atmosphere heats up spectacularly because it is hit and slowed down by air-molecules. Is there a similar problem when it is going the other way, at take off? It is going through the same amount of air and acceleration looks quite similar to deceleration, only the other way around.\" The only answer that I could think of is that a good part of the acceleration might take place at higher altitudes where there is less air, and braking is done only by using the atmosphere. Going up, it is the rocket engine which provides acceleration and energy. Because air resistance robs energy and is undesirable, the rocket deliberately rises vertically, to go though the denser atmosphere as quickly as possible. The vehicle gets most of its velocity, and almost all of the kinetic energy, at high altitudes where"}, {"title": "", "text": "These factors include the conditions of the atmosphere that drive the speed of orbital decay and are influenced by solar activity that can not be predicted with 100% accuracy. Also, the orientation and attitude rate of the spacecraft plays a major role in the speed of its orbital decay as they influence the drag experienced by the craft. Any re-entry prediction is *always* associated with a window of uncertainty given the unknowns described above. Many media outlets will give the re-entry time and even locations as absolute values, but the truth is that when re-entry is still several days away, the error bar on any prediction can be 24 hours in either direction or more. Even on the day of re-entry, calculations can only narrow down the approximate time and location to within about one orbit of Earth so that areas of risk can be identified and other areas can be excluded. The Re-Entry Process & Surviving Components Photo: NASA/ESA (Cygnus) Initially, Kanopus ST began losing altitude slowly caused by drag in the upper atmosphere in the form of collisions of the spacecraft with ions and molecules present in the upper reaches of the atmosphere leading to a loss of velocity on the spacecraft that causes the orbital altitude to drop. As the spacecraft enters a lower and lower orbit, drag increases and the speed of orbital decay picks up. In some cases, spacecraft can enter a tumble in the days leading up to entry, but in many cases the craft will enter an aerodynamically stable"}, {"title": "", "text": "which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Photo: SETI/Aerospace Corporation Given the extremely high speed of the object, traveling 7.7 Kilometers per second at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, typically defined at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure \u2013 starting with the solar arrays ripping off and the pressure vessel breaching. The shock wave layer forming just in front of the spacecraft and any separated components leads to considerable heating that causes the incineration of the majority of the spacecraft structure. The mechanical deceleration experienced during re-entry can be up to 20Gs, further crushing the structural components and causing the break-up of the spacecraft. Most components of the spacecraft were expected to burn up and only some fragments hit the ocean. A team of 12 researchers was in place over thick cloud layer, ready to capture data during the short window of time that Cygnus broke up in the atmosphere. A chartered aircraft was outfitted with different cameras and spectral imagers to collect data on the dynamics of re-entry. The Cygnus Shallow Re-Entry Observation Campaign was supported by the Aerospace Corporation, the FAA, NASA, ESA, the Australian Research Council and spacecraft operator Orbital ATK. Setting up a shallow entry"}, {"title": "", "text": "the reports of non-deployment of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Nov 9, 2015 Yes, the waste is burned up in atmospheric entry, which is pretty much the opposite of orbit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object into and through the gases of a planet's atmosphere from outer space. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as in the entry of astronomical objects, space debris or bolides; and controlled entry, such as the entry (or reentry) of technology capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. Mick West, Nov 9, 2015 I think you are picturing a scenario where the waste spontaneously \"burns up\" once it is ejected into space? That's not what happens at all. Things only burn-up on re-entry, when they are falling extremely fast through the atmosphere. That's why space capsules,and the Shuttle etc, need heatproof tiles. Also why does NASA orion programme now need to probe the temperatures and see if it is safe for manned space travel when we are already there? I'm not sure what you mean by that. The heat testing for Orion is to do with its passage through the atmosphere, not in space. http://www.theverge.com/2014/12/5/7339431/nasa-orion-heat-shield-molly-white-engineer The shield is crucial to the success of the mission because getting humans into and home from deep space requires hurling them around as fast as possible. The faster a craft\u2019s trip through the atmosphere, the more kinetic energy is transferred into heat. A capsule returning from the moon smacks into the atmosphere at about 25,000 miles per hour. The heat shield reaches about 5,000\u00ba F"}, {"title": "", "text": "standard procedure to ensure evidence is preserved for the investigation. It's to prevent people entering as well as leaving. pericynthion Has any spacecraft had a way for the crew to escape during reentry? The Space Shuttle Orbiter had a flight mode whereby, at or below ~50,000 feet of altitude during the reentry (or, in the event of an ascent abort, the gliding, unpowered phase of flight), the commander could command an autopiloted, wings level glide at about 190 knots equivalent airspeed (KEAS). The plan was then, while the Orbiter was gliding, that the ... crewed-spaceflight reentry safety failure procedure What causes a rocket to be destroyed during launch other than leaking fuel? I want to focus on aerodynamic stress however, like when a rocket deviates from its path or has a wrong angle of attack, what causes it to be destroyed? In many cases, it's not aerodynamic stress. Many launch vehicle explosions result because they are commanded to do so. Every launch vehicle launched from the U.S., including the solid rocket boosters on ... physics aerodynamics failure David Hammen In some Mercury flights, the astronaut had a personal parachute with them. The Gemini program used ejection seats, which could be used during launch and reentry. Later on, they realized that igniting a rocket-propelled ejection seat wasn't a good idea in a pure-oxygen atmosphere. The Vostok capsule also had an ejection seat, but not as a backup: the ... Why did a flight controller say \u201cAvionics power nominal\u201d as Antares exploded? It's eight or ten seconds from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Further safety impacts are being assessed.\u201d The vast majority of the vehicle won\u2019t \u2013 as designed \u2013 survive the plunge through Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Any potential hardware that may survive \u2013 such as the heavy docking mechanism \u2013 is also highly unlikely to threaten people on the ground based on probability. Uncontrolled reentries are not an uncommon occurrence and usually occur over water, desert or unpopulated areas. Not one person has ever been hit by any piece of reentering satellite or debris in the six decades of space flight. Further refinements to the expected entry date are expected next week. (Images: via L2, Roscosmos, and NASA). (Click here: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/l2/ \u2013 to view how you can support NSF and access the best space flight content on the entire internet). ISSProgress MESSENGER ends Mercury adventure with a bang EFT-1 Orion inspections provide vital MMOD information SpaceX Falcon Heavy launches USSF-67 from 39A Dragonfly mission heads toward PDR, element fabrication from... InSight Principal Investigator talks Mars lander\u2019s final days"}, {"title": "", "text": "you hit the denser air, where the heating is the highest, you\u2019re going a lot slower than you would\u2019ve been otherwise, and a lot of that earlier braking is done at much lower heating loads than would have been the case without the electromagnetic effects. Several of the papers I\u2019ve read introduce an interaction parameter term, Q, that relates the relative strength of the Lorentz forces to drag forces. The relationship takes the form: Equation 1 (from Otsu et al) Sigma is the conductivity of the weakly ionized plasma, B is the magnetic field strength, L is a reference length (I think related to the magnet configuration), rho is atmospheric density, and V is velocity. As you can see, for a given magnet, the drag forces start dominating as the conductivity drops and as the atmospheric density increases. Atmospheric density increases dramatically as you descend from orbit, so for a reentry application, you get most of your benefit from the first little bit of descent. We\u2019ll go more into some of these ramifications starting in my next installment. From MHD Aerobraking and Thermal Protection Part I: Introduction by Jonathan Goff (2010) MHD AEROBRAKING AND THERMAL PROTECTION PART II: ATMOSPHERIC REENTRY FOR RLVS In this installment, I want to dig a lot deeper into the mechanics of how one might maximize the utility of MHD effects for orbital reentry. But first, I wanted to spend a few seconds discussing what is important for an RLV TPS system. RLV Thermal Protection Systems Protection from the harsh heating environment"}, {"title": "", "text": "was necessary for communication with the ground.[175][176][n 19] Once in orbit, it was not possible for the spacecraft to change its trajectory except by initiating reentry.[178] Each orbit would typically take 88 minutes to complete.[179] The lowest point of the orbit called perigee was at the point where the spacecraft entered orbit and was about 87 nautical miles (161 km), the highest called apogee was on the opposite side of Earth and was about 150 nautical miles (280 km).[159] When leaving orbit (E) the angle downward was increased to 34\u00b0, which was the angle of retrofire.[175] Retrorockets fired for 10 seconds each (F) in a sequence where one started 5 seconds after the other.[172][180] During reentry (G), the astronaut would experience about 8 g (11\u201312 g on a suborbital mission).[181] The temperature around the heat shield rose to 3,000 \u00b0F (1,650 \u00b0C) and at the same time, there was a two minute radio blackout due to ionization of the air around the spacecraft.[182][54] After re-entry, a small, drogue parachute (H) was deployed at 21,000 ft (6,400 m) for stabilizing the spacecraft's descent.[64] The main parachute (I) was deployed at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) starting with a narrow opening that opened fully in a few seconds to lessen the strain on the lines.[183] Just before hitting the water, the landing bag inflated from behind the heat shield to reduce the force of impact (J).[183] Upon landing the parachutes were released.[61] An antenna (K) was raised and sent out signals that could be traced by ships and helicopters.[61]"}, {"title": "", "text": "they were designed using silica tiles that reradiated the heat outwards from the craft, while insulation between the tiles and the spacecraft was protected at the point of attachment. Once properly shielded, the two remaining factors that need to be taken into consideration are the shape of the spacecraft and the angle of re-entry. It was found that rockets with a blunt shape created a lower heat load. This is due to the fact that air molecules can\u2019t move out of the way quickly and actually serve as a cushion, slowing the vehicle down and keeping the hot gas away from the vehicle\u2019s surface. The angle that the spacecraft re-enters is also an important factor. If the angle is too steep, there is more friction and heat. If it is too shallow, the spacecraft can skip out of orbit, similar to how a stone skips across a pond. A typical re-entry angle would be around 40 degrees. Do Things Burn Up When Leaving The Atmosphere? For the most part, things do not burn up when leaving the atmosphere. But that doesn\u2019t mean they can\u2019t. There is always a point when a space shuttle reaches its maximum aerodynamic stress before leaving the atmosphere. This is the threshold when it could potentially start burning up. During a normal shuttle launch, this altitude is reached at approximately 11 kilometers above the Earth\u2019s surface. At this point, the main engines of the shuttle are throttled back to about 70 percent of the thrust, minimizing the speed and avoiding the negative"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere, so substances can stay in the stratosphere very long (unless destroyed in chemical reactions or heavy enough to fall down due to gravity). You don't need much mass to have a high impact. CFCs have concentrations in the parts per billion range, but with their lifetime of decades can and do break down large amounts of ozone. So we can't simply dismiss the problem based on atmospheric mass considerations alone. The materials from which satellites are built are different from propellants involved in launch. Therefore, you can't simply dismiss satellites as far less massive than rocket propellants and therefore declare the impact of re-entry negligible compared to the the impact of launch. Much of a satellite material is metal, which will deposit rather quickly (see next question), but other materials could in theory have an impact (John et al. considered paint and concluded its impact was negligible). Some satellites contain unusual materials: for example, Kosmos 1402 was a Soviet spy satellite containing a nuclear reactor and thus fuel. Leifer et al (1987) have shown that more than a year after Cosmos-1402 deorbited a 53\u00b120% excess of 235U was measured at an elevation of 36 km. I don't know what happened since then. Fortunately Starlink will not contain nuclear reactors. Lifetime, often defined using the half-life or the time it takes for the concentration to halve, is crucial to determine impact. A piece of metal that falls down has no impact on the atmosphere, but exclusively anthropogenic CFCs lingering around for decades may, even in relatively"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a hole in the ion stream (created by the shape of the orbiter) to transmit data to the satellites. A TDRS satellite on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, USA. So we have our object coming back through the atmosphere and is heated on one side by the sudden and intense compression of the air, and heated on the other side by the extremely hot ball of plasma that wraps around it before being left behind in a trail. It is time to introduce the notion of the boundary layer, which is a zone where fluid \u201csticks\u201d to and object according to its physical profile and the viscosity of the fluid. During our atmospheric entry, this layer limit will serve as a real \u201cair cushion\u201d and will push the shockwave farther away from the surface of the object, and will also push away the heat! We will see later (in the \u201cHow to protect a capsule or shuttle\u201d section) how modifying the shape of the object allows to push away the shockwave. After having endured the extreme temperatures of compression and plasma, as well as the aerodynamic forces of reentry, our object slows down more and more due to the shockwaves and air friction. Its speed will end up below hypersonic and enter supersonic, where the majority of the heat comes only due to air friction. The vehicle will then have to land, and in its own way: parachutes (Soyuz, Apollo, Dragon), rocket engines (Perseverance on Mars), or like a glider (space shuttles,"}, {"title": "", "text": "great concern. Consider the breakup of Columbia in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before maximum heating and the spacecraft reoriented itself aerodynamically,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the"}, {"title": "", "text": "could, too. It's far more likely that one of those xenon ions would collide with a hydrogen atom in the upper atmosphere and randomly bounce it out, like a bowling ball hitting a billiard ball. Generally, electric propulsion is used for two purposes in Earth-orbiting spacecraft: for correcting the orbit (station-keeping) and for raising the orbit from an intermediate to the target one (in relatively recent all-electric GEO sats) Station-keeping requires relatively short burns (sub-hour to several hours) in all directions. When raising the orbit, the spacecraft usually keeps itself in fixed position relative to the Sun to maximize the solar panel output. The propulsion unit keeps working at all times, both in prograde and retrograde, because efficient Hall thrusters are tricky to work with in impulse mode, and are heavily optimized for continuous operation. So in most cases, xenon is ejected in arbitrary directions, retrograde being only one of them. Besides, some ion/plasma thrusters are so efficient that they eject the propellant at more than double escape velocity. I would guess most of the propellant actually leaves the gravity well; also, at higher altitudes where electric propulsion is mostly used there's no atmosphere to collide with. Wow, you're right, I vastly underestimated the exhaust velocity. You'd still have to account for its interaction with the atmosphere, but my point is moot. russdill on Mar 6, 2018 It's not Xenon you have to worry about, it's Helium. Once we run out we'll be too heavy and fall into the sun. It is not mentioned in detail"}, {"title": "", "text": "could, too. It's far more likely that one of those xenon ions would collide with a hydrogen atom in the upper atmosphere and randomly bounce it out, like a bowling ball hitting a billiard ball. Generally, electric propulsion is used for two purposes in Earth-orbiting spacecraft: for correcting the orbit (station-keeping) and for raising the orbit from an intermediate to the target one (in relatively recent all-electric GEO sats) Station-keeping requires relatively short burns (sub-hour to several hours) in all directions. When raising the orbit, the spacecraft usually keeps itself in fixed position relative to the Sun to maximize the solar panel output. The propulsion unit keeps working at all times, both in prograde and retrograde, because efficient Hall thrusters are tricky to work with in impulse mode, and are heavily optimized for continuous operation. So in most cases, xenon is ejected in arbitrary directions, retrograde being only one of them. Besides, some ion/plasma thrusters are so efficient that they eject the propellant at more than double escape velocity. I would guess most of the propellant actually leaves the gravity well; also, at higher altitudes where electric propulsion is mostly used there's no atmosphere to collide with. Wow, you're right, I vastly underestimated the exhaust velocity. You'd still have to account for its interaction with the atmosphere, but my point is moot. russdill on Mar 6, 2018 It's not Xenon you have to worry about, it's Helium. Once we run out we'll be too heavy and fall into the sun. It is not mentioned in detail"}, {"title": "", "text": "Columbia in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before maximum heating and the spacecraft reoriented itself aerodynamically, but these were very close calls"}, {"title": "", "text": "Columbia in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before maximum heating and the spacecraft reoriented itself aerodynamically, but these were very close calls"}, {"title": "", "text": "shock layer losing sufficient conductivity for MHD effects to dominate aerodynamic drag effects. The magnetic interaction parameter (Qmhd) introduced in my first post in this series can easily be in the 250-1000+ range at high altitudes compared to down in the 5-50 range you might see during atmospheric reentry. For example, the paper I cited in my first article (Otsu et al) showed that for a vehicle coming back from a GTO-like orbit, you could cut the return time by 70% with a 0.1T magnet, which is about 5x weaker than the magnet assumed for most of the reentry magnetic TPS studies. While magnetic effects may be helpful for reentry, they truly come into their own for aerobraking and aerocapture. For most previous Mars and Venus aerobraking missions, velocity changes in the 1-1.2km/s range have taken between 70-150 days, over several hundred passes. While this is fine for unmanned missions, it\u2019s harder to do for manned missions, where radiation concerns make you want to minimize your time spent in-transit. With an effective total drag 4x higher at a given altitude combined with being able to go to a lower periapsis, you get bare minimum a 8x reduction in total aerobraking time compared to the non-magnetic case. If you increased the magnetic field from 0.1 to 0.5T (similar to what was being suggested for the reentry studies done by Fujino et al and some of the others), you could maintain a Qmhd of 250 even if you increased the local density by a factor of 25. At"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Has NASA used a consistent definition of \"entry interface\"? The question \"Orion re-entry velocity: Why is it higher than Apollo?\" has an unstated but critical assumption: that re-entry is measured at the same point for both missions. The point selected to define \"re-entry\" is fairly arbitrary: for example, you can orbit with a periapsis below Karman line if your orbit is eccentric enough. I've been able to find that, for Apollo, \"entry interface\" was an altitude of 400,000 feet, but I haven't been able to find a definition for Orion (or any other NASA spacecraft). Has it been consistent over time? It\u2019s also 400K feet for Orion: EI is defined at a geodetic altitude of 400 kft Orion Exploration Mission Entry Interface Target Line (Rea, Jeremy R., February 2016) p. 1 ...as it was for shuttle: Entry interface, the point where the vehicle enters the atmosphere, is considered to occur at an altitude of 400,000 feet, approximately 4,200 nm from the landing site, and at a velocity of approximately 25,000 fps. The orbiter is maneuvered to 0\u00b0 roll and yaw (wings level) and a 40\u00b0 angle of attack for entry. The flight control system issues the commands to roll, pitch, and yaw RCS jets for rate damping. Shuttle Crew Operations Manual p. 1.1-3 \u2022 And also Apollo. That 400 kft definition of EI is a bit arbitrary, but is consistently so. Nov 29, 2022 at 4:23 \u2022 400 kft for Apollo is stated in the question, although unsourced. Nov 29, 2022 at 12:22"}, {"title": "", "text": "out. Your thinking is reasonable as far as it goes... But once you lose too much velocity and ... \u2022 147k Accepted ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? The heat of re-entry is highly dependent on speed. The second stage of the rocket is responsible for providing most of the speed needed for orbit, after the first stage lifts it out of dense ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is it harder to enter an atmosphere perpendicular or at an angle \u201cBouncing off the atmosphere\u201d is a misleading turn of phrase. When returning to the Earth from the Moon, a spacecraft is on an elliptical orbit with the high end somewhere around the moon\u2019s altitude ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Hobbes has already showed you a diagram of the Falcon 9 launch profile, so I won't repeat that. Note: This answer is not intended to be a complete, scientific treatment of the subject. I knowingly ... \u2022 7,252 Accepted ### What eliminates the velocity when occupants return from ISS to earth, and how much? Nearly all the velocity is cancelled by atmospheric deceleration of the descent module, before its parachutes are deployed. ISS orbital velocity is around 7700 m/s. An initial retro-burn of the ... \u2022 163k ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Trajectory of the Falcon 9 first stage: Graphic courtesy ZLSA Design (zlsa.github.io) As you can see,"}, {"title": "", "text": "will see how protections can be made later on. A quick historical note: on September 23, 1999; NASA lost its Mars Climate Orbiter probe when it did not come back from the Martian atmosphere after an attempted aerobraking. The reason for this loss? Instead of passing over Mars at 110 kilometers, the probe plunged to an altitude of 57 kilometers. At this altitude and at a speed of 6 kilometers per second, the probe lost all control and was eventually destroyed by the aerodynamic force and the extreme reentry heat. After the investigation, it was learned that the altitude error was caused by a calculation error from different units of value. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory used Newton-Seconds and Lockheed used Pound Force-Seconds. This lead to the probe igniting its engines to deliver 4.5 times more braking that intended for atmospheric entry. So now you know, the advantages of atmospheric reentry and the \u201cfree\u201d braking it offers, as well as the inconvenient risks and physical constraints. The Earth\u2019s atmosphere is so dense that it is sometimes compared to a wall. The average meteor can go from 5 km/s to 1 km/s in just 5 seconds! Description and analysis of the phenomenon of atmospheric entry : In this image we can see the trail of plasma created by the atmospheric reentry of the space shuttle Atlantis, following its last mission STS-135. Note the abrupt descent of its trajectory. Everyone has seen images of shooting stars or spacecraft transformed into fireballs when they approach a planet, but few people"}, {"title": "", "text": "attitude in the tenuous upper layers of the atmosphere. The speed of orbital decay will depend on a number of factors, not all of which can be known precisely such as the state of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that can only be estimated based on current solar weather using the 10.7cm radio flux, Kp-Index and space weather forecast models to feed decay simulations. Also, the spacecraft attitude plays a role in the level of drag experienced by the vehicle. Therefore, decay predictions are always associated with an error bar that corresponds to about 20% of the time from the prediction to the predicted decay time. Over its final hours in orbit, the craft will be tracked by ground-based radars to precisely determine its orbit. The United States operate a tracking system that provides data to the public to allow an independent calculation of the re-entry time. When re-entry comes, its position can be calculated from orbital data gathered in the last orbits ahead of the event, but the most precise data will be provided through space-based assets of the U.S. military that can track the signature of spacecraft re-entries and so pin-point their timing and location with high precision. As the spacecraft drops in altitude, it will approach the dense layers of the atmosphere for its steep plunge. The exact timing of orbital decay depends on the current state of the atmosphere which is known to expand and contract as a result of solar activity. Once hitting the dense atmosphere, Kanopus/Volga will start feeling the effects of re-entry."}, {"title": "", "text": "wishing to model spacecraft descent. As the Space Shuttle re-enters Earth's dense atmosphere, for example, it also bounces much like a stone."}, {"title": "", "text": "too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of Columbia in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before"}, {"title": "", "text": "Commercial Space Communications News Re-Entry Re-Entry Feature Re-Entry: Iridium 13 April 30, 2018 May 3, 2018 Patrick Blau 3361 Views Iridium Iridium 13 re-entered the atmosphere on April 29, 2018 after over 20 years in orbit as part of the original Iridium Communications Constellation Commercial Space Communications News Newsfeed Re-Entry Re-Entry Feature April 9, 2018 April 18, 2018 Patrick Blau 1959 Views Iridium Iridium 19 re-entered the atmosphere on April 7, 2018 after over 20 years in orbit as part of the original Iridium Communications Constellation, a low-orbiting satellite system for global communications including voice and point-to-point data services via 66 active satellites in six orbital planes. March 28, 2018 Patrick Blau 2422 Views Iridium Iridium 23 re-entered the atmosphere on March 28, 2018 after over 20 years in orbit as part of the original Iridium Communications Constellation, a low-orbiting satellite system for global communications including voice and point-to-point data services via 66 active satellites in six orbital planes. Communications News Newsfeed Re-Entry Re-Entry Feature Russia Re-Entry: Block-ML from 2001 Molniya Launch Re-Enters after Skipping March 18, 2018 March 22, 2018 Patrick Blau 2365 Views A Block-ML upper stage that had helped send a Molniya-3K dual-use communications satellite into orbit re-entered the atmosphere on March 17, 2018 after bouncing off the atmosphere in July 2016. Commercial Space Communications Long March Long March 3B News Re-Entry Re-Entry Feature Re-Entry: Long March 3B Upper Stage from AlcomSat-1 Launch A Long March 3B rocket stage re-entered the atmosphere on March 10, 2018 after exactly three months in orbit, decaying"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the Apollo designers who took the decision not to adopt the skip re-entry option. The reality is that after losing some energy during the initial breaking phase through the atmosphere a returning capsule wouldn't escape Earth\u2019s gravity, so it wouldn\u2019t fly far off into space; instead, it would continue travelling along the Earth surface. But the Russians didn't make this mistake, and perfected their skip re-entry capabilities with their successful unmanned craft in 1968. (See MB2) Chris Kraft, NASA Flight Director during the Apollo period, has made a number of totally fabricated claims about Apollo 'skip' re-entry since he published his book about Apollo in 2001. By 2009 Kraft\u2019s distorted narration about Apollo re-entry evolved into this bold statement: \"Because the velocity is so high, if you tried to come in directly, the heat shield requirements would be too great. So what we did was get them into the atmosphere, skip it out to kill off some of the velocity, and then bring it back in again. That made the total heat pulse on the heat shield of the spacecraft considerably lower.\" (Popular Mech., 2009 \u2013 see more in MB3) Obviously, over the years following Apollo he has realised the importance of skip re-entry, so he has introduced this statement into his narration, embellishing the incredible Apollo story which, at every turn, appears to be too good to be true. Now NASA has to adopt the skip re-entry concept, e.g. to realise the one proposed in the Architecture Study of 2005 (Fig.1a). In Fig.1b below,"}, {"title": "", "text": "shuttle, as most of us still fondly remember, was a somewhat controllable spacecraft but most other re-entry vehicles do not have a lot of control on their trajectory as they start their return journey to Earth. Crew Dragon is one of those spacecraft that simply fall down to the Earth on a pre-calculated trajectory. Once the spacecraft has been carefully navigated to fall through the re-entry corridor, the thermodynamics comes into play. The air, as we know, is composed of mainly two diatomic molecules: oxygen and nitrogen. Ordinarily, when air pressure is low, they remain in this diatomic state. However, under special circumstances like atmospheric re-entry, they behave differently. During re-entry, as the spacecraft falls under gravity and enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the increasing density of the atmosphere combined with the tremendous speed of the spacecraft (of the order of 7-8,000 metres per second) causes a shock wave leading to an enormous rise in the pressure in front of it. At approximately 70 to 80 km above Earth, this pressure becomes so large that it causes the diatomic oxygen and (after some time) nitrogen to split causing further reactions. These reactions are extremely exothermic \u2013 meaning they release a lot of heat. This heat is so significant that we need special arrangements to protect what\u2019s inside the spacecraft. During this crucial period of high energy thermodynamic reactions, the spacecraft continues to fall and slow down gradually. This mechanism of re-entry is indeed by design, as it allows the spacecraft to slow down enough to land safely while"}, {"title": "", "text": "shuttle, as most of us still fondly remember, was a somewhat controllable spacecraft but most other re-entry vehicles do not have a lot of control on their trajectory as they start their return journey to Earth. Crew Dragon is one of those spacecraft that simply fall down to the Earth on a pre-calculated trajectory. Once the spacecraft has been carefully navigated to fall through the re-entry corridor, the thermodynamics comes into play. The air, as we know, is composed of mainly two diatomic molecules: oxygen and nitrogen. Ordinarily, when air pressure is low, they remain in this diatomic state. However, under special circumstances like atmospheric re-entry, they behave differently. During re-entry, as the spacecraft falls under gravity and enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the increasing density of the atmosphere combined with the tremendous speed of the spacecraft (of the order of 7-8,000 metres per second) causes a shock wave leading to an enormous rise in the pressure in front of it. At approximately 70 to 80 km above Earth, this pressure becomes so large that it causes the diatomic oxygen and (after some time) nitrogen to split causing further reactions. These reactions are extremely exothermic \u2013 meaning they release a lot of heat. This heat is so significant that we need special arrangements to protect what\u2019s inside the spacecraft. During this crucial period of high energy thermodynamic reactions, the spacecraft continues to fall and slow down gradually. This mechanism of re-entry is indeed by design, as it allows the spacecraft to slow down enough to land safely while"}, {"title": "", "text": "at all (some people are far more sensitive to spins than others) or some issue comes up so you need to break off from this stage of the experiment, and proceed to the ISS as normal just boosting the Soyuz directly. He didn't see a problem. The main thing is that you lose targeted re-entry of the booster. But unless this happens really early on, it ends up with its perigee in the southern hemisphere with 1/8 of the world's population (and large areas of open sea in the Pacific). Bear in mind that the Soyuz as it is now doesn't have targeted re-entry of the final stage - it continues to orbit for a few days until you get re-entry at some reasonably random point in the northern hemisphere. In any case, the third stage re-entry doesn't seem to be a major issue. It's more like it's a nice bonus if you can do a targetted re-entry - as far as we know. Usually nothing survives to the ground, as far as we know. Occasionally spherical objects (less likely to burn up) can survive, as in a spherical fuel tank that survived all the way to the ground in Namibia. One of the few objects to survive re-entry. Spherical fuel tank from a Delta 2 rocket second stage, a similar spherical fuel tank was found in Namibia recently. For more on this, see, Soyuz 3rd stage reentry: answers to some frequently asked questions WHAT IF THE TETHER BREAKS This is something that can happen. Joe"}, {"title": "", "text": "Facts on Reentry into the Earth's Atmosphere \u2022\u2022\u2022 Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images Relationship Between Gravity & the Mass of the Planets or Stars By Chris Deziel One of the most difficult problems that spacecraft engineers have to solve is that of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike most space debris, which burns up as it encounters the interface between the atmosphere and space, a spacecraft must remain intact and cool during this encounter so that it can return to the ground in one piece. Engineers must balance powerful forces in their considerations in order to achieve this objective and avert disaster. The Dynamics of Deceleration In order to be in orbit in the first place, a spacecraft or satellite must have achieved escape velocity. This velocity, dependent on the Earth's mass and radius, is on the order of 40,000 kilometers per hour (25,000 miles per hour). When the object enters the upper extremities of the atmosphere, the frictional interaction with air molecules begins to slow it down, and the lost momentum gets converted into heat. Temperatures can reach 1,650 degrees Celsius (3,000 degrees Fahrenheit), and the force of deceleration can be seven or more times greater than the force of gravity. Re-entry Corridor The force of deceleration and the heat generated during re-entry increase with the steepness of the angle relative to the atmosphere. If the angle is too steep, the spacecraft burns up, and anyone unlucky enough to be inside is crushed. If the angle is too shallow, on the other hand, the spacecraft skims off"}, {"title": "", "text": "all the spacefaring nations to put aside their differences \u2013 and probably a lot of their military secrets \u2013 and cooperate fully, in order to achieve a rapid amelioration of the situation. With such cooperation \u2013 a necessary prelude, I believe, to the economical exploration and utilization of space \u2013 it would surely then be possible to limit the on-orbit and re-entry debris problem at source by having only one common network of satellites for each specific global purpose: location, internet access, land, ocean and weather monitoring, et Will it happen? I\u2019m not holding my breath. Inside Spacecraft Atmospheric Reentry When Will Tiangong-1 Re-enter? Atlas V Centaur Hydrazine Tank Found In Spain Spectacular Re-Entry Over Hawai Mystery of Rocket Re-entry Over Spain Solved Japanese Cargo Vehicle HTV-5 Safely De-orbited A Fiery End for Kosmos 1315 Over Hawaii Long March 4C Rocket Debris Hit House TRMM Spacecraft Debris to Re-enter Over Tropics Russian Roulette - Space Debris Decoding the Mystery of Destructive Reentry Russian Roulette in Space: The Temporary Demise Of Foton M4 Cosmos 1220 Took the Plunge, But What\u2019s Left? Calling Debris on the Carpet Retrieving Space Debris Around the World: Interview with Dan Reichel Getting to the Root of Debris Predictions with Terminal Velocity Aerospace That Time a Space Station Became Part of the Miss Universe Pageant Chinese Aircraft Hit by Unknown Object at High Altitude Identifying Space Debris: Further Adventures in East Texas Is It Space Junk? Texan Electrician Finds Mysterious Sphere in his Backyard Orbcomm Satellite Stranded by Falcon 9 Falls Out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "(8,400 miles) in the position of the object when it reenters! This is why it is impossible to pinpoint the expected point of re-entry beforehand, when it is not a \"controlled\" re-entry. (in a \"controlled\" re-entry, the satellite operators send a command to the satellite to make a rocket burn at a precise time, kicking it down over a designated spot, usually the Pacific ocean. This Soyuz reentry was however not such a \"controlled\" reentry). Many people mistakenly think that in this day and age of supercomputers, scientists (or the military) can predict everything. In reality, satellite/rocket reentries like this are so complex that even the best computer models can only give rough indications untill just minutes before the actual re-entry. (A) Yes, it does. That last rocket stage is jettisoned that high above earth surface, that it does not just rapidly fall back on a ballistic trajectory (such as the 1st and 2nd stages do) but actually reaches Low Earth Orbit, and stays in orbit around the earth for several days. In effect, it becomes a satellite for a while in a very low orbit around Earth. Under influence of gravity and drag from the outer atmosphere, the orbit slowly evolves and becomes smaller and smaller. On the first day only gradually, but as it slowly comes down, this gradually goes faster and faster. The influence of our atmosphere reaches several hundreds of kilometers up: even the International Space Station experiences some atmospheric drag, and would fall down within a year if its orbit was"}, {"title": "", "text": "in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before maximum heating and the spacecraft reoriented itself aerodynamically, but these were very close calls that"}, {"title": "", "text": "an important point to note in this case and its implication should not be ignored. The special aerodynamic design of GOCE means that (much more so than for other satellites) there is a large difference in the amount of drag it is experiencing in drag-reducing attitude compared to what it will experience when that attitude is lost. If the attitude control mechanism (magnetic torques) fails somewhere during the coming days and the drag reducing attitude is lost as a result, GOCE will come down much earlier than the current forecast suggests. That is one reason to be very cautious with GOCE re-entry predictions, certainly at this point in time. It is currently impossible to say if, and if so when, such a loss of attitude will happen. But if it does, the current re-entry forecast will be turned completely obsolete. Meanwhile, let us not forget that GOCE is still functioning! As it spirals down to its doom faster and faster, it continues to gather valuable data on the Earth's gravitational field. GOCE below 200 km - now one week or less from reentry Over the past 12 days I have been covering the demise of GOCE, ESA's Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer. Following the cut-off of its ion engine on October 21st, it is coming down, at an increasing speed. It is heading towards an uncontrolled re-entry later this month, perhaps even within a week from now. The diagram above shows the increasing rate at which the orbital altitude is dropping since October 21st."}, {"title": "", "text": "common. Also, balloons are not capable of reaching space by simple definition of how they work (they need to displace atmosphere and thus cannot ever reach the \u2018top\u2019). Earths atmosphere extends all the way out to 600 kM which is well beyond the orbit of the ISS. This is done to intentionally avoid the infamous \u2018Kessler Syndrome\u2019. \u2018Orbital drag\u2019 is the reason why satellites eventually fall out of orbit and \u2018reenter\u2019 the atmosphere (can\u2019t re-enter if they never left now can they). {side note: Orbital drag is different from gravitational drag which also exists and can deorbit things\u2026 eventually} c x says: October 19th, 2014 at 9:15 pm Yelp?"}, {"title": "", "text": "common. Also, balloons are not capable of reaching space by simple definition of how they work (they need to displace atmosphere and thus cannot ever reach the \u2018top\u2019). Earths atmosphere extends all the way out to 600 kM which is well beyond the orbit of the ISS. This is done to intentionally avoid the infamous \u2018Kessler Syndrome\u2019. \u2018Orbital drag\u2019 is the reason why satellites eventually fall out of orbit and \u2018reenter\u2019 the atmosphere (can\u2019t re-enter if they never left now can they). {side note: Orbital drag is different from gravitational drag which also exists and can deorbit things\u2026 eventually} c x says: October 19th, 2014 at 9:15 pm Yelp?"}, {"title": "", "text": "Interface (EI) and usually occurs 30 minutes before touchdown at about 400,000 ft. At this time, a communications blackout occurs as the orbiter is enveloped in a sheath of plasma caused by electromagnetic forces generated from the high heat experienced during entry into the atmosphere. As the orbiter glides toward a landing, initially at a velocity of 25,000 feet per second at the EI point, its velocity is gradually slowed by a series of banks and roll reversals. As the atmospheric density increases, the forward RCS thrusters are turned off, while the aft RCS jets continue to maneuver the orbiter until a dynamic pressure of 10 lb. per square foot is sensed by instruments on board. At this point, the ailerons on orbiter's delta-shaped wings begin to operate and the aft RCS roll thrusters are stopped. When the dynamic pressure reaches 20 lb. per square foot, the orbiter's wing elevators become operational and the RCS pitch thrusters are stopped. A speed brake on the vertical tail opens when the orbiter's velocity falls below Mach 10. Then, at Mach 3.5, the rudder is activated and the final RCS burns -- the yaw jets -- are stopped. The orbiter is now at an altitude of 45,000 ft., and is beginning what are called \"area energy management maneuvers\" which enable it to intercept the landing approach corridor at the desired altitude and velocity. As it nears the landing site, the orbiter is steered into the nearest of two heading alignment circles called HACs. Each has a radius of 18,000"}, {"title": "", "text": "component parts taken to orbit on separate launches. Furthermore, rotation of space crews and emergency rescue missions require rendezvous and docking capability. Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative materials that carried away the heat of reentry as they were shed, but the space shuttle introduced refractory materials\u2014silica tiles and a reinforced carbon-carbon material\u2014that withstood the heat directly. Newer vehicle designs use active cooling and refractory metallic alloys. Inherent in the safe reentry of a spacecraft is precise control of the angle of reentry. For Apollo, this angle with respect to Earth\u2019s horizon was \u22126.2\u00b0. If the reentry angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will skip or bounce off the atmosphere and back into space. If the angle is too great, the heat shield will not survive the extreme heating rates nor the spacecraft the high forces of deceleration. Returning Apollo Command Modules approached Earth at nearly 40,000 km (25,000 miles) per hour. Even with a satisfactory reentry angle, the capsules\u2019 heat shields were subjected to temperatures approaching 3,000 \u00b0C (5,400 \u00b0F). During the final phases of descent, some spacecraft\u2014especially capsule-type manned craft\u2014deploy parachutes, which lower the vehicle to a soft landing. The Apollo Command Modules employed this technique to make ocean splashdowns."}, {"title": "", "text": "mass ratio, are shielded by other satellite parts or are released late in the entry process. Titanium or stainless steel spheres (tanks) or solid rocket motor casings have a good probability of surviving and hitting the Earth\u2019s surface. For the Kanopus ST satellite and Volga Upper Stage, with a combined mass in excess of one metric ton, a number of components are likely to survive re-entry \u2013 in particular small spherical pressurant and propellant tanks of the upper stage as well as components of the main engine. Also likely to survive are the three reaction wheels of the spacecraft which represent dense metal disks that can easily withstand the re-entry environment. Some bus structure components may also survive. Observing Re-Entry Photo: John Arnold / Spaceweathergallery.com As described above, predicting the exact timing of re-entry is nearly impossible, but the re-entry window that is issued based on orbital tracking can help when trying to watch the event. The exact location of re-entry can not be predicted, however a few hours before the event, zones will be excluded. Should you have Kanopus/Volga passes around the time of final entry predictions that are made on the day of the estimated Re-Entry, you should certainly step outside and look for the spacecraft. Websites like Heavens-Above.com provide a list of passes for any given location on Earth. (Pass Predictions of these websites are based on orbital information that is updated several times per day. On Re-Entry day, the spacecraft\u2019s orbit decays rapidly so that these predictions become inaccurate very fast and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why does reentry from space tend to result in such great heat? Let's pretend for a moment that the atmosphere had sea-level density, pressure, and temperature all the way up to, say 500km high, and then would abruptly end in a complete vaccum. In such a situation you could have a glider orbiting at 501km high which could do a very graceful, low temperature reentry by simply slowing down the angular velocity and then using aerodynamic lift at, say, a 1:30 gliding ratio to drastically reduce the rate in which potential energy gets released. Or even have a completely vertical entry using a simple parachute.. With our real atmosphere though it seems that all reentries are at very steep angles and at very high radial velocities. Why? Is this a direct consequence of the low density at high altitudes, which necessitates a far higher velocity to reach the same lift/drag, and that high velocity contributes to increasing the temperature far more than the low density contributes to decreasing the temperature? A: by simply slowing down the angular velocity As simple as this sounds, it is a huge problem in practice. The orbital speed is roughly 17,000 mph. To reduce this to subsonic speed all the while maintaining altitude would require a rather large reentry \"stage\" similar in capability, I would imagine, to the third stage of the Saturn V. Keep in mind that the space shuttle reentry engine burn lasted roughly 3 minutes and reduced the orbital speed by less than 200 mph. We want"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch are basically the opposite of the requirements for re-entry. During the launch, we want to reduce drag as much as possible to increase thrust and lift, often resulting in the typical rocket shape. However, during re-entry, we need to increase drag to reduce our speed, utilizing a preferably broad, blunt design. Let\u2019s go over how different spacecraft handle re-entry: The Space Shuttles On the space shuttle, special silicone tiles on the aluminum skin helped provide insulation, but on the nose and edges of the wing where it would get hottest was a reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) composite. (Columbia\u2019s RCC was damaged during liftoff which caused it to burn up during reentry and was the reason for the Columbia disaster.) The shuttles were gliders, meaning they were able to adjust their flight pattern to help reduce the amount of heat building up including S turns, making re-entry not too dissimilar from landing in an airplane. First, the shuttle flew backward to slow down from orbit speed, and then the orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) would thrust it out of orbit and toward Earth. Next, the shuttle turned nose-first once out of orbit and entered the atmosphere with its belly down toward the atmosphere to use drag along its blunt bottom to help slow it down and then pull the nose up to about 40 degrees. It utilized S turns and other flight patterns to increase drag, reduce speed, and reduce the heat that built up from the re-entry into the atmosphere. The shuttle would then land similar to"}, {"title": "", "text": "initiated an experiment to analyze what happens to a spacecraft during reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere\u2014The final experiment utilized three Reentry Data Collection Flight Recorders to obtain data showcasing the extreme conditions a spacecraft encounters when reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. It also tested the performance of different heat shield materials that may be used on future US space missions. Pending NASA\u2019s specific cargo needs, Orbital ATK is prepared to launch two additional CRS missions this year aboard the company\u2019s Antares rockets from NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia."}, {"title": "", "text": "the plasma environment in space resulting in a current that can be measured for analysis of the environment and the dynamics of the two tethered spacecraft subjected to the space environment. Japan News Newsfeed Re-Entry Re-Entry Feature \u2190 Re-Entry: GSLV Mk. II Rocket Stage Re-Entry: Flock 2E-12 \u2192"}, {"title": "", "text": "There are some important challenges to precision landing on a planet. A vehicle entering an atmosphere from space goes through extreme conditions. The majority of the entry energy is dissipated through friction with the atmosphere, resulting in extreme heating that must be dissipated; for example, the leading edge of the Apollo heatshield reached over 2500 degrees Celsius (Launius and Jenkins 2012). Drag causes enormous forces on the reentry vehicle; for example, SpaceX\u2019s Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) weighs about 35 metric tons and has a peak deceleration of six times Earth gravity on reentry. Winds push around the reentry vehicle, with high-altitude winds at Earth regularly exceeding 100 miles per hour. Communication may be denied for all or part of reentry as ionized air around the spacecraft interferes with radio communications; for example, the Apollo 13 return capsule endured a 6-minute blackout. And finally, a spacecraft operating outside of Earth orbit is subject to high radiation, which can be fatal for electronics. This is especially true of missions operating near Jupiter, where the radiation environment is particularly intense. Small Margin for Error With most landings, the first attempt must be a success or the vehicle will be destroyed on impact. Moreover, additional propellant is rarely available for a second landing attempt. For large rocket engines, throttling down to a hover is technically challenging and inefficient\u2014every second spent hovering is wasted propellant. For F9R, the rocket has to hit zero velocity at exactly zero altitude. If it reaches zero velocity too low, it will crash; if it reaches"}, {"title": "", "text": "There are some important challenges to precision landing on a planet. A vehicle entering an atmosphere from space goes through extreme conditions. The majority of the entry energy is dissipated through friction with the atmosphere, resulting in extreme heating that must be dissipated; for example, the leading edge of the Apollo heatshield reached over 2500 degrees Celsius (Launius and Jenkins 2012). Drag causes enormous forces on the reentry vehicle; for example, SpaceX\u2019s Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) weighs about 35 metric tons and has a peak deceleration of six times Earth gravity on reentry. Winds push around the reentry vehicle, with high-altitude winds at Earth regularly exceeding 100 miles per hour. Communication may be denied for all or part of reentry as ionized air around the spacecraft interferes with radio communications; for example, the Apollo 13 return capsule endured a 6-minute blackout. And finally, a spacecraft operating outside of Earth orbit is subject to high radiation, which can be fatal for electronics. This is especially true of missions operating near Jupiter, where the radiation environment is particularly intense. Small Margin for Error With most landings, the first attempt must be a success or the vehicle will be destroyed on impact. Moreover, additional propellant is rarely available for a second landing attempt. For large rocket engines, throttling down to a hover is technically challenging and inefficient\u2014every second spent hovering is wasted propellant. For F9R, the rocket has to hit zero velocity at exactly zero altitude. If it reaches zero velocity too low, it will crash; if it reaches"}, {"title": "", "text": "will encounter the higher density atmosphere closer to the Earth\u2019s surface while it retains too much of its velocity. Higher density air provides more drag, which therefore decelerates the vehicle faster and leads to higher temperatures. This will result in at the very minimum excess g-forces for the crew, and at worst, the extra heating could destroy the entire vehicle. On the other hand, if the angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will retain too much of its velocity and exit the atmosphere by effectively skimming it, returning to space. The vehicle must have an angle between 5.2 and 7.2 degrees to make a safe re-entry. During re-entry, the high temperature of the spacecraft results in the air around it becoming ionised. This results in an ionisation blackout, with the ionised air blocking radio communication with the ground during re-entry. Although not a direct hazard, it can cause complications in the event of a safety issue arising during re-entry which could endanger the spacecraft. Finally, in order to land, the descent rate must be slowed dramatically. In the Apollo missions and with non-reusable space probes, parachutes are used to slow the descent to make a gentle landing. The space shuttle uses wings to generate lift, enabling it to glide to a gentle landing. Remember- To re-enter, you need strong heat shielding and an approach with a specific angle of descent. Gravity and Gravitational Fields Define weight as the force on an object due to a gravitational field Weight is the force experienced by an object due"}, {"title": "", "text": "the vehicle faster and leads to higher temperatures. This will result in at the very minimum excess g-forces for the crew, and at worst, the extra heating could destroy the entire vehicle. On the other hand, if the angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will retain too much of its velocity and exit the atmosphere by effectively skimming it, returning to space. The vehicle must have an angle between 5.2 and 7.2 degrees to make a safe re-entry. During re-entry, the high temperature of the spacecraft results in the air around it becoming ionised. This results in an ionisation blackout, with the ionised air blocking radio communication with the ground during re-entry. Although not a direct hazard, it can cause complications in the event of a safety issue arising during re-entry which could endanger the spacecraft. Finally, in order to land, the descent rate must be slowed dramatically. In the Apollo missions and with non-reusable space probes, parachutes are used to slow the descent to make a gentle landing. The space shuttle uses wings to generate lift, enabling it to glide to a gentle landing. Remember- To re-enter, you need strong heat shielding and an approach with a specific angle of descent. Gravity and Gravitational Fields Define weight as the force on an object due to a gravitational field Weight is the force experienced by an object due to a gravitational field. It is directly related to the strength of the gravitational field at the point where the object is located, and is equal to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "standard procedure to ensure evidence is preserved for the investigation. It's to prevent people entering as well as leaving. pericynthion Has any spacecraft had a way for the crew to escape during reentry? The Space Shuttle Orbiter had a flight mode whereby, at or below ~50,000 feet of altitude during the reentry (or, in the event of an ascent abort, the gliding, unpowered phase of flight), the commander could command an autopiloted, wings level glide at about 190 knots equivalent airspeed (KEAS). The plan was then, while the Orbiter was gliding, that the ... crewed-spaceflight reentry safety failure procedure What causes a rocket to be destroyed during launch other than leaking fuel? I want to focus on aerodynamic stress however, like when a rocket deviates from its path or has a wrong angle of attack, what causes it to be destroyed? In many cases, it's not aerodynamic stress. Many launch vehicle explosions result because they are commanded to do so. Every launch vehicle launched from the U.S., including the solid rocket boosters on ... physics aerodynamics failure David Hammen In some Mercury flights, the astronaut had a personal parachute with them. The Gemini program used ejection seats, which could be used during launch and reentry. Later on, they realized that igniting a rocket-propelled ejection seat wasn't a good idea in a pure-oxygen atmosphere. The Vostok capsule also had an ejection seat, but not as a backup: the ... Why did a flight controller say \u201cAvionics power nominal\u201d as Antares exploded? It's eight or ten seconds from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Yogi November 18, 2012 at 7:35 PM I totally forgot about Starcom! You mention space elevators- have you ever read Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars? It only has a bit of military sci-fi in it, and hardly to the level of detail that you usually would read, but you'd love the description of what happens when a space elevator collapses. Come to think of it, the planetary scale mayhem that makes up the last quarter of the book may be right up your alley. I always figured the things fired by the Starship Troopers dropship were just flares. William January 23, 2013 at 8:45 AM The sad thing is I think that really were flares dressed up to appear has outgoing fire support. Love the post. I addresses several issues in near present scifi. Although several concepts are too near present. The \"ionization blackout\" you mentioned about atmosphere reentry would is an issue with \"dead drop\" reentry. That is unpowered reentry in a capsule or glide recovery vehicle (such as the space shuttle). These vehicles reenter unpowered and basically use the air as a speed brake. The vehicle's velocity is reduced due to friction against the air. This causes the heat build-up and the ionization. A vessel using powered reentry could kill its own velocity and nose in to fly to its target with minimal heat build-up. Therefore, no ionization black out. As for the VTOL fuel issues, yes today the power for fuel exchange rate sucks big time. Probably in 100-200 years not so much."}, {"title": "", "text": "(24 kph). Thunderbolts, such as the one that destroyed a U.S. Atlas-Centaur rocket laden with a multimillion dollar communications satellite in March 1987, pose similar hazards. **Figure 22. _Aerospace Interfaces_** Spacecraft must overcome strong aerodynamic drag immediately after launch, but resistance becomes progressively weaker as they rise through the troposphere, because thinner air bears down with less pressure and the amount of fuel expended lightens the load they must lift. They break free for practical purposes where the mesosphere and thermosphere merge at an altitude that averages about 60 miles (95 kilometers). Frictional heat consumes space vehicles of all kinds when they reenter Earth's atmosphere at high velocities unless a shield protects exteriors and insulation keeps crews (if any) and other contents acceptably cool. Apollo command modules returning from the Moon, for example, had to offset 5,000 \u00b0F (1,900 \u00b0C), four times that of blast furnaces. Friction nevertheless exerts some positive effects. Aerodynamic drag at the interface where atmosphere and space imperceptibly merge can act as a brake or alter orbit configurations without burning fuel, provided computers calculate reentry angles correctly. Spacecraft skip or bounce back erratically when trajectories are too shallow and incineration results when they are too steep, but reentry windows as a rule open wider for powered vehicles than for those that glide. #### **GRAVITY** Propulsion systems must be powerful enough to boost military spacecraft into orbit, despite atmospheric drag and gravity (g), which keeps objects on Earth without an anchor and pulls unsupported bodies from atmosphere or space toward the surface. Astronauts"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Why does reentry from space tend to result in such great heat? Let's pretend for a moment that the atmosphere had sea-level density, pressure, and temperature all the way up to, say 500km high, and then would abruptly end in a complete vaccum. In such a situation you could have a glider orbiting at 501km high which could do a very graceful, low temperature reentry by simply slowing down the angular velocity and then using aerodynamic lift at, say, a 1:30 gliding ratio to drastically reduce the rate in which potential energy gets released. Or even have a completely vertical entry using a simple parachute.. With our real atmosphere though it seems that all reentries are at very steep angles and at very high radial velocities. Why? Is this a direct consequence of the low density at high altitudes, which necessitates a far higher velocity to reach the same lift/drag, and that high velocity contributes to increasing the temperature far more than the low density contributes to decreasing the temperature? A: by simply slowing down the angular velocity As simple as this sounds, it is a huge problem in practice. The orbital speed is roughly 17,000 mph. To reduce this to subsonic speed all the while maintaining altitude would require a rather large reentry \"stage\" similar in capability, I would imagine, to the third stage of the Saturn V. Keep in mind that the space shuttle reentry engine burn lasted roughly 3 minutes and reduced the orbital speed by less than 200 mph. We want"}, {"title": "", "text": "RoePhilip Roe The spacecraft taking off is already outside the stratosphere when it has the speed that re-entry spacecraft posses when they enter the stratosphere. The stratosphere only extends for about 100 miles above sea level. Since a rocket takes off vertically it will clear the stratosphere in less than 8 minutes and way before it has the speed to cause any appreciable friction in said part of atmosphere. The re-entry spacecraft, on the other hand, is using the atmosphere to slow down from orbital velocity. It needs to slow from 8 to 10 km/sec to a much slower speed in which to either deploy parachute or land on an extended runway. This is a very significant reduction in speed and the friction in the atmosphere is what accomplishes this reduction. Since friction causes heat and it will have to spend considerable time in atmosphere to work off the speed, an evaporative tile heat shield is necessary. 0tyranny 0poverty0tyranny 0poverty Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged temperature acceleration drag rocket-science space-mission or ask your own question. Temperature of a black-body in LEO on the dark side of the Earth Does the metal foam \u201cwhiffleball\u201d orbital reentry idea make any sense? Orbital mechanics and rocketry: Is it ever a good idea to intentionally lower periapsis? What exactly is \u201cpressure\u201d, and what's its relation to force? Non-Constant Acceleration due to Gravity Why is specific impulse measured in seconds? What's the difference between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration? Projectile Path Farther Away From Earth How"}, {"title": "", "text": "Looking out into space you do not see the blue sky we see from here on Earth (which is caused by refraction of light as it filters through the Earth's atmosphere). Space from above the atmosphere appears completely black, even when the sun is shining, so long as you do not look directly at the sun. The sunlight coming through the spacecraft window is a brilliant white, very much like the light you may have seen produced by a welder's arc or a search light at a shopping center or movie opening. What were some of the problems you encountered, and how did you fix them? I did have some problems on the flight. Near the end of the first orbit the automatic control system wasn't functioning properly. I went to manual control and continued in that mode during the second and third orbits, and during re-entry. To \"go manual\" so abruptly was not the way the flight was planned. Another problem involved a signal sent to the ground via telemetry indicating the heat shield was loose. To make sure it was secured in place during re-entry I kept the retrorocket pack in place to steady the shield. I thought the retropack would burn off during re-entry, but at that point there would be sufficient aerodynamic force on the shield to keep it in place. And that's the way it worked. It made for a very spectacular re-entry from where I was sitting. During re-entry, large portions of burning retrorocket pack came flying by the window."}, {"title": "", "text": "component parts taken to orbit on separate launches. Furthermore, rotation of space crews and emergency rescue missions require rendezvous and docking capability. Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative materials that carried away the heat of reentry as they were shed, but the space shuttle introduced refractory materials\u2014silica tiles and a reinforced carbon-carbon material\u2014that withstood the heat directly. Newer vehicle designs use active cooling and refractory metallic alloys. Inherent in the safe reentry of a spacecraft is precise control of the angle of reentry. For Apollo, this angle with respect to Earth\u2019s horizon was \u22126.2\u00b0. If the reentry angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will skip or bounce off the atmosphere and back into space. If the angle is too great, the heat shield will not survive the extreme heating rates nor the spacecraft the high forces of deceleration. Returning Apollo Command Modules approached Earth at nearly 40,000 km (25,000 miles) per hour. Even with a satisfactory reentry angle, the capsules\u2019 heat shields were subjected to temperatures approaching 3,000 \u00b0C (5,400 \u00b0F). During the final phases of descent, some spacecraft\u2014especially capsule-type manned craft\u2014deploy parachutes, which lower the vehicle to a soft landing. The Apollo Command Modules employed this technique to make ocean splashdowns."}, {"title": "", "text": "out. Your thinking is reasonable as far as it goes... But once you lose too much velocity and ... \u2022 147k Accepted ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? The heat of re-entry is highly dependent on speed. The second stage of the rocket is responsible for providing most of the speed needed for orbit, after the first stage lifts it out of dense ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is it harder to enter an atmosphere perpendicular or at an angle \u201cBouncing off the atmosphere\u201d is a misleading turn of phrase. When returning to the Earth from the Moon, a spacecraft is on an elliptical orbit with the high end somewhere around the moon\u2019s altitude ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Hobbes has already showed you a diagram of the Falcon 9 launch profile, so I won't repeat that. Note: This answer is not intended to be a complete, scientific treatment of the subject. I knowingly ... \u2022 7,252 Accepted ### What eliminates the velocity when occupants return from ISS to earth, and how much? Nearly all the velocity is cancelled by atmospheric deceleration of the descent module, before its parachutes are deployed. ISS orbital velocity is around 7700 m/s. An initial retro-burn of the ... \u2022 163k ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Trajectory of the Falcon 9 first stage: Graphic courtesy ZLSA Design (zlsa.github.io) As you can see,"}, {"title": "", "text": "converting its kinetic energy to thermal energy. This is the reason engineers pay special attention to deal with this heat and design a \u201cthermal protection system\u201d. There have been accidents in the past which have caused tremendous damage and loss of human life2. Artist\u2019s concept depicting the Apollo Command Module (CM) re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere after returning from a lunar landing mission (1968). Image was created by North American Rockwell for NASA. Another interesting effect of these physical phenomena is that because of the ionised state of air around the spacecraft during re-entry, the communication with the spacecraft does not work for these few minutes. This is termed as the \u201cre-entry blackout\u201d. It happens because the ionised air molecules interfere with the radio waves which we use to communicate with spacecraft. These moments of complete radio silence are therefore spent worrying and hoping that everything goes according to plan. Brief history of re-entry thermal protection The earliest techniques for re-entry, used during the Apollo era, were more rudimentary. The idea of adding more material to absorb the heat generated was one such example. This meant more weight had to be carried to space and it certainly was one of the expensive implementations. The Apollo heat shield was the beginning of a long race for a safer, cheaper, and more convenient thermal protection system. One of the next big programs by NASA, the space shuttle was a brilliant spacecraft primarily because it was reusable. For thermal protection, different types of special insulation tiles were used. These could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "converting its kinetic energy to thermal energy. This is the reason engineers pay special attention to deal with this heat and design a \u201cthermal protection system\u201d. There have been accidents in the past which have caused tremendous damage and loss of human life2. Artist\u2019s concept depicting the Apollo Command Module (CM) re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere after returning from a lunar landing mission (1968). Image was created by North American Rockwell for NASA. Another interesting effect of these physical phenomena is that because of the ionised state of air around the spacecraft during re-entry, the communication with the spacecraft does not work for these few minutes. This is termed as the \u201cre-entry blackout\u201d. It happens because the ionised air molecules interfere with the radio waves which we use to communicate with spacecraft. These moments of complete radio silence are therefore spent worrying and hoping that everything goes according to plan. Brief history of re-entry thermal protection The earliest techniques for re-entry, used during the Apollo era, were more rudimentary. The idea of adding more material to absorb the heat generated was one such example. This meant more weight had to be carried to space and it certainly was one of the expensive implementations. The Apollo heat shield was the beginning of a long race for a safer, cheaper, and more convenient thermal protection system. One of the next big programs by NASA, the space shuttle was a brilliant spacecraft primarily because it was reusable. For thermal protection, different types of special insulation tiles were used. These could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "ship in 2012. For ESA, this is something new, however. The challenge has been to design a capsule to survive the 1500\u00baC reentry and transmit useful data to the ground no matter its altitude or orientation. BUC Infrared Camera and SatCom It also needs to overcome the blackout effect of the blowtorch-like \u2018plasma\u2019 of electrically charged gases enveloping reentering objects. The infrared camera, bolted to an ATV rack, will burn up with the rest of the spacecraft, but imagery of the final 20 seconds will be passed to the Reentry SatCom, a spherical capsule protected by a ceramic heatshield. \u201cThe Reentry SatCom has an antenna, so that once ATV breaks up it begins transmitting the data to any Iridium communication satellites in line of sight,\u201d adds Neil. ATV cutaway \u201cThe break-up will occur at about 80\u201370 km altitude, leaving the SatCom falling at 6\u20137 km/s. The fall will generate high-temperature plasma around it, but signals from its omnidirectional antenna should be able to make it through any gap in the plasma to the rear. \u201cAdditionally, signalling will continue after the atmospheric drag has decelerated the SatCom to levels where a plasma is no longer formed \u2013 somewhere below 40 km \u2013 at a point where Iridium satellites should become visible to it regardless.\u201d HTV break-up The latest and last of ESA\u2019s five automated space freighters, Georges Lema\u00eetre is being prepared for launch by Ariane 5 from Europe\u2019s Spaceport in French Guiana. Once in orbit, the ferry will dock to the Station to deliver more than six"}, {"title": "", "text": "ship in 2012. For ESA, this is something new, however. The challenge has been to design a capsule to survive the 1500\u00baC reentry and transmit useful data to the ground no matter its altitude or orientation. BUC Infrared Camera and SatCom It also needs to overcome the blackout effect of the blowtorch-like \u2018plasma\u2019 of electrically charged gases enveloping reentering objects. The infrared camera, bolted to an ATV rack, will burn up with the rest of the spacecraft, but imagery of the final 20 seconds will be passed to the Reentry SatCom, a spherical capsule protected by a ceramic heatshield. \u201cThe Reentry SatCom has an antenna, so that once ATV breaks up it begins transmitting the data to any Iridium communication satellites in line of sight,\u201d adds Neil. ATV cutaway \u201cThe break-up will occur at about 80\u201370 km altitude, leaving the SatCom falling at 6\u20137 km/s. The fall will generate high-temperature plasma around it, but signals from its omnidirectional antenna should be able to make it through any gap in the plasma to the rear. \u201cAdditionally, signalling will continue after the atmospheric drag has decelerated the SatCom to levels where a plasma is no longer formed \u2013 somewhere below 40 km \u2013 at a point where Iridium satellites should become visible to it regardless.\u201d HTV break-up The latest and last of ESA\u2019s five automated space freighters, Georges Lema\u00eetre is being prepared for launch by Ariane 5 from Europe\u2019s Spaceport in French Guiana. Once in orbit, the ferry will dock to the Station to deliver more than six"}, {"title": "", "text": "ship in 2012. For ESA, this is something new, however. The challenge has been to design a capsule to survive the 1500\u00baC reentry and transmit useful data to the ground no matter its altitude or orientation. BUC Infrared Camera and SatCom It also needs to overcome the blackout effect of the blowtorch-like \u2018plasma\u2019 of electrically charged gases enveloping reentering objects. The infrared camera, bolted to an ATV rack, will burn up with the rest of the spacecraft, but imagery of the final 20 seconds will be passed to the Reentry SatCom, a spherical capsule protected by a ceramic heatshield. \u201cThe Reentry SatCom has an antenna, so that once ATV breaks up it begins transmitting the data to any Iridium communication satellites in line of sight,\u201d adds Neil. ATV cutaway \u201cThe break-up will occur at about 80\u201370 km altitude, leaving the SatCom falling at 6\u20137 km/s. The fall will generate high-temperature plasma around it, but signals from its omnidirectional antenna should be able to make it through any gap in the plasma to the rear. \u201cAdditionally, signalling will continue after the atmospheric drag has decelerated the SatCom to levels where a plasma is no longer formed \u2013 somewhere below 40 km \u2013 at a point where Iridium satellites should become visible to it regardless.\u201d HTV break-up The latest and last of ESA\u2019s five automated space freighters, Georges Lema\u00eetre is being prepared for launch by Ariane 5 from Europe\u2019s Spaceport in French Guiana. Once in orbit, the ferry will dock to the Station to deliver more than six"}, {"title": "", "text": "orbital velocity and therefore moves into a lower orbit closer to the Earth\u2019s surface. If orbital decay continues, the satellite will eventually crash. Remember- LEOs crash because they collide with air particles. Discuss issues associated with safe re-entry into the Earth\u2019s atmo- sphere and landing on the Earth\u2019s surface (including \u201cIdentify that there is an op- timum angle for safe re-entry for a manned spacecraft into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the consequences of failing to achieve this angle\u201d) Re-entry is a complex procedure due to the high velocities and temperatures encountered, as well as the fine balance of trajectory required to land safely. To land a space vehicle, the vehicle must firstly slow down, and secondly travel back down through the atmosphere. These are done simultaneously with atmospheric drag slowing the vehicle as it descends. The high velocity of the vehicle results in a great deal of friction, which heats the vehicle to up to 3000\u25e6C depending on airflow. This necessitates highly temperature resistant shielding, usually ceramic or carbon based, that can withstand the temperatures and protect the rest of the vehicle as it descends. Modern designs also feature blunt noses and have the spacecraft descend belly-first, which ensures the majority of the vehicle is shielded. Without appropriate shielding, the vehicle will be unable to return, as recently seen in the 2004 Columbia space shuttle accident in which its heat shielding was compromised. Secondly, the angle of re-entry is critical. If the angle is too steep, the descent rate will be too fast, and the vehicle"}, {"title": "", "text": "(8,400 miles) in the position of the object when it reenters! This is why it is impossible to pinpoint the expected point of re-entry beforehand, when it is not a \"controlled\" re-entry. (in a \"controlled\" re-entry, the satellite operators send a command to the satellite to make a rocket burn at a precise time, kicking it down over a designated spot, usually the Pacific ocean. This Soyuz reentry was however not such a \"controlled\" reentry). Many people mistakenly think that in this day and age of supercomputers, scientists (or the military) can predict everything. In reality, satellite/rocket reentries like this are so complex that even the best computer models can only give rough indications untill just minutes before the actual re-entry. (A) Yes, it does. That last rocket stage is jettisoned that high above earth surface, that it does not just rapidly fall back on a ballistic trajectory (such as the 1st and 2nd stages do) but actually reaches Low Earth Orbit, and stays in orbit around the earth for several days. In effect, it becomes a satellite for a while in a very low orbit around Earth. Under influence of gravity and drag from the outer atmosphere, the orbit slowly evolves and becomes smaller and smaller. On the first day only gradually, but as it slowly comes down, this gradually goes faster and faster. The influence of our atmosphere reaches several hundreds of kilometers up: even the International Space Station experiences some atmospheric drag, and would fall down within a year if its orbit was"}, {"title": "", "text": "thing as plasma (from reentry) creating lift? This appears to be a garbled recounting of a problem that occurred during STS-1 entry due to a mis-match between predicted and actual hypersonic pitch trim. Image Source All that happened was that ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why do spacecraft enter the atmosphere violently instead of a smooth spiral? Spiraling down in the sense you mean is not possible, the reason is that when a spaceship is orbiting Earth, it is travelling extremely fast relative to the surface, it is not that space is so high up,... \u2022 4,193 ### How could a 90 m/s delta-v be enough to commit the space shuttle to landing? Page 331 in the Shuttle Crew Operations Manual, an official NASA astronaut training document, confirms that The deorbit burn usually decreases the vehicle's orbital velocity anywhere from 200 to ... \u2022 169k ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? Here's an image of the bottom of the stage before launch. As you can see, the entire bottom is covered in white panels. I suspect those panels are a heat shield. This SpaceX press release on the ... \u2022 122k Accepted ### What if a Space Shuttle entered the atmosphere of Venus? Can't speak to the trajectory aspects but the Orbiter crew compartment was very intolerant of crush pressure loading. The two negative pressure relief valves protect the crew compartment from being ... \u2022 169k ### What impact will the deorbiting of thousands of satellites have on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Figure 3), and fragments greater than 1 centimeter will threaten the habitability of the most heavily protected spacecraft, namely the ISS. So, in the near-term protection represents a risk-accepting band aid solution to the growing debris problem. 2.6 Controlled End of Life Satellite Disposal Practices Part of NASA\u2019s efforts focus specifically on reducing the number of large objects, such as non- operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post- mission disposal is to allow the reentry of these spacecraft, either from natural orbital decay (uncontrolled) or a deliberate controlled entry. Orbital decay can be accelerated artificially in order to lower the perigee altitude of an eccentric orbit so that atmospheric drag will cause the spacecraft to enter the earth\u2019s atmosphere sooner. However, left to natural decay friction the surviving debris impact footprint on Earth often cannot be guaranteed. To minimize uncertainties, controlled entry is normally achieved by the burning of more propellant through a larger propulsion system to cause the spacecraft to reenter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The vehicle will then impact at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the debris footprint can be positioned over an uninhabited region, generally into the oceans or other bodies of water or onto sparsely populated regions like the Canadian Tundra, the Australian Outback, or Siberia in the Russian Federation. To minimize the chances of damage to other vehicles, designers of new vehicles or satellites are frequently required to demonstrate that they can be safely disposed of at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Figure 3), and fragments greater than 1 centimeter will threaten the habitability of the most heavily protected spacecraft, namely the ISS. So, in the near-term protection represents a risk-accepting band aid solution to the growing debris problem. 2.6 Controlled End of Life Satellite Disposal Practices Part of NASA\u2019s efforts focus specifically on reducing the number of large objects, such as non- operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post- mission disposal is to allow the reentry of these spacecraft, either from natural orbital decay (uncontrolled) or a deliberate controlled entry. Orbital decay can be accelerated artificially in order to lower the perigee altitude of an eccentric orbit so that atmospheric drag will cause the spacecraft to enter the earth\u2019s atmosphere sooner. However, left to natural decay friction the surviving debris impact footprint on Earth often cannot be guaranteed. To minimize uncertainties, controlled entry is normally achieved by the burning of more propellant through a larger propulsion system to cause the spacecraft to reenter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The vehicle will then impact at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the debris footprint can be positioned over an uninhabited region, generally into the oceans or other bodies of water or onto sparsely populated regions like the Canadian Tundra, the Australian Outback, or Siberia in the Russian Federation. To minimize the chances of damage to other vehicles, designers of new vehicles or satellites are frequently required to demonstrate that they can be safely disposed of at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "# Tag Info Accepted ### Why don't we know exactly where the Chinese rocket will fall? If the orbital period is about 90 minutes, that means \u00b145 minutes error at predicting the moment of landing means randomizing that point all around the globe. At the moment the prediction error is \u00b1 ... \u2022 53.6k Accepted ### Why not increase contact surface when reentering the atmosphere? I've done a lot of work on this subject with researchers and engineers at JPL, NASA Langley, and NASA Ames. There are some interesting things that come out of high-fidelity CFM (Computational Fluid ... \u2022 18.1k Accepted ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? Skipping reentries aren't unheard of. The Apollo command module performed a single skip when returning from lunar missions. However, there are several reasons why a skipping reentry (especially one ... \u2022 1,899 ### Why didn\u2019t the Spacecraft used for the Apollo 11 mission melt in the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere? Although the temperature at altitude can be several thousands of degrees, the atmosphere is so thin it does not transfer heat efficiently. Wikipedia explains it very well - The highly diluted gas ... \u2022 943 ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? I think bounce back causes intermittent heating so heat shield tiles get a lot of time of radiate heat"}, {"title": "", "text": "a Faraday cage when lightning strikes. The charge disappears into the ground by traveling through the metal body frame. So, it\u2019s important that you don\u2019t lean on the door or touch any other metal part of the car\u2019s body during lightning. (1, 2, 3) 9. The heat generated during re-entry of a spacecraft isn\u2019t (primarily) the result of friction against the atmosphere. It\u2019s caused due to rapid compression of the atmosphere by the spacecraft. Image credits: Space We all know that that a meteor burns up when it enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This is due to the extreme heat generated due to friction with Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This can be dangerous when planning for space travel at extremely high speed. So, while planning for space programs, scientists take special precautions to protect the spaceship from heat. So, what causes the atmosphere to heat up while a spacecraft re-enters? The most common answer would be friction. While friction does play a role in a later part, the heat produced just as the spacecraft re-enters is actually due to compressive heating. During re-entry, the spacecraft arrives at a speed of about 17,000 miles per hour. As the spacecraft enters the atmosphere at such a high speed, it heavily compresses the air in front of it and pushes the air off to the side. This compression raises the air temperature as high as 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit! As the compressed air heats up, the expanding air cools down (according to the Ideal Gas Law). However, this super-hot air doesn\u2019t even touch the"}, {"title": "", "text": "was necessary for communication with the ground.[175][176][n 19] Once in orbit, it was not possible for the spacecraft to change its trajectory except by initiating reentry.[178] Each orbit would typically take 88 minutes to complete.[179] The lowest point of the orbit called perigee was at the point where the spacecraft entered orbit and was about 87 nautical miles (161 km), the highest called apogee was on the opposite side of Earth and was about 150 nautical miles (280 km).[159] When leaving orbit (E) the angle downward was increased to 34\u00b0, which was the angle of retrofire.[175] Retrorockets fired for 10 seconds each (F) in a sequence where one started 5 seconds after the other.[172][180] During reentry (G), the astronaut would experience about 8 g (11\u201312 g on a suborbital mission).[181] The temperature around the heat shield rose to 3,000 \u00b0F (1,650 \u00b0C) and at the same time, there was a two minute radio blackout due to ionization of the air around the spacecraft.[182][54] After re-entry, a small, drogue parachute (H) was deployed at 21,000 ft (6,400 m) for stabilizing the spacecraft's descent.[64] The main parachute (I) was deployed at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) starting with a narrow opening that opened fully in a few seconds to lessen the strain on the lines.[183] Just before hitting the water, the landing bag inflated from behind the heat shield to reduce the force of impact (J).[183] Upon landing the parachutes were released.[61] An antenna (K) was raised and sent out signals that could be traced by ships and helicopters.[61]"}, {"title": "", "text": "http://www.informationweek.com/government/leadership/nasa-orion-space-capsule-has-... 6 One environment the capsules definitely can't land on is steep mountain slopes. If the capsule starts rolling down the slope, there's very little the astronauts can do. This will include glaciers, buildings, generally once the capsule makes the touchdown, it better not continue falling. Forests with tall trees (like Amazon jungle) may prove lethal, as the ... 5 Not so obvious, but Leonardo module could be on the list. It made like 8 visits to the ISS within different Shuttle missions as MPLM, and then was left there permanently attached as PMM. And so could Raffaello with his four flights as MPLM-2. Although it has ended up its days on the ground. 5 It was one of many Apollo boilerplate drop tests. See this page for many more drop test images. Some images of boilerplates 1, 2. 5 Problem 1: \"Slow down on reentry\"... dealing with many times the speed of sound. Turbojet and Turbo fan do not work well at many times the speed of sound, they normally slow down air to slower than speed of sound at combustion stage, so subsonic combustion can keep up with the air. (You are also dealing with vast amounts of energy that would likely ... 4 According to this article, the Apollo 11 CM was moved to Udvar-Hazy at the end of 2016. As none of the other Apollo CMs seem to be there according to this page, I would guess that is in fact Columbia. 4 Yes. How do I know that? Well, multiple sources"}, {"title": "", "text": "descent. Those two sections need to separate so that the crew cabin's heat shield is properly oriented during the hottest, most fiery parts of atmospheric reentry. Crew members reported abnormal levels of buffeting and jostling during decent, and there are anecdotal reports by people who saw the spacecraft on the ground that it was more singed than usual. The hypothetical worst case scenario in this case would be that the unshielded parts of the Soyuz would be exposed to searing hot temperatures for too long and they could burn through. This obviously didn't happen, and there is no evidence so far to suggest it was even close. But after a breached heat shield brought down the shuttle Columbia back in 2003, NASA is very aware of the potential for disaster. Yuri Malenchenko smelled smoke in the cockpit near the end of the flight, shortly after the parachutes deployed. He switched off the display panel for a time, and the burning smell went away. Russian mission control was out of contact with the spacecraft for a significant period of time, and communications were not reestablished until after the crew climbed out of the downed spacecraft and Malenchenko called in on a satellite phone. There is more anecdotal evidence suggesting the communications antenna burned off during the descent, though Gerstenmaier was keeping an open mind as to whether or not there could be other explanations for the loss of comm. And making the whole situation even more worrisome: this is the second time in a row that some"}, {"title": "", "text": "hatch (jettison) Hyperspace transmitter main malleable-energy antenna (projectors) Text and artwork by Gregor Paulmann Translation from German by Michel Van From Rettungspod der LFT from PR 1876 artwork by Kelly Freas To reiterate: A \"Reentry capsule\" or \"escape pod\" is a short duration devices carrying few or one castaway that allows them to bail out of a spacecraft in orbit around a planet and safely land on the surface. It is much like a parachute on an aircraft. Except when you pull the ripcord on one of these things the fall will be about two orders of magnitude higher. The technical term for a reentry capsule is Return-to-Earth Bail-Out-and-Return device (RE-BOR). They include a reentry module. Do not confuse them with RSH-BOR, those have a propulsion module but no reentry capability. Note that all of the reentry capsules shown here rely heavily upon aerobraking, they would not work on an airless planet or moon. For that the reentry capsule will need seriously large engines and propellant tanks (i.e., you need a full lander). On the plus side any planet or moon with no atmosphere will also have lower gravity. In our solar system the largest airless body is the planet Mercury, and its surface gravity is only 0.38 of Terra. This will reduce the propellant required. Under the heading of \"some people have too much free time on their hands\", there are a few science fiction stories featuring bored people using reentry capsules as a sport, much like sky-diver do today. Jumping out of a perfectly"}, {"title": "", "text": "hatch (jettison) Hyperspace transmitter main malleable-energy antenna (projectors) Text and artwork by Gregor Paulmann Translation from German by Michel Van From Rettungspod der LFT from PR 1876 artwork by Kelly Freas To reiterate: A \"Reentry capsule\" or \"escape pod\" is a short duration devices carrying few or one castaway that allows them to bail out of a spacecraft in orbit around a planet and safely land on the surface. It is much like a parachute on an aircraft. Except when you pull the ripcord on one of these things the fall will be about two orders of magnitude higher. The technical term for a reentry capsule is Return-to-Earth Bail-Out-and-Return device (RE-BOR). They include a reentry module. Do not confuse them with RSH-BOR, those have a propulsion module but no reentry capability. Note that all of the reentry capsules shown here rely heavily upon aerobraking, they would not work on an airless planet or moon. For that the reentry capsule will need seriously large engines and propellant tanks (i.e., you need a full lander). On the plus side any planet or moon with no atmosphere will also have lower gravity. In our solar system the largest airless body is the planet Mercury, and its surface gravity is only 0.38 of Terra. This will reduce the propellant required. Under the heading of \"some people have too much free time on their hands\", there are a few science fiction stories featuring bored people using reentry capsules as a sport, much like sky-diver do today. Jumping out of a perfectly"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the reports of non-deployment of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the reports of non-deployment of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of"}, {"title": "", "text": "about what I figured... I think they found the upper bound of the reusable reentry envelope! Video of launch and boostback. The exhaust plumes are gorgeous. Falcon Heavy Night Launch With Incredible SpaceX Nebula! - YouTube MaverickSawyer, Messierhunter I will say this: FH definitely puts on a show! stealthstar Shame what happened to center core. The curse strikes again. Hope they don't have those kinds of issues recovering the Super Heavy 1st stage. That would be a dangerous crash landing near the launch pad. I hear it was a thermal protection breach near the engine cluster from the stresses of a higher speed reentry that caused an engine to fail forcing an abort so the core misses crashing into the droneship. Find More Posts by stealthstar Armchair Astronaut Super Heavy won't ever have to experience the speeds the FH center core has to go through. It'll be an RTLS as opposed to a mega-EDL approach. Visit Kyle's homepage! Find More Posts by Kyle Amazing video from one of STP-2's fairings during re-entry: SpaceX on Twitter: \"View from the fairing during the STP-2 mission; when the fairing returns to Earth, friction heats up particles in the atmosphere, which appear bright blue in the video\u00e2\u20ac\u00a6 https://t.co/APED0jmXwd\" barrygolden, kuddel, mahdavi3d, Notebook, PhantomCruiser"}, {"title": "", "text": "Escalating Satellite Reentry Risk of Internet Mega Constellations By Staff Writers on August 15, 2015 in Spacecraft Atmospheric Reentry Space junk is a widely known issue frequently covered by media and even the subject of a successful science fiction thriller movie: Gravity. The public has become aware that space debris represent a major threat to human spaceflight and to active satellites, and that even a tiny fragment can be catastrophic by colliding at hypervelocity. One day space debris may wreak havoc on-orbit should they reach a critical level causing a chain reaction of collisions, the so-called \u201cKessler Syndrome\u201d. What many people do not know is that space debris continuously decay from orbit and re-enter the atmosphere where they further fragment and only partially burn. Surviving fragments can impact anywhere on the globe. A risk for people on ground, at sea or travelling by air, which internet satellites mega constellations will escalate unless actions are taken. Re-entry risk Space debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), between 160 km and 2000 km, are usually viewed only as an orbital environmental issue, however in recent years awareness of dangers arising upon uncontrolled, also called random, re-entry has started to emerge. Atmospheric re-entry leads to fragmentation and destruction of the re-entering object by friction heating and deceleration loads. Some fragments would disintegrate and totally demise, but others would survive, cross the air space and impact the ground. The risk to people and property from fragments that survive re-entry is small but not negligible, as one might assume. Experts may tell"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a hole in the ion stream (created by the shape of the orbiter) to transmit data to the satellites. A TDRS satellite on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, USA. So we have our object coming back through the atmosphere and is heated on one side by the sudden and intense compression of the air, and heated on the other side by the extremely hot ball of plasma that wraps around it before being left behind in a trail. It is time to introduce the notion of the boundary layer, which is a zone where fluid \u201csticks\u201d to and object according to its physical profile and the viscosity of the fluid. During our atmospheric entry, this layer limit will serve as a real \u201cair cushion\u201d and will push the shockwave farther away from the surface of the object, and will also push away the heat! We will see later (in the \u201cHow to protect a capsule or shuttle\u201d section) how modifying the shape of the object allows to push away the shockwave. After having endured the extreme temperatures of compression and plasma, as well as the aerodynamic forces of reentry, our object slows down more and more due to the shockwaves and air friction. Its speed will end up below hypersonic and enter supersonic, where the majority of the heat comes only due to air friction. The vehicle will then have to land, and in its own way: parachutes (Soyuz, Apollo, Dragon), rocket engines (Perseverance on Mars), or like a glider (space shuttles,"}, {"title": "", "text": "remove its cosmic velocity so it can land without harming its crew or cargo. For this it uses the atmosphere to dissipate its kinetic energy. Due to the speed of entry into the atmosphere, air molecules are quickly compacted in front of the spacecraft. These impacted molecules obtain some of the spacecraft\u2019s energy but are unable to move out of the way because of the neighboring molecules around them. The energetic molecules generate heat. If this heat is not managed properly it will build up in the surrounding gas and subject the spacecraft to extreme temperatures that could destroy it. As the reentry continues, the atmosphere becomes thicker very quickly which will stress its structure and its occupants. These stresses are measured as the g-level. A g-level is equal to the acceleration due to gravity. A g-level of 10 would mean that you would weigh 10 times as much as normal, and that the wings would be trying to hold ten times the weight. If this is experienced for an extended amount of time it can cause damage. Both the g-levels and the heat transfer to the ship need to be managed carefully during the entry into the atmosphere. Once an orbital path has been lined up to pass over the base there are six stages to reentry that have to be managed as outlined in the quick concept overview section previously. These are shown also in the figure below. Note how the space shuttle skips out of the atmosphere Figure 3. Reentry profiles for three"}, {"title": "", "text": "remove its cosmic velocity so it can land without harming its crew or cargo. For this it uses the atmosphere to dissipate its kinetic energy. Due to the speed of entry into the atmosphere, air molecules are quickly compacted in front of the spacecraft. These impacted molecules obtain some of the spacecraft\u2019s energy but are unable to move out of the way because of the neighboring molecules around them. The energetic molecules generate heat. If this heat is not managed properly it will build up in the surrounding gas and subject the spacecraft to extreme temperatures that could destroy it. As the reentry continues, the atmosphere becomes thicker very quickly which will stress its structure and its occupants. These stresses are measured as the g-level. A g-level is equal to the acceleration due to gravity. A g-level of 10 would mean that you would weigh 10 times as much as normal, and that the wings would be trying to hold ten times the weight. If this is experienced for an extended amount of time it can cause damage. Both the g-levels and the heat transfer to the ship need to be managed carefully during the entry into the atmosphere. Once an orbital path has been lined up to pass over the base there are six stages to reentry that have to be managed as outlined in the quick concept overview section previously. These are shown also in the figure below. Note how the space shuttle skips out of the atmosphere Figure 3. Reentry profiles for three"}, {"title": "", "text": "The February flight of ESA\u2019s Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle is yielding invaluable insights and results for future reentry craft. The spaceplane, being displayed this week at the Paris Air and Space Show, looks in remarkably good condition and shows only moderate damage from its blazing journey through the atmosphere. All of the flight hardware and data were recovered: telemetry and onboard recordings are complete and consistent from the various sensors. IXV was launched on a remarkable 100-minute journey on 11 February. Its flawless suborbital flight of some 25 000 km, including 8000 km in a searing atmospheric descent and safe splashdown at the targeted spot in the Pacific Ocean, tested critical reentry technologies. Continuing analysis of the data is yielding important information that will allow ESA\u2019s aerothermodynamics experts to check their computer reentry models against observed reality. Future reentry missions can now be more precisely designed with narrower error margins. IXV results have confirmed many assumptions but also produced new findings. External temperatures were lower than predicted, fuel consumption was higher than expected but compensated for by better aerodynamic performance, and the shorter blackout time during reentry allowed better communications. The infrared camera at the back of the vehicle monitoring the flap temperatures recorded unprecedented data throughout the reentry to splashdown. Engineers are also evaluating the reusability of all the craft\u2019s components. IXV results will help the Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator for Europe \u2013 Pride \u2013 take the next step with limited risk and financial effort for Europe. Now that the results from IXV\u2019s flight are"}, {"title": "", "text": "orbiter during reentry, which causes turbulence at lower speeds. A turbulent air flow results in a mixing of hot and cold air which can have a major effect on the shuttle temperature. According to NASA, the gap fillers, which each serve different purposes, are not required for reentry. One filler prevents \"chattering\" of tiles during ascent, which would occur due to the sonic booms from the noses of the solid rocket boosters and the external fuel tank. The other, in a different location where there is a wider gap between tiles, simply functions to reduce the gap size between tiles, which in turn reduces heat transfer to the shuttle. Even without this filler NASA did not expect the increased heat to cause a problem during reentry (it is present to avoid a level of heating which would only be problematic if experienced many times over a vehicle's design life). Since the gap fillers are not necessary for re-entry, it was acceptable to simply pull them out. An overview of the situation, including procedures for dealing with the protrusions were sent electronically to the crew and printed aboard the shuttle. Once Discovery was ready to undock, Charles Camarda sent a command to release the docking mechanism. At initial separation of the spacecraft, springs in the docking mechanism pushed the Shuttle away from the Station. Discovery's steering jets were shut off to avoid any inadvertent firings during the initial separation. Once Discovery was about two feet (61 centimeters) from the Station, with the docking devices clear of one"}, {"title": "", "text": "too small it will 'bounce' off the earths atmosphere and continue our into space. This is because of the differences in the mediums density. An analogy would be a rock skimming against the surface of a pond where the pond is earths atmosphere and the rock is the rocket. The rocket will then have to perform a fuel expensive manoeuvre to place it back on track for a 2nd attempt. 15. ## Re: HSC Physics Marathon 2016 Originally Posted by Glyde For a rocket to return to earth is must obviously re-enter the earths atmosphere. During the rockets re-entry a lot can go wrong if it's angle of entry is not between 2 and 7 degrees ( probably a bit off ). This angle is defined as the optimum re-entry angle. If the rockets angle of re entry is too large it will undergo significant amounts of atmospheric drag coding the shuttle to burn up upon re-entry and in the process kill the passenger due to the change in g-force. If the angle of re-entry is too small it will 'bounce' off the earths atmosphere and continue our into space. This is because of the differences in the mediums density. An analogy would be a rock skimming against the surface of a pond where the pond is earths atmosphere and the rock is the rocket. The rocket will then have to perform a fuel expensive manoeuvre to place it back on track for a 2nd attempt. First bold - Just the wording is awkward. No marks"}, {"title": "", "text": "refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle by using a robotic arm.[14][16][17] Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere. Landing and recovery The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. Spaceplanes like the Space Shuttle land like a glider. After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites. Uncrewed Further information: Engineering:Uncrewed spacecraft and Engineering:Robotic spacecraft Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation) Uncrewed spaceflight is all spaceflight activity"}, {"title": "", "text": "refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle by using a robotic arm.[14][16][17] Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere. Landing and recovery The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. Spaceplanes like the Space Shuttle land like a glider. After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites. Uncrewed Further information: Engineering:Uncrewed spacecraft and Engineering:Robotic spacecraft Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation) Uncrewed spaceflight is all spaceflight activity"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "vehicle or vehicle component impacts or lands on Earth due to a launch or reentry, the launch or reentry would end at the same point in time; namely, after activities necessary to return the vehicle or vehicle component to a safe condition on the ground after landing. (See \u00a7 450.3(b)(3)(iv) and (c)). CSF and SpaceX suggested that orbital launch without a reentry in proposed \u00a7 450.3(b)(3)(i) did not need to be separately defined by the regulation, stating that, regardless of the type of launch, something always returns: Boosters land or are disposed, upper stages are disposed. CSF and SpaceX further requested that the FAA not distinguish between orbital and suborbital vehicles for end of launch. The FAA does not agree because the distinctions in \u00a7 450.3(b)(3)(i) and (ii) are necessary due to the FAA's limited authority on orbit. For a launch vehicle that will eventually return to Earth as a reentry vehicle, its on-orbit activities after deployment of its payload or payloads, or completion of the vehicle's first steady-state orbit if there is no payload, are not licensed by the FAA. In addition, the disposal of an upper stage is not a reentry under 51 U.S.C. Chapter 509, because the upper stage does not return to Earth substantially intact. The FAA proposed in \u00a7 450.3(b)(3)(ii) that for an orbital launch of a vehicle with a reentry of the vehicle, launch ends after deployment of all payloads, upon completion of the vehicle's first steady-state orbit if there is no payload, after vehicle component impact or landing on"}, {"title": "", "text": "with a small camera we\u2019ll be able to measure the spectra of the flow radiation in the shock layer as well as species emitted by the burning cork.\u201d The cork nose of the Qarman reentry CubeSat ablating during plasma wind tunnel tests. The stability provided by Qarman\u2019s side panels and front centre of gravity should also allow the CubeSat to transmit its findings to commercial Iridium telecommunication satellites \u2013 planning to transmit around 20 minutes of reentry data in three to five minutes. An inner \u2018survival kit\u2019 containing instruments and electronics and lined with protective ceramic carbon matrix with aerogel protection will likely survive reentry but will not be recovered, most likely splashing down in the sea. \u201cWe\u2019ve played a role in many ESA programmes, such as the IXV, the forthcoming Space Rider reusable spacecraft, as well as the Vega-C and Ariane 6 launchers,\u201d notes Prof. Chazot, \u201cbut up until now we\u2019ve focused on the modelling and experimental simulation side. \u201cThese kind of tests cannot tell you everything we want to know however \u2013 to really validate our codes and understand the reality of the physics involved, we need to actually fly in space. The idea came to design our own CubeSat when we were running the European Commission-led QB50 programme, which was an international CubeSat network to perform lower atmosphere and reentry research. We designed and built the entire mission, buying in parts and expertise as needed, with valuable technical and organisational support coming from ESA. As a follow-up we are interested in designing a"}, {"title": "", "text": "with a small camera we\u2019ll be able to measure the spectra of the flow radiation in the shock layer as well as species emitted by the burning cork.\u201d The cork nose of the Qarman reentry CubeSat ablating during plasma wind tunnel tests. The stability provided by Qarman\u2019s side panels and front centre of gravity should also allow the CubeSat to transmit its findings to commercial Iridium telecommunication satellites \u2013 planning to transmit around 20 minutes of reentry data in three to five minutes. An inner \u2018survival kit\u2019 containing instruments and electronics and lined with protective ceramic carbon matrix with aerogel protection will likely survive reentry but will not be recovered, most likely splashing down in the sea. \u201cWe\u2019ve played a role in many ESA programmes, such as the IXV, the forthcoming Space Rider reusable spacecraft, as well as the Vega-C and Ariane 6 launchers,\u201d notes Prof. Chazot, \u201cbut up until now we\u2019ve focused on the modelling and experimental simulation side. \u201cThese kind of tests cannot tell you everything we want to know however \u2013 to really validate our codes and understand the reality of the physics involved, we need to actually fly in space. The idea came to design our own CubeSat when we were running the European Commission-led QB50 programme, which was an international CubeSat network to perform lower atmosphere and reentry research. We designed and built the entire mission, buying in parts and expertise as needed, with valuable technical and organisational support coming from ESA. As a follow-up we are interested in designing a"}, {"title": "", "text": "shuttle, as most of us still fondly remember, was a somewhat controllable spacecraft but most other re-entry vehicles do not have a lot of control on their trajectory as they start their return journey to Earth. Crew Dragon is one of those spacecraft that simply fall down to the Earth on a pre-calculated trajectory. Once the spacecraft has been carefully navigated to fall through the re-entry corridor, the thermodynamics comes into play. The air, as we know, is composed of mainly two diatomic molecules: oxygen and nitrogen. Ordinarily, when air pressure is low, they remain in this diatomic state. However, under special circumstances like atmospheric re-entry, they behave differently. During re-entry, as the spacecraft falls under gravity and enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the increasing density of the atmosphere combined with the tremendous speed of the spacecraft (of the order of 7-8,000 metres per second) causes a shock wave leading to an enormous rise in the pressure in front of it. At approximately 70 to 80 km above Earth, this pressure becomes so large that it causes the diatomic oxygen and (after some time) nitrogen to split causing further reactions. These reactions are extremely exothermic \u2013 meaning they release a lot of heat. This heat is so significant that we need special arrangements to protect what\u2019s inside the spacecraft. During this crucial period of high energy thermodynamic reactions, the spacecraft continues to fall and slow down gradually. This mechanism of re-entry is indeed by design, as it allows the spacecraft to slow down enough to land safely while"}, {"title": "", "text": "shuttle, as most of us still fondly remember, was a somewhat controllable spacecraft but most other re-entry vehicles do not have a lot of control on their trajectory as they start their return journey to Earth. Crew Dragon is one of those spacecraft that simply fall down to the Earth on a pre-calculated trajectory. Once the spacecraft has been carefully navigated to fall through the re-entry corridor, the thermodynamics comes into play. The air, as we know, is composed of mainly two diatomic molecules: oxygen and nitrogen. Ordinarily, when air pressure is low, they remain in this diatomic state. However, under special circumstances like atmospheric re-entry, they behave differently. During re-entry, as the spacecraft falls under gravity and enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the increasing density of the atmosphere combined with the tremendous speed of the spacecraft (of the order of 7-8,000 metres per second) causes a shock wave leading to an enormous rise in the pressure in front of it. At approximately 70 to 80 km above Earth, this pressure becomes so large that it causes the diatomic oxygen and (after some time) nitrogen to split causing further reactions. These reactions are extremely exothermic \u2013 meaning they release a lot of heat. This heat is so significant that we need special arrangements to protect what\u2019s inside the spacecraft. During this crucial period of high energy thermodynamic reactions, the spacecraft continues to fall and slow down gradually. This mechanism of re-entry is indeed by design, as it allows the spacecraft to slow down enough to land safely while"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the spacecraft after passing in the vicinity of heavy objects moving at high speeds. The D'Alembert's inertial forces created in the vehicle's structure during such changes of trajectory would kill the crew and destroy the antigravitational vehicle. One of the most serious problems resulting from the repulsion of the antigravitational spacecraft from every other object would be the impossibility of reaching the surface of heavier planets after leaving from lighter heavenly bodies. For example, having started from Earth the spacecraft would not be able to reach Jupiter or Saturn, whereas after starting from the Moon it would not be able to reach Earth. The reason for this is that the velocity gained by the vehicle during its interaction with the field of a lighter planet would not be sufficient to break through the sphere of the stronger repulsion from a heavier planet. Therefore it is possible that such a spacecraft once launched would never achieve its destination, and would also be unable to return. The last two subsections clearly illustrate that antigravity would not be, as some people expect, a submissive servant performing our wishes, but rather a blind, uncontrollable element able to turn against its own creators. HB12. Antigravity would introduce a number of serious dangers For reasons which I presented in subsection HB14, almost all speculation on antigravity considers only the positive aspects of this hypothetical field. But in fact it would be an incredibly dangerous and destructive force. An initial taste of its destructive capabilities was the explained in subsection HB10 phenomenon"}, {"title": "", "text": "at the trajectory of a rocket launch. During the first seconds of the launch, the rocket climbs almost vertically to exit the denser part of the atmosphere. Quite quickly, however, the rocket tilts to gain horizontal speed: a spacecraft needs to travel at almost 8km/s to stay in low orbit (just above 200km in altitude). When the first stage of Falcon 9 is jettisoned, the rocket is travelling at ten times the speed of sound, 90km above the surface. Without doing anything, the stage would reenter the atmosphere uncontrolled, which would make recovering the stage difficult. On this mission, the stage was flipped around, so that it would travel tail first, a moment after it was dropped. Three engines were relighted before reentry, to slow the stage down, and allow the computer to control orientation during reentry. It may sound easy, but it isn\u2019t. it means keeping control of the stage\u2019s attitude after it has been jettisoned, and igniting a rocket engine is everything but easy. But that burn went well. The second burn is even more tricky: the goal is to relight one engine, when the stage is coming low over the surface, to slow it down and make it touch down gently. This time, the stage is traveling in thick atmosphere, which makes attitude control even more complicated. And that is where the problem came from: while the engine was burning, the stage started spinning along its vertical axis. The fuel was centrifuged (pushed away from the centre, against the walls of the tanks),"}, {"title": "", "text": "at the trajectory of a rocket launch. During the first seconds of the launch, the rocket climbs almost vertically to exit the denser part of the atmosphere. Quite quickly, however, the rocket tilts to gain horizontal speed: a spacecraft needs to travel at almost 8km/s to stay in low orbit (just above 200km in altitude). When the first stage of Falcon 9 is jettisoned, the rocket is travelling at ten times the speed of sound, 90km above the surface. Without doing anything, the stage would reenter the atmosphere uncontrolled, which would make recovering the stage difficult. On this mission, the stage was flipped around, so that it would travel tail first, a moment after it was dropped. Three engines were relighted before reentry, to slow the stage down, and allow the computer to control orientation during reentry. It may sound easy, but it isn\u2019t. it means keeping control of the stage\u2019s attitude after it has been jettisoned, and igniting a rocket engine is everything but easy. But that burn went well. The second burn is even more tricky: the goal is to relight one engine, when the stage is coming low over the surface, to slow it down and make it touch down gently. This time, the stage is traveling in thick atmosphere, which makes attitude control even more complicated. And that is where the problem came from: while the engine was burning, the stage started spinning along its vertical axis. The fuel was centrifuged (pushed away from the centre, against the walls of the tanks),"}, {"title": "", "text": "loads to result in fragmentations or detachment of components from the spacecraft before re-entry. On one hand, this occurrence may release unwanted and dangerous debris into orbit, resulting in potential threats to other satellites, if the detached components skip the Earth's atmosphere. On the other hand, this phase of catastrophic decay may have potential benefits in reducing the casualty risk. In fact, a partial disassembly of the spacecraft can expose the internal components to early re-entry heating, and the possible decrease in entry speed and flight-path angle could generate higher heat loads, thus improving the demise. Fig. 6c also shows that a higher number of revolutions is associated with orbits with higher pericentre altitudes and lower eccentricities. As increasing the number of passages through the atmosphere can increase the chance of early breakups, this circularisation phenomenon should be avoided, if the risk of releasing unwanted debris into orbit must be minimised. Re-entry predictions with the overshoot boundary As outlined in Section 3, understanding what are the conditions leading to the final re-entry of the spacecraft required switching from the long-term propagation to the destructive re-entry analysis. This switching is necessary when performing a full demisability and casualty risk analysis. However, it might be a cumbersome procedure when the intention is limited to discerning between the entry/skip behaviour, such as in the design and optimisation of the disposal trajectory and limit the number of low-altitude passages. To tackle this problem, we introduced the concept of overshoot boundary in Section 2.4. Since the overshoot boundary can be precomputed"}, {"title": "", "text": "end of their lives by use of a controlled atmospheric reentry system or a boost into a graveyard orbit. In recognition of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to minimize the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post-mission disposal is reentry of these spacecraft and upper stage launch systems, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry. In order to preserve reentry options, launch and payload developers include reentry capabilities in the designs and margins of new systems. Today these self termination capabilities include sufficient fuel, larger propulsion, and system flexibility to insure that the means to fire engines remain to achieve a lower altitude perigee. Once there repeated exposure to higher atmospheric drag will accelerate the process of spacecraft reentry. Controlled entry normally occurs by driving the spacecraft to enter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The object will then enter at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the impact footprint will predictably occur in a nearly uninhabited region or in the ocean. The so-called Spacecraft Cemetery is an area in the southern Pacific Ocean 3,900 km southeast of Wellington, New Zealand where spacecraft such as the now defunct Mir Space Station and waste-filled Progress cargo ships are and have been routinely deposited. While it is not the only controlled reentry impact footprint, it has been chosen for its remoteness so as not to endanger or harm human life. Similarly, at an"}, {"title": "", "text": "end of their lives by use of a controlled atmospheric reentry system or a boost into a graveyard orbit. In recognition of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to minimize the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post-mission disposal is reentry of these spacecraft and upper stage launch systems, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry. In order to preserve reentry options, launch and payload developers include reentry capabilities in the designs and margins of new systems. Today these self termination capabilities include sufficient fuel, larger propulsion, and system flexibility to insure that the means to fire engines remain to achieve a lower altitude perigee. Once there repeated exposure to higher atmospheric drag will accelerate the process of spacecraft reentry. Controlled entry normally occurs by driving the spacecraft to enter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The object will then enter at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the impact footprint will predictably occur in a nearly uninhabited region or in the ocean. The so-called Spacecraft Cemetery is an area in the southern Pacific Ocean 3,900 km southeast of Wellington, New Zealand where spacecraft such as the now defunct Mir Space Station and waste-filled Progress cargo ships are and have been routinely deposited. While it is not the only controlled reentry impact footprint, it has been chosen for its remoteness so as not to endanger or harm human life. Similarly, at an"}, {"title": "", "text": "for speci\ufb01c antennas due to the plume. Kinefuchi et al. [26] reports of these effects for the Japanese M-V rocket and the European VEGA launch vehicle due to the usage of solid propulsion systems. In this regard, the rocket ex- haust plume is seen as near \ufb01eld of the trail and starting point for further predictions of the trail [24]. Deposition and possible contamination of condensed species on the space transportation system and its com- ponents being optical surfaces, windows, solar panels or radiating heat emission surfaces due to plume impinge- ment on vehicle is a further aspect of consideration. At high altitudes, the supersonic plume exhibits a Prandtl- Meyer expansion angles larger than 90and the subsonic boundary layer, although low, but not negligible in mass \ufb02ow, can even travel further upstream with all associated issues induced by the exhaust gas. The current revival of reusable launch vehicles and SpaceX efforts with the Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicle (F9R Dev) as shown in Ref. [27] opens up a less investigated \ufb01eld for future investigations. Firing in retro mode certainly involves many of the above described challenges, e.g. instabilities as shown in Ref. [28], over a wide Mach number range in a different fashion. The aforementioned examples reveal that base region is an area of uncertainty in the current launch vehicle design process. In the past, base \ufb02ow effects have mostly been examined in experiments with cold supersonic jets, which have shown to not mirror the base \ufb02ow effects satisfacto- rily. The objective of the hot plume"}, {"title": "", "text": "in wind effects on the landing design of the vehicle. The GRAM thermodynamic model can be used from deorbit altitudes to the location at which the RRA will take effect. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) has also been used for certain reentry calculations, but should be used with due consideration for its lack of representativeness of the reentry atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric density and density perturbations generally play a big role in reentry heating and in fuel-budgeting calculations. ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS Orbital environment parameters apply to LV concept development in two principal ways: (1) When a vehicle includes an upper stage that must operate in orbit; and (2) when a vehicle has reusable elements (spacecraft) that reach orbital altitude and then return to Earth. An important addition is the case of crewed vehicles, in which, because of their very high reliability requirements, the problems with ionizing radiation (classified here as an orbital environment) should be considered even in the launch phase (first and second stage) for the mission-critical avionics. In addition to the information present here and the references cited, the current space and orbital environment information online at the Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) is recommended. Also, the European Space Agency's European Cooperation for Space Standardization presents a good space environment standard document on their website. Ionizing Radiation Hazard At the concept development stage, it is rarely necessary to select electronic parts, so there is usually no need to consider the specifics of the radiation environment. Rather, selecting and planning for the electronic"}, {"title": "", "text": "of assistance, a survivable landing might be possible. So it's not all bad\u2014if you can survive the heat. But on the other, other hand, the atmosphere causes an additional problem. The steeper your re-entry angle from orbit, the faster you will be descending through the rapidly thickening atmosphere, and so your spacecraft will get hotter faster than it would if you came in at a shallower angle. But if you get things wrong and your angle is too shallow, you could be in a different kind of trouble. At the speeds involved the diffuse, wispy upper atmosphere of the Earth can seem as solid to your descending craft as the liquid surface of a still pond does to a flat-bottomed pebble expertly skimmed towards it at a similarly shallow angle. Like the pebble, your spacecraft may skip when it encounters the denser medium below it. Unlike the pebble (which, skillfully thrown, will skip a few times, losing momentum as it does so, before finally vanishing below the water) if your craft is going fast enough it may simply bounce off the atmosphere and head off into space. If your spacecraft is low on propellant (and at the time of re-entry they generally are) you may have no way of recovering the situation as you drift off into the cold, silent void. So the designer of a returnable spacecraft has two core problems to solve: how to survive the heat of atmospheric re-entry and, once a lower altitude and a slower speed have been reached, how to"}, {"title": "", "text": "encounter less air, and thus less heat and structural constraints. Nevertheless, the goal of atmospheric entry is to come back down to Earth. If the vehicle does not pass through enough atmosphere, it will not brake enough and will end up \u201cbouncing\u201d off the atmosphere and back into space. At the other extreme, a trajectory too abrupt risks provoking overheating or aerodynamic pressures so extreme that the vehicle ends up being destroyed either mechanically or thermally. An optimal trajectory is therefore necessary. Let\u2019s take the example of the space shuttle: The blue zone is too low of a drag and the shuttle risks either landing in the wrong place or bouncing back into its orbit. The orange zone poses a danger for the vehicle and, of course, its crew. Detailed below, you will find the altitudes and speeds to be followed for the shuttle to target the runway at the correct speed and altitude. As you can see, it\u2019s a thin trajectory oscillating between the zones of thermic and structural risks, or insufficient braking. This zone is so small (and it is the case for all vehicles !) that this trajectory is referred to as the reentry corridor. To insure surviving this corridor, we have to ensure that the motors slow down the vehicle very precisely as it leaves its orbit. Next, the vehicle must be correctly oriented (thermal shield forward for capsules, 40\u00b0 angle of attack for shuttles). Finally, it is possible to pilot our vehicles once they are in the atmosphere! Of course, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Facts on Reentry into the Earth's Atmosphere \u2022\u2022\u2022 Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images Relationship Between Gravity & the Mass of the Planets or Stars By Chris Deziel One of the most difficult problems that spacecraft engineers have to solve is that of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike most space debris, which burns up as it encounters the interface between the atmosphere and space, a spacecraft must remain intact and cool during this encounter so that it can return to the ground in one piece. Engineers must balance powerful forces in their considerations in order to achieve this objective and avert disaster. The Dynamics of Deceleration In order to be in orbit in the first place, a spacecraft or satellite must have achieved escape velocity. This velocity, dependent on the Earth's mass and radius, is on the order of 40,000 kilometers per hour (25,000 miles per hour). When the object enters the upper extremities of the atmosphere, the frictional interaction with air molecules begins to slow it down, and the lost momentum gets converted into heat. Temperatures can reach 1,650 degrees Celsius (3,000 degrees Fahrenheit), and the force of deceleration can be seven or more times greater than the force of gravity. Re-entry Corridor The force of deceleration and the heat generated during re-entry increase with the steepness of the angle relative to the atmosphere. If the angle is too steep, the spacecraft burns up, and anyone unlucky enough to be inside is crushed. If the angle is too shallow, on the other hand, the spacecraft skims off"}, {"title": "", "text": "the likelihood of a collision with a rock large enough to end the mission is very, very small, and we must simply accept it as one of the risks of spaceflight. Spacecraft are often hit by micrometeorites up to the size of a grain of sand. A few hits like this are considered just normal wear-and-tear. Another common source of trouble are hits by cosmic rays, which are high-energy radiation. These can cause small bugs in the on-board software, or, more rarely, damage electronics. However, the must common reason for losing a mission is a component failure or human error. Spacecraft are lost when their engines blow up (like CONTOUR, which failed to phone home after a scheduled burn, and was later found along its planned orbit--in three pieces), when humans send them the wrong commands (like Mars Observer, where JPL thought that a subcontractor was giving them burns in metric units, and actually they were sending them in imperial units), or when a key system fails (like the landing system on Mars Polar Observer or the bad wiring in the oxygen tanks on Apollo 13). Space missions are extremely complicated, and the mission can be doomed by a tiny flaw in an any critical system, either in the design or from damage during launch or exposure to the temperature extremes and vacuum spacecraft must weather. Often, spacecraft fail without any indication what went wrong. They just stop radioing back to Earth. Was there a problem with the software? Did a cosmic ray cripple the computer?"}, {"title": "", "text": "abomination that doesn't present a smooth face to the airstream (unfolding is only effective at the level of individual parts. Combine that with needing a large wheelbase to make a reasonably stable rover on low-g worlds and you can end up with rovers you can't get in a fairing) you need to go farther out before you turn. Loren PechtelLoren Pechtel $\\begingroup$ Rather useful i must admit $\\endgroup$ \u2013 QuIcKmAtHs Jan 1 '18 at 12:39 Spacecraft do indeed heat up as they leave the atmosphere. They suffer aerodynamic heating just like everything else. However, there is a major different: direction. As you are accelerating upwards, you are traveling through thinner and thinner atmosphere, faster and faster. These partially cancel each other out, keeping your heating reasonable. On the way down, you are traveling into thicker and thicker atmosphere, and must dissipate the heat as you go. If you were, say, fired from a railgun, you'd experience the greatest heating at the start, where you are going very fast at low altitudes (thick atmosphere). If you feel the reentry should be more symmetric with the launch in terms of heating, consider this: on the bottom of the rocket being launched is a great big ball of angry fire that is at least as hot as the reentry. Cort AmmonCort Ammon When an object orbiting the earth enters the descending path of re-entry it has huge speed, hence huge kinetic energy and it also has potential energy of approximately m.g.h. Because 100 km is a fraction of 6.7"}, {"title": "", "text": "earth via a parachute, where it would then be fished from the sea. The challenges of testing that rocket and its eventual cancellation meant that this plan never came to fruition. As the Falcon 9 was developed, it became clear that parachutes would be insufficient for returning the twenty-ton first stage back to earth. Return from space brings us back once again to the physics of getting there. Remember, your vehicle's velocity must exceed 17,500 miles per hour to stay in orbit. To return to earth, you have no choice but to plunge back into the atmosphere at extremely high speed. As you do, the vehicle smacks into the air in front of you, cramming the gas tightly together and making it enormously hot. While it's comparatively easy to make metal structures that can withstand the physical force of reentry, dealing with the high temperatures is a more difficult engineering challenge. Space vehicles have typically relied on special shapes to move that heat away from vital areas, and special materials are used that can absorb this energy. The Apollo and Soyuz space capsules let their blunt bellies take the heat of reentry before deploying parachutes. The much larger, reusable space shuttle counted on its heat shielding to absorb the force, then used its glider body to slow down in a series of wide turns before landing on the runway. Yet it, too, was a cautionary tale\u2014not just because the _Columbia_ disaster revealed how vulnerable the shielding could be, but because the expense of refurbishing it turned"}, {"title": "", "text": "will be quite spectacular. The 13-ton object will enter at about 7.6 km/s, creating a multi-colored fireball with a series of catastrophic fragmentation events and a shower of blue and yellow fragments. The entry path is long, the whole event lasting about four minutes. The reentry is visible in its entirety from an aircraft at altitude, because of low extinction near the horizon. Both ESA and NASA are keen to observe the re-entry to better understand how the spacecraft breaks appart during entry. The main uncertainties in fragmentation models such as SCARAB concern the timing of the disruptions of the fuel tanks and their effect on the overall breakup. The SETI Institute is coordinating the science team. We have the expertise to observe this reentry, based on past airborne observing campaigns for the Stardust Sample Return Capsule entry and the Aurigid and Quadrantid MAC missions. We can measure the timing of breakup and explosion events and identify the fragments from their brightness, deceleration, and spectral properties. Figure 2 (below): The reentry of the MIR space station on 2001 March 23, as observed from Fiji. A private airborne mission with two small aircraft failed to observe the reentry because MIR's final de-orbit burn was longer than planned and the station entered earlier along its approach trajectory. [Other reentry images.] Mission profile The nominal mission would consist of two aircraft for stereoscopic measurements (and ability to adjust to overboost or underboost entry scenarios), one positioned sideways of the center of the entry track and one sideways of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "will be quite spectacular. The 13-ton object will enter at about 7.6 km/s, creating a multi-colored fireball with a series of catastrophic fragmentation events and a shower of blue and yellow fragments. The entry path is long, the whole event lasting about four minutes. The reentry is visible in its entirety from an aircraft at altitude, because of low extinction near the horizon. Both ESA and NASA are keen to observe the re-entry to better understand how the spacecraft breaks appart during entry. The main uncertainties in fragmentation models such as SCARAB concern the timing of the disruptions of the fuel tanks and their effect on the overall breakup. The SETI Institute is coordinating the science team. We have the expertise to observe this reentry, based on past airborne observing campaigns for the Stardust Sample Return Capsule entry and the Aurigid and Quadrantid MAC missions. We can measure the timing of breakup and explosion events and identify the fragments from their brightness, deceleration, and spectral properties. Figure 2 (below): The reentry of the MIR space station on 2001 March 23, as observed from Fiji. A private airborne mission with two small aircraft failed to observe the reentry because MIR's final de-orbit burn was longer than planned and the station entered earlier along its approach trajectory. [Other reentry images.] Mission profile The nominal mission would consist of two aircraft for stereoscopic measurements (and ability to adjust to overboost or underboost entry scenarios), one positioned sideways of the center of the entry track and one sideways of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "land gently. (The problem of re-entry angle is more one of mission planning and spacecraft control, so we won't worry too much about that here.) Long before there were practical space rockets, much of the early theoretical work on returning spacecraft to Earth assumed some kind of reusable winged vehicle that could execute fully controlled flybacks to a desired location, where it would then perform a perfect aircraft-like landing. Rather than having conventional wings, some of these spacecraft might be 'lifting bodies' in which the vehicle's curved shape provides the required lift within the atmosphere. Some of them might be launched vertically like rockets and some might fly out to the upper atmosphere like an airplane before making the transition to orbit, as we saw earlier in this chapter. However the same problem remained: all of the energy used to get the craft into orbit would have to be dissipated in order to get it back to Earth. And most of that energy was going to manifest as heat. Which meant all that heat had to be handled somehow. You either had to endure it or get rid of it. Many of these early studies were really concerned with suborbital aircraft rather than true spacecraft: vehicles which could climb to the edge of space without quite enough velocity to actually achieve orbit before flying back down through the atmosphere to a landing halfway round the world. Despite not making it into orbit, these craft would have much the same problem with re-entry heat as a true"}, {"title": "", "text": "particularly high, compared to a traditional wing, but more than enough to maneuver given the amount of distance the vehicle covers. Most re-entry vehicles have been based on the blunt-nose reentry design pioneered by Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. He demonstrated that a shock wave is forced to \"detach\" from a curved surface, forced out into a larger configuration that requires considerable energy to form. Energy expended in forming this shock wave is no longer available as heat, so this shaping can dramatically reduce the heat load on the spacecraft. Such a design has been the basis for almost every re-entry vehicle since, found on the blunt noses of the early ICBM warheads, the bottoms of the various NASA capsules, and the large nose of the Space Shuttle. The problem with the blunt-nose system is that the resulting design creates very little lift, meaning the vehicle has problems maneuvering during re-entry. If the spacecraft is meant to be able to return to its point of launch \"on command\", then some sort of maneuvering will be required to counteract the fact that the Earth is turning under the spacecraft as it flies. After a single low Earth orbit, the launching point will be over to the east of the spacecraft by the time it has completed one full orbit. A considerable amount of research was dedicated to combining the blunt-nose system with wings, leading to the development of the lifting body designs in the U.S. It was while working on one such design that Nonweiler developed the waverider. He"}, {"title": "", "text": "technical limits. Despite every optimization this is still not enough to leave Earth. So we need several stages to achieve orbit. So we can get finally out of the Earth, but...how do we get back? We would need fuel to slow us down again, but we haven't really fuel to spare. So the engineers decided to use atmospheric entry to slow down the spaceship with a heat shield. A softer method is aerobraking to reduce the speed with several passes through the atmosphere. If we would have a torchship that does not work with the rocket limitations, that would be a real nice thing because we wouldn't need the dangerous and unnecessary reentry phase. Thorsten S.Thorsten S. $\\begingroup$ \"Essentially we can move the spacecraft like a feather into orbit, vertically up and down...theoretically.\" <-- Uh, if I'm reading correctly, you're pointing out that a craft entering orbit can do so by using a thrust force only slightly greater than gravity? I'd have thought that was obvious. Trying to apply that to re-entry has issues though, you'd have to expend propellant to achieve a GEO orbital profile at a re-entry altitude, which is as insane as it sounds. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Kaithar Jan 4 '18 at 12:28 $\\begingroup$ So obvious like that things in space are automatically weightless, that rockets can overtake other rockets on the same height level (You Only Live Twice), spaceships 2D fights (Star Trek)...? You are right that slowing down chemical rockets is insane, but Project Orion-like nuclear pulse spaceships can do that without"}, {"title": "", "text": "entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process, compared with the traditional reentry vehicle, the flexible reentry vehicle can decelerate at a higher altitude, which effectively reduces the surface heat flux of the vehicle, decreases the plasma density of the shock layer, and increases the communication possibility between ground and aerospace [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Recently, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and many universities have cooperated to develop a membrane reentry vehicle with an inflatable torus. The target vehicle is sent into a predetermined orbit by a sounding rocket, and the membrane expands rapidly and is maintained by the inflatable torus under vacuum and microgravity conditions. After the highest point of the orbit, the vehicle returns to the atmosphere. It is worth noting that the expanded membrane has a flotation effect during the descent, so vehicle does not need to install a parachute, which can ensure the vehicle maintains a low ballistic coefficient flight during the whole EDL process by the advantage of its large area and small weight, and reduce the speed when landing to achieve a soft landing. As a new type of return vehicle with multiple reentry advantages in the future, aerospace agencies of various countries have been successively launching a series of studies on this type of reentry vehicle since the 1960s. Yamada et al. [10,11] used scientific balloons for free flight tests in 2004 and 2009, respectively. The first experiment aimed to establish that the flexible membrane technology could effectively achieve a soft landing of the vehicle without a parachute, which was the primary goal"}, {"title": "", "text": "infrared camera and communications package will still record imagery and transmit data to scientists via Iridium satellites during re-entry. The camera will burn up, but the communications transmitter is encased in a ceramic heat shield to send the data back to scientists before impacting the ocean. Scientists and NASA mission planners were interested in the re-entry to collect data on how a large spacecraft like the ATV responds to the intense heat and pressures of re-entry, eventually leading to the vehicle\u2019s break-up. The data would have helped officials plan for the eventual destruction of the space station itself, which will be driven into Earth\u2019s atmosphere when its useful life is over \u2014 an event currently expected in the 2020s. The space station\u2019s re-entry will require careful planning, and maneuvers by several Russian Progress supply ships to lower its orbit and guide the 450-ton complex safely toward the uninhabited South Pacific. Europe\u2019s ATV was originally tapped for the task \u2014 it could accomplish the re-entry in a single mission \u2014 but the ESA cargo craft is being retired with the conclusion of its current flight. NASA may attempt a destructive shallow re-entry with one of the space station\u2019s other logistics vehicles, which are smaller than the ATV but could still provide useful insights into re-entry conditions. NASA decided remove its own re-entry data recorder from the ATV for possible use on a future mission. \u201cThe ATV team has worked tirelessly for five missions in a row,\u201d said Massimo Cislaghi, ESA\u2019s ATV 5 mission manager. \u201cWhile teams are"}, {"title": "", "text": "moved several manned ships back and forth from space during the 1960s and 1970s, coated the command module with special ablative material that burned up upon re-entry, absorbing heat. Unlike the Apollo vehicles, which were built for one-time use, space shuttles are reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). So instead of merely using ablative material, they must incorporate durable insulation. On the next page, we'll delve more deeply into the modern re-entry process for shuttles. The Demise of the Satellite Satellites don't have to stay up in Earth's orbit forever. Old satellites sometimes fall back to Earth. Because of the harsh conditions of re-entry, they can severely burn up on their way down. However, some of them can survive the fall and hit the Earth's surface. In controlled falls, engineers manipulate the propulsion systems on a satellite to make it fall in a safe place, like the ocean. The Descent of a Space Shuttle Re-entering Earth is all about attitude control. And, no, this doesn't mean astronauts need to keep a positive attitude (although that's always helpful). Rather, it refers to the angle at which the spacecraft flies. Here's an overview of a shuttle descent: Leaving orbit: To slow the ship down from its extreme orbit speed, the ship flips around and actually flies backwards for a period of time. The orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) then thrust the ship out of orbit and toward Earth. Descent through atmosphere: After it's safely out of orbit, the shuttle turns nose-first again and enters the atmosphere belly-down (like a belly-flop) to"}, {"title": "", "text": "moved several manned ships back and forth from space during the 1960s and 1970s, coated the command module with special ablative material that burned up upon re-entry, absorbing heat. Unlike the Apollo vehicles, which were built for one-time use, space shuttles are reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). So instead of merely using ablative material, they must incorporate durable insulation. On the next page, we'll delve more deeply into the modern re-entry process for shuttles. The Demise of the Satellite Satellites don't have to stay up in Earth's orbit forever. Old satellites sometimes fall back to Earth. Because of the harsh conditions of re-entry, they can severely burn up on their way down. However, some of them can survive the fall and hit the Earth's surface. In controlled falls, engineers manipulate the propulsion systems on a satellite to make it fall in a safe place, like the ocean. The Descent of a Space Shuttle Re-entering Earth is all about attitude control. And, no, this doesn't mean astronauts need to keep a positive attitude (although that's always helpful). Rather, it refers to the angle at which the spacecraft flies. Here's an overview of a shuttle descent: Leaving orbit: To slow the ship down from its extreme orbit speed, the ship flips around and actually flies backwards for a period of time. The orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) then thrust the ship out of orbit and toward Earth. Descent through atmosphere: After it's safely out of orbit, the shuttle turns nose-first again and enters the atmosphere belly-down (like a belly-flop) to"}, {"title": "", "text": "March 2006. It appeared the chemical fuel had been lost due to the leak. Also, two of three reaction wheels were also inoperable and 4 of the 11 lithium-ion battery cells were not functioning. Ground controllers used the solar batteries to run the ion engine in place of the chemical thrusters to maintain attitude control. The ion engine ran until November 2007 when it was turned off and the spacecraft went into hibernation mode and continued on a ballistic trajectory. There was still a large margin of xenon left to run the thrusters for propulsion and attitude control. The re-entry capsule detached from the main spacecraft between 300,000 and 400,000 km from the Earth, coasting on a ballistic trajectory, and re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2010. The capsule experienced peak decellerations of about 25 G and heating rates approximately 30 times those experienced by the Apollo spacecraft. It landed via parachute near Woomera, Australia. Subsequent examination of the sample return capsule showed that there were roughly 1500 dust particles from asteroid Itokawa which were presumably kicked up into the collection area during the touchdowns due to the extremely low surface gravity. Spacecraft Details On-board optical navigation was planned to be employed extensively during the landings and sample collection operations because the long communication delay prohibited ground-based real-time commanding. The samples, with a total mass of approximately one gram, were to be held inside a separate re-entry capsule. (The lander was also to deploy a small rover supplied by NASA onto the surface of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "R-DBAS aims to provide direct reentry alerts to affected land, sea, and air craft (Credits: Kristhian Mason). The Reentry Direct Broadcasting Alert System (R-DBAS) is an evolution of the Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR) concept, often called the black box of spacecraft. But unlike the REBR, which simply downloads data via satellite link for later analysis, the R-DBAS is intended as a direct communication tool with the end user. As a spacecraft carrying R-DBAS hits the atmosphere, it relays a message with the coordinates of the falling debris area to anyone with a receiver and a display, such as a laptop or iPad , warning them of the hazard. Despite increasing efforts to accurately predict space debris reentry, the exact time and location of reentry is still very uncertain. Partially, this is due to a skipping effect uncontrolled spacecraft may undergo as they enter the atmosphere at a shallow angle. Such an effect depends on atmospheric variations of density and winds that are difficult to model. When the skipping ends and atmospheric reentry starts, the trajectory and the overall location of surviving fragments can be precisely predicted but the time to impact the ground or to reach airspace is at that point very short. All of these factors together mean that population centers, ships, and aircraft have very little time to respond to incoming space debris. A GPS localizer combined with a pre-computed debris footprint area and direct broadcasting provides a solution. Schematic of the existing Reentry Breakup Recorder (Credits: The Aerospace Corporation). The risk to aviation"}, {"title": "", "text": "before the boostback burn, the stage flips so the engines point in the direction of travel. When ... \u2022 122k Accepted ### Did the astronauts seated on the space shuttle mid-deck have responsibilities during reentry and landing? There were no nominal activities for the middeck crew related to flying the vehicle. There were no switches or controls on the middeck accessible to seated crewmembers in the ascent/entry seats. The ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### What impact will the deorbiting of thousands of satellites have on the atmosphere? Not much research has been done on this question in recent years, but some researchers are worried enough to research into wooden satellites. The question on the environmental impact of deorbiting ... \u2022 11.2k Accepted ### Space Shuttle Challenger bringing back Salyut-7 No work was ever done on this in the Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS), so they were nowhere \"close to an actual mission\". Not even any testing. Source: I worked to some extent on all missions ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why are spaceship capsules frustum shaped? The capsules designed to reenter the atmosphere have to slow down from about 8 km/s to zero by the time they get to the ground. They actually don't use the part that looks like a cone to do that. They ... \u2022 21k Accepted ### If I drop a feather from orbit, would it burn up or \"hit\" the ground? Throwing it down at 5 m/s will do basically nothing. That will simply cause it to advance in its orbit a"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 '18 at 8:34 $\\begingroup$ The Sprint anti-ballistic missile launches extremely fast and heats up a lot during launch, as it was designed to reach an altitude of 18 miles in about 15 seconds. It reaches Mach 10 in 5 seconds and requires an ablative heat shield to protect it from the heat (around 3400\u00b0C). It also forms a plasma sheath like a re-entry vehicle and needs special transmitters to get radio to it during ascent (if it works correctly, there is no descent!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Inductiveload Jan 3 '18 at 12:04 Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the earth atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield. Why is this so? A spacecraft on launch does heat up, just not to the degree that it does on reentry. And it heats up for the same reason--atmospheric drag, which includes adiabatic air compression and atmospheric friction. The key difference between launch and reentry is that they are two different flight profiles meant to optimize the drag variable (less drag on launch, more drag on reentry). (This is a simplified statement to address the OP's question regarding vehicle heating--real rocket launch and reentry dynamics are multi-variable optimizations.) On launch the rocket spends the initial portion of flight attempting to gain altitude to go into the upper atmosphere where the air is less dense. Then it switches into a lateral velocity regime to gain the necessary lateral velocity to obtain orbit. The rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 '18 at 8:34 $\\begingroup$ The Sprint anti-ballistic missile launches extremely fast and heats up a lot during launch, as it was designed to reach an altitude of 18 miles in about 15 seconds. It reaches Mach 10 in 5 seconds and requires an ablative heat shield to protect it from the heat (around 3400\u00b0C). It also forms a plasma sheath like a re-entry vehicle and needs special transmitters to get radio to it during ascent (if it works correctly, there is no descent!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Inductiveload Jan 3 '18 at 12:04 Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the earth atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield. Why is this so? A spacecraft on launch does heat up, just not to the degree that it does on reentry. And it heats up for the same reason--atmospheric drag, which includes adiabatic air compression and atmospheric friction. The key difference between launch and reentry is that they are two different flight profiles meant to optimize the drag variable (less drag on launch, more drag on reentry). (This is a simplified statement to address the OP's question regarding vehicle heating--real rocket launch and reentry dynamics are multi-variable optimizations.) On launch the rocket spends the initial portion of flight attempting to gain altitude to go into the upper atmosphere where the air is less dense. Then it switches into a lateral velocity regime to gain the necessary lateral velocity to obtain orbit. The rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft\u2019s fall toward earth, a solid-fuel Antares II rocket behind the payload fired for 30 seconds, increasing the descent speed to 40,501 kilometers (25,166 miles) per hour. Instruments in the spacecraft radioed temperature data to the ground. The spacecraft exterior reached an estimated temperature of 11,400 K (20,000 degrees F). About 32 minutes after launch, the spacecraft impacted into the Atlantic Ocean. The mission, sponsored by Langley Research Center, provided reentry heating measurements needed to evaluate heatshield materials and information on the communications blackout during reentry. 1965 May 22 \u2013 . 21:55 GMT \u2013 . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC12. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas D. LV Configuration: Atlas D 264D. FIRE 2 \u2013 . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 817 km (507 mi). Suborbital reentry heating experiment using the FIRE subscale Apollo capsule. An Atlas D booster propelled the instrumented probe, called a \u201cflying thermometer,\u201d into a ballistic trajectory over 805 km (500 mi) high. After 26 minutes of flight, when the spacecraft began its descent, a solid-fueled Antares rocket accelerated its fall. The probe entered the atmosphere at a speed of 40,877 km (25,400 mph) and generated temperatures of about 11,206K (20,000 degrees F). Data on heating were transmitted to ground stations throughout the descent. Thirty-two minutes after the launch \u2013 and but six minutes after the Antares was fired \u2013 the device impacted in the Atlantic about 8,256 km (5,130 mi) southeast of the Cape. Fire 2 launched 22-May-1965 By 1967, most of the research in support of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Atmosphere of Earth after over eight years in orbit. The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) reported that they started an intensive study of the reentry since mid-January 2021. By 1 January 2021, the satellite's orbit had decayed to 217 x 555 km x 49.9\u00b0. The orbital inclination of 49.9\u00b0 meant that it could reenter anywhere between latitude 49.9\u00b0 North and 49.9\u00b0 South, and it was calculated to have a 1:140000 casualty risk. The satellite's orbit was tracked by U.S. radars throughout its time in orbit, and Space-Track reported that it reentered between 09:26 and 09:42 UTC on 5 February 2021, somewhere on an arc from Kazakhstan through southern Mongolia and northern China. The Indonesian government reported that although Telkom-3 had returned to Earth's surface, the exact location was unknown and there were no reports of debris being found. References Communications satellites Communications in Indonesia Satellites of Indonesia Satellites using the Ekspress bus Spacecraft launched in 2012 Satellite launch failures Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets 2012 in Indonesia"}, {"title": "", "text": "threshold of 1.05 years in the \u201cParent objects\u201d column indicates the orbit age of an object (from launch) after which a propulsion related event can be expected to be statistically less severe, possibly due to a depletion/venting of most of the stored on-board propellant. The probability of occurrence of those events was estimated using the survival analysis that was successfully employed to estimate the reliability of spacecraft from incomplete data \\citep{Saleh2011a}. For this purpose, the data was collected and processed from \\gls{discos}, containing information about all large rocket bodies (not related to any manned mission) from October 1957 till July 2019, resulting in a total of \\num{5185} cataloged objects and \\num{15555} observed (breakup and censored) events. Censoring occurs either because: \\begin{inparaenum}[a)] \\item an object has reentered, \\item the reentry date of an object is beyond the observational window (in our case July 2019), \\item the reentry date of an object is unknown. \\end{inparaenum} Furthermore, during the analysis of a particular breakup, all other breakups form an additional source of censoring that needs to be accounted for \\citep{Saleh2011a}. The survival function $S(t)$ of the population of objects within the database, and therefore the probability function from which it is derived, $P(t)=1-S(t)$, was estimated using the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimator \\citep{Kaplan1958}. While other methods exist, this one was chosen for its accuracy, as it does not fit any pre-defined distribution and is based on the actual data \\citep{Saleh2011a}. \\begin{table} \\caption{\\label{tab:severity-rocket-bodies}Severity numbers of the worst fragmentation events of rocket bodies in terms of the medium number of fragments (RBs ="}, {"title": "", "text": "and model debris objects in space. These efforts are critical given the predicted population growth in launch efforts and LEO satellite constellations. CORDS-developed tools encompass a vast array of operations, from predicting possible collisions during launch and on orbit, to predicting hazards to spacecraft after collisions in space, simulating the breakup of reentering debris, estimating the survivability of satellite components reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere and determining risk to life and property. CORDS provides information on when a reentry might occur, and Aerospace collects and analyses material that survived reentry. This expertise has been used to support the needs of Air Force, NRO, NASA, NOAA, FAA and other customers. The first Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR) successfully recorded data as it plunged through the atmosphere aboard a disintegrating Japanese HTV-2 spacecraft. Reentry Breakup Recorder Records Reentry Data To measure the effects of atmospheric reentry on space objects, CORDS developed the Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR)\u2014a small, lightweight, self-contained, autonomous, survivable and locatable data-recording device. Attached to a host vehicle, which is generally a spacecraft, this device \u201csleeps\u201d until the point of atmospheric reentry, when it wakes up to record temperature, acceleration, rotational rate, and other data, including the subsequent breakup of the space hardware due to atmospheric drag, aerodynamic heating, and loads. REBR is released during breakup and protected by its heat shield, survives reentry and \u201cphones home\u201d recorded data via the Iridium system. Five REBR devices have been launched to date, providing innumerable insights into the atmospheric reentry and breakup of spacecraft. Space Traffic Management Vital for Collision Avoidance"}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry.[52] Between these were three minor rockets for separating the spacecraft from the launch vehicle at orbital insertion.[53] The straps that held the package could be severed when it was no longer needed.[54] Next to the heat shield was the pressurized crew compartment (3).[55] This contained the astronaut strapped to his couch with the instruments in front of him and his back to the heat shield.[56] Underneath the seat was the environmental control system, which supplied him with oxygen and heat.[57] The system also cleaned the air of CO2, vapor and odors, as well as (on orbital flights) collect urine.[58][n 4] The recovery compartment (4)[60] at the narrow end of the spacecraft contained three parachutes: one drogue to stabilize free fall and two main parachutes of which only one was used, with the other as a reserve.[61] Between the heat shield and the inner wall of the crew compartment was a landing skirt, which was deployed by letting down the heat shield before landing.[62] On top of the recovery compartment was the antenna section (5)[63] containing antennas for communication with the Earth and scanners for guiding the orientation of the spacecraft.[64] Attached to it was a flap used to ensure that the spacecraft was faced in the correct direction (heat shield first) during reentry.[65] A launch escape system (6) was mounted to the narrow end of the spacecraft.[66] In case of failure during the first minutes of launch, three small solid-fueled rockets would fire for a second to bring the spacecraft free of the launch vehicle"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Dragon spacecraft uses a carbon-based thermal protection system \u2013 a layer of ablative material which burns away, protecting the spacecraft. The importance of heat shielding was highlighted during the Columbia Shuttle incident, in which a tile was damaged on take off, resulting in the shuttle disintegrating upon reentry and killing the crew members. The heat generated will also depend on the entry angle. If the angle is too steep, the heat generated by the shockwave and friction at the front of the spacecraft will overwhelm the shielding, potentially causing the spacecraft to break apart or explode. Having said that, if all goes well, the advanced heat shielding materials used on the Dragon 2 are expected to withstand hundreds of atmospheric reentry flights. The human body has a limited tolerance to g-forces \u2013 most people will pass out at a sustained acceleration of 7g. As the Dragon 2 is designed to be the first commercial passenger spacecraft, the deceleration forces and heat tolerances must be demonstrably within safe limits on this test run. To test this safety for new astronauts, the Dragon 2 launch has a brave passenger. Ripley is a mannequin who is sat in one of the crew seats and will take data such as the internal temperature, pressure and g-forces experienced. This will ultimately determine if the reentry is safe for humans."}, {"title": "", "text": "particularly high, compared to a traditional wing, but more than enough to maneuver given the amount of distance the vehicle covers. Most re-entry vehicles have been based on the blunt-nose reentry design pioneered by Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. He demonstrated that a shock wave is forced to \"detach\" from a curved surface, forced out into a larger configuration that requires considerable energy to form. Energy expended in forming this shock wave is no longer available as heat, so this shaping can dramatically reduce the heat load on the spacecraft. Such a design has been the basis for almost every re-entry vehicle since, found on the blunt noses of the early ICBM warheads, the bottoms of the various NASA capsules, and the large nose of the Space Shuttle. The problem with the blunt-nose system is that the resulting design creates very little lift, meaning the vehicle has problems maneuvering during re-entry. If the spacecraft is meant to be able to return to its point of launch \"on command\", then some sort of maneuvering will be required to counteract the fact that the Earth is turning under the spacecraft as it flies. After a single low Earth orbit, the launching point will be over to the east of the spacecraft by the time it has completed one full orbit. A considerable amount of research was dedicated to combining the blunt-nose system with wings, leading to the development of the lifting body designs in the U.S. It was while working on one such design that Nonweiler developed the waverider. He"}, {"title": "", "text": "standard procedure to ensure evidence is preserved for the investigation. It's to prevent people entering as well as leaving. pericynthion Has any spacecraft had a way for the crew to escape during reentry? The Space Shuttle Orbiter had a flight mode whereby, at or below ~50,000 feet of altitude during the reentry (or, in the event of an ascent abort, the gliding, unpowered phase of flight), the commander could command an autopiloted, wings level glide at about 190 knots equivalent airspeed (KEAS). The plan was then, while the Orbiter was gliding, that the ... crewed-spaceflight reentry safety failure procedure What causes a rocket to be destroyed during launch other than leaking fuel? I want to focus on aerodynamic stress however, like when a rocket deviates from its path or has a wrong angle of attack, what causes it to be destroyed? In many cases, it's not aerodynamic stress. Many launch vehicle explosions result because they are commanded to do so. Every launch vehicle launched from the U.S., including the solid rocket boosters on ... physics aerodynamics failure David Hammen In some Mercury flights, the astronaut had a personal parachute with them. The Gemini program used ejection seats, which could be used during launch and reentry. Later on, they realized that igniting a rocket-propelled ejection seat wasn't a good idea in a pure-oxygen atmosphere. The Vostok capsule also had an ejection seat, but not as a backup: the ... Why did a flight controller say \u201cAvionics power nominal\u201d as Antares exploded? It's eight or ten seconds from"}, {"title": "", "text": "than the bottom. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Magic Octopus Urn Jun 6 '19 at 14:29 $\\begingroup$ Also, I'm going to guess the answer is bow-shock. The front-most piece of the aircraft will split the atmosphere further and further from the rest of the craft, meaning that the first edges, along the velocity vector, will hit the atmosphere first, causing the pressure there to be at maximum. The further from this initial point of impact we go the pressure and heat would be lessened. The gradient on that diagram definitely looks like a pressure gradient of something that's in flight (and pressure can equal heat). This is a total guess by the way, but it sounds plausible. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Magic Octopus Urn Jun 6 '19 at 14:35 $\\begingroup$ What a great picture of Atlantis (sniffle). $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Organic Marble Jun 11 '19 at 1:25 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged reentry heat or ask your own question. Does the space shuttle fly straight \u201cup\u201d when leaving Earth? What are the top temperatures occurring during reentry? What are reentry speeds of space vehicles? Any imagery from Shuttle Columbia's SILTS pod on the internet? What was the first piece of wood to reach the far side of the Moon? Or the first spacecraft? Why don't 3-parachute descent systems collide and collapse? Why do spacecraft enter the atmosphere violently instead of a smooth spiral? What is the hardest part of making spacecraft (mostly) reusable? Why do some spacecraft have heat radiators? Why not repurpose the energy? Can a"}, {"title": "", "text": "than the bottom. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Magic Octopus Urn Jun 6 '19 at 14:29 $\\begingroup$ Also, I'm going to guess the answer is bow-shock. The front-most piece of the aircraft will split the atmosphere further and further from the rest of the craft, meaning that the first edges, along the velocity vector, will hit the atmosphere first, causing the pressure there to be at maximum. The further from this initial point of impact we go the pressure and heat would be lessened. The gradient on that diagram definitely looks like a pressure gradient of something that's in flight (and pressure can equal heat). This is a total guess by the way, but it sounds plausible. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Magic Octopus Urn Jun 6 '19 at 14:35 $\\begingroup$ What a great picture of Atlantis (sniffle). $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Organic Marble Jun 11 '19 at 1:25 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged reentry heat or ask your own question. Does the space shuttle fly straight \u201cup\u201d when leaving Earth? What are the top temperatures occurring during reentry? What are reentry speeds of space vehicles? Any imagery from Shuttle Columbia's SILTS pod on the internet? What was the first piece of wood to reach the far side of the Moon? Or the first spacecraft? Why don't 3-parachute descent systems collide and collapse? Why do spacecraft enter the atmosphere violently instead of a smooth spiral? What is the hardest part of making spacecraft (mostly) reusable? Why do some spacecraft have heat radiators? Why not repurpose the energy? Can a"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a masterpiece of simplicity and is thus very reliable. The feathering system does not look to be any more complicated than ailerons. The use of passive stabilization on reentry eliminates dozens of failure points inherent in an active stabilization system. All your \\\"safety systems\\\" would increase vehicle weight increasing by an order of magnitude the likelihood of of an accident during reentry when an accident is most likely. The Space Shuttle is the most complicated machine ever built, and of its two catastrophic failures one was because it was launched in weather outside its flight envelope, and the other was because of bad design. Why do your arguments make me think you work for a different and larger aerospace firm, that has not been able to get its suborbital vehicle to fly? Will Sharp October 27, 2011 05:25 AM Gaetano Marano, Dude, the Space Shuttle didn\\'t have any of those \\\"safety features\\\" either. If a single thing failed on takeoff or landing, there was pretty much nothing that could be done. Same with pretty much any spacecraft out there. NASA takes delivery of Orion Artemis I spacecraft InSight's Mars \"mole\" abandoned after two years of troubleshooting Blue Origin's New Shepard completes 14th flight, with improved capsule Boeing to provide six new solar arrays for International Space Station"}, {"title": "", "text": "component parts taken to orbit on separate launches. Furthermore, rotation of space crews and emergency rescue missions require rendezvous and docking capability. Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative materials that carried away the heat of reentry as they were shed, but the space shuttle introduced refractory materials\u2014silica tiles and a reinforced carbon-carbon material\u2014that withstood the heat directly. Newer vehicle designs use active cooling and refractory metallic alloys. Inherent in the safe reentry of a spacecraft is precise control of the angle of reentry. For Apollo, this angle with respect to Earth\u2019s horizon was \u22126.2\u00b0. If the reentry angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will skip or bounce off the atmosphere and back into space. If the angle is too great, the heat shield will not survive the extreme heating rates nor the spacecraft the high forces of deceleration. Returning Apollo Command Modules approached Earth at nearly 40,000 km (25,000 miles) per hour. Even with a satisfactory reentry angle, the capsules\u2019 heat shields were subjected to temperatures approaching 3,000 \u00b0C (5,400 \u00b0F). During the final phases of descent, some spacecraft\u2014especially capsule-type manned craft\u2014deploy parachutes, which lower the vehicle to a soft landing. The Apollo Command Modules employed this technique to make ocean splashdowns."}, {"title": "", "text": "out. Your thinking is reasonable as far as it goes... But once you lose too much velocity and ... \u2022 147k Accepted ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? The heat of re-entry is highly dependent on speed. The second stage of the rocket is responsible for providing most of the speed needed for orbit, after the first stage lifts it out of dense ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is it harder to enter an atmosphere perpendicular or at an angle \u201cBouncing off the atmosphere\u201d is a misleading turn of phrase. When returning to the Earth from the Moon, a spacecraft is on an elliptical orbit with the high end somewhere around the moon\u2019s altitude ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Hobbes has already showed you a diagram of the Falcon 9 launch profile, so I won't repeat that. Note: This answer is not intended to be a complete, scientific treatment of the subject. I knowingly ... \u2022 7,252 Accepted ### What eliminates the velocity when occupants return from ISS to earth, and how much? Nearly all the velocity is cancelled by atmospheric deceleration of the descent module, before its parachutes are deployed. ISS orbital velocity is around 7700 m/s. An initial retro-burn of the ... \u2022 163k ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Trajectory of the Falcon 9 first stage: Graphic courtesy ZLSA Design (zlsa.github.io) As you can see,"}, {"title": "", "text": "called crew module, is likely to weigh in excess of 5 to 6 tonnes. ISRO successfully tested GSLV Mk-III, now called LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3). It successfully launched the first developmental flight of LVM-3, which carried the GSAT-19 satellite into space. The LVM-3 is the declared launch vehicle for taking the manned crew module into space as it will help for sending up heavier and heavier payloads. Reentry & recovery tech The satellites normally launched by ISRO, like those for communication or remote sensing, are meant to remain in space, even when their life is over. Any manned spacecraft, however, needs to come back. This involves mastering of the highly complicated and dangerous reentry and recovery ability. While reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the spacecraft needs to withstand very high temperatures, in excess of several thousand degrees, which is created due to friction. Also, the spacecraft needs to reenter the atmosphere at a very precise speed and angle, and even the slightest deviation could end in disaster. The first successful experimental flight of GSLV Mk-III also involved the successful testing of an experimental crew module that came back to Earth after being taken to an altitude of 126 km into space. Called the Crew module Atmospheric Reentry Experiment (CARE), the spacecraft reentered the atmosphere at about 80 km altitude and landed in the sea near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Crew Escape System This is a crucial safety technology, involving an emergency escape mechanism for the astronauts in case of a faulty launch. The mechanism ensures the crew"}, {"title": "", "text": "Time-coordinated reentry guidance law for reusable launch vehicle Reusable launch vehicle (RLV) coordinated reentry guidance is one of the key conditions to determine the effect of coordinated flight. The existing RLV reentry guidance methods often take a single spacecraft as the research object and do not have the ability of coordinated reentry flight. To solve these problems, a coordinated reentry guidance scheme is designed. In this paper, a time coordination strategy is designed aiming at the predictability of reentry flight time. The pseudospectral method is used to predict the flight time of RLVs, and the coordinated flight time coordination of multiple RLVs is realized. Based on receding horizon control, a coordinated reentry guidance law is designed. In each guidance cycle, RLV flies according to the guidance instructions generated in the previous guidance cycle. At the same time, taking the previous reentry trajectory as the initial value and the coordinated flight time determined by the time coordination algorithm as the constraint condition, the pseudo-spectral method is used to generate the flight trajectory quickly. The angle of attack and inclination are used as guidance instructions for the next guidance cycle of RLV, so as to guide RLV to the target. Finally, the simulation results verify the performance of the reentry coordinated guidance law and the effectiveness of the whole reentry guidance scheme."}, {"title": "", "text": "natural origin without any size limit) from comets, asteroids, and even differentiated bodies. With the exploration of space, anthropogenic objects like spacecraft and rocket bodies in orbit around Earth also enter the atmosphere. Upon reentry, bodies heat up and ablate depending on their physical and chemical properties. This way, matter in form of atoms and aerosols is injected into the atmosphere. With the steady growth of spaceflight activities with evermore nations operating space programs and the increase of commercialization, more and more objects are launched into orbit around Earth. This has raised major concerns about space debris (Klinkrad, 2006). As a result, standards have been introduced to minimize the amount of orbital debris (ISO Central Secretary, 2019) and space agencies like ESA and NASA have introduced guidelines and requirements, largely accepting those standards (see for example ESA, 2008;NASA, 2019). A consequence of these guidelines is that payload launched into low Earth orbit (LEO) has to be disposed of within 25 years after end of operation. This is achieved by reentry into the atmosphere. Hence, more and more anthropogenic material is injected into the atmosphere, raising questions about its significance in comparison to the natural injection caused by the ablation of meteoroids, and about possible impacts on the atmosphere itself. Several companies have proposed large satellite constellations of hundreds to thousands of small spacecraft in LEO providing global internet and other telecommunication services (Liou et al., 2018). The amount of spacecraft to be launched combined with their limited lifetime will dramatically increase the anthropogenic amount of mass"}, {"title": "", "text": "bit. To deorbit, you need to throw it backwards, not down. However in this case, since the ... \u2022 58.1k ### During spacecraft reentry why is heatshield side down the most stable orientation? We\u2019re accustomed to seeing things travel pointy-end-first (bullets, rockets, arrows, Lamborghinis) so it seems \u201cnatural\u201d that Entry Vehicles (EV) should be most stable traveling pointy-end-first as ... \u2022 12.5k Accepted ### Gagarin not ejecting from capsule Initially, the USSR insisted that Gagarin had landed with the spacecraft, because of requirements for FAI certification of spaceflight records: One of the stipulations for spaceflight requires that ... \u2022 163k ### Apollo Command Module heatshield tube - what was it for? That is the remnant of one of the attachments between the Command and Service modules (there were three). Here is a cutaway drawing showing the bolt penetrating the heat shield (labeled \"tension tie\")... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why did early satellites (e.g. China's Fanhui Shi Weixing) re-enter the atmosphere narrow end (nose)-first? The advantages of the blunt end first design were known well before either vehicle was launched (1958, a few years earlier for spy satellite designers). However, pointy end first is the simplest ... \u2022 2,247 Accepted ### Could one skydive from a space capsule that just had a parachute failure during re-entry? Would you even be able to open the door? It would depend on the capsule, but since the Apollo 1 fire, one expects crewed American capsules to have explosively-jettisoned hatches that can be ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is there such"}, {"title": "", "text": "There are some important challenges to precision landing on a planet. A vehicle entering an atmosphere from space goes through extreme conditions. The majority of the entry energy is dissipated through friction with the atmosphere, resulting in extreme heating that must be dissipated; for example, the leading edge of the Apollo heatshield reached over 2500 degrees Celsius (Launius and Jenkins 2012). Drag causes enormous forces on the reentry vehicle; for example, SpaceX\u2019s Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) weighs about 35 metric tons and has a peak deceleration of six times Earth gravity on reentry. Winds push around the reentry vehicle, with high-altitude winds at Earth regularly exceeding 100 miles per hour. Communication may be denied for all or part of reentry as ionized air around the spacecraft interferes with radio communications; for example, the Apollo 13 return capsule endured a 6-minute blackout. And finally, a spacecraft operating outside of Earth orbit is subject to high radiation, which can be fatal for electronics. This is especially true of missions operating near Jupiter, where the radiation environment is particularly intense. Small Margin for Error With most landings, the first attempt must be a success or the vehicle will be destroyed on impact. Moreover, additional propellant is rarely available for a second landing attempt. For large rocket engines, throttling down to a hover is technically challenging and inefficient\u2014every second spent hovering is wasted propellant. For F9R, the rocket has to hit zero velocity at exactly zero altitude. If it reaches zero velocity too low, it will crash; if it reaches"}, {"title": "", "text": "will have more of a capsule shape or a space plane shape and whether or not it will feature a protective clamshell.\u201d A diagram depicting the mission of the NSS Enterprise. (Image courtesy of EIS.) If EIS determines that the NSS Enterprise will more closely resemble a capsule, the physics of reentry are less complex. At a certain altitude, a parachute deploys and the capsule simply falls back to Earth. A spaceplane, on the other hand, would land more like the Space Shuttle, a longer, slower reentry with the spacecraft banking left and right before a parachute deploys and the NSS Enterprise coasts to its target on land. For reentry, the spacecraft won\u2019t be controlled from the ground, but through onboard sensing and a predetermined programming. Of course, the EIS crew, which is still scouting their mission control outpost, will be able to take over manual control if necessary, but Becker said that he hopes to program the spacecraft to execute a reentry program after it has been in orbit after a certain amount of time, at which point a kick motor will redirect it towards Earth. EIS is working with partner company Terminal Velocity Aerospace, a subsidiary of satellite design company SpaceWorks Enterprises, to develop the ablative coating or clamshell that will protect the spacecraft during reentry. SpaceWorks, too, is in on the project and has helped the EIS team to draw up the preliminary physics calculations for the design of the NSS Enterprise. Once EIS finds a launch provider and the $32 million necessary"}, {"title": "", "text": "(24 kph). Thunderbolts, such as the one that destroyed a U.S. Atlas-Centaur rocket laden with a multimillion dollar communications satellite in March 1987, pose similar hazards. **Figure 22. _Aerospace Interfaces_** Spacecraft must overcome strong aerodynamic drag immediately after launch, but resistance becomes progressively weaker as they rise through the troposphere, because thinner air bears down with less pressure and the amount of fuel expended lightens the load they must lift. They break free for practical purposes where the mesosphere and thermosphere merge at an altitude that averages about 60 miles (95 kilometers). Frictional heat consumes space vehicles of all kinds when they reenter Earth's atmosphere at high velocities unless a shield protects exteriors and insulation keeps crews (if any) and other contents acceptably cool. Apollo command modules returning from the Moon, for example, had to offset 5,000 \u00b0F (1,900 \u00b0C), four times that of blast furnaces. Friction nevertheless exerts some positive effects. Aerodynamic drag at the interface where atmosphere and space imperceptibly merge can act as a brake or alter orbit configurations without burning fuel, provided computers calculate reentry angles correctly. Spacecraft skip or bounce back erratically when trajectories are too shallow and incineration results when they are too steep, but reentry windows as a rule open wider for powered vehicles than for those that glide. #### **GRAVITY** Propulsion systems must be powerful enough to boost military spacecraft into orbit, despite atmospheric drag and gravity (g), which keeps objects on Earth without an anchor and pulls unsupported bodies from atmosphere or space toward the surface. Astronauts"}, {"title": "", "text": "Reliability Evaluation of Secondary Power Module under Aerothermodynamic Comprehensive Effect During the re-entry of the spacecraft, it will encounter severe environmental effects such as aerodynamic heating and multi-degree-of-freedom vibration, which brings challenges to the reliability assurance of the secondary power module installed in the bulkhead. In this paper, the transient thermal shock and three-axis six-degree-of-freedom vibration conditions applied to the secondary power module are obtained based on the measured aerothermodynamics data from the flight and the thermal transfer model from the outside to the inside of the spacecraft bulkhead. Next, a finite element model of the secondary power module is established and the thermal transfer characteristics of the model are verified through thermal equilibrium tests and modal tests. Then, simulation analysis is performed under transient thermal shock, three-axis six-degree- of-freedom vibration, and transient thermal shock + three-axis six-degree-of-freedom vibration. The key components with the largest stress-strain response are identified. In addition, the failure modes and mechanisms of the comprehensive thermal effects of the key components are analyzed and the CalcePWA reliability simulation based on the failure mechanism is carried out, from which the physical laws of the failure of the key components are obtained. The thermal environmental effects and failure modes of the secondary power module during the ground development, launch, and orbit flight reveal that the failure mode of the relay\u2019s contact resistance increases during the reentry process will become more severe. The ground test optimization and design improvements can ensure the task reliability during reentry."}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft as it goes into the atmosphere.\u201d Chew said, the problem is that the more material you use, the greater the weight of the spacecraft. That\u2019s why it\u2019s important to find the optimum thickness. \u201cWe know the rate at which the shield burns off from wind tunnel experiments and test data of the Orion spacecraft when it was launched into Earth\u2019s orbit in 2014,\u201d Harpale said. \u201cUsing this information as a starting point, we calibrated a numerical model to determine the heat shield material response for different flight profiles. We used multi-scale computations to find the rate at which AVCOAT burns. We know the heat flux on the surface for the reentry, so now we can figure out the temperature profile in the heatshield during reentry and ultimately the thickness required.\u201d Chew added, \u201cIn other words, we created an atomistic model to establish the chemistry of how the phenolic resin decomposes\u2014at what temperature they break up and become gases\u2014essentially the temperature at which it begins to burn. We used that information at the atomic-scale to create an engineering model capable of predicting the response at the structure level.\u201d One aspect Harpale said he didn\u2019t expect was learning that the actual recipe for AVCOAT mattered. When he began the research, he was just interested in understanding the atomistic response of the material at temperatures ranging from 440 to almost 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit in the spacecraft\u2019s trajectory. When attempting to recreate a data set from the 1960s, he realized that the material response is highly sensitive to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "end of their lives by use of a controlled atmospheric reentry system or a boost into a graveyard orbit. In recognition of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to minimize the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post-mission disposal is reentry of these spacecraft and upper stage launch systems, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry. In order to preserve reentry options, launch and payload developers include reentry capabilities in the designs and margins of new systems. Today these self termination capabilities include sufficient fuel, larger propulsion, and system flexibility to insure that the means to fire engines remain to achieve a lower altitude perigee. Once there repeated exposure to higher atmospheric drag will accelerate the process of spacecraft reentry. Controlled entry normally occurs by driving the spacecraft to enter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The object will then enter at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the impact footprint will predictably occur in a nearly uninhabited region or in the ocean. The so-called Spacecraft Cemetery is an area in the southern Pacific Ocean 3,900 km southeast of Wellington, New Zealand where spacecraft such as the now defunct Mir Space Station and waste-filled Progress cargo ships are and have been routinely deposited. While it is not the only controlled reentry impact footprint, it has been chosen for its remoteness so as not to endanger or harm human life. Similarly, at an"}, {"title": "", "text": "end of their lives by use of a controlled atmospheric reentry system or a boost into a graveyard orbit. In recognition of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to minimize the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post-mission disposal is reentry of these spacecraft and upper stage launch systems, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry. In order to preserve reentry options, launch and payload developers include reentry capabilities in the designs and margins of new systems. Today these self termination capabilities include sufficient fuel, larger propulsion, and system flexibility to insure that the means to fire engines remain to achieve a lower altitude perigee. Once there repeated exposure to higher atmospheric drag will accelerate the process of spacecraft reentry. Controlled entry normally occurs by driving the spacecraft to enter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The object will then enter at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the impact footprint will predictably occur in a nearly uninhabited region or in the ocean. The so-called Spacecraft Cemetery is an area in the southern Pacific Ocean 3,900 km southeast of Wellington, New Zealand where spacecraft such as the now defunct Mir Space Station and waste-filled Progress cargo ships are and have been routinely deposited. While it is not the only controlled reentry impact footprint, it has been chosen for its remoteness so as not to endanger or harm human life. Similarly, at an"}, {"title": "", "text": "ESA Clean Space tackles space junk one component at a time VALETTA, Malta \u2014 Through a novel approach to testing, the European Space Agency\u2019s Clean Space initiative is assisting in the development of satellite components that are designed for demise, an approach to satellite development that advocates for the safe disposal of spacecraft by destructive atmospheric reentry. The ESA Clean Space initiative was launched in 2012 to consider the environmental impact of the agency\u2019s missions across their entire life cycle. A primary focus of Clean Space since its earliest days has been mitigating space debris through \u201cdesign for demise.\u201d The goal: making design choices that ensure a spacecraft component has less than a 1 in 10,000 chance of surviving reentry and posing a threat to people on the ground. When considering how to design components that are more likely to burn up in the atmosphere during reentry, the Clean Space team took a novel approach. Instead of relying on modeling software to understand the forces exerted on a specific component during a satellite\u2019s reentry, the team followed their models up with real-world testing. In order to simulate what a satellite and its components would experience during reentry, the team utilized a plasma wind tunnel at German space agency DLR\u2019s facility in Cologne. The wind tunnel is able to mimic the superheated gas, or plasma, that satellites encounter during reentry, subjecting individual components and sections of satellites to several thousands of degrees Celsius. Following a series of initial studies to identify which components of a satellite were"}, {"title": "", "text": "thing as plasma (from reentry) creating lift? This appears to be a garbled recounting of a problem that occurred during STS-1 entry due to a mis-match between predicted and actual hypersonic pitch trim. Image Source All that happened was that ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why do spacecraft enter the atmosphere violently instead of a smooth spiral? Spiraling down in the sense you mean is not possible, the reason is that when a spaceship is orbiting Earth, it is travelling extremely fast relative to the surface, it is not that space is so high up,... \u2022 4,193 ### How could a 90 m/s delta-v be enough to commit the space shuttle to landing? Page 331 in the Shuttle Crew Operations Manual, an official NASA astronaut training document, confirms that The deorbit burn usually decreases the vehicle's orbital velocity anywhere from 200 to ... \u2022 169k ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? Here's an image of the bottom of the stage before launch. As you can see, the entire bottom is covered in white panels. I suspect those panels are a heat shield. This SpaceX press release on the ... \u2022 122k Accepted ### What if a Space Shuttle entered the atmosphere of Venus? Can't speak to the trajectory aspects but the Orbiter crew compartment was very intolerant of crush pressure loading. The two negative pressure relief valves protect the crew compartment from being ... \u2022 169k ### What impact will the deorbiting of thousands of satellites have on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Improved Air Turbo Rocket for Space Applications Application to Orbital Vehicles and Reentry An Air Turbo Rocket (ATR) is a propulsion system which combines a turbo jet with a rocket engine. Currently it is being touted as a propulsion system for future missile systems, as these engines have a higher thrust density when compared to other air breathing engines. This paper explores the possibility of modifying the ATR for use in space application as well as during spacecraft re-entry. Such modified ATR\u2019s could be used to power space vehicles up to the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to dock with the International Space Station (ISS). In addition, thrust reversal techniques on the ATR systems could be used to improve the accuracy of Ballistic Missiles and hypersonic space planes upon Re-entry. Challenges faced would be in this type of air breathing engine would be operating at different atmospheric conditions. This paper will explore an ATR design, which will operate at different modes namely conventional mode, which will be used during below absolute ceiling, and the mission mode, which will be employed during flight in vacuum. Lastly, the reentry mode, which can be used for lessening the entry velocity of a vehicle to reduce the risks associated with reentry. The paper will try to emphasize the advantages of ATR as an affordable launch system for space shuttles and satellites with high maneuverability."}, {"title": "", "text": "R-DBAS aims to provide direct reentry alerts to affected land, sea, and air craft (Credits: Kristhian Mason). The Reentry Direct Broadcasting Alert System (R-DBAS) is an evolution of the Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR) concept, often called the black box of spacecraft. But unlike the REBR, which simply downloads data via satellite link for later analysis, the R-DBAS is intended as a direct communication tool with the end user. As a spacecraft carrying R-DBAS hits the atmosphere, it relays a message with the coordinates of the falling debris area to anyone with a receiver and a display, such as a laptop or iPad , warning them of the hazard. Despite increasing efforts to accurately predict space debris reentry, the exact time and location of reentry is still very uncertain. Partially, this is due to a skipping effect uncontrolled spacecraft may undergo as they enter the atmosphere at a shallow angle. Such an effect depends on atmospheric variations of density and winds that are difficult to model. When the skipping ends and atmospheric reentry starts, the trajectory and the overall location of surviving fragments can be precisely predicted but the time to impact the ground or to reach airspace is at that point very short. All of these factors together mean that population centers, ships, and aircraft have very little time to respond to incoming space debris. A GPS localizer combined with a pre-computed debris footprint area and direct broadcasting provides a solution. Schematic of the existing Reentry Breakup Recorder (Credits: The Aerospace Corporation). The risk to aviation"}, {"title": "", "text": "Probabilistic Analysis of the Inadvertent Reentry of the Cassini Spacecraft's Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators As part of the launch approval process, the Interagency Nuclear Safety Review Panel provides an independent safety assessment of space missions\u2014such as the Cassini mission\u2014that carry a significant amount of nuclear materials. This survey article describes potential accident scenarios that might lead to release of fuel from an accidental reentry during an Earth swingby maneuver, the probabilities of such scenarios, and their consequences. To illustrate the nature of calculations used in this area, examples are presented of probabilistic models to obtain both the probability of scenario events and the resultant source terms of such scenarios. Because of large extrapolations from the current knowledge base, the analysis emphasizes treatment of uncertainties."}, {"title": "", "text": "said the perpetrators would have been pleased with their efforts. \u201cHad they known that as well as convincing John Lovett that he had found a spaceball, they almost fooled the American space agency as well \u2026 They would have been very pleased,\u201d he said. Source: http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/8601253/New-Zealand-space-balls-had-everyone-fooled Other hoaxes have been attempted such as with a spherical ball similar to the one below. Although this one quite obviously is not a pressurized sphere that is easily mistaken for space debris (it is a welded fishing float that looks similar to a helium pressure tank), others have been. Paul Maley with a metallic sphere that is actually a float. Found in Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati May 11, 2013. During the week of December 10, 2010 the first Dragon capsule was launched into space with a wheel of Le Brouere cheese as a payload. It could only be hoped that such an object may survive reentry in the future and be recovered as \u201cspace debris\u201d. REPORTING A REENTRY SIGHTING A reentering spacecraft is similar to that of a meteor or small asteroid body with some notable differences. Many reports by local people, regardless of the country of origin, appear on YouTube or other public information source without basic critical pieces of information. The photo below is similar to what may be seen during a spectacular reentry. A Russian SL4 rocket engages in a destructive reentry (where the rocket is basically destroyed by interaction with the Earth\u2019s atmosphere) over Colorado January 4, 2007 While reentry of a spacecraft or piece"}, {"title": "", "text": "and in some cases well exceeding Mach 3. Most spacecraft A spacecraft or spaceship is a craft or machine designed for spaceflight. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.... , most notably the Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle was a manned orbital rocket and spacecraft system operated by NASA on 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons... are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air pressures. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag. Note that the speed of sound decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. A wave In physics, a wave is a disturbance that travels through space and time, accompanied by the transfer of energy.Waves travel and the wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium\u2014that is, with little or no associated mass... traveling through a bull whip is also capable of achieving supersonic speeds. Supersonic flight Supersonic aerodynamics Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and"}, {"title": "", "text": "larger than that of satellites that will reenter in the foreseeable future: NASA states an estimate of 44,000 kg of meteoritic material hitting Earth each day (source pointed out in a comment to a related question). Most of this material is vaporized during entry. The point is that reentering satellites contribute to this on a much smaller scale. Therefore this effect is negligible. This answer does not address particularly toxic substances contained in satellites or in general any artificial materials but just the ones that are constantly added to the atmosphere naturally and en masse. Everyday AstronautEveryday Astronaut $\\begingroup$ @uhoh I just edited the answer $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Everyday Astronaut Thanks for contributing an answer to Space Exploration Stack Exchange! Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged reentry atmosphere starlink satellite-constellation deorbit or ask your own question. Graduation of Space Exploration Could a spacecraft be made out of wood? Do space industry companies want their defunct satellites back? How many kilograms of nickel particles will be dispersed in Earth's atmosphere by dumping old ISS batteries overboard? Is there an estimate for the average mass of all meteoroids and asteroids hitting Earth's atmosphere in one year? Will LAGEOS burn up or be destroyed on impact? Have spacecraft ever dipped below the Karman line and then safely continued spaceflight? Most challenging aspects of a reusable satellite scheme like this? Impact of Constellations on Space Debris and Launch Windows How quickly can the Starlink spacecraft respond to an impending collision? Why is SpaceX deploying Starlink satellites without"}, {"title": "", "text": "is \"ultrasonic\". Etymology: The word supersonic comes from two Latin derived words; 1) super: above and 2) sonus: sound, which together mean above sound, or faster than sound. Supersonic objects The tip of a bullwhip is thought to be the first object designed to break the sound barrier, resulting in the telltale \"crack\" (actually a small sonic boom). The wave motion travelling through the bullwhip is what makes it capable of achieving supersonic speeds. However, the first man-made supersonic boom was likely caused by a piece of cloth, spurring the whip's eventual development. Most modern firearm bullets are supersonic, with rifle projectiles often travelling at speeds approaching and in some cases well exceeding Mach 3. Most spacecraft are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air densities. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag. Note that the speed of sound decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. When an inflated balloon is burst, the torn pieces of latex contract at supersonic speed, which contributes to the sharp and loud popping noise. Supersonic land vehicles To date, only one land vehicle has officially travelled at supersonic speed, the ThrustSSC. The vehicle, driven by Andy Green, holds the world land speed record, having achieved an average speed on its bi-directional run of"}, {"title": "", "text": "fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference. This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit. Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem. Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits. Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects. The term \"transfer energy\" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft. Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "and pressure tanks which are very low density. High density objects like the batteries from the ISS are more likely to burn up completely. There is an extremely small risk that reentering object will hit someone. It is so small that if I knew there was a reentry near where I live, I would go outside to watch it! How does Aerospace help with managing orbital debris? Aerospace works with the government to design satellite architectures that consider debris risk. Orbit choices take into account both on-orbit risk and post-mission disposal to minimize future debris. Aerospace works with government and contractors to design spacecraft that can maneuver to avoid collisions, withstand small debris strikes, and move to disposal orbits or reenter the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at end of life. If a spacecraft is intended for reentry, Aerospace considers design changes that will minimize the risk to life on the ground from falling debris. We also screen launch trajectories to avoid collisions with any tracked objects and compare all potential launch trajectories at all possible launch times to calculate the positions of all tracked space debris. Aerospace aggressively seeks new ways of computing close calls with space debris, and of developing better processes to ensure smooth operations. Where can people track the ISS battery pallet? Several sites track different space objects, including our own CORDS Reentry Database. Track the descent of the ISS battery pallet here. We operate the only federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) committed exclusively to the space enterprise. Space Debris More from The"}, {"title": "", "text": "range of many miles. And this is definitely not the first time something this large, or even bigger, has made an uncontrolled reentry before. In 2011, the launch of a Russian spacecraft intended for Mars failed, leaving the vehicle stranded in lower Earth orbit. Called Phobos-Grunt, the spacecraft weighed nearly 30,000lbs and it fell back to Earth in 2012, ultimately entering over the Pacific Ocean. NASA\u2019s old space station Sky Lab also made an uncontrolled reentry \u2013 and it weighed nearly 160,000lbs when it fell to Earth."}, {"title": "", "text": "entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process, compared with the traditional reentry vehicle, the flexible reentry vehicle can decelerate at a higher altitude, which effectively reduces the surface heat flux of the vehicle, decreases the plasma density of the shock layer, and increases the communication possibility between ground and aerospace [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Recently, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and many universities have cooperated to develop a membrane reentry vehicle with an inflatable torus. The target vehicle is sent into a predetermined orbit by a sounding rocket, and the membrane expands rapidly and is maintained by the inflatable torus under vacuum and microgravity conditions. After the highest point of the orbit, the vehicle returns to the atmosphere. It is worth noting that the expanded membrane has a flotation effect during the descent, so vehicle does not need to install a parachute, which can ensure the vehicle maintains a low ballistic coefficient flight during the whole EDL process by the advantage of its large area and small weight, and reduce the speed when landing to achieve a soft landing. As a new type of return vehicle with multiple reentry advantages in the future, aerospace agencies of various countries have been successively launching a series of studies on this type of reentry vehicle since the 1960s. Yamada et al. [10,11] used scientific balloons for free flight tests in 2004 and 2009, respectively. The first experiment aimed to establish that the flexible membrane technology could effectively achieve a soft landing of the vehicle without a parachute, which was the primary goal"}, {"title": "", "text": "ProjectOrion MPCV 4throck Enthusiast ! Great to see that Orion is generating the interest it deserves, with many add-ons to depict the different planned versions. Good work. Astro SG Wise Future Orion MPCV Pilot Just a few more photo ops. Thanks to francisdrake for tips of re-entry with Orion MPCV on Re-entering with Orion thread. Why does Orion re-enter the atmosphere twice, instead of once? I don't know if you remember me stating this, so I will restate it. I do not believe that you should put extra water around the CM when it splashes down. If you want to make it look like the bottom part of the CM is in water, you should cut off the round bottom in the mesh file. It was too marine/aqua colored as well. Thank you for the work! IronRain The One and Only (AFAIK) Moderator Donator Just a few more photo ops. Thanks to francisdrake for tips of re-entry with Orion MPCV on Re-entering with Orion thread. Why does Orion re-enter the atmosphere twice, instead of once? [ame=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_reentry\"]Skip reentry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/ame] Skip reentry is a reentry technique involving one or more successive \"skips\" off the atmosphere to achieve greater entry range or to slow the spacecraft before final entry, which helps to dissipate the huge amount of heat that is usually generated on faster descents. The range modulation made possible by skip entry allows a spacecraft to reach a wider landing area, or to reach a designated landing point from a wider range of possible"}, {"title": "", "text": "orbit for several days before conducting a series of de-orbit burns for a destructive re-entry over the Pacific Ocean on Saturday. During preparations for its destructive reentry and after the deorbit burn but before entry interface (the point at which the discernable atmosphere begins to affect a spacecraft), ground controllers will remotely command HTV-7 to release the HSRC capsule at an altitude of 300 km (190 miles). HSRC will then use its 3D printed nozzles to autonomously control its attitude during atmospheric reentry. Once through reentry heating, a parachute will guide HSRC to a safe splashdown in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Ogasawara Islands for recovery. Overall, the goal of the HSRC is to demonstrate its reentry and scientific sample return capability (max 20 kg, or 41 lb) \u2013 which will presently make it only the second craft capable of returning experiments from the International Space Station, the other being SpaceX\u2019s Dragon. Because HSRC needs to splashdown in an area where recovery will be easy to accomplish, HTV-7 will have the distinction of being the first JAXA Station resupply vehicle to perform a destructive reentry over the Northwestern Pacific Ocean instead of over the Southern Pacific Ocean spacecraft graveyard that has been used on all six previous HTV missions."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the computable modeling of Boltzmann-type velocity distribution function equation with internal energy excitation and the gas-kinetic massively parallel algorithm for hypersonic non-equilibrium aerothermodynamics during falling disintegration of the uncontrolled Tiangong-1 spacecraft. As this work is only the beginning of numerical forecast for un-controlling spacecraft falling from outer space, further investigations on the three-dimensional irregular multi-body flows with real gas effects involving internal energy excitation around disintegrating debris of uncontrolled spacecraft, need to be studied in the future. Reyhanoglu M, Alvarado J (2013) Estimation of debris dispersion due to a space vehicle breakup during reentry. Acta Astronautica 86:211\u2013218 Balakrishnan D, Kurian J (2014) Material thermal degradation under reentry aerodynamic heating. J Spacecr Rocket:1\u201310. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A32712 Wu ZN, Hu RF, Qu X et al (2011) Space debris reentry analysis methods and tools. Chin J Aeronaut 24(4):387\u2013395 Caggiano A, Etse G (2015) Coupled thermo-mechanical interface model for concrete failure analysis under high temperature. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 289:498\u2013516 MathSciNet Article Google Scholar Li ZH, Ma Q, Cui JZ (2016) Finite element algorithm for dynamic thermoelasticity coupling problems and application to transient response of structure with strong aerothermodynamic environment. Commun Comput Phys 20(3):773\u2013810 MathSciNet MATH Article Google Scholar Peng AP, Li ZH, Wu JL, Jiang XY (2016) Implicit gas-kinetic unified algorithm based on multi-block docking grid for multi-body reentry flows covering all flow regimes. J Comput Phys 327:919\u2013942 Li ZH, Peng AP, Wu JL, Ma Q, Tang XW, Liang J, Gas-Kinetic Unified Algorithm for Computable Modeling of Boltzmann Equation for Aerothermodynamics during Falling Disintegration of Tiangong-type Spacecraft, Proc. of"}, {"title": "", "text": "initiated an experiment to analyze what happens to a spacecraft during reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere\u2014The final experiment utilized three Reentry Data Collection Flight Recorders to obtain data showcasing the extreme conditions a spacecraft encounters when reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. It also tested the performance of different heat shield materials that may be used on future US space missions. Pending NASA\u2019s specific cargo needs, Orbital ATK is prepared to launch two additional CRS missions this year aboard the company\u2019s Antares rockets from NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia."}, {"title": "", "text": "a separation velocity of approximately 8,650 km/h (5,370 mph).[33] The design called for grid fins to be used during atmospheric reentry, once the atmosphere is sufficiently dense, to control the attitude of the rocket and fine tune the landing location.[30] The booster return flights were expected to encounter loads lower than those experienced on the Falcon 9 reentries, principally because the ITS would have both a lower mass ratio and a lower density than Falcon 9.[24] The booster was to be designed for 20 g nominal loads, and possibly as high as 30\u201340 gs without breaking up.[24] In contrast to the landing approach used on SpaceX mid-2010s reusable rocket first stages\u2014either a large, flat concrete pad or downrange floating landing platform used with Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy\u2014the ITS booster was to be designed to land on a launch mount itself, where it may then be refilled with propellant and checked out for follow-on flights.[30] Spacecraft that operate briefly as upper stages during launch[edit] The ITS did not have a dedicated and single-function second stage in the way most launch vehicles have had. Instead, the upper stage function of gaining sufficient velocity to place a payload into Earth orbit is provided as a relatively short term role by a spacecraft that has all the requisite systems for long-duration spaceflight.[30] This is not a role that most upper stages have had in launch vehicle designs through the 2010s, as typical upper stage on-orbit life is measured in hours. Previous exceptions to this norm exist, for example the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Investigation Of The Relative Merits Between DAS And ORSAT For Small Satellite Reentry Analysis The Glory program is a low-earth satellite that has both Earth and solar science objectives. Glory is required to meet NASA safety standard 1740.14, Guidelines and Assessment Procedures for Limiting Orbital Debris. The post-mission disposal method chosen for Glory is an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry option. Specifically, Guideline 7-1 requires the spacecraft to complete a Reentry Survivability Analysis (RSA). The guideline's intent is to limit the risk of human casualty by minimizing the surviving components of a spacecraft. Adjustments can be made to the allowable debris casualty area (DCA) depending on reentry year and inclination to keep the risk of human casualty constant (1 in 10,000). Recently Glory underwent a RSA, which was completed using two tools: the debris assessment software (DAS), version 1.5.3, and the object reentry survival analysis tool (ORSAT). The outcome of the RSA is very important to the mission. If the DCA is higher than the allowable, then the mission must pursue one of the possible resolutions that are discussed. If the ORSAT results are the end products that are assessed for policy compliance, then why use DAS at all? If done early DAS analysis can provide an indication of components that should be more carefully analyzed, which can indicate if steps should be taken in the design prior to a potential impact. DAS also helps prepare inputs for ORSAT, which has different input methods, but the information needed is much the same. This paper will strive to explore"}, {"title": "", "text": "DSMC results, in which the GKUA has been verified in high-precision and strong simulation ability in solving the aerodynamics of irregular large-scale spacecraft covering various flow regimes. Validation of computation and experiment for aerodynamics on the two-capsule vehicle of Tiangong spacecraft (H = 62.1km, Ma\u221e = 12.79, Kn\u221e = 3.37 \u00d7 10\u22125). a Pressure, b Temperature, c Structural Temp. at 801s, d Normal force coefs, e Pitching moment coefs, f Pressure center position Large-scale spacecraft such as the Tiangong-1 in uncontrolled falling will disintegrate into multi-bodies in near-space flying surrounding during its reentry passing through the atmosphere. By developing multi-block patched grid generation technique, a computational platform based on the GKUA with implicit scheme has been established to solve the multi-body flow problems covering various flow regimes. Figure 10 shows the multi-body interference and flow phenomena around different multi-bodies of the irregular disintegration/debris simulated by the GKUA. When H = 6 L, interference become very weak. When H = 10 L, the Mach stem disappears, and the two oblique shock waves are formed by head shock waves, the separation vortex disappear. Macro flow variables around component and debris from multiple disintegration of Tiangong-1 In order to establish more engineering processing approaches for the flow interference among disintegrated multi-bodies, three side-by-side square cylinder flows are simulated by the present GKUA for Kn\u221e = 0.001, Ma\u221e = 3 with zero attack angle. As previous, H is defined as the distance between the centers of the upper and middle square debris, and L is the square cylinder side length."}, {"title": "", "text": "time. Mechanical insulation is commonly installed in industrial and commercial facilities. Refrigeration A refrigerator consists of a heat pump and a thermally insulated compartment.[3] Spacecraft Launch and re-entry place severe mechanical stresses on spacecraft, so the strength of an insulator is critically important (as seen by the failure of insulating tiles on the Space Shuttle Columbia, which caused the shuttle airframe to overheat and break apart during reentry, killing the astronauts onboard). Re-entry through the atmosphere generates very high temperatures due to compression of the air at high speeds. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer retardant properties. Examples of insulation used on spacecraft include reinforced carbon-carbon composite nose cone and silica fiber tiles of the Space Shuttle. See also Insulative paint. Automotive Internal combustion engines produce a lot of heat during their combustion cycle. This can have a negative effect when it reaches various heat-sensitive components such as sensors, batteries, and starter motors. As a result, thermal insulation is necessary to prevent the heat from the exhaust from reaching these components. High performance cars often use thermal insulation as a means to increase engine performance. Factors influencing performance Insulation performance is influenced by many factors, the most prominent of which include: It is important to note that the factors influencing performance may vary over time as material ages or environmental conditions change. Calculating requirements Industry standards are often rules of thumb, developed over many years, that offset many conflicting goals: what people will pay for, manufacturing cost, local climate, traditional building practices,"}, {"title": "", "text": "tunnels of NASA continued to reflect the Agency\u2019s flexibility in the development of craft that operated in and out of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Specific components evaluated in the 9- by 6-Foot Thermal Structures Tunnel included the X-15 vertical tail, the heat shields for the Centaur launch vehicle and Project Fire entry vehicle, and components of the Hawk, Falcon, Sam-D, and Minuteman missiles. Researchers also subjected humans, equipment, and structures such as the Mercury Spacecraft to the 162-decibel, high-intensity noise at the tunnel exit. As part of Project Fire, in the early 1960s, personnel in the tunnel evaluated the effects of reentry heating on spacecraft materials.70 The Air Force\u2019s failed X-20 Dyna-Soar project attempted to develop a winged spacecraft. The X-20 never flew, primarily because of bureaucratic entanglements. NASA researchers H. Julian Allen and Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., working on ballistic missiles, found that a blunt shape made reentry possible.71 NASA developed a series of \u201clifting bodies\u201d\u2014 capable of reentry and then being controlled in the atmosphere\u2014to test unconventional blunt configurations. The blunt nose and wing-leading edge of the Space Shuttles that are launched into space and then glide to a landing after reentry, starting with Columbia in April 1981, owe their success to the lifting body tests flown by NASA in the 1960s and 1970s. The knowledge gained in these programs contributed to the Space Shuttle of the 1980s. Analyses of the Shuttle reflected the tradition dating back to the Wright brothers of correlating ground, or wind tunnel, data with flight data. Langley researchers conducted an"}, {"title": "", "text": "What is crossrange and downrange for an entry vehicle? I have been searching the terms online but still can't get a more intuitive understanding. If you could refer me to some website, book or if you could offer me an explanation I would really appreciate it! Thanks! Downrange is the distance traveled in the direction of flight. Imagine the orbit of a spacecraft as a circle around the Earth, 'downrange' is the distance traveled along this path. When you do a ballistic (uncontrolled) reentry, this is the path you travel. Crossrange comes into play when you make a turn, and you deviate from your orbit. It's the distance between the spacecraft and the path of its original orbit. My own image, it's a top view of the original orbit and the effect of making a turn early in the reentry trajectory. The Shuttle was capable of a large crossrange distance on reentry: they wanted to be able to land ~2000 km away from the orbital path. This meant they could launch from Vandenberg in California into a polar orbit, make 1 orbit and then land back in California. That 1 orbit took 90 minutes, in which the Earth rotated by ~2000 km, so a downrange landing would put the Shuttle in the Pacific, 2000 km off the West coast. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged reentry entry-descent-landing or ask your own question. Could a modified Jiffy Pop container survive atmospheric re-entry to deliver fresh popcorn anywhere in the world?"}, {"title": "", "text": "each launch, and schoolteachers report that children complain of various ailments in the days following launches. In the past five years, there hasn't been a healthy newborn in the village. The traditional space debris\u2014fragments from the rockets\u2014has killed cattle in the area. More often than not, accurate predictions cannot be made about landing sites of falling debris, unless the reentry is controlled from the ground. When the Russian Mars probe (another nuclear-power craft) fell to Earth in 1996, the U.S. Space Command targeted Australia in its predictions of the probe's landing site. The probe disintegrated over South America. Nor can we currently predict how much of a spacecraft will survive reentry. Intentional de-orbiting of some dead satellites, with the expectation that they will burn up on reentry, showed otherwise. According to the Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, \"recent evidence shows that some portions\u2026sometimes significant pieces, may survive reentry and pose a hazard to people and property on the ground.\" Some significant reentry events include a second stage of a Delta rocket that rained debris on Oklahoma and Texas on January 22, 1997. One woman was struck by a small piece of debris. Another Delta second stage reentered in early spring, 2000. Debris was found in a farm in South Africa. When considering the risk posed by orbital debris, one must look not only at the current state of debris environment in space, but also into future conditions in the same environment. In a report issued in 1999, the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses"}, {"title": "", "text": "the thrusters in the right direction for the sling shot? ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission: You are absolutely right! So this maneuver was about positioning the spacecraft in the direction for the ... 8 I was wondering if anyone could explain why the re-entry retrograde would be more delta-v, and by how much. The Earth rotates eastward, carrying the atmosphere with it. For prograde reentry, you're moving \"with the wind\" so to speak, so the relative speed between you and the atmosphere is lessened; for retrograde reentry you're going into a headwind; the ... 7 I will try to answer your general question with application to NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. The AOCS/GNC (Attitude and Orbital Control System / Guidance Navigation and Control) subsystem takes care that a spacecraft points to a specific point in space, determines the s/c attitude, and does trajectory corrections. So in simple terms, an AOCS system is ... 7 If the artificial gravity station is monolithic, it could also be hubless. It could have one \"runway\" on the inside of the ring. Docking ports don't need any complicated rotating seals. Matching rotation speed is made by \"landing\" the spacecraft on the station, and basically braking on its inner surface until full stop, and then taxi to the closest docking ... 7 If the question is making implicit reference to the conservation of angular momentum, then, as so often the case, \"it depends\". The source of the change in rotation cannot strictly come from \"energy inside the satellite\". 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Observations during its last year will help scientists better... view more Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, 2015 leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below,"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere, or ionosphere. The difference in the height of the ionosphere can vary by hundreds of kilometers from solar minimum to solar maximum, according to Richard Fisher, director of NASA\u2019s heliophysics division. The difference in height can alter how much drag satellites in low Earth orbit experience, and thus impact how much fuel they consume to stay at a desired altitude. Ironically, the most recent solar minimum was so low that the ionosphere fell to a point where a satellite recently launched to study that region of the upper atmosphere was unable to do so. That satellite was the U.S. Air Force\u2019s Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System spacecraft launched in April 2008. One of the payloads was designed to monitor the concentration and energy of various structures in the ionosphere that can impact high-frequency communications and GPS signals. At first the satellite had nothing to monitor, but the ionosphere is slowly rising again, Fisher said. One of the most important instruments for monitoring the sun is an aging spacecraft 1.6 million kilometers from Earth. NASA\u2019s 13-year-old Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite sits at the first Lagrange point, directly between the Earth and the sun at all times. When the sun blasts out a plume of particles that could potentially cause disruptions on Earth, ACE gives scientists as much as an hour of advance warning. The space weather community for years has been sounding the alarm that the satellite could fail at any time. Heeding the warning, Congress added $5 million to NASA\u2019s 2010 budget to refurbish and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Satellite's Last Days Improve Orbital Decay Predictions Posted December 15, 2015 6:21 PM Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below, including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with"}, {"title": "", "text": "has weather. Rick Doe, a Senior Research Physicist at SRI International, explained that you can corrupt radio signals when you cross the ionosphere, and \u201cradio waves are particularly susceptible to distortions\u201d when they encounter disruptions to ions. We depend on these distorted radio signals for navigation on Earth, including commercial aircraft, so this distortion can be a key determinate when doing things like autonomously navigating aircraft. Being able to determine when signals are particularly distorted by concentrated distorting activity in the ionosphere can help make sure that autonomous navigation takes into account and forecasts for these things in order to help mitigate their impact. It\u2019s not about countering the effect of this activity \u2014 Doe notes that it\u2019s like a tornado in terms of terrestrial weather: You don\u2019t try to counter the tornado, you plan around it and its impact when you\u2019re able to predict its occurrence. The program will provide similar prediction and mitigation abilities for solar weather. SpaceX\u2019s mission is currently set for launch on June 24 at 11:30 PM ET, and it\u2019ll carry all of the above on behalf of client NASA. We\u2019ll have coverage of the launch, so check back later this month for more."}, {"title": "", "text": "has weather. Rick Doe, a Senior Research Physicist at SRI International, explained that you can corrupt radio signals when you cross the ionosphere, and \u201cradio waves are particularly susceptible to distortions\u201d when they encounter disruptions to ions. We depend on these distorted radio signals for navigation on Earth, including commercial aircraft, so this distortion can be a key determinate when doing things like autonomously navigating aircraft. Being able to determine when signals are particularly distorted by concentrated distorting activity in the ionosphere can help make sure that autonomous navigation takes into account and forecasts for these things in order to help mitigate their impact. It\u2019s not about countering the effect of this activity \u2014 Doe notes that it\u2019s like a tornado in terms of terrestrial weather: You don\u2019t try to counter the tornado, you plan around it and its impact when you\u2019re able to predict its occurrence. The program will provide similar prediction and mitigation abilities for solar weather. SpaceX\u2019s mission is currently set for launch on June 24 at 11:30 PM ET, and it\u2019ll carry all of the above on behalf of client NASA. We\u2019ll have coverage of the launch, so check back later this month for more."}, {"title": "", "text": "Why Doesn't The Signal From Spacecraft Get Lost? Radio signals can and do collide with other objects in space, and definitely do disperse between the spacecraft and the Earth, but they will reach the Earth for two reasons. The first; even though our solar system has a lot of stuff in it, the vast majority of it is still empty space. The second is that all spacecraft are equipped with finely tuned and precisely calibrated antennas, which allow them to aim their signal directly at the earth, rather than beaming its signal in every direction. Beaming signal in every direction would require a lot of power to produce, so it\u2019s much more efficient to use a smaller amount of power to limit the signal to only direction you care about, i.e., in the direction of Earth. Now, if you\u2019re a spacecraft orbiting another planet, you can easily imagine that the planet will occasionally get in the way of you beaming information back to the Earth. Radio signals do not go through planets, and nor do they go on curved paths. So the spacecraft, in these times, must be capable of running itself for a while, before it comes back around from the far side of the planet (from an Earthly perspective). During these times the spacecraft are always in a communications blackout, and totally unable to communicate with us on Earth. All spacecraft are designed to operate this way \u2013 they have to be able to run a series of tasks without continual monitoring by someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "USA, Spain and Australia. Their spacing means that anything more than 30,000 km from the Earth should always be up for at least one of them. The European Space Agency has a similar facility (in Argentina, Spain and Australia), while other nations operate systems with less complete coverage.9 And, of course, for more distant craft you have to cope with that round-trip communications delay discussed earlier in this chapter. Finally, as we saw in Chap. , high speed entry into an atmosphere can generate a lot of heat. One consequence of this can be the creation of an envelope of ionized atmospheric gases around the craft, which interferes with or even totally blocks radio communications. Spacecraft returning to Earth will experience this comms blackout, as will probes landing on any other celestial body with enough of an atmosphere. The result is always several very tense minutes during which ground controllers have no idea what is happening to their craft. ## Engineering Success Regardless of how it is controlled, when you delve into the details of almost any space-based mission, at first it may seem rather astonishing how often something goes wrong at some point. When you pause and reflect, you may change that view. Given the size, complexity, duration and sheer difficulty of doing anything in space, it is not at all surprising that things frequently go wrong. What is surprising is how often and how quickly the mission recovers. In most cases this is _not_ just down to luck. An aspect of unmanned space missions"}, {"title": "", "text": "that interacts with them. And as the sun enters solar minimum \u2014 a low-activity period that happens every 11 years\u2014 the ionosphere expands. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer will have the chance to redeem itself from its defectiveness last year by sampling the densities of ionized and neutral atoms in this atmospheric region when Dellingr launches on its maiden journey this month. Editor's Note: This story was corrected at 8:15 p.m. EDT to clarify that \"6U\" refers to a cubesat's size, not the number of instruments it carries. Follow Doris Elin Salazar on Twitter @salazar_elin. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com. Doris Elin Urrutia Doris is a science journalist and Space.com contributor. She received a B.A. in Sociology and Communications at Fordham University in New York City. Her first work was published in collaboration with London Mining Network, where her love of science writing was born. Her passion for astronomy started as a kid when she helped her sister build a model solar system in the Bronx. She got her first shot at astronomy writing as a Space.com editorial intern and continues to write about all things cosmic for the website. Doris has also written about microscopic plant life for Scientific American\u2019s website and about whale calls for their print magazine. She has also written about ancient humans for Inverse, with stories ranging from how to recreate Pompeii\u2019s cuisine to how to map the Polynesian expansion through genomics. She currently shares her home with two rabbits. Follow her on twitter at"}, {"title": "", "text": "signals are sent to ground receiving stations so that scientists can detect tiny changes in the phase or amplitude of the signals. The scientists will then be able to trace the disturbances to the region of the ionosphere through which they have passed. \"All signals are generated at the same time \u0335 1; with the same phase \u2013 so you can see how they are distorted as they pass through the bubbles,\" Doe said. \"If you then look at the distortions, you can return information about the degree of roughness and the density of the bubbles.\" The two satellites aboard Falcon Heavy are joined by similar beacons aboard NOAA's six COSMIC-2 satellites . A combination of measurements from all eight satellites allows scientists to study the distortions from multiple angles simultaneously. Scientists hope that the project will help them develop strategies to avoid signal distortion. For example, NASA said airlines might be able to choose a radio frequency for communications less susceptible to bladder interference, or the military could postpone an important operation until a disruptive ionospheric bubble is over. Visit Space.com on June 24 for full coverage of the launch of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket and payloads on board. Follow Kasandra Brabaw @KassieBrabaw . Follow us on Twitter @SpaceTotcom and Facebook . Tags earth39s Falcon heavy investigate ionosphere NASA Satellites SpaceX The thunderstorm in July often signals stormy weather. This full moon in July 2019 is also referred to as \"Buck Moon\"."}, {"title": "", "text": "Project West Ford: Earth's Saturn-Like Ring of Dipoles What do you think of the USAF's plan to deploy a band of millions of tiny dipole antennas into orbit around Earth for communications support? Because over-the-horizon (OTH) radio communications rely on the upper atmosphere being conductive to reflect radio waves, it is essential that there always be something for bending signals back to Earth rather than allowing them to escape into space. The ionosphere has many identified regions that do a good job of reflecting signals of certain wavelengths during particular times of day and under special atmospheric conditions cause by solar activity. There are times when reliable OTH communications are not possible because of severe coronal mass ejections (CMEs), high meteoric activity, and even terrestrial events like major volcanic eruptions. Even predictable variation in ionosphere characteristics like the diurnal blending of the F1 and F2 layers into a single F layer complicates emergency and strategic communications planning that is vital to national defense. In order to mitigate the risk, the U.S. Air Force decided to launch payloads consisting of millions - eventually even billions - of 3/4-inch-long wires would encircle the planet in a flat ring shape to act as half-wave reflector dipoles at 8 GHz. Project West Ford (aka Project Needles) was born. Astronomers opposed the project immediately because as envisioned the ring would interfere with both optical and radio observations. Their objections were duly noted and filed for later reference. To make a long story short, the first launch failed to properly deploy the"}, {"title": "", "text": "as others have stated, mostly due to the more sparse atmosphere. In LEO at 250km, there may be as many as $10^{-10}g/cm^3$ particles, whereas in GEO at 35,786km this is more like $10^{-20}g/cm^3$. Spacecraft in GEO experience other effects from the solar wind (surface charging and other electromagnetic effects). DiamondDiamond Another contributing factor is that the LEO satellite, at altitudes of 1-6 Mm, is getting pounded by the inner Van Allen belt. RogerRoger GEO satellites tend to be large satellites, because they have to be larger to support their missions. When you have to make them larger, then they are built with additional redundancy. In addition, GEO satellites do not have as many eclipses, they have them at most once a day for 90 minutes during eclipse season. For LEO satellites, their death tends to be due to poor batteries. The batteries are very stressed due to the constant use that they require. GEO satellites tend to end their lives when the fuel runs out. Fuel requirements are usually easier than batteries. LEO satellites tend to require a constellation to work effective. The redundancy in many ways is that there are usually other satellites in orbit that can \"pick up the slack\" if one of them fails. GEO satellites tend to require being in a specific location, and cannot support that kind of redundancy. Bottom line is, LEO satellites are built smaller, cheaper, and with lower lifetimes, and have more battery stress than GEO satellites. $\\begingroup$ I think you are quite right about the greater stress"}, {"title": "", "text": "Very low frequency (VLF) waves and energetic particles in the magnetosphere. The VLF waves were produced by a ground-based transmitter. Injection of the waves beyond the ionosphere was assured by transmitter location in a region where the magnetic lines of force are open: in this case, the Siple Station, Antarctica. The injected signal and any stimulated VLF emissions were recorded through a loop antenna by a 1 to 32-kHz broadband receiver on the satellite. The observed parameters were the intensities of received radio frequency waves as a function of time. Orbit ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 remained near the Earth. ISEE-3 was the first spacecraft to be placed in a halo orbit at the Earth-Sun Lagrange point and it was later deployed into a heliocentric orbit. Atmospheric entry Both ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 re-entered the Earth's atmosphere during orbit 1518 on 26 September 1987. Seventeen of 21 on-board experiments were operational at the end. See also ISEE-2 International Cometary Explorer (ISEE-3) 1977 in spaceflight List of heliophysics missions References Explorers Program NASA space probes Spacecraft which reentered in 1987 Spacecraft launched in 1977"}, {"title": "", "text": "primary use being for station-keeping once delivered to GEO and they have not spent a long time in transit. I think this recent paper is relevant: Space Weather Concerns for All-Electric Propulsion Satellites from Ref 1. I have extracted the following figure from it: [NB \"EOR\" refers to \"Electric Orbit Raising\"] Satellites are designed with shielding against specifications which in turn depend upon a good picture of the environment. Solar arrays can, to degree, be protected by thicker cover-glasses, hence the 6.7 year part of the caption does not apply to solar arrays other than to show the concept. I believe the Van Allen probes, mentioned in PearsonArtPhoto's response will have featured allowances for uncertainties in the very phenomenon they are there to measure. In the case of geostationary communications satellites which are usually relatively power-hungry compared to science satellites, the effect of mis-judging the uncertainties would be felt later in the mission as the available power dropped. Lastly, referring to a part of the Dr. Geoffrey Landis article referred to in the question: He noted the slow speed used by this form of propulsion to transit the Van Allen radiation belts saying that for HSF, one must go through the belts much faster. He said nuclear propulsion was needed, mentioned the fear factor that several have but that we should develop and implement it. His solution may be consistent with some lunar mission scenarios though there isn't enough context given to conclude that it is \"needed\". Ref 1. Horne, R. B., and D. Pitchford (2015),"}, {"title": "", "text": "as others have stated, mostly due to the more sparse atmosphere. In LEO at 250km, there may be as many as $10^{-10}g/cm^3$ particles, whereas in GEO at 35,786km this is more like $10^{-20}g/cm^3$. Spacecraft in GEO experience other effects from the solar wind (surface charging and other electromagnetic effects). DiamondDiamond Another contributing factor is that the LEO satellite, at altitudes of 1-6 Mm, is getting pounded by the inner Van Allen belt. RogerRoger 1,02011 silver badge1414 bronze badges GEO satellites tend to be large satellites, because they have to be larger to support their missions. When you have to make them larger, then they are built with additional redundancy. In addition, GEO satellites do not have as many eclipses, they have them at most once a day for 90 minutes during eclipse season. For LEO satellites, their death tends to be due to poor batteries. The batteries are very stressed due to the constant use that they require. GEO satellites tend to end their lives when the fuel runs out. Fuel requirements are usually easier than batteries. LEO satellites tend to require a constellation to work effective. The redundancy in many ways is that there are usually other satellites in orbit that can \"pick up the slack\" if one of them fails. GEO satellites tend to require being in a specific location, and cannot support that kind of redundancy. Bottom line is, LEO satellites are built smaller, cheaper, and with lower lifetimes, and have more battery stress than GEO satellites. $\\begingroup$ I think you are quite"}, {"title": "", "text": "plane of the sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the"}, {"title": "", "text": "difficulty (of aiming the transmitter). $\\endgroup$ In space, there is a lot of electromagnetic radiation from sun and other space objects. No, there isn't. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is a wave phenomenon. Normally, waves of light pass through each other unperturbed. In quantum physics, there is such a thing as two-photon physics, but this takes very energetic photons. Neither the visible light from the Sun nor the radio waves from a spacecraft qualify as \"very energetic\". In short, there is no interference. There is a problem if (for example) Mars is close to being directly behind the Sun as seen from the perspective of the Earth. In this case, an Earth-bound antenna pointing toward Mars will also be pointing toward the Sun. This would be a very bad day for that Earth-bound antenna. This means that communications with Earth are suspended for about a week or two every other year for vehicles on or near Mars. Communications with Mars is not a problem outside of these solar connections. I see images of Mars by rovers, how is it noise-free and sharp? Designing communication protocols that are (to some extent) loss tolerant. This is, in part, the job of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Designing the communications capabilities of the spacecraft to be in line with the data to be gathered by the spacecraft. This is a collaborative effort between the designers of the spacecraft's science team, the designers of the spacecraft's communications system, the operators of the Deep Space Network. Making sure the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Jan 28 '17 at 0:35 $\\begingroup$ @DavidHammen OK ..my poor assessment of difficulty (of aiming the transmitter). $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Andrew Thompson Jan 28 '17 at 0:52 In space, there is a lot of electromagnetic radiation from sun and other space objects. No, there isn't. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is a wave phenomenon. Normally, waves of light pass through each other unperturbed. In quantum physics, there is such a thing as two-photon physics, but this takes very energetic photons. Neither the visible light from the Sun nor the radio waves from a spacecraft qualify as \"very energetic\". In short, there is no interference. There is a problem if (for example) Mars is close to being directly behind the Sun as seen from the perspective of the Earth. In this case, an Earth-bound antenna pointing toward Mars will also be pointing toward the Sun. This would be a very bad day for that Earth-bound antenna. This means that communications with Earth are suspended for about a week or two every other year for vehicles on or near Mars. Communications with Mars is not a problem outside of these solar connections. I see images of Mars by rovers, how is it noise-free and sharp? Designing communication protocols that are (to some extent) loss tolerant. This is, in part, the job of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Designing the communications capabilities of the spacecraft to be in line with the data to be gathered by the spacecraft. This is a collaborative effort between the designers of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "is proven, there is less risk in testing it near the Earth where ground-based intervention is easier and the launch costs of an experimental craft are comparatively less.7 ## Staying In Touch The primary means of communication between spacecraft and the ground, or spacecraft and each other, is via radio, using well-established and well understood mechanisms and protocols. Specific areas of the radio spectrum (between about 2 GHz and 30 GHz) are preferred for spacecraft communications. Just like terrestrial AM / FM radio, various modulations of the signal are used to encode information within it. Increasingly signals, especially those used to control spacecraft, may also be encrypted to guard against external interference, accidental or otherwise.8 As a minimum, radio communication involves a transmitter at one end and a receiver at the other, both of which will be connected to an antenna of some sort. In general, both participants are capable of transmitting and receiving, thus permitting proper two-way communication. Radio antennas are classed as high or low gain. The high-gain antenna is more directional; that is, whether transmitting or receiving, it focuses its attention into a narrow beam, whereas a low-gain antenna has less sensitivity but over a much larger range of directions. The classic parabolic reflector gives a narrow beam, high gain antenna, whereas a car radio's whip antenna is an omnidirectional low-gain example, as is illustrated in Fig. 6.4. Fig. 6.4 High-gain versus Low-gain antennas. High-gain is looking through a telescope; low gain is using the naked eye and exploiting peripheral vision. Simple whip"}, {"title": "", "text": "interference with the antenna)"}, {"title": "", "text": "seeks to measure are so small that the mission must take unusual precautions to ensure the instrument is free of errors. For that reason, the spacecraft was designed so that it can make an extra maneuver. In addition to gathering a straight line of data like a lawnmower swath, the instrument can point at a single target on the ground for a total of seven minutes as it passes overhead. That requires the spacecraft to turn sideways and make a half cartwheel to keep the target in its sights.\u201d\u2026.. And it glimpses the trees, never mind the forest ? Reply to u.k.(us) This way it can use up its fuel faster and require more multimillion dollar taxpayer investments in yet another one of these orbiting guessing games thereby continuing to employ people with money that could have been used to actually HELP mankind instead of attempting to quantify that which is not important*\u2026 e.g. CO2 levels. *Except as a fictional bludgeon to be used against productive humanity. vukcevic There is possibility that the instrumentation used isn\u2019t effectively shielded from cosmic rays, and as result generating flawed data is. The band south of the equator (yellow strip in the illustration) is characterised by weak earth magnetic field, http://www.liv.ac.uk/~holme/Img-main/fig1-small.gif the most notably over south Atlantic (geomagnetic anomaly). A satellite/spacecraft could experience a 1000 times increase in radiation exposure passing the South Atlantic Anomaly. Cause is highly energetic particles impacting electronic circuits, in past satellites have been permanently lost, while ISS results to often if not regular rebooting its"}, {"title": "", "text": "interference. \u201cThe Precise experiment builds on more than 50 years of AFRL investigation into the physics of the upper atmosphere,\u201d Program Manager Rachel Hock-Mysliwiec said in the release. \u201cIt will examine ionization processes in the ionosphere, the region of ionized gas between 90 and 600 km altitude, which impacts radio propagation used by warfighters for communications and navigation.\u201d Pentagon endeavors typically put satellites in farther orbits because those require less propulsion to keep them aloft, unlike systems closer to Earth that contend with greater gravity. DOD is now changing that trend through programs like the Space Development Agency\u2019s plan to put thousands of satellites in low Earth orbit for communications, missile tracking, and more. The Cislunar Highway Patrol System (CHPS) looks higher, to the area between geostationary orbit and the moon. As the Space Force tries to better understand what\u2019s traveling in that expanse\u2014a key region for military awareness given the U.S. push to return to the moon and then look to Mars\u2014CHPS will evaluate how objects move in cislunar space and new ways to track them. \u201cWe need to address really basic things that start to break down beyond GEO, like how do we even write down a trajectory?\u201d said Jaime Stearns, principal investigator on the project. \u201cCHPS will also explore other technologies required to support the mission, like communication and navigation.\u201d The lab chose the efforts based on their technical merit and military utility. The programs must still submit their budgets, anticipated timelines, and technical objectives to the lab but are slated to begin"}, {"title": "", "text": "satellite, a specie of radiation-resistant bacteria), Earth orbit, Earth's gravitational field, hydrazine rocket fuel, largest and innermost of two Mars moons, life, Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment, low earth orbit, moon could become contaminated, navigational network services., Officials at NASA, Phobos, Phobos-Grunt spacecraft, plant seeds, probe, propulsion system failed, racing against the clock, re-establish communication with the rocket, rocket's 'crash zone', Roscosmos, Russian engineers, scoop up soil sample, spacecraft communication, spcecraft, strandaed, stuck, tiny DNA-repairing invertebrates, titanium capsule containing \"freeze-dried\" bio-specimens, transporting various microbes, Vladimir Popovkin, yeast, Yinghuo-1, Zenit-2 rocket Republican Debate: Pause Reality New 7 Wonders of Nature (24 Pictures, 2 Buts..) Arnold James Barzydlo November 12, 2011 at 8:12 pm I read that the Russians believe the low gain antenna is blocked by fuel tanks, and that is perhaps why they are unable to contact it from terrestrial ground stations. But, there is another option. The international space station can transmit to it sideways as it is on the horizon from their point of view. If the tanks are blocking terrestrial attempts to com it, com it from space. Its worth a shot, anyway. Michael Ricciardi November 14, 2011 at 2:33 pm Mr Barzydlo Thanks for your comment and this new info. This is intriguing to me as one would think that the construction of a rocket/space craft would be designed for ease of remote communication, or, that this issue of blockage would have been resolved decades ago. Do you have any information as to whether NASA is planning on using the ISS for this"}, {"title": "", "text": "sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the Doppler shift, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "22 watt transmitters onboard. NASA\u2019s JPL navigation teams have done an amazing job (ex the Mars Climate orbiter fiasco) and preparing now for the Perseverance rover landing on Mars. They use a quasar based positioning system and account for variables like the slight fluctuations in the Earth\u2019s rotational speed. My point in connection with this discussion is that the shielding requirements for a spacecraft traversing the interstellar medium at relativistic speeds are substantial and will require shielding for both charged and neutral particles. Outside the heliopause will be higher interaction with high energy Cosmic Rays but also energetic neutral atoms. A large piece of ice (or equivalent) be required at the front of the spacecraft for neutral atoms and an onboard magnetic deflector for charged particles. This additional shielding mass puts further load on the propulsion system. The James Webb IR telescope launch is now scheduled for October 31st ( fingers crossed). Scott #96: even if your prior tells you that the objects in these and other videos do not come from outer space, it remains to explain what they are. Unknown natural phenomena? Secret Chinese weapons? There could be some pretty interesting stuff to find out, even if the explanation is more mundane than the \u201calien from outer space\u201d one. I find it a little\u2026 unsatisfying, shall we say, that the skeptics typically dismiss the \u201calien\u201d hypothesis as implausible without bothering to propose a more plausible explanation. Rollo Burgess Says: In conversation on an episode of Sean Carroll\u2019s podcast (I forget which episode, sorry) he"}, {"title": "", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "", "text": "he added, they shine incredibly faintly. This raises two main problems. First, the charged layer of Earth's atmosphere, the ionosphere, \"wreaks havoc\" with the radio waves that come through, Burns said, absorbing and refracting them until they're too difficult to interpret. And many of the wavelengths he's interested in run up against a major Earth emission \u2014 FM radio, which uses the same wavelengths of light and overwhelms the faint signal. [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps] \"We've concluded that these observations are best done from a very quiet place that has no ionosphere,\" Burns said. \"And in the local part of our solar system nearest the Earth, that would correspond to the far side of the moon.\" DARE would take observations during the portion of its 2-hour orbit when the moon shields it from Earth's radio waves, while it's on the moon's far side. When shielded from the sun as well, the spacecraft could collect higher-quality data; the best possible time is during the full moon, DARE materials said. Blasting off Burns hopes to submit a proposal to NASA's Explorer program in December \u2014 if selected to do a concept study and chosen for flight after that, the mission could launch somewhere around 2021 or 2022, he said. The DARE team has partnered with Ball Aerospace, which is also based in Boulder, to develop plans to repurpose one of the company's smaller spacecraft to deliver the probe to lunar orbit. \"One of the main differences between this mission and most other"}, {"title": "", "text": "space weather The northern lights interfere with radio communications, GPS navigation and satellite communications. Researchers are now going to launch 20 satellites containing world class instruments from the University of Oslo to find out why. Satellites are becoming increasingly important in communications and navigation. This makes us more vulnerable to the northern lights, especially within offshore and aviation. In a worst case scenario an aircraft can lose contact with its surroundings. Oil tankers can struggle with precise navigation. In order to more precisely predict when radio communications and navigation will fail, researchers require more information about what happens when violent solar winds hit the Earth and produce the northern lights. The solar winds consist of charged particles and produce powerful turbulence in the ionosphere, which consists of plasma clouds with electrical particles at an altitude of 80 to 500 km. The turbulence interferes with radio signals. Sometimes they are reflected wrongly. On other occasions the signals are blocked altogether. \u201cIn the northern regions GPS satellites lie low in the sky. This means the signals have to pass through the ionosphere. This reinforces the navigation problems,\u201d says professor J\u00c3\u00b8ran Moen of the Department of Physics at University of Oslo (UiO), Norway. Full story: http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2012/spaceweather.html Categories: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Aurorae, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), Earth, General Astronomy, Solar System, Sun Tags: astronomy, aurora, Nature, news, science, space AstroNews Is Coming Back Online May 14, 2012 astronewsus Leave a comment Okay, so it\u2019s been awhile but I\u2019ve got some help and we\u2019re looking to get AstroNews back up \u2018n running"}, {"title": "", "text": "ion-thrusters that ensure the repositioning of communication satellites."}, {"title": "", "text": "magnetosphere needs to also survive other, more persistent dangers. Constant exposure to ionising radiation, cosmic rays, and large temperature changes mean that electronic systems need to be designed with shielding, fail-safes, and redundancies in mind. While one would assume that modern spacecraft are filled to the brim with the latest technology, that is rarely the case. The major problem with space missions is that once a craft leaves Earth, there is very little that can be done when things go awry, especially during unmanned missions. That is why it is far more important to use technology that has been tried and tested which means that some of the components that make it into the spacecraft can be years or even decades old. You might ask, why do engineers go to such lengths to put electronic systems on spacecraft? Well, as it turns out, virtually every aspect of modern spaceflight relies on electronics. Key systems like navigation, communications, telemetry, and sensors are made possible thanks to electronics. Moreover, any unmanned missions, which make up the vast majority of space missions, would be impossible without electronics that enable the spacecraft to be controlled from Earth. Taking it a step further, probes that conduct missions in deep space need to be able to make their own, real-time decisions. This also necessitates the use of computers. Because of the vastness of space, it can take minutes or even hours for a signal to travel to Earth and back, making it impossible to control the craft remotely in situations where fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the ion thrusters does not disturb or shake the spacecraft when they are used, compared with conventional thrusters. Not all satellites make it up to their orbital slot without a hitch. Sometimes the rockets malfunction causing the satellite to not make it all the way to its geostationary orbit altitude. This is what happened to satellite AMC 14 in March 2008 when one of its rocket stages shut down early. SES Americom considers the satellite a total loss. Then there\u2019s Astra 5A, which had been working since November 1997 and should have had a few more years of service. But in January of this year (2009), it suffered a sudden failure that could not be corrected from the ground. Another satellite was moved into its place to take over its communication duties until a new satellite can be launched. To control the satellite, its antennas must point toward Earth. If the satellite moves out of alignment and it loses communications with its control center, there is the possibility that the satellite could collide with another. When the satellite\u2019s antenna is not pointed at Earth, NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory has a very large dish antenna can be aimed at the satellite, and, with enough power, a signal can be sent to the satellite to get it back under control. Communication satellites are capable of receiving and retransmitting several channels at once. The most common number of channels or transponders is 24, and they can use different frequency segments or bands to expand that number. The signal"}, {"title": "", "text": "enough not to harm the spacecraft. (The radio signal can't literally \"burn\" the spacecraft, but it seems conceivable that a radio receiver designed to listen for very faint radio signals from millions of kilometers away might be harmed by the loudness of the same signals sent from very short range.) Here's another interesting remark: Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin denied information on their existing spacecraft \"Phobos-Grunt\" design flaws that may prevent the establishment of contact with it. Earlier media reports that the device has a design flaw: one of its antennas pointing towards the ground, the other grayed [blocked by?] tank with fuel and propulsion system. \"I'm from you first hear it,\" - said Popovkin told reporters. He noted that currently the Russian Space Agency experts are trying to establish control over the \"Phobos-Grunt.\"This is referring to discussion taking place on many forums suggesting that the radio antenna that the spacecraft's controllers are trying so hard to talk to is blocked by the jettisonable fuel tank of the modified Fregat upper stage rocket engine. Speaking of forum discussions, they've started a new thread at nasaspaceflight.com to follow the continuing Phobos-Grunt saga. That and Russianspaceweb remain the best English-language places to find news. Read more: Phobos and Shuttle LIFE, Planetary Society Projects, mission status, Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon Your Impact: Mission Success! Venus\u2019 Ocean of Air and Clouds Javier Peralta"}, {"title": "", "text": "paths, Earth had moved so far ahead that it finally was on the opposite side of the Sun from the spacecraft. You can visualize the alignment by imagining the face of a clock. If the Sun is at the center, then Earth is the same distance as the tip of the hour hand, and DS1, in its more distant orbit, is at the tip of the minute hand. Last month they were on opposite sides of the center, as if it were 6:00, in an arrangement astronomers call superior conjunction. Now in one way, this alignment is not special. After all, with so many bodies orbiting the Sun at different speeds, many coincidences of geometry occur. But it was significant for DS1, because the radio signals that normally take instructions from Earth to the probe and return data from the probe to Earth had to pass very near the Sun. The unpredictable turbulence of the plasma in the solar corona can cause strong interference, even to the point of completely drowning out these signals. So DS1\u2019s controllers had to assume that communications would be impossible during the time the spacecraft was nearly aligned with the Sun. Instructions were radioed to the craft in October to configure it for a month without ground assistance. From October 30 to November 28, it did not expect to hear from Earth at all. If any problems had occurred during the period of superior conjunction, DS1\u2019s terrestrial colleagues would have been unable to provide assistance. Although the ion propulsion system has"}, {"title": "", "text": "When a satellite is launched into orbit it has an expected life span. In some cases a satellite can continue to function well beyond what was predicted, such as in the case of NASA\u2019s world record-holding Landsat 5. Other times satellites just fail inexplicably. If you asked most people why a satellite fails they\u2019d probably guess that it was hit by something, either a man-made piece of space junk or a micro-meteoroid more commonly known as space dust. But a number of satellites have failed without any noticeable damage having been caused \u2014 their on board systems just shut down, and a Stanford researcher thinks she\u2019s figured out why. Satellites typically transmit a radio signal in order to communicate with Earth. And it is that signal that\u2019s allowing the satellites to be damaged to the point of shutting down. The culprit is space dust, but not because of a micro-meteoroid impact with the satellite causing physical damage. Sigrid Close, an assistant professor in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford, has discovered that due to the speed at which space dust is traveling when it hits a satellite or nearby object, it turns into a \u201cquasi-neutral gas of ions and electrons.\u201d That plasma emits a signal in the form of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) burst, which can either damage or completely shut down the electronics of the satellite. Professor Close tested her theory at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Germany by firing dust at an object at 60km/second. Sure enough, the dust created a gas"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionosphere and Climate: Status of the COSMIC and Planned COSMIC-2 Missions,\" 2011 Space Weather Workshop, Boulder, CO, USA, April 26-29, 2011 The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: \"Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors\" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (herb.kramer@gmx.net). Overview Spacecraft Launch Mission Status Sensor Complement Ground Segment References Back to Top FalconSat-1 FASat-Bravo FASTRAC FASTSat-HSV FedSat Field Tests for 5G FITSat-1 Flyeye Flying Laptop Foton-M3 Frequency Comb FRIPON Frontier Radio FY-1"}, {"title": "", "text": "the parachute on a bridle. The swinging motion of the lander imparts high Doppler dynamics on the signal and causes the received signal strength to vary widely, due to changing antenna pointing angles. All this time, the vehicle transmits important health and status information that is especially critical if the landing is not successful. Even using the largest Deep Space Network antennas, the weak signal and high dynamics render it impossible to conduct reliable phase coherent communications. Therefore, a specialized form of frequency-shift-keying will be used. This paper describes the EDL scenario, the signal conditions, the methods used to detect and frequency-track the carrier and to detect the data modulation, and the resulting performance estimates. Planetary/DOD entry technology flight experiments. Volume 2: Planetary entry flight experiments Christensen, H. E.; Krieger, R. J.; Mcneilly, W. R.; Vetter, H. C. The technical feasibility of launching a high speed, earth entry vehicle from the space shuttle to advance technology for the exploration of the outer planets' atmospheres was established. Disciplines of thermodynamics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics propulsion, structures, design, electronics and system integration focused on the goal of producing outer planet environments on a probe shaped vehicle during an earth entry. Major aspects of analysis and vehicle design studied include: planetary environments, earth entry environment capability, mission maneuvers, capabilities of shuttle upper stages, a comparison of earth entry planetary environments, experiment design and vehicle design. Composition of the earth's atmosphere by shock-layer radiometry during the PAET entry probe experiment. Whiting, E. E.; Arnold, J. O.; Page, W. A.; Reynolds, R."}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Faraday Effect Experiment: developed by University of Bonn, operates this physical phenomenon affecting electromagnetic waves that pass through the corona to determine the density of electrons and the intensity of the magnetic field in the space region. MissionEdit Inspection of Helios-B This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Helios\" spacecraft \u2013 news \u00b7 newspapers \u00b7 books \u00b7 scholar \u00b7 JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Helios-AEdit Helios-A was launched on December 10, 1974, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 41 in Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was the first operational flight of the Titan IIIE rocket. The rocket's test flight had failed when the engine on the upper Centaur stage did not light, but the launch of Helios-A was uneventful. The probe was placed in a heliocentric orbit of 192 days with a perihelion of 46,500,000 km (28,900,000 mi; 0.311 AU) from the Sun. Several problems affected operations. One of the two antennas did not deploy correctly, reducing the sensitivity of the radio plasma apparatus to low-frequency waves. When the high-gain antenna was connected, the mission team realized that their emissions interfered with the analyzer particles and the radio receiver. To reduce the interference, communications were carried out using reduced power, but this required using the large diameter terrestrial receivers already stretched by other space missions in progress. During the first perihelion in late February 1975, the spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "sure what that means, but I guess hope springs eternal. Erny72 says: No. Bird was not old, solar activity is insignificant and would not have effected proper engineered electronics. Greenies deliberately turning off the satellite vs. just complete ESA incompetence. If just ESA incompetence, its because its run by greenies more interested in the agenda then science, so either way \u2026. Very unprofessional writing. Look at the first sentence of the press release. The way it\u2019s worded, it\u2019s not Envisat that just celebrated it\u2019s tenth year in orbit, but COMMUNICATION with Envisat. John Blake Having realized to what misuse AGW Catastrophists typically applied its hard-earned data, Envisat has probably perished of a broken heart. DesertYote says: May 10, 2012 at 11:35 am No. Bird was not old, \u2026 whereas the lead-post story says: \u201cOld?\u201d; It would indeed seem so \u2026 kadaka (KD Knoebel) says on May 10, 2012 at 1:00 am Question: Given the various worries such as solar events, space junk, small asteroid and micro-meteorite impacts, and assorted semi-random death rays, could we make do about as we are now with no-satellite surface-based communications? I know there are frequencies that \u201cbounce\u201d around the ionosphere, as with shortwave radio. Can we get enough bandwidth? \u2026 This isn\u2019t 1950 (or even 1960 or 1970); there is more than sufficient capacity on fiber (fibre ?) running around the world, not to mention the lower latency (spell that: \u201cpropagation delay time\u201d) mentioned by \u2018Echo\u2019 \u2018Mike\u2019 Smith above. Geostationary satellite latency and time delay http://www.satsig.net/latency.htm If you are located on"}, {"title": "", "text": "main drivers of space weather and a fundamental physical process that is not very well understood,\u201d Tooley explained. \u201cThe spacecraft were built in-house here at Goddard and just completed vibration testing.\u201d MMS will launch atop an Atlas V rocket in March 2015 from Space launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. Artist rendition of the four MMS spacecraft in orbit in Earth\u2019s magnetic field. Credit: NASA The vibration testing is a major milestone and is conducted to ensure the spacecraft can withstand the most extreme vibration and dynamic loads they will experience and which occurs during liftoff inside the fairing of the Atlas V booster. MMS is also another highly valuable NASA science mission (along with MAVEN, LADEE and others) which suffered launch delays and increased costs as a result of the US government shutdown last October 2013, Bolden confirmed to Universe Today. \u201cWe ended up slipping beyond the original October 2014 date due to the government shutdown and [the team] being out of work for a couple of weeks. MMS is now scheduled to launch in March 2015,\u201d Bolden told me. \u201cSo then you are at the mercy of the launch provider.\u201d \u201cThe downside to slipping that far is that\u2019s its [MMS] costing more to launch,\u201d Bolden stated. Each of the Earth orbiting spacecraft is outfitted with 25 science sensors to study the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. Magnetic reconnection occurs throughout our universe. \u201cThe primary mission will last two years,\u201d Tooley told me. \u201cEach"}, {"title": "", "text": "slight time offset of the two channels. The probe descent mission will likely end when the telecom geometry becomes so poor that the link can no longer be maintained, when the probe reaches a depth that the overlying atmospheric opacity is so large that the link cannot be supported, or when battery depletion or increasing thermal and/or pressure effects cause systems in the vented probe to fail. The CRSC receives the probe data, storing multiple copies in redundant on-board memory. At the completion of the probe descent mission, the CRSC reorients to point the High-Gain Antenna towards Earth and the multiple copies of the probe science and engineering data are downlinked. Interplanetary Trajectory Four characteristics of interplanetary transfers from Earth to Uranus or Neptune are of primary importance : the launch energy, the duration of the transfer, the V \u221e of approach (VAP) to the destination planet, and the declination of the approach asymptote (DAP). The higher the launch energy, the smaller the mass a given launch vehicle can deliver to that energy. The duration of the transfer is of particular interest for Uranus and Neptune because their remote locations in the far outer solar system require transfer times that are a challenge to spacecraft reliability engineering and to radioisotope power systems whose output power decay with time. The VAP strongly influences the \u2206V necessary for orbit insertion and the entry speed of an atmospheric entry probe delivered from approach : a higher VAP requires a higher orbit insertion \u2206V and thus more of the spacecraft's"}, {"title": "", "text": "rate reverses\u2026 then some extra ionisation and the reversed lapse rate accelerates\u2026 and so it goes on up through the layers of the atmosphere\u2026 lots of absorption\u2026 lots of emissions\u2026 lots of transfers\u2026 lots of transformations. The big problem is we can only see H2O when it has condensed\u2026 radio propagation gives us some clues\u2026 and electrical events\u2026 and the solar spectrum\u2026 and balloons\u2026 and satellites\u2026 we should really know a lot more that we do\u2026 but we don\u2019t because we are knee deep in Ozone Hole and CAGW post-normal junk science. There is a lot to learn\u2026 a lot to discover\u2026 and a lot to unravel\u2026 Overall: It\u2019s a very exciting challenge. Tim Cullen: SOHO was parked out in a halo orbit near L1, about 1.5m km from Earth. Didn\u2019t that mission team do any spectrographic analysis of the Sun? Ohhh, interesting\u2026 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory#Public_availability_of_images Public availability of images \u201cObservations from some of the instruments can be formatted as images, most of which are also readily available on the internet for either public or research use (see the official website). Others such as spectra and measurements of particles in the solar wind do not lend themselves so readily to this.\u201d Really?? Ber\u00e9nyi P\u00e9ter says: Don\u2019t we have any instrument on geostationary orbit? If we have one, what\u2019s the difference? If not, why not? Doug Proctor says: November 22, 2012 at 8:26 pm 645km seems like a reasonable height, as the mass of the atmosphere above that is proportionately inconsequential. You can set an arbitrary boundary anywhere\u2026 even"}, {"title": "", "text": "in LEO. Every peak corresponds to one orbit and the dips shown in some peaks correspond to the magnetic field when spacecraft moves through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region Second, in LEO altitudes, an area of the Van Allen radiation belt known as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)36 is observed in our test in orbit (Fig. 6). A spacecraft in LEO passing through that region is exposed to high-energy particles. Long-term observations indicate that this radiation has no significant influence on laser cooling. However, it does interfere with the photodetectors inside the detection zone and introduces random spikes on the detected TOF signals. There are two interference issues: spikes located on the TOF signal and near the TOF signal (see Fig. 7). When spikes are actually on the TOF signal (Fig. 7a), the data are discarded. When spikes are near the TOF signal but well separated from the signal (Fig. 7b), a window function is used to filter out the TOF signal from the contaminated signal. All these processes are automatically managed by the software of the control units. Because the issue in Fig. 7b is the majority, the influence from discarded data (about 0.05% of the total data) to the clock operation is slight and can be ignored. Interfered TOF signals in the SAA region. Interference spikes located a on the TOF signal and b near the TOF signal when the spacecraft moves in the SAA region. Time t = 0 is the start time of the detection process Third, in most cases during"}, {"title": "", "text": "the mission duration directly affects the spacecraft's operation, science data download, navigation, and the control of the flight trajectory. Due to launch and navigation errors, the flight trajectory needs to be periodically adjusted by applying a TCM (Trajectory Correct Maneuver). Availability of adequate navigation tracking and communication links to the spacecraft dictates the placement of the trajectory correction maneuvers, which has direct impacts on the onboard \u0394V budget (Ref. 21). A comprehensive study of detailed communication coverage over the entire mission was conducted in Phase B across multiple SPP subsystem teams. Because of the unique operation environment of the SPP mission, many factors must be understood in order to maintain adequate communications with the spacecraft. First, the highly elliptical solar orbits across the inner solar system cause frequent solar conjunctions, sometimes with extended periods. And secondly, the spacecraft's TPS obstructs the view of the antenna and causes extra outage of communication times. The X-band is baselined for spacecraft tracking for navigation and works for both uplink and downlink modes. The Ka-band is mainly for science data downlink and works only for the downlink mode. Besides the communication outage due to the solar conjunctions attributed to the viewing geometry of Sun, Earth, and the spacecraft, the TPS of the spacecraft sometimes causes additional outage. Because of the extremely high heat radiated from the Sun, the spacecraft bus must be constantly protected from direct solar radiation to prevent overheating. When spacecraft solar distance is less than 0.7 AU, the spacecraft must be oriented with the TPS pointed at"}, {"title": "", "text": "sunlight, thus \"blinding\" the cameras. Bold and creative solutions. The mission\u2019s control room during Beresheet landing | Photo: Eliran Avital, SpaceIL Initial attempts to work around this problem with new software commands failed, prompting the engineers to seek creative solutions, such as rolling the spacecraft during maneuvers, and using the accelerometers instead of the star trackers in maneuvers where sunlight could not be avoided. However, these changes made it difficult to pinpoint the spacecraft\u2019s location and also spelled much extra work for the team, since each small tilt can also shift its trajectory. Another complication emerged a few days after launch, when the computer unexpectedly rebooted itself and canceled a planned orbital maneuver. This problem continued to plague the lander on its journey to the moon, probably due to a malfunction in the electronics box connecting the computer to the other spacecraft systems. The box may have been damaged as a result of its exposure to radiation in space. This is part of the price paid for a small, light spacecraft with minimal radiation protection and relatively inexpensive components, some of which, like this electronics box, were designed exclusively for Beresheet and never tested in space. The minimal budget meant that the spacecraft only had one computer. Therefore, any software patches designed to address problems that emerged during the mission were not coded into the computer\u2019s hard-drive but only into its working memory (RAM). As a result, the patches were deleted upon each reboot and had to be uploaded again in a command file. During the"}, {"title": "", "text": "engineers made configuration changes needed to return the spacecraft to its normal operating mode. The spacecraft is out of safe mode, using the main antenna to communicate with Earth. Dawn will remain at its current orbital altitude until the operations team has completed an analysis of what occurred and has updated the flight plan. Because of the versatility of Dawn's ion propulsion system and the flexibility of the mission's plan for exploring Ceres, there is no special \"window\" for starting or completing the spiral to the third mapping orbit. The plans for the third and fourth mapping orbits can be shifted to new dates without significant changes in objectives or productivity. The wording of this statement is a little bit ambiguous, because Dawn has already lost the use of two of its four reaction wheels, and as a result there is not one but actually two systems that work together to control its orientation: the two remaining reaction wheels and its hydrazine attitude control thrusters. So either there is a problem with one of the remaining reaction wheels (which wouldn't be too surprising at this point, nor does it jeopardize the completion of the mission, but it would be an inconvenience) or there is a problem with its thrusters (which would be much worse news). The fact that it is out of safe mode and \"using the main antenna to communicate with Earth\" means that they do have three-axis control of the spacecraft, which makes me inclined to think that it's another reaction wheel problem. Dawn"}, {"title": "", "text": "engineers made configuration changes needed to return the spacecraft to its normal operating mode. The spacecraft is out of safe mode, using the main antenna to communicate with Earth. Dawn will remain at its current orbital altitude until the operations team has completed an analysis of what occurred and has updated the flight plan. Because of the versatility of Dawn's ion propulsion system and the flexibility of the mission's plan for exploring Ceres, there is no special \"window\" for starting or completing the spiral to the third mapping orbit. The plans for the third and fourth mapping orbits can be shifted to new dates without significant changes in objectives or productivity. The wording of this statement is a little bit ambiguous, because Dawn has already lost the use of two of its four reaction wheels, and as a result there is not one but actually two systems that work together to control its orientation: the two remaining reaction wheels and its hydrazine attitude control thrusters. So either there is a problem with one of the remaining reaction wheels (which wouldn't be too surprising at this point, nor does it jeopardize the completion of the mission, but it would be an inconvenience) or there is a problem with its thrusters (which would be much worse news). The fact that it is out of safe mode and \"using the main antenna to communicate with Earth\" means that they do have three-axis control of the spacecraft, which makes me inclined to think that it's another reaction wheel problem. Dawn"}, {"title": "", "text": "groups to find it unsatisfying if any of Dawn's electronics produced signals that accidentally activated the rocket's self-destruct system. (That system is designed to be commanded with radio signals transmitted by range safety in the event of a serious malfunction during ascent.) Similarly, if Dawn's radio emissions interfered with the rocket's reception of range safety's self-destruct command, the legions of Dawnophiles throughout the Milky Way Galaxy, and the even greater number elsewhere, would no longer give this project their loyal support. In addition to testing Dawn's compatibility with other systems, engineers are testing its self-compatibility. It is essential to verify that none of the subsystems, including the radio used for interplanetary communications, emits electromagnetic radiation that might interfere with other subsystems. Of course, Dawn's designers and builders were well aware of these and other concerns, and they have methods to make the probe satisfy the many associated requirements, but only through testing may we be confident that the work was successful. With the completion of testing in the electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility facility, the spacecraft will be prepared for a series of mechanical tests. For the rocket's control systems to remain stable with Dawn perched at the top, it must be accurately balanced and must meet certain criteria for how stable it is when it is spun, and the next set of tests will help prepare for that. (As we will discuss in an upcoming log in more detail, the spacecraft will spin at about 50 rpm during a portion of the time it is on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "signals are sent to ground receiving stations so that scientists can detect tiny changes in the phase or amplitude of the signals. The scientists will then be able to trace the disturbances to the region of the ionosphere through which they have passed. \"All signals are generated at the same time \u0335 1; with the same phase \u2013 so you can see how they are distorted as they pass through the bubbles,\" Doe said. \"If you then look at the distortions, you can return information about the degree of roughness and the density of the bubbles.\" The two satellites aboard Falcon Heavy are joined by similar beacons aboard NOAA's six COSMIC-2 satellites . A combination of measurements from all eight satellites allows scientists to study the distortions from multiple angles simultaneously. Scientists hope that the project will help them develop strategies to avoid signal distortion. For example, NASA said airlines might be able to choose a radio frequency for communications less susceptible to bladder interference, or the military could postpone an important operation until a disruptive ionospheric bubble is over. Visit Space.com on June 24 for full coverage of the launch of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket and payloads on board. Follow Kasandra Brabaw @KassieBrabaw . Follow us on Twitter @SpaceTotcom and Facebook . Tags earth39s Falcon heavy investigate ionosphere NASA Satellites SpaceX The thunderstorm in July often signals stormy weather. This full moon in July 2019 is also referred to as \"Buck Moon\"."}, {"title": "", "text": "Why Doesn't The Signal From Spacecraft Get Lost? Radio signals can and do collide with other objects in space, and definitely do disperse between the spacecraft and the Earth, but they will reach the Earth for two reasons. The first; even though our solar system has a lot of stuff in it, the vast majority of it is still empty space. The second is that all spacecraft are equipped with finely tuned and precisely calibrated antennas, which allow them to aim their signal directly at the earth, rather than beaming its signal in every direction. Beaming signal in every direction would require a lot of power to produce, so it\u2019s much more efficient to use a smaller amount of power to limit the signal to only direction you care about, i.e., in the direction of Earth. Now, if you\u2019re a spacecraft orbiting another planet, you can easily imagine that the planet will occasionally get in the way of you beaming information back to the Earth. Radio signals do not go through planets, and nor do they go on curved paths. So the spacecraft, in these times, must be capable of running itself for a while, before it comes back around from the far side of the planet (from an Earthly perspective). During these times the spacecraft are always in a communications blackout, and totally unable to communicate with us on Earth. All spacecraft are designed to operate this way \u2013 they have to be able to run a series of tasks without continual monitoring by someone"}, {"title": "", "text": "Communication in Commercial Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations Hardy, Terry L. A number of inventors and entrepreneurs are currently attempting to develop and commercially operate reusable launch vehicles to carry voluntary participants into space. The operation of these launch vehicles, however, produces safety risks to the crew, to the space flight participants, and to the uninvolved public. Risk communication therefore becomes increasingly important to assure that those involved in the flight understand the risk and that those who are not directly involved understand the personal impact of RLV operations on their lives. Those involved in the launch vehicle flight may perceive risk differently from those non-participants, and these differences in perception must be understood to effectively communicate this risk. This paper summarizes existing research in risk perception and communication and applies that research to commercial reusable launch vehicle operations. Risk communication is discussed in the context of requirements of United States law for informed consent from any space flight participants on reusable suborbital launch vehicles. Informing people about radiation risks: a review of obstacles to public understanding and effective risk communication Covello, V.T. This paper reviews the literature on informing people about radiation risks. The paper focuses on obstacles to public understanding and effective risk communication. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines for communicating information about radiation risks to the public. The paper also includes an appendix that reviews the literature on one of the most important tools for communicating information about radiation risks: risk comparisons Development of Communication Strategies for the Marketing of Electronic"}, {"title": "", "text": "provide power and maintain constant temperatures aboard the craft. Consequently, satellite launches and reentries carry the risk of becoming radiological incidents (see EPA website atwww.epa.gov/radiation/rert/satellites.htm). After the crash of the Soviet nuclear powered satellite Cosmos 954, in a remote part of Canada in 1978, the U.S. became concerned about accidents with satellites containing radioactive material. Because of the potentially wide distribution of radionuclides during an aborted launch or reentry, this effort required considerable coordination between EPA and other federal, state, and local government agencies and the international community (U.S. EPA 2000). In response to this incident and the potential for accidents related to nuclear-powered satellites, EPA has developed contingency emergency plans for both launches and reentries of satellites that include increased frequency of radiation monitoring. These plans were tested as part of the 2004 \"Ruby Slippers\" exercise in which a hypothetical foreign satellite containing radioactive material breaks up on re-entry and crashes in 2.4 Background Levels and Trends The following describe some of the uses ofRadNet data related to the study of ambient levels and trends. RadNet data provide a means to estimate levels of radioactivity in the environment, including background radiation as well as radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing, nuclear accidents, and other intrusions of radioactive materials. Continuous background concentrations are measured to provide the public with information and keep track of the ambient radioactive concentrations in various media. RadNet also provides the historical data needed to estimate long-term trends of environmental radiation levels. 2.4.1 Long-term Trends The long-term RadNet data set has been"}, {"title": "", "text": "provide power and maintain constant temperatures aboard the craft. Consequently, satellite launches and reentries carry the risk of becoming radiological incidents (see EPA website atwww.epa.gov/radiation/rert/satellites.htm). After the crash of the Soviet nuclear powered satellite Cosmos 954, in a remote part of Canada in 1978, the U.S. became concerned about accidents with satellites containing radioactive material. Because of the potentially wide distribution of radionuclides during an aborted launch or reentry, this effort required considerable coordination between EPA and other federal, state, and local government agencies and the international community (U.S. EPA 2000). In response to this incident and the potential for accidents related to nuclear-powered satellites, EPA has developed contingency emergency plans for both launches and reentries of satellites that include increased frequency of radiation monitoring. These plans were tested as part of the 2004 \"Ruby Slippers\" exercise in which a hypothetical foreign satellite containing radioactive material breaks up on re-entry and crashes in 2.4 Background Levels and Trends The following describe some of the uses ofRadNet data related to the study of ambient levels and trends. RadNet data provide a means to estimate levels of radioactivity in the environment, including background radiation as well as radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing, nuclear accidents, and other intrusions of radioactive materials. Continuous background concentrations are measured to provide the public with information and keep track of the ambient radioactive concentrations in various media. RadNet also provides the historical data needed to estimate long-term trends of environmental radiation levels. 2.4.1 Long-term Trends The long-term RadNet data set has been"}, {"title": "", "text": "phase of a mission that require changes in allocations? Are there any other frequency bands, whether Federal, non- Federal, or shared that the commercial space industry will need access to? Can some of the spectrum needs of the commercial space industry be satisfied by purchasing or leasing spectrum from other licensees? Are there any portions of the Commission's rules that will need to be amended to keep pace with this rapidly changing industry? 60. While previous commercial launches have been conventional rockets, several companies plan to take passengers on suborbital spaceflights using spacecraft that have more in common with planes than rockets. For example, Virgin Galactic's spacecraft will be carried aloft suspended from a plane. The spacecraft will then be released by the plane and a rocket engine will be fired to propel it into space. The spacecraft will then glide back to earth for an unpowered landing in the same manner as NASA's space shuttle. XCOR Aerospace's spacecraft will take off on a horizontal runway like a plane, fire a rocket engine to propel it into space, and then glide back to earth for a horizontal landing. The spacecraft are only expected to reach altitudes of 100 km as compared to orbits of over 300 km for low earth orbit satellites and space stations. Given the airplane-like qualities of these spacecraft and their lower maximum altitudes, they may have different communications needs than conventional launches. Because the spacecraft will glide back to earth will their frequency use have to be coordinated over a much larger"}, {"title": "", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "", "text": "Soon after launch, the Psyche spacecraft will experience the same relatively high solar flux that communications satellites are built for. It will also have to handle the cold of deep space, of course, but Maxar\u2019s satellites must endure similar conditions when they fly through Earth\u2019s shadow, which they do once a day during certain times of the year. Because they serve as high-power telecommunications relays, Maxar\u2019s satellites must dissipate the many kilowatts of waste heat generated by their microwave power amplifiers. They do this by radiating that heat into space. Radiating lots of heat away would be a major problem for our space probe, though, because in the vicinity of 16 Psyche the flux of light and heat from the sun is one-tenth of that at Earth. So if nothing were done to prevent it, a spacecraft designed for orbiting Earth would soon become too cold to function this far out in the asteroid belt. Maxar addressed this challenge by installing multilayer thermal blanketing all over the spacecraft, which will help to retain heat. The company also added custom louvers on top of the thermal radiators. These resemble Venetian blinds, closing automatically to trap heat inside when the spacecraft gets too cold. But plenty of other engineering challenges remained, especially with respect to propulsion. To reduce the mass of propellant needed to reach the asteroid, the Psyche spacecraft will use solar-electric thrusters that accelerate ions to very high velocities\u2014more than six times as high as what can be attained with chemical rockets. In particular, it will"}, {"title": "", "text": "Archive Page \u2014 No Longer Maintained Return to Current Site Blogs | Dawn Journal | October 29, 2006 By Marc Rayman Dear Dawnvironments, The Dawn spacecraft is in space! Well, not quite, but it is getting a taste of the space environment, courtesy of the team preparing it for its mission. Although the individual components of the spacecraft have already been tested, the point of the testing in Orbital Sciences Corporation's Environmental Test Facility is to verify that the fully assembled spacecraft will survive the rigors of launch and be able to fulfill its ambitious mission of exploration in deep space. When Dawn is on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral and during the brief (but exciting!) trip from there to space, many radio signals between systems on the ground and between ground systems and the rocket will impinge upon it. Some of the tests are designed to verify that these signals will have no adverse effects on the spacecraft. Other tests show that Dawn's electronics do not produce signals that might interfere with these other systems. As one illustration of the importance of such tests, consider the scientists eager for Dawn's intimate portrait of the enormous asteroids Ceres and Vesta, the team members who have invested years of their lives in creating this spaceship and the means to use it to explore distant worlds, all people who thirst for greater knowledge of our solar system and the thrill of discovery, and taxpayers who make it possible. One may reasonably expect members of all of those"}, {"title": "", "text": "USA, Spain and Australia. Their spacing means that anything more than 30,000 km from the Earth should always be up for at least one of them. The European Space Agency has a similar facility (in Argentina, Spain and Australia), while other nations operate systems with less complete coverage.9 And, of course, for more distant craft you have to cope with that round-trip communications delay discussed earlier in this chapter. Finally, as we saw in Chap. , high speed entry into an atmosphere can generate a lot of heat. One consequence of this can be the creation of an envelope of ionized atmospheric gases around the craft, which interferes with or even totally blocks radio communications. Spacecraft returning to Earth will experience this comms blackout, as will probes landing on any other celestial body with enough of an atmosphere. The result is always several very tense minutes during which ground controllers have no idea what is happening to their craft. ## Engineering Success Regardless of how it is controlled, when you delve into the details of almost any space-based mission, at first it may seem rather astonishing how often something goes wrong at some point. When you pause and reflect, you may change that view. Given the size, complexity, duration and sheer difficulty of doing anything in space, it is not at all surprising that things frequently go wrong. What is surprising is how often and how quickly the mission recovers. In most cases this is _not_ just down to luck. An aspect of unmanned space missions"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license,"}, {"title": "", "text": "who specializes in UV transmitting fibres or radiation resistant fibres. THE PROPOSED MODEL: When a solar storm event occurs, in order to shield the satellites from the dielectric charging, it is necessary to power them down. While in this condition, they are to be replaced with an alternate link in order to process the highly critical communication. The basic model shown in Fig.4 includes a terrestrial optical mesh network. This has to be used to stop the radiation from interfering with the ground communications. This network is connected to another domain over the horizon via a mid-space repeater (MSR). The basic model (above) includes a terrestrial optical mesh network. This is to stop the radiations from interfering with the ground communications. This network is connected to another domain over the horizon via a mid-space repeater. These repeaters can be hot air balloons, mini aircrafts, UAVs, etc. These have to be shielded from the external environments by placing them in radiation proof cases. This setup takes up to 30mins from launch to transmission. This is to be used once the CME has passed the Earth's magnetosphere. These repeaters help in overcoming the Earth's curvature effect. The only disadvantage for this is a line of sight communication is necessary. Once the turbulence in the magnetosphere calms down, backup satellites or mini COMSATS kept ready for launch must be fired. These are to be set up at the LEO patch. Thus during the CME event, the communication is restored. The model has been thought over several times to eliminate"}, {"title": "", "text": "any possible blackout period, and a nominal likely trajectory to quantify likelihood of blackout for such cases. Morabito, David D.; Edquist, Karl T. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is expected to be a long-range, long-duration science laboratory rover on the Martian surface. MSL will provide a significant milestone that paves the way for future landed missions to Mars. NASA is studying options to launch MSL as early as 2009. There are three elements to the spacecraft; carrier (cruise stage), entry vehicle, and rover. The rover will have a UHF proximity link as the primary path for EDL communications and may have an X-band direct-to-Earth link as a back-up. Given the importance of collecting critical event telemetry data during atmospheric entry, it is important to understand the ability of a signal link to be maintained, especially during the period near peak convective heating. The received telemetry during entry (or played back later) will allow for the performance of the Entry-Descent-Landing technologies to be assessed. These technologies include guided entry for precision landing, a new sky-crane landing system and powered descent. MSL will undergo an entry profile that may result in a potential communications blackout caused by ionized particles for short periods near peak heating. The vehicle will use UHF and possibly X-band during the entry phase. The purpose of this rep0rt is to quantify or bound the likelihood of any such blackout at UHF frequencies (401 MHz) and X-band frequencies (8.4 GHz). Two entry trajectory scenarios were evaluated: a stressful entry trajectory to quantify an upper-bound for"}, {"title": "", "text": "any possible blackout period, and a nominal likely trajectory to quantify likelihood of blackout for such cases. Morabito, David D.; Edquist, Karl T. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is expected to be a long-range, long-duration science laboratory rover on the Martian surface. MSL will provide a significant milestone that paves the way for future landed missions to Mars. NASA is studying options to launch MSL as early as 2009. There are three elements to the spacecraft; carrier (cruise stage), entry vehicle, and rover. The rover will have a UHF proximity link as the primary path for EDL communications and may have an X-band direct-to-Earth link as a back-up. Given the importance of collecting critical event telemetry data during atmospheric entry, it is important to understand the ability of a signal link to be maintained, especially during the period near peak convective heating. The received telemetry during entry (or played back later) will allow for the performance of the Entry-Descent-Landing technologies to be assessed. These technologies include guided entry for precision landing, a new sky-crane landing system and powered descent. MSL will undergo an entry profile that may result in a potential communications blackout caused by ionized particles for short periods near peak heating. The vehicle will use UHF and possibly X-band during the entry phase. The purpose of this rep0rt is to quantify or bound the likelihood of any such blackout at UHF frequencies (401 MHz) and X-band frequencies (8.4 GHz). Two entry trajectory scenarios were evaluated: a stressful entry trajectory to quantify an upper-bound for"}, {"title": "", "text": "the parachute on a bridle. The swinging motion of the lander imparts high Doppler dynamics on the signal and causes the received signal strength to vary widely, due to changing antenna pointing angles. All this time, the vehicle transmits important health and status information that is especially critical if the landing is not successful. Even using the largest Deep Space Network antennas, the weak signal and high dynamics render it impossible to conduct reliable phase coherent communications. Therefore, a specialized form of frequency-shift-keying will be used. This paper describes the EDL scenario, the signal conditions, the methods used to detect and frequency-track the carrier and to detect the data modulation, and the resulting performance estimates. Planetary/DOD entry technology flight experiments. Volume 2: Planetary entry flight experiments Christensen, H. E.; Krieger, R. J.; Mcneilly, W. R.; Vetter, H. C. The technical feasibility of launching a high speed, earth entry vehicle from the space shuttle to advance technology for the exploration of the outer planets' atmospheres was established. Disciplines of thermodynamics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics propulsion, structures, design, electronics and system integration focused on the goal of producing outer planet environments on a probe shaped vehicle during an earth entry. Major aspects of analysis and vehicle design studied include: planetary environments, earth entry environment capability, mission maneuvers, capabilities of shuttle upper stages, a comparison of earth entry planetary environments, experiment design and vehicle design. Composition of the earth's atmosphere by shock-layer radiometry during the PAET entry probe experiment. Whiting, E. E.; Arnold, J. O.; Page, W. A.; Reynolds, R."}, {"title": "", "text": "the parachute on a bridle. The swinging motion of the lander imparts high Doppler dynamics on the signal and causes the received signal strength to vary widely, due to changing antenna pointing angles. All this time, the vehicle transmits important health and status information that is especially critical if the landing is not successful. Even using the largest Deep Space Network antennas, the weak signal and high dynamics render it impossible to conduct reliable phase coherent communications. Therefore, a specialized form of frequency-shift-keying will be used. This paper describes the EDL scenario, the signal conditions, the methods used to detect and frequency-track the carrier and to detect the data modulation, and the resulting performance estimates. Planetary/DOD entry technology flight experiments. Volume 2: Planetary entry flight experiments Christensen, H. E.; Krieger, R. J.; Mcneilly, W. R.; Vetter, H. C. The technical feasibility of launching a high speed, earth entry vehicle from the space shuttle to advance technology for the exploration of the outer planets' atmospheres was established. Disciplines of thermodynamics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics propulsion, structures, design, electronics and system integration focused on the goal of producing outer planet environments on a probe shaped vehicle during an earth entry. Major aspects of analysis and vehicle design studied include: planetary environments, earth entry environment capability, mission maneuvers, capabilities of shuttle upper stages, a comparison of earth entry planetary environments, experiment design and vehicle design. Composition of the earth's atmosphere by shock-layer radiometry during the PAET entry probe experiment. Whiting, E. E.; Arnold, J. O.; Page, W. A.; Reynolds, R."}, {"title": "", "text": "positioning dust sensitive apparatus at a distance as far as possible from the pedestal centre of operations. To prevent environmental disturbance as part of ESA\u2019s goal however, there is still good news that STS could still set up a lunar base on nearside but through a careful site selection approach integrating the lunar science\u2019s potentially completing interests, operational constraints, resource utilization and other important factors such as lunar landscape\u2019s topography, launch and landing trajectories of the transportation vehicles, safety considerations like free abort trajectories, probability of utilizing lunar resource, communications needs to, from and on to the lunar space and scientific objectives (June and Camp, 1983). All potential hazards brought about by launching and testing spacecrafts have to be dealt with agency. Studies indicate that exposure to recurrent nuclear blasts cause the problem of erosion (ablation) of the pusher plate. According to experiments and calculations, ablation of less than 1 mm happen incase a steel plate is not protected. This is a problem that is easily solved through spraying with oil. Additionally spalling can happen hence destroying the pusher plate; this problem is solved however by using alternative materials such as fiberglass and plywood (June and Camp, 1983). ESA is determined to minimize possible environmental and human health hazards hence this move will help attain it. A serious problem could occur from a launch of the spacecraft from the Earth\u2019s surface, the nuclear fallout. Researches indicate that any explosion in the magnetosphere could bring fissionable back to the earth\u2019s surface except if the launch happened from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Plunging into the ionosphere: Satellite's last days improve rrbital decay predictions NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center IMAGE: The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System re-entered Earth's atmosphere on Nov. 28, 2015, after a more than seven-year mission. Observations during its last year will help scientists better... view more Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, 2015 leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below,"}, {"title": "", "text": "magnetosphere needs to also survive other, more persistent dangers. Constant exposure to ionising radiation, cosmic rays, and large temperature changes mean that electronic systems need to be designed with shielding, fail-safes, and redundancies in mind. While one would assume that modern spacecraft are filled to the brim with the latest technology, that is rarely the case. The major problem with space missions is that once a craft leaves Earth, there is very little that can be done when things go awry, especially during unmanned missions. That is why it is far more important to use technology that has been tried and tested which means that some of the components that make it into the spacecraft can be years or even decades old. You might ask, why do engineers go to such lengths to put electronic systems on spacecraft? Well, as it turns out, virtually every aspect of modern spaceflight relies on electronics. Key systems like navigation, communications, telemetry, and sensors are made possible thanks to electronics. Moreover, any unmanned missions, which make up the vast majority of space missions, would be impossible without electronics that enable the spacecraft to be controlled from Earth. Taking it a step further, probes that conduct missions in deep space need to be able to make their own, real-time decisions. This also necessitates the use of computers. Because of the vastness of space, it can take minutes or even hours for a signal to travel to Earth and back, making it impossible to control the craft remotely in situations where fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "generate essential data and information to prepare laser communications systems for operational missions, as engineers cannot replicate the same conditions with ground tests. Later in its mission, LCRD will conduct optical communications relay services with a future terminal on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS terminal is expected to launch on a commercial resupply services mission in 2022. These operations could prove the viability of using laser communications in future crewed missions to the Moon and Mars. The LCRD mission is led by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Partners include NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Virginia rocket launch may be visible in US mid-Atlantic region A NASA sounding rocket mission, launching Wednesday, will study radio waves that escape through the Earth\u2019s ionosphere impacting the environment surrounding Global Positioning System (GPS) and geosynchronous satellites, such as those for weather monitoring and communications. Launching from NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility, a Terrier-Improved Malemute suborbital sounding rocket will carry the Vlf trans-Ionospheric Propagation Experiment Rocket, or VIPER. The mission is scheduled for at 9:15 p.m. EDT. The launch may be visible in the mid-Atlantic region. VIPER is studying very low frequency radio, or VLF, waves that are produced by both natural (e.g. lightning) and artificial means. During the day these waves are trapped or absorbed by the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. At night, however, some of the waves escape through the ionosphere and accelerate electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. \u201cAt night, the lower layers of the ionosphere are much"}, {"title": "", "text": "Receiver: An electronic device that receives incoming radio signals and converts them to perceptible forms. Red dwarf: A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of Jupiter. Redundancy: The duplication of certain critical components in a space vehicle. Reentry: The descent into Earth\u2019s atmosphere from space. Reentry interface: An altitude 400,000 feet; the point at which reentering spacecraft are considered to enter the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Refraction: The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves when they pass from one kind of transparent medium into another. Regenerative cooling: Circulation of a propellant through a jacket around the combustion chamber in order to cool the chamber wall, the propellant subsequently being injected into the combustion chamber. Relay: An electrical switch employing an armature to open and close circuits. Rem: Roentgen Equivalent Man. A measure of nuclear radiation causing biological damage. Remote sensing: Instruments that record characteristics of objects at a distance, sometimes forming an image by gathering, focusing, and recording reflected light from the Sun, or reflected radio waves emitted by the spacecraft. Rendezvous: A place of meeting at a given time, for example, a spaceship with a space station. Resolution: Ability to distinguish visual detail, usually expressed in terms of the size (in kilometers) of the smallest features that can be distinguished. Resonance: A relationship in which the orbital period of one body is related to that of another by a simple integer fraction, such as 1/2, 2/3, 3/5. Retrograde: Orbital motion in the direction opposite to the primary\u2019s rotation. Retrorocket: A rocket fired to"}, {"title": "", "text": "to it. We could do that because the thermal environment in geosynchronous orbit isn\u2019t in fact so different from what the Psyche probe will encounter. Soon after launch, the Psyche spacecraft will experience the same relatively high solar flux that communications satellites are built for. It will also have to handle the cold of deep space, of course, but Maxar\u2019s satellites must endure similar conditions when they fly through Earth\u2019s shadow, which they do once a day during certain times of the year. Because they serve as high-power telecommunications relays, Maxar\u2019s satellites must dissipate the many kilowatts of waste heat generated by their microwave power amplifiers. They do this by radiating that heat into space. Radiating lots of heat away would be a major problem for our space probe, though, because in the vicinity of 16 Psyche the flux of light and heat from the sun is one-tenth of that at Earth. So if nothing were done to prevent it, a spacecraft designed for orbiting Earth would soon become too cold to function this far out in the asteroid belt. Maxar addressed this challenge by installing multilayer thermal blanketing all over the spacecraft, which will help to retain heat. The company also added custom louvers on top of the thermal radiators. These resemble Venetian blinds, closing automatically to trap heat inside when the spacecraft gets too cold. But plenty of other engineering challenges remained, especially with respect to propulsion. To reduce the mass of propellant needed to reach the asteroid, the Psyche spacecraft will use solar-electric"}, {"title": "", "text": "relativistic constraint restricting signal transmissions to the speed of light. For example, one-way signal propagation delays for the Cassini mission to Saturn are in the range of 1 hour and 8 minutes to 1 hour and 24 minutes. High Data Corruption Rates : Extremely long distances cause the signals to be received at extremely low strengths at the receiver, and thereby increase the probability of bit-errors in the channel due to random thermal noise errors, burst errors due to solar flares, etc. Disruption Events : Since communicating entities in deep-space tend to be in motion relative to one another, the communication channel between them is prone to disruption. A planetary probe on the surface of Saturn\u2019s moon Titan, for example, could experience disruption due to the rotation of Titan on its own axis (when it goes to the night side of Titan), when Titan passes under Saturn\u2019s shadow during its revolution around the planet, and when other moons / planets/or the Sun itself block the line of sight to the destination. General goals Primary communication with the spacecraft should be via X band (7.1\u20138.4 GHz),. Secondary communications and radio science experiments should be possible via Ka band (32\u201334 GHz), with data rates similar to X band. Primary telemetry communication should be via S band. Due to the vast distances involved, error correction systems must be chosen that offer the most reliable coding. The backup engineering telemetry communication system should use the S band, but it should be possible to allocate up to 50% of the data"}, {"title": "", "text": "relativistic constraint restricting signal transmissions to the speed of light. For example, one-way signal propagation delays for the Cassini mission to Saturn are in the range of 1 hour and 8 minutes to 1 hour and 24 minutes. High Data Corruption Rates : Extremely long distances cause the signals to be received at extremely low strengths at the receiver, and thereby increase the probability of bit-errors in the channel due to random thermal noise errors, burst errors due to solar flares, etc. Disruption Events : Since communicating entities in deep-space tend to be in motion relative to one another, the communication channel between them is prone to disruption. A planetary probe on the surface of Saturn\u2019s moon Titan, for example, could experience disruption due to the rotation of Titan on its own axis (when it goes to the night side of Titan), when Titan passes under Saturn\u2019s shadow during its revolution around the planet, and when other moons / planets/or the Sun itself block the line of sight to the destination. General goals Primary communication with the spacecraft should be via X band (7.1\u20138.4 GHz),. Secondary communications and radio science experiments should be possible via Ka band (32\u201334 GHz), with data rates similar to X band. Primary telemetry communication should be via S band. Due to the vast distances involved, error correction systems must be chosen that offer the most reliable coding. The backup engineering telemetry communication system should use the S band, but it should be possible to allocate up to 50% of the data"}, {"title": "", "text": "is sending more information per second.\u201d With NASA looking to return to the Moon by 2025 through the Artemis program and stay there longer, the scientist said the agency expects a greater volume of information and therefore a greater demand for improved and streamlined communications. Once in orbit, Ocasio said, the LCRD, designed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), will be \u201cin operation\u201d for the holidays, to prioritize other satellites. See also Guyana is investigating alleged violations of its airspace by Venezuela From that moment on, tests will begin, which will be expanded when the station is installed on the International Space Station next year. Ocasio also explained that these LCRD infrared systems weigh less, are smaller and use less energy than radio waves, allowing, among other things, more space for research instruments and less weight to launch missiles. One of the challenges she had to overcome in building the LCRD, Ocasio said, was the weather conditions in Earth\u2019s atmosphere, \u201cif it\u2019s not enough, the signal can be damaged a little bit\u201d because it doesn\u2019t go inside a cable connecting it. \u201cIt\u2019s a beam of light that has to pass through the clouds of the atmosphere, but once the communication is in space, we no longer have that problem,\u201d he said. Las Lopas will play the South American final against Brazil \u2018Tempranillo\u2019: Andrea Legareta mocks Lucia Mendes for mistaking the wine type for a moment of the day | Video"}, {"title": "", "text": "has weather. Rick Doe, a Senior Research Physicist at SRI International, explained that you can corrupt radio signals when you cross the ionosphere, and \u201cradio waves are particularly susceptible to distortions\u201d when they encounter disruptions to ions. We depend on these distorted radio signals for navigation on Earth, including commercial aircraft, so this distortion can be a key determinate when doing things like autonomously navigating aircraft. Being able to determine when signals are particularly distorted by concentrated distorting activity in the ionosphere can help make sure that autonomous navigation takes into account and forecasts for these things in order to help mitigate their impact. It\u2019s not about countering the effect of this activity \u2014 Doe notes that it\u2019s like a tornado in terms of terrestrial weather: You don\u2019t try to counter the tornado, you plan around it and its impact when you\u2019re able to predict its occurrence. The program will provide similar prediction and mitigation abilities for solar weather. SpaceX\u2019s mission is currently set for launch on June 24 at 11:30 PM ET, and it\u2019ll carry all of the above on behalf of client NASA. We\u2019ll have coverage of the launch, so check back later this month for more."}, {"title": "", "text": "has weather. Rick Doe, a Senior Research Physicist at SRI International, explained that you can corrupt radio signals when you cross the ionosphere, and \u201cradio waves are particularly susceptible to distortions\u201d when they encounter disruptions to ions. We depend on these distorted radio signals for navigation on Earth, including commercial aircraft, so this distortion can be a key determinate when doing things like autonomously navigating aircraft. Being able to determine when signals are particularly distorted by concentrated distorting activity in the ionosphere can help make sure that autonomous navigation takes into account and forecasts for these things in order to help mitigate their impact. It\u2019s not about countering the effect of this activity \u2014 Doe notes that it\u2019s like a tornado in terms of terrestrial weather: You don\u2019t try to counter the tornado, you plan around it and its impact when you\u2019re able to predict its occurrence. The program will provide similar prediction and mitigation abilities for solar weather. SpaceX\u2019s mission is currently set for launch on June 24 at 11:30 PM ET, and it\u2019ll carry all of the above on behalf of client NASA. We\u2019ll have coverage of the launch, so check back later this month for more."}, {"title": "", "text": "to VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have"}, {"title": "", "text": "to VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have"}, {"title": "", "text": "long years before Williams\u2019 discovery in 2013 of its abrupt (and for some, alarming) revival. Titan-3A with LES-1 satellite Some speculate that the battery\u2019s demise may be allowing power to pass directly from the solar panels to the computer, with human error in the wiring of the device to blame for its premature failure. The satellite was originally launched to test the United States\u2019 capability to communicate via satellite after nuclear testing in the Pacific annihilated portions of the ionosphere and effectively halted high-frequency communications with their allies in Hawaii and New Zealand. In an article, Prof. Sean Victor Hum of the University of Toronto explains that, prior to nuclear testing, the allies could use \u201cionospheric skip\u201d, where signals could effectively be \u201cbounced\u201d off the ionosphere for transmission over the horizon where no line of sight existed. With parts of the ionosphere effectively turned into blackspots, the US was suddenly without a vital communication infrastructure, and, as Mark Wade described in an article on Astronautix.com, the LES program was started to guarantee vital lines of communication. NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft Other programs ran concurrently, chief among them Project West Ford, which planned to disperse 500 million \u00be\u201d long 18 gauge copper needles into Earth orbit to reflect radio signals in place of the damaged ionosphere. But, even in the early days of the space program, scientists recognized the dangers of cluttering the orbit with debris and the program was ultimately terminated. The disappearance and reappearance of a manmade satellite is not without precedent"}, {"title": "", "text": "Assembly Building. They are then transported to the pad on special heavy duty transporters called Mobile Launcher Platforms where final preparations and mission checks are performed prior to launch. A spacecraft is vulnerable to lightning strikes from the moment it emerges from the Vehicle Assembly Building until it is finally launched into space. During this time it is important to continuously monitor numerous points both inside and outside the spacecraft to help determine any possible problems that may have occurred due to induced electrical transients from lightning in the area. To achieve this, HBM developed a system that the Kennedy Space Center utilizes to measure induced currents and voltages at some 120 measurement points. By monitoring multiple points it is possible to identify places where high induced currents occur and hence determine where possible damage might have happened. A number of factors had to be taken into account when developing the lightning monitoring system. Kennedy Space Center has a high average ambient temperature that can often reach in excess of 90 \u00b0 (32 \u00b0C) while humidity is also very high, meaning that any system had to be very resistant to corrosion and dampness. Another factor was the high risk of damage from shock and vibration that are present during a spacecraft\u2019s launch making it necessary for the system to meet specific standard military specifications. It was also considered very important that the transmitter\u2019s input power be DC only. This would allow for battery operation, providing complete isolation, when lightning was nearby. However, it was just as"}, {"title": "", "text": "the troposphere. This method involves the detection of 4 SHF tones sent out from the International Space Station (ISS), providing high-resolution amplitude and phase delay data. LESSONS LEARNED AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT FOR PAYLOAD OPERATIONS AT THE LAUNCH SITE Catena, John; Gates, Donald, Jr.; Blaney, Kermit, Jr.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Omitron, Inc. (International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001-10) For every space mission, there are challenges with the launch site/field operations process that are addressed too late in the development cycle. This potentially causes schedule delays, cost overruns, and adds risk to the mission success. This paper will discuss how a single interface, representing the payload at the launch site in all phases of development, will mitigate risk, and minimize or even alleviate potential problems later on. Experience has shown that a single interface between the project and the launch site allows for issues to be worked in a timely manner and bridges the gap between two diverse cultures. THE ART OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION TELEMETRY BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT Cerna, Peter J.; Klein, Pamela R.; Mullett, Joy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; United Space Alliance; Hernandez Engineering, Inc. (International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001-10) The technicalities of sharing telemetry bandwidth have been addressed in design and specification for the builders of the International Space Station. But success in sharing bandwidth comes from building relationships, documenting guidelines, negotiating, understanding human nature, peer review and willingness to participate in an evolving process. The station, 240 miles above Earth, moves through space at 17,000 mph, has its mass added to by humans"}, {"title": "", "text": "the troposphere. This method involves the detection of 4 SHF tones sent out from the International Space Station (ISS), providing high-resolution amplitude and phase delay data. LESSONS LEARNED AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT FOR PAYLOAD OPERATIONS AT THE LAUNCH SITE Catena, John; Gates, Donald, Jr.; Blaney, Kermit, Jr.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Omitron, Inc. (International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001-10) For every space mission, there are challenges with the launch site/field operations process that are addressed too late in the development cycle. This potentially causes schedule delays, cost overruns, and adds risk to the mission success. This paper will discuss how a single interface, representing the payload at the launch site in all phases of development, will mitigate risk, and minimize or even alleviate potential problems later on. Experience has shown that a single interface between the project and the launch site allows for issues to be worked in a timely manner and bridges the gap between two diverse cultures. THE ART OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION TELEMETRY BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT Cerna, Peter J.; Klein, Pamela R.; Mullett, Joy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; United Space Alliance; Hernandez Engineering, Inc. (International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001-10) The technicalities of sharing telemetry bandwidth have been addressed in design and specification for the builders of the International Space Station. But success in sharing bandwidth comes from building relationships, documenting guidelines, negotiating, understanding human nature, peer review and willingness to participate in an evolving process. The station, 240 miles above Earth, moves through space at 17,000 mph, has its mass added to by humans"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA Rocket Mission Studying Escaping Radio Waves A NASA rocket mission, launching May 26, 2021, will study radio waves that escape through the Earth\u2019s ionosphere impacting the environment surrounding GPS and geosynchronous satellites, such as those for weather monitoring and communications. Launching from NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility, a Terrier-Improved Malemute suborbital sounding rocket will carry the Vlf trans-Ionospheric Propagation Experiment Rocket, or VIPER. The mission is scheduled for 9:15 p.m., Wednesday, May 26. The launch window is 9:15 p.m. to midnight EDT and the backup days are May 27-28. The launch may be visible in the mid-Atlantic region. VIPER is studying very low frequency radio, or VLF, waves that are produced by both natural (e.g. lightning) and artificial means. During the day these waves are trapped or absorbed by the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. At night, however, some of the waves escape through the ionosphere and accelerate electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. VIPER Lauches out of Wallops Island Facility at 9:15 PM May 26, 2021 \u201cAt night, the lower layers of the ionosphere are much less dense, and more of the VLF can leak through, propagate along the Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines, and end up interacting with the high energy electrons trapped in the Van Allen Radiation Belts,\u201d said Dr. John Bonnell, the project\u2019s principal investigator from the University of California, Berkeley. \u201cThose belts of intense energetic electron fluxes cover a range of distances from the Earth, from as close as 14,300 miles altitude (~4.4 Earth radii) out to 23,500 miles altitude (~7 Earth radii). GPS"}, {"title": "", "text": "blocked for about two weeks every synodic period, around the time of superior conjunction when the Sun is directly between Mars and Earth,[22] although the actual duration of the communications blackout varies from mission to mission depending on various factors - such as the amount of link margin designed into the communications system, and the minimum data rate that is acceptable from a mission standpoint. In reality most missions at Mars have had communications blackout periods of the order of a month.[23] A satellite at either of the Earth-Sun L4/L5 Lagrange points could serve as a relay during this period to solve the problem; even a constellation of communications satellites would be a minor expense in the context of a full colonization program. However the size and power of the equipment needed for these distances make the L4 and L5 locations unrealistic for relay stations, and the inherent stability of these regions, while beneficial in terms of station-keeping, also attracts asteroids, which could pose a severe risk to any satellite.[24] Recent work by the University of Strathclyde's Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, in collaboration with the European Space Agency, has suggested an alternative relay architecture based on highly non-Keplerian orbits. These are a special kind of orbit produced when continuous low-thrust propulsion, such as that produced from an ion engine or solar sail, modifies the natural trajectory of a spacecraft. Such an orbit would enable continuous communications during solar conjunction by allowing a relay spacecraft to \"hover\" above Mars, out of the orbital plane of the two"}, {"title": "", "text": "blocked for about two weeks every synodic period, around the time of superior conjunction when the Sun is directly between Mars and Earth,[22] although the actual duration of the communications blackout varies from mission to mission depending on various factors - such as the amount of link margin designed into the communications system, and the minimum data rate that is acceptable from a mission standpoint. In reality most missions at Mars have had communications blackout periods of the order of a month.[23] A satellite at either of the Earth-Sun L4/L5 Lagrange points could serve as a relay during this period to solve the problem; even a constellation of communications satellites would be a minor expense in the context of a full colonization program. However the size and power of the equipment needed for these distances make the L4 and L5 locations unrealistic for relay stations, and the inherent stability of these regions, while beneficial in terms of station-keeping, also attracts asteroids, which could pose a severe risk to any satellite.[24] Recent work by the University of Strathclyde's Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, in collaboration with the European Space Agency, has suggested an alternative relay architecture based on highly non-Keplerian orbits. These are a special kind of orbit produced when continuous low-thrust propulsion, such as that produced from an ion engine or solar sail, modifies the natural trajectory of a spacecraft. Such an orbit would enable continuous communications during solar conjunction by allowing a relay spacecraft to \"hover\" above Mars, out of the orbital plane of the two"}, {"title": "", "text": "with the Sun. The telecommunications system, designed to operate in a very harsh environment, has been enhanced to enable even greater data throughput capacity, enabling more science and reducing contact time costs to the project. The communication system should continue to exceed pre-launch requirements throughout the mission lifetime. - Overall health: Internal voltages, DC power consumption, RF uplink and downlink power levels, oscillator frequencies, error counters, and link characteristics are trended on a quarterly basis, and both Van Allen Probes spacecraft telecommunications systems are performing within expectations with the exception of an unexpected slow degradation (within mission requirements) of the SSPAs. The rate of the degradation indicates the mission will continue to meet its requirements throughout any conceivable extended mission. - Increasing usable antenna fields of view: Initially, the fields of view for the spacecraft antennas for all communications links were from boresight to 70\u00ba in order to minimize spacecraft scattering and interferometric effects. This forces an \"exclusion band\" about the spacecraft during which no communications could take place. As shown in Figure 23, this cuts out a large amount of potential ground contact opportunities for downlinking science data. - The 70\u00ba cutoff of antenna use was originally based on computed spacecraft antenna patterns from worst-case modeling of the interferometric effects. Once in flight, actual characterization of antenna performance in the exclusion zone was performed to determine if any extra contact opportunities could be realized. To assess the antenna performance, both uplink and downlink were characterized during APL-18 contacts through eight passes through the exclusion zone"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere, or ionosphere. The difference in the height of the ionosphere can vary by hundreds of kilometers from solar minimum to solar maximum, according to Richard Fisher, director of NASA\u2019s heliophysics division. The difference in height can alter how much drag satellites in low Earth orbit experience, and thus impact how much fuel they consume to stay at a desired altitude. Ironically, the most recent solar minimum was so low that the ionosphere fell to a point where a satellite recently launched to study that region of the upper atmosphere was unable to do so. That satellite was the U.S. Air Force\u2019s Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System spacecraft launched in April 2008. One of the payloads was designed to monitor the concentration and energy of various structures in the ionosphere that can impact high-frequency communications and GPS signals. At first the satellite had nothing to monitor, but the ionosphere is slowly rising again, Fisher said. One of the most important instruments for monitoring the sun is an aging spacecraft 1.6 million kilometers from Earth. NASA\u2019s 13-year-old Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite sits at the first Lagrange point, directly between the Earth and the sun at all times. When the sun blasts out a plume of particles that could potentially cause disruptions on Earth, ACE gives scientists as much as an hour of advance warning. The space weather community for years has been sounding the alarm that the satellite could fail at any time. Heeding the warning, Congress added $5 million to NASA\u2019s 2010 budget to refurbish and"}, {"title": "", "text": "decaying. If power is driven into the tether instead (from a solar array or other source) it will act as an electric motor, and the spacecraft will change altitude, the tether acting as propellantless propulsion with a specific impulse of above 300,000 seconds. This feature can also be exploited by a tethered spacecraft in Jupiter\u2019s strong magnetic field. Propulsion can be provided for maneuvers to visit the Jovian satellites and very high power can be simultaneously generated for the spacecraft and its transmitters. As humans move out to settle space, the consequences of long-term exposure to less than Earth\u2019s gravity must be fully understood. In our deliberations, the Commission has found a serious lack of data regarding the effects on the health of humans living for long periods of time in low-gravity environments. NASA\u2019s experience suggests that the \u201cspace sickness\u201d syndrome that afflicts as many as, half the astronauts and cosmonauts is fortunately self-limiting. Of continuous concern to medical specialists, however, me the problems of cardiovascular deconditioning after months of exposure to microgravity, the demineralization of the skeleton, the loss of muscle mass and red blood cells, and impairment of the immune response. Space shuttle crews now routinely enter space for periods of seven to nine days and return with no recognized long-term health problems, but these short-term flights do not permit sufficiently detailed investigations of the potentially serious problems. For example, U.S. medical authorities report that Soviet cosmonauts who returned to Earth in 1984 after 237 days in space emerged from the flight with symptoms"}, {"title": "", "text": "place a spacecraft into a stable orbit around Mercury \u2013 even more energy is needed than when sending a mission to Pluto. After launch, and having escaped the \u2018gravity well\u2019 of Earth, BepiColombo must constantly brake against the gravitational pull of the Sun. Ion thrusters on the MTM will provide the needed low thrust over long durations of the cruise phase, and employs technology demonstrated previously in ESA\u2019s GOCE mission to study Earth\u2019s gravity and in the SMART-1 mission to the Moon. The high solar intensity experienced during the journey and later during operations at Mercury also demanded new technologies to be developed \u2013 such as high-temperature coatings and multi-layered insulation, a radiator for the MPO, and a novel spin-technique for Mio \u2013 to avoid overheating. During the cruise phase, however, Mio will not be spinning, so it is protected by a sunshield. The orbiters will be able to operate some of their instruments during the cruise phase, affording unique opportunities to collect scientifically valuable data at Venus, for example. While it will not be possible to use the scientific camera on the journey, three monitoring cameras fixed to the MTM will provide visual confirmation of the successful deployments of the solar arrays and antennas following launch, as well as snapshots during the planetary flybys. Experts will present the mission, its challenges and scientific goals during a dedicated programme for media at ESOC, which will include viewing the webcast from the launch site in Kourou. 03:00 Programme begins: Scientists and mission operations experts present the mission,"}, {"title": "", "text": "they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license, the FAA will not issue"}, {"title": "", "text": "they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license, the FAA will not issue"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft is constrained in terms of mass at launch, it cannot host more than a given amount of propellant and, in general, covering the distances between planets would require a huge amount of propellant. This is the reason why using the planetary flybys is a very smart solution to overcome the unavoidable mass constraints at launch. When a spacecraft enters and exits from a planetary sphere of influence, its energy with respect to the planet does not change, while it changes with respect to the Sun. Indeed, during the approach, an exchange of energy with the planet occurs: the spacecraft kinetic energy progressively increases to a maximum (named \u2018closest approach\u2019, or CA), while at the same time the gravitational potential energy decreases. The opposite happens when the spacecraft departs from the planets. However, the spacecraft velocity relative to the planet is the same at the arrival and departure; while the spacecraft velocity relative to the Sun is increased or decreased depending on the geometry of the approach. Of course, the energy conservation law is is still valid: hence, the kinetic energy gained by the spacecraft (in terms of velocity) during the flyby is lost from the planet, since its velocity is decreased during the flyby with respect to the Sun (but, as the mass of the planet is a factor 1021 bigger than the satellite mass, the change in velocity is negligible and not clearly visible). Finally, when the spacecraft arrives at the target planet orbit, a specific manoeuvre near the planet can modify the spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft is constrained in terms of mass at launch, it cannot host more than a given amount of propellant and, in general, covering the distances between planets would require a huge amount of propellant. This is the reason why using the planetary flybys is a very smart solution to overcome the unavoidable mass constraints at launch. When a spacecraft enters and exits from a planetary sphere of influence, its energy with respect to the planet does not change, while it changes with respect to the Sun. Indeed, during the approach, an exchange of energy with the planet occurs: the spacecraft kinetic energy progressively increases to a maximum (named \u2018closest approach\u2019, or CA), while at the same time the gravitational potential energy decreases. The opposite happens when the spacecraft departs from the planets. However, the spacecraft velocity relative to the planet is the same at the arrival and departure; while the spacecraft velocity relative to the Sun is increased or decreased depending on the geometry of the approach. Of course, the energy conservation law is is still valid: hence, the kinetic energy gained by the spacecraft (in terms of velocity) during the flyby is lost from the planet, since its velocity is decreased during the flyby with respect to the Sun (but, as the mass of the planet is a factor 1021 bigger than the satellite mass, the change in velocity is negligible and not clearly visible). Finally, when the spacecraft arrives at the target planet orbit, a specific manoeuvre near the planet can modify the spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "survive all the way into orbit. That's why Raytheon tested its spacefaring Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite for Joint Polar Satellite System-2 by shaking it up. A lot. The Aurora Australis as seen from the Space Shuttle Discovery. Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and collide with atoms.(NASA photo) Forecasting the final frontier On Earth, a severe storm can wreak havoc on communities. But a weather event in space can impact entire planets. As satellites multiply and the U.S. prepares to send astronauts to Mars, space agencies increasingly need forecasts of \u201cspace weather\u201d \u2013 the storms of radiation that pour from the sun. Raytheon can meet that need with its Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System, which delivers terrestrial weather information to U.S. forecasters and can monitor, visualize and display space weather. A Delta IV-Heavy rocket lifts off from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., June 11, 2016. (Photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force) Runway to space As a member of the joint venture RGNext, Raytheon uses instrumentation to monitor and ensure safety of all U.S. Air Force and NASA space launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Air Force base. Launch Infographic Raytheon Awarded $700 Million NORAD Contract NASA Extends Contract for Facilities that Support Human Spaceflight NASA Awards Raytheon $240 Million for Earth Science Data System NASA Recognizes Raytheon For Small Business Support Flying a telescope Prediction is the best protection Range Generation Next Raytheon Space Mission Solutions"}, {"title": "", "text": "survive all the way into orbit. That's why Raytheon tested its spacefaring Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite for Joint Polar Satellite System-2 by shaking it up. A lot. The Aurora Australis as seen from the Space Shuttle Discovery. Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and collide with atoms.(NASA photo) Forecasting the final frontier On Earth, a severe storm can wreak havoc on communities. But a weather event in space can impact entire planets. As satellites multiply and the U.S. prepares to send astronauts to Mars, space agencies increasingly need forecasts of \u201cspace weather\u201d \u2013 the storms of radiation that pour from the sun. Raytheon can meet that need with its Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System, which delivers terrestrial weather information to U.S. forecasters and can monitor, visualize and display space weather. A Delta IV-Heavy rocket lifts off from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., June 11, 2016. (Photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force) Runway to space As a member of the joint venture RGNext, Raytheon uses instrumentation to monitor and ensure safety of all U.S. Air Force and NASA space launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Air Force base. Launch Infographic Raytheon Awarded $700 Million NORAD Contract NASA Extends Contract for Facilities that Support Human Spaceflight NASA Awards Raytheon $240 Million for Earth Science Data System NASA Recognizes Raytheon For Small Business Support Flying a telescope Prediction is the best protection Range Generation Next Raytheon Space Mission Solutions"}, {"title": "", "text": "gravity, and Earth\u2019s magnetosphere, it provides many of the challenges of flying far from Earth. But communication delays with Earth are less than 2 seconds permitting Mission Control on Earth to play an important and timely role in flight operations. In the case of a severe emergency, such as Jim Lovell\u2019s Apollo 13, Earth is only three days travel time away. Learning how to fly to, and remain at, Earth-Moon Lagrangian points would be a superb precursor to flying to and remaining at, the much farther distant Earth-Sun Lagrangian points. And flying to further away destinations from lunar orbit or Lunar Lagrangian points could have substantial advantages in flight time and/or propellant requirements as compared with departures from Earth orbit. And flying in the lunar vicinity would typically provide lower radiation exposures than those expected in interplanetary flight. The long communication delays to destinations beyond the moon mandate new techniques and procedures for spacecraft operations. Mission Control cannot provide a Mars crew their normal helpful advice if the landing trajectory is nine minutes long but the time delay of the radar, communication and telemetry back to Earth is 19 minutes. Flight experience at lunar distance can provide valuable insights into practical solutions for handling such challenges. I am persuaded that a return to the moon would be the most productive path to expanding the human presence in the Solar System.\u201d What Mr. Armstrong failed to provide was how you get that return to the moon without a transportation system that is affordable. Without that, we \u201cwon\u2019t"}, {"title": "", "text": "trajectory that takes it beyond the Van Allen belts for many months, or longer, but that eventually takes it back to Earth. If so \u2013and as usual, I emphasize the \u201cIF\u201d \u2013 the capsule could make the reentry and landing that it was designed to do, we could recover our biomodule and study the organisms as planned. CategoriesMars, Missions TagsMars, Missions, Phobos LIFE, Phobos-Grunt 10 Replies to \u201cCan Phobos-Grunt Still be Saved? Scientists Hold Out Hope as Deadlines Loom\u201d why cant signal be relayed by other satellite? Although my knowledge of this topic is pretty small here\u2019s my understanding\u2026 Because Phobos-Grunt is in a fairly low orbit it\u2019s moving across the sky very quickly. According to russianspaceweb.com this issue presented itself once they realized there was a problem. The antennae set up to communicate with the satellite simply couldn\u2019t track fast enough to keep it in the signal beam. The same problem would likely affect any satellite in low earth orbit trying to communicate with Phobos-Grunt. The window would be so short that nothing useful could be transmitted. Could they send signals from a satellite higher up, say in geosynchronous orbit? I don\u2019t know. Is this something a communications satellite can even attempt? Is Phobos-Grunt listening on the same frequencies that those satellites are able to send on? Is Phobos-Grunt\u2019s antenna oriented correctly to receive those signals? Wezley Jackson says: Yes and what about ISS? too low? How about any craft visiting ISS \u2013 could they make a quick detour to a reasonable close (but safe)"}, {"title": "", "text": "application for this technology is its use in the Restore-L servicing mission which will navigate to refuel Landsat-7, a U.S. government Earth-observing satellite already in orbit. An additional application is the potential use for systems on NASA's Journey to Mars. Raven is on track to advance and mature the sensors, machine vision algorithms, and processing necessary to implement a robust autonomous rendezvous and docking system for NASA. SSPD (Satellite Service Projects Division) is developing and managing both the Raven and Restore-L demonstration missions. Figure 19: Artist's rendition of Raven tracking a vehicle approaching the International Space Station (image credit: NASA) STP-H5: RHEME (Radiation Hardened Electronic Memory Experiment) Spacecraft are continually exposed to radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources, but radiation can harm spacecraft computers by causing glitches and erasing data in their memories. This can affect a spacecraft's ability to work properly, including its ability to store data and communicate with ground controllers. The STP-H5-RHEME studies how frequently electronic memory experiences a glitch after being struck by high-energy particles in space. 14) Electronic memories operating in space are exposed to high energy protons and galactic cosmic rays, which are atoms that have been stripped of their surrounding shell of electrons. When these particles strike a memory or other microcircuit, they create a very brief current pulse that can change the information store in a memory bit from a logical 1 to a 0, or vice versa. In some cases, multiple bits of memory can be changed. The loss of this information can cause the"}, {"title": "", "text": "application for this technology is its use in the Restore-L servicing mission which will navigate to refuel Landsat-7, a U.S. government Earth-observing satellite already in orbit. An additional application is the potential use for systems on NASA's Journey to Mars. Raven is on track to advance and mature the sensors, machine vision algorithms, and processing necessary to implement a robust autonomous rendezvous and docking system for NASA. SSPD (Satellite Service Projects Division) is developing and managing both the Raven and Restore-L demonstration missions. Figure 19: Artist's rendition of Raven tracking a vehicle approaching the International Space Station (image credit: NASA) STP-H5: RHEME (Radiation Hardened Electronic Memory Experiment) Spacecraft are continually exposed to radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources, but radiation can harm spacecraft computers by causing glitches and erasing data in their memories. This can affect a spacecraft's ability to work properly, including its ability to store data and communicate with ground controllers. The STP-H5-RHEME studies how frequently electronic memory experiences a glitch after being struck by high-energy particles in space. 14) Electronic memories operating in space are exposed to high energy protons and galactic cosmic rays, which are atoms that have been stripped of their surrounding shell of electrons. When these particles strike a memory or other microcircuit, they create a very brief current pulse that can change the information store in a memory bit from a logical 1 to a 0, or vice versa. In some cases, multiple bits of memory can be changed. The loss of this information can cause the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the flight \u2013after a first burn of the Fregat was to raise the apogee (the highest point) of the spacecraft\u2019s orbit to an altitude of about 4,170 kilometers\u2013 the timing and geometry between Earth-bound transmitters and the spacecrafts antennae would have made signaling the craft a straight forward task. But with Grunt orbiting much lower (thus moving much faster with respect to the ground), and with an antenna that could receive the signal obstructed partially by a fuel tank that was to be jettisoned after the first Fregat burn, controllers have only a couple of minutes at a time to attempt communication. Since the spacecraft was not designed for this scenario, getting her attention may be depend on prospect of getting the signals toward her at some unlikely angle. In other words, restoring control over Phobos-Grunt may be a matter of luck. But if luck is a factor in recovering the spacecraft, then the extension of her expected time in orbit due to thruster firings may prove helpful. The more time that controllers have to attempt contact, the better the chances that they\u2019ll get lucky at some point before the craft reenters the atmosphere. If this should happen, however, where should the probe travel? As of yesterday, it no longer will be able to go Mars, land on the surface of Phobos, scoop a 200 gram sample into the specially-designed return capsule, and still have a window for the capsule to be launched on a trajectory back to Earth. Last week, a lunar mission was discussed"}, {"title": "", "text": "waves as an important element in their functioning, including retransmitting television broadcasts or transmitting imagery or scientific data that they have collected. Interference can be generated by other satellites, terrestrial systems, or space weather. Collisions and explosions can create large amounts of space debris. This debris poses a risk to everyone operating in space, and the pieces can stay in orbit for decades or even longer, depending on the object's altitude. A few especially difficult space operational activities, such as rendezvous and docking, require extra attention to prevent collisions or other mishaps. Conflict in space could have devastating consequences for the long-term sustainability of space. Destroying satellites can create huge amounts of debris that could render certain areas of Earth orbit unusable. Misperceptions and mistrust with regard to military activities in space could serve as a catalyst for conflict in space or on Earth. Frequency Interference through improper configuration or use of radio transmission equipment on satellites or on the ground can interrupt satellite communications, which can increase chances of collisions and misunderstandings. What is SWF Doing to Assist Space Sustainability? Not all space actors have the capacity to operate safely in space. They may lack the proper information about the space environment, tools to analyze information and make decisions, or experience and knowledge about best practices. SWF has developed a small booklet to inform interested parties about the dangers to Space Sustainability, which is available for distribution. All space actors and users should be made aware of the potential negative consequences of certain actions in"}, {"title": "", "text": "waves as an important element in their functioning, including retransmitting television broadcasts or transmitting imagery or scientific data that they have collected. Interference can be generated by other satellites, terrestrial systems, or space weather. Collisions and explosions can create large amounts of space debris. This debris poses a risk to everyone operating in space, and the pieces can stay in orbit for decades or even longer, depending on the object's altitude. A few especially difficult space operational activities, such as rendezvous and docking, require extra attention to prevent collisions or other mishaps. Conflict in space could have devastating consequences for the long-term sustainability of space. Destroying satellites can create huge amounts of debris that could render certain areas of Earth orbit unusable. Misperceptions and mistrust with regard to military activities in space could serve as a catalyst for conflict in space or on Earth. Frequency Interference through improper configuration or use of radio transmission equipment on satellites or on the ground can interrupt satellite communications, which can increase chances of collisions and misunderstandings. What is SWF Doing to Assist Space Sustainability? Not all space actors have the capacity to operate safely in space. They may lack the proper information about the space environment, tools to analyze information and make decisions, or experience and knowledge about best practices. SWF has developed a small booklet to inform interested parties about the dangers to Space Sustainability, which is available for distribution. All space actors and users should be made aware of the potential negative consequences of certain actions in"}, {"title": "", "text": "at a very few wavelengths, such as the visible spectrum, also called \\textbf{free space optic (FSO)}, \\textbf{radio frequencies (RF)}, and some ultraviolet wavelengths, as shown in Figure~\\ref{fig:blockedradiation}. These bands are called atmospheric windows\\cite{seeds2017horizons,lujan1994human,nasa2013emspectrum}. Although Earth's atmosphere blocks other bands such as gamma rays, infrared or X-rays, we may utilize them to transmit information in space and through the atmosphere of other planets. The lower power consumption, lower mass, higher range and higher bandwidth of optical communication (FSO) compared to RF make optical communication the auspicious technology to serve as a communication medium in IPN \\cite{kaushal2017optical,williams2007rf,hemmati1997comparative}. In practice, NASA's Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission\\cite{lcrd2017} continues the legacy of the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD)\\cite{nasa2013llcd}, using FSO. This latter mission flew aboard a moon-orbiting spacecraft called LADEE, Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\\cite{ladee2013}, in 2013. Overall, compared to traditional communications systems on spacecraft, LLCD used half the mass, 25 percent less power, and transmitted six times as much data per second. The LCRD project is currently under validation, and its launch is scheduled within a commercial satellite for 2019~\\cite{lcrd}. \\section{Space Communication Infrastructure} \\label{sec:satellite} In an IPN context, satellites constellations serve as an access network to the planetary surface network. In our architecture, the main purpose of satellites is relaying and amplifying radio signals around the curve of the earth. In this section, we present the technologies currently deployed that can serve for the early deployments of an IPN Internet. \\subsection{Satellite Orbits and constellations} \\begin{figure}[t] \\centering \\includegraphics[width=9cm,height=9cm,keepaspectratio]{ISLs} \\caption{Satellite communication \\& architecture. The space segment and the earth segment"}, {"title": "", "text": "the spacecraft apogee motor is fired, the antennas are subjected to high Mach numbers and high heat fluxes. The rocket motor in the center of the array contains 750 pounds of propellant and burns for 40 seconds increasing the spacecraft\u2019s apogee velocity by 6000 fps. To withstand the severe thermal environment, the antenna elements were constructed of beryllium, flame-sprayed with aluminum oxide, and further covered with a Teflon ablative material. The high heat capacity of the ablative material and of the beryllium itself maintains the antenna temperatures below the unprotected equilibrium temperature of 3000\u00b0 F. IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE The following report is taken from a presentation given in May 1967 at a meeting of the RTCM in Las Vegas Nevada by Roland Boucher. ATS-1 was launched into orbit on 6 December 1966. The VHF repeater was first operated 3 days later. Since then, it has been used to successfully communicate voice and data between NASA ground stations at Rosman, North Carolina; Mojave, California; and Kooby Creek Australia. It has sent weather facsimile pictures and has been used to determine propagation properties of the ionosphere. Simplex air to ground communication tests have been conducted with aircraft operated by Pan American, Eastern, TWA, United, American, and Qantas airlines as well as those operated by the FAA and the U.S. Air Force. Both simplex and duplex communications were successful with a shipboard terminal constructed by Hughes. This terminal was leased to the U. S. Coast Guard and has operated successfully on the Coast Guard Cutter, Klamath at Ocean Station November"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft is en route to its destination, it is completely isolated. No additional resources can be provided and repair (particularly for unmanned mission) can be impossible. Apollo 13\u2019s crew barely survived the notable mishap on its mission because of the resources of the docked Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) and the resourcefulness of the ground control team\u2019s experts. A less well-known failure occurred during the Galileo mission to Jupiter. After the Challenger disaster, NASA adopted safety standards that restricted the size of boosters carried in the Space Shuttle. (Renzetti, 1995) Galileo was delayed while the Shuttles were grounded and Galileo\u2019s trajectory was re-planned to include a Venus fly-by to accelerate and compensate for a smaller booster. Galileo\u2019s main antenna failed to deploy; lubricant had evaporated during the extended unplanned storage (Evans, 2003) and limited computer space led to the deletion of the antenna motor-reversing software to make room for thermal protection routines. When the antenna partially deployed, it was stuck in place with no way to re-furl and redeploy it. Engineers ultimately used an onboard tape recorder, revised transmission protocols, the available low-gain antenna, and ground-based upgrades to the DSN to save the mission. (Taylor, Cheung, and Seo, 2002) The Titan survey was ultimately successful because simulation techniques were able to verify the planned trajectory modifications and sufficient reaction mass was available to complete the necessary maneuvers. In addition, Smeds\u2019s analysis gave the mission team the time it needed to fully diagnose the problem and develop and implement the remedy. If this test were conducted the day"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft is en route to its destination, it is completely isolated. No additional resources can be provided and repair (particularly for unmanned mission) can be impossible. Apollo 13\u2019s crew barely survived the notable mishap on its mission because of the resources of the docked Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) and the resourcefulness of the ground control team\u2019s experts. A less well-known failure occurred during the Galileo mission to Jupiter. After the Challenger disaster, NASA adopted safety standards that restricted the size of boosters carried in the Space Shuttle. (Renzetti, 1995) Galileo was delayed while the Shuttles were grounded and Galileo\u2019s trajectory was re-planned to include a Venus fly-by to accelerate and compensate for a smaller booster. Galileo\u2019s main antenna failed to deploy; lubricant had evaporated during the extended unplanned storage (Evans, 2003) and limited computer space led to the deletion of the antenna motor-reversing software to make room for thermal protection routines. When the antenna partially deployed, it was stuck in place with no way to re-furl and redeploy it. Engineers ultimately used an onboard tape recorder, revised transmission protocols, the available low-gain antenna, and ground-based upgrades to the DSN to save the mission. (Taylor, Cheung, and Seo, 2002) The Titan survey was ultimately successful because simulation techniques were able to verify the planned trajectory modifications and sufficient reaction mass was available to complete the necessary maneuvers. In addition, Smeds\u2019s analysis gave the mission team the time it needed to fully diagnose the problem and develop and implement the remedy. If this test were conducted the day"}, {"title": "", "text": "in no danger of running out of food or other vital supplies. \"The astronauts are safe aboard the station and well supplied,\" NASA officials said in a statement. Photos: Japan's Robotic Space Cargo Ship Fleet The Sony system will be deployed to test future communications between satellites or with ground stations, using ultra-fast laser communications, according to the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency or JAXA. (Spacecraft today generally rely on radio, which has a more limited bandwidth to send information.) \"We have very high expectations for this technology,\" ISS astronaut Koichi Wakata, who is now a vice-president at JAXA, JAXA said in a statement. \"This technology ... will likely be widely used not only in the telecommunications industry, but in the future as a means of communication in the field of exploration. Specifically, it can be used as a means of communication between the Earth and the International Space Station, the moon and Mars.\" Editor's note: This story was updated at 6:12 p.m. EDT (1212 GMT) to include updates from a post-fire press conference by Aviation Week Space Editor Irene Klotz via Twitter and official statements from MHI and NASA. It was corrected earlier to reflect that only Japan's H-IIB rocket has a perfect launch record. The country's workhorse H-IIA rocket has had one failure in 40 launches. This is a developing story. Check back soon for updates. Space Station's Robotic Cargo Ship Fleet (A Photo Guide) Photos: Japan Launches HTV-4 Cargo Ship to Space Station JAXA: Japan's Aerospace Exploration Agency Follow Elizabeth Howell on Twitter @howellspace."}, {"title": "", "text": "reusable spacecraft architecture that can meet the needs of certain planetary science missions \u2022 Demonstrate the capability of the Minotaur V as a launch vehicle for planetary missions. Some background on the lunar exosphere: The moon is surrounded by the thinnest of possible atmospheres, which planetary scientists call an exosphere. Exosphere's are so thin that their atmospheric pressure is lower than what we can achieve in our hardest laboratory vacuums. Unlike the air in a dense atmosphere, the gas molecules almost never interact, so that exospheres can neither trap nor conduct heat, meaning that there is no weather or climate. It also means that aerosols like dust and smoke cannot float, but rather fall to the ground like rocks. 11) This leads to one of the strangest discoveries made by those early Lunar missions: Dust levitates on the Moon. When the Sun rises, individual microscopic particles of dust rise up from the surface and form a thin haze of material kilometers up from the surface. When night falls, so does the dust. The most logical explanation is that individual high-energy photons of sunlight strike the dust particles and knock off a few electrons, leaving a positive charge on the dust. Positive repels positive, and the dust is thrown up into the air until it is high enough that the electrostatic repulsion is weak enough to be balanced by gravity. But without proper close-up observations and data, this theory remains merely a hypothesis. A thorough understanding of the characteristics of our lunar neighbor will help researchers understand"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the spacecraft. Sun and star sensors as well as gyroscopes provide the orientation reference for spacecraft in space. Chandrayaan-I telemetry Besides, the spacecraft receives, modifies and retransmits radio waves sent by ground antennas in a precise way. This plays a crucial role in knowing its position and orbit at a particular instant of time. All these happen at 'S-band' frequencies in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, as it orbits the Moon, the spacecraft sends valuable imagery and other scientific information to earth through X-band (at a higher frequency compared to S-band), which also lies in the microwave region. But, such information is transmitted through radio at a very low power of a few Watts. Thus, radio signals carrying that precious information become extremely feeble by the time they travel 400,000 km from the moon and reach the earth. The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 performs the crucial task of receiving the radio signals sent by the spacecraft. It also transmits the radio commands to be sent to the spacecraft during different phases of its mission. Besides, it processes and safe keeps the scientific information sent by the spacecraft. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) had a lead role in establishing the ground segment facility of Chandrayaan-1 along with ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and Space Applications Centre (SAC). The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 consists of Indian Deep Spacer Network (IDSN), Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC). The IDSN performs the important task of receiving the radio signals transmitted"}, {"title": "", "text": "moving. Failure to do so would cause a dropped signal or loss of communication. \u201cThis pointing challenge is the equivalent of a golfer hitting a \u2018hole-in-one\u2019 from a distance of almost five miles,\u201d said Cornwell. \u201cDevelopers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019s (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory have designed a sophisticated system to cancel out the slightest spacecraft vibrations. This is in addition to dealing with other challenges of pointing and tracking the system from such a distance. We are excited about these advancements.\u201d The LLCD mission will also serve as a pathfinder for the 2017 launch of NASA\u2019s Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD). That mission will demonstrate the long-term viability of laser communication from a geostationary relay satellite to Earth. In a geostationary orbit the spacecraft orbits at the same speed as Earth, which allows it to maintain the same position in the sky. Engineers believe that future space missions will be able to use laser communication technology with its low mass and power requirements, to provide increased data quantity for real-time communication and 3-D high-definition video. For example, using S-band communications aboard the LADEE spacecraft would take 639 hours to download an average-length HD movie. Using LLCD technology that time would be reduced to less than eight minutes. Prior to shipment from MIT, the LLCD spaceflight hardware was subjected to a rigorous set of flight test simulations such as the strong vibrations expected from a Minotaur V rocket, the launch vehicle for the LADEE mission. The LLCD hardware also had to withstand simulated extreme temperatures and"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the spacecraft. Sun and star sensors as well as gyroscopes provide the orientation reference for spacecraft in space. Chandrayaan-I telemetry Besides, the spacecraft receives, modifies and retransmits radio waves sent by ground antennas in a precise way. This plays a crucial role in knowing its position and orbit at a particular instant of time. All these happen at 'S-band' frequencies in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, as it orbits the Moon, the spacecraft sends valuable imagery and other scientific information to earth through X-band (at a higher frequency compared to S-band), which also lies in the microwave region. But, such information is transmitted through radio at a very low power of a few Watts. Thus, radio signals carrying that precious information become extremely feeble by the time they travel 400,000 km from the moon and reach the earth. The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 performs the crucial task of receiving the radio signals sent by the spacecraft. It also transmits the radio commands to be sent to the spacecraft during different phases of its mission. Besides, it processes and safe keeps the scientific information sent by the spacecraft. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) had a lead role in establishing the ground segment facility of Chandrayaan-1 along with ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and Space Applications Centre (SAC). The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 consists of Indian Deep Spacer Network (IDSN), Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC). The IDSN performs the important task of receiving the radio signals transmitted"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the spacecraft. Sun and star sensors as well as gyroscopes provide the orientation reference for spacecraft in space. Chandrayaan-I telemetry Besides, the spacecraft receives, modifies and retransmits radio waves sent by ground antennas in a precise way. This plays a crucial role in knowing its position and orbit at a particular instant of time. All these happen at 'S-band' frequencies in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, as it orbits the Moon, the spacecraft sends valuable imagery and other scientific information to earth through X-band (at a higher frequency compared to S-band), which also lies in the microwave region. But, such information is transmitted through radio at a very low power of a few Watts. Thus, radio signals carrying that precious information become extremely feeble by the time they travel 400,000 km from the moon and reach the earth. The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 performs the crucial task of receiving the radio signals sent by the spacecraft. It also transmits the radio commands to be sent to the spacecraft during different phases of its mission. Besides, it processes and safe keeps the scientific information sent by the spacecraft. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) had a lead role in establishing the ground segment facility of Chandrayaan-1 along with ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and Space Applications Centre (SAC). The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 consists of Indian Deep Spacer Network (IDSN), Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC). The IDSN performs the important task of receiving the radio signals transmitted"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the spacecraft. Sun and star sensors as well as gyroscopes provide the orientation reference for spacecraft in space. Chandrayaan-I telemetry Besides, the spacecraft receives, modifies and retransmits radio waves sent by ground antennas in a precise way. This plays a crucial role in knowing its position and orbit at a particular instant of time. All these happen at 'S-band' frequencies in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, as it orbits the Moon, the spacecraft sends valuable imagery and other scientific information to earth through X-band (at a higher frequency compared to S-band), which also lies in the microwave region. But, such information is transmitted through radio at a very low power of a few Watts. Thus, radio signals carrying that precious information become extremely feeble by the time they travel 400,000 km from the moon and reach the earth. The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 performs the crucial task of receiving the radio signals sent by the spacecraft. It also transmits the radio commands to be sent to the spacecraft during different phases of its mission. Besides, it processes and safe keeps the scientific information sent by the spacecraft. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) had a lead role in establishing the ground segment facility of Chandrayaan-1 along with ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and Space Applications Centre (SAC). The ground segment of Chandrayaan-1 consists of Indian Deep Spacer Network (IDSN), Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC). The IDSN performs the important task of receiving the radio signals transmitted"}, {"title": "", "text": "But as the spacecraft moves through its orbit, any variations in the internal structure of Ceres from one place to another will lead to slight perturbations of the orbit. If, for example, there is a large region of unusually dense material, even if deep underground, the craft will speed up slightly as it travels toward it. After Dawn passes overhead, the same massive feature will slightly retard its progress, slowing it down just a little. Dawn will be in almost constant radio contact with Earth during LAMO. When it is pointing its payload of sensors at the surface, it will broadcast a faint radio signal through one of its small auxiliary antennas so exquisitely sensitive receivers on a planet far, far away can detect it. At other times, in order to transmit its findings from LAMO, it will aim its main antenna directly at Earth. In both cases, the slightest changes in speed toward or away from Earth will be revealed in the Doppler shift, in which the frequency of the radio waves changes, much as the pitch of a siren goes up and then down as an ambulance approaches and then recedes. Using this and other remarkably powerful techniques mastered for traveling throughout the solar system, navigators will carefully plot the tiny variations in Dawn\u2019s orbit and from that determine the distribution of mass throughout the interior of the dwarf planet. The spacecraft will use its sophisticated gamma ray and neutron detector (GRaND) to determine the atomic constituents of the material on the surface and"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cGateway to space\u201d mission lives on Jonathan Nally | Nov 11, 2010 | Comments 0 Artist's concept of Earth's atmosphere from 0 to 700km, showing the mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere (MTI) regions. It also shows various MTI atmospheric phenomenon and the atmospheric range in which they occur. The TIMED spacecraft orbits at an approximate altitude of 680 km. TIMED satellite explores little-known region high above Earth Important for studying effect on the Sun on our planet Spacecraft still healthy and mission extended for a fourth time Nine years after beginning its unprecedented look at the gateway between Earth\u2019s environment and space\u2014not to mention collecting more data on the upper atmosphere than any other satellite\u2014NASA\u2019s Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission has been extended again. Before the launch of TIMED, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere/ionosphere\u2014which help protect us from harmful solar radiation\u2014had been one of the least explored and understood regions of our environment. \u201cThe middle part of the atmosphere was the part we kind of ignored,\u201d says John Sigwarth, the deputy project scientist for TIMED at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt, MD. \u201cIt\u2019s too high for balloons and too low for spacecraft. So the understanding of this middle atmosphere and its impact on the upper atmosphere has been tremendously increased due to TIMED.\u201d The primary science objective of the TIMED mission is to understand the energy transfer into and out of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere (energetics), as well as the basic structure (i.e., pressure, temperature,"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cGateway to space\u201d mission lives on Jonathan Nally | Nov 11, 2010 | Comments 0 Artist's concept of Earth's atmosphere from 0 to 700km, showing the mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere (MTI) regions. It also shows various MTI atmospheric phenomenon and the atmospheric range in which they occur. The TIMED spacecraft orbits at an approximate altitude of 680 km. TIMED satellite explores little-known region high above Earth Important for studying effect on the Sun on our planet Spacecraft still healthy and mission extended for a fourth time Nine years after beginning its unprecedented look at the gateway between Earth\u2019s environment and space\u2014not to mention collecting more data on the upper atmosphere than any other satellite\u2014NASA\u2019s Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission has been extended again. Before the launch of TIMED, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere/ionosphere\u2014which help protect us from harmful solar radiation\u2014had been one of the least explored and understood regions of our environment. \u201cThe middle part of the atmosphere was the part we kind of ignored,\u201d says John Sigwarth, the deputy project scientist for TIMED at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt, MD. \u201cIt\u2019s too high for balloons and too low for spacecraft. So the understanding of this middle atmosphere and its impact on the upper atmosphere has been tremendously increased due to TIMED.\u201d The primary science objective of the TIMED mission is to understand the energy transfer into and out of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere (energetics), as well as the basic structure (i.e., pressure, temperature,"}, {"title": "", "text": "have as much communication with the craft as possible,\u201d notes Frank McKinney, project manager for spacecraft mission operations at Martin Marietta Astronautics in Denver. Cunningham says that if the transmitters had remained on during pressurization, engineers might have gathered more hints about the cause of the communications failure. But he adds that the manufacturer had recommended that NASA turn off the transmitters during such procedures, advice followed previously without problems. NASA expressed even greater pessimism about the fate of NOAA-13, a new weather satellite intended to replace an aging, but identical model that monitors Earth from a polar orbit. Researchers attribute the loss to a bad battery and don\u2019t expect to recover a signal. COPYRIGHT 1993 Science Service, Inc. Copyright 1993, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company. image from NASA of nasamtmountain"}, {"title": "", "text": "space weather The northern lights interfere with radio communications, GPS navigation and satellite communications. Researchers are now going to launch 20 satellites containing world class instruments from the University of Oslo to find out why. Satellites are becoming increasingly important in communications and navigation. This makes us more vulnerable to the northern lights, especially within offshore and aviation. In a worst case scenario an aircraft can lose contact with its surroundings. Oil tankers can struggle with precise navigation. In order to more precisely predict when radio communications and navigation will fail, researchers require more information about what happens when violent solar winds hit the Earth and produce the northern lights. The solar winds consist of charged particles and produce powerful turbulence in the ionosphere, which consists of plasma clouds with electrical particles at an altitude of 80 to 500 km. The turbulence interferes with radio signals. Sometimes they are reflected wrongly. On other occasions the signals are blocked altogether. \u201cIn the northern regions GPS satellites lie low in the sky. This means the signals have to pass through the ionosphere. This reinforces the navigation problems,\u201d says professor J\u00c3\u00b8ran Moen of the Department of Physics at University of Oslo (UiO), Norway. Full story: http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2012/spaceweather.html Categories: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Aurorae, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), Earth, General Astronomy, Solar System, Sun Tags: astronomy, aurora, Nature, news, science, space AstroNews Is Coming Back Online May 14, 2012 astronewsus Leave a comment Okay, so it\u2019s been awhile but I\u2019ve got some help and we\u2019re looking to get AstroNews back up \u2018n running"}, {"title": "", "text": "be stopped. It is not only the number of satellites but the number of customers they will serve that is the problem. A cell tower is more harmful than a radio station because instead of emitting just one signal it emits hundreds. Iridium is so impactful not only because it has 66 satellites but because it serves more than a million customers. Because of Iridium and Globalstar, standing barefoot on the earth is no longer as healthful and invigorating as it once was, anywhere on the planet. Grounding yourself increases the flow of qi through your body, but the qi has electronic noise on it. SpaceX\u2019s initial goal is to sign up 40 million subscribers. If OneWeb signs up another 40 million, and one-tenth of the subscribers are online at any given time, electronic noise from 8,000,000 additional signals, to start with, will pollute the global circuit. There are other serious environmental impacts from the intensive use of space, some of which I outlined in my first book. For example, the rockets of both SpaceX and OneWeb will burn kerosene. Burning kerosene in space produces prodigious amounts of black soot, which accumulates in the stratosphere. Black carbon absorbs so much solar energy that its contribution to global warming is two million times greater per unit mass than carbon dioxide. Just 35 launches of SpaceX\u2019s Falcon Heavy rocket per year would produce an amount of warming roughly equal to the amount of warming produced in a year by the world\u2019s one billion cars. I am extrapolating from"}, {"title": "", "text": "be stopped. It is not only the number of satellites but the number of customers they will serve that is the problem. A cell tower is more harmful than a radio station because instead of emitting just one signal it emits hundreds. Iridium is so impactful not only because it has 66 satellites but because it serves more than a million customers. Because of Iridium and Globalstar, standing barefoot on the earth is no longer as healthful and invigorating as it once was, anywhere on the planet. Grounding yourself increases the flow of qi through your body, but the qi has electronic noise on it. SpaceX\u2019s initial goal is to sign up 40 million subscribers. If OneWeb signs up another 40 million, and one-tenth of the subscribers are online at any given time, electronic noise from 8,000,000 additional signals, to start with, will pollute the global circuit. There are other serious environmental impacts from the intensive use of space, some of which I outlined in my first book. For example, the rockets of both SpaceX and OneWeb will burn kerosene. Burning kerosene in space produces prodigious amounts of black soot, which accumulates in the stratosphere. Black carbon absorbs so much solar energy that its contribution to global warming is two million times greater per unit mass than carbon dioxide. Just 35 launches of SpaceX\u2019s Falcon Heavy rocket per year would produce an amount of warming roughly equal to the amount of warming produced in a year by the world\u2019s one billion cars. I am extrapolating from"}, {"title": "", "text": "these irregularities actually can cause a lot of problems for GPS signals and communications signals. These are signals, of course, that ships rely on, our armed forces rely on, and we use them increasingly for automatic airplane landings and helping determine where we are during disasters.\u201d Six COSMIC-2 climate and weather observation satellites jointly developed by Taiwan and NOAA are also launching on the STP-2 mission. Besides their primary function to collect weather data, the COSMIC-2 satellites will also transmit test beacons to Earth to provide scientists greater geographic coverage in their research into ionospheric disturbances. Email the author. Follow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1. Aerojet Rocketdyne AF-M315E Deep Space Atomic Clock Green Propellant Infusion Mission Jet Propulsion Laboratory Launch Pad 39A Orbital Test Bed Space Environment Testbeds STP-2 Video: Queen guitarist Brian May discusses his song celebrating Ultima Thule flyby Drop test moves Virgin Orbit closer to first satellite launch Trump calls for establishment of U.S. \u201cspace force\u201d China set to deorbit disused Tiangong 2 space lab SpaceX points to leaky valve as culprit in Crew Dragon test accident Final assembly and test milestones on tap for NASA\u2019s first Orion moon ship Launch of Indian moon lander postponed by \u2018technical snag\u2019 Made in Space wins NASA contract to 3D-print satellite structures in orbit \u00a9 1999-2018 Spaceflight Now / Pole Star Publications Ltd"}, {"title": "", "text": "transmitter were automatic, it could have turned on while the spacecraft was still being built and tested here on Earth or during launch, posing a danger to people on the ground. Artist's view of the STEREO spacecraft. Image Credit: NASA Though spacecraft operators have an initial plan to make contact with STEREO-B, the path to recovery isn\u2019t clear or easy. Part of the problem is how little information we have about what caused the loss of communications with STEREO-B. \u201cThe only concrete information we have is that the IMU was feeding bad information to the guidance and control system,\u201d said Ossing. \u201cFrom there, we made educated guesses about what the spacecraft would do.\u201d Part of the problem is uncertainty about STEREO-B\u2019s position\u2014since it has been drifting out of contact for over a year, mission operators don\u2019t know exactly where it is. Further complicating this is the likelihood that STEREO-B would have used its thrusters as part of its effort to correct the nonexistent spin, possibly pushing it even further off course. This means that the STEREO team will have to sweep their signal over a significant portion of sky to make sure they reach STEREO-B. NASA has recovered spacecraft from similar situations before\u2014notably, ESA/NASA\u2019s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, was out of contact for six weeks in 1998 before it was recovered. But the distance to SOHO was much smaller, only about a million miles, compared to the 189-million-mile gap between Earth and STEREO-B. As with all spacecraft, we don\u2019t know exactly what frequency STEREO-B"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA and space agencies in Russia, Canada, Japan and Europe present educational organizations with this opportunity. The ham radio organizations' volunteer efforts provide the equipment and operational support to enable communication between crew on the ISS and students around the world using Amateur Radio. Please direct any questions to ariss dot us dot education at gmail dot com. [ANS thanks ARISS for the above information] AREx and the NASA Lunar Gateway Update Frank Bauer, KA3HDO, ARISS-USA Executive Director, provides the following update on AREx plans to participate in NASA's Lunar Gateway system. \"Originally planned to be launched separately, the Power Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) will now be launched together on a commercial launch vehicle as the first Lunar Gateway systems. As a result, the launch mass is high and the resulting payload mass to be flown on this inaugural mission is very low. \"The current complement of scientific payloads flying with PPE and HALO are the space weather, radiation and lunar dust experiments. For astronaut health reasons, the radiation and space weather measurements are critically important to understand the environment that astronauts will be subjected to. The lunar dust experiment is critical since these dust particles are highly corrosive and can impact Gateway machinery as well as spacesuits and the astronauts themselves. Beyond these three experiments, no other payloads have been manifested yet. \"NASA and the other space agencies continue to refine their plans for Gateway, Artemis and other lunar missions. It should be noted that the space agencies are"}, {"title": "", "text": "that only a relatively small number of antennas is required to detect and map it, but many aspects of this particle acceleration and transport remain poorly constrained. Ground-based arrays would be quite capable of tracking the radio emission associated with CMEs, but absorption by the Earth's ionosphere limits the frequency coverage of ground-based arrays (nu > 15 MHz), which in turn limits the range of solar distances over which they can track the radio emission (< 3 R_S). The state-of-the-art for tracking such emission from space is defined by single antennas (Wind/WAVES, Stereo/SWAVES), in which the tracking is accomplished by assuming a frequency-to-density mapping; there has been some success in triangulating the emission between the spacecraft, but considerable uncertainties remain. We describe the Sun Radio Imaging Space Experiment (SunRISE) mission concept: A constellation of small spacecraft in a geostationary graveyard orbit designed to localize and track radio emissions in the inner heliosphere. Each spacecraft would carry a receiving system for observations below 25 MHz, and SunRISE would produce the first images of CMEs more than a few solar radii from the Sun. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Comet ISON Approaching the Sun [still This movie from NASA\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s STEREO spacecraft's Heliospheric Imager shows Comet ISON, Mercury, Comet Encke and Earth over a five-day period from Nov. 20 to Nov. 25, 2013. The sun sits right of the field of view of this camera. Comet ISON, which"}, {"title": "", "text": "reaction control system that was so cold that its hydrazine propellant was in danger of freezing, temperatures elsewhere on the spacecraft so low that the delicate cameras were at risk of being damaged, and a sun sensor with degraded vision. To make it still more complicated, waveguide transfer switch #5, used to direct the radio signal from the transmitter inside the spacecraft to one of its antennas for beaming to Earth, was stuck and so would not move when software instructed it to. Other data showed that part of the computer memory was compromised by space radiation. As if all that were not bad enough, one of the two star trackers, devices that recognize patterns of stars just as you might recognize constellations to determine your orientation at night without a compass or other aids, was no longer functional. Further complicating the effort to get the mission back on track was an antenna at the Deep Space Network that needed to be taken out of service for emergency repairs. And the entire situation was exacerbated by Dawn already being in its lowest altitude orbit around Ceres (the subject of next month's log), so for part of every 5.5-hour orbital revolution, it was out of contact as the world beneath it blocked the radio signal. Confronted with an almost bewildering array of complex problems, the team of experts spent three days working through them with their usual cool professionalism, ultimately finding ways to overcome each obstacle to continue the mission. It would be extraordinarily, even unbelievably, unlikely"}, {"title": "", "text": "reaction control system that was so cold that its hydrazine propellant was in danger of freezing, temperatures elsewhere on the spacecraft so low that the delicate cameras were at risk of being damaged, and a sun sensor with degraded vision. To make it still more complicated, waveguide transfer switch #5, used to direct the radio signal from the transmitter inside the spacecraft to one of its antennas for beaming to Earth, was stuck and so would not move when software instructed it to. Other data showed that part of the computer memory was compromised by space radiation. As if all that were not bad enough, one of the two star trackers, devices that recognize patterns of stars just as you might recognize constellations to determine your orientation at night without a compass or other aids, was no longer functional. Further complicating the effort to get the mission back on track was an antenna at the Deep Space Network that needed to be taken out of service for emergency repairs. And the entire situation was exacerbated by Dawn already being in its lowest altitude orbit around Ceres (the subject of next month's log), so for part of every 5.5-hour orbital revolution, it was out of contact as the world beneath it blocked the radio signal. Confronted with an almost bewildering array of complex problems, the team of experts spent three days working through them with their usual cool professionalism, ultimately finding ways to overcome each obstacle to continue the mission. It would be extraordinarily, even unbelievably, unlikely"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sun except for specific time periods during launch and early operations far from the Sun. Although the spacecraft bus is protected from the harsh solar environment during encounter by the TPS, the range of thermal conditions that must be accommodated by the thermal design, including perihelion, aphelion, science data downlink slew, is significant. The communication system provides the uplink, downlink and navigation service communication to Earth through NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network (DSN). The 0.6 m HGA, mounted on the anti-ram side of the spacecraft, provides high rate Ka-band science data downlink. Fanbeam antennas, also on the anti-ram side, are used for X-band uplink and lower rate housekeeping data downlink. Two low gain antennas, one on the ram side and one on the anti-ram side, provide near omni-directional coverage and are used primarily for launch and early operations, trajectory correction maneuvers, portions of solar encounter and emergency communication. Redundant X/Ka-band radios, redundant X-band and Ka-band Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs) are among the communication components packaged on the inside of the spacecraft bus. The guidance and control (G&C) system for the 3-axis controlled spacecraft maintains spacecraft attitude, necessary to meet science pointing requirements and also critical to maintain TPS pointing to the Sun protecting the spacecraft from the harsh solar environment inside of 0.7 AU. In addition, G&C controls the solar array wing angles, HGA pointing, and executes propulsive maneuvers for spacecraft trajectory control. To accomplish this, G&C software algorithms run in the on-board flight computer, processing data and providing commands to the sensors and actuators. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "original materials. Also, ice is an excellent radiation shield, so digging down into the ice less than a meter can give you examples of materials that haven't been fried. This also goes for hitchhiking terrestrial materials on a probe that happens to crash into Europa and are buried deeply enough in the ice to provide substantial radiation shielding. I see your point. I figured any future landings would be soft, so nothing could escape being sterilized, but of course landing rockets can and do fail. Flybys and orbiters seem like the way to go for now (just as Clarke predicted)! algorimancer From: League City, Texas Some years back I was contemplating the possibilities of very small & cheap spacecraft for deep space missions; communications was always the big stumbling block. Since I like playing Devil's Advocate, this led me to wonder: what if we don't need to worry about communication? Why not carry the data physically? Envision something like a Cubesat with a basic telescope, solar arrays, and something like a tiny ion drive for attitude control and minimal course corrections, and coupled with a small computer and hardened flash drive (capable of surviving a high-speed reentry return to Earth). Envision a mission where you launch a dozen (or more) of these things towards Jupiter/Europa, with the spacecraft completely autonomous once launched. They loop past Europa on a close flyby of a region of interest, snap a few hundred images and store them on the flash drive, use Jupiter for a gravity assist and swing back"}, {"title": "", "text": "(NASA) \u2013 A new kind of atomic clock, non-toxic propellant system and missions to characterize how space weather interferes with satellites and communication transmissions are one step closer to liftoff. With the second-ever SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch complete, these NASA technologies await the powerful rocket\u2019s next flight. The Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment, or E-TBEx, CubeSats measure how radio signals can be distorted by large bubbles that form naturally in Earth\u2019s charged upper atmosphere. Such distortions can significantly interfere with communications and GPS in large regions near Earth\u2019s magnetic equator. The more we understand about the fundamental processes causing such disruptive bubbles, the more we can ultimately forecast and mitigate these disturbances. The Space Environment Testbeds mission studies how to protect satellites by assessing how the space environment near Earth affects hardware performance. Such information can be used to improve spacecraft design, engineering and operations in order to protect them from harmful radiation driven by the Sun."}, {"title": "", "text": "diligent, keep their skills sharp, and remain watchful for any indications of undesirable conditions. On July 22, the team received information showing that Dawn was in safe mode, a special configuration invoked by onboard software to protect the spacecraft and the mission, preventing unexpected situations from getting out of control. As engineers inspected the trickle of telemetry, they began to discover that this was a more dire situation than they had ever seen for the distant craft. Among the surprises was an open circuit in one of the pressurized cells of the nickel-hydrogen battery, a portion of the reaction control system that was so cold that its hydrazine propellant was in danger of freezing, temperatures elsewhere on the spacecraft so low that the delicate cameras were at risk of being damaged, and a sun sensor with degraded vision. To make it still more complicated, waveguide transfer switch #5, used to direct the radio signal from the transmitter inside the spacecraft to one of its antennas for beaming to Earth, was stuck and so would not move when software instructed it to. Other data showed that part of the computer memory was compromised by space radiation. As if all that were not bad enough, one of the two star trackers, devices that recognize patterns of stars just as you might recognize constellations to determine your orientation at night without a compass or other aids, was no longer functional. Further complicating the effort to get the mission back on track was an antenna at the Deep Space Network"}, {"title": "", "text": "seven (7) trails are to be created high above the Eastern Seaboard by five rockets during the predawn hours of Tuesday morning. IF THE MAP BELOW IS TOO LARGE FOR YOUR SCREEN, HOLD THE CONTROL BUTTON DOWN WHILE YOU PRESS THE - KEY ONCE OR MORE TIMES. IT IS TO THE RIGHT OF THE ZERO KEY. CONTROL + WILL ENLARGE THE SCREEN AND CONTROL 0 WILL RESTORE THE ORIGINAL SIZE. Launch madness will hit the east coast in March as NASA launches five rockets in approximately five minutes to study the high-altitude jet stream from its Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. The Anomalous Transport Rocket Experiment (ATREX) is a Heliophysics sounding rocket mission that will gather information needed to better understand the process responsible for the high-altitude jet stream located 60 to 65 miles above the surface of the Earth. The high-altitude jet stream is higher than the one commonly reported in weather forecasts. The winds found in this upper jet stream typically have speeds of 200 to well over 300 mph and create rapid transport from the Earth's mid latitudes to the polar regions. This jet stream is located in the same region where strong electrical currents occur in the ionosphere. It is therefore a region with a lot of electrical turbulence, of the type that can adversely affect satellite and radio communications. The sounding rockets being used for the mission are two Terrier-Improved Malemutes , two Terrier-Improved Orions and one Terrier-Oriole. Four trimethyl aluminum (TMA) trails from a prior mission flown from Poker Flat,"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is not isotropic, the escaping radiation will not impart a net force on the spacecraft since it is dissipated symmetrically. The same is not true of the electrical energy created by the RTGs. The electrical energy is transported to a main power bus from where it is distributed to the individual subsystems of the satellite to provide power for operating the electronics. These electronics are typically found in a single large electronics bay (which contains most of the essential systems) and science instruments distributed throughout and around the spacecraft. To prevent the electronics from overheating, the waste heat dissipated by the electronics is radiated from the spacecraft by surface radiators. In most cases, radiators are located on the anti-solar side of the spacecraft to prevent the panels from being heated by solar radiation. Because the radiator panels are preferentially located on the antisolar side of the spacecraft, their radiation will cause an acceleration of the spacecraft toward the Sun. From conservation of momentum arguments, it is easy to show that the acceleration, a P , produced by an amount of radiated power, P , is a P = P (m c) \u22121 where m is the mass of the spacecraft and c is the speed of light. This assumes that the radiated power is tightly collimated (i.e. it carries all the momentum in a single direction). In fact, however, the radiation from a flat plate is spread over 2\u03c0 steradians. In the case of a flat Lambertian source (i.e. one in which the intensity is"}, {"title": "", "text": "year. Because they serve as high-power telecommunications relays, Maxar\u2019s satellites must dissipate the many kilowatts of waste heat generated by their microwave power amplifiers. They do this by radiating that heat into space. Radiating lots of heat away would be a major problem for our space probe, though, because in the vicinity of 16 Psyche the flux of light and heat from the sun is one-tenth of that at Earth. So if nothing were done to prevent it, a spacecraft designed for orbiting Earth would soon become too cold to function this far out in the asteroid belt. Maxar addressed this challenge by installing multilayer thermal blanketing all over the spacecraft, which will help to retain heat. The company also added custom louvers on top of the thermal radiators. These resemble Venetian blinds, closing automatically to trap heat inside when the spacecraft gets too cold. But plenty of other engineering challenges remained, especially with respect to propulsion. To reduce the mass of propellant needed to reach the asteroid, the Psyche spacecraft will use solar-electric thrusters that accelerate ions to very high velocities\u2014more than six times as high as what can be attained with chemical rockets. In particular, it will use a type of ion thruster known as a Hall thruster. A Hall thruster, four of which will propel the Psyche spacecraft, produces an eerie blue glow during testing [left]. The unit consists of a ring-shaped anode, which has a diameter similar to that of a dinner plate, and a narrow, cylindrical cathode mounted to one side"}, {"title": "", "text": "difficulty (of aiming the transmitter). $\\endgroup$ In space, there is a lot of electromagnetic radiation from sun and other space objects. No, there isn't. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is a wave phenomenon. Normally, waves of light pass through each other unperturbed. In quantum physics, there is such a thing as two-photon physics, but this takes very energetic photons. Neither the visible light from the Sun nor the radio waves from a spacecraft qualify as \"very energetic\". In short, there is no interference. There is a problem if (for example) Mars is close to being directly behind the Sun as seen from the perspective of the Earth. In this case, an Earth-bound antenna pointing toward Mars will also be pointing toward the Sun. This would be a very bad day for that Earth-bound antenna. This means that communications with Earth are suspended for about a week or two every other year for vehicles on or near Mars. Communications with Mars is not a problem outside of these solar connections. I see images of Mars by rovers, how is it noise-free and sharp? Designing communication protocols that are (to some extent) loss tolerant. This is, in part, the job of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Designing the communications capabilities of the spacecraft to be in line with the data to be gathered by the spacecraft. This is a collaborative effort between the designers of the spacecraft's science team, the designers of the spacecraft's communications system, the operators of the Deep Space Network. Making sure the"}, {"title": "", "text": "difficulty (of aiming the transmitter). $\\endgroup$ In space, there is a lot of electromagnetic radiation from sun and other space objects. No, there isn't. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is a wave phenomenon. Normally, waves of light pass through each other unperturbed. In quantum physics, there is such a thing as two-photon physics, but this takes very energetic photons. Neither the visible light from the Sun nor the radio waves from a spacecraft qualify as \"very energetic\". In short, there is no interference. There is a problem if (for example) Mars is close to being directly behind the Sun as seen from the perspective of the Earth. In this case, an Earth-bound antenna pointing toward Mars will also be pointing toward the Sun. This would be a very bad day for that Earth-bound antenna. This means that communications with Earth are suspended for about a week or two every other year for vehicles on or near Mars. Communications with Mars is not a problem outside of these solar connections. I see images of Mars by rovers, how is it noise-free and sharp? Designing communication protocols that are (to some extent) loss tolerant. This is, in part, the job of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Designing the communications capabilities of the spacecraft to be in line with the data to be gathered by the spacecraft. This is a collaborative effort between the designers of the spacecraft's science team, the designers of the spacecraft's communications system, the operators of the Deep Space Network. Making sure the"}, {"title": "", "text": "be rotated about their longitudinal axis, in order to avoid overheating. A battery pack provides supplementary power at necessary points in the mission, such as eclipse periods encountered during planetary flybys. The Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem will provide a communication link capability with Earth in X-band, with the subsystem capable of handling telemetry, telecommand and ranging simultaneously. Low-Gain Antennas will be used for launch and early in the mission, and are available as back-up later. The Medium- and High-Gain Antennas used later in the mission are steerable, due to the need to point to a wide range of positions. This is necessary to achieve a link with the ground station and send down sufficient volumes of data. They must also cope with a high thermal load, as well as be able to avoid a build-up of electrostatic energy. The High-Temperature High-Gain Antenna can be folded in, so the Orbiter\u2019s heat shield can protect it. Due to the mission\u2019s unique orbit, the throughput of the data downlink is highly variable. Most data will therefore initially be stored in an onboard memory system and sent back to Earth at the earliest possible opportunity. The planned orbit so close to the sun will allow for observations of solar surface features and their connection to the heliosphere for much longer periods than from an Earth-orbit. According to ESA: \u201cThe view of the solar poles will help us to understand how dynamo processes generate the Sun\u2019s magnetic field. (\u2026) Since the orbital characteristics will change in the course of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "a malfunction occurs during a launch window, the flight must be postponed until the next launch window appropriate for the flight. If a satellite were launched at the wrong time of the day in perfect weather, the satellite could end up in an orbit that would not pass over any of its intended users. Timing is everything! Apollo 11 Put the First Men on the Moon. What About Missions 12-17? Here's the Buzz on Alcohol in Space LISA: Detecting Exoplanets Using Gravitational Waves"}, {"title": "", "text": "establish Communication with Vikram Lander of Chandrayaan 2? Remote objects can possibly communicate only through electromagnetic waves. In case of space communication, frequencies in the S-band known as the microwave and the L-band known as the radio waves of the electromagnetic spectrum are usually used. As of now, the agency is still clueless about the reason for the loss of communication. Since the contact with the Vikram was lost while it was still in flight, experts are speculating power failure to be a probable reason. But the fact that the Vibrant lander would have hit the Lunar surface hard and at a speed far greater than needed for a safe landing, the amount of damage received is still an issue. READ | Chandrayaan 2: Vikram lander is in single piece but tilted position after hard landing, says ISRO official The lander module, \u2018Vikram\u2019 was designed to communicate with both the ground station and with the orbiter. An attempt is being made by the agency using both the ground station and the Orbiter to restore contact. What are the possible factors that can cause hindrance in re-establishing the connection? The lander had an antenna to transmit the signals. The most important factor is the current position of the antenna. It was supposed to be erect and free of any obstructions in order to deliver hassle-free communication. The current situation of the antenna matters because if it had been erect and free of obstruction it could have scanned a wide area to receive signals. ISRO\u2019s best chance to"}, {"title": "", "text": "The final objective is to test for spacecraft Self-Compatibility, which demonstrates that the spacecraft will not electrically interfere with itself. To pass this test, the team had to verify 1) that the spacecraft operates as expected when it is not connected to any external ground-support equipment; 2) that there is no degradation in receiver (X-band) performance when exposed to the emissions generated by the spacecraft itself; 3) that the individual components on the spacecraft do not interfere with each other when all systems are operating; and 4) that there is no degradation in unit performance while the onboard transmitters (X-band) are transmitting. The test chamber simulates free space by absorbing all electromagnetic radiation. This test was performed in the same chamber as the mechanical environmental tests. This facility was modified to create an \u201canechoic chamber\u201d. The term anechoic can be broken down to \u201can-echoic\u201d, which basically means that the walls are non-reflective, non-echoing, or echo-free. For this test, we had to create a shielded room whose walls have been covered with a material that scatters or absorbs so much of the incident electromagnetic energy that it simulates free space. Testing for electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) testing on the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft at Lockheed Martin. Overall, the test was completed without issue. At one point in the test an unexpected emission in the Global Positioning System (GPS) band was recognized. However, after a bit of troubleshooting, this emission was shown to be within specification. With the EMI/EMC test behind us, the last major environmental test, thermal vacuum testing,"}, {"title": "", "text": "The final objective is to test for spacecraft Self-Compatibility, which demonstrates that the spacecraft will not electrically interfere with itself. To pass this test, the team had to verify 1) that the spacecraft operates as expected when it is not connected to any external ground-support equipment; 2) that there is no degradation in receiver (X-band) performance when exposed to the emissions generated by the spacecraft itself; 3) that the individual components on the spacecraft do not interfere with each other when all systems are operating; and 4) that there is no degradation in unit performance while the onboard transmitters (X-band) are transmitting. The test chamber simulates free space by absorbing all electromagnetic radiation. This test was performed in the same chamber as the mechanical environmental tests. This facility was modified to create an \u201canechoic chamber\u201d. The term anechoic can be broken down to \u201can-echoic\u201d, which basically means that the walls are non-reflective, non-echoing, or echo-free. For this test, we had to create a shielded room whose walls have been covered with a material that scatters or absorbs so much of the incident electromagnetic energy that it simulates free space. Testing for electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) testing on the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft at Lockheed Martin. Overall, the test was completed without issue. At one point in the test an unexpected emission in the Global Positioning System (GPS) band was recognized. However, after a bit of troubleshooting, this emission was shown to be within specification. With the EMI/EMC test behind us, the last major environmental test, thermal vacuum testing,"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA to Launch New Laser Communications Systems to Speed Up Data Transmission From Space to Earth NASA is set to test a laser technology in space. This mission is aimed at speeding up space communications. The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) will be launched on December 4 after a two-year delay. The technology will be launched into space aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket during the Space Test Program Satellite-6 (STPSat-6) mission by the Department of Defense. The mission is expected to be launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Despite the delay, investigators suggest that the LCRD will be launched right in time to benefit the Artemis manned Moon-landing mission that is scheduled to be executed in 2025. NASA elaborated on the use of lasers in space communication. It said that the technology allows 10\u2013100 times more data sent back to Earth when compared to radio frequencies. If missions began to use lasers, it will also prevent overcrowding of the radio frequency spectrum, said Badri Younes, the deputy associate administrator of NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation programme. The space agency even shared a video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel to show how the LCRD will work. Overcrowding of the radiofrequency spectrum has accelerated since mega-constellations of satellites in the low orbits of Earth have increased in number. The LCRD is important as NASA and the commercial sector are planning several space missions using Artemis, along with the planned Gateway space station and the Commercial Lunar Payload Services programme. The Demonstration"}, {"title": "", "text": "increases availability, makes sure that lots of folks are able to access and use them,\u201d said Jason Mitchell, director of NASA\u2019s advanced communications and navigation technology division. \u201cBut from our perspective, one of the challenges is that direct Earth link. The atmosphere, depending on where you\u2019re at, can really impact the laser channel. Turbulence can sort of distort the beam.\u201d Satellite communications using radio frequencies can get around some atmospheric interference by increasing power. Some radio bands are also less susceptible to blockage by clouds and rain. \u201cThere\u2019s a certain point that that we can\u2019t turn up the power and get past the bad weather like you can on an RF (radio frequency) link,\u201d said Dave Israel, principal investigator for the LCRD mission at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. \u201cYou have to steer your laser beam someplace else. So we need to get a lot of operational experience before we\u2019re able to use optical communications for our our missions.\u201d NASA\u2019s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration experiment is seen mounted on the upper part of the STPSat 6 satellite. Credit: U.S. Space Force NASA has set up two ground sites in Hawaii and California to link up with the LCRD payload in space. Engineers are testing one-meter optical telescopes at both locations, which are positioned at high altitude to minimize cloud cover and other atmospheric effects on the laser link. Part of the LCRD experiment will involve collecting weather data at the Hawaii and California ground stations, according to Miriam Wennersten, ground segment manager on the LCRD mission"}, {"title": "", "text": "was a problem with one of the three stabilizing gyroscopes, but fortunately, the gyroscope began operating normally without intervention from the ground. The other problem appeared to be with one of the AACS computers; the spacecraft switched to a backup computer during the Titan burn, and initial data transmissions were incomplete. Early analysis seemed to indicate that an event during the launch itself, rather than a faulty spacecraft computer system, was the cause of the data loss. At first, on August 23, officials suspected that perhaps the spacecraft had been bumped by the rocket motor one hour after liftoff and again about seventeen hours later, when telemetry signals indicated that the spacecraft had been jolted. However, by the next day, flight engineers determined that electronic gyrations in the AACS seemed to have caused the difficulty. After describing other problems in the cruise phase, the book goes on to say In general, these reactions were the result of programming too much sensitivity into the spacecraft systems, resulting in panic over-reaction by the onboard computers to minor fluctuations in the environment. Ultimately,part of the programming had to be rewritten on Earth and then transmitted to the Voyagers, to calm them down so that they would ignore minor perturbations, yet still be ready to perform automatic sequences required to protect the spacecraft from major threats. AACS = Attitude and Articulation Control System $\\begingroup$ spacecraft-calming subroutines were introduced; \"voyager's little helper\" $\\endgroup$ Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged nasa spacecraft voyager mission-anomaly or ask your own"}, {"title": "", "text": "down IMU have prevented the chain of malfunctions and enabled a soft landing? That is obviously impossible to answer, and other problems may have occurred. In the control room video of the landing procedure, shortly after the command to restart the IMU was given, voices can be heard objecting to this decision. Was it a human error? Failure to share information among teams? An accumulation of issues in the spacecraft? Different people in the project have different views. One fact remains undisputed: During the mission\u2019s seven weeks, the team worked much harder than expected to solve a completely different issue. In addition to the computer reboots and star tracker issues, the team encountered a significant problem figuring the exact location of the spacecraft, a fact that wasn\u2019t readily shared with the media and the public. The precise location of the spacecraft was calculated through the communication with it: The time a signal sent from the spacecraft took to reach ground stations was measured to determine Beresheet\u2019s distance from Earth. Measuring the Doppler effect, i.e., changes in the frequency of radio waves, allows calculating the spacecraft\u2019s speed and direction. This data, together with the angles calculated by the star trackers, provide the information needed to know how to orient the engine during maneuvers. Communications with the spacecraft relied on an array of antennas of the Swedish company SSC, but were fraught with problems, especially during the early weeks, and the engineers had to constantly check and recheck their data. This was compounded by the problem with the"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft five to ten minutes after the expected scheduled contact to allow the team to collect power data during the downlink activity and to simulate the uncertainty that will exist in the timing of the ground station contact. A spare Lithium-1 radio was reconfigured to monitor the crosslink activity, but did not interact with the system. An Alinco UHF transceiver was used to monitor the spacecraft beacon messages, emulating ground stations so that the spacecraft could operate in a flight-like configuration. While the beacon is not part of the EDSN network communications system and is not needed to meet the mission objectives, it will be used in flight to provide additional data on the performance of the network. All of these data were recorded by GSE and stored for later processing. The flight-like data were used after the completion of the mission simulation to validate performance per the Mission Simulation Test Procedure and verify requirements. The EDSN spacecraft passed all tests, clearing flight software as ready for flight in late 2014. Specifically, the spacecraft met all mission objectives, transmitting science and state-of-health data to the ground stations over both the crosslink-downlink channel and the beacon channel. Packets were collected from all eight spacecraft, even though some beacon packets were lost due to poor orientation in the laboratory relative to the ground station, or to simultaneous transmission by two or more spacecraft. Furthermore, the network behaved as expected even in the face of a missed Captain (due to a GSE failure in the GPS packet loading) and"}, {"title": "", "text": "USA-221, also known as FalconSat-5, is an American military minisatellite, which was launched in 2010. The fifth FalconSat spacecraft to be launched, it carries four technology development and ionospheric research experiments. The satellite was constructed and is operated by the United States Air Force Academy. Spacecraft USA-221 is a spacecraft, measuring by by . It operates in a low Earth orbit with an apogee of , a perigee of , and 72 degrees of orbital inclination. The Space Plasma Characterization Source (SPCS) studies how a cold gas ammonia thruster and a Hall effect thruster behave in space, and how they affect the spacecraft's surroundings. Meanwhile, the Wafer-Integrated Spectrometer, WISPERS, will observe the plume generated by the Hall thruster, allowing a comparison to be made to theoretical data. The other two experiments will study the Earth's ionosphere. SmartMESA, the Smart Miniaturized Electrostatic Analyzer, was designed to record the ion density of the ionosphere, as well as the temperature, to allow a study of how temperature affects ion density. It is a reflight of the original SmartMESA mission, which was lost when FalconSat-2 failed to achieve orbit. The Receiver UHF/VHF Signal Strength, or RUSS, experiment, is intended to receive radio signals in the UHF and VHF bands, to determine the levels and effects of ionospheric interference. SmartMESA, also known as the Integrated Miniaturized ElectroStatic Analyzer, and WISPERS were respectively ranked as the 26th and 31st most important experiments for DoD satellites in 2006, by the US Space Experiments Review Board. Launch USA-221 was launched from Pad 1 of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Satellite's Last Days Improve Orbital Decay Predictions Posted December 15, 2015 6:21 PM Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below, including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with"}, {"title": "", "text": "San Marco 1 was an Italian flight test of the satellite to furnish data on air density and ionosphere characteristics. The Scout-X4 launch vehicle was provided by NASA and was launched with an Italian launch crew from Wallops Island. San Marco 2 was a 66-cm-diameter spherical satellite with two experiments, one designed to make direct measurements of air density below 350 km, and the other an ionospheric beacon experiment developed to observe electron content between the earth and the satellite. The spherical shape of the spacecraft was important to the air density experiment in that it provided a constant satellite cross section to the decelerating effects of the air. This simplified data interpretation and eliminated the need for satellite attitude control. A 5-m dipole antenna was extended along the spin axis only when the beacon experiment was turned on. Four 48-cm telemetry and command antennas extended symetrically outward from the satellite equator. The satellite had black and white longitudinal sections painted on its surface for thermal control. The satellite mission was to study density and its small-scale variations and to study equatorial electron density irregularities and ducted radio propagation above 200 km. The satellite was powered by four battery packs, and rough measures of satellite attitude were provided by four solar cell sensors. The satellite performed as expected until 5 August 1967. By August 14, power had decreased so that satellite command was no longer possible. Reentry occured on 19 October 1967, during orbit 2680. Two suborbital tests of the San Marco satellite were flown on"}, {"title": "", "text": "about certain plasma formations in the ionosphere, which could appear there as a result of a powerful solar flare. It was said that the flow of hot plasma could cause the malfunction on board the spacecraft. However, Sergei Gaidash, the chairman of the Center for Space Weather Forecasts, stated that the space weather was absolutely normal during the launch of the spacecraft. Why do they search for external factors? Why does the committee try to cling to such unrealistic versions as solar storms? Is it at all possible to launch a space vehicle in case there is something abnormal happening in the ionosphere? The answer to these questions is simple. Phobos Ground, like many other space vehicles, was insured. It will be possible to receive compensation from insurance companies only if it is proved that the accident occurred because of external factors. Since Phobos Ground cost Russia nearly 5 billion rubles, the committee would be ready to have even the aliens involved. It does not mean, though, that the committee is not investigating internal reasons that could cause the breakdown. One of the versions says that the satellite was lost because of software error. However, it was later determined that the software of the spacecraft was all in order. Another version said that Phobos was equipped with counterfeit chips of foreign origin. However, officials representing enterprises of the Russian space industry said that the appearance of such part in production was impossible. The head of the Russian Federal Space Agency, Vladimir Popovkin, stated that the committee"}, {"title": "", "text": "out lunar surface low-frequency radio astronomical observation and research; Identify the structure of cosmic rays, and to find the possible original position for these cosmic rays; Observe the independent kilometer wave burst event from the high layer of the solar corona, investigate its radiation characteristics and mechanism, and to explore the evolution and transport of coronal mass ejection (CME) between the Sun and Earth. Radio astronomy station Once on the Moon, the lander would use cameras, a dust-analyzer, and other instruments. Firmly footed on the bleak lunar terrain, the lander would also become a far side radio astronomical station, staging low, mid and high-frequency sweeps of space from the lunar surface. China\u2019s Chang\u2019e 3 Moon lander, imaged by Yutu lunar rover. It reportedly continues to serve as an astronomical observation outpost. Credit: NAOC Along with other devices, the Chinese lunar rover is expected to be equipped with ground penetrating radar. Probing look at lunar ionosphere In related Moon research, another paper to be presented at the meeting details probing of the lunar ionosphere. This investigation made use of a service module now in lunar orbit. That module was a component of China\u2019s circumlunar return and reentry initiative that occurred in late 2014. The circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft \u2013 commonly tagged as Chang\u2019e 5-T1 \u2014 was launched on October 23, 2014 and nine days later the return vehicle landed at Inner Mongolia successfully. The service module performed a divert maneuver to avoid re-entry and moved to the Earth-Moon L2 point (EML2). After releasing a test return"}, {"title": "", "text": "Advanced Composition Explorer It observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei. Aeronomy of Ice Exploring Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), also called noctilucent clouds, to find out why they form and why they are changing. C/NOFS Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System Investigated and forecasted scintillations in the Earth's ionosphere. FGST Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope An international and multi-agency space mission that studies the cosmos in the energy range 10 rev-300GeV. Is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1009, and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. Ionospheric Connection Explorer Will investigate the forces at play in the near-space environment, leading the way in understanding disturbances that can lead to severe interference with communications and GPS signals. Interface Region Imaging Spectograph Observes how solar material moves, gathers energy, and heats up as it travels through a little-understood region in the sun's lower atmosphere. JWST James Web Space Telescope It will study every phase in the history of our Universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Band, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System. LRO Robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO has been described"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sun; verification of predicted general relativity effects; determining the mass of the planet Mercury; the Earth\u2013Moon mass ratio; and the integrated electron density between the Helios spacecraft and the data receivig station on Earth. Coronal sounding experiment The Coronal Sounding Experiment developed by the University of Bonn measures the rotation (Faraday Effect) of the linear polarized radio beam from the spacecraft when it passes during opposition through the corona of the sun. This rotation is a measure of the density of electrons and the intensity of the magnetic field in the traversed region. Mission specifications Helios-A Helios-A was launched on December 10, 1974, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 41 in Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was the first operational flight of the Titan IIIE rocket. The rocket's test flight had failed when the engine on the upper Centaur stage did not light, but the launch of Helios-A was uneventful. The probe was placed in a heliocentric orbit of 192 days with a perihelion of from the Sun. Several problems affected operations. One of the two antennas did not deploy correctly, reducing the sensitivity of the radio plasma apparatus to low-frequency waves. When the high-gain antenna was connected, the mission team realized that their emissions interfered with the analyzer particles and the radio receiver. To reduce the interference, communications were carried out using reduced power, but this required using the large diameter terrestrial receivers already in place thanks to other space missions in progress. During the first perihelion in late February 1975, the spacecraft came"}, {"title": "", "text": "demonstration, a pair of satellites the university has built that are scheduled to launch in 2013 on a Falcon 9 rocket through the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's University Nanosatellite program.\" DICE Satellites Placed Into Orbit DICE - Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment: DICE will map geomagnetic Storm Enhanced Density (SED) plasma bulge and plume formations in Earth's ionosphere. Two identical spinning spacecraft will measure plasma density and electric fields to determine the how and why of variations in ionospheric plasma density that affect the performance of communications, surveillance, and navigation systems on earth and in space. Just-launched tiny USU satellites studying solar disturbances, Desert News \"The DICE satellites, known as \"nanosatellites,\" are smaller than a toaster. They were put together by students at Utah State University and launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base on a Delta rocket that also carried NASA's satellite, known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System.\" Twin USU Built Small Satellites Delivered to California for Launch Prep \"Two Utah State University completed Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment (DICE) satellites have been delivered to the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, for final launch readiness. Cal Poly will place the two National Science Foundation funded miniature spacecraft in an ejection canister and verify that the assembly is ready for launch.\" Auburn University Satellite AubieSat-1 Placed into Orbit AubieSat-1: \"AubieSat-1 is the first student built satellite in Alabama. It is a 1U CubeSat: 1000cm3 in volume and weighing 1.03-kg. It is entirely designed and built and tested by Auburn University undergraduate students,"}, {"title": "", "text": "demonstration, a pair of satellites the university has built that are scheduled to launch in 2013 on a Falcon 9 rocket through the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's University Nanosatellite program.\" DICE Satellites Placed Into Orbit DICE - Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment: DICE will map geomagnetic Storm Enhanced Density (SED) plasma bulge and plume formations in Earth's ionosphere. Two identical spinning spacecraft will measure plasma density and electric fields to determine the how and why of variations in ionospheric plasma density that affect the performance of communications, surveillance, and navigation systems on earth and in space. Just-launched tiny USU satellites studying solar disturbances, Desert News \"The DICE satellites, known as \"nanosatellites,\" are smaller than a toaster. They were put together by students at Utah State University and launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base on a Delta rocket that also carried NASA's satellite, known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System.\" Twin USU Built Small Satellites Delivered to California for Launch Prep \"Two Utah State University completed Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment (DICE) satellites have been delivered to the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, for final launch readiness. Cal Poly will place the two National Science Foundation funded miniature spacecraft in an ejection canister and verify that the assembly is ready for launch.\" Auburn University Satellite AubieSat-1 Placed into Orbit AubieSat-1: \"AubieSat-1 is the first student built satellite in Alabama. It is a 1U CubeSat: 1000cm3 in volume and weighing 1.03-kg. It is entirely designed and built and tested by Auburn University undergraduate students,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Earth Resources Technology Satellite) 1975 | USSR Venera 9, the first spacecraft to orbit Venus 1978 | U.S. launches first experimental Navstar Global Positioning Satellite 1983 | International consortium launches first Infrared Astronomy Satellite, IRAS 1989 | U.S. launches the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) cosmological satellite 1989 | U.S. Galileo spacecraft the first to orbit Jupiter 1990 | International consortium launches the Hubble Space Telescope into Earth's orbit 1997 | U.S. launches the first Iridium communications satellite 2000 | U.S. Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous \u2013 Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker) spacecraft is the first to orbit an asteroid 2002 | European Space Agency (ESA) launches its largest environmental monitoring satellite, Envisat 2004 | International Cassini spacecraft becomes the first to orbit Saturn 2004 | International Swift satellite, the first dedicated gamma ray burst (GRB) mission 2014 | Rosetta mission spacecraft becomes the first to orbit a comet ## SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Alper, Joel, and Joseph P. Pelton, eds, 'The Intelsat Global Satellite System', in _Progress in Astronautics_ , ed. Martin Summerfield, XCIII (New York, 1984) Benjamin, Marina, _Rocket Dreams: How the Space Age Shaped our Vision of a World Beyond_ . . . (London, 2003) Butrica, Andrew J., ed., _Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication_ (Washington, DC, 1997) Day, Dwayne A., 'Cover Stories and Hidden Agendas', in _Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years since the Soviet Satellite_ , ed. Roger D. Launius et al. (Amsterdam, 2000) Dun\u00e9r, David, 'Venusians: The Planet Venus in the 18th-century Extra-terrestrial Life Debate', _Journal of Astronomical Data_ , XIX/1 (2013) Geppert, Alexander C. T.,"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA\u2019s \u201cage of grace\u201d is coming to an end? You can find the articles here and here. I\u2019m sure by now you can discern the symbolism here. \u201cIn a statement Sept. 14, NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced it expected the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite duo to make its last science observations in November, more than 15 years after their launch. That assessment comes after recent problems with one of the twin spacecraft, designated GRACE-2. Controllers lost contact with the spacecraft Sept. 4, a day after the eighth of 20 battery cells on the spacecraft failed. They restored communications with GRACE-2 on Sept. 8, found that the failed battery cell was back to full voltage and concluded that the spacecraft could continue operating. That mission, though, is coming to an end because of the recent issues with GRACE-2, coupled with it running out of fuel. In the Sept. 14 statement, JPL said the two spacecraft would be decommissioned after one final science collection phase scheduled for mid-October through early November. The decommissioning, JPL spokesman Alan Buis said Sept. 20, will include maneuvering one of the satellites to eliminate any chance it could collide with the other, followed by other steps to render the spacecraft inert. The spacecraft will make an uncontrolled reentry some time in early 2018, with the exact time dependent on solar activity and its effects on the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Buis said that most of each spacecraft will burn up upon reentry. \u201cA few small pieces are expected to survive reentry and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Monday, December 12, 2011 ### Visitors from around the World This page, initially only a modest side project, has taken over most of my blogging time. High Power Rocketry has a daily post rate of greater than one, and is closing in on 1,000 posts. Most of the readers are from North America, but a significant number are from other parts of the World. Here are the visitors from other nations during the past 12 months: United Kingdom 5,382 Germany 4,675 Australia 2,913 France 2,024 Russia 1,885 Netherlands 1,450 India 844 Brazil 698 ### Phobos Grunt update The almost inevitable end is near: Phobos grunt will be destroyed upon reentry as seen in this artist rendition. But questions remain - will Russia try again? When will humans recover a sample from the Mars system? December 8, 2011 Dear Colleagues, As you may already know, the launch of the Phobos-Soil spacecraft was a failure. On November 8, 2011 the spacecraft was put into the near Earth orbit, however, the booster did not turn on, and, therefore, the spacecraft did not manage to change this initial orbit and transfer to the interplanetary trajectory. The reason of this failure has not been determined yet. Immediately after this unpredictable event all forces of the mission control team were concentrated in order to attempt to establish communication with the spacecraft. Several foreign organizations, in particular, ESOC-ESA, DSN-JPL-NASA, NORAD-STRATCOM, numerous amateur observers tracked the spacecraft to establish communication with it and determine parameters of the orbit, its orientation and attitude. However, despite"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: What is the ram-facing side of spacecraft? what is the ram-facing side of a satellite? What does it mean and why is it called \"ram\"-facing? Thanks. A: The following picture is from a simulation for a satellite moving through the ionospheric plasma. The Ram side is the side that points in the direction of the satellite's motion. It is called the ram side because it is the side impacting/ramming into the fluid that the satellite moves through. In this case it is the ionosphere. If the fluid's velocity is comparable to the satellite then it is a little more complicated. The Wake side is exactly the opposite. It faces away from the the satellite's motion and thus does not impact the fluid as much. The satellite's motion creates a wake behind it like a boat through the water."}, {"title": "", "text": "Missions & Projects Mission Operations & Data Systems LASP Rocket Program Current Launch Status Introduction to Scientific Rockets Early History of Rocketry at LASP LASP Rocket Projects of Note Rocket Multimedia Gallery Quick Facts: Pioneer Venus Mission Introduction The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. (Courtesy NASA/GSFC) The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. The spacecraft was a solar-powered cylinder about 250 cm in diameter with its spin axis spin-stabilized perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. A high-gain antenna was mechanically despun to remain focused on the earth. The instruments were mounted on a shelf within the spacecraft except for a magnetometer mounted at the end of a boom to ensure against magnetic interference from the spacecraft. Pioneer Venus Orbiter measured the detailed structure of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus, investigated the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere and the magnetic field in the vicinity of Venus, determined the characteristics of the atmosphere and surface of Venus on a planetary scale, determined the planet\u2019s gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit, detected gamma-ray bursts, and made UV observations of comets. The data indicated that Venus was much smoother and more spherical than Earth. The orbiter identified the highest point on Venus as Maxwell Montes, which rises 10.8 kilometers above the mean surface. Infrared observations revealed a clearing in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "SpaceX\u2019s Starlink satellites together carry 2.1 times less of a collision risk than the single-satellite standard of safety as defined by NASA and used by the FCC for safety assessment. Moreover, it is basically impossible for all of the 1,584 Starlink satellites to be deployed in a 550 km orbit to suffer complete system failures as that amount of satellites will not be deployed at a single time. Additionally, should an entire deployment batch of Starlinks suffer a failure, SpaceX would halt future launches until the issue had been resolved. Following discussion of collision risk, the FCC also had follow-up questions regarding the risk to land, sea, and air during a Starlink satellite deorbit and atmospheric reentry. The answers provided confirm that the first generation of Starlink satellites, fewer than 75, will include iron thrusters and steel reaction wheels on all satellites, components that would likely survive atmospheric reentry and make it to the ground or ocean. This in itself is not an issue as numerous satellites and vehicles launched into orbit contain components that can survive atmospheric reentry even without a heat shield. In Starlink\u2019s case, the FCC filing confirms that after the 75 first generation satellites, subsequent generations of Starlink satellites will use components that are completely \u201cdemisable\u201d, that is the entire satellite will completely burn up in Earth\u2019s atmosphere during reentry with no component surviving to the ground or ocean. \u201cSpaceX\u2019s drive towards complete demisability has led to great strides across the spacecraft such that SpaceX now plans for a fully demisable spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "LASP Rocket Program Current Launch Status Introduction to Scientific Rockets Early History of Rocketry at LASP LASP Rocket Projects of Note Rocket Multimedia Gallery Quick Facts: Pioneer Venus Mission Introduction The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. (Courtesy NASA/GSFC) The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. The spacecraft was a solar-powered cylinder about 250 cm in diameter with its spin axis spin-stabilized perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. A high-gain antenna was mechanically despun to remain focused on the earth. The instruments were mounted on a shelf within the spacecraft except for a magnetometer mounted at the end of a boom to ensure against magnetic interference from the spacecraft. Pioneer Venus Orbiter measured the detailed structure of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus, investigated the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere and the magnetic field in the vicinity of Venus, determined the characteristics of the atmosphere and surface of Venus on a planetary scale, determined the planet\u2019s gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit, detected gamma-ray bursts, and made UV observations of comets. The data indicated that Venus was much smoother and more spherical than Earth. The orbiter identified the highest point on Venus as Maxwell Montes, which rises 10.8 kilometers above the mean surface. Infrared observations revealed a clearing in the planet\u2019s atmosphere over the north pole. In addition,"}, {"title": "", "text": "American agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Los Alamos, USA. Country: USA. Spacecraft: NASA-LANL Manned Mars Mission 1985, FORTE. 1977 September 2 - . 05:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Barking Sands. LV Family: Sandhawk. Launch Vehicle: Terrier Sandhawk. Active ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Apogee: 261 km (162 mi). 1977 September 12 - . 06:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Barking Sands. LV Family: Sandhawk. Launch Vehicle: Terrier Sandhawk. Active ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Apogee: 286 km (177 mi). 1997 August 29 - . 15:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Point Arguello. Launch Complex: Point Arguello WADZ. Launch Pad: Aircraft from Vandenberg.. Launch Platform: L-1011. LV Family: Pegasus. Launch Vehicle: Pegasus XL. FORTE - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF STP. Manufacturer: Los Alamos. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: FORTE. USAF Sat Cat: 24920 . COSPAR: 1997-047A. Apogee: 833 km (517 mi). Perigee: 799 km (496 mi). Inclination: 70.00 deg. Period: 101.20 min. FORTE - 'Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events' - was a US Los Alamos National Laboratory satellite designed to study natural and artificial radio emissions from the ionosphere. This data was needed to develop technology for monitoring nuclear test ban treaties. Air dropped in Point Arguello WADZ. 2000 March 12 - . 09:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576E. LV Family: Taurus. Launch Vehicle: Taurus 1110. MTI - . Mass: 587 kg (1,294 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Manufacturer: Sandia. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus:"}, {"title": "", "text": "It observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei. Exploring Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), also called noctilucent clouds, to find out why they form and why they are changing. Investigated and forecasted scintillations in the Earth's ionosphere. An international and multi-agency space mission that studies the cosmos in the energy range 10 rev-300GeV. Is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1009, and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. Will investigate the forces at play in the near-space environment, leading the way in understanding disturbances that can lead to severe interference with communications and GPS signals. Observes how solar material moves, gathers energy, and heats up as it travels through a little-understood region in the sun's lower atmosphere. It will study every phase in the history of our Universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Band, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System. Robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO has been described as essential for planing NASA's future human and robotic missions to the moon. Investigated how the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields connect and disconnect, explosively transferring energy from one"}, {"title": "", "text": "the geostationary orbit in 2020. Amazonas 5 Communication Satellite The Amazonas 5 is a multi-session communication satellite launched aboard the Proton M Breeze M launch vehicle in September 2017. Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Satellite The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite aims to explore Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere and is expected to be launched in November 2017. Heinrich Hertz Communications Satellite (H2Sat) Germany's new Heinrich Hertz communications satellite, being developed by OHB System, is scheduled to be launched into the geostationary orbit in 2021. Parker Solar Probe Spacecraft The Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe Plus) spacecraft being developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) aims to provide data on solar activity. Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) Satellite In June, China's first astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), was launched from the 603 Launch Pad of the LC43 Launch Complex of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in north-west China. Inmarsat-5 F4 Communications Satellite Inmarsat-5 Flight 4 (I-5 F4) commercial communications satellite was launched aboard Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, US, this May. Shijian-13 Telecommunications Satellite China's first high-throughput communications satellite Shijian-13 was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province in April 2017. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), also known as Next Generation Space Telescope, is a space observatory and successor to Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Sentinel-2B Earth Observation Satellite Sentinel-2B is the second of the twin satellite Sentinel-2 constellation. Sentinel-2A, the first in the pair, was launched in June 2015. EchoStar XIX Communication Satellite The EchoStar XIX, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "capsule to Earth, the solar-powered service module first loitered at Earth-Moon L2 and then moved into orbit around the Moon. Credit: CCTV/China Space Website That module remained at that location until January 4, 2015 then conducted a departure maneuver to leave EML2 and begin a transition into lunar orbit. The module arrived on January 11, 2015 in lunar orbit and then lowered closer to the Moon. It imaged the target landing zone for the 2017 Chinese lunar sample return mission \u2013 Chang\u2019e 5 \u2013 a touchdown site which has yet to be disclosed. Radio occultation finding \u201cDuring this period, we performed the radio occultation experiment to detect the lunar ionosphere,\u201d notes M. Y. Wang of China\u2019s National Astronomical Observatories. Illustration of the service module of the circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft mission used for a radio occultation experiment. Credit: M. Y. Wang/National Astronomical Observatories. The observation confirms the presence of a large ionosphere surrounding the Moon, and data was collected on the total electron content, M.Y. Wang and his research colleagues report. They add in their abstract for the upcoming meeting: \u201cIn the future, we will perform more observation and work on the lunar ionosphere and its distribution characteristics.\u201d Curiosity Rover Marks Two Mars Years of Exploration Curiosity\u2019s ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager took this image on Sol 1338, May 11m 2016. Yesterday, on May 11, NASA\u2019s Curiosity Mars rover has been on the surface of Mars for two Mars years \u2013 almost four Earth years. During that time, the rover has made systematic measurements to compare how"}, {"title": "", "text": "Plunging into the ionosphere: Satellite's last days improve rrbital decay predictions NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center IMAGE: The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System re-entered Earth's atmosphere on Nov. 28, 2015, after a more than seven-year mission. Observations during its last year will help scientists better... view more Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, 2015 leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below,"}, {"title": "", "text": "galaxy is likely filled with roaming planets not attached to a host star, and these worlds may in fact outnumber stars in the Milky Way. A green cosmic spider watches over stellar nursery, a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) image shows. It's been a busy two months of testing for The Planetary Society's LightSail 2 spacecraft. Utah State University\u2019s Space Dynamics Lab is testing weather instruments for a NASA-multi-institution mission that could help researchers better understand how the interaction of Earth and space weather interfere with GPS and communication signals. LOGAN, UTAH, April 12, 2016 \u2013 Utah State University\u2019s Space Dynamics Laboratory announced today that a suite of space-weather instruments built for NASA have entered environmental testing at SDL\u2019s Calibration and Optical Research Laboratory. NASA's newest space weather research satellite, the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, is on course for a summer 2017 launch after UC Berkeley scientists and their colleagues shipped its four instruments to Utah for testing, prior to being packed into the final satellite. Since 2013, NASA\u2019s Near-Earth Object Wide-field Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) has discovered 72 new Near Earth Objects. The NEOWISE mission was launched in 2009. Among the 72 NEOs observed by the team, there are eight objects that are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids. Pasadena, CA \u2013 NASA\u2019s Near-Earth Object Wide-field Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) mission has released its second year of survey data. The spacecraft has now characterized a total of 439 NEOs since the mission was re-started in December 2013. Of these, 72 were new discoveries. High above the plane of"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere, or ionosphere. The difference in the height of the ionosphere can vary by hundreds of kilometers from solar minimum to solar maximum, according to Richard Fisher, director of NASA\u2019s heliophysics division. The difference in height can alter how much drag satellites in low Earth orbit experience, and thus impact how much fuel they consume to stay at a desired altitude. Ironically, the most recent solar minimum was so low that the ionosphere fell to a point where a satellite recently launched to study that region of the upper atmosphere was unable to do so. That satellite was the U.S. Air Force\u2019s Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System spacecraft launched in April 2008. One of the payloads was designed to monitor the concentration and energy of various structures in the ionosphere that can impact high-frequency communications and GPS signals. At first the satellite had nothing to monitor, but the ionosphere is slowly rising again, Fisher said. One of the most important instruments for monitoring the sun is an aging spacecraft 1.6 million kilometers from Earth. NASA\u2019s 13-year-old Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite sits at the first Lagrange point, directly between the Earth and the sun at all times. When the sun blasts out a plume of particles that could potentially cause disruptions on Earth, ACE gives scientists as much as an hour of advance warning. The space weather community for years has been sounding the alarm that the satellite could fail at any time. Heeding the warning, Congress added $5 million to NASA\u2019s 2010 budget to refurbish and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Inmarsat-6 (I-6) Satellites Inmarsat-6 (I-6 F1), the first among the two-satellite I-6 constellation, is scheduled to be launched aboard the H-IIA rocket into the geostationary orbit in 2020. Amazonas 5 Communication Satellite The Amazonas 5 is a multi-session communication satellite launched aboard the Proton M Breeze M launch vehicle in September 2017. Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Satellite The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite aims to explore Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere and is expected to be launched in November 2017. Heinrich Hertz Communications Satellite (H2Sat) Germany's new Heinrich Hertz communications satellite, being developed by OHB System, is scheduled to be launched into the geostationary orbit in 2021. Parker Solar Probe Spacecraft The Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe Plus) spacecraft being developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) aims to provide data on solar activity. Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) Satellite In June, China's first astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), was launched from the 603 Launch Pad of the LC43 Launch Complex of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in north-west China. Inmarsat-5 F4 Communications Satellite Inmarsat-5 Flight 4 (I-5 F4) commercial communications satellite was launched aboard Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, US, this May. Shijian-13 Telecommunications Satellite China's first high-throughput communications satellite Shijian-13 was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province in April 2017. James Webb Space Telescope James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), also known as Next Generation Space Telescope, is a space observatory and successor to Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Sentinel-2B Earth Observation Satellite Sentinel-2B is"}, {"title": "", "text": "they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license, the FAA will not issue"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license,"}, {"title": "", "text": "to VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have"}, {"title": "", "text": "Conrad Foundation Spirit of Innovation Challenge Submission Extension \"Due to requests from high school teams around the world, the entry deadline for the fifth annual Spirit of Innovation Challenge is extended to Tuesday, November 29, 2011. Now, students and coaches have more time to participate in Webinars, communicate with mentors and develop innovative products. The competition is free and it's easy to register. To enter, simply answer four questions about your innovative concept by Nov. 29, 2011. We are excited to announce that select finalists will also win a trip to Rio de Janeiro to participate in Rio+20, a once-in-a-decade opportunity. Act now - create your team TODAY!\" DICE Satellites Placed Into Orbit DICE - Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment: DICE will map geomagnetic Storm Enhanced Density (SED) plasma bulge and plume formations in Earth's ionosphere. Two identical spinning spacecraft will measure plasma density and electric fields to determine the how and why of variations in ionospheric plasma density that affect the performance of communications, surveillance, and navigation systems on earth and in space. Just-launched tiny USU satellites studying solar disturbances, Desert News \"The DICE satellites, known as \"nanosatellites,\" are smaller than a toaster. They were put together by students at Utah State University and launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base on a Delta rocket that also carried NASA's satellite, known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System.\" Twin USU Built Small Satellites Delivered to California for Launch Prep \"Two Utah State University completed Dynamic Ionosphere Cubesat Experiment (DICE) satellites have been delivered to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "The U.S. military's STACKSAT mission involved the launch of three similar technology spacecraft, POGS & SSR, TEX and SCE. The satellites, based on DSI's Maestro bus, are gravity gradient stabilized. Body mounted solar arrays provide ~15 W orbit average power. Originally the mission was to consist of only two spacecraft and to be launched on a Scout-G1 booster. As all available Scout launchers in the inventory had already been assigned to other missions, an Atlas-E rocket became available. This rocket, which could not be used for any other msission due to a lower than normal thrust of one of its engines, was fitted with the Altair-3A (Star-20A) upper stage inherited from the original Scout launch vehicle. The resulting Atlas-E Altair-3A combination had a higher performance than the Scout, so that a third satellite could be added. POGS & SSR (Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey & Solid State Recorder) was designed to measure the Earth's magnetic field vector as a function of position. Data from the experiment was used to improve Earth navigation systems, and was stored in an experimental solid state recorder. It carried a magnetometer to accurately map the Earth's magnetic field for the Defense Mapping Agency. Data was stored in a new Fairchild solid state recorder. TEX (Transceiver EXperiment) carried a variable power transmitter used to study ionospheric effects on RF transmissions. Data from the experiment was used to determine minimum spacecraft transmitter power levels for transmission to ground receivers. SCE (Selective Communications Experiment) carried a variable frequency transmitter to study ionospheric effects at various"}, {"title": "", "text": "rate between 8 and 12 rpm. The satellite was equipped with two 0.5\" (1.27 cm) diameter vidicon TV cameras, one wide angle and one narrow angle, for taking Earth cloud cover pictures. The pictures were transmitted directly to a ground receiving station, or were stored in a tape recorder on board for later playback, depending on whether the satellite was within or beyond the communication range of the station. The satellite performed normally from launch until 15 June 1960, when an electrical power failure prevented further useful TV transmission. The United States Department of Transportation began operation. L. Chernykh discovered asteroid #1805 Dirikis, #1957 Angara and #1976 Kaverin. NASA launched the joint US/Canada ISIS 2 probe to study the ionosphere. ISIS 2, launched 1 April 1971, was a joint US/Canadian ionospheric observatory instrumented with a sweep- and a fixed-frequency ionosonde, a VLF receiver, energetic and soft particle detectors, an ion mass spectrometer, an electrostatic probe, a retarding potential analyzer, a beacon transmitter, a cosmic noise experiment, and two photometers. Two long crossed-dipole antennas (73 and 18.7 m) were used for the sounding, VLF, and cosmic noise experiments. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized to about 2 rpm after antenna deployment. There were two basic orientation modes for the spacecraft, cartwheel and orbit-aligned. The spacecraft operated approximately the same length of time in each mode, remaining in one mode typically 3 to 5 months. The cartwheel mode with the axis perpendicular to the orbit plane was made available to provide ram and wake data for some experiments for each"}, {"title": "", "text": "Constellation Challenges and Contributions of Taiwan Weather Monitoring Satellites National Space Organization (NSPO) of Taiwan in the past ten years has successfully launched three different types of satellites. The latest one is FORMOSAT- 3/COSMIC, a joint Taiwan-US project, which was successfully launched on April 15, 2006. The FORMOSAT-3 is a constellation of 6 satellites and each satellite is equipped with GPS Occultation Receiver (GOX), Tri-Band Beacon (TBB), and Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP). The constellation is on the way to its final orbit configuration. All satellites remain healthy except spacecraft flight model no. 2 (FM2) with a problem of power shortage and FM3 currently staying at an orbit of 711 km due to a mechanism issue to be solved. The current sounding profiles retrieved from the GPS occultation measurements are over an average of 1800 daily. The sounding profiles have been used to study atmospheric and ionospheric structures and total electron content, and assimilated into numerical atmospheric and space weather predictions models to improve the accuracy of prediction. Taiwan has taken an active role and grown remarkably well in remote sensing researches during the last decade. Taiwan will continue to share her resources with the international community for scientific research and applications. In this paper, we will present an overview of significant contributions of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite mission to the global community. We will also describe the constellation challenges and novel operations solutions and the future follow-on mission planning."}, {"title": "", "text": "fared during launch. After 10 months navigating the void, MAVEN is expected to enter orbit around mars and begin a one-Earth-Year scientific mission. The spacecraft has already deployed its solar arrays and has passed its initial testing regimen, according to mission managers. The possibility of sending a manned spaceflight to the planet seems to have recaptured public imagination in recent years, as have the current Mars-based missions under way at NASA. The Curiosity Rover, for example, has more than 1.4 million followers on Twitter. The highly-technical nature of MAVEN\u2019s mission may not gather quite the following of the Rover missions, but the science behind the mission is interesting nonetheless. MAVEN will carry three instrument suites. The Particles and Fields Package (PFP), provided by Berkeley, contains six instruments that characterize the solar wind and the ionosphere of the planet. Four of the instruments were built by the Space Sciences Laboratory, one was built jointly with the Colorado\u2019s CU/LASP, and one was built by NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. The Remote Sensing Package, built by the CU/LASP, will determine global characteristics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS), built by NASA Goddard, will measure the composition and isotopes of neutrals and ions. The MAVEN spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin in Littleton, Colo., and builds on heritage from previous Mars orbiters. It is solar-powered, with a high-gain antenna that can be pointed to Earth for twice-weekly communications sessions."}, {"title": "", "text": "the Republic of China, the instrument is a push-broom imager with a 45-centimetre (18-inch) Cassegrain reflector telescope. It is expected to produce panchromatic images with a resolution of up to two meters (6.5 feet) per pixel, and multispectral images with a resolution of four meters (12 feet) per pixel. Multispectral images will consist of red, green, blue and near-infrared bands. Taiwan\u2019s National Central University is responsible for the Advanced Ionospheric Probe (AIP) aboard the spacecraft. This payload consists of a planar Langmuir probe, a retarding potential analyzer, an ion trap and an ion drift meter. It will record the composition and density of plasma within Earth\u2019s ionosphere, the velocity of incident ions and the temperature of ions and electrons within the ionosphere. Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organisation \u2013 also known as the NSPO, an abbreviation of its previous name, the National Space Program Office \u2013 is the country\u2019s national space agency. Formosat-5 is the latest in a series of missions in the NSPO\u2019s Formosat series of remote sensing spacecraft. The first satellite, Formosat-1, was launched in January 1999 aboard Lockheed Martin\u2019s Athena I rocket. Formosat-2, the spacecraft which Formosat-5 will replace, was deployed by a Taurus rocket in May 2004. At the times of their launches, Formosat-1 and 2 were named ROCSAT-1 and ROCSAT-2 respectively, taking on their new names in late 2004. Although only designed for a five-year operational life, Formosat-2 completed twelve years of service before a malfunction last June forced its retirement two months later. These spacecraft were joined in orbit in April 2006"}, {"title": "", "text": "Irish Space Agency\u2019s satellite design has changed to make it more robust The Irish Space agency\u2019s design for its new satellite, launched from Europe in January, has changed dramatically. The \u20ac20 million Irish Space Technology Programme (ISTP) mission is designed to send a communications satellite to a geosynchronous orbit in the Pacific Ocean. A series of computer simulations show the spacecraft will operate in a much more resilient way than it did in the past.ISTP chief executive Patrick O\u2019Sullivan said the team worked on the redesign to improve the spacecraft\u2019s ability to withstand the forces of reentry and to protect itself from debris during reentry. The changes will mean the satellite can be launched in 2018. The first test flight of the satellite is planned for 2021, with the next flight in 2023.ISTC\u2019s next satellites are due to be launched from France in 2020 and the United States in 2021. How to build your own game design network How to design a scalable network architecture and logistics network design guide"}, {"title": "", "text": "Irish Space Agency\u2019s satellite design has changed to make it more robust The Irish Space agency\u2019s design for its new satellite, launched from Europe in January, has changed dramatically. The \u20ac20 million Irish Space Technology Programme (ISTP) mission is designed to send a communications satellite to a geosynchronous orbit in the Pacific Ocean. A series of computer simulations show the spacecraft will operate in a much more resilient way than it did in the past.ISTP chief executive Patrick O\u2019Sullivan said the team worked on the redesign to improve the spacecraft\u2019s ability to withstand the forces of reentry and to protect itself from debris during reentry. The changes will mean the satellite can be launched in 2018. The first test flight of the satellite is planned for 2021, with the next flight in 2023.ISTC\u2019s next satellites are due to be launched from France in 2020 and the United States in 2021. How to build your own game design network How to design a scalable network architecture and logistics network design guide"}, {"title": "", "text": "Very low frequency (VLF) waves and energetic particles in the magnetosphere. The VLF waves were produced by a ground-based transmitter. Injection of the waves beyond the ionosphere was assured by transmitter location in a region where the magnetic lines of force are open: in this case, the Siple Station, Antarctica. The injected signal and any stimulated VLF emissions were recorded through a loop antenna by a 1 to 32-kHz broadband receiver on the satellite. The observed parameters were the intensities of received radio frequency waves as a function of time. Orbit ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 remained near the Earth. ISEE-3 was the first spacecraft to be placed in a halo orbit at the Earth-Sun Lagrange point and it was later deployed into a heliocentric orbit. Atmospheric entry Both ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 re-entered the Earth's atmosphere during orbit 1518 on 26 September 1987. Seventeen of 21 on-board experiments were operational at the end. See also ISEE-2 International Cometary Explorer (ISEE-3) 1977 in spaceflight List of heliophysics missions References Explorers Program NASA space probes Spacecraft which reentered in 1987 Spacecraft launched in 1977"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spot on: Russia to track future US missiles with upgraded over-the-horizon radar Mikhail Khodarenok is a military commentator for RT.com. He is a retired colonel. He served as an officer at the main operational directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Hypersonic Technology Vehicle HTV-2 reentry (artist's impression) \u00a9 DARPA Falcon Project In response to US plans to pull out of the INF Treaty and the active development of its hypersonic technology, Russia is building a network of radar stations best suited to detect missile launches from afar. Russia is seeking to install Container-type over-the-horizon (OTH) radar stations along its borders. The move will substantially boost Moscow's capabilities to monitor airspace and detect missile launches, particularly in case of hypersonic projectiles. Looking beyond the horizon An OTH radar employs completely different technology, compared with conventional radar installations that only provide \"line-of-sight\" coverage limited to a range of dozens or hundreds of kilometers at best. OTH systems rely on radio waves bouncing off the ionosphere, Earth's top layer that is heavily ionized by space rays. Radio beams of a specific frequency projected by an OTH transmitting antenna get bounced down high up in the sky and on their way back to the ground can be reflected back by aircraft, ships or missiles. The return signal then travels back to the receiving antennas, again, via the ionosphere. This technique extends coverage to thousands of kilometers. Russian researchers had to develop new equipment and processing algorithms to compensate for the interference caused by Sun's radiation in"}, {"title": "", "text": "power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft is eclipsed by the Earth. Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment. They must operate in a vacuum with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees Celsius as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as Be and C-C or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) W or ablative C-C composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The thermal control subsystem can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain actuators such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges. A launch vehicle, like this Proton rocket, is typically used to bring a spacecraft to orbit. Spacecraft may or may not have a propulsion subsystem, depending upon whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The Swift spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft (for example Terra"}, {"title": "", "text": "Customers. Space Environment And Spacecraft Interaction. Universe, galaxy, solar system. Coordinate systems. Time. Solar cycle. Plasma. Geomagnetic field. Atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere. Atmospheric drag. Atomic oxygen. Radiation belts and shielding. Orbital Mechanics And Mission Design. Motion in gravitational field. Elliptic orbit. Classical orbit elements. Two-line element format. Hohmann transfer. Delta-V requirements. Launch sites. Launch to geostationary orbit. Orbit perturbations. Key orbits: geostationary, sun-synchronous, Molniya. Space Mission Geometry. Satellite horizon, ground track, swath. Repeating orbits. Spacecraft And Mission Design Overview. Mission design basics. Life cycle of the mission. Reviews. Requirements. Technology readiness levels. Systems engineering. Mission Support. Ground stations. Deep Space Network (DSN). STDN. SGLS. Space Laser Ranging (SLR). TDRSS. Attitude Determination And Control. Spacecraft attitude. Angular momentum. Environmental disturbance torques. Attitude sensors. Attitude control techniques (configurations). Spin axis precession. Reaction wheel analysis. Spacecraft Propulsion. Propulsion requirements. Fundamentals of propulsion: thrust, specific impulse, total impulse. Rocket dynamics: rocket equation. Staging. Nozzles. Liquid propulsion systems. Solid propulsion systems. Thrust vector control. Electric propulsion. Launch Systems. Launch issues. Atlas and Delta launch families. Acoustic environment. Launch system example: Delta II. Space Communications. Communications basics. Electromagnetic waves. Decibel language. Antennas. Antenna gain. TWTA and SSA. Noise. Bit rate. Communication link design. Modulation techniques. Bit error rate. Spacecraft Power Systems. Spacecraft power system elements. Orbital effects. Photovoltaic systems (solar cells and arrays). Radioisotope thermal generators (RTG). Batteries. Sizing power systems. Thermal Control. Environmental loads. Blackbody concept. Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann laws. Passive thermal control. Coatings. Active thermal control. Heat pipes."}, {"title": "", "text": "Project West Ford (also known as Westford Needles and Project Needles) was a test carried out by Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory on behalf of the United States military in 1961 and 1963 to create an artificial ionosphere above the Earth. This was done to solve a major weakness that had been identified in military communications. History At the height of the Cold War, all international communications were either sent through submarine communications cables or bounced off the natural ionosphere. The United States military were concerned that the Soviets might cut those cables, forcing the unpredictable ionosphere to be the only means of communication with overseas forces. To mitigate the potential threat, Walter E. Morrow started Project Needles at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1958. The goal of the project was to place a ring of 480,000,000 copper dipole antennas in orbit to facilitate global radio communication. The dipoles collectively provided passive support to Project Westford's parabolic dish (located at the Haystack Observatory in the town of Westford) to communicate with distant sites. The needles used in the experiment were long and [1961] or [1963] in diameter. The length was chosen because it was half the wavelength of the 8 GHz signal used in the study. The needles were placed in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of between at inclinations of 96 and 87 degrees. A first attempt was launched on 21 October 1961, during which the needles failed to disperse. The project was eventually successful with the 9 May 1963 launch, with radio"}, {"title": "", "text": "our Principles of Community, and our Strategic Plan. Departmental Overview UC Berkeley currently operates multiple research spacecraft in Earth and lunar orbits from its Mission Operations System (UCB-MOS) at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL), consisting of the Multi-Mission Operations Center (MOC), the Science Operations Center (SOC) and the Berkeley Ground Station (BGS). Eleven NASA spacecraft have been supported to date including the recently launched Ionospheric Connection Explorer ICON. NASA has not given this level of full responsibility for operations of national orbiting assets at a combined value of more than $500M to any other university. The SSL operations team, consisting of 20 aerospace engineers and programmers/analysts that performs a wide variety of highly skilled tasks, including spacecraft flight operations, mission planning, executing on-orbit maneuvers, space navigation, ground data systems design and implementation, and science data recovery and processing. Communications with the orbiting spacecraft are established via a local 11-m S-band tracking and data acquisition station, as well as a complex network of satellite ground stations around the world. The Director of Operations manages the UCB Mission Operations System and has overall responsibility to NASA for the success of multiple spacecraft programs during the pre-launch, launch, and on-orbit operations phases. He or she shall represent the UCB-MOS to NASA, other international space agencies, SSL, UC, and the public. This position involves leading a team of engineers to design, develop, integrate and test ground data systems, including those for processing data from scientific instruments aboard a spacecraft, and highly complex software systems for satellite command and control. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Laboratory on behalf of the Space Technology Mission Directorate to revolutionize how spacecraft navigate. Flexible technology demonstration platform Hosts a miniaturized, high-stability atomic clock that will gain or lose less than a second of error in 3 million years Learn more about General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems and NASA\u2019s Deep Space Atomic Clock. NPSat hosts two experiments built by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to investigate space weather and support space situational awareness (SSA), including ionospheric electron density structures that cause radio scintillations impacting communications and navigation. Monitors electron content and scintillations using radio frequency (RF) transmissions Conducts Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) experiment NRL-built Langmuir probe takes in-situ measurements to improve ionospheric modeling Prox-1 Prox-1 is a microsat developed by students at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta through the Air Force\u2019s University Nanosat Program to demonstrate satellite close proximity operations and rendezvous. Demonstrates small satellite close-encounter operations Prox-1 deploys the LightSail-B CubeSat developed by the Planetary Society E-TBEx: Measures distortion of radio signals traveling through the ionosphere using beacon tones transmitted from eight orbital locations: the six COSMIC-2 satellites and the twin E-TBEx CubeSats Launch Environment Observer (LEO) & StangSat: Measures thermal and vibration environments during launch and demonstrates Wi-Fi data transmission between Cubesats (2 separate cubesats) PSAT: Supports global amateur radio data relay capabilities to assist students and researchers around the world TEPCE: Demonstrates the feasibility of using electrodynamic propulsion by deploying a 1 km electrically conductive tether, performing orbit-changing maneuvers without consuming any fuel LightSail-B:The Planetary Society\u2019s citizen-funded solar-sailing spacecraft propelled by"}, {"title": "", "text": "EOS-02 (formerly known as Microsat-2A) was an Indian Earth observation microsatellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation as a test payload on the maiden launch of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). EOS-02 was based on Microsat-TD. The objective behind EOS-02 was to realize and fly an experimental imaging satellite with short turnaround time to showcase launch on demand capability. It was intended to be used for cartographic applications at a cadastral level, urban and rural management, coastal land use and regulation, utilities mapping, development and various other GIS applications. The satellite carried two payloads: a mid-wavelength and a long-wavelength infared camera with a 6m resolution. Launch EOS-02 was launched on Small Satellite Launch Vehicle's maiden flight SSLV-D1 at 03:48 UTC / 09:18 IST on 7 August 2022, but due to the final VTM stage failure, the rocket entered a transatmospheric orbit of 356 km x 76 km (221 mi x 47 mi) instead of the planned circular 356 km (221 mi) circular orbit. As a result, both satellites onboard (EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT) were destroyed during reentry. References Earth observation satellites of India Spacecraft launched by India in 2022 Small satellites"}, {"title": "", "text": "to launch the 5th trio of GLONASS-K1 navigation satellites (No. 15, 16 and 17/Block K5) from Baikonur. 2017: Russia to launch first GLONASS-KM navigation satellites. Launched in pairs on Angara/Briz-M rockets or one by one on Soyuz-2/Fregat rockets. 2017: Russia to launch the Kartograf-OE No. 1 remote-sensing satellite. (Before 2012, the launch was expected as early as 2014). End of 2015 - end of 2016: A Soyuz or Vega rocket to launch the 200-kilogram Taranis satellite into a quasi-sun-synchronous orbit with an altitude of 700 kilometers. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, the Taranis satellite (Tool for the Analysis of RAdiation from lightNIng and Sprites) will be a secondary payload during a mission to deliver multiple spacecraft. The satellite will study magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere coupling via transient processes, focusing in particular on two aspects: determining the characteristics and frequency of transient luminous events (TLE) involved in the coupling between the ionosphere and atmosphere, and characterizing the electron beams accelerated from the atmosphere to the magnetosphere. The contract for the mission between Toulouse Space Center and Arianespace was announced on July 9, 2012. The agreement also included options for the launch of two other CNES satellites, Microscope and Merlin. Postponed from 2015: A Soyuz-2 rocket to launch a Pion-NKS electronic intelligence satellite from Plesetsk. (As of 2014.) Postponed from 2015: A Soyuz-2 rocket to launch a cluster of Globalstar satellites from Baikonur. (As of March 2013) Postponed from 2015: Soyuz rocket to launch the Foton-M No. 5 spacecraft. The spacecraft is expected to be equipped with solar panels,"}, {"title": "", "text": "this layer allow the microprocessor to read and write from and to the buffers available in the FPGA and control the modules to communicate with different subsystems. The C&DH - Data Poll layer represents all the global variables and is shared among various modules of the application layer only. The data is not shared by the Driver layer. The Application Programming Interface (API) of application layer communicate with the Hardware layer via Driver layer and share the obtained data with other APIs of the application layer if required. The Application Layer consists of modules for various subsystems and tasks related to different modules of the C&DH like flash memory, SD card, etc. The System control modules uses various application layer modules to carry out mission operations. The application layer together with the hardware & HDL layer provides the FDRI capability, with hardware & HDL layer providing the failure detection functionality while recovery and isolation is provided by the application layer. The EPS (Electrical and Power Subsystem) of a spacecraft is a very vital and critical subsystem that is expected to provide sufficient and regulated power for the operation of the entire spacecraft. The Figure 12 shows the fabricated EPS board. Figure 12: The EPS architecture (image credit: INSPIRESat-1 Team) Launch: A launch of INSPIRESat-1 as a secondary payload is planned for December 2019 onboard a PSLV vehicle of ISRO. Orbit: To make mid-latitude nighttime ionosphere measurements to study ionospheric effects of mid night temperature maxima and nighttime Ionospheric plasma bubbles, INSPIRESat-1 desired orbit requirements are: \u2022"}, {"title": "", "text": "the upper atmosphere layers, destroying the solar panels and finally leading to reentry on 6 December 1996. AMSAT P3E (Phase 3E) is a dedicated communication and scientific platform for a highly elliptical orbit around Earth. The spacecraft will be created in a joint process together with the AMSAT P5A Mars mission by an international team under leadership of AMSAT-DL and continues the successful series of AMSAT-Phase 3 satellites. Additionally the spacecraft will be a test bench for technology developed for the Mars mission. The main task of P3E is to act as communication platform for radio amateurs worldwide. A launch was planned in the period 2004 to 2006, but until now, no flight opportunity could be secured. Currently the project is on hold due to the unavailability of affordable launch opportunities. A potential launch opportunity arose in 2015, which involved the completition of the satellite at Virginia Tech university and a launch on a US rocket, but eventually was not used. AMSAT P3E (Phase 3E, AMSAT P3-Express) - on hold with ?"}, {"title": "", "text": "extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014 China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity. The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation. In June 2016 the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites. The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually"}, {"title": "", "text": "FR-1 was the second French satellite. Planned as the first French satellite, it was launched on 6 December 1965\u2014ten days after the actual first French satellite, Ast\u00e9rix\u2014by an American Scout X-4 rocket from the Western Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base. The scientific satellite studied the composition and structure of the ionosphere, plasmasphere, and magnetosphere by measuring the propagation of very low frequency (VLF) waves and the electron density of plasma in those portions of the Earth's atmosphere. FR-1's VLF receiver operated until 26 August 1968. FR-1 remains in orbit as of 2023. Background FR-1 was the first step of an ambitious French plan to launch six FR-series satellites, each meant to study a different aspect of the Earth's atmosphere. FR-1 was generally designed to study the Earth's magnetic and electric fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The satellite Ast\u00e9rix\u2014ultimately France's first satellite, launched ten days before FR-1\u2014was initially conceptualized as the second FR satellite under the name FR-2. Like FR-1, FR-2 would study the ionosphere. FR-3 was to be a \"scaled-up\" version of FR-2, with FR-4 to carry instruments measuring hydrogen distribution in the upper atmosphere, FR-5 to study \"magnetic impulses\" and serve as a platform for future research, and FR-6 to be a solar-stabilized spacecraft with final payload to be determined based on experimental results from its antecedents. The French space agencies Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES) and Centre national d'\u00e9tudes des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (CNET) were developing FR-1 concurrent with Ast\u00e9rix as early as 1963. That year, a model of FR-1 was displayed at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "that the program's launch be delayed while their investigation is underway. In early October 2020, a subcommittee of the House Oversight Committee opened an investigation into an agency within the Executive Office of the President, to determine whether there had been political interference with the government's messaging about the coronavirus. The Government Accountability Office, an independent auditing and investigative branch of Congress, announced on October 20, 2020, that it will investigate potential political interference by the Trump administration into the CDC and the FDA and \"determine whether this interference has violated the agencies\u2019 scientific integrity and communication policies.\" The agency was responding to a request from three Democratic senators to \"determine whether the CDC and FDA's scientific integrity and communications policies have been violated.\" The office expected to begin studying the issue in January 2021 due to staff availability. Employee complaints to EPA inspector general and scientific integrity office Dozens of current and former employees of the EPA, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Army Corps of Engineers filed a complaint with the inspector general of the EPA regarding political interference during the repeal of the Waters of the United States rule. Senator Tom Carper asked the EPA inspector general to investigate why only politically appointed attorneys and not career attorneys were listed as the attorneys of record on multiple court filings involving greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Inquiries, complaints, and requests for advice \"spiked\" with the EPA's Scientific Integrity office. Reportedly they received about 20 inquiries per year from 2012 to 2016, but got more"}, {"title": "", "text": "the name of a rude sound, it\u2019s the name of a Russian Mars probe that made it into Earth orbit but that\u2019s all. It is expected to fall to Earth in January. A Dutch astronomer used his 10\u201d scope to capture an image of the stricken spacecraft. http://www.space.com/13774-skywatcher-photos-russian-phobos-grunt-probe.html On December 13, a spokesman for the company that built the spacecraft called it a failure and \u201cMission Impossible\u201d. The spacecraft is expected to break up during reentry in mid-January and no parts should reach the Earth including the 7.5 tons of dangerous rocket fuel (Hydrazine). NOV-26-2011 \u2022 Curiosity to Mars \u2022 The most ambitious robotic spacecraft ever launched is on its way to Mars. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched aboard an Atlas V rocket. A midcourse maneuver planned for early December has been postponed because the launch-time accuracy was so good. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-362 NOV-16-2011 \u2022 Europa and liquid water \u2022 The Galileo spacecraft was launched from the Space Shuttle back in 1989 and it has been years since it was deliberately dropped into Jupiter. But data from that mission is still paying dividends. One example of that is the evidence for liquid water on Europa. Analysis suggests the chaotic features may be formed as a result of an exchange between that moon\u2019s icy shell and liquid water that lies beneath. \u201cThe data open up some compelling possibilities\u201d according Mary Voytek, director of NASA\u2019s Astrobiology Program. Britney Schmidt, lead author of this new study, said \u201cOne opinion in the scientific community has been if the ice shell is"}, {"title": "", "text": "cubesat, built by the University of Michigan, to study the aurora by picking up ground-based radar signals.. USA 220 - . Payload: Fastsat-HSV. Mass: 140 kg (300 lb). Nation: USA. Class: Technology. Type: Technology satellite. Spacecraft: Fastsat. USAF Sat Cat: 37225 . COSPAR: 2010-062D. Developed by NASA-Marshall and subcontractors in Huntsville; carried ionospheric and atmospheric experiments, a USAF experiment, and the Nanosail-D2 solar sail.. Ballast A - . Payload: S26 Ballast A. Nation: USA. Class: Technology. Type: Technology satellite. USAF Sat Cat: 37230 . COSPAR: 2010-062J. Ballast B - . Payload: S26 Ballast B. Nation: USA. Class: Technology. Type: Technology satellite. USAF Sat Cat: 37231 . COSPAR: 2010-062K. Nanosail-D - . Mass: 4.00 kg (8.80 lb). Nation: USA. Class: Technology. Type: Technology satellite. Spacecraft: Cubesat. USAF Sat Cat: 37361 . COSPAR: 2010-062L. 3U cubesat for NASA with 3-m span solar sail; ejected from USA 220 on 18 January 2011 unexpectedly after earlier ejection efforts failed.. 2011 September 27 - . 15:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Kodiak. LV Family: Peacekeeper. Launch Vehicle: Minotaur IV-Plus. Tacsat 4 - . Mass: 460 kg (1,010 lb). Nation: USA. Program: Tacsat. Class: Communications. Type: Military communications satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Road Runner. Spacecraft: Tacsat ORS. USAF Sat Cat: 37818 . COSPAR: 2011-052A. Apogee: 12,010 km (7,460 mi). Perigee: 742 km (461 mi). Inclination: 63.60 deg. Period: 238.90 min. Naval Research Laboratory UHF communications satellite, equipped with a 3.7-meter-diameter communications antenna to support military handheld satellite telephones. Launch used an uprated Minotaur IV with an ATK Star 48V motor replacing the Orion"}, {"title": "", "text": "latch-up and upset. RF communications Uplink: VHF (145 MHz), DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) Downlink beacon: UHF (430 MHz) CW (Continuous Wave) Downlink packet: UHF (439 MHz), AFSK modulation, data rate = 1.2 kbit/s Table 1: Overview of spacecraft parameters Mission status: \u2022 An atmospheric reentry of the HIT-Sat spacecraft took place on June 18, 2008 (due to the low perigee). 9) 10) Figure 9: Predicted reentry trajectory of HIT-Sat (image credit: The Aerospace Corp.) \u2022 During the eclipse period of HIT-Sat (Feb. 3 - 14, 2007) it was not possible to communicate with the spacecraft. After Feb. 15, 2007, the CW beacon could be received intermittently. The recovery operation started in April 2007 (Ref. 3). The CW telemetry has also been received around the world by the radio amateur community (Hit-Sat = Oscar 59, International code: 2006-041F ). \u2022 From the results of AVE (Angular Velocity Estimation), HIT-Sat had only a small magnitude of angular velocity at the start of initial attitude acquisition. The magnitude of angular velocity was increased by the action of magnetic torquers to about 1.5 rad/s in the spin-up experiment. HIT-Sat carried out the experiments of active attitude control on Sept. 24 and Oct. 30, 2006, respectivly. Through these experiments, HIT-Sat could obtain magnetometer and gyro data (Ref. 7). The angular spin estimation was conducted by using the received radio data from October 28, 2006 to January 15 2007. \u2022 After launch, HIT-Sat separated from the launcher and acquired various data. The CW beacon is intermittently transmitted as of August 2007 after February"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. Mars Global Surveyor was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface. As part of the larger Mars Exploration Program, Mars Global Surveyor performed monitoring relay for sister orbiters during aerobraking, and it helped Mars rovers and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry. It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into safe mode. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007. Establish the nature of the magnetic field and map the crustal remnant field. Continued weather monitoring to form a continuous set of observations with NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which reached Mars in March 2006. Imaging of possible landing sites for the 2007 Phoenix spacecraft, and the 2011 Curiosity rover. Observation and analysis of key sites of scientific interest, such as sedimentary-rock outcrop sites. Continued monitoring of changes on the surface due to wind and ice. The Surveyor spacecraft, fabricated at the Lockheed Martin Astronautics plant in Denver, is a rectangular-shaped box with wing-like projections (solar panels) extending from opposite sides. When fully loaded with propellant at the time of launch, the spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spacecraft: Toronto GNB, HS 376, FS-1300, Star bus, Cubesat. Launch Vehicles: Deacon, Thor, R-7, Arcas, Black Brant, R-14, Proton, Tomahawk, Sonda, Super Loki, Viper, Hawk, PSLV, Ariane 5, Pantera. Projects: AIS, BSB, Thor Comsat. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Baikonur, Plesetsk, Andoya, Kiruna, Kourou, Sriharikota, Marka, SvalRak, Dombarovskiy. Agency: ILS, NASA, NTNF, NASA Greenbelt, NDRE, ISRO, DLR, El Segu. 1962 August 18 - . 07:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 1 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). 1962 December 11 - . 03:27 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 3 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 121 km (75 mi). 1962 December 14 - . 20:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 2 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 123 km (76 mi). 1963 September 1 - . 08:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 5 Aeronomy / ionosphere / solar mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). 1963 September 12 - . 06:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Apache. Ferdinand 4 Ionosphere / plasma / solar mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi). 1964 March 12 - . 02:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Apache. Ferdinand"}, {"title": "", "text": "Polar Orbiting Environmen- tal Satellite System (NPOESS), the joint civilian-military successor to the DMSP. Among its other objectives, NPOESS was intended to take over the DMSP\u00e2\u0080\u0099s space weather monitoring function. However, in 2006, because of large and increasing cost overruns, the NPOESS program under- went a dramatic restructuring. (Even before these changes, compromises had been made with regard to some of the desired space environmental measurements.) The restructuring eliminated sensors and reduced the size of the on-orbit constellation from three spacecraft to two, resulting in a system that will have less capability to make critical measurements of the space environ- ment than is currently available. The system is planned to last through 2024-2026, with the first NPOESS spacecraft to be launched 2013. Space-Based Example Mission Observing Forecasting Measurement Space Weather Parameter Supported Capability Capability (Threshold SSA) (Objective SSA) 1 DMSP/SES* Ionospheric Electrons (60%) 1, 2, 7 Geolocation 2 ACE/SOHO FO 3 GOES Ionospheric Disturbances (60%) 1, 2, 7 Communications 4 GPS Energetic Particles (90%) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Satellite Operations 5 DSP 6 NPOESS Radiation & Disturbances (75%) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Space Tracking 7 C/NOFS Ionospheric Disturbances (60%) 1, 2, 7 Navigation Good ( >75%) Moderate (50-75%) Marginal (25-50%) Little or None (0-25%) Ground-Based Example Mission Observing Forecasting Measurement Space Weather Parameter Supported Capability Capability (Threshold SSA) (Objective SSA) 1 SOON/ISOON 2 RSTN/RSTN II Ionospheric Electrons (60%) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Geolocation 3 NEXION Ionospheric Disturbances (60%) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Communications 4 TEC 5"}, {"title": "", "text": "on Geosat in 1985 to map the geoid to a high spatial resolution. The design of the European Space Agency's, ERS-1 closely paralleled Seasat, and by the time of its launch in 1991 it was virtually guaranteed that its payload would include a radar altimeter. ERS-1 was closely followed by the US/French Topex/Poseidon mission which concentrated exclusively on altimetry and included in its payload a dual-frequency instrument and other supporting sensors to estimate the atmospheric and ionospheric variability that contributed to the sea height measurement. Such a dedicated mission as Topex/Poseidon firmly established the altimeter as a 'must have' in the physical oceanographic armoury. Topex/Poseidon still flies today, now joined of course by its successor, JASON-1. Plans for JASON-2 with contributions from Eumetsat and NOAA were finally approved in 2004. At the same time the NASA/JPL plan to fly a wide-swath altimeter on JASON-2, that would partially resolve the sampling problem of the pencil-beam sensors, was shelved. Today there are 5 altimeters in operation -Envisat, ERS-2, Geosat Follow-on, Topex/Poseidon and JASON. Another type of altimeter, designed to monitor the properties of polar ice, was to be carried on ESA's Cryosat mission but that spacecraft failed on launch. Against this brief historical background, what exactly is GANDER and where, if at all, does it fit into the schemes of future programmes? The development of the GANDER concept The community of altimeter users around the globe is largely drawn from the marine research community. Their main interest is in detecting and tracking ocean surface features that produce very"}, {"title": "", "text": "COSMIC-2 Achieves Full Operational Capability Diagram shows how COSMIC-2 satellites detect how GPS satellite signals are distorted, or bent, as they travel through the Earth's atmosphere. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC-2) is a network of six small satellites, each about the size of a standard kitchen oven, designed to improve weather prediction and model accuracy as well as space weather monitoring capabilities. COSMIC-2 utilizes a technique called radio occultation to measure the \"bending\" of radio signals from global navigation satellites (such as GPS) as those signals pass through the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. This bending provides critical information such as the temperature, pressure, and water vapor content of the atmosphere, helping improve global forecasting and aid in studying Earth's climate. This also gives us better insight into the processes that cause tropical storms to develop, strengthen, or weaken. The same signals also give information about highly charged regions of the Ionosphere. This data is used to understand the effects and impacts of space weather, such as solar storms, on the Ionosphere and elements of daily life such as communications Following launch on June 25, 2019, the satellites underwent an initial seven-month instrument and data evaluation process to make sure they were working properly as they were moved into their proper orbit. This was then followed by a period of software updates to enhance performance. During this time, a series of reviews were held to make sure that numerous specific milestones were being met by the spacecraft and the associated ground systems."}, {"title": "", "text": "to the satellites in LEO [46]. The Advanced Tether Experiment (ATEx) was launched into orbit aboard the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) sponsored by Space Technology Experiment spacecraft (STEX) on October 3, 1998. ATEx was intended to demonstrate the deployment and survivability of a novel tether design, as well as being used for controlled libration maneuvers. On January 16, 1999, after a deployment of only 22 m of tether, ATEx was jettisoned from STEX due to an out-of-limit condition sent by the experiment's tether angle sensor. The ATEx lower end mass was jettisoned from the host spacecraft and the tethered upper and lower end masses freely orbited the Earth in a demonstration of long-term tether survivability. The ATEx was a tethered satellite experiment with the following mission objectives: (1) deployment of a novel, nonconductive polyethylene tape tether; (2) verification of dynamical models of deployment and orbital libration; (3) ejection of the ATEx lower end mass from the host spacecraft [47]. The PICOSAT mission was launched on September 30, 2001. It was a real-time tracking satellite of the miniaturised picosatellite satellite series. The name \"PICO\" combined the first letters of all the four of its experiments, which were the Polymer Battery Experiment (PBEX), the Ionospheric Occultation Experiment (IOX), the Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO), and the On Orbit Mission Control (OOMC) [48]. A pair of 0.25 kg MEMS picosatellites with an intersatellite communications experiment were included in this mission and were connected by a 30 metre tether [48]. The MEPSI series (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systemsbased PicoSat Inspector) was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "This object is on display in the Space Science exhibition at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA. Full-scale replica of the Explorer VII spacecraft. The satellite was launched on October 13, 1959 atop a Juno II vehicle and successfully went into orbit. The spacecraft carried an array of instruments designed to study a broad range of radiation from the sun including X-rays, the intensity of cosmic rays and the field of charged particles in the ionosphere as well as micrometeorite impacts. It provided data from its instruments for 13 months, during the course of which it sent back readings acquired during a major solar flare. The object was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in August 1972 and was restored in 2005."}, {"title": "", "text": "likely not going to like what he sees \u2014 and might need a barf bag handy. \"But when it gets through and out the other side, you feel a whole lot more confident.\" Priser said Maven is to be placed in a highly elliptical orbit around Mars, where it will use three instrument suites: The Particles and Fields Package; a Remote Sensing Package; and the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer. This set of Maven instruments is tuned to make comprehensive measurements essential to understanding the evolution of the Martian atmosphere. [Photos From NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter] Well-dressed and entering Maven's haven, are, left to right: SPACE.com's Leonard David; Jeff Coyne, Maven assembly, test and launch operations (ATLO) manager at Lockheed Martin; and Gary Napier, communications specialist for Lockheed Martin Space Systems. (Image credit: Barbara David/SPACE.com) Deep-dip The sensitivity of Maven's science gear led to challenges in building the spacecraft, and called for very clever circuitry and wiring solutions to reduce interference with instruments, Priser said. Also, magnetometers on the spacecraft had to be positioned away from solar array magnetic perturbations. From its elliptical orbit around Mars, Maven is slated to fly five \"deep-dip\" campaigns that skim the atmosphere \u2014 all part of the plan to probe the Red Planet's upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the sun and solar wind. An advisory group will keep an eye on atmosphere-influencing dust storms on the planet and provide counsel on the timing of Maven's deep-dip maneuvers, Priser said. So far, the building and testing of Maven has"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dnepr, Taurus 3210, Taurus 3110. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Vandenberg, Vandenberg 576E, Cape Canaveral LC46, Dombarovskiy. Agency: TRW, NSPO. Bibliography: 2, 4, 13024, 13025, 13026. 1999 January 27 - . 00:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC46. Launch Pad: SLC46. LV Family: Athena. Launch Vehicle: Athena-1. ROCSAT-1 - . Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Nation: Taiwan. Agency: NSPO. Manufacturer: TRW. Class: Earth. Type: Seismology satellite. Spacecraft Bus: T200. Spacecraft: ROCSAT. USAF Sat Cat: 25616 . COSPAR: 1999-002A. Apogee: 523 km (324 mi). Perigee: 479 km (297 mi). Inclination: 34.96 deg. Period: 94.63 min. Taiwan's first satellite, with experimental communications, ocean imagery, and ionospheric studies instruments. The Primex OAM placed itself and the payload into an elliptical transfer orbit. A second OAM burn circularized the orbit, and ROCSAT separated into a 588 x 601 km x 35.0 deg orbit. 2004 May 20 - . 17:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576E. LV Family: Taurus. Launch Vehicle: Taurus 3210. ROCSAT 2 - . Payload: LeoStar 500XO. Mass: 760 kg (1,670 lb). Nation: Taiwan. Agency: NSPO. Manufacturer: EADS Astrium. Class: Surveillance. Type: Civilian surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: T200. Spacecraft: ROCSAT. USAF Sat Cat: 28254 . COSPAR: 2004-018A. Apogee: 891 km (553 mi). Perigee: 887 km (551 mi). Inclination: 99.10 deg. Period: 102.80 min. Delayed from October, November 25, 2003; January 17, February 26, April 9 and 22, May 17, 2004.. 2008 October 1 - . Launch Site: Dombarovskiy. LV Family: R-36M. Launch Vehicle: Dnepr. Theos - . Mass: 715"}, {"title": "", "text": "Launch Vehicle (PSLV) carried into orbit the Cartosat 2A satellite for Earth observation and a cluster of other small spacecraft. Delayed from March 4 and April 21. Read our launch story. [April 28] April 26, 2008Soyuz \u2022 GIOVE B A Russian Soyuz rocket with a Fregat upper stage launched the second Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element, or GIOVE B satellite. This was the second demonstration satellite for Europe\u2019s Galileo navigation system. The launch was managed by Starsem, an affiliate of Arianespace. Delayed from April 2007. Read our launch story. [April 26] April 25, 2008Long March 3C \u2022 Tianlian 1 Launch time: 1535 GMT (11:35 a.m. EDT) A Chinese Long March 3C launched the Tianlian 1 satellite, a data relay spacecraft to serve as a communications link between ground controllers and the country\u2019s next human space mission. Read our launch story. [April 26] April 18, 2008Ariane 5 \u2022 Vinasat 1 & Star One C2 Arianespace Flight 182 used an Ariane 5 rocket with an ECA cryogenic upper stage to launch the Vinasat 1 satellite for the Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Corporation and the Brazilian Star One C2 communications spacecraft. Read our launch story. [April 18] April 16, 2008Pegasus XL \u2022 C/NOFS The air-launched Orbital Sciences Pegasus XL rocket deployed the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) spacecraft for the U.S. military. The satellite carries instruments to study ionospheric scintillations and give warning to communication outages and GPS navigation degradations. Delayed from April 14. Read our launch story. [April 16] April 14, 2008Atlas 5 \u2022 ICO G1 Launch site: SLC-41,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Proton M / Loutch stack mounted on launch pad at Baikonur Yesterday at Baikonur, the State Commission authorised the rollout of the Proton M ILV/Briz M/Loutch SC to the launch pad area. In accordance with the State Commission go-ahead, the transfer of the Proton M to the pad area started at 0030 UTC. Europe\u2019s IXV atmospheric reentry demonstrator arrives in Kourou IXV (Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle), the European Space Agency\u2019s atmospheric reentry demonstrator, developed and integrated by Thales Alenia Space as prime contractor, arrived today at the Guiana Space Center in Kourou, French Guiana, initiating preparations for the launch, scheduled for this coming November. Mars Orbiter Spacecraft successfully inserted into Mars orbit ISRO successfully placed its low-cost Mars spacecraft in orbit around the red planet in its very first attempt. The orbit insertion progressed satisfactorily and the spacecraft performance was normal. It is is now circling Mars in an orbit whose nearest point to Mars (periapsis) is at 421.7 km and farthest point (apoapsis) at 76,993.6 km. COM DEV wins contract for high-throughput communications satellite COM DEV International Ltd. has been awarded an Authorisation to Proceed (ATP) contract to deliver Multiplexer Equipment, Waveguide and Coaxial Switches, and Microwave Components to be used on a high throughput communications satellite designed to provide direct-to-home premium television content to the Middle East and North Africa. MDA to provide direct access ground station for DigitalGlobe satellites MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. has been awarded a contract from DigitalGlobe Inc. to provide a ground station solution to an international customer to receive"}, {"title": "", "text": "combined mass of the first four satellites launched by the superpowers. To make the flight of the first satellite more visible to ground observers, Chinese testers added a shiny metal ring, which acted as a solar reflector, to the part of the last stage of the launch vehicle. The launch of an artificial Earth satellite allowed China to officially join the International Space Club. China was the fifth state to carry out \u00ablaunching an artificial satellite into near-earth orbit after the USSR, the USA, France and Japan\u00bb [4]. The period of the Cultural Revolution had a significant impact on all space activities in China. Most of the projects were in stagnation. When the Cultural Revolution was over, the country began to focus on the creation of geostationary communication and surveillance satellites, in the context of the development of an international espionage and intelligence system. The creation of its own complex of weapons, the main purpose of which was to defeat and disable spacecraft used for reconnaissance and navigation purposes, was a necessary measure in preserving national security. In this regard, China was developing research in functioning of anti-satellite weapons since the late 1970s. As for China's military space projects, which constituted the majority of the total number of programs being implemented, they were mainly aimed at creating reconnaissance and cartographic satellites. At the end of November in 1975, the Changzheng-2 carrier rocket was able to fly with the Fanhui Shi Weixing-0 (FSW-0) reentry satellite. It was equipped with special cameras for observing the Earth. This launch"}, {"title": "", "text": "Watch NASA\u2019s MAVEN Mission Launch LIVE Right here! Filed Under: Live, MAVEN Mission, NASA NewTechie.com Admin Watch as NASA launches its new MAVEN spacecraft into space live right here! The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN), set to launch in 2013, will explore the planet\u2019s upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the sun and solar wind. Scientists will use MAVEN data to determine the role that loss of volatile compounds\u2014such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water\u2014from the Mars atmosphere to space has played through time, giving insight into the history of Mars atmosphere and climate, liquid water, and planetary habitability. MAVEN will carry three instrument suites. The Particles and Fields Package, built by the University of California at Berkeley with support from CU/LASP and Goddard Space Flight Center, contains six instruments that will characterize the solar wind and the ionosphere of the planet. The Remote Sensing Package, built by CU/LASP, will determine global characteristics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, provided by Goddard Space Flight Center, will measure the composition and isotopes of neutral ions. Lockheed Martin, based in Littleton, Colorado, will provide the MAVEN spacecraft, as well as mission operations for the mission. NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory will navigate the spacecraft. CU/LASP will provide science operations and data packaging. Image Credit (above): NASA/Bill Ingalls [MAVEN | Via] Read Original: Watch NASA\u2019s MAVEN Mission Launch LIVE Right here!"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are here Home \u203a Satellite Missions \u203a Missions Database \u203a R \u203a RAX-2 RAX-2 (Radio Aurora Explorer-2) RAX-2 is a RAX a follow-on collaborative 3U CubeSat mission comprised of teams from the University of Michigan (UMich), Ann Arbor, MI (James W. Cutler), and SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (Hasan Bahcivan), USA. The payload was developed at SRI, and the satellite bus was developed in the Michigan Exploration Laboratory (MXL). The mission is funded by NSF (National Science Foundation) to study space weather. RAX is a space weather mission designed to study plasma field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. It has enabled undergraduate students, graduate researchers, engineers, and scientists to be involved in the design, building, and operations of two spacecraft, RAX-1 and RAX-2. Small spacecraft are more highly resource-constrained by mass, power, volume, delivery timelines, and financial cost relative to their larger counterparts. Small spacecraft are operationally challenging because subsystem functions are coupled and constrained by the limited available commodities (e.g. data, energy, and access times to ground resources). Furthermore, additional operational complexities arise because small spacecraft components are physically integrated, which may yield thermal or radio frequency interference. The project extended the initial MBSE (Model Based Systems Engineering) framework developed for a small spacecraft mission by demonstrating the ability to model different behaviors and scenarios. MBSE and SysML (Systems Modeling Language) were applied to model an actual CubeSat, the RAX (Radio Aurora Explorer) mission. 1) 2) Background: RAX-1 (launch Nov. 20, 2010) demonstrated the functionality of a scientific mission, a CubeSat-based bistatic radar experiment capable"}, {"title": "", "text": "from Kourou spaceport in French Guiana on Friday, giving a major push to the country's maritime security. Indian Navy would be the user of the multi-band home-built communication spacecraft, expected to be operational by September end. The Rs 185-crore GSAT-7, the country's maiden dedicated spacecraft for defence applications, was launched during a 50-minute launch window which started at 2am, and it was telecast live by Doordarshan. After a flight of almost 34 minutes, the satellite was injected into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of 249 km perigee (nearest point to earth), 35,929 km apogee (farthest point to earth) and an inclination of 3.5 degree with respect to the equator. During August 31-September 4, three orbit-raising operations will be performed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to place the satellite into geostationary orbit of 36,000 km above the equator. By September 14, GSAT-7 is planned to be positioned in its orbital slot of 74 deg East longitude and subsequently the satellite's communication transponders will be switched on. The frequency bands of GSAT-7 will help space-based marine communications. It has coverage over India landmass as well as surrounding seas. \"It's important from security and surveillance points of view\", an ISRO official said. According to a senior space scientist, so far the Navy had limitation from line of sight and ionospheric effects, among others, as far as space-based communications were concerned. It was thought essential to have an integrated platform for the Navy's exclusive use. Earlier, satellite communication in ships was through Inmarsat, a major provider of global mobile"}, {"title": "", "text": "long years before Williams\u2019 discovery in 2013 of its abrupt (and for some, alarming) revival. Titan-3A with LES-1 satellite Some speculate that the battery\u2019s demise may be allowing power to pass directly from the solar panels to the computer, with human error in the wiring of the device to blame for its premature failure. The satellite was originally launched to test the United States\u2019 capability to communicate via satellite after nuclear testing in the Pacific annihilated portions of the ionosphere and effectively halted high-frequency communications with their allies in Hawaii and New Zealand. In an article, Prof. Sean Victor Hum of the University of Toronto explains that, prior to nuclear testing, the allies could use \u201cionospheric skip\u201d, where signals could effectively be \u201cbounced\u201d off the ionosphere for transmission over the horizon where no line of sight existed. With parts of the ionosphere effectively turned into blackspots, the US was suddenly without a vital communication infrastructure, and, as Mark Wade described in an article on Astronautix.com, the LES program was started to guarantee vital lines of communication. NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft Other programs ran concurrently, chief among them Project West Ford, which planned to disperse 500 million \u00be\u201d long 18 gauge copper needles into Earth orbit to reflect radio signals in place of the damaged ionosphere. But, even in the early days of the space program, scientists recognized the dangers of cluttering the orbit with debris and the program was ultimately terminated. The disappearance and reappearance of a manmade satellite is not without precedent"}, {"title": "", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "", "text": "control center in Darmstadt, Germany, venus Express confirmed that it arrived in Venus on April 11, 2006, after a 153-day long journey. Venus Express needed additional control to enter Venus\u2019 24-hour orbit and finally entered its target orbit on May 7 of the same year. Venus Express, which planned and departed the mission for about 500 days at the time of launch, was very successful in observing Venus and was then extended five more times, thus increasing its mission until 2015. Venus Express, which studied Venus\u2019 atmosphere, clouds, surface characteristics, plasma, and more, finally ended its mission on December 16, 2014, when transmission to Earth was lost. The spacecraft\u2019s last signal was detected on January 18, 2015. Scientific Discovery by Venus Express (1) \u2013 Venus\u2019 ionosphere swells like the tail of a comet. Venus Express conducted numerous scientific studies, along with a number of meaningful discoveries, particularly during periods of reduced solar wind pressure, which found venus\u2019 ionosphere swelling like the comet\u2019s tail at night. An ionosphere is a layer higher than the planetary atmosphere, a weakly charged gas region. In August 2010, NASA\u2019s Stereo-B spacecraft observed that the density of the solar wind was about 50 times lower than usual, which lasted about 18 hours. At this point, Venus Express also took a closer look at Venus, observing a Venus ionosphere balloon that looked very similar to the comet\u2019s ion tail shape. The tear-shaped ionization layer began to form within 30 minutes to an hour after the normal high-pressure solar wind weakened, confirming that Venus\u2019"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are here Home \u203a Directory \u203a Satellite Missions \u203a R \u203a RAX-2 RAX-2 RAX-2 (Radio Aurora Explorer-2) RAX-2 is a RAX a follow-on collaborative 3U CubeSat mission comprised of teams from the University of Michigan (UMich), Ann Arbor, MI (James W. Cutler), and SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (Hasan Bahcivan), USA. The payload was developed at SRI, and the satellite bus was developed in the Michigan Exploration Laboratory (MXL). The mission is funded by NSF (National Science Foundation) to study space weather. RAX is a space weather mission designed to study plasma field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. It has enabled undergraduate students, graduate researchers, engineers, and scientists to be involved in the design, building, and operations of two spacecraft, RAX-1 and RAX-2. Small spacecraft are more highly resource-constrained by mass, power, volume, delivery timelines, and financial cost relative to their larger counterparts. Small spacecraft are operationally challenging because subsystem functions are coupled and constrained by the limited available commodities (e.g. data, energy, and access times to ground resources). Furthermore, additional operational complexities arise because small spacecraft components are physically integrated, which may yield thermal or radio frequency interference. The project extended the initial MBSE (Model Based Systems Engineering) framework developed for a small spacecraft mission by demonstrating the ability to model different behaviors and scenarios. MBSE and SysML (Systems Modeling Language) were applied to model an actual CubeSat, the RAX (Radio Aurora Explorer) mission. 1) 2) Background: RAX-1 (launch Nov. 20, 2010) demonstrated the functionality of a scientific mission, a CubeSat-based bistatic radar experiment capable"}, {"title": "", "text": "the startup process exits with exit * code 0 and we switch to PM_RUN state. * * Normal child backends can only be launched when we are in PM_RUN state. * (We also allow it in PM_WAIT_BACKUP state, but only for superusers.) * In other states we handle connection requests by launching \"dead_end\" * child processes, which will simply send the client an error message and * quit. (We track these in the BackendList so that we can know when they * are all gone; this is important because they're still connected to shared * memory, and would interfere with an attempt to destroy the shmem segment, * possibly leading to SHMALL failure when we try to make a new one.) * In PM_WAIT_DEAD_END state we are waiting for all the dead_end children * to drain out of the system, and therefore stop accepting connection * requests at all until the last existing child has quit (which hopefully * will not be very long). * * Notice that this state variable does not distinguish *why* we entered * states later than PM_RUN --- Shutdown and FatalError must be consulted * to find that out. FatalError is never true in PM_INIT through PM_RUN * states, nor in PM_SHUTDOWN states (because we don't enter those states * when trying to recover from a crash). * * RecoveryError means that we have crashed during recovery, and * should not try to restart. */ typedef enum { PM_INIT, /* postmaster starting */ PM_STARTUP, /* waiting for startup subprocess */ PM_STARTUP_PASS2,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the startup process exits with exit * code 0 and we switch to PM_RUN state. * * Normal child backends can only be launched when we are in PM_RUN state. * (We also allow it in PM_WAIT_BACKUP state, but only for superusers.) * In other states we handle connection requests by launching \"dead_end\" * child processes, which will simply send the client an error message and * quit. (We track these in the BackendList so that we can know when they * are all gone; this is important because they're still connected to shared * memory, and would interfere with an attempt to destroy the shmem segment, * possibly leading to SHMALL failure when we try to make a new one.) * In PM_WAIT_DEAD_END state we are waiting for all the dead_end children * to drain out of the system, and therefore stop accepting connection * requests at all until the last existing child has quit (which hopefully * will not be very long). * * Notice that this state variable does not distinguish *why* we entered * states later than PM_RUN --- Shutdown and FatalError must be consulted * to find that out. FatalError is never true in PM_INIT through PM_RUN * states, nor in PM_SHUTDOWN states (because we don't enter those states * when trying to recover from a crash). * * RecoveryError means that we have crashed during recovery, and * should not try to restart. */ typedef enum { PM_INIT, /* postmaster starting */ PM_STARTUP, /* waiting for startup subprocess */ PM_STARTUP_PASS2,"}, {"title": "", "text": "was a Mars orbiter that failed to reach Mars due to electrical failures. The mission was terminated on December 31, 2003. It was constructed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, University of Tokyo and launched on July 4, 1998, at 03:12 JST (July 3, 1998, at 18:12 UTC) with an on-orbit dry mass of 258 kg and 282 kg of propellant. Nozomi was designed to study the upper Martian atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind and to develop technologies for use in future planetary missions. Specifically, instruments on the spacecraft were to measure the structure, composition and dynamics of the ionosphere, aeronomy effects of the solar wind, the escape of atmospheric constituents, the intrinsic magnetic field, the penetration of the solar-wind magnetic field, the structure of the magnetosphere, and dust in the upper atmosphere and in orbit around Mars. The mission would have also returned images of Mars' surface. Mission profile Launch After launch on the third M-V launch vehicle, Nozomi was put into an elliptical geocentric parking orbit with a perigee of 340 km and an apogee of 400,000 km. Lunar swing-bys The spacecraft used a lunar swingby on September 24, 1998, and another on December 18, 1998, to increase the apogee of its orbit. Earth swing-by It flew by Earth on December 20, 1998, at a perigee of about 1000 km. The gravitational assist from the flyby coupled with a 7 minute burn of the bipropellant rocket put Nozomi into an escape trajectory towards Mars. It was scheduled to arrive"}, {"title": "", "text": "and tested in a simulated space environment. Additionally, ground systems to support the mission are developed in parallel with the satellites, and are exercised along with the spacecraft during tests. The Launch and Early Operations Phase (LEOP) will last up to 15 days. The GRACE-FO satellites will be launched together on a single launch. Once in the desired orbit, the satellites will be simultaneously released from the upper stage of the launch vehicle, separated and start transmitting to the ground. During LEOP the basic satellite functions (incl. MWI-GPS) will be checked. At the end the satellites are insafe, stable orbits using nominal attitude control and nominal uplink and downlink communications are achieved. No anomalies exit that pose a near-term threat to the mission. The satellites will have a nominal separation distance of 220 km \u00b1 50 km. The In-orbit Checkout Phase (IOC) will last until 90 days after launch and will focus on the power-up, evaluation and calibration of the Science instruments. In the Science Phase, instrument data will be routinely gathered and processed. This phase will continue until the end of the mission, and will include brief interruptions for orbit maneuvers and instrument re-calibrations. A sub-phase is the Validation Phase which will last 120 days and focus on providing an end-to-end characterization of the Science Instrument and Data Systems. The Decommissioning Phase is the final phase handling the end of mission. In this phase the satellites will be passivated followed by disposal to atmospheric reentry. Emphasis will be given to limit the generation of orbital"}, {"title": "", "text": "burning on reentry. Re:Proof we're approaching the peak of... (Score: 3, Informative) by khallow on Wednesday February 05 2020, @04:08AM Why do you ask? Just because you might know (and we still haven't established that you did know prior to the previous post!), doesn't mean everyone else reading this does. It's new, ok? Here's some more on that NEW history [thespacereview.com]: In the mid-to-late 1990s, there was considerable discussion of numerous large \u201cconstellations\u201d of spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) that would revolutionize the space industry, lower costs to launch payloads to orbit, and provide worldwide communications on an unprecedented scale. Approximately ten companies with names such as Iridium, Globalstar, and Teledesic each aimed to launch and operate groups of 12 to 840 satellites, potentially \u201cdarkening the skies\u201d with spacecraft. Most of these systems either went bankrupt or never got off the ground, either literally or figuratively. Doing business with partners around the world. Doing business with partners around the world. (Score: 2) by RedGreen on Tuesday February 04 2020, @09:59PM (1 child) by RedGreen (888) on Tuesday February 04 2020, @09:59PM (#953819) Good luck with that. If I am going with an idea like this I want rid of the parasites that are already in my area providing the service, not give them even more of my money again. So it will stand alone service I would be looking at. \"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher.\" -- Sven Olsen Re:Doing business with partners around the world. (Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward"}, {"title": "", "text": "Laboratory. The spacecraft will eject a 8.5-pound subsatellite named NanoSail-D about a week after launch. NanoSail-D will unfurl a 100-square-foot solar sail to verify deployment mechanisms for future missions that could clear space debris from busy orbital lanes. Developed for less than $12 million, FASTSAT stands for Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite. It was built by engineers from Marshall Space Flight Center, Dynetics Inc. and the Von Braun Center for Science and Innovation, all in Huntsville, Ala. The FASTSAT project includes contributions from 13 local Huntsville firms. Three university satellites are also packed inside the Minotaur 4 rocket. Two FASTRAC satellites from the University of Texas at Austin will test autonomous formation-flying through crosslink communications and GPS navigation. One of the spacecraft also carries a micro-discharge plasma thruster. The Formation Autonomous Spacecraft with Thruster, Relnav, Attitude and Crosslink, or FASTRAC, program was selected by the Air Force's University Nanosat Program in 2005. More than 100 students worked on the FASTRAC satellites, which have a combined mass of more than 120 pounds at launch. The spacecraft will split up and perform formation demonstrations pivotal to future space research missions. FalconSat 5 is a cadet-built spacecraft from the U.S. Air Force Academy. Two payloads on FalconSat 5 include a small Hall Effect thruster for attitude control and an electrostatic analyzer/spectrometer suite to observe the effect of thruster plumes on the surrounding space environment. The $11 million mission began four years ago and is managed by the Air Force Research Laboratory. FalconSat 5 will also monitor ionospheric effects"}, {"title": "", "text": "on US Navy Polaris submarines. Transit-O 11 (aka OSCAR(NAV) 11 and NNSS 30110) was a 94 kg US Navy navigation satellite launched 27 October 1977 at 9:52PM PDT (0452 UTC 28 October 1977) from Vandenberg AFB, California, on a Scout D rocket. Transit, one of the first operational satellite systems, was also known as the Navy Navigation Satellite (NNS). The Transit spacecraft were originally developed for updating the inertial navigation systems on board US Navy Polaris submarines, and were later made available for civilian use. Transit receivers used the known characteristics of the satellite's orbit, measured the Doppler shift of the satellite's radio signal, and thereby calculated the receivers position on Earth. As a single spacecraft travelled overhead, the user measured the Doppler shift over a 15 minute period by receiving timing marks and satellite orbital information on two separate frequencies, 149.99 and 399.97 MHz. These signals were corrected for ionospheric refraction and the information was then fed into the users navigation system. Individual Transit satellites operated for over 10 years. Technical breakthroughs during the program included gravity gradient stabilization, use of radio-isotope thermoelectic generators (RTG), and navigation satellite technologies later used in the GPS system. Transit was superseded by the Navstar global positioning system. Use of the satellites for navigation was discontinued at the end of 1996, but the satellites continued transmitting and became the Navy Ionospheric Monitoring System (NIMS). P. Wild discovered asteroid #2970."}, {"title": "", "text": "tremendous testament to the ability of the instrument and the satellite teams,\u201d he added. GOLD will make measurements from a longitude of 47.5\u00baW during two years of on-orbit prime mission operations. The SES-14 satellite has a life expectancy of 15 years. GOLD will capture never-before-seen images of the Earth\u2019s thermosphere and ionosphere, detecting changes in temperature and composition due to space weather activity. This is a critical step in understanding how to predict the impact of space weather events on Earth. Some of the most dramatic space weather originates on the sun with ejections of plasma and x-rays into space. When directed at the Earth, ensuing geomagnetic storms have the potential to interfere with radio communication and disrupt GPS signals, impacting everything from airline travel over the poles, to high-tech farming, satellite TV programming, and cell phone connections. GOLD represents the first time universities and a commercial spacecraft operator will team up to enable a NASA science mission. Such a collaborative approach may blaze a trail for similar projects at universities nationwide. \u201cOur strong partnership with SES GS and Airbus Defence and Space has been key to the success of the GOLD mission,\u201d said Rory Barrett, LASP project manager for GOLD. \u201cOur smooth spacecraft integration and testing to date is a direct result of these partnerships,\u201d he added.\u200b As a hosted payload, GOLD receives electrical power from the spacecraft, which also routes commands\u2014originating at LASP\u2014to the instrument and downlinks its images through a dedicated transponder. Hosted payloads enable government organizations\u2014like NASA\u2014to make use of commercial satellite"}, {"title": "", "text": "known why this began to happen. On 16 June 2008, a power generation anomaly occurred and four transponders were permanently lost. It was later revealed that one of the two solar panels was lost because the array's drive motor failed. Eutelsat 25C In 2013, it was replaced by Eutelsat 70B at 70\u00b0 East and was then moved to 25\u00b0 East where it was renamed to Eutelsat 25C. Eutelsat 33 B In October 2015, Eutelsat 33B was deactivated because of the loss of its second solar panel. References Communications satellites in geostationary orbit Spacecraft launched in 2002 Spacecraft launched by Delta IV rockets Satellites using the Spacebus bus Eutelsat satellites"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch so relatively soon is appealing to many Indian scientists, many of whom argue that a mission to Mars should take priority over a mission to the Moon. After all, India has already reached the Moon with the successful Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft. Why not keep the momentum going and aim for a new and exciting target with the next mission? Source: Asian Scientist CategoriesMars TagsMars 21 Replies to \u201cIndia has Red Planet Fever\u201d Roger Shike says: Isn\u2019t this proposed mission almost identical to NASA\u2019s MAVEN mission, also planned for a 2013 launch? Ethan Walker says: Maven seems much more focused on the ionosphere, with no visual imaging capacity. It has an imaging UV spectrometer, but this is likely focused on the upper atmosphere unlike the proposed Indian mission\u2019s IR spectrometer. There does seem to be some overlap between the radiation measuring equipment and possibly the exosphere composition packages. This seems like a pretty ambitious mission to be planning on such a short time frame, so these seem like some areas they might think about cutting. The remaining instruments seem more like the focus of ESA\u2019s trace gas orbiter to be launched in 2016, so if they can\u2019t launch during the next window the whole mission might become redundant. ISRO should aim for Phobos, and whip up a bit of competitive spirit with Russia \ud83d\ude42 Kev Girard says: <3 Amy for posting this. Finaly more countries are joining in on space exploration! Christopher Hutson says: \u2026and the only prescription is MORE TABLA But seriously, I\u2019m glad more countries"}, {"title": "", "text": "why it operates mainly on the night side. Any mission to Mars using radio signals for science observations needs to know how the ionosphere behaves. When a manned mission is sent to Mars, it will be important to know the state of the ionosphere in order to optimise communications to and from Earth, as well as on the surface.\" Mars Express was launched in June 2003 and became ESA's first visit to another planet in the Solar System. The scientific payload, provided by research institutes throughout Europe, consists of seven instruments that provide remote sensing measurements of the atmosphere, ground and below the surface. Since arrival in orbit around Mars in December 2003, Mars Express has been helping to answer fundamental questions about the geology, atmosphere, surface environment, history of water and potential for life on Mars. The Mars Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) uses radio waves to study both the surface and the atmosphere of Mars. It measures local variations of gravity over the surface of the planet as well as providing pressure and temperatures profiles of the atmosphere. The experiment relies on the observation of the phase, amplitude, polarisation, and propagation times of radio signals transmitted from the spacecraft and received at ground station antennas on Earth. Paul Withers Astronomy Department, Boston University Massachusetts, USA Email: withers bu.edu Martin P\u00e4tzold, Rheinisches Institut f\u00fcr Umweltforschung, Abt. Planetenforschung Email: Martin.Paetzold uni-koeln.de Olivier Witasse, Mars Express Project Scientist Research and Scientific Support Department Directorate of Science & Robotic Exploration ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands Email: Olivier.Witasse esa.int https://sci.esa.int/s/890YO2W The ionosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "space weather The northern lights interfere with radio communications, GPS navigation and satellite communications. Researchers are now going to launch 20 satellites containing world class instruments from the University of Oslo to find out why. Satellites are becoming increasingly important in communications and navigation. This makes us more vulnerable to the northern lights, especially within offshore and aviation. In a worst case scenario an aircraft can lose contact with its surroundings. Oil tankers can struggle with precise navigation. In order to more precisely predict when radio communications and navigation will fail, researchers require more information about what happens when violent solar winds hit the Earth and produce the northern lights. The solar winds consist of charged particles and produce powerful turbulence in the ionosphere, which consists of plasma clouds with electrical particles at an altitude of 80 to 500 km. The turbulence interferes with radio signals. Sometimes they are reflected wrongly. On other occasions the signals are blocked altogether. \u201cIn the northern regions GPS satellites lie low in the sky. This means the signals have to pass through the ionosphere. This reinforces the navigation problems,\u201d says professor J\u00c3\u00b8ran Moen of the Department of Physics at University of Oslo (UiO), Norway. Full story: http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2012/spaceweather.html Categories: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Aurorae, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), Earth, General Astronomy, Solar System, Sun Tags: astronomy, aurora, Nature, news, science, space AstroNews Is Coming Back Online May 14, 2012 astronewsus Leave a comment Okay, so it\u2019s been awhile but I\u2019ve got some help and we\u2019re looking to get AstroNews back up \u2018n running"}, {"title": "", "text": "DS-U2-V DS-U2-V (Kosmos 93) [Yuzhnoye] The DS-U2-V satellites were Soviet scientific satellites launched as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program. They investigated ionospheric phenomenons. These satellites measured the electron concentration in the vicinity of the spacecraft, as well as properties of the ionosphere in the path of coherent-wave propagation from the spacecraft to an observation point. These satellites were all launched on Kosmos-2 boosters from Kapustin Yar. Kosmos 93 was the first of these satellites to be launched on 19 October 1965. It was launched into an orbit with a perigee of 158 km, an apogee of 208 km, an inclination of 48.3\u00b0. On 3 January 1966 it decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere. The second satellit was Kosmos 95, launched on 4 November 1965. It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 147 km, an apogee of 205 km and an inclination of 48.4\u00b0. On 18 January 1966 it decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere. A third satellit, Kosmos 197, followed on 26 December 1967. It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 213 km, an apogee of 456 km and an inclination of 48.4\u00b0. On 30 January 1968 it decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere. The fourth and last satellite, Kosmos 202, was launched on 20 February 1968 . It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 211 km, an apogee of 446 km and an inclination of 48.4\u00b0. On 24 March 1968 it decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere. Science, ionosphere Yuzhnoye 8"}, {"title": "", "text": "production line in order to produce transistors, which met Colin\u2019s quality standards,\u201d Nelms said. \u201cThis may have been the birth of the space components industry. It was certainly the reason that the Alouette 1 lasted 10 years, rather than the industry standard lifetime of several weeks that we had experienced up to then.\u201d Adding to the Canadian pride was the fact that a simpler American ionospheric research satellite that was due to fly before Alouette 1 was held up by technical problems and didn\u2019t fly until 1964 as Explorer 20. Following the launch of the first Alouette, Canada and the U.S. established the International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) program. Under this program, Canada built and NASA launched Alouette 2 in 1965, ISIS 1 in 1969 and ISIS 2 in 1971. All were successful and advanced scientific knowledge about the ionosphere and its impact on radio communications. The Alouette and ISIS satellites are remembered for being scientific in nature. Yet they were aimed at understanding problems affecting communications in Canada and should be seen as an applied science or even as a communications program that was a natural predecessor to Canada\u2019s communications satellites. Alouette prototype spacecraft integration. Credit: John Colbert. From Harry Kowalik\u2019s personal collection. Alouette 1 had been built mainly by the scientists and engineers at the DRB, but starting with Alouette 2, the work of building Canadian satellites was farmed out to private industry as part of a federal government policy of encouraging high technology businesses. This policy led to the growth of companies"}, {"title": "", "text": "and establishing some overseas military bases. The Italian navy was the first to launch an intermediate-range ballistic missile from the sea, an UGM-27 Polaris launched from the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi. The country is home to two nuclear bases and, as part of the NATO nuclear sharing program, therefore has a retaliatory nuclear capacity despite nominally being a non-nuclear state. According to the former Italian President Francesco Cossiga, Italy's plans of nuclear retaliation during the Cold War consisted of targeting nuclear weapons in Czechoslovakia and Hungary in case the Soviet Union waged nuclear war against NATO. He acknowledged the presence of U.S. nuclear weapons in Italy, and speculated about the possible presence of British and French nuclear weapons. Italy secretly developed its own nuclear weapons program, and one in collaboration with France and Germany, but abandoned such projects when it joined the nuclear sharing program. The country has developed the ABM PAAMS system. It has developed several space-launch vehicles such as Alfa and more recently Vega. In more recent years, under the auspices of European space agency, it has demonstrated the reentry and landing of a spacecraft, the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle. Italy is home of one of two ground operations centres of the Galileo global satellite navigation system. Italy contributes greatly to scientific research and operates some permanent research stations in Antarctica. In terms of spaceflight capability, the country owns the Broglio Space Centre. The country is a major contributor to the European Space Agency and the International Space Station. Italy's weakness and structural problems include: internal"}, {"title": "", "text": "at the South Pole-Aitken basin's Von Karman crater following a 27-day journey. It will also perform radio-astronomical studies that, because the far side always faces away from Earth, will be \"free from interference from our planet's ionosphere, human-made radio frequencies and auroral radiation noise,\" space industry expert Leonard David wrote on the website Space.com. It may also carry plant seeds and silkworm eggs, according to the official Xinhua News Agency. Chang'e is the goddess of the moon in Chinese mythology. China conducted its first crewed space mission in 2003, making it only the third country after Russia and the U.S. to do so. It has put a pair of space stations into orbit, one of which is still operating as a precursor to a more than 60-ton station that is due to come online in 2022. The launch of a Mars rover is planned for the mid-2020s. To facilitate communication between controllers on Earth and the Chang'e 4 mission, China in May launched a relay satellite named Queqiao, or \"Magpie Bridge,\" after an ancient Chinese folk tale. China's space program has benefited from co-operation with Russia and European nations, although it was excluded from the 420-ton International Space Station, mainly due to U.S. legislation barring such co-operation amid concerns over its strong military connections. Its program also suffered a rare setback last year with the dialed launch of its Long March 5 rocket. China's latest mission closely follows the touchdown of NASA's InSight spacecraft on Mars on Monday, at a site less than 400 miles (640"}, {"title": "", "text": "basin\u2019s Von Karman crater following a 27-day journey. It will also perform radio-astronomical studies that, because the far side always faces away from Earth, will be \u201cfree from interference from our planet\u2019s ionosphere, human-made radio frequencies and auroral radiation noise,\u201d space industry expert Leonard David wrote on the website Space.com. It may also carry plant seeds and silkworm eggs, according to the official Xinhua News Agency. Chang\u2019e is the goddess of the moon in Chinese mythology. China conducted its first crewed space mission in 2003, making it only the third country after Russia and the U.S. to do so. It has put a pair of space stations into orbit, one of which is still operating as a precursor to a more than 60-ton station that is due to come online in 2022. The launch of a Mars rover is planned for the mid-2020s. To facilitate communication between controllers on Earth and the Chang\u2019e 4 mission, China in May launched a relay satellite named Queqiao, or \u201cMagpie Bridge,\u201d after an ancient Chinese folk tale. China\u2019s space program has benefited from co-operation with Russia and European nations, although it was excluded from the 420-ton International Space Station, mainly due to U.S. legislation barring such co-operation amid concerns over its strong military connections. Its program also suffered a rare setback last year with the dialed launch of its Long March 5 rocket. China\u2019s latest mission closely follows the touchdown of NASA\u2019s InSight spacecraft on Mars on Monday, at a site less than 400 miles (640 kilometres) from the American"}, {"title": "", "text": "perform radio-astronomical studies that, because the far side always faces away from Earth, will be \u201cfree from interference from our planet\u2019s ionosphere, human-made radio frequencies and auroral radiation noise,\u201d space industry expert Leonard David wrote on the website Space.com. It may also carry plant seeds and silkworm eggs, according to the official Xinhua News Agency. Chang\u2019e is the goddess of the moon in Chinese mythology. China conducted its first crewed space mission in 2003, making it only the third country after Russia and the U.S. to do so. It has put a pair of space stations into orbit, one of which is still operating as a precursor to a more than 60-ton station that is due to come online in 2022. The launch of a Mars rover is planned for the mid-2020s. To facilitate communication between controllers on Earth and the Chang\u2019e 4 mission, China in May launched a relay satellite named Queqiao, or \u201cMagpie Bridge,\u201d after an ancient Chinese folk tale. China\u2019s space program has benefited from cooperation with Russia and European nations, although it was excluded from the 420-ton International Space Station, mainly due to U.S. legislation barring such cooperation amid concerns over its strong military connections. Its program also suffered a rare setback last year with the dialed launch of its Long March 5 rocket. China\u2019s latest mission closely follows the touchdown of NASA\u2019s InSight spacecraft on Mars on Monday, at a site less than 400 miles (640 kilometers) from the American rover Curiosity, the only other working robot on Mars. Read more"}, {"title": "", "text": "good health\u201d following the launch and should be able to complete its mission. \u201cFollowing the anomaly that occurred during the launch on an Ariane 5 rocket last night, SES announces that it has successfully established a telemetry and telecommand connection to its SES 14 spacecraft and is setting up a new orbit-raising plan now,\u201d SES said in a statement. \u201cSES 14 would thus reach the geostationary orbit only four weeks later than originally planned. SES confirms that the spacecraft is in good health, all subsystems on board are nominal, and the satellite is expected to meet the designed life time.\u201d Assuming an on-target deployment from the Ariane 5, SES 14 was expected reach geostationary orbit by August or September, officials said before Thursday\u2019s launch. The outlook for the Al Yah 3 satellite, which has a chemical orbit-raising thruster, has not been confirmed. The larger of the two payloads, SES 14, rode in the upper position in the dual-payload stack Thursday. Built on the Airbus Eurostar E3000 satellite bus, the 9,751-pound (4,423-kilogram) spacecraft will provide aeronautical and maritime mobility connectivity, wireless communications, broadband delivery, and video and data services over North, Central and South America, the Caribbean, the North Atlantic and parts of Europe, replacing the NSS-806 satellite for SES of Luxembourg. The craft hosts a secondary payload for NASA named the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, instrument. The $53 million GOLD instrument will study the ionosphere and thermosphere layers in the upper atmosphere, where influences from solar activity and Earth-based weather systems"}, {"title": "", "text": "January 7 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the 1950's. Janaury 14 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the 1950's. January 21 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the 1950's. Janaury 28 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the 1950's. February 11 ATV 5 Reentry How a data capsule was placed inside the final Automated Transfer Vehicle to record how it broke up during its destructive reentry into the Earth's atmosphere after undocking from the International Space Station. February 18 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the 1950's. February 18 The Deep Space Climate Observatory The Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) programme's origins as U.S. Vice president Al Gore's Triana proposal. An explanation of the L1 Lagrangian point and the aging Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft that is currently orbiting L1. Launch commentary for the Falcon 9 rocket lofting DSCOVR. February 18 SMAP The objectives of the Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite, and coverage of its launch. March 4 Summer Science Fiction Science fiction stories from the early 1960's. March 4 Voyager To mark the 36th anniversary of Voyager 1's flyby of Jupiter and the 25th anniversary of the fabulous \"pale blue dot\" image of Earth, a look at the Voyager 1 spacecraft as it heads off through interstellar space. Included comments by Ann Druyan (Co-writer of Cosmos, Don Gurnett (Principal Investigator, Voyager Plasma Wave Investigation, University of Iowa), Ed Stone (Voyager Project Scientist, California Institute of Technology), Suzanne Dodd (Voyager Project Manager, Jet propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena), and music by Bobby Valentine"}, {"title": "", "text": "operated by NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on behalf of the Space Technology Mission Directorate to revolutionize how spacecraft navigate. Flexible technology demonstration platform Hosts a miniaturized, high-stability atomic clock that will gain or lose less than a second of error in 3 million years Learn more about General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems and NASA's Deep Space Atomic Clock. NPSAT NPSat hosts two experiments built by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to investigate space weather and support space situational awareness (SSA), including ionospheric electron density structures that cause radio scintillations impacting communications and navigation. Monitors electron content and scintillations using radio frequency (RF) transmissions Conducts Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) experiment NRL-built Langmuir probe takes in-situ measurements to improve ionospheric modeling PROX-1 Prox-1 is a microsat developed by students at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta through the Air Force\u2019s University Nanosat Program to demonstrate satellite close proximity operations and rendezvous. Demonstrates small satellite close-encounter operations Prox-1 deploys the LightSail 2 cubesat developed by the Planetary Society E-TBEx: Measures distortion of radio signals traveling through the ionosphere using beacon tones transmitted from eight orbital locations: the six COSMIC-2 satellites and the twin E-TBEx CubeSats Launch Environment Observer (LEO) & StangSat: Measures thermal and vibration environments during launch and demonstrates Wi-Fi data transmission between Cubesats (2 separate cubesats) PSAT: Supports global amateur radio data relay capabilities to assist students and researchers around the world TEPCE: Demonstrates the feasibility of using electrodynamic propulsion by deploying a 1 km electrically conductive tether, performing orbit-changing maneuvers without consuming any fuel LightSail"}, {"title": "", "text": "down on the left by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez, that by Alexandre Cabanel also on the left, and that by Pierre Charles Tr\u00e9moli\u00e8res on the right. ## Spacecraft The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. Credit: NASA. \"The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. The spacecraft was a solar-powered cylinder about 250 cm in diameter with its spin axis spin-stabilized perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. A high-gain antenna was mechanically despun to remain focused on the earth. The instruments were mounted on a shelf within the spacecraft except for a magnetometer mounted at the end of a boom to ensure against magnetic interference from the spacecraft. Pioneer Venus Orbiter measured the detailed structure of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus, investigated the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere and the magnetic field in the vicinity of Venus, determined the characteristics of the atmosphere and surface of Venus on a planetary scale, determined the planet's gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit, and detected gamma-ray bursts. UV observations of comets have also been made. From Venus orbit insertion on December 4, 1978 to July 1980 periapsis was held between 142 and 253 km to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise (to 2290 km at maximum) and then fall, to conserve fuel. In May 1992 Pioneer Venus"}, {"title": "", "text": "Alouette 1 is a deactivated Canadian satellite that studied the ionosphere. Launched in 1962, it was Canada's first satellite, and the first satellite constructed by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States. Canada was the fourth country to operate a satellite, as the British Ariel 1, constructed in the United States by NASA, preceded Alouette 1 by five months. The name \"Alouette\" came from the French for \"skylark\" and the French-Canadian folk song of the same name. A key device on Alouette were the radio antennas consisting of thin strips of beryllium copper bent into a slight U-shape and then rolled up into small disks in a fashion similar to a measuring tape. When triggered, the rotation of the satellite created enough centrifugal force to pull the disk away from the spacecraft body, and the shaping of the metal caused it to unwind into a long spiral. The result was a stiff circular cross-section antenna known as a \"STEM\", for \"storable tubular extendible member\". Development Alouette 1 was part of a joint Canada-U.S. scientific program. Its purpose was to investigate the properties of the top of the ionosphere, and the dependence of those properties on geographical location, season, and time of day. Alouette 1 was advanced for its time, and NASA initially doubted whether the available technology would be sufficient. Nevertheless, NASA was eager to collaborate with international partners. NASA was convinced to participate by the prospect of obtaining data on the ionosphere, and Canada had the additional objective of developing its"}, {"title": "", "text": "California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, for final launch readiness. Cal Poly will place the two National Science Foundation funded miniature spacecraft in an ejection canister and verify that the assembly is ready for launch.\" Auburn University Satellite AubieSat-1 Placed into Orbit AubieSat-1: \"AubieSat-1 is the first student built satellite in Alabama. It is a 1U CubeSat: 1000cm3 in volume and weighing 1.03-kg. It is entirely designed and built and tested by Auburn University undergraduate students, without using components off the shelf. It will study radio wave propagation through the ionosphere and test solar panel protective films. It is part of the ELaNa3 Mission.\" University of Michigan Launches M-CUBED and RAX Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX): \"RAX is a joint venture between the University of Michigan and SRI International. Its primary mission objective is to study large plasma formations in the ionosphere, the highest region of our atmosphere. These plasma instabilities are known to spawn magnetic field-aligned irregularities (FAI), or dense plasma clouds known to disrupt communication between Earth and orbiting spacecraft.\" Twitter: @RAX_2010 Facebook RAX Michigan Multipurpose Minisat (M-Cubed): \"The objective of MCubed is to obtain a mid resolution image to date of Earth with at least 60% land mass and a maximum of 20% cloud coverage from a single cubesat platform. S3FL is also developing the MCubed bus with the intention of making it a heritage design, thus allowing for future missions to be flown on the same bus.\" Twitter: @UMCubed Tumblr: M-Cubed Michigan Exploration Laboratory M-CUBED and RAX Photos below Montana State University"}, {"title": "", "text": "orbit until a self-diagnostic test confirms they are fully functional. This means it will take more time and propellant to get a satellite into its intended orbit, but the advantage is that if the craft ends up DOA, it\u2019s less likely to be a hazard to navigation. In a low orbit, even a non-functional spacecraft will dip back into the atmosphere and burn up in a relatively short period of time. SpaceX utilized this approach for the first Starlink launch, and in the end found that three of the sixty satellites never passed their self-check and failed to move on from their initial \u201cparking\u201d orbit. Finally, the SSC agrees with the European Space Agency that future satellites should utilize \u201cDesign for Demise\u201d or D4D. These are design principles which ensure that even a non-functional satellite will deorbit itself and completely burn up in the atmosphere. Techniques include spacecraft shapes and orientations that maximize atmospheric drag, and the use of thermal reactive adhesives which will release as the vehicle heats up during reentry. While the Space Safety Coalition\u2019s list of best practices for designing and operating spacecraft in Earth orbit are reasonable and in many cases logical, the group has no authority to actually enforce them. As such, any company that decides to follow these rules does so of their own volition. Smallsat launch providers Virgin Orbit and Rocket Lab have already decided to endorse the document, as have some companies which operate fleets of satellites, such as SES and Iridium. But while it\u2019s encouraging to see"}, {"title": "", "text": "orbit until a self-diagnostic test confirms they are fully functional. This means it will take more time and propellant to get a satellite into its intended orbit, but the advantage is that if the craft ends up DOA, it\u2019s less likely to be a hazard to navigation. In a low orbit, even a non-functional spacecraft will dip back into the atmosphere and burn up in a relatively short period of time. SpaceX utilized this approach for the first Starlink launch, and in the end found that three of the sixty satellites never passed their self-check and failed to move on from their initial \u201cparking\u201d orbit. Finally, the SSC agrees with the European Space Agency that future satellites should utilize \u201cDesign for Demise\u201d or D4D. These are design principles which ensure that even a non-functional satellite will deorbit itself and completely burn up in the atmosphere. Techniques include spacecraft shapes and orientations that maximize atmospheric drag, and the use of thermal reactive adhesives which will release as the vehicle heats up during reentry. While the Space Safety Coalition\u2019s list of best practices for designing and operating spacecraft in Earth orbit are reasonable and in many cases logical, the group has no authority to actually enforce them. As such, any company that decides to follow these rules does so of their own volition. Smallsat launch providers Virgin Orbit and Rocket Lab have already decided to endorse the document, as have some companies which operate fleets of satellites, such as SES and Iridium. But while it\u2019s encouraging to see"}, {"title": "", "text": "20:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Kourou ELA3. LV Family: Ariane 5. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5ECA. Thor 7 - . Mass: 4,800 kg (10,500 lb). Nation: Norway. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 40613 . COSPAR: 2015-022A. Apogee: 35,797 km (22,243 mi). Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.0100 deg. Period: 1,436.09 min. Provided broadcast services for Norway's Telenor, including a Ka-band payload dedicated to maritime and Antarctic communications. Stationed in geosynchronous orbit at 11.7 deg west.. 2015 September 16 - . 19:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Black Brant. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant IX. NASA 39.012DR - . Nation: Norway. Apogee: 299 km (185 mi). Ionospheric/Calibration mission. Impacted Norwegian Sea.. 2017 November 28 - . 05:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Vostochniy. Launch Complex: Vostochniy PU1S. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1B. AISSAT-3 - . Nation: Norway. COSPAR: 2017-F05. See AISSat 3. .."}, {"title": "", "text": "plane of the sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the"}, {"title": "", "text": "1300+ PAYLOADS LAUNCHED TO-DATE Starlab Payload Services Satellite Launch Payload Hosting Microgravity Research GWC Science Park StarLab Oasis ISS Satellite Launch Above ISS Satellite Launch Rideshare Satellite Launch ISS External Hosting ISS Bishop Hosting Nanolabs Plate Reader Zero G Oven Mixstix Nanoracks Ninth CubeSat Deployment Mission From the Cygnus CubeSat, Satellite Deployment HOUSTON, TX \u2013 JUNE 30, 2021 \u2013 At 22:50 UTC yesterday, two Nanoracks customer CubeSats were deployed from the Nanoracks External CubeSat Deployer (E-NRCSD) on the Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft. After a four-month mission to the International Space Station (ISS), the NG-15 Cygnus, named the S.S. Katherine Johnson, unberthed from the ISS and boosted into a higher orbit to deploy the CubeSats. The two CubeSats, IT-SPINS and MySat-2, were released into a circular orbit about 490 km (304 miles) above the Earth\u2019s surface. The Ionospheric-Thermospheric Scanning Photometer for Ion-Neutral Studies (IT-SPINS) CubeSat was built by Montana State University and selected for launch by NASA\u2019s CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) as part of the Educational Launch of Nanosatellites-33 (ELaNa-33) mission complement, sponsored by the NASA Launch Services Program (LSP). The mission provides the first two-dimensional (2D) tomographic imaging from a 3U CubeSat to better understand the basic nature of the nocturnal ionosphere. This research strengthens fundamental understanding for development of ion gradient structures in the topside of the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. MySat-2 (also known as DhabiSat) was built by Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi, UAE and is the second Khalifa University CubeSat to be launched by Nanoracks. The first, MySat-1, was deployed from the NG-10 Cygnus spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "Academy) at Colorado Springs, CO. \u2022 FASTRAC-1 and -2 (Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude and Crosslink). FASTRAC is a nanosatellite pair whose design and integration has been undertaken by students of the University of Texas at Austin (UTA). The project is sponsored by AFRL. Note: All S26 missions have been described separately on the eoPortal. Orbit: Circular orbit, altitude = 650 km, inclination = 72\u00ba, with an orbital period of 97.7 minutes. \u2022 June 20, 2011: The PISA (Plasma Impedance Spectrum Analyzer) instrument has now completed more than 120 days over the course of six months since it was first turned on. That corresponds to more than 1,600 hours of observations and more than 2 GB of raw data taken over a wide range of locations and environments (Ref. 18). - The TTI (Thermosphere Temperature Imager) continues to operate as planned, detecting FUV (Far Ultraviolet) airglow and FUV auroral signatures. The TTI is on track for achieving full science mode sometime in late April. - The PISA (Plasma and Impedence Spectrum Analyzer) instrument also continues to operate well. PISA is testing new measurement techniques for the thermal electron populations in the ionosphere, calculating their density structure, which can interfere with or scatter radio signals used for communication and navigation. MINI-ME achieved full science mode on January 20, 2011 and has been collecting science data since that time. Together with other instruments and payloads on the STP-S26 mission, such as the NSF RAX mission, FalconSat-5, and NanoSail-D (launched as a tertiary payload from FASTSAT), these"}, {"title": "", "text": "testing and for launches conducted at Federal ranges. The Commission proposes this restriction to limit the potential for interference to Federal operations to a few locations. As the commercial space ports are established that are independent of Federal operations would this restriction unduly limit the future growth of the commercial space launch industry? 56. As mentioned, in 1990 the Commission made six frequencies in the 2310-2390 MHz band available for both Federal and non-Federal use for telemetry and telecommand of launch and reentry vehicles. The Commission later reduced these to three frequencies in the 2360-2395 MHz band. The 2360-2395 MHz band is primarily used for aeronautical telemetry and telecommand operations for flight testing of aircraft and missiles. The Commission seeks comment generally on the use of these frequencies as an alternative to the heavily used 2200-2290 MHz band for communications during launches. In the time since the Commission made this spectrum available for launch telemetry, the intensity of use of this band for aeronautical telemetry for flight testing may have significantly changed. Does the current and expected future use of the 2360-2395 MHz band for aeronautical telemetry for flight testing make it unsuitable for communications associated with launch activity? What are the impediments to use of this band for commercial launches in the future? What are the spectrum requirements of the commercial launch sector in the short and long term and are the available frequencies in this band sufficient to meet, at least in part, these requirements? Because the number of frequencies available for launch vehicle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Team member\u2019s perceptions on a sex offender reentry court\u2019s failure to launch: a pilot study ABSTRACT Convicted sex offenders released from prison compared to non-sex offenders face a unique reentry environment that is a challenging undertaking for the criminal justice and community agencies that manage them. In order to coordinate multi-agency sex offender management, some states have turned to the courts to bring together these agencies with disparate missions and responsibilities. But, not all efforts at coordination are successful. This pilot study, using qualitative retrospective interviews with stakeholders, examined a cancelled sex offender reentry court, Title 33, to uncover why this innovation failed. The thematic analysis results showed that Title 33 was unable to successfully implement many best practices, which ultimately contributed to its failure."}, {"title": "", "text": "Radar perspective of Maat Mons on Venus from the Magellan mission. Credit: NASA/JPL. A new mission to study the second planet. The European Space Agency\u2019s Venus Express mission is now over. Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on November 9, 2005 the spacecraft entered orbit around Venus on April 11, 2006. Sometime in November 2021, NASA will launch the DAVINCI mission, or Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, with arrival at Venus in June of 2023. In a previous Picture of the Day, it was noted that the optical spectrum of Venus resembles a gas discharge tube similar to a neon lamp. Astrophysicists are unable to explain the contradictions that inevitably result when trying to explain the data based on greenhouses and smog, but an electrical explanation covers all the bases. The atmospheric composition of Venus seems to require the presence of intense lightning in order to form the sulfurous compounds that are present. No \u201cnormal\u201d chemistry on Earth or Venus can explain the depth and density of the sulfuric acid clouds and abundant carbon dioxide. Since Venus radiates twice the energy it receives from the Sun, there must be a source for that heat. Venus has an extremely weak magnetic field and no magnetosphere, but it does possess an ionosphere, so it is an electrically charged body. Its ionospheric charge flow carries electricity from the solar wind into the Venusian environment. It could be that the planet is constantly charging and discharging in the infrared, which would generate heat. One of"}, {"title": "", "text": "This drawing shows Mars Global Surveyor taking measurements as it flew through the ionosphere of Mars during an early aerobraking pass. The orbit is shown by the dashed line. The ionosphere is shown by the shaded region circling the planet (not to scale). Image from: NASA/JPL The Exploration of Mars Mars Global Surveyor Image Archive Aerobraking The Mars Global Surveyor reached Mars in September of 1997. But it didn't make it into its final mapping orbit until February 1999. What took so long? Surveyor needed to reach a near-circular, low-altitude orbit in order to map the surface of Mars. In September 1997, the orbit of MGS was far from circular and at its farthest point in orbit, MGS was really far from Mars (56,000 kilometers above the surface)! Mission controllers needed MGS to be only ~400 kilometers above the surface. In order to adjust the orbit of MGS, the controllers used aerobraking. Controllers were going to send MGS through the atmosphere of Mars to slow it down. During these atmospheric passes, air resistance generated by the solar panels would slow the spacecraft and gradually lower its orbit. Surveyor was to use this aerobraking technique to lower the high point of its orbit from the initial 56,000 kilometers in altitude to about 400 kilometers. This aerobraking would also force the spacecraft into a near-circular orbit. Originally, this was only suppose to take 4 months. Unfortunately, one of the solar panels (which are used during aerobraking!) broke during the launch of MGS. This solar panel got stuck and"}, {"title": "", "text": "sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the Doppler shift, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "in 3 million years Learn more about General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems and NASA's Deep Space Atomic Clock. NPSat hosts two experiments built by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to investigate space weather and support space situational awareness (SSA), including ionospheric electron density structures that cause radio scintillations impacting communications and navigation. Monitors electron content and scintillations using radio frequency (RF) transmissions Conducts Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) experiment NRL-built Langmuir probe takes in-situ measurements to improve ionospheric modeling Prox-1 is a microsat developed by students at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta through the Air Force\u2019s University Nanosat Program to demonstrate satellite close proximity operations and rendezvous. Demonstrates small satellite close-encounter operations Prox-1 deploys the LightSail 2 cubesat developed by the Planetary Society E-TBEx: Measures distortion of radio signals traveling through the ionosphere using beacon tones transmitted from eight orbital locations: the six COSMIC-2 satellites and the twin E-TBEx CubeSats Launch Environment Observer (LEO) & StangSat: Measures thermal and vibration environments during launch and demonstrates Wi-Fi data transmission between Cubesats (2 separate cubesats) PSAT: Supports global amateur radio data relay capabilities to assist students and researchers around the world TEPCE: Demonstrates the feasibility of using electrodynamic propulsion by deploying a 1 km electrically conductive tether, performing orbit-changing maneuvers without consuming any fuel LightSail 2:The Planetary Society\u2019s citizen-funded solar-sailing spacecraft propelled by the Sun Video of qLEuCn8RT14?&theme=dark&autohide=2&modestbranding=1&showinfo=0&rel=0 Falcon Heavy\u2019s first stage is composed of three Falcon 9 nine-engine cores whose 27 Merlin engines together generate more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, equal to"}, {"title": "", "text": "first space hardware products during Alouette's construction. Spar, for instance, developed a new \" roll-up \" antenna for the Canadian satellite, a product that was later used in many variations for American satellites. After three and a half years of design and construction, the 145-kg satellite was flown to California and launched from the Pacific Missile Range at 2:06 a.m. (EST) on Saturday, September 29, 1962 . Sprung from a two-stage Thor-Agena rocket, Alouette-I was quickly put into a near perfect 1000 km orbit and soon began its top-down study of the ionosphere. Alouette-I was a tremendous success by any measure. The conservative research approach adopted by the DRTE team paid off manyfold as the satellite eventually stretched its one-year design life into an unprecedented 10-year mission, producing over one million images of the ionosphere in the process. Following the success of Alouette-I, Canada and United States signed an agreement to launch further satellites under a new program called International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS). Under the program, the Alouette back-up model was refurbished and flown in 1965 as \" Alouette-II \" and two new satellites, named ISIS I and ISIS II, were successfully launched in 1969 and 1970 respectively. Alouette I paper model (PDF, 33.85 MB) Science satellites and spacecraft Canadian satellites Satellites in our everyday lives"}, {"title": "", "text": "and development. National Systems Group The National Systems Group is responsible for systems engineering and integrations support for NRO space programs. Through methods such as technical and engineering analyses, concept design studies, and direct on-site support, they provide planning, development, and deployment services for reconnaissance space systems. NSG's focus is to apply a systems engineering approach to national intelligence programs to provide objective technical recommendations and solutions. Defense Systems Group The Defense Systems Group provides customer support to all national-security space programs. Activities within the group include requirements analysis, cross-mission planning and architecture development, strategic awareness planning, cross-program engineering, and systems acquisition development. Civil Systems Group The Civil Systems Group (also known as Vaeros), is a division of The Aerospace Corporation that supports both developing and operational civil space systems for NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), as well as addressing difficult systems engineering problems in the military, civil, and commercial applications. Commercially, the group supports satellite owner-operators, spacecraft manufacturers, insurance companies, and space-consulting and legal firms. It plays a key role in spacecraft operations, acquisition planning, strategic planning, acquisition management, and risk assessment for operational, near-term and future NOAA satellite programs. Specialty Centers Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies The company also maintains the Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (CORDS). The group is unique in that it is the only one that systematically tests fallen space debris in its laboratory, The size and shape of debris along with melting that occurs during reentry is analyzed with sophisticated computer software in"}, {"title": "", "text": "was approved for implementation and began final design and fabrication. The SWOT spacecraft consists of two main parts: the payload suite and the satellite bus. In 2015, Thales Alenia Space (TAS) was selected to make the satellite bus. The bus used for SWOT is TASs newest satellite bus to meet Frances Space Operations Act. This act aims to limit space debris and lower the risk of atmospheric reentry over inhabited areas. The new bus will allow any satellite using the bus to control itself during reentry to ensure a safe disposal. The satellite bus will be used to house many components to support the payload suite. The bus is placed below the suite when construction is complete. It will use an S-band antenna to allow radio communications between the spacecraft and ground stations. A command and data handler will be used to manage the spacecrafts communication and various other tasks. Twin solar arrays will be used to provide electrical power. Artist impression of the SWOT satellite bus. (Credit: NASA) The bus will also house the spacecrafts propulsion and attitude control system (ACS). The ACS will use star trackers with magnetic torque rods and reaction wheels to control where the spacecraft is pointing. The spacecraft has eight 22-Newton hydrazine thrusters to control the spacecrafts orbit. On top of the satellite bus is the payload suite. The suite will house six instruments, including an X-band antenna, to conduct SWOTs mission. Unlike the bus, which was made in France, the suite was constructed at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in"}, {"title": "", "text": "China\u2019s Next Lunar Mission Will Be a Visit of Moon\u2019s Far Side Will there be any unexpected surprises? Might they find evidence of alien visitors on the far side\u2026 via unexplained-mysteries: China\u2019s latest space mission will, for the first time, see a spacecraft attempt to land on the Moon\u2019s far side. Known as Chang\u2019e-4, the mission will attempt to unravel some of the mysteries of this relatively unexplored region of the lunar surface which remains facing permanently away from the Earth. It will launch on December 8th and land at a predetermined site sometime early next year. To maintain communications with Earth, a satellite will be used to relay data and messages back and forth. According to reports, the lander will be carrying a payload of seeds and silkworm eggs inside a \u2018lunar mini biosphere.\u2019 If the eggs actually manage to hatch, then they will produce the first living creatures from Earth to have ever been born on another world. The mission will also attempt to carry out a low-frequency radio-astronomical study \u2013 an intriguing prospect as the far side of the Moon is sheltered from interference from Earth\u2019s ionosphere. Meanwhile, an accompanying rover will conduct a mineralogical and topographical study of the area around the landing site while taking photographs as it goes. The mission\u2019s target will be the Von Karman Crater within the Moon\u2019s South Pole-Aitken basin. It will certainly be interesting to see what it finds there. Unexplained-Mysteries In this article:China, Moon\u2019s far side Realtors in China pay \u201cGhostbusters\u201d to green light haunted"}, {"title": "", "text": "Small Mission Accomplished by Students\u2014Big Impact on Space Weather Research The Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment (CSSWE: http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/csswe/) is a threeunit (10 cm 10 cm 30 cm) CubeSat mission funded by the National Science Foundation, launched into a low-altitude, high-inclination orbit on 13 September 2012 as a secondary payload underNASA\u2019s Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) program. The ground station at the University of Colorado at Boulder (also designed and built by students) was able to find, track, and receive beacon packets during the CubeSat\u2019s first pass over Boulder. On 4 October 2012, the commissioning phase was completed and the science instrument, whichmeasures energetic electrons and protons, was turned on. CSSWE contains a single science payload, the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment (REPTile). REPTile is a miniaturization of the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope (REPT) built at University of Colorado\u2019s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) for the NASA/Van Allen Probes mission (http:// vanallenprobes.jhuapl.edu). REPTile is designed to measure the directional differential flux of protons ranging between 10 and 40 megaelectron volts (MeV) and electrons ranging between 0.5 and >3.3MeV. These energetic particles can affect the operations and lifetimes of Earth-orbiting spacecraft and have harmful effects on astronauts during their extravehicular activity. Solar particles incident over the polar caps also produce ionosphere disturbances that can affect radio frequency communications. CSSWE data are stored onboard an SD card and downloaded at a rate of 9.6kbps at 437.345MHz (UHF) when the CubeSat passes over the Boulder ground station, with an average of seven passes each"}, {"title": "", "text": "scientific payload consisting of eight high-resolution instruments used to probe the characteristics of near-Earth space, and Cascade, a high data rate, high capacity store and forward technology payload from MDA Corporation. Together, e-POP and Cascade will achieve both a scientific and a commercial objective. providing scientists with unprecedented details about the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, thermosphere and magnetosphere, helping scientists understand the cause and effects of potentially dangerous space weather. Cascade will demonstrate a new digital communications \u2018courier\u2019 service provided by MDA. Pending a successful mission with CASSIOPE, SpaceX will then move to the launch of what will be the debut launch of a geostationary satellite, with the launch of the SES-8 spacecraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Completing what is hoped to be a busy period of launches for SpaceX and their new Falcon v1.1, the company plan to loft Commercial Launches for Orbcomm and Thailand\u2019s Thai Comm. The next Dragon spacecraft would then greet the upgraded Falcon 9 for their CRS-3 (SpX-3) mission to the International Space Station (ISS), which currently has a place-holder of December. However, according to L2 information, ongoing discussions are taking place relating to a potential Visiting Vehicle (VV) conflict. Providing Orbital\u2019s OrB-D mission proceeds as planned, allowing for a December launch of OrB-1, one of the CRS missions will have to move to change its docked period to Node-2 Nadir between January 26 to February 25, 2014. A decision won\u2019t be made until later this year, following the OrB-D mission and SpaceX\u2019s progress during their busy upcoming mission"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.11071710288524628, 0.1849655956029892, 0.07520388066768646, 0.14623837172985077, 0.13391681015491486, 0.1910513937473297, 0.17112082242965698, 0.07036641240119934, 0.17731542885303497, 0.14394070208072662, 0.20712926983833313, 0.2279597967863083, 0.2279597967863083, 0.15039226412773132, 0.1939399093389511, 0.20726943016052246, 0.17212580144405365, 0.17212578654289246, 0.2065896838903427, 0.2246304452419281, 0.20914830267429352, 0.17975695431232452, 0.1980074793100357, 0.1902080923318863, 0.17567415535449982, 0.18969762325286865, 0.18853598833084106, 0.20453739166259766, 0.1675824671983719, 0.11500637978315353, 0.1708604097366333, 0.23200438916683197, 0.012886589393019676, 0.19422870874404907, 0.14751052856445312, 0.21268001198768616, 0.1950318068265915, 0.18325704336166382, 0.20073091983795166, 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"Document 269", "Document 273", "Document 287", "Document 301", "Document 302", "Document 304", "Document 306", "Document 307", "Document 308", "Document 309", "Document 310", "Document 311", "Document 317", "Document 321", "Document 322", "Document 323", "Document 329", "Document 338", "Document 341", "Document 342", "Document 343", "Document 344", "Document 351", "Document 353", "Document 356", "Document 358", "Document 365", "Document 374", "Document 383", "Document 403", "Document 413", "Document 416", "Document 418", "Document 423", "Document 425", "Document 426", "Document 428", "Document 432", "Document 440", "Document 442", "Document 448", "Document 450", "Document 451", "Document 453", "Document 460", "Document 461", "Document 466", "Document 467", "Document 468", "Document 485", "Document 490", "Document 491", "Document 495", "Document 499", "Document 531", "Document 532", "Document 533", "Document 534", "Document 536", "Document 538", "Document 564", "Document 587", "Document 588", "Document 602", "Document 603", "Document 626", "Document 627", "Document 758", "Document 759", "Document 781", "Document 782", "Document 783", "Document 784", "Document 789", "Document 831", "Document 832", "Document 833", "Document 839", "Document 847", "Document 854", "Document 858", "Document 968", "Document 978", "Document 1081", "Document 1082", "Document 1256", "Document 1435"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "can be a tricky business. You see there's a pesky movable thing called the ionosphere which is pretty fundamental to the whole business. Communicating with a point halfway round the planet using HF is like trying to play that old 70's children's game called Rebound. Since radio links are usually close to or distinctly line of sight links, communicating with a point on the other side of a sphere would seem like a fairly insurmountable problem. I'd think the first time this problem was solved using the ionosphere it was probably an accident caused by some early radio pioneers receiving signals for their fellow pioneers some way round the planet and beginning to wonder why and how it was happening. The reason it was and does happen is because of a thin layer of the Earths atmosphere called the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. This is the reason we as Telecommunications Engineers are interested in it. The ionosphere is a layer of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules in the upper Earths atmosphere, ranging from a height of about 50 km (31 mi)"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lower in the atmosphere, where the density of molecules is greater, this recombination happens much faster. What does this have to do with radio waves? Without interference, radio waves travel in a straight line from the broadcast source, ultimately hitting the ionosphere. What happens after is dependent on a variety of factors, notable among them being the frequency of the waves and the density of the free electrons. For AM waves, given the right conditions, they will essentially bounce back and forth between the ground and the ionosphere, propagating the signal farther and farther. So clearly the ionosphere can potentially play an important part in the terrestrial radio process. But it is the constantly shifting nature of the ionosphere that makes things really interesting. And for that, we\u2019ll have to get a little more technical, though we\u2019ll at the least spare you the math, and we\u2019ll leave out a little of the complexity in an effort to not go full textbook on you. In any event, the ionosphere\u2019s composition changes most drastically at night, primarily because, of course, the Sun goes missing for a bit. Without as abundant a source of ionizing rays, the D and E levels (pictured right) of the ionosphere cease to be very ionized, but the F region (particularly F2) still remains quite ionized. Further, because the atmosphere is significantly less dense here then the E and D regions, it results in more free electrons (the density of which is key here). When these electrons encounter a strong AM radio wave, they"}, {"title": "", "text": "With more launches than Russia last year, Elon Musk\u2019s rocket company SpaceX made waves in 2017. It also tore a hole in the ionosphere. Scientists have determined that the launch of the company\u2019s Falcon 9 rocket on Aug. 24 punched a temporary hole into a layer of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere nearly 560 miles wide. While the effect is not permanent, here is how the rocket impacted the ionosphere and what it means as humans move forward with space flight. The ionosphere is the layer of our planet\u2019s upper atmosphere between 75 km and 1000 km (or between 46 and 621 miles) where the sun\u2019s energy and cosmic radiation ionize atoms. The solar and cosmic rays strip atoms in the area of one or more of their electrons, giving them a positive charge and leaving the electrons to act as free particles. This is the part of the atmosphere where auroras occur. It overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The ionosphere is important because the concentration of ions and free electrons allows it to reflect radio waves. This facilitates radio communications across distant points on Earth as well as between satellites and Earth. During the day, X-rays and UV light from the sun provide energy that continuously knocks electrons from atoms, creating ions and free electrons. These separate particles are constantly colliding, recombining, and becoming electrically neutral atoms again. So at night, without the energy from the sun, more particles combine than are ionized and the ionosphere shrinks. While the cosmic radiation still affects this part of"}, {"title": "", "text": "up space is made up of matter, and matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. At the ionosphere, atoms from the Earth\u2019s atmosphere meet up with energy from the Sun. This energy, called radiation, strips away parts of the atom. What\u2019s left is a positively or negatively charged atom, called an ion. The ionosphere is filled with ions. These particles move about in a giant wind. However, conditions in the ionosphere change all the time. Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. It will measure the temperature and makeup of gases in"}, {"title": "", "text": "post the schematics for their proprietary radio system on the FCC database? This seems similar. Also I\u2019ll bet InQTel has something to do with the R&D of this and that\u2019s an automatic black-drape over everything if you know who they really are funded by. Who knows this may be some sort of comm-link for their new Google Car or something. Leon Black says: Ionosphere: The ionosphere overlaps the other atmospheric layers, from above the Earth. The air is ionized by the Sun\u2019s ultraviolet light. These ionized layers affect the transmittance and reflectance of radio waves. Different ioniosphere layers are the D, E (Heaviside-Kennelly), and F (Appleton) regions. They won\u2019t reach the earth. Leon Black \u2013 He was talking about the path the radio wave would take up through the Earth\u2019s ionosphere (I), then to the moon, then back through it back to the Google antenna. He was right that phase distortions would happen from the moon bounce and through the \u201cI\u201d twice! EME means Earth-Moon-Earth. There are HAM radio enthusiasts who actually do it. However, I think lower frequencies can\u2019t be used due to being reflected off of the I. The E-Band probably would have no problem getting through. This phenomena (the I) is the main reason why it is highly unlikely any advanced ET civilization could ever see or hear our early radio and TV from another planet or star system. Mainly because most of the legacy signal (in HF and lower freqs) where just reflected back at Earth by the I. Not much Amos"}, {"title": "", "text": "layers of the ionosphere appear and disappear during this daily cycle, according to NASA. Solar radiation also fluctuates over an 11-year period, meaning the sun may put out more or less radiation depending on the year. Explosive solar flares and gusts of solar wind stir up sudden changes in the ionosphere, teaming up with high-altitude winds and severe weather systems brewing on the Earth below. This amateur astronomer\u2019s photograph, taken on May 8, 2016, in Keller, Washington, was used in the new research about the celestial phenomenon called STEVE. The major structures are two bands of upper atmospheric emissions located 100 miles (160 kilometers) above the ground: a reddish arc and a green picket fence. Credit: Rocky Raybell Learn how GPS works with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Communication and navigation Though reactions in the ionosphere paint the sky with brilliant hues, they can also disrupt radio signals, interfere with navigational systems and sometimes cause widespread power blackouts. The ionosphere reflects radio transmissions below 10 megahertz, allowing the military, airlines and scientists to link radar and communication systems over long distances. These systems work best when the ionosphere is smooth, like a mirror, but they can be disrupted by irregularities in the plasma. GPS transmissions pass through the ionosphere and therefore bear the same vulnerabilities. \u201cDuring large geomagnetic storms, or space weather events, currents [in the ionosphere] can induce other currents in the ground, electrical grids, pipelines, etc. and wreak havoc,\u201d Perry said. One such solar storm caused the famous Quebec blackout of 1989."}, {"title": "", "text": "with the atoms and molecules in Earth\u2019s atmosphere, stripping off electrons and generating a layer of plasma. Earth\u2019s ionosphere ranges from about 60 km (37 miles) to over 1,000 km (621 miles) above the surface, encompassing many satellites in low-Earth orbit as well as the International Space Station. At its densest, the ionosphere reaches a few million electrons in a single cubic centimeter. The ionospheric plasma is highly variable, changing with the time of day, season, phase of the solar activity cycle, and in response to any transient solar events like flares or coronal mass ejections. As Marconi discovered over a century ago, we can use the ionosphere to help us communicate over long distances. As radio waves pass through a plasma, the electrons respond to the electric field of the wave and begin to wiggle around at the same frequency as the wave. (The ions in the plasma respond too, but since they\u2019re so much more massive than the electrons they do it much more slowly.) Depending on the frequency of the wave, the electrons will either keep pace with the wave and reflect it back toward the ground or be unable to keep up and allow the wave to pass through. This cartoon shows how radio waves travel large distances around Earth by bouncing off of plasma in the atmosphere. Whether or not a radio wave can escape the atmosphere depends on its frequency as well as the angle at which it\u2019s transmitted. Credit: NASA/GSFC The highest frequency that the electrons can match is"}, {"title": "", "text": "could affect visibility, but planes generally fly on instruments anyway, so this will not be an issue in itself. Can a normal person land a plane? Short answer: maybe, if he or she had plenty of help from air-traffic control and were good at multitasking. In movies, normal people are often put in situations where they have to land a plane. How do satellites survive the thermosphere? Many satellites orbit within the thermosphere and changes in the density of (the very, very thin) air at orbital altitudes, brought on by heating and expansion of the thermosphere, generates a drag force on satellites. These waves and tides help move energy around within the atmosphere, including the thermosphere. How does the ionosphere work? The ionized part of the Earth's atmosphere is known as the ionosphere. Ultraviolet light from the sun collides with atoms in this region knocking electrons loose. This creates ions, or atoms with missing electrons. This process also works in reverse for radio waves produced on the earth. Is the ionosphere hot or cold? Due to fluxes in solar radiation, temperatures in the ionosphere vary from 200 Kelvin (or -99 degrees Fahrenheit) to 500K (or 440 degrees Fahrenheit). Where does the ionosphere start? The ionosphere begins at a height of about 50 km (30 miles) above the surface, but it is most distinct and important above 80 km (50 miles). What is the altitude of the ionosphere? The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers"}, {"title": "", "text": "an ion can have only a very short life - estimated to be only a few millionths of a second. Such a dense atmosphere tends to absorb rather than reflect radio waves, especially at lower frequencies. Table 1 - Relative conductivity of various types of terrain. But in the sparse regions of the ionosphere where there are relatively few gas molecules, the ions reattach themselves at fairly slow rates. In the upper regions of the ionosphere, called the F2 layer, recombination is so slow as to be relatively unimportant. The important thing about these ions is that they make the atmosphere electrically conductive. Thus the electromagnetic energy of a radio wave is partially transformed into kinetic energy represented by the motions of the ions. If these ions do not recombine, this energy is converted back to electromagnetic energy and the radio wave continues to be propagated. If, on the other hand, the ions recombine, absorption of the radio wave occurs and the wave is sharply attenuated. Now, one of the most important factors about this ionization is the fact that the greater the degree of ionization, the higher the frequency that will be refracted and returned to the surface of the earth. For any one frequency, there is a degree of ionization that is required to refract the wave sufficiently to return it to earth depending upon the angle of radiation. Frequencies higher than this, for the same angle, will not be sufficiently refracted and will not return to the earth. As far as the 27-mc."}, {"title": "", "text": "dogs fun home teejay The Chirpsounder / Ionosonde Telecom Radio Engineering Anybody who has ever set up a working international HF link will know it can be a tricky business. You see there's a pesky movable thing called the ionosphere which is pretty fundamental to the whole business. Communicating with a point halfway round the planet using HF is like trying to play that old 70's children's game called Rebound. Since radio links are usually close to or distinctly line of sight links, communicating with a point on the other side of a sphere would seem like a fairly insurmountable problem. I'd think the first time this problem was solved using the ionosphere it was probably an accident caused by some early radio pioneers receiving signals for their fellow pioneers some way round the planet and beginning to wonder why and how it was happening. The reason it was and does happen is because of a thin layer of the Earths atmosphere called the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. This is the reason we as Telecommunications Engineers are interested in it. The ionosphere is"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere are produced by ion convergence due to vertical..."}, {"title": "", "text": "to provide much indication one way or the other. The ionosphere extends from about 80 to 1000 km (50 \u2013 600 miles), above the earth\u2019s surface. Below, lie the mesosphere, stratosphere, and the troposphere where we live. These layers are a good thing, as they protect us from solar radiation. The ionosphere exists because of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It breaks apart the atmospheric molecules that remain at these altitudes, knocking off electrons, leaving a sea of ions and charged electrons. This region of charged particles exists alongside the very thin upper atmosphere. We need to understand how earth\u2019s weather patterns, including thunderstorms, snow, rain and heat, hurricanes, etc. affect this region, because many low-earth satellites that orbit the Earth, including the International Space Station, fly right through the ionosphere. Interestingly, the ionosphere actually supports some of the radio waves and signals that we rely on, such as GPS signals. When the ionosphere is unpredictably changed, creating ripples and bubbles of dense plasma, the impact on our communication technology can be significant. On the other hand, some signals, like those of short-wave radio, bounce off the ionosphere and rely on it for communications around the globe. Changes in the ionosphere can affect the signals that must go through it, like GPS, and those that bounce off of it, like short wave radio. For a long time, researchers thought that only space weather \u2013 sun activity \u2013 affected the ionosphere, but now we are learning that earth\u2019s weather also has an impact, and we need to"}, {"title": "", "text": "to provide much indication one way or the other. The ionosphere extends from about 80 to 1000 km (50 \u2013 600 miles), above the earth\u2019s surface. Below, lie the mesosphere, stratosphere, and the troposphere where we live. These layers are a good thing, as they protect us from solar radiation. The ionosphere exists because of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It breaks apart the atmospheric molecules that remain at these altitudes, knocking off electrons, leaving a sea of ions and charged electrons. This region of charged particles exists alongside the very thin upper atmosphere. We need to understand how earth\u2019s weather patterns, including thunderstorms, snow, rain and heat, hurricanes, etc. affect this region, because many low-earth satellites that orbit the Earth, including the International Space Station, fly right through the ionosphere. Interestingly, the ionosphere actually supports some of the radio waves and signals that we rely on, such as GPS signals. When the ionosphere is unpredictably changed, creating ripples and bubbles of dense plasma, the impact on our communication technology can be significant. On the other hand, some signals, like those of short-wave radio, bounce off the ionosphere and rely on it for communications around the globe. Changes in the ionosphere can affect the signals that must go through it, like GPS, and those that bounce off of it, like short wave radio. For a long time, researchers thought that only space weather \u2013 sun activity \u2013 affected the ionosphere, but now we are learning that earth\u2019s weather also has an impact, and we need to"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "to density, and therefore inversely proportional to the altitude of the layer. This is because at altitudes of higher density, there are more ions and subsequently more possibility for collisions, which are the cause of deionization. In the E and F layers, the density is low enough such that these collisions do not happen as often as in the D layer, meaning that these two layers remain ionized long after radiation has stopped being applied. In fact, they remain ionized throughout the entire night, whereas the D layer loses its ionization during the night. This property of the ionosphere is what allows for radio communication via sky waves. At the ion density of the E and F layers during both day and night, LF and VLF radio waves reflect off of the ions, propagating back down to the surface of the earth. However, the properties of the D layer provide some difficulties. During the day, the ion density is too high for some LF, and especially VLF, radio waves to pass through to then be reflected off of the E or F layers. Instead, the waves are absorbed by the ions. During the night, the ion density is low enough for LF and VLF radio waves to pass through it undisturbed, and reach the reflective E and F layers. Brody, K., & Lukes, L., Dr. (n.d.). The EclipseMob Experiment. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://eng.umb.edu/~eclipsemob/images/Lesson-3-The-EclipseMob-Experiment.pdf Thurber, K. T. (1998, May). A Beginners Guide To Radio Propagation. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://archive.org/details/ABeginnersGuideToRadioPropagation Tran, L. (2017, August"}, {"title": "", "text": "is directly proportional to density, and therefore inversely proportional to the altitude of the layer. This is because at altitudes of higher density, there are more ions and subsequently more possibility for collisions, which are the cause of deionization. In the E and F layers, the density is low enough such that these collisions do not happen as often as in the D layer, meaning that these two layers remain ionized long after radiation has stopped being applied. In fact, they remain ionized throughout the entire night, whereas the D layer loses its ionization during the night. This property of the ionosphere is what allows for radio communication via sky waves. At the ion density of the E and F layers during both day and night, LF and VLF radio waves reflect off of the ions, propagating back down to the surface of the earth. However, the properties of the D layer provide some difficulties. During the day, the ion density is too high for some LF, and especially VLF, radio waves to pass through to then be reflected off of the E or F layers. Instead, the waves are absorbed by the ions. During the night, the ion density is low enough for LF and VLF radio waves to pass through it undisturbed, and reach the reflective E and F layers. Brody, K., & Lukes, L., Dr. (n.d.). The EclipseMob Experiment. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://eng.umb.edu/~eclipsemob/images/Lesson-3-The-EclipseMob-Experiment.pdf Thurber, K. T. (1998, May). A Beginners Guide To Radio Propagation. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://archive.org/details/ABeginnersGuideToRadioPropagation Tran,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "", "text": "for a larger image \u2022 The ionosphere is a region of electrically charged particles or gases in the earth\u2019s atmosphere, extending from approximately 50 to 600 km above the earth\u2019s surface. Ionization, the process in which electrons are stripped from atoms and produces electrically charged particles, results from solar radiation. When the ionosphere becomes heavily ionized, the gases may even glow and be visible. This phenomenon is known as Northern and Southern Lights. \u2022 Why is the ionosphere important in HF radio? Well, this blanket of gases is like nature\u2019s satellite, making HF BLOS radio communications possible. When radio waves strike these ionized layers, depending on frequency, some are completely absorbed, others are refracted so that they return to the earth, and still others pass through the ionosphere into outer space. Absorption tends to be greater at lower frequencies, and increases as the degree of ionization increases. \u2022 The angle at which sky waves enter the ionosphere is known as the incident angle. This is determined by wavelength and the type of transmitting antenna. Like a billiard ball bouncing off a rail, a radio wave reflects from the ionosphere at the same angle it hits it. Thus, the incident angle is an important factor in determining communications range. If you need to reach a station that is relatively far from you, you would want the incident angle to be relatively large. To communicate with a nearby station, the incident angle should be relatively small. Ground station HF radio operators worry about the angle of incidence as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sun. As the ionization of the upper layers of the ionosphere is strongly dependent on the Sun's radiation, the ionosphere varies both daily and seasonally. Because the energy from the Sun varies both daily and seasonally, the ionosphere is never static. The Sun, for instance, has times of extreme activity that causes storms and severe disruption to the propagation. Moreover, the ionosphere's behavior is affected by even more parameters, such as the height and the mixture of gasses [17]. This chemistry that was just mentioned also directly affects the rate of ionization, just as the density of atoms and the intensity of radiation do. Some chemical reactions take place quickly, causing high ionization, while others are slower, resulting in less ionization [10]. All the ionization that was explained illustrates the ionosphere's interaction with radio waves. When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radiofrequency energy is released due to this resonant oscillation, on which the oscillating electrons may either recombine, thereby losing the radio energy, or re-radiate the original wave energy (refraction) [17]. The refraction phenomenon is fundamental in all ionospheric links, and it occurs because ionized molecules present free electrons that are able to vibrate in response to the radio signals reaching them. The behavior of each of these moving electrons resembles small dipole antennas. Radio waves are bent away from areas of high ionization because these areas have a lower"}, {"title": "", "text": "the earth\u2019s atmosphere in which the number of electrically charged particles\u2014ions and electrons\u2014are large enough to affect the propagation of radio waves. The charged particles are created by the action of extraterrestrial radiation (mainly from the sun) on neutral atoms and molecules of air. The ionosphere begins at a height of about 50 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface, but it is most distinct and important above 80 kilometers (50 miles). In the upper regions of the ionosphere, beginning several hundred kilometers above earth\u2019s surface and extending tens of thousands of kilometers into space, is the magnetosphere, a region where the behavior of charged particles is strongly affected by the magnetic fields of the earth and the sun. Much of the early research on the ionosphere was carried out by radio engineers and was stimulated by the need to define the factors influencing long-range radio communication. It is in the magnetosphere that the spectacular displays of the aurora borealis and aurora australis take place. The magnetosphere also contains the Van Allen radiation belts, where highly energized protons and electrons travel back and forth between the poles of earth\u2019s magnetic field. The name ionosphere was introduced first in the 1920's and was formally defined in 1950 by a committee of the Institute of Radio Engineers as \"the part of the earth's upper atmosphere where ions and electrons are present in quantities sufficient to affect the propagation of radio waves.\" Subsequent research has focused on understanding the ionosphere as the environment for earth-orbiting satellites and, in the military"}, {"title": "", "text": "there is strong absorption of electromagnetic waves caused by \u2018electron friction\u2019. Thus in transmissions over any distance, there will be no reflections as any waves apart from the one at ground level will be absorbed rather than reflected. However, when the sun sets, the molecules slowly start to recombine with their electrons and the free electron density levels drop. This means absorption rates diminish and waves can be reflected with sufficient strengths to be noticed, leading to the interference phenomena we have mentioned. For these interference patterns to occur though, there must not simply be the presence of a reflected wave but a change in the reflected wave. Otherwise the interference is constant and fadings would not be heard. The received signal would simply be louder or softer than during the day. This suggests the height at which reflection happens must slowly change as the sun sets. Appleton found in fact that it increased as the sun set and then decreased as the sun rose until the reflected wave was too weak to record. This variation is compatible with the theory that ionisation is due to the sun\u2019s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun\u2019s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets. 2019 The basic idea behind Appleton\u2019s work is so simple that it is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Tag Archives: propagation Ionospheric Science and Amateur Radio from Heard Island February 24, 2016 inquisitiverockhopper Aurora Australis seen from the International Space Station as it flew over Heard Island on September 7, 2015. Image credit: NASA (public domain). High above Earth\u2019s surface, roughly 60\u20131000 km up, is an intriguing part of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. High-energy light (mostly ultraviolet and X-rays) causes electrons to be stripped away from gas molecules and neutral atoms, forming ions (and free electrons). The incoming light is most intense at the upper edge of the atmosphere (before it is absorbed), but the density of atoms and molecules is higher at lower altitudes (with atmospheric density highest at the Earth\u2019s surface), leading to a peak in ionization in an intermediate region. Much of the interesting action in the ionosphere is in the regions between 60\u2013300 km up, where the electron density is highest (though still very low compared to sea level).[1] Under many conditions, radio waves between 160 m and 10 m (with frequencies of 1.8\u201330 MHz) can be refracted by the ionosphere, enabling wireless communication around the globe. This long-distance propagation is, at least to me, a wondrous phenomenon. Effectively, there is a low-frequency limit below which the radio waves are strongly absorbed by the atmosphere. At a sufficiently high frequency, the radio waves will not refract back down to Earth, and will simply pass into space. However, in the Goldilocks zone between those two frequencies (the lowest usable frequency and maximum usable frequency), propagation can occur. Schematic cartoon"}, {"title": "", "text": "ion density that was standard for that time of day). However, the research done was inconclusive, and so other experiments, including EclipseMob, have since aimed at providing greater understanding of how the solar eclipse affects the ionosphere. Radio Communication and the Ionosphere: Radio communication utilizes two different forms of transmission based upon the distance that the wave must travel. For short distance communication, ground waves are sufficient. Ground waves are as they sound: a radio wave propagated at a near-ground level. This form of communication is highly effective as it encounters less interference than the alternative sky waves. Since ground waves cannot bend in accordance with the surface of the earth, ground wave communication is limited to certain distances. When longer distance communication is necessary, radio waves are instead propagated at a calculated angle towards the sky. These waves generally reflect off of the ionosphere to be received in another location. This method allows radio waves to travel a much farther distance, but there is a disadvantage. The ionosphere is split into D, E, F\u00b9, and F\u00b2 layers, where the D layer has the lowest altitude and therefore highest gas density, and the F\u00b2 layer has the highest altitude and therefore lowest gas density. The ionosphere, as its name suggests, is the layer of the atmosphere in which gas ionizes through ultraviolet radiation from the sun. As such, ion density is highest during the day and lowest during the night. However, each layer deionizes at a different rate, where the rate of deionization is directly proportional"}, {"title": "", "text": "the lower regions of the ionosphere where ionization density is greatest. As a radio wave passes into the ionosphere, it loses some of its energy to the free electrons and ions. If these high-energy free electrons and ions do not collide with gas molecules of low energy, most of the energy lost by the radio wave is reconverted into electromagnetic energy, and the wave continues to be propagated with little change in intensity. However, if the high-energy free electrons and ions do collide with other particles, much of this energy is lost, resulting in absorption of the energy from the wave. Since absorption of energy depends on collision of the particles, the greater the density of the ionized layer, the greater the probability of collisions; therefore, the greater the absorption. The highly dense D and E layers provide the greatest absorption of radio waves. Because the amount of absorption of the sky wave depends on the density of the ionosphere, which varies with seasonal and daily conditions, it is impossible to express a fixed relationship between distance and signal strength for ionospheric propagation. Under certain conditions, the absorption of energy is so great that communicating over any distance beyond the line of sight is difficult. The most troublesome and frustrating problem in receiving radio signals is variations in signal strength, most commonly known as FADING. There are several conditions that can produce fading. When a radio wave is refracted by the ionosphere or reflected from the Earth's surface, random changes in the polarization of the wave"}, {"title": "", "text": "Effects of artificially modified ionospheres on HF propagation: Negative Ion Cation Release Experiment 2 and CRRES Coqui experiments We report the results of measurements obtained in conjunction with a series of high\u2010altitude chemical release experiments of effects of artificially modified ionospheres upon high\u2010frequency, ionospherically reflected radio paths. Computer simulations indicate that under optimum conditions, ionospheric modifications induced by chemical releases could perturb or even disrupt a communication channel; our experiments corroborate this but also indicate that it is very difficult to actualize such disruptions. Our experiments have shown that an ionospheric depletion, in which the electron density hole forms a huge radio frequency lens, generates new modes which, however, do not significantly affect a communications system. Under optimum path geometry a signal strength decrease of 10 dB or more is possible for several tens of minutes. Enhancements, such as those produced by barium releases, act as reflecting mirrors that can create a large shadow zone on the ground and block off significant amounts of energy. We measured signal strength decreases of up to 20 dB."}, {"title": "", "text": "region (with an ion density that was standard for that time of day). However, the research done was inconclusive, and so other experiments, including EclipseMob, have since aimed at providing greater understanding of how the solar eclipse affects the ionosphere. Radio Communication and the Ionosphere: Radio communication utilizes two different forms of transmission based upon the distance that the wave must travel. For short distance communication, ground waves are sufficient. Ground waves are as they sound: a radio wave propagated at a near-ground level. This form of communication is highly effective as it encounters less interference than the alternative sky waves. Since ground waves cannot bend in accordance with the surface of the earth, ground wave communication is limited to certain distances. When longer distance communication is necessary, radio waves are instead propagated at a calculated angle towards the sky. These waves generally reflect off of the ionosphere to be received in another location. This method allows radio waves to travel a much farther distance, but there is a disadvantage. The ionosphere is split into D, E, F\u00b9, and F\u00b2 layers, where the D layer has the lowest altitude and therefore highest gas density, and the F\u00b2 layer has the highest altitude and therefore lowest gas density. The ionosphere, as its name suggests, is the layer of the atmosphere in which gas ionizes through ultraviolet radiation from the sun. As such, ion density is highest during the day and lowest during the night. However, each layer deionizes at a different rate, where the rate of deionization"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere called the ionosphere. High-energy light (mostly ultraviolet and X-rays) causes electrons to be stripped away from gas molecules and neutral atoms, forming ions (and free electrons). The incoming light is most intense at the upper edge of the atmosphere (before it is absorbed), but the density of atoms and molecules is higher at lower altitudes (with atmospheric density highest at the Earth\u2019s surface), leading to a peak in ionization in an intermediate region. Much of the interesting action in the ionosphere is in the regions between 60\u2013300 km up, where the electron density is highest (though still very low compared to sea level).[1] Under many conditions, radio waves between 160 m and 10 m (with frequencies of 1.8\u201330 MHz) can be refracted by the ionosphere, enabling wireless communication around the globe. This long-distance propagation is, at least to me, a wondrous phenomenon. Effectively, there is a low-frequency limit below which the radio waves are strongly absorbed by the atmosphere. At a sufficiently high frequency, the radio waves will not refract back down to Earth, and will simply pass into space. However, in the Goldilocks zone between those two frequencies (the lowest usable frequency and maximum usable frequency), propagation can occur. Schematic cartoon of ionospheric propagation. Image credit: NOAA (public domain). With the amount and intensity of sunlight reaching the ionosphere changing throughout the course of the day, year, and solar cycle, the maximum and lowest usable frequencies will change as well. Additionally, since not all of the globe is illuminated at the same time, these"}, {"title": "", "text": "A plasma is formed, which consists of negative free electrons and positive ions. The part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation is called the ionosphere . At the same time that ionisation takes place however, an opposing process called recombination also begins. Some of the free electrons are drawn to the positive ions, and combine again with them if they are in close enough contact. Since the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process occurs more often here because the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The ionisation process produces energy which means that the upper parts of the thermosphere, which are dominated by ionisation, have a higher temperature than the lower layers where recombination takes place. Overall, temperature in the thermosphere increases with an increase in altitude. ## The ionosphere and radio waves The ionosphere is of practical importance because it allows radio waves to be transmitted. A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation that humans use to transmit information without wires. When using high-frequency bands, the ionosphere is used to reflect the transmitted radio beam. When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radio wave energy is given up to this mechanical oscillation. The oscillating electron will then either recombine with a positive ion, or will re-radiate the original wave energy back downward again. The beam returns to the Earth's surface, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "", "text": "forms a thick band of ions called the ionosphere, starting at 60 km and finishing around 100km above the Earth. It is the ionosphere that reflects long wave radio waves back to earth, allowing us to broadcast over long distances. The reason distant stations fade after dark is because the ions diminish as the sunlight disappears. The Sun is constantly ejecting streams of charged particles into space. (This is known as the solar wind). As these particles approach the Earth they are caught in its magnetic field and swept round to the North and South poles. Pouring into the atmosphere, they ionize its component gases in a spectacular display of glowing colours, called the Aurora. As you can see Our atmosphere is absolutely teeming with ions. Nature was making them even before life began. Indeed scientists believe that ionization, in the form of lightning, was probably instrumental in the formation of ammino acids \u2013 the essential components for the beginnings of life!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionosphere The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.[1] Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere 1 Geophysics 2 The ionospheric layers 2.1 D layer 2.2 E layer 2.3 Es 2.4 F layer 3 Ionospheric model 4 Persistent anomalies to the idealized model 4.1 Winter anomaly 4.2 Equatorial anomaly 4.3 Equatorial electrojet 5 Ephemeral ionospheric perturbations 5.1 X-rays: sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID) 5.2 Protons: polar cap absorption (PCA) 5.3 Geomagnetic storms 5.4 Lightning 6.1 Radio communication 6.1.1 Mechanism of refraction 7.2 Ionograms 7.3 Incoherent scatter radars 7.4 Solar flux 7.5 GPS/GNSS 8 Ionospheres on other planets and Titan The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km (31 mi) to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km (6.2 mi). Above 10 km (6.2 mi) is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80"}, {"title": "", "text": "are held magnetically about 3 times as far--it also depends on direction, and on the \"solar wind\" of ions and electrons streaming from the Sun, which limits the spread of the magnetic influence of the Earth. But for practical purposes, we will take about 100 kilometers. That, by the way, was the boundary defined by the \"Ansari X-prize\" which in 2004 awarded $10,000,000 to the first privately built manned spacecraft, able to carry 3 humans to 100 kilometers, land safely and repeat the feat within 2 weeks. The prize was won in October 2004 by \"SpaceShipOne\" designed by Burt Rutan (you can find more about it on the web). But there exists a physical reason, too. Above that altitude, air is so rarefied, that many molecules reaching that altitude while moving upwards continue moving with no more collisions, until gravity pulls them down again, like tossed stones. Up to this level, collisions are frequent, so that the atmosphere remains \"well mixed\" at the familiar ratio--about 21% oxygen. All molecules share the same average kinetic energy (1/2)mv2, which depends on the local temperature. However, because they have different mass, equal energy means different velocities! Lighter molecules move faster and rise higher, so above about 100 kilometers (the \"thermopause\", if you need a word for it), the composition of the atmosphere changes. Oxygen molecules are a bit heavier, so nitrogen should rise higher. But in fact, sunlight breaks up many oxygen molecules to individual atoms, and those rise higher and dominate the composition of a good part of"}, {"title": "", "text": "for short periods of time before being captured by positive ions. The negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic energy from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation, but are too energetic to remain in an electrically neutral molecule, creating a plasma. The plasma in these ionized portions of the atmosphere is the ionosphere, which extends from a height of about 30 miles above the earth\u2019s surface to more than 360 miles. This is where auroras are made. Northern Lights over Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (source) The ionosphere has mirror-like effects, making it an excellent reflector of radio waves. Countless military and civilian operations rely on it for their communications systems, groups as diverse as the U.S. Navy and the BBC. Much of the ionospheric research mentioned here is done, in large part, because of concerns that such communications will be disrupted or even shut down entirely by solar activity or \u201cenemy\u201d technology, but scientists are deeply interested in the chemical composition and behaviour of the ionosphere. Studying the ionosphere is problematic. Its lower levels are below the orbital altitudes needed for satellites, yet far too high up for balloons or aircraft. Nonetheless, ground-based tests utilizing sounding equipment (ionosondes) and satellites began in the early \u201960s. Then, in the mid-\u201960s, scientists hit upon the idea of using rockets to shoot barium into the ionosphere, creating \u201cclouds\u201d of barium particles that would be ionized by the sun\u2019s ultraviolet light, then become trapped by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, making magnetic field lines briefly visible to"}, {"title": "", "text": "on scientific missions that usually last five to 20 minutes. The ionosphere is called so because it is ionised by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. Ionosphere stretches from 50 to 1,000 km and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on the Earth. It is also responsible for auroras. Month: Current Affairs \u2013 June, 2017 Categories: Science & Technology Tags: Current Affairs - 2017 \u2022 Ionosphere \u2022 NASA \u2022 Science and Technology 12345...10203040...\u00bbLast \u00bb"}, {"title": "", "text": "The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. It is located in the Thermosphere. The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere is called the troposphere and it extends from the surface up to about 10 km (6 miles). The atmosphere above 10 km is called the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. It is in the stratosphere that incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80 km (50 miles), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. Solar radiation at ultraviolet (UV) and shorter X-Ray wavelengths is considered to be ionizing since photons at these frequencies are capable of dislodging an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule during a collision. At the same time, however, an opposing process called recombination begins to take place in"}, {"title": "", "text": "of continual additions to our knowledge of the things that happen to the signals We launch so hopefully into space. It's helpful, now and then, to take stock of that knowledge. The accompanying article, extracted from the Bureau of Standards' Letter Circular LC-575, is an up-to-date summary of known ionosphere effects. \"Must\" reading for the chap who wants to keep well informed. In the high atmosphere, above about 50 kilometers (30 miles), the air particles are separated so far that collisions between them are far less frequent than in the lower atmosphere, and when an air particle is ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the sun it remains ionized for a considerable time. Therefore at any given time a large proportion of the air particles are in an ionized condition. This does not occur much below about 50 kilometers (30 miles), because the ionizing radiations from the sun are largely absorbed in the higher regions of the atmosphere. Likewise there is not very great ionization density above about 400 kilometers (250 miles), because the air is so rare at such heights that there are not enough atoms to provide for great ionization density. The region in which the ionization is great, great enough in fact to affect radio wave transmission, is thus between 50 and 400 kilometers (30 and 250 miles) above the earth's surface, and this region is called the \"ionosphere\". The ionization in the ionosphere is not uniformly distributed with altitude but is stratified, and there are certain definite layers in which the ionization density"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere and head back towards the earth as if they were reflected by a mirror. These 'hops' are quite large. The surface of the earth and the ionosphere form a kind of waveguide in which the AM radio signals can travel. The range using skywave is often much larger than it is using groundwave, which is why AM radio stations can be heard much farther from their point of origin during the night than during the day. Since skywave propagation depends on the state of the ionosphere, it should be sensitive to ionospheric disturbances caused by solar flares or geomagnetic storms."}, {"title": "", "text": "affected due to radiation, or when the HF communication or satellite navigation is impacted, an advisory message is sent out through the standard communication networks defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The advisories have a standard format. Radiation at flight level During solar storms, solar particles like protons can suddenly be accelerated, heading into space at great speed. When they arrive at Earth, these energetic particles can penetrate the atmosphere at the magnetic poles. They bombard atmospheric particles and create a shower of particles possibly reaching the Earth\u2019s surface. When this happens, crew and passengers onboard airplanes are more vulnerable to this harmful radiation. The effect is stronger at high altitudes and latitudes. The ionosphere plays also a crucial role in satellite navigation. The signal sent by the satellite has to pass through the ionosphere to reach the receiver. Solar storms can introduce small scale structures in the ionosphere. When the signal encounters these obstacles, its amplitude and phase can alter very rapidly. Similarly, when the number of electrons in the ionosphere increases dramatically due to a solar storm, positioning errors are introduced in satellite navigation. HF communication The ionosphere is a layer at the top of our atmosphere which is ionised due to sunlight (at ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths). Because the layer is ionised, it has the ability to reflect HF radio waves allowing long distance radio communication, which is crucial for aviation. HF radio waves have frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.However, during solar storms, extra energy is deposited into the ionosphere,"}, {"title": "", "text": "affected due to radiation, or when the HF communication or satellite navigation is impacted, an advisory message is sent out through the standard communication networks defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The advisories have a standard format. Radiation at flight level During solar storms, solar particles like protons can suddenly be accelerated, heading into space at great speed. When they arrive at Earth, these energetic particles can penetrate the atmosphere at the magnetic poles. They bombard atmospheric particles and create a shower of particles possibly reaching the Earth\u2019s surface. When this happens, crew and passengers onboard airplanes are more vulnerable to this harmful radiation. The effect is stronger at high altitudes and latitudes. The ionosphere plays also a crucial role in satellite navigation. The signal sent by the satellite has to pass through the ionosphere to reach the receiver. Solar storms can introduce small scale structures in the ionosphere. When the signal encounters these obstacles, its amplitude and phase can alter very rapidly. Similarly, when the number of electrons in the ionosphere increases dramatically due to a solar storm, positioning errors are introduced in satellite navigation. HF communication The ionosphere is a layer at the top of our atmosphere which is ionised due to sunlight (at ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths). Because the layer is ionised, it has the ability to reflect HF radio waves allowing long distance radio communication, which is crucial for aviation. HF radio waves have frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.However, during solar storms, extra energy is deposited into the ionosphere,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the ionosphere varies according to the amount of solar radiation. Solar flares, solar wind variability and geomagnetic storms affect the density of the ionosphere. Since the sun is the main cause of ionization, the night side of the earth and the poles are less ionized than those parts of the planet that point more directly to the sun. Sunspots-dark areas on the surface of the sun, affect the ionosphere due that the areas that surround the spots emit larger amounts of ultraviolet radiation, which is the main cause of ionization. The quantity of spots on the sun vary according to an 11 year cycle. radio communications may be less during a solar minimum than during a solar maximum. Check your Knowledge of the Ionosphere! The F2 region is the most used for radio communication due that it\u00b4s permanent day and night. The altitude at which it\u00b4s located allows for more ample communication and it reflects the higher frequencies. During the day, signals of medium wave frequency travel only as ground waves. As frequency increases, ionospheric attenuation decreases allowing signals to pass through the D region and on to the E region, where signals are reflected back to earth passing through the D region and landing at a great distance from the transmitter. As signal frequency increases further, The E region electron density is not sufficient to refract signals and signals reach the F1 region where they are reflected back through the E and D region, eventually landing at an even greater distance fom the transmitter."}, {"title": "", "text": "a layer of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules in the upper Earths atmosphere, ranging from a height of about 50 km (31 mi) to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). It exists because of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation which causes these gases to ionise and develop a charge. Because of the boundary between this layer and the relatively uncharged layer below, wave diffraction occurs. This phenomenon takes place at different incidences with different frequencies and, with clever utilisation of this property, the ionosphere can be utilized to \"bounce\" a transmitted signal down to the ground. Transcontinental HF-connections can rely on up to 5 of these bounces, or hops. It is the process of determining the appropriate frequencies and their respective bounce points around the planet that is the focus of this post. The applied physics involved in this refraction are beyond the scope of this post but, in a nutshell, what they do produce is a spread of frequencies which bounce at different incident angles to the boundary layer such that different distant points on the surface of the planet can be reached when the bounced radio wave returns to the ground. This is shown more clearly in the diagram on the left. Unfortunately, it is not quite as straightforward as the diagram above suggests as the strength and location of the ionosphere is always changing as day becomes night and also as cosmic radiation from the Sun changes over time. This presents those wishing to use this phenomenon with the constant problem of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the ionosphere, and therefore the most important for long-haul communications, is the F layer. At this altitude, the air is thin enough that the ions and electrons recombine very slowly, so the layer retains its ionized properties even after sunset. \u2022 In the daytime, the F layer consists of two distinct layers, F1 and F2. The F1 layer, which exists only in the daytime and is negligible in winter, is not important to HF communications. The F2 layer reaches maximum ionization at noon and remains charged at night, gradually decreasing to a minimum just before sunrise. \u2022 During the day, sky wave reflection from the F2 layer requires wavelengths short enough to penetrate the ionized D and E layers, but not so short as to pass through the F layer. Generally, frequencies from 10 to 20 MHz will accomplish this, but the same frequencies used at night would penetrate the F layer and pass into outer space. The most effective frequencies for long-haul nighttime communications are normally between 3 and 8 MHz. There are free electrons everywhere and when these electrons attach themselves to molecules in the atmosphere these molecules are said to be ionized. An ionized molecule is good for bouncing radio waves so an ionized layer of atmosphere is good for long distance communications. Where the knowledge shown here comes in handy is when selecting a frequency. During the day the lowest ionosphere is as ionized as it gets and a higher frequency (with the shortest wavelength) bounces best. During the night this layer"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Chirpsounder / Ionosonde Nov 21 Posted by Paula Livingstone in Radio Anybody who has ever set up a working international HF link will know it can be a tricky business. You see there's a pesky movable thing called the ionosphere which is pretty fundamental to the whole business. Communicating with a point halfway round the planet using HF is like trying to play that old 70's children's game called Rebound. Since radio links are usually close to or distinctly line of sight links, communicating with a point on the other side of a sphere would seem like a fairly insurmountable problem. I'd think the first time this problem was solved using the ionosphere it was probably an accident caused by some early radio pioneers receiving signals for their fellow pioneers some way round the planet and beginning to wonder why and how it was happening. The reason it was and does happen is because of a thin layer of the Earths atmosphere called the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. This is the reason we as Telecommunications Engineers are interested in it. The ionosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. This entry was posted in earth, Environment. Bookmark the permalink."}, {"title": "", "text": "\\section{Introduction} \\label{sec:introduction} The impact of the Earth's ionosphere is one of the major challenges in low-frequency ($\\lesssim$\\,1.0\\,GHz) radio observations. It is a perturbing medium for transionospheric radio signals measured by Earth-based radio telescopes, which suffer from phase corruption. To perform sensitive measurements at low radio frequencies, it is necessary to accurately calibrate the ionosphere-induced path length differences from the measured signal. \\par The ionosphere consists of partially ionized plasma, which extends from about 60\\,km to beyond 1000\\,km altitude, transitioning smoothly into the plasmasphere. The ionosphere is formed as X-ray, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light from the Sun provides the energy that ionizes the atoms and molecules present in the upper atmosphere. At nighttime, the recombination process occurs, and the number of electron-ion pairs decrease. Other sources such as cosmic rays, can ionize the atmosphere, though not nearly as strong as the Sun. At night, the electron density peak lies at an altitude of about 250-500\\,km \\citep[see][]{Mannucci1998RaSc...33..565M}. The ionosphere is a highly dynamic region that varies with latitude and time. The electron density changes dramatically from local daytime to nighttime, peaking in the early afternoon and progressively declining after midnight. The electron density increases as one descends in the latitude of both hemispheres, reaching a maximum around the geomagnetic equator with a trough somewhere between the geographic and geomagnetic equators. As a result, the ionospheric activity is continuously varied during the daytime and has unanticipated changes during the nighttime, especially at low-latitude regions ($\\pm$20\\,degree magnetic latitudes). \\par The ionosphere has been investigated for decades with ionosondes and"}, {"title": "", "text": "which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion if it moves close enough to it. As the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The point of balance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time. The ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field. The D layer is the innermost layer, 50 km to 90 km above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.5 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, when the sun is active with 50 or more sunspots, hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm) ionize the air (N2, O2). During the night cosmic rays produce a residual amount"}, {"title": "", "text": "geometry and image data from two low-light imaging systems capturing 557.7-nm emissions from a bull\u2019s-eye-shaped arti\ufb01cial ionospheric plasma over the HAARP facility. A reconstruction based on the image data shows the central spot and the ring to form two distinct arti\ufb01cial layers separated in altitude by \u223c15 km, which matches closely the multiple layers seen in ionosonde echoes (lower right). The problem with that approach is getting VLF waves through the ionosphere, the layer of the atmosphere that sits about 80 to 640 km above Earth. \u201cThat layer is very conductive, so it\u2019s hard to get signals through it efficiently,\u201d Bortnik says. Another strategy would station satellites that emit VLF waves in the radiation belts. \u201cThe problem is that you\u2019d need quite a lot of energy,\u201d Bortnik says, and large antennas that would be challenging to fit onto spacecraft. Still, Bortnik points out, the U.S. Air Force\u2019s Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) satellite, set for launch in 2016, will carry an instrument to monitor the effects that VLF waves broadcast in space might have on these dangerous electrons. \u201cThose experiments can show how well VLF waves actually do, and maybe change what we think we know about what is needed to clear away electrons,\u201d Bortnik says. Satellite Threat Due to High Altitude Nuclear Detonation \u2013 Eisenhower Institute \u2013 Papadopoulos-Presentation 280369 Initial efforts to clear the Van Allen belts targeted electrons because they tend to get trapped there as the result of high-altitude nuclear explosions. In 1962, a U.S. high-altitude nuclear weapons test named Starfish Prime generated"}, {"title": "", "text": "conditions in the ionosphere. Note that some absorption of sky waves may also occur at lower atmospheric levels because of the presence of water and water vapor. However, this becomes important only at frequencies above 10,000 megahertz. They bounce the signal off the ionosphere! Also known as the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line. There's more in my next post. So much for satellites. All these three technologies use the cellphone tower network for their operation and bounce the signal near the speed of light off the ionosphere. Case closed. Now we know why they have chosen those low microwave frequencies that fry our brain. They are the only ones which bounce off the ionosphere without delays and allow the gps devices and phones to not need antennae! We must live in an absolute sea of brain-frying low microwave radiation. Last edited by totalrecall on Wed Jan 09, 2013 12:25 am, edited 3 times in total. Amateur radio enthusiasts primarily use this quality of the ionosphere to help propagate lower frequency HF signals around the world: the waves are trapped, bouncing around in the upper layers of the ionosphere until they are refracted down at another point on the Earth. This is called skywave transmission. UHF TV signals are not carried along the ionosphere but can be reflected off of the charged particles down at another point on Earth in order to reach farther than the typical line-of-sight transmission distances; this is the skip distance. UHF transmission and reception are enhanced or degraded by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the form of heat. The F-layer, the third and most important ionized area for long-distance short-wave communications purposes, is approximately 150 to 250 miles above the earth. At this altitude, the atmosphere is so thin that electrons and ions are slow in recombining. Ionization reaches a maximum shortly after noon and decreases very slowly to a minimum shortly before dawn. At sunrise, intensity increases rapidly to a maximum within an hour or two. During daylight hours, the F-layer sometimes splits into two distinct areas, called the F1 and F2-layers. The F1-layer is of little importance to radio communications except that it acts as an absorber much like the D- and E-layers and disappears shortly after sunset. The F2 region of the ionosphere is normally the most important parameter in estimating the performance of a high-frequency transmission but, unfortunately, it is also the most unpredictable of the three ionospheric layers. The amount by which a radio wave is bent in the F2 region is dependent upon two factors: the density of the ionized layer, and the frequency of the wavelength. The greater the ionization, the more it bends at a specific frequency; or for a specific degree of ionization intensity, the refraction will be greater as the frequency is lowered. It thus becomes apparent that if the ionization is intense enough and the frequency is low enough, a radio wave entering the F2-layer at a 90-degree angle will be reflected back to earth; conversely, if the frequency is raised or the amount of ionization is decreased,"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a layer of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules in the upper Earths atmosphere, ranging from a height of about 50 km (31 mi) to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). It exists because of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation which causes these gases to ionise and develop a charge. Because of the boundary between this layer and the relatively uncharged layer below, wave diffraction occurs. This phenomenon takes place at different incidences with different frequencies and, with clever utilisation of this property, the ionosphere can be utilized to \"bounce\" a transmitted signal down to the ground. Transcontinental HF-connections can rely on up to 5 of these bounces, or hops. It is the process of determining the appropriate frequencies and their respective bounce points around the planet that is the focus of this post. The applied physics involved in this refraction are beyond the scope of this post but, in a nutshell, what they do produce is a spread of frequencies which bounce at different incident angles to the boundary layer such that different distant points on the surface of the planet can be reached when the bounced radio wave returns to the ground. This is shown more clearly in the diagram on the left. Unfortunately, it is not quite as straightforward as the diagram above suggests as the strength and location of the ionosphere is always changing as day becomes night and also as cosmic radiation from the Sun changes over time. This presents those wishing to use this phenomenon with the constant problem"}, {"title": "", "text": "km (50 mi), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere. Reaching from altitudes of 50\u20131000 km above sea level, this region is so named because solar radiation interacts with air molecules, exciting them and causing them to become ionized (electrically charged). These charged layers of air molecules interact with electromagnetic phenomenon, such as radio waves and Earth's magnetic field. The ionosphere consists of four layers (Figure 2.5): F\u2014F1 and F2 merge together at night. E\u2014Weakens at night. D\u2014Closest to the Earth. Disappears at night. The amount of ionization and number of layers varies greatly depending on the radiation received from the sun. At night, when the Earth blocks the sun's radiation from reaching the dark side of the planet, the F1 and F2 regions merge together. The E and D regions also become weaker at night as the level of ionization decreases, and the D-layer disappears. This allows HF (below 30 MHz) waves to reach the F-layer, where it reflects due to the wavelengths of RF emissions at these frequencies. This is why shortwave radio can be heard from such distances.Another atmospheric phenomenon that results in altered behavior of radio transmissions is tropospheric ducting. This occurs when cold and warm air streams meet about 2 km, or approximately 1.25 miles above the Earth. This phenomenon, which is often seen during the summer and usually lasts about an hour at a time, creates a \"pipe\" of warm and cold air that reflects the signal repeatedly, in a zig-zag fashion, allowing the VHF and UHF RF signals to travel great distances. Tropospheric ducting of VHF frequencies start"}, {"title": "", "text": "into one layer somewhat closer to the earth than during the day. Peculiarly, although the D and E layers are less ionized in winter, the F2 layer is ionized more so and this effect is thought to be due to the magnetic field of the earth which seems to have a greater effect upon the F2 layer than the mere ionization of gas molecules by the ultraviolet rays of the sun. It is for this reason that we notice skip signals on 27 megacycles during the winter months and also because there is less attenuation of the signals in the lower regions of the atmosphere due to their reduced ionization during winter months. Since sunspot activities increase the ionization of the ionosphere, skip is more prevalent during the more intense period of the 11-year sunspot cycle. Now, let us see what happens when some winter month you are communicating with your mobile and your signals are heard 2000 miles away. As you transmit, part of your signal is radiated at a relatively low angle toward the ionosphere. When the signal enters the ionosphere it is entering an area of different density. At this point the wave is slowed down and starts to be refracted or bent by the difference in densities. The same effect can be noted optically when you thrust your arm into the waters of a lake. To your eye, it appears that your arm is bent where it enters the water. This is due to the different densities or different refractive indexes of"}, {"title": "", "text": "passage generated clear ionospheric bow waves in electron content disturbances emanating from totality primarily over central/eastern United States. Study of wave characteristics reveals complex interconnections between the sun, moon, and Earth\u2019s neutral atmosphere and ionosphere.\u201d The ionosphere stretches from about 50 km to 1000 km in altitude during the day. It swells as radiation from the Sun reaches Earth, and subsides at night. Its size is always fluctuating during the day. It\u2019s called the ionosphere because it\u2019s the region where charged particles created by solar radiation reside. The ionosphere is also where auroras occur. But more importantly, it\u2019s where radio waves propagate. The ionosphere surrounds the Earth, extending from about 80 km to 650 km. Image Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The ionosphere plays an important role in the modern world. It allows radio waves to travel over the horizon, and also affects satellite communications. This image shows some of the complex ways our communications systems interact with the ionosphere. This graphic shows some of the effects that the ionosphere has on communications. Image: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology There\u2019s a lot going on in the ionosphere. There are different types of waves and disturbances besides the bow wave. A better understanding of the ionosphere is important in our modern world, and the August eclipse gave scientists a chance not only to observe the bow wave, but also to study the ionosphere in greater detail. The GNSS data used to observe the bow wave was key in another study as well. This one"}, {"title": "", "text": "surface, roughly 60\u20131000 km up, is an intriguing part of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. High-energy light (mostly ultraviolet and X-rays) causes electrons to be stripped away from gas molecules and neutral atoms, forming ions (and free electrons). The incoming light is most intense at the upper edge of the atmosphere (before it is absorbed), but the density of atoms and molecules is higher at lower altitudes (with atmospheric density highest at the Earth\u2019s surface), leading to a peak in ionization in an intermediate region. Much of the interesting action in the ionosphere is in the regions between 60\u2013300 km up, where the electron density is highest (though still very low compared to sea level).[1] Under many conditions, radio waves between 160 m and 10 m (with frequencies of 1.8\u201330 MHz) can be refracted by the ionosphere, enabling wireless communication around the globe. This long-distance propagation is, at least to me, a wondrous phenomenon. Effectively, there is a low-frequency limit below which the radio waves are strongly absorbed by the atmosphere. At a sufficiently high frequency, the radio waves will not refract back down to Earth, and will simply pass into space. However, in the Goldilocks zone between those two frequencies (the lowest usable frequency and maximum usable frequency), propagation can occur. Schematic cartoon of ionospheric propagation. Image credit: NOAA (public domain). With the amount and intensity of sunlight reaching the ionosphere changing throughout the course of the day, year, and solar cycle, the maximum and lowest usable frequencies will change as well. Additionally, since"}, {"title": "", "text": "known as the plasma frequency. Let\u2019s say you have a blob of plasma and you disturb it in some way. Maybe you push some electrons together so that one area has more negative charge than the rest. Because the like charges repel each other, the electrons spring apart and inevitably overshoot their original positions and end up sloshing back and forth, forming plasma waves. The frequency of these waves depends on how dense the plasma is; denser plasma has a higher intrinsic plasma frequency. For a density of one million electrons per cubic centimeter (typical of Earth\u2019s ionosphere), the plasma frequency comes out to about 9 MHz. This is glossing over a lot of the details of how radio waves interact with a plasma, but the bottom line is that high-frequency radio waves will be reflected at higher altitudes (where the plasma density is greater) than low-frequency radio waves, if they are reflected at all. This is true for radio waves that originate outside Earth\u2019s atmosphere as well, so while the ionosphere enables radio communication, it also prevents us from observing the universe or receiving any potential SETI signals at any frequency below the plasma frequency. This cartoon shows the wavelengths that are blocked by Earth\u2019s atmosphere. For any opaque wavelengths shorter than ~5 centimeters, absorption by atoms and molecules in Earth\u2019s atmosphere is responsible for the opacity. Above ~20 meters, Earth\u2019s ionosphere reflects the waves back to space. Credit: NASA What We Might Be Missing So we\u2019re unable to observe a huge chunk of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). It exists because of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation which causes these gases to ionise and develop a charge. Because of the boundary between this layer and the relatively uncharged layer below, wave diffraction occurs. This phenomenon takes place at different incidences with different frequencies and, with clever utilisation of this property, the ionosphere can be utilized to \"bounce\" a transmitted signal down to the ground. Transcontinental HF-connections can rely on up to 5 of these bounces, or hops. It is the process of determining the appropriate frequencies and their respective bounce points around the planet that is the focus of this post. The applied physics involved in this refraction are beyond the scope of this post but, in a nutshell, what they do produce is a spread of frequencies which bounce at different incident angles to the boundary layer such that different distant points on the surface of the planet can be reached when the bounced radio wave returns to the ground. This is shown more clearly in the diagram on the left. Unfortunately, it is not quite as straightforward as the diagram above suggests as the strength and location of the ionosphere is always changing as day becomes night and also as cosmic radiation from the Sun changes over time. This presents those wishing to use this phenomenon with the constant problem of determining which frequencies are workable and usable between any two given points on the Earth. The problem of determining these usable frequencies was the driving"}, {"title": "", "text": "the rest of the ionspheric heaters. Did you miss the bit where it said it heats up a larger area than where it was aimed. They say it is to communicate with submarines, but there is evidence they are trying to own the weather. All that power being absorbed by the Ionosphere, heating the particles up there, it is very irresponsible, when they don\u2019t even know what it could be doing to our planet. Darcy Cowan says: Derek, no, not really. Have a look at the make-up of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the ionosphere is above the point where the temperature could reasonably be expected to be transmitted back down to Earth. Good thing \u2018cos up there it\u2019s routinely hundreds of degrees, sometime breaching thousands on degrees. The \u201cheating\u201d achieved by HAARP does not make much difference. Note, from a different portion of the web page you quote (and don\u2019t reference by the way, that\u2019s getting very old.): \u201cThis power is partially absorbed by the ionosphere, and though only a tiny fraction of the power it naturally receives from the sun, can still produce subtle changes that can be detected with sensitive instruments.\u201d http://vlf.stanford.edu/research/experiments-haarp-ionospheric-heater I put heating in quotes as while it is real, it\u2019s not quite the same as putting something under a heat lamp. The atmosphere up there is extremely attenuated, consisting of gas and free ions (hence ionosphere), the temperature reflects the energy these particles have but you would still freeze to death if you were up there. \u201cWithin the thermosphere temperatures rise continually"}, {"title": "", "text": "ions, which have an electrical charge. Does the ionosphere affect radio? The ionosphere is a particularly important region with regards to radio signal propagation and radio communications in general. While the ions give the ionosphere its name, but it is the free electrons that affect the radio waves and radio communications. Why do planes fly at 38000 feet? Due to lower resistance at higher altitudes, commercial airplanes can keep moving forward with minimal fuel expenditure. Commercial airplanes typically fly between 32,000 feet and 38,000 feet, with the sweet spot being approximately 35,000 feet, which is popularly referred to as cruising altitude. Can you breathe in the stratosphere? The stratosphere is not a good place to be. First, the ozone in the stratosphere, which protects us from biologically destructive solar ultraviolet light, exists at such high levels that the air itself is toxic. Second, even this toxic air is much too thin for normal breathing. What happens if a window breaks on an airplane? Basically, the air pressure inside the cabin is higher than it is outside of the plane to enable the people onboard to breathe normally. That's why, if a window happens to break, the air inside would escape at high speeds, taking small objects like phones or magazines (or sometimes larger things, like people) with it. Why do planes not get struck by lightning? The fuel tanks in the wings are not exposed to any lightning sparks because the surrounding metal, structural joints, access doors, vents, and fuel filler caps can withstand any burning"}, {"title": "", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "", "text": "electron density pro\ufb01le D region absorption irregularities particle precipitation 100s km range errors 100 deg bearing errors intersymbol interference changes in E and F region electron density pro\ufb01le D region absorption irregularities multipath >20 dB fades at HF even no signal total electron content variations single frequency position errors up to 35 metres loss of position update Ionospheric propagation 315 pulses which may be distinct or which may overlap. This situation is further complicated because the signals can also bounce o\ufb00 the ionosphere more than once, having been re\ufb02ected from the ground in between. The earth\u2019s magnetic \ufb01eld also splits an arbitrary signal into two orthogonal polarisations which travel at a di\ufb00erent speed and follow a slightly di\ufb00erent path. There sometimes exist the so-called high and low-angle paths. At VHF and above the multipath manifests itself as rapid phase and amplitude scintillation of the signal [3, 4]. The ionosphere is in constant turmoil; more so at some latitudes than at others. This introduces Doppler shifts and spreads to the signals. 16.2 Ionospheric morphology The ionosphere is a lightly ionised region of the atmosphere lying mainly in the altitude range 60 km to 1000 km, Figure 16.1. This ionisation is caused by several mechanisms. The most important of these, at nonauroral latitudes, are the sun\u2019s extreme ultra violet (EUV), X-ray and Lyman \u03b1 radiation together with solar cosmic rays. At high latitudes, particularly during magnetically active periods, the e\ufb00ects of energetic particles and electric \ufb01elds are also important. The rates of ionisation at any altitude depend on"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic energy from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation, but are too energetic to remain in an electrically neutral molecule, creating a plasma. The plasma in these ionized portions of the atmosphere is the ionosphere, which extends from a height of about 30 miles above the earth\u2019s surface to more than 360 miles. This is where auroras are made. Northern Lights over Yellowknife, Northwest Territories The ionosphere has mirror-like effects, making it an excellent reflector of radio waves. Countless military and civilian operations rely on it for their communications systems, groups as diverse as the U.S. Navy and the BBC. Much of the ionospheric research mentioned here is done, in large part, because of concerns that such communications will be disrupted or even shut down entirely by solar activity or \u201cenemy\u201d technology, but scientists are deeply interested in the chemical composition and behaviour of the ionosphere. Studying the ionosphere is problematic. Its lower levels are below the orbital altitudes needed for satellites, yet far too high up for balloons or aircraft. Nonetheless, ground-based tests utilizing sounding equipment (ionosondes) and satellites began in the early \u201960s. Then, in the mid-\u201960s, scientists hit upon the idea of using rockets to shoot barium into the ionosphere, creating \u201cclouds\u201d of barium particles that would be ionized by the sun\u2019s ultraviolet light, then become trapped by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, making magnetic field lines briefly visible to ground- or air-based observers. These \u201cclouds\u201d are essentially artificial auroras. In later experiments, barium clouds were"}, {"title": "", "text": "waves in electron content disturbances emanating from totality primarily over central/eastern United States. Study of wave characteristics reveals complex interconnections between the sun, moon, and Earth\u2019s neutral atmosphere and ionosphere.\u201d The ionosphere stretches from about 50 km to 1000 km in altitude during the day. It swells as radiation from the Sun reaches Earth, and subsides at night. Its size is always fluctuating during the day. It\u2019s called the ionosphere because it\u2019s the region where charged particles created by solar radiation reside. The ionosphere is also where auroras occur. But more importantly, it\u2019s where radio waves propagate. The ionosphere surrounds the Earth, extending from about 80 km to 650 km. Image Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The ionosphere plays an important role in the modern world. It allows radio waves to travel over the horizon, and also affects satellite communications. This image shows some of the complex ways our communications systems interact with the ionosphere. This graphic shows some of the effects that the ionosphere has on communications. Image: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology There\u2019s a lot going on in the ionosphere. There are different types of waves and disturbances besides the bow wave. A better understanding of the ionosphere is important in our modern world, and the August eclipse gave scientists a chance not only to observe the bow wave, but also to study the ionosphere in greater detail. The GNSS data used to observe the bow wave was key in another study as well. This one was also published in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "on Aug. 21, scientists will know exactly how much solar radiation is blocked, the area of land it's blocked over and for how long. Combined with measurements of the ionosphere during the eclipse, they'll have information on both the solar input and corresponding ionosphere response, enabling them to study the mechanisms underlying ionospheric changes better than ever before. Tying the three studies together is the use of automated communication or navigation signals to probe the ionosphere's behavior during the eclipse. During typical day-night cycles, the concentration of charged atmospheric particles, or plasma, waxes and wanes with the Sun. \"In the daytime, ionospheric plasma is dense,\" Earle said. \"When the Sun sets, production goes away, charged particles recombine gradually through the night and density drops. During the eclipse, we're expecting that process in a much shorter interval.\" The denser the plasma, the more likely these signals are to bump into charged particles along their way from the signal transmitter to receiver. These interactions refract, or bend, the path taken by the signals. In the eclipse-induced artificial night the scientists expect stronger signals, since the atmosphere and ionosphere will absorb less of the transmitted energy. \"If we set up a receiver somewhere, measurements at that location provide information on the part of the ionosphere between the transmitter and receiver,\" Marshall said. \"We use the receivers to monitor the phase and amplitude of the signal. When the signal wiggles up and down, that's entirely produced by changes in the ionosphere.\" A layer of charged particles, called the ionosphere, surrounds"}, {"title": "", "text": "on Aug. 21, scientists will know exactly how much solar radiation is blocked, the area of land it's blocked over and for how long. Combined with measurements of the ionosphere during the eclipse, they'll have information on both the solar input and corresponding ionosphere response, enabling them to study the mechanisms underlying ionospheric changes better than ever before. Tying the three studies together is the use of automated communication or navigation signals to probe the ionosphere's behavior during the eclipse. During typical day-night cycles, the concentration of charged atmospheric particles, or plasma, waxes and wanes with the Sun. \"In the daytime, ionospheric plasma is dense,\" Earle said. \"When the Sun sets, production goes away, charged particles recombine gradually through the night and density drops. During the eclipse, we're expecting that process in a much shorter interval.\" The denser the plasma, the more likely these signals are to bump into charged particles along their way from the signal transmitter to receiver. These interactions refract, or bend, the path taken by the signals. In the eclipse-induced artificial night the scientists expect stronger signals, since the atmosphere and ionosphere will absorb less of the transmitted energy. \"If we set up a receiver somewhere, measurements at that location provide information on the part of the ionosphere between the transmitter and receiver,\" Marshall said. \"We use the receivers to monitor the phase and amplitude of the signal. When the signal wiggles up and down, that's entirely produced by changes in the ionosphere.\" A layer of charged particles, called the ionosphere, surrounds"}, {"title": "", "text": "for HF radio waves, it is in a constant state of flux, and thus, its \u201cmirror property\u201d can be limited at times. Like terrestrial weather, ionospheric properties change from year to year, from day to day, and even from hour to hour. This ionospheric variability, called space weather, can cause unreliability in ground- and space-based communications that depend on ionospheric reflection or transmission. Space weather variability affects how the ionosphere attenuates, absorbs, reflects, refracts, and changes the propagation, phase, and amplitude characteristics of radio waves. These weather dependent changes may arise from certain space weather conditions such as: (1) variability of solar radiation entering the upper atmosphere; (2) the solar plasma entering the earth\u2019s magnetic field; (3) the gravitational atmospheric tides produced by the sun and moon; and (4) the vertical swelling of the atmosphere due to daytime heating of the sun. Space weather is also significantly affected by solar flare activity, the tilt of the earth\u2019s geomagnetic field, and abrupt ionospheric changes resulting from events such as geomagnetic storms the earth.\u201d Given that the military manipulators are now able to modify the amount of solar radiation that gets to a determined area on Earth through chemtrails, how the atmosphere behaves and molding the ionosphere to make it useful for their purposes of weather and communication modification, the theory of owning the weather by 2025 has now become practice, while removing the \u201cconspiracy theory\u201d aspect from itself. In fact, upper atmospheric and ionospheric modification success has been demonstrated through ground based modification techniques that utilize high"}, {"title": "", "text": "completely undetected? Just how is this achieved? If it can interact with real world materials (atmosphere, tectonic plates, etc.) then it will interact with technical equipment and techniques you perhaps haven't heard of - or maybe you have, in which case it will be enlightening to know how it evades detection. Holly Lindin (27th August 2020), janette (29th August 2020), Kryztian (25th August 2020), palehorse (28th August 2020), The Moss Trooper (25th August 2020) Posted by The Moss Trooper (here) I think rain making has had some success using cloud-seeding chemicals. But electromagnetic radiation does not interact with the troposphere - we've had about 100 years of experimental evidence. It does however heat up the ionosphere as the multi-megawatt HF transmissions from the West and the East (and the accompanying Eastern jammers) revealed. This went on 24/7 from the 1970s to early 1990s. Nothing happened - did anyone notice anything at the time? (There were subtle effects like ionospheric cross-modulation and a small increase in the maximum useable frequency, but these are only of minor academic interest and disappear as soon as the signals are turned off or changed frequency.) Then there was the massively powerful Soviet over the horizon radar facility (the Woodpecker) that makes HAARP look like a local radio station! Source: https://youtube.com/watch?v=aOMVdOc9UbE https://youtu.be/aOMVdOc9UbE The American woman's voice is from time station WWV and used to show how much interference the Soviet facility caused in the West. That didn't do any atmospheric 'damage' either. A well-placed nuclear bomb might set off an earthquake, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "showed that on some nights the path opened when the sunset shadow reached mid Atlantic at 100 km altitude which suggest that there was a weak single hop signal. The three hop path to the East coast US sometimes shows a similar effect with an opening starting when the shadow reached 2/3rds of the way across the Atlantic. These observations suggest that there can be a number of multi-hop paths viable at the same time. The phase differences due to the different distances travelled by the different modes leads again to fading effects, but the is generally no ground-wave signal of any significant strength reaching the receiver, at this range. The ionosphere has been considered so far as a spherical shell of electrons surrounding the Earth like an onion skin. This is far from the real state of the ionosphere with is a swirling mass of ions and electrons under the influence of the Earth's magnetic field and containing \"bubbles\" of varying density, and supporting waves, usually called gravity waves (NOTE not gravitation waves which are a totally different effect) like the waves on the surface of a pond [3]. This means that even in \"Solar quiet\" conditions there are many factors affecting the strength of a signal at a distant receiver. Solar Effects The sun has the most effect on the ionosphere and radio wave propagation. We have described how the D-Region is formed by the daytime radiation of hard UV and soft X-rays. This happens on a normal quite day and there is a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionosphere The Earths ionosphere expands and shrinks based on solar conditions and basically acts like a big mirror for electromagnetic waves. If below the ionosphere lightning storms or other occurrences result in big electromagnetic discharges, the electromagnetic waves travel up to the ionosphere, get reflected and dispersed and travel back down to earth again. Due to the sheer volume of the ionosphere and the dispersal of these waves, they end up coming down all over the earth. If you think of the fact that lightning strikes occur on average 100 times a second and around 20 million bolts of lightning are generated in the atmosphere every year; at any given moment the electromagnetic waves from lightning are raining down on the surface of earth as they are continually deflected off the ionosphere. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere which is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Lying 75\u20131 000 km above the Earth. The Earth\u2019s radius is 6 370 km, the thickness of the ionosphere is quite tiny compared with the size of Earth. The ionosphere is composed of three main parts, named for historical reasons as: D, E, and F regions. The electron density is highest in the upper, or F region. The F region exists during both daytime and nighttime. During the day it is ionised by solar radiation, during the night by cosmic rays. The D region disappears during the night compared to the daytime, and the E region becomes weakened Earth\u2019s atmosphere and ionosphere. Because of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and disappear into space. The large number of free electrons in the ionosphere allows the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Radio signals - a form of electromagnetic radiation - can \" bounce \" off the ionosphere allowing radio communication over long distances. The F layer is ionized at sunrise, peaked very quickly to gradually decrease at sunset and reach its minimum just before sunrise. During the day, the F region is divided into two : F1 Region extending from 140 to 200 km altitude is not an important means of propagation and whose training is directly dependent on the sunrise and sunset. After sunset, the F1 layer decreases sharply to leave place for the F2 layer. F2 Region extends from 200 to 250-600 km depending on solar activity. This is the first layer that supports the high-frequency communications. During the day, it is relatively thin due to the presence of F1. On the other hand, during the night, this layer doubles its dimensions, being directly under the influence of solar radiation, it is very dense and allows communications to more than 1 500 km in a single bound. Region of the superior atmosphere Simplified view of the ionosphere around the Earth Click here to enlarge the two schemas energy and dynamic of the thermosphere are strongly coupled to the ionosphere as that of the lower layers of the atmosphere. The ionosphere plays likewise, coupled with the the magnetosphere, a special role in the mechanisms of loss of atmospheric chemical species into the interplanetary environment, and as such"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere and its effect on human activities and communications. \u201cThe ionosphere is a spectacularly complicated medium,\u201d says Hysell. \u201cIt looks different from every angle. Scientifically, it is great because it is so complicated and so rewarding. I get to feed my intellectual side because I am exploring some really basic scientific questions and at the same time my work has immediate practical applications.\u201d Much of the early interest in the ionosphere was driven by NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense. They were flying their vehicles through an environment they did not know much about. And then, more and more of the systems humans use to communicate began to pass through the ionosphere, and understanding its properties and behavior became even more essential. The ionosphere has its own \u2018weather,\u2019 but it is not the same sort of weather we experience at the Earth\u2019s surface. The climate and weather in the ionosphere are fluctuations in energy and electron concentrations driven by Earth\u2019s response to emissions from the sun. The stunning increase in computing power over the past few years has enabled Hysell and other researchers to use the data collected at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in Peru to begin to model the ionosphere. \u201cThis system is so complex that today\u2019s computers are still inadequate,\u201d says Hysell, \u201cbut they do now allow us to keep track of a billion particles through code. We are starting to be able to measure state parameters and we are beginning to get a grip on how the most important variables behave normally.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cThe Universe Beyond the Plasma Frequency\u201d by Kerry Hensley After centuries of watching the night sky with increasingly sophisticated tools, there\u2019s still plenty we don\u2019t know about the universe. Part of the challenge is that we\u2019re stuck on a planet that\u2019s surrounded by an atmosphere that blocks certain types of radiation from reaching the ground. It\u2019s hard to complain too much, since if X-rays could make it to Earth\u2019s surface humans would either be dead or a very different kind of organism, but it has certainly slowed our progress. We\u2019ve managed to launch telescopes into orbit around Earth to observe most wavelengths of light, but there\u2019s a huge chunk of extraterrestrial radiation that we currently have no means to observe. The culprit? A layer of plasma in Earth\u2019s atmosphere called the ionosphere. A Brief Overview of the Ionosphere In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi made a discovery that would change the way the world communicates: he received a radio transmission from over 2,000 miles away, demolishing the idea that radio signals can travel only as far as the visible horizon. Marconi was wrong about how the radio waves made it that far (he thought they would naturally follow Earth\u2019s curvature rather than traveling in straight lines), but the discovery prompted Oliver Heaviside and Arthur Kennelly to propose that the waves had actually been reflected by plasma\u2014atoms and molecules split into electrons and positively charged ions\u2014in the atmosphere. Two decades later, scientists were able to prove that such a layer of plasma existed and dubbed it the ionosphere. (Fans"}, {"title": "", "text": "this very well.\" Conditions in the upper atmosphere, which vary based on particles and radiation coming from the sun as well as weather patterns on Earth, are poorly understood. But this information is critical to communications and navigation systems, because radio waves bounce off of the atmosphere, and satellite-Earth communications (and GPS signals) must pass through it. Communications between satellites and Earth-based antennas must pass through the ionosphere. (Image credit: NASA/GSFC/CIL/Krystofer Kim) In addition, space weather \u2014 the sun's variation, changes in Earth's magnetic field and changes in near-Earth space \u2014 can disrupt electric power systems and grids on Earth in severe cases, Talaat said. The better scientists can understand and model the region, the better they can monitor and predict the effects it will have on Earth and low Earth orbit. \"This is a really incredible region where terrestrial weather from below percolates up and mixes with solar influences like geomagnetic storms and solar extreme ultraviolet radiation from above,\" said Katelynn Greer, a research scientist at LASP. \"With GOLD, we're going to be able to get to observe this with measurements of temperature and composition on the whole disk [nearly a whole hemisphere of Earth] every half-hour. And we've never had information like this before.\" Layers of Earth's upper atmosphere \u2014 GOLD focuses on the neutral thermosphere and the charged particles, called the ionosphere, embedded within it. (Image credit: NASA Goddard/Genna Duberstein ) Coming online SES-14 and GOLD will take about 4 and a half months to maneuver to their high perch in geostationary orbit"}, {"title": "", "text": "this very well.\" Conditions in the upper atmosphere, which vary based on particles and radiation coming from the sun as well as weather patterns on Earth, are poorly understood. But this information is critical to communications and navigation systems, because radio waves bounce off of the atmosphere, and satellite-Earth communications (and GPS signals) must pass through it. Communications between satellites and Earth-based antennas must pass through the ionosphere. (Image credit: NASA/GSFC/CIL/Krystofer Kim) In addition, space weather \u2014 the sun's variation, changes in Earth's magnetic field and changes in near-Earth space \u2014 can disrupt electric power systems and grids on Earth in severe cases, Talaat said. The better scientists can understand and model the region, the better they can monitor and predict the effects it will have on Earth and low Earth orbit. \"This is a really incredible region where terrestrial weather from below percolates up and mixes with solar influences like geomagnetic storms and solar extreme ultraviolet radiation from above,\" said Katelynn Greer, a research scientist at LASP. \"With GOLD, we're going to be able to get to observe this with measurements of temperature and composition on the whole disk [nearly a whole hemisphere of Earth] every half-hour. And we've never had information like this before.\" Layers of Earth's upper atmosphere \u2014 GOLD focuses on the neutral thermosphere and the charged particles, called the ionosphere, embedded within it. (Image credit: NASA Goddard/Genna Duberstein ) Coming online SES-14 and GOLD will take about 4 and a half months to maneuver to their high perch in geostationary orbit"}, {"title": "", "text": "Why Do Radio Signals Travel Further At Night? Jason Fitzpatrick @jasonfitzpatric Geek Trivia Stations boost the power at night The ionosphere shifts FCC regulations are relaxed after 9PM The air is colder In The Mid-1960s, There Was A Brief But Intense Fashion Fad Focused On Wearing? Answer: The ionosphere shifts While the phenomenon of better night-time radio reception might be foreign to a generation brought up on podcasts and streaming media, anyone who grew up tuning into far off radio channels late at night (or continuing to do so) can attest to the startling clarity a midnight stroll around the radio dial can provide. Why exactly are distant AM and shortwave radio stations so much clearer at night? While it would be tempting to imagine it has something to do with the cool night air or the silence that typically permeates the evening, the secret lies miles and miles above the surface of the Earth in the ionosphere. During the day, the ionosphere is bombarded by sunlight which ionizes the molecules in it. At night when the sun is blocked by the Earth, the lower levels lose their ionization while the upper and less dense levels remain fairly well ionized and full of energy. During this period of time, radio waves pass into the upper reaches of the ionosphere where they collide with the highly energized electrons of the ionized molecules. When the radio wave frequency and the electrons fall into alignment, the electrons give the signal a boost and shoot it back down to Earth."}, {"title": "", "text": "about 27 to over 540 nautical miles above the Earth\u2019s surface (commercial aircraft typically fly under a fifth of the lowest limit - 5-1/2 nautical miles) and is generally divided into layers which differ in their behavior. At the altitude it exists, the density of the air has dropped so much that atmospheric molecules are far apart, and when hit by solar (mostly UV) radiation the gas molecules can lose one or more electrons, turning air into plasma. Most importantly, it refracts radio waves, affecting radio communication around the world. Ionospheric propagation varies day by day and season by season, but the High Frequency radio spectrum, from 3 to 30 MHz, is the only place in the entire electromagnetic spectrum where worldwide communication is routine without man-made infrastructure such as towers or radio relays. I subscribe to the ARRL Propagation Bulletin, which is mailed out at the end of the work week by the American Radio Relay League and available on their website for non-members. This week's bulletin had a link to a really interesting paper about a new discovery out of Sydney, Australia. The research comes from a new Australian radio telescope,the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The article, by senior research and lecturer Tara Murphy, describes how an undergraduate researcher, Cleo Loi, has confirmed the existence of something previously theorized: there are tubes of plasma drifting above the earth in the ionosphere. The story is worth reading. In these days of rampant junk science and papers that can't be independently verified, it starts with a"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Andrew Lloyd Webber musicals might remember a mention of the Heaviside Layer in Cats; the Heaviside Layer is another name for a part of the ionosphere. So while cats may or may not go to heaven, they do make it as far as the ionosphere. Now you know.) Auroral emission, seen here from the International Space Station, is generated within the ionosphere by particles funneled into Earth\u2019s atmosphere by its magnetic field. Credit: NASA Despite their importance to radio communication, ionospheres are rarely referenced directly in SF. One exception that I can think of is Kim Stanley Robinson\u2019s 1992 novel Red Mars, in which Mars\u2019s small radius and tenuous ionosphere (about ten times less dense than Earth\u2019s) are noted to make surface-to-surface radio communications more challenging. In Fritz Leiber\u2019s 1951 short story, \u201cA Pail of Air,\u201d it\u2019s the complete lack of an ionosphere that\u2019s important; after Earth is knocked out of orbit, it ends up far enough from the Sun that its whole atmosphere falls to the ground as snow. As a result, the survivors lose the ability to communicate long-distance via radio. The ionosphere is also indirectly implicated in any SF story where a solar storm impacts radio communications or GPS on Earth; other than the electronics themselves being fried by high-energy particles and radiation, what\u2019s being affected during a solar storm that causes communications to go haywire is the ionosphere. The ionosphere is formed when ultraviolet and X-ray photons from the Sun, as well as high-velocity particles from faraway sources like supernovae, collide"}, {"title": "", "text": "TechnologyBasics Ionospheric Propagation By Jairam Sankar The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km to 600 km altitude, comprising portions of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, thermosphere and exosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio wave Propagation to distant places on the earth. In a region extending from a height of about 90 km to over thousands of kms, most of the molecules of the atmosphere are ionized by radiation from the Sun. This region is called the ionosphere. At greater heights- intensity of ionizing radiation is very high, few molecules are available for ionization, ionisation density is low As height decreases- more molecules are available due to reduced atmospheric pressure, ionization density is higher (closer to the earth) But as height decreases further, ionization density decreases though more molecules are available since the energy in the ionizing radiation has been used up to create ions. Hence, ionization is different at different heights above the earth and is affected by the time of day and solar activity There are three main regions within the ionosphere: D region: The D region within the ionosphere is the first region above the Earth\u2019s surface where there is an appreciable level of ionisation that is sufficient to affect radio signals. This typically region attenuates the signals as they pass through as a result of the higher"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionization takes place at three or four distinct layers. The lowest ionized region is called the D layer. It exists at an altitude of about 30 mi (50 km), and is ordinarily present only on the daylight side of the planet. This layer absorbs radio waves at some frequencies, impeding long-distance ionospheric propagation. The E layer, about 50 mi (80 km) above the surface, also exists mainly during the day, although nighttime ionization is sometimes observed. The E layer can provide medium-range radio communication at certain frequencies. The uppermost layers are called the F1 layer and the F2 layer. The F1 layer, normally present only on the daylight side of the earth, forms at about 125 mi (200 km) altitude; the F2 layer exists at about 180 mi (300 km) over most, or all, of the earth. Sometimes the distinction between the F1 and F2 layers is ignored, and they are spoken of together as the F layer. Communication by means of F-layer propagation can usually be accomplished between any two points on the earth at some frequencies between 5 MHz and 30 MHz. Tropospheric Propagation At frequencies above about 30 MHz, the lower atmosphere bends radio waves toward the surface. Tropospheric banding occurs because the index of refraction of air, with respect to EM waves, decreases with altitude. The effect is similar to the way sound waves sometimes travel long distances over the surface of a calm lake in the early morning or early evening, letting you hear a conversation more than a mile away."}, {"title": "", "text": "affect the extent of ionization in the ionosphere. Describe the frequency selection consideration for HF propagation."}, {"title": "", "text": "be reflected back into space - there are no one-way mirrors. I think your \"very small\" only applies to higher frequencies, and the lowest frequencies really do experience substantial effects. I may have to read up and answer my own question. I wish there was a way to \"escalate to an expert\" in this case a low-frequency observational radio astronomer. \u2013 uhoh Sep 1 '17 at 11:45 I found some interesting information in this vulgarization paper by Ian Poole. A first point is electron density in ionosphere changes between day and night, so the resulting bend will be different: This very interesting site explains notably that there is a cut-off frequency for the ionosphere beyond which it loses its capacity to reflect shortwaves. Depending the latitude, the season and the solar activity mainly, during the day this frequency is around 3-10 MHz and goes down to about 2-6 MHz during the night The article includes an illustration of the transition from angular deflection to complete reflection as a function of angle (click for full size): caption: Space wave, ground wave, and ionospheric waves. Above a critical angle, waves escape in free space while waves emitted under a low incidence angle can reach very far countries. This is valid between approx. 1-500 MHz. But the best site I found on the subject is that one. It states that Ionospheric reflection (not absorption) prevents photons with wavelengths > 30 m (f< 10 MHz) to reach the ground [...] Total internal reflection in the ionosphere at longer wavelengths makes"}, {"title": "", "text": "than reflected. However, when the sun sets, the molecules slowly start to recombine with their electrons and the free electron density levels drop. This means absorption rates diminish and waves can be reflected with sufficient strengths to be noticed, leading to the interference phenomena we have mentioned. For these interference patterns to occur though, there must not simply be the presence of a reflected wave but a change in the reflected wave. Otherwise the interference is constant and fadings would not be heard. The received signal would simply be louder or softer than during the day. This suggests the height at which reflection happens must slowly change as the sun sets. Appleton found in fact that it increased as the sun set and then decreased as the sun rose until the reflected wave was too weak to record. This variation is compatible with the theory that ionisation is due to the sun\u2019s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun\u2019s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets. The basic idea behind Appleton\u2019s work is so simple that it is hard to understand at first how he devoted almost all of his scientific career to its study. However, in the last couple of paragraphs some of the complexities of the subject have been introduced. Like many other"}, {"title": "", "text": "plasma. This process is based on solar activity and therefor only takes place when it\u2019s daytime. At night, when the solar source has ceased, the plasma density decreases again. The free electrons and ions attract each other and form neutral atoms and molecules again (recombination). By sunrise the process starts anew. The up and down of the ionization is similar to the daily temperature variations on Earth: At sunrise the air heats up; with fading solar radiation it cools down again. In order to ionize atoms and molecules the energy of the radiation must be sufficiently high (at short waves, extreme ultraviolet). By this energy consuming process, dangerous radiation is completely absorbed above 60 km in altitude (about 35 miles). Our atmosphere is also an important protective shield against the dangerous part of the solar radiation, like X-ray radiation. Short-wave X-ray radiation from solar eruptions and charged particles from the solar wind (SWACI Sun) ionize the lower ionosphere at an altitude of 100 km. This additional ionization modifies this layer in a way that affects the propagation of radio waves. During high-energy radio bursts the propagation conditions for VLF-waves change in such a way that one can immediately see the effect in the received signal strength of the SOFIE receiver. Considering its enormous solar radio bursts and mass ejections, the ionosphere is a very dynamic and fluctuating system, similar to the weather on Earth. Radio waves with frequencies below 30 MHz are mostly reflected by the ionosphere whereas radio waves with frequencies above 30 MHz (e.g."}, {"title": "", "text": "the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Troms\u00f8, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2\u201310 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Copyright [oceanwp_date] - Schumann.ie"}, {"title": "", "text": "eclipse, radio signals propagated much, much farther than they do on a normal day.\u201d The ionosphere is the region of Earth\u2019s atmosphere where particles are charged, and it is affected both by Earth\u2019s weather from below and space weather from above. Many communications signals pass through the ionosphere, so changes in this region can disrupt these signals. Greg Earle of Virginia Tech led a NASA-funded team to use the eclipse as a natural laboratory to investigate the ionosphere\u2019s response to changing conditions and its effects on radio signals. Credits: NASA Goddard/Genna Duberstein/CIL/Krystofer Kim Earle and his team used a litany of radio transmitters and receivers to test the range of radio signals during the eclipse: Two pre-existing radar stations, four custom-constructed antenna sites, and reports from thousands of ham radio operators from around North America, who volunteered their observations as part of a contest organized in conjunction with the American Radio Relay League. Validating this model of the ionosphere is a step towards understanding less predictable changes in the ionosphere that can impact the reliability of our communications and navigation signals. Angela Des Jardins of Montana State University spoke at the briefing about the Eclipse Ballooning Project, which flew balloons through Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere during the eclipse. If you watched the eclipse online on Aug. 21, some of the live footage you saw may have come from these balloons. The balloons \u2014 flown to more than 100,000 feet by 55 teams of college and high school students \u2014 provided the first-ever live footage of an eclipse"}, {"title": "", "text": "thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Troms\u00f8, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2\u201310 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Some of the main capabilities of HAARP include: Generating very low frequency (VLF) radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas Generating artificial Airglow, which is typically subvisual but routinely detectable. Under certain geophysical"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere is turbulent, stratification is destroyed, and radio wave propagation erratic. During the later stages of very severe storms and during the whole of more moderate storms, the upper part of the ionosphere, principally the F2 layer, is expanded and diffused. The critical frequencies are much lower than normal and the virtual heights much greater, and therefore the maximum usable frequencies are much lower than normal. It is often necessary to lower the working frequency in order to maintain communication during one of these storms. There is also increased absorption of radio waves during an iono\u00adsphere storm. Ionosphere storms are most severe in auroral latitudes .and decrease in intensity as the equator is approached. Ionosphere storms occur approximately simultaneously over wide geographical areas. The condition of the ionosphere is much less uniform from point to point than on undisturbed days. Posted October 16, 2020(original 12/9/2015)"}, {"title": "", "text": "on cellular direct sequence code division multiple access system\u2019. CEC RACE PLATON/ UOB/037/WPD2/07/ 93/Issue1, July 1993 Basic physics of the ionosphere H. Rishbeth 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 What is the ionosphere? The ionosphere is the part of the atmosphere in which free electrons are suf\ufb01ciently numerous to in\ufb02uence the propagation of radiowaves. Very roughly, it extends in height from 70 to 600 km, although its upper limit is not well de\ufb01ned. In ionospheric parlance the term region (D, E, F) denotes parts of the atmosphere, the D/E boundary being conventionally at 90 km height and the E/F boundary at 150 km. The term layer refers to ionisation within a region, such as the F1 and F2 layers in the F region and the E, E2 and sporadic E layers in the E region (Figure 15.1). The term plasma is used for an ionised gas; the ionosphere is a weak plasma because, even in the F region by day, no more than one part in 106 of the gas is ionised. The ionosphere is electrically neutral to a high degree of approximation, as positive and negative charged particles are always created and destroyed together. 15.1.2 Where does the ionosphere \ufb01t into the atmosphere? Figure 1.2 of Chapter 1 shows the main regions of the neutral atmosphere: the troposphere (0\u201312 km), where the temperature decreases upwards; stratosphere (12\u201330 km), a turbulent region of fairly uniform temperature; mesosphere (30\u201380 km), heated by absorption of solar UV radiation by ozone; and the thermosphere above 80 km, strongly heated by solar extreme"}, {"title": "", "text": "one of the studies. \"Without ionizing radiation, the ionosphere will relax, going from daytime conditions to nighttime conditions and then back again after the eclipse.\" Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, the tenuous ionosphere is an electrified layer of the atmosphere that reacts to changes from both Earth below and space above. Such changes in the lower atmosphere or space weather can manifest as disruptions in the ionosphere that can interfere with communication and navigation signals. \"In our lifetime, this is the best eclipse to see,\" said Greg Earle, an electrical and computer engineer at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, who is leading another of the studies. \"But we've also got a denser network of satellites, GPS and radio traffic than ever before. It's the first time we'll have such a wealth of information to study the effects of this eclipse; we'll be drowning in data.\" The Moon's shadow will dramatically affect insolation -- the amount of sunlight reaching the ground -- during the total solar eclipse. Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio Pinning down ionospheric dynamics can be tricky. \"Compared to visible light, the Sun's extreme ultraviolet output is highly variable,\" said Phil Erickson, a principal investigator of a third study and space scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. \"That creates variability in ionospheric weather. Because our planet has a strong magnetic field, charged particles are also affected along magnetic field lines all over the planet\u2014all of this means the ionosphere is complicated.\" But when totality hits"}, {"title": "", "text": "one of the studies. \"Without ionizing radiation, the ionosphere will relax, going from daytime conditions to nighttime conditions and then back again after the eclipse.\" Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, the tenuous ionosphere is an electrified layer of the atmosphere that reacts to changes from both Earth below and space above. Such changes in the lower atmosphere or space weather can manifest as disruptions in the ionosphere that can interfere with communication and navigation signals. \"In our lifetime, this is the best eclipse to see,\" said Greg Earle, an electrical and computer engineer at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, who is leading another of the studies. \"But we've also got a denser network of satellites, GPS and radio traffic than ever before. It's the first time we'll have such a wealth of information to study the effects of this eclipse; we'll be drowning in data.\" The Moon's shadow will dramatically affect insolation -- the amount of sunlight reaching the ground -- during the total solar eclipse. Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio Pinning down ionospheric dynamics can be tricky. \"Compared to visible light, the Sun's extreme ultraviolet output is highly variable,\" said Phil Erickson, a principal investigator of a third study and space scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. \"That creates variability in ionospheric weather. Because our planet has a strong magnetic field, charged particles are also affected along magnetic field lines all over the planet\u2014all of this means the ionosphere is complicated.\" But when totality hits"}, {"title": "", "text": "ultraviolet (UV) and shorter X-Ray wavelengths is considered to be ionizing since photons of energy at these frequencies are capable of dislodging an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule during a collision. At the same time, however, an opposing process called recombination begins to take place in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion if it moves close enough to it. As the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The point of balance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time. The ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect time and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field. ## The Ionospheric Layers Solar radiation, acting on the different compositions of the atmosphere with height, generates layers of ionization:"}, {"title": "", "text": "wave, which varies with the activity of the sun. Since the atmosphere is bombarded by ultraviolet light waves of different frequencies, several ionized layers are formed at different altitudes. Lower frequency ultraviolet waves penetrate the atmosphere the least; therefore, they produce ionized layers at the higher altitudes. Conversely, ultraviolet waves of higher frequencies penetrate deeper and produce layers at the lower altitudes. An important factor in determining the density of ionized layers is the elevation angle of the sun, which changes frequently. For this reason, the height and thickness of the ionized layers vary, depending on the time of day and even the season of the year. Recombination Recall that the process of ionization involves ultraviolet light waves knocking electrons free from their atoms. A reverse process called RECOMBINATION occurs when the free electrons and positive ions collide with each other. Since these collisions are inevitable, the positive ions return to their original neutral atom state. The recombination process also depends on the time of day. Between the hours of early morning and late afternoon, the rate of ionization exceeds the rate of recombination. During this period, the ionized layers reach their greatest density and exert maximum influence on radio waves. During the late afternoon and early evening hours, however, the rate of recombination exceeds the rate of ionization, and the density of the ionized layers begins to decrease. Throughout the night, density continues to decrease, reaching a low point just before sunrise. Four Distinct Layers The ionosphere is composed of three layers designated D, E,"}, {"title": "", "text": "there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field. The ionospheric layers Ionospheric layers. At night the F layer is the only layer of significant ionization present, while the ionization in the E and D layers is extremely low. During the day, the D and E layers become much more heavily ionized, as does the F layer, which develops an additional, weaker region of ionisation known as the F1 layer. The F2 layer persists by day and night and is the region mainly responsible for the refraction of radio waves. D layer The D layer is the innermost layer, 60 km (37 mi) to 90 km (56 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.5 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, with high Solar activity hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm) may ionize (N2, O2). During the night cosmic rays produce a residual amount of ionization. Recombination is high"}, {"title": "", "text": "The ionosphere is an ionized layer in the atmosphere roughly 50- 600 km above the Earth\u2019s surface. Its ionization is caused by incoming UV and X-ray radiation from the sun. The degree of ionization increases with the amount of solar radiation received, and therefore tends to depend on the latitude, the season, and the time of day. Ionization is also dramatically affected by exceptional events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The ionosphere is excellent propagator of radio waves. Short wave communications such the BBC World Service are broadcast across the globe thanks to the ability of the ionosphere to carry radio waves beyond the transmitter\u201fs line of sight. , but the essential point is that short terms changes in the degree of ionization can be detected by monitoring the changing power of a distant radio signal that is being carried through the ionosphere, thus indicating the occurrence of solar storms. The kind of radio signal that we would like to monitor is ideally available all over the world, receivable at long range, and transmitted at constant power. Fortunately such a system exists. It is the Very Low Frequency (VLF) submarine communications network. The VLF band at 3-30 kHz is used for submarine communications because only such low frequencies can penetrate through sea water to be picked up by submerged submarines. There are several dozen naval transmitters in use different degrees of ionization in the ionosphere above the Earth shows the dependence on incoming solar radiation. One of the most powerful is the 24"}, {"title": "", "text": "as two separate layers, F1 and F2, but at night the ionized regions combine to form the single F layer. This layer is important because it is the only ionized region which exists at night. Also, because the gas pressure at this elevation is low, there is less variation in the layer from day to night. An antenna installation in Arctic Scatter Link. This type of communication is being used extensively during the IGY tests. Up to about 30 mc., signals passing through the E layer are reflected by the F layer. Bending by the ionosphere is greatest at lower frequencies; as the frequency increases a point is reached where the bending is insufficient to return the signal to earth and the signal is thus lost to any earthbound receiving site. The distance from the antenna to the point where a signal returns to earth is the \"skip\" distance and is a frequency function. The transition between useful skip and lost signal is the \"critical\" frequency. This varies diurnally. seasonally, and with sunspot cycles, but generally occurs near 30 mc. Ionospheric skip has thus made possible long-range communication in the 2 to 30 mc. range, so widely used by short-wave broadcast, ham, and communication services. Higher frequency bands have been used for line-of-sight paths, but this picture is now changing with the development of scatter. Critical and Usable Frequencies As the ionosphere is constantly changing, skip propagation is not as dependable or predictable as ground-wave coverage. Just as changes in the troposphere are studied and predicted"}, {"title": "", "text": "propagation environment Except for the inter-satellite service, where the propagation path may be entirely in near free-space conditions, propagation for all radio applications may be a\ufb00ected by the earth and its surrounding atmosphere. The upper atmosphere has a temperature pro\ufb01le as sketched in Figure 1.2. Of particular interest are the troposphere and the variations in atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity, which are largely con\ufb01ned below the temperature minimum at the tropopause, and the ionosphere which is largely above about 80 km in the thermosphere. Propagation within the troposphere, which is of most importance owing to Regions of the earth\u2019s atmosphere, showing the mean temperature pro\ufb01le and approximate heights of the lettered ionospheric regions and of other features the wide variety of uses and the very wide available bandwidths at higher frequencies, is complex due to irregularities in the refractive index pro\ufb01le and to the presence of rain and other hydrometeors. The e\ufb00ects are summarised diagrammatically in Figure 1.3. The pro\ufb01le of electron density in the ionosphere acts as a re\ufb02ecting layer capable of re\ufb02ecting signals at HF and lower frequencies back to earth. There are occasional e\ufb00ects which permit some re\ufb02ection or scatter back to earth at VHF. The ionosphere also has some important e\ufb00ects on earth\u2013space paths up to SHF. In addition, di\ufb00raction, re\ufb02ection and scatter in relation to the ground and both man-made and natural structures on the surface are of great importance. All of these aspects will be addressed in subsequent chapters. 1.5 Spectrum use It is useful to review the way in"}, {"title": "", "text": "temperatures (image credit: UCB/SSL, Kealan Hennesy) - It is likely that the ionospheric effects far from the eclipse are quite different and possibly much larger than the effects at the eclipse location. This is because of the connection between the dynamical response to the eclipse, carrying the effect across the planet in atmospheric waves. Figure 16: Map of ICON's path(s) near the maximum eclipse. When cross-checked with the plot of Figure 15, they generally match up quite well (image credit: UCB/SSL) - ICON will be making observations over the next two years, greatly increasing our understanding of this relatively unexplored region between Earth and space, and of its potential for impact on communications and GPS, space weather prediction, and protection of our space assets from radiation. Look for more remarkable results from the ICON science team here soon! \u2022 January 7, 2020: Between 80 and 600 km (50 and 400 miles) above the ground, radiation from the Sun cooks the gases in our upper atmosphere until they lose electrons. The result is a sea of electrically charged particles\u2014ions\u2014intermingled with the neutral upper atmosphere. The visible expressions of this energy flow are auroras and airglow. 27) - Airglow typically appears in thin layers of red, green, purple, or yellow light when looking toward the limb of Earth and edge-on into our upper atmosphere. Airglow occurs when atoms and molecules, excited by sunlight, emit light to shed their excess energy. It also can form when atoms and molecules that have been ionized by sunlight collide with and capture"}, {"title": "", "text": "Can you hear me now? The US Air Force is working on plans to improve radio communication over long distances by detonating plasma bombs in the upper atmosphere using a fleet of micro satellites. Since the early days of radio, we\u2019ve known that reception is sometimes better at night. Radio stations that cannot be picked up by day may be heard clearly at night, transmitting from hundreds of kilometres away. This is down to changes in the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles in the atmosphere that starts around 60 kilometres up. The curvature of Earth stops most ground-based radio signals travelling more than 70 kilometres without a boost. But by bouncing between the ionosphere and the ground they can zigzag for much greater distances. At night the density of the ionosphere\u2019s charged particles is higher, making it more reflective. This is not the first time we\u2019ve tinkered with the ionosphere to try to improve radio communication and enhance the range of over-the-horizon radar. HAARP, the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program in Alaska, stimulates the ionosphere with radiation from an array of ground-based antennas to produce radio-reflecting plasma. Now the USAF wants to do this more efficiently, with tiny cubesats, for example, carrying large volumes of ionised gas directly into the ionosphere. As well as increasing the range of radio signals, the USAF says it wants to smooth out the effects of solar winds, which can knock out GPS, and also investigate the possibility of blocking communication from enemy satellites. There are at least two"}, {"title": "", "text": "earth's atmosphere, beginning at an altitude of 70-80 kilometers and extending to an indefinite height, in which free electrons and ions produced by solar radiation are abundant and affect certain radio waves that propagate through this region. Ionosphere and Magnetosphere The ionosphere and the magnetosphere consist of regions of the earth\u2019s atmosphere in which the number of electrically charged particles\u2014ions and electrons\u2014are large enough to affect the propagation of radio waves. The charged particles are created by the action of extraterrestrial radiation (mainly from the sun) on neutral atoms and molecules of air. The ionosphere begins at a height of about 50 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface, but it is most distinct and important above 80 kilometers (50 miles). In the upper regions of the ionosphere, beginning several hundred kilometers above earth\u2019s surface and extending tens of thousands of kilometers into space, is the magnetosphere, a region where the behavior of charged particles is strongly affected by the magnetic fields of the earth and the sun. Much of the early research on the ionosphere was carried out by radio engineers and was stimulated by the need to define the factors influencing long-range radio communication. It is in the magnetosphere that the spectacular displays of the aurora borealis and aurora australis take place. The magnetosphere also contains the Van Allen radiation belts, where highly energized protons and electrons travel back and forth between the poles of earth\u2019s magnetic field. The name ionosphere was introduced first in the 1920's and was formally defined in 1950 by a"}, {"title": "", "text": "constantly measure and produce computer models of the ever-changing ionosphere so that people in charge of radio communications can anticipate disruptions. Scientists use radio waves in various ways to probe and monitor the otherwise invisible ionosphere. Various radio antennas and radar systems, on the ground and on satellites, are used to monitor the constantly evolving ionosphere. Radio antennas \"listen\" for radio signals generated by the ionosphere itself, radar systems bounce signals of the different layers, and pairs of transmitters and receivers shoot signals through the ionosphere to determine how much those signals are dampened or redirected. Along with the daily fluctuations in the ionosphere, there are also seasonal and longer-term variations in this complex set of regions. Different latitudes warm and cool with the seasons as the intensity of sunlight varies from place to place due to the tilt of Earth's axis. Similarly, the ionosphere varies seasonally as the location of the peak intensity of solar X-rays and UV light, which drive the rate of formation of ions, moves around on the globe. Seasonal changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere also play a role, influencing the rate of recombination events which remove ions from the atmosphere. Longer term, the 11-year sunspot cycle has a strong influence on the upper reaches of the atmosphere, including the ionosphere. The brightness of the Sun, in visible light wavelengths that we can see, varies by less than 1/10th of one percent between the high point and the low point of the sunspot cycle. However, the X-ray and UV output"}, {"title": "", "text": "constantly measure and produce computer models of the ever-changing ionosphere so that people in charge of radio communications can anticipate disruptions. Scientists use radio waves in various ways to probe and monitor the otherwise invisible ionosphere. Various radio antennas and radar systems, on the ground and on satellites, are used to monitor the constantly evolving ionosphere. Radio antennas \"listen\" for radio signals generated by the ionosphere itself, radar systems bounce signals of the different layers, and pairs of transmitters and receivers shoot signals through the ionosphere to determine how much those signals are dampened or redirected. Along with the daily fluctuations in the ionosphere, there are also seasonal and longer-term variations in this complex set of regions. Different latitudes warm and cool with the seasons as the intensity of sunlight varies from place to place due to the tilt of Earth's axis. Similarly, the ionosphere varies seasonally as the location of the peak intensity of solar X-rays and UV light, which drive the rate of formation of ions, moves around on the globe. Seasonal changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere also play a role, influencing the rate of recombination events which remove ions from the atmosphere. Longer term, the 11-year sunspot cycle has a strong influence on the upper reaches of the atmosphere, including the ionosphere. The brightness of the Sun, in visible light wavelengths that we can see, varies by less than 1/10th of one percent between the high point and the low point of the sunspot cycle. However, the X-ray and UV output"}, {"title": "", "text": "km (311 miles) above the surface of our home planet. The regions of the ionosphere are not considered separate layers, such as the more familiar troposphere and stratosphere. Instead, they are ionized regions embedded within the standard atmospheric layers. The D region usually forms in the upper part of the mesosphere, while the E region typically appears in the lower thermosphere and the F region is found in the upper reaches of the thermosphere. The height, fraction of ionized particles, and even the existence of the different regions of the ionosphere varies over time. The ionosphere is very different in the daytime versus night. During the day, X-rays an UV light from the Sun continuously provides the energy that knocks electrons free from atoms and molecules, producing a continuous supply of ions and free electrons. At the same time, some of the ions and electrons collide and re-combine to form normal, electrically neutral atoms and molecules. During the day, more ions are created than are destroyed, so the number of ions in the three regions increases. At night, the recombination process takes over in the absence of sunlight, and the number of ions drops. Over the course of most nights, the D region disappears entirely and the E region weakens as the number of ions in that layer plummets. Each morning, as solar X-rays and UV light return, the D and E regions are repopulated with ions. The highest altitude F region sticks around throughout the night, but generally splits into an upper F2 layer and"}, {"title": "", "text": "km (311 miles) above the surface of our home planet. The regions of the ionosphere are not considered separate layers, such as the more familiar troposphere and stratosphere. Instead, they are ionized regions embedded within the standard atmospheric layers. The D region usually forms in the upper part of the mesosphere, while the E region typically appears in the lower thermosphere and the F region is found in the upper reaches of the thermosphere. The height, fraction of ionized particles, and even the existence of the different regions of the ionosphere varies over time. The ionosphere is very different in the daytime versus night. During the day, X-rays an UV light from the Sun continuously provides the energy that knocks electrons free from atoms and molecules, producing a continuous supply of ions and free electrons. At the same time, some of the ions and electrons collide and re-combine to form normal, electrically neutral atoms and molecules. During the day, more ions are created than are destroyed, so the number of ions in the three regions increases. At night, the recombination process takes over in the absence of sunlight, and the number of ions drops. Over the course of most nights, the D region disappears entirely and the E region weakens as the number of ions in that layer plummets. Each morning, as solar X-rays and UV light return, the D and E regions are repopulated with ions. The highest altitude F region sticks around throughout the night, but generally splits into an upper F2 layer and"}, {"title": "", "text": "the surface to about 10 km (6.2 mi). Above that is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. Now if all the radiation (charged particles) would be deflected, then we would not have an ozone layer, and we would not be protected from UV radiation. Ultraviolet (UV), X-ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. It is very important to understand that the solar wind could strip away the ozone layer. But your question is about the stripping away of the atmosphere, and why the solar wind does not do that. Now the solar wind exerts a pressure. If this pressure reached the atmosphere, it would strip it away. Now the magnetosphere has a pressure too, and it counterbalances the pressure of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "is thin enough that the sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Troms\u00f8, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2\u201310 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Some of the main capabilities of HAARP include: Generating very low frequency (VLF) radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic"}, {"title": "", "text": "the first clustering approaches described in Section 3, and finally the conclusions and future work are detailed in Section 4. NVIS Sounding Characteristics In this section we describe the basic principles of the ionosphere as a communications channel, and its effects over the transmitted signal. We also describe the particular NVIS parameters that are measured in the designed soundings. They will be used to describe the channel performance depending on the frequency of transmission and the hour of the day. The Ionosphere as a Communications Channel The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere where sufficient ionisation exists to affect the propagation of radio waves. Generally this region is considered to be between approximately 50 km and several Earth radii [5]. Ionisation in this region is a result of the interaction between atmospheric molecules and solar radiation. Many complex factors influence the free electron density, resulting from the ionisation of atmospheric molecules. The main contributing factors are the incidence angle of solar radiation, hence latitude is important, the amount of solar radiation, hence factors such as season and diurnal cycle, and the relative density and composition of the atmosphere, hence altitude is important. In addition, the factors leading to the creation of free electrons and many other phenomena such as atmospheric turbulence, weather and even gravitational waves can provide a significant influence on localise electron density. Many factors lead to the creation and destruction of free electrons and as such characterise the ionosphere as an extremely hostile communications channel. Even with this hostility, modern requirements"}, {"title": "", "text": "The ionosphere is a name for the layer of the earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionized by solar wind. Even though many believe the space around earth is a vacuum, it is not completely empty. The sun\u2019s upper atmosphere (the corona) is very hot and some of its hydrogen and helium are able to escape the sun\u2019s gravity. Because the gas is hot and is in a constant stream of solar energy it becomes a fully ionized plasma. This streaming plasma is the solar wind, and it flows out past the earth affecting the earth\u2019s magnetic field, the magnetosphere and ionosphere(read here about Anatomy of Sun). The Earth receives a lot of energy from the sun in the form of radiation- about 1370 Watts per square meter.The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. The lowest part of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km. Above 10 km is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80 km (50 miles), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient"}, {"title": "", "text": "area of the ionosphere by directing pulsed or continuous 3.6 MW signals in the 2,8-10 MHz region of HF band; and the latter to observe the effects in the excited region by using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars, HF receivers, and optical cameras. The project proponents give an impression that the purpose of the project is to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance purposes. It is nothing more sinister than a radio science research facility that would enable scientists to develop techniques to improve the reliability and performance of communication and navigation systems with wide range of applications in both the civilian and military sectors. It would increase accuracy in GPS navigation and help in underwater and underground research work. It would also improve methods for submarine communication and the ability to remotely sense the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface and help in geophysical probing to find oil, gas and mineral deposits over a large area. If that is true, then why it is run by the air force and the navy? And why there is so much secrecy about it? The truth is that it is not the first time the facts have been hidden by the \u2018elite group\u2019 (in Brzezinski\u2019s word) from the American public. There are many examples of major defence projects kept successfully out of the public\u2019s eyes for years and even decades. The massive Manhattan Project (development of the first atomic bomb) is one such example. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "are classed as radar; there is a historical link between the invention of radar and ionospheric research. Rockets and satellites enable in situ measurements and space/ground radio propagation experiments. See Table 15.1. 15.1.5 Why do we study the ionosphere? The ionosphere is important because of its role in radiocommunications, and also scienti\ufb01cally because the electrons are easier to detect experimentally than the neutral air and thus act as tracers for studying the upper atmosphere. The electrons and ions form a weakly ionised gas or plasma, and the plasma physics associated with detailed ionospheric structure is relevant to radio propagation. Other current research topics are prediction and forecasting of ionospheric conditions on various time scales (space weather) and long-term studies of global change. 15.1.6 What are the most important characteristics of the ionosphere? For radio propagation, the most important ionospheric characteristics are the critical frequencies (penetration frequencies at vertical incidence) for the ordinary magnetoionic mode (the extraordinary critical frequencies, which exist because of the birefringence caused by the Earth\u2019s magnetic \ufb01eld, are less important). For any layer the ordinary critical frequency is related to the peak electron density (electron concentration) Nm by: f0 = 80.6 Nm f0 \u2248 9\u221aNm in which the MKS numerical factors are derived from physical constants. Other important characteristics are the heights hm of the peaks of the layers, and the total or height-integrated electron content of the whole ionosphere. 15.2 The environment of the ionosphere 15.2.1 Ionising solar radiations The sun emits radiations in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) parts of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionosphere during disturbed conditions. At mid-latitudes, the F layer daytime ion production is higher in the summer, as expected, since the Sun shines more directly on the Earth. However, there are seasonal changes in the molecular-to-atomic ratio of the neutral atmosphere that cause the summer ion loss rate to be even higher. The result is that the increase in the summertime loss overwhelms the increase in summertime production, and total F ionization is actually lower in the local summer months. This effect is known as the winter anomaly. The anomaly is always present in the northern hemisphere, but is usually absent"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere collide and generate heat among themselves. A dense layer of molecules and electrically charged particles, called the ionosphere, hangs in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere starting at about 35 miles (60 kilometers) above the planet\u2019s surface and stretching out beyond 620 miles (1,000 km). Solar radiation coming from above buffets particles suspended in the atmospheric layer. Radio signals from below bounce off the ionosphere back to instruments on the ground. Where the ionosphere overlaps with magnetic fields, the sky erupts in brilliant light displays that are incredible to behold. Where is the ionosphere? Several distinct layers make up Earth\u2019s atmosphere, including the mesosphere, which starts 31 miles (50 km) up, and the thermosphere, which starts at 53 miles (85 km) up. The ionosphere consists of three sections within the mesosphere and thermosphere, labeled the D, E and F layers, according to the UCAR Center for Science Education. Extreme ultraviolet radiation and X-rays from the sun bombard these upper regions of the atmosphere, striking the atoms and molecules held within those layers. The powerful radiation dislodges negatively charged electrons from the particles, altering those particles\u2019 electrical charge. The resulting cloud of free electrons and charged particles, called ions, led to the name \u201cionosphere.\u201d The ionized gas, or plasma, mixes with the denser, neutral atmosphere.Advertisement The concentration of ions in the ionosphere varies with the amount of solar radiation bearing down on the Earth. The ionosphere grows dense with charged particles during the day, but that density subsides at night as charged particles recombine with displaced electrons. Entire"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2014 to reconfigure the ionosphere. Mirage would employ a microwave transmitter on the ground and a small rocket that shoots chaff into the air to produce about a liter of plasma at 60-100 km. (36- 60 mi.) in altitude, changing the number of electrons in a select area of the ionosphere to create a virtual barrier. Ionosphere reconfiguration offers two major applications of interest to the military: bouncing radars off the ionosphere, also known as over-the-horizon radar, and the ability to jam signals from the Global Positioning Satellite system, according to John Kline, the lead investigator for Mirage.\" Tactical weather control for the U.S. military. It makes me a little uneasy. March 6, 2006 at 3:45:00 PM CST Also, weaponized meteorology."}, {"title": "", "text": "for sky wave propagation. The following in-depth study of the ionosphere and its effect on sky waves will help you to better understand the nature of sky wave propagation. STRUCTURE OF THE IONOSPHERE As we stated earlier, the ionosphere is the region of the atmosphere that extends from about 30 miles above the surface of the Earth to about 250 miles. It is appropriately named the ionosphere because it consists of several layers of electrically charged gas atoms called ions. The ions are formed by a process called ionization. Ionization occurs when high energy ultraviolet light waves from the sun enter the ionospheric region of the atmosphere, strike a gas atom, and literally knock an electron free from its parent atom. A normal atom is electrically neutral since it contains both a positive proton in its nucleus and a negative orbiting electron. When the negative electron is knocked free from the atom, the atom becomes positively charged (called a positive ion) and remains in space along with the free electron, which is negatively charged. This process of upsetting electrical neutrality is known as IONIZATION. The free negative electrons subsequently absorb part of the ultraviolet energy, which initially freed them from their atoms. As the ultraviolet light wave continues to produce positive ions and negative electrons, its intensity decreases because of the absorption of energy by the free electrons, and an ionized layer is formed. The rate at which ionization occurs depends on the density of atoms in the atmosphere and the intensity of the ultraviolet light"}, {"title": "", "text": "effect on both the strength of received signals and the ability to communicate over long distances? Fading on ionosphere circuits is mainly a result of what? In what practice are two transmitters and two receivers used, each pair tuned to different frequency, with the same information being transmitted simultaneously over both frequencies? When a wide band of frequencies is transmitted simultaneously, each frequency will vary in the amount of fading. What is this variation called? The combined effects of absorption, ground reflection loss, and what else account for most of the energy losses of radio transmissions propagated by the ionosphere? There is little natural interference above what frequency? How many main classes can the regular variations that affect the extent of ionization in the ionosphere be divided into? Long distance propagation of hf radio waves is almost totally \"blanked out\" when what occurs? An ionospheric storm that is associated with sunspot activity may begin anytime from 2 days before an active sunspot crosses the central meridian of the sun until how many days after it passes the central meridian? For a given angle of incidence and time of day, there is a maximum frequency that can be used for communications between two given locations. What is this frequency known as? Raindrops cause greater attenuation by scattering than by absorption at frequencies above what? Fog can cause serious attenuation by absorption at frequencies above what? What is the condition when layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool air known as? As the lowest region"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere is the uppermost separate of the standard atmosphere, at \\ ( 60\\ ) to \\ ( 90\\text { kilometer } \\ ), and is ionized by solar radiation, producing a brooding surface, called the D layer, to radio signals improving to \\ ( 3\\text { GHz } \\ ). The D layer weakens at night and most radio signals can then pass through this weakened layer. The E layer extends from \\ ( 90\\ ) to \\ ( 120\\text { kilometer } \\ ) and is ionized by X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation, and the ionize regions, which reflect RF signals, form ionized cloud that last entirely a few hours. The F layer of the ionosphere extends from \\ ( 200\\ ) to \\ ( 500\\text { kilometer } \\ ) and ionization in this level is due to extreme ultraviolet radiotherapy. refraction results from this charged layer preferably than contemplation, as the charges are widely separated. At night the F layer results in what is called the skywave, which is the deflection of radio waves around the earth. At low frequencies a radio wave penetrates the earth \u2019 south open and the wave can become trapped at the interface between two regions of unlike permittivity, the earth region and the atmosphere region. This radio wave is called the surface wave or ground wave . note When a radio sign near \\ ( 60\\text { GHz } \\ ) passes through air an oxygen atom of two constipate oxygen atoms vibrates and EM energy is"}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun can strip electrons from atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere, in a process called ionization. Ionized particles tend to have an electric charge and one of the uppermost parts of the atmosphere, called the ionosphere, is defined by these ionized and electrically charged particles. The ionosphere requires a constant influx of X-rays and ultraviolet light to remain charged (otherwise the atoms and electrons will recombine into neutral atoms and molecules). When the sun sets the upper layers of the ionosphere are ionized by charged particles from space called cosmic rays. \"What this means is that some parts of the ionosphere \u2014 the lower parts \u2014 actively require the 'lights to be on' to exist,\" Bamford told Space.com by email. \"Hence, they are only there during daylight and disappear at night.\" During the 1999 total eclipse that occurred over the United Kingdom, Bamford organized a project to encourage eclipse watchers to track these changes during the eclipse. All an observer needed was a radio. Many radio stations operate at frequencies that, during the day, are absorbed by the lower layers of the ionosphere, Bamford said. At nighttime, when the number of charged particles in the lower layers drop, some of the radio waves can travel higher up into the ionosphere before they are absorbed. Instead of bouncing off the lower layers, which ultimately shortens the distance they travel, the signal can bounce off both lower and upper layers, allowing them to be transmitted across longer distances (while still being heard across short distances as well)."}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun can strip electrons from atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere, in a process called ionization. Ionized particles tend to have an electric charge and one of the uppermost parts of the atmosphere, called the ionosphere, is defined by these ionized and electrically charged particles. The ionosphere requires a constant influx of X-rays and ultraviolet light to remain charged (otherwise the atoms and electrons will recombine into neutral atoms and molecules). When the sun sets the upper layers of the ionosphere are ionized by charged particles from space called cosmic rays. \"What this means is that some parts of the ionosphere \u2014 the lower parts \u2014 actively require the 'lights to be on' to exist,\" Bamford told Space.com by email. \"Hence, they are only there during daylight and disappear at night.\" During the 1999 total eclipse that occurred over the United Kingdom, Bamford organized a project to encourage eclipse watchers to track these changes during the eclipse. All an observer needed was a radio. Many radio stations operate at frequencies that, during the day, are absorbed by the lower layers of the ionosphere, Bamford said. At nighttime, when the number of charged particles in the lower layers drop, some of the radio waves can travel higher up into the ionosphere before they are absorbed. Instead of bouncing off the lower layers, which ultimately shortens the distance they travel, the signal can bounce off both lower and upper layers, allowing them to be transmitted across longer distances (while still being heard across short distances as well)."}, {"title": "", "text": "The Earth's ionosphere consists of plasma produced by thephotoionization of thin upper atmospheric gases by UV raysand photons of short wavelength from the sun. The upperionosphere is used for radio communication and navigationas it reflects long, medium, as well as short radio waves. Sincesolar radiation is the main cause of the existence of ionosphere,any variation in the radiations can affect the entireradio communication system. This article attempts to brieflyintroduce the readers to the study of ionosphere in the contextof its use as a radio reflector, with particular reference toIndia."}, {"title": "", "text": "tropospheric refraction may have an indirect impact through duct formation (Hitney et al. 1985) which enables long distance radio-frequency interference (RFI) propagation and therefore occasionally causes significant data excision rates. In the following subsections we will present some properties of the ionosphere most relevant to the global EoR experiments. Ionosphere The ionosphere is the part of the Earth's atmosphere where there is sufficient ionization to affect the propagation of radio waves. It consists of several layers: D-layer at height 50 \u2212 90 km; E-layer at 90 \u2212 140 km; and F-layer at heights above 140 km (Davies 1990;Evans & Hagfors 1968). The most relevant to single antenna, high precision measurements of sky brightness temperature at low frequencies are the D-layer and F-layer. (i) F-layer: most of the ionospheric electron column density is accounted for by the F-layer, where electron density is \u223c 10 12 e \u2212 /m 3 during the daytime and typically an order of magnitude less during the nighttime (Davies 1990;Evans & Hagfors 1968). Measurements of the total electron content (TEC) 2 , routinely monitored by measuring the propagation delay of GPS signals, are dominated by electrons in the F-layer. Due to very high electron content the F-layer dominates refractive effects, which may play a non-negligible role for global EoR experiments by shifting radio sources within the antenna beam. Based on equation 6 in Bailey (1948), we estimated the average position offsets of radio sources for typical nighttime electron density 10 11 e \u2212 /m 3 to be \u223c 0.1 arcmin at 100 MHz"}, {"title": "", "text": "acute angle and the beam footprint would be an elongated ellipse. But for the purpose of this boondoggle assume it hits perpendicular to the surface. Natural cirrocumulus cloud formation The chemtrail-equivalent to carpet bombing. HAARP's antennae are aimed straight up but the beams can be offset up to 30\u00b0 from the vertical axis. The radio waves must rely on ionospheric refraction and ground reflection to reach a target area beyond the horizon. The higher the ionospheric region above the Earth, the fewer the number of refractions and reflections necessary to reach an area. Being extremely generous by assuming the F2 ionospheric layer is always at its maximum altitude of 800 km, this 30\u00b0 off-the-vertical transmission angle would give a maximum ionospheric hop distance of 924 km. It would take nine ionospheric hops, six ground bounces, and two ocean bounces for the signal from HAARP to reach the target area. Typically each ionospheric hop decreases the signal by 12 dB, each ground bounce decreases the signal by 6 dB, and each ocean bounce decreases the signal by 1 dB. That is a total decrease in signal by 146 dB (which translates to only 1/400,000,000,000,000th of the transmitted signal reaching the target area.[46] Seawater has a specific heat capacity of 3.993 J\u00b7g-1\u00b7K-1.[47] A cubic meter of seawater has a mass of 1,025,000 grams. Multiplying the volume of seawater (845 km diameter x 50 meter depth) by the density of seawater and by the amount of energy required to heat it and dividing by HAARP's transmission power and adjusting"}, {"title": "", "text": "ultraviolet (EUV) and X-rays. In the thermosphere, the temperature increases rapidly upwards towards the limiting exospheric temperature, which on average is about 1000 K. In the exosphere, above about 600 km, individual atoms move freely in satellitelike orbits controlled by the earth\u2019s gravity. The solar EUV and X-rays dissociate Typical mid-latitude N(h) electron density pro\ufb01les for moderate solar activity, showing the radiations that produce the ionospheric layers (Contemp. Phys., 1973 16, 230 (Taylor & Francis, London) ) and ionise the atmospheric gases in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere to create the ionosphere. 15.1.3 When was the ionosphere discovered? Gauss in 1839 speculated on the existence of electrical phenomena in the upper atmosphere, and Balfour Stewart in 1883 postulated a conducting layer as the site of the currents that cause the small daily variations of the earth\u2019s magnetic \ufb01eld. This conducting layer, now called the ionosphere, can be said to have been discovered by Marconi when he sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901. Basic physics of the ionosphere Lodge in 1902 correctly surmised that it contains free electrons and ions produced by solar ionising radiation. Research really began in 1924 when Appleton and Barnett and Breit and Tuve measured the height of the re\ufb02ecting layers. 15.1.4 How do we study the ionosphere? Ground-based techniques sound the ionosphere with radiowaves, which are returned from the ionosphere in three ways: by total re\ufb02ection (ionosondes); by partial re\ufb02ection or coherent scatter from small-scale structures in the ionosphere; or by incoherent scatter from the ion and electrons. These techniques"}, {"title": "", "text": "the trapped region (or radiation belts). Magnetospheric convection causes plasma to be drained from the plasmasphere across the plasmapause, while the plasmasphere\u2019s particle population is replenished by ionized particles from Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere (Li and Hudson, 2019). Now delving into the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere we encounter the Earth\u2019s ionosphere\u2014layers of ionized gas in the upper atmosphere. Particles in the upper atmosphere become ionized from the Sun\u2019s electromagnetic radiation as well as impacts from magnetospheric energetic electrons (Borovsky and Valdivia, 2018). The ionosphere is particularly important in radio wave propagation around the globe. During the day, the lower layers of the ionosphere (D and E layers) are ionized by sunlight and block access of radio waves to the highest layer, the F layer. But at night, ions in the D and E layers recombine with nearby electrons, so that these layers disappear. The highest layer of the ionosphere, the F layer, has such a low density that recombination does not take place, and the layer remains ionized. Radio waves from the ground are able to then reflect off of the F layer, allowing radio waves to propagate for great distances. As previously mentioned, plasma (cold ions) escapes from the ionosphere through ionospheric outflow and populates the magnetosphere, changing the mass content of near-Earth outer space, including the plasmasphere (Chappell et al., 2008; Kelley, 2009; Schunk and Nagy, 2009; Borovsky and Valdivia, 2018). 4.4 Currents in the Magnetosphere Currents are created in the magnetosphere through the interaction of the Earth\u2019s magnetic field and the solar wind [see e.g.,"}, {"title": "", "text": "year with some accuracy. The critical frequency is also highest in years with large sunspot numbers, in accordance with the eleven-year sunspot cycle. However, additional \"abnormal\" variations may occur, such as meteor showers, sporadic-E ionization, sudden ionospheric disturbances (s.i.d.) , solar flares, and polar blackouts due to aurora and cosmic rays, all of which reduce the reliability of ionospheric skip communication. While some ionospheric changes may be forecast, the many unpredictable events which may completely block or destroy the signal make skip communication networks far from dependable. It might be thought that high-power ground wave would be more reliable, but it is not the complete answer. This wave is so severely attenuated at the higher frequencies as to be of no use. In the broadcast band, another difficulty presents itself. At night the D layer disappears and with it the absorption so that now some sky wave is returned to earth. At a receiving point, the phase difference between sky and ground wave causes fading. Due to the frequency differences among carrier, upper, and lower sidebands, there is frequency selective fading with resultant audio distortion. This interference at the outer limits of the ground wave may actually reduce the service area. \"Churns\" and \"Blobs\" In general, this was the status of the long range communication art prior to World War- II. Tremendous development and progress in electronics came about because of the war. In particular, radar work resulted in better tubes, high-gain antennas, higher power high-frequency transmitters, and sensitive receivers with low noise factors. These improvements"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Earth look like a silvery ball from space, like the glass face of an underwater wristwatch viewed obliquely. It goes on saying the atmosphere is not perfectly transparent at any radio frequency. And moreover it adds noise. It explains why the best sites for radio observation at higher frequencies are exceptionally high and dry. \u2022 Those are some great illustrations! Figure 5 is noteworthy, because it shows that for transmitted rays, they return approximately to their original direction once they leave the ionized regions. This is different than for refraction by air, because once the ray enters air, it says in air. But the ionized layers are shells. There will be an effect because the shells are curved and not slabs, but now I realize it will be a much smaller effect than I thought. OK I'll take a closer look at your links. Thanks! \u2013 uhoh Aug 29 '17 at 14:36 \u2022 Refraction by a slab with parallel faces does not change the direction of a ray: i.stack.imgur.com/k0QK4.png and also i.stack.imgur.com/ZMrgu.png \u2013 uhoh Aug 29 '17 at 14:37 \u2022 This is a helpful answer. HF waves experience much stronger effects than VHF or UHF. There is plenty of short-wave radio and amateur radio experience here, but most radio astronomy is done at much higher frequency where the ionospheric deflection is much smaller. This is due in part to the science available at those wavelengths, and in part due to the better angular resolution a given instrument has as the wavelength decreases. I added an"}, {"title": "", "text": "particle will then be ionised by solar radiation and restart the cycle. Alternatively, they might just absorb a lot of insolation and emit infrared radiation. Another important aspect of the ionosphere-magnetosphere interaction is the outflow of plasma from the ionosphere into the magnetosphere. This outflow is so substantial \u201310**26 ions per second during magnetically disturbed periods near solar maximum\u2013 that the ionosphere could, in principle, fully populate the magnetosphere with plasma. (In fact, the magnetosphere contains a mixture of solar wind and ionospheric plasmas.) The outflow of ions from the ionosphere takes a variety of forms: the supersonic polar wind, ion upwelling from the cleft ion fountain, polar cap outflows, and upward ion conics and beams from the auroral zone. In addition to these high-latitude sources, strong O+ outflows from the mid-latitude ionosphere have been observed at times of intense geomagnetic activity. The strength and composition of the ionospheric plasma outflows vary with geomagnetic activity, season, solar cycle, local time, and altitude. For example, the O+ component of the ionospheric outflow increases with increasing solar and geomagnetic activity, with a corresponding increase in the O+ density of the plasma sheet. http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/glossary/ionosphere3.htm The atmosphere above 645 kilometres is not densely populated. But there is about 90,000 kilometres of it above the orbiting SORCE satellite. Unfortunately we don\u2019t know all the details. But we can see the net effect: The atmosphere above 645 km absorbs high energy ultraviolet. The atmosphere above 645 km emits a lot of visible light. The atmosphere above 645 km emits infrared. Lurking beneath"}, {"title": "", "text": "modifies radio waves used for communication and navigation. Where is the ionosphere located? Located within the thermosphere, the ionosphere is made of electrically charged gas particles (ionized). The ionosphere extends from 37 to 190 miles (60-300 km) above the earth's surface. Which phenomenon can be seen only in the ionosphere? The colorful curtains of light, known as the aurora borealis and aurora australis, respectively, hang about 620 miles (1,000 km) above the Earth's surface. The auroras glow green-yellow when ions strike oxygen particles in the lower ionosphere. Can planes fly in the mesosphere? The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The mesosphere is directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet. Weather balloons and other aircraft cannot fly high enough to reach the mesosphere. What layer does a helicopter fly? Helicopters and light aircraft typically fly in the troposphere. What are 3 facts about the ionosphere? 10 Things to Know About the Ionosphere It's home to all the charged particles in Earth's atmosphere. The ionosphere is where Earth's atmosphere meets space. It changes \u2014 sometimes unpredictably. It's home to many of our satellites. Disturbances there can disrupt signals. It's influenced by weather. Why ionosphere is so called? The ionosphere is a very active part of the atmosphere, and it grows and shrinks depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun. The name ionosphere comes from the fact that gases in these layers are excited by solar radiation to form"}, {"title": "", "text": "signal level plot for a quiet day looks like this: A Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance results from an increased ionization density in the D layer caused by a solar flare or possibly by a GRB. During a solar flare, the sunlit side of the Earth is hit by hard X-rays and UV radiation. They will penetrate to the D-layer and increase the ionisation process and the electron density. This will increase radio-wave absorption, especially in the upper MF (300kHz - 3 MHz) and lower HF (3MHz - 30 MHz) ranges, causing a radio blackout. For VLF (3 kHz - 30 kHz), the reflection coefficient increases, leading to a stronger skywave. Due to interferences between ground (direct propagation) and sky waves (reflected by the D-layer), the signal strength can increase or decrease during an event. As soon as the event ends, the SID and radio black-out end as the electrons in the D-layer recombine and signal strengths return to normal. The ionosation and recombination process are not instantaneous. Consequently, the disturbance will be detected with a slight delay with respect to the arrival of the X-ray photons (as measured by satellites such as GOES) and will last after the end of the flare. A significant number of elements influence the amount of the lag: the intensity and the shape of the X-ray flux, the initial ionisation level... Nevertheless, the delay is usually between 1 and 5 minutes after the start of the flare. And the disturbance can last for an hour or more after the end of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "effects on radio propagation. By no coincidence, Russia's Sputnik and the U.S.'s Explorer satellites were launched then, directly leading to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. How the short-wave bands will be in March and April plus some information on the poor conditions expected During ionospheric storms the normal day-to-day structure of the reflecting layers undergoes immense changes. Particles from the sunspots are caught in the earth's magnetic field and find their way into the ionosphere. The F layer (responsible for most long-distance radio communication) is weakened. Signals either pass through this layer into space or are weakly reflected. The D layer absorbs an abnormal number of radio signals passing through this region, further reducing signal strengths. Sunspots, or explosions on the surface of the sun, are caused by factors unknown to us at this time. These explosions release a shower of particles that have been recorded by satellites launched specifically for this purpose. The particles do not travel with the speed of light and seemingly take 20-30 hours to reach the earth. Scientists refer to the spreading out of particle streams as a \"garden hose\" effect. Severe ionospheric storms will occur in March. The relative number of ionospheric storms varies according to the month, or season of the year. It also varies with sunspot activity - more sunspots mean more ionospheric storms. Ionospheric disturbances are more frequent during the equinox due to the position of the earth in its orbital plane. WWV Propagation Forecasts. To enable users of the ionosphere, SWL's included, to"}, {"title": "", "text": "effects on radio propagation. By no coincidence, Russia's Sputnik and the U.S.'s Explorer satellites were launched then, directly leading to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. How the short-wave bands will be in March and April plus some information on the poor conditions expected During ionospheric storms the normal day-to-day structure of the reflecting layers undergoes immense changes. Particles from the sunspots are caught in the earth's magnetic field and find their way into the ionosphere. The F layer (responsible for most long-distance radio communication) is weakened. Signals either pass through this layer into space or are weakly reflected. The D layer absorbs an abnormal number of radio signals passing through this region, further reducing signal strengths. Sunspots, or explosions on the surface of the sun, are caused by factors unknown to us at this time. These explosions release a shower of particles that have been recorded by satellites launched specifically for this purpose. The particles do not travel with the speed of light and seemingly take 20-30 hours to reach the earth. Scientists refer to the spreading out of particle streams as a \"garden hose\" effect. Severe ionospheric storms will occur in March. The relative number of ionospheric storms varies according to the month, or season of the year. It also varies with sunspot activity - more sunspots mean more ionospheric storms. Ionospheric disturbances are more frequent during the equinox due to the position of the earth in its orbital plane. WWV Propagation Forecasts. To enable users of the ionosphere, SWL's included, to"}, {"title": "", "text": "backscatter. The backscatter phenomenon later led to the development of Over-the-Horizon-Radar (OTH-R). It should be noted that most of the experiments conducted during the 1920s were motivated by the need to communicate via the new wireless medium. But there was a growing synergy between emergent ionospheric scientists and radio communication engineers. One of the more prominent scientists involved in early investigations of the ionosphere was Sidney Chapman, who in 1931 published a paper dealing with the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, and who, like E.O. Hulburt before him, provided a foundation for our current understanding of the ionosphere. To this day the Chapman hypothesis for ionized layer formation, while relatively simplistic, is a useful model, especially for the lower layers of the ionosphere. The theory of radio wave propagation in ionized media has been fascinating from the beginning. In 1912, W.H. Eccles discovered that the refractive index of ionized gas was less than unity, leading to the interesting fact that radiowaves are bent away from the medium normal in a plasma environment and thus toward the horizontal. Joseph Larmor, in 1924, concluded that obliquely launched radiowaves at a specified frequency would be refracted downward, but could escape from the earth if the waves are launched above a certain critical angle. This leads to the notion of an ionospheric iris above a given transmitter through which waves may penetrate, and the existence of skip distances. From the theoretical vantage point, Joseph Larmor, Hendrik Lorentz, E.V. Appleton, and D.R. Hartree provided a clear understanding of radiowave propagation in magneto-ionic media, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "typically fly under a fifth of the lowest limit - 5-1/2 nautical miles) and is generally divided into layers which differ in their behavior. At the altitude it exists, the density of the air has dropped so much that atmospheric molecules are far apart, and when hit by solar (mostly UV) radiation the gas molecules can lose one or more electrons, turning air into plasma. Most importantly, it refracts radio waves, affecting radio communication around the world. Ionospheric propagation varies day by day and season by season, but the High Frequency radio spectrum, from 3 to 30 MHz, is the only place in the entire electromagnetic spectrum where worldwide communication is routine without man-made infrastructure such as towers or radio relays. I subscribe to the ARRL Propagation Bulletin, which is mailed out at the end of the work week by the American Radio Relay League and available on their website for non-members. This week's bulletin had a link to a really interesting paper about a new discovery out of Sydney, Australia. The research comes from a new Australian radio telescope,the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The article, by senior research and lecturer Tara Murphy, describes how an undergraduate researcher, Cleo Loi, has confirmed the existence of something previously theorized: there are tubes of plasma drifting above the earth in the ionosphere. The story is worth reading. In these days of rampant junk science and papers that can't be independently verified, it starts with a \"that's funny\" type of observation; a postdoctoral researcher from Curtin University, Natasha Hurley-Walker,"}, {"title": "", "text": "The troposphere is the portion of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from the surface of the EArth to a height of about 3.7 miles (6km) att the North Pole or the South Pole and how many miles at the equator? Which atmosphere layer has relatively little effect on radio waves because it is a relatively calm region with little or no temperature changes? The Ionosphere extends upward from about 31.1 miles to a height of about how many miles? What is the most important region of the atmosphere for long distance point-to-point communications? What are the two principal ways in which electromagnetic (radio) energy travels from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna? The surface wave is impractical for long distance transmissions at frequencies above what frequency? Which frequency band is used for sky wave propagation? What is the process known as of upsetting electrical neutrality? What occurs when the free electrons and positive ions collide with each other? How many layers is the Ionosphere composed of? Each ionospheric layer has a maximum frequency at which radio waves can be transmitted vertically and refracted back to Earth which is known as what? What is the distance from the transmitter to the point where the sky wave is first returned to Earth? What is a zone of silence between the point where the ground wave becomes too weak for reception and the point where the sky wave is first returned to Earth? What results in the loss of energy of a radio wave and has a pronounced"}, {"title": "", "text": "that ionisation is due to the sun\u2019s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun\u2019s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets. The basic idea behind Appleton\u2019s work is so simple that it is hard to understand at first how he devoted almost all of his scientific career to its study. However, in the last couple of paragraphs some of the complexities of the subject have been introduced. Like many other fields, it is one that grows in intricacy the more it is studied. By the end of his life, ionospheric observatories had been set up all over the world to provide a global map of the reflecting layers. Links were found to the 11 year sunspot cycle and the Aurora Borealis, the magnetic storms that occur in high latitudes. This became particularly relevant during the Second World War when the storms would lead to radio blackouts. Thanks to Appleton\u2019s research, the periods when these would occur could be predicted and communication could be switched to wavelengths that would be least affected. Radar, another crucial wartime innovation, was one that came about thanks to Appleton\u2019s work. On a very general level, his research consisted in determining the distance of reflecting objects from radio signal transmitters. This is exactly the idea of radar and the flashing dots"}, {"title": "", "text": "level of molecules that are present \u2013 more collisions occur as the free electrons vibrate and this results in signal attenuation. It is found that low frequencies are attenuated more than higher ones \u2013 the attenuation varying as the inverse square of the frequency, i.e. doubling the frequency reduces the level of attenuation by a factor of four. Often this means that low frequency signals do not reach the higher ionised regions within the ionosphere, except at night when the D region disappears. E and F Regions: Once signals pass through the D region, they can then travel on to the higher regions. The first is referred to as the E region and above this is the F region. At the altitudes of these regions the air density is much less and when the electrons are excited there are far fewer collisions, but the signals are still affected by the level of free electrons being refracted away from areas of higher electron density. In the case of signals in the HF portion of the radio spectrum, the refraction is sufficient to bend the signals so that they return to Earth. In effect it appears that the region has \u201creflected\u201d the signal. The level of refraction is dependent upon both frequency and the angle of incidence as well as the state of the ionosphere. As the frequency increases, so the level of refraction decreases until a frequency is reached where the signal passes through and on to the next layer or even into outer space. Day and"}, {"title": "", "text": "be used by HAARP is not absorbed in either the troposphere or the stratosphere - the two levels of the atmosphere that produce the earth's weather. Electromagnetic interactions only occur in the near-vacuum of the rarefied region above about 70 km known as the ionosphere. The ionosphere is created and continuously replenished as the sun's radiation interacts with the highest levels of the Earth's atmosphere. The downward coupling from the ionosphere to the stratosphere/troposphere is extremely weak, and no association between natural ionospheric variability and surface weather and climate has been found, even at the extraordinarily high levels of ionospheric turbulence that the sun can produce during a geomagnetic storm. If the ionospheric storms caused by the sun itself don't affect the surface weather, there is no chance that HAARP can do so either. How long do the effects of ionospheric heating last? Since the ionosphere is, inherently, a turbulent medium that is being both \"stirred up\" and renewed by the sun, artificially induced effects are quickly obliterated. Depending on the height within the ionosphere where the effect is originally produced, these effects are no longer detectable after times ranging from less than a second to ten minutes. A good analogy to this process is dropping a stone into a fast moving stream. The ripples caused by the stone are very quickly lost in the rapidly moving water and, a little farther down the stream, are completely undetectable. A University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute scientist has compared HAARP to an \"immersion heater in the Yukon River.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "(NASA/John Grant) The EVEX (Equatorial Vortex Experiment) rockets were launched 90 seconds apart. By staggering the launches the two rockets were able to gather data simultaneously at two altitudes through the ionosphere. Beginning about 60 miles (96 km) up, the ionosphere is a crucial layer of charged particles surrounding our planet. This layer serves as the medium through which high frequency radio waves \u2013 such as those sent down to the ground by satellites \u2013 travel. Governed by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, high-altitude winds, and incoming material and energy from the sun, the ionosphere can be calm at certain times of day and at other times turbulent, disrupting satellite signals. The EVEX experiment is designed to measure events in two separate regions of the ionosphere to see how they work together to drive it from placid and smooth to violently disturbed. Such information could ultimately lead to the ability to accurately forecast this important aspect of space weather. Image source: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center on Flickr CategoriesEarth, NASA TagsEVEX, ionosphere, Marshall Islands, NASA, sounding rockets, Space Weather, TMA, trails 5 Replies to \u201cWhat Left These Spooky Trails in the Sky?\u201d kizi says: Beginning about 60 miles (96 km) up, the ionosphere is a crucial layer of charged particles surrounding our planet. Seriously? Con Safos says: These orbs (?) they are putting up are leaving spectacular trails [like this]. Sometimes they fail adn create huge, highly documented, spirals. kizi friv says: These components creates great reading through. Friv 4 says: Your effort has truly compensated off for"}, {"title": "", "text": "(NASA/John Grant) The EVEX (Equatorial Vortex Experiment) rockets were launched 90 seconds apart. By staggering the launches the two rockets were able to gather data simultaneously at two altitudes through the ionosphere. Beginning about 60 miles (96 km) up, the ionosphere is a crucial layer of charged particles surrounding our planet. This layer serves as the medium through which high frequency radio waves \u2013 such as those sent down to the ground by satellites \u2013 travel. Governed by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, high-altitude winds, and incoming material and energy from the sun, the ionosphere can be calm at certain times of day and at other times turbulent, disrupting satellite signals. The EVEX experiment is designed to measure events in two separate regions of the ionosphere to see how they work together to drive it from placid and smooth to violently disturbed. Such information could ultimately lead to the ability to accurately forecast this important aspect of space weather. Image source: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center on Flickr CategoriesEarth, NASA TagsEVEX, ionosphere, Marshall Islands, NASA, sounding rockets, Space Weather, TMA, trails 5 Replies to \u201cWhat Left These Spooky Trails in the Sky?\u201d kizi says: Beginning about 60 miles (96 km) up, the ionosphere is a crucial layer of charged particles surrounding our planet. Seriously? Con Safos says: These orbs (?) they are putting up are leaving spectacular trails [like this]. Sometimes they fail adn create huge, highly documented, spirals. kizi friv says: These components creates great reading through. Friv 4 says: Your effort has truly compensated off for"}, {"title": "", "text": "affected due to radiation, or when the HF communication or satellite navigation is impacted, an advisory message is sent out through the standard communication networks defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The advisories have a standard format. Radiation at flight level During solar storms, solar particles like protons can suddenly be accelerated, heading into space at great speed. When they arrive at Earth, these energetic particles can penetrate the atmosphere at the magnetic poles. They bombard atmospheric particles and create a shower of particles possibly reaching the Earth\u2019s surface. When this happens, crew and passengers onboard airplanes are more vulnerable to this harmful radiation. The effect is stronger at high altitudes and latitudes. The ionosphere plays also a crucial role in satellite navigation. The signal sent by the satellite has to pass through the ionosphere to reach the receiver. Solar storms can introduce small scale structures in the ionosphere. When the signal encounters these obstacles, its amplitude and phase can alter very rapidly. Similarly, when the number of electrons in the ionosphere increases dramatically due to a solar storm, positioning errors are introduced in satellite navigation. HF communication The ionosphere is a layer at the top of our atmosphere which is ionised due to sunlight (at ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths). Because the layer is ionised, it has the ability to reflect HF radio waves allowing long distance radio communication, which is crucial for aviation. HF radio waves have frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.However, during solar storms, extra energy is deposited into the ionosphere,"}, {"title": "", "text": "affected due to radiation, or when the HF communication or satellite navigation is impacted, an advisory message is sent out through the standard communication networks defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The advisories have a standard format. Radiation at flight level During solar storms, solar particles like protons can suddenly be accelerated, heading into space at great speed. When they arrive at Earth, these energetic particles can penetrate the atmosphere at the magnetic poles. They bombard atmospheric particles and create a shower of particles possibly reaching the Earth\u2019s surface. When this happens, crew and passengers onboard airplanes are more vulnerable to this harmful radiation. The effect is stronger at high altitudes and latitudes. The ionosphere plays also a crucial role in satellite navigation. The signal sent by the satellite has to pass through the ionosphere to reach the receiver. Solar storms can introduce small scale structures in the ionosphere. When the signal encounters these obstacles, its amplitude and phase can alter very rapidly. Similarly, when the number of electrons in the ionosphere increases dramatically due to a solar storm, positioning errors are introduced in satellite navigation. HF communication The ionosphere is a layer at the top of our atmosphere which is ionised due to sunlight (at ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths). Because the layer is ionised, it has the ability to reflect HF radio waves allowing long distance radio communication, which is crucial for aviation. HF radio waves have frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.However, during solar storms, extra energy is deposited into the ionosphere,"}, {"title": "", "text": "With more launches than Russia last year, Elon Musk\u2019s rocket company SpaceX made waves in 2017. It also tore a hole in the ionosphere. Scientists have determined that the launch of the company\u2019s Falcon 9 rocket on Aug. 24 punched a temporary hole into a layer of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere nearly 560 miles wide. While the effect is not permanent, here is how the rocket impacted the ionosphere and what it means as humans move forward with space flight. The ionosphere is the layer of our planet\u2019s upper atmosphere between 75 km and 1000 km (or between 46 and 621 miles) where the sun\u2019s energy and cosmic radiation ionize atoms. The solar and cosmic rays strip atoms in the area of one or more of their electrons, giving them a positive charge and leaving the electrons to act as free particles. This is the part of the atmosphere where auroras occur. It overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The ionosphere is important because the concentration of ions and free electrons allows it to reflect radio waves. This facilitates radio communications across distant points on Earth as well as between satellites and Earth. During the day, X-rays and UV light from the sun provide energy that continuously knocks electrons from atoms, creating ions and free electrons. These separate particles are constantly colliding, recombining, and becoming electrically neutral atoms again. So at night, without the energy from the sun, more particles combine than are ionized and the ionosphere shrinks. While the cosmic radiation still affects this part of"}, {"title": "", "text": "layers of the ionosphere appear and disappear during this daily cycle, according to NASA. Solar radiation also fluctuates over an 11-year period, meaning the sun may put out more or less radiation depending on the year. Explosive solar flares and gusts of solar wind stir up sudden changes in the ionosphere, teaming up with high-altitude winds and severe weather systems brewing on the Earth below. This amateur astronomer\u2019s photograph, taken on May 8, 2016, in Keller, Washington, was used in the new research about the celestial phenomenon called STEVE. The major structures are two bands of upper atmospheric emissions located 100 miles (160 kilometers) above the ground: a reddish arc and a green picket fence. Credit: Rocky Raybell Learn how GPS works with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Communication and navigation Though reactions in the ionosphere paint the sky with brilliant hues, they can also disrupt radio signals, interfere with navigational systems and sometimes cause widespread power blackouts. The ionosphere reflects radio transmissions below 10 megahertz, allowing the military, airlines and scientists to link radar and communication systems over long distances. These systems work best when the ionosphere is smooth, like a mirror, but they can be disrupted by irregularities in the plasma. GPS transmissions pass through the ionosphere and therefore bear the same vulnerabilities. \u201cDuring large geomagnetic storms, or space weather events, currents [in the ionosphere] can induce other currents in the ground, electrical grids, pipelines, etc. and wreak havoc,\u201d Perry said. One such solar storm caused the famous Quebec blackout of 1989."}, {"title": "", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "", "text": "under the influence of the Sun and the lower atmosphere. The ionospheric plasma density and structure affect the reflection and absorption of radio waves in the mid-and short-wave bands, communication and positioning using satellites, and delays and fluctuations of radio waves in the UHF band. Therefore, space weather phenomena in the ionosphere can affect short-wave HF communication/broadcasting used for aviation (Sect. \"Aviation operation\"), VHF communication/broadcasting used for disaster prevention and firefighting radio, and UHF communications used in satellite communications. As mentioned above, effects depend on the system details and usages. Although the role of HF communication/broadcasting is limited owing to its existing use by communication satellites and submarine cables, it is continuously used for aviation radio, ship radio, disaster radio, and long-distance communication such as international radio broadcasting. The ionospheric phenomena that affect HF communication are ionospheric negative storms, the Dellinger phenomenon, PCA, and plasma bubbles. Ionospheric negative storms are an unusual decrease in plasma density. As they are mostly associated with geomagnetic storms, their occurrence is anticipated in periods of medium and high solar activity. During the former, foF2 is typically about 2-8 MHz. If a moderate event (once per year) with ~ 30% plasma decrease occurs during nighttime (daytime), the corresponding MUF for a great-circle distance of 2000 km will typically decrease from about 12-48 to 8.4-34 MHz. If a severe event (once per 10 years) with 50% plasma decrease occurs, the MUF will decrease from 12-48 to 6-24 MHz. Part (most) of the HF communication frequency range, up to 30 MHz, is affected"}, {"title": "", "text": "under the influence of the Sun and the lower atmosphere. The ionospheric plasma density and structure affect the reflection and absorption of radio waves in the mid-and short-wave bands, communication and positioning using satellites, and delays and fluctuations of radio waves in the UHF band. Therefore, space weather phenomena in the ionosphere can affect short-wave HF communication/broadcasting used for aviation (Sect. \"Aviation operation\"), VHF communication/broadcasting used for disaster prevention and firefighting radio, and UHF communications used in satellite communications. As mentioned above, effects depend on the system details and usages. Although the role of HF communication/broadcasting is limited owing to its existing use by communication satellites and submarine cables, it is continuously used for aviation radio, ship radio, disaster radio, and long-distance communication such as international radio broadcasting. The ionospheric phenomena that affect HF communication are ionospheric negative storms, the Dellinger phenomenon, PCA, and plasma bubbles. Ionospheric negative storms are an unusual decrease in plasma density. As they are mostly associated with geomagnetic storms, their occurrence is anticipated in periods of medium and high solar activity. During the former, foF2 is typically about 2-8 MHz. If a moderate event (once per year) with ~ 30% plasma decrease occurs during nighttime (daytime), the corresponding MUF for a great-circle distance of 2000 km will typically decrease from about 12-48 to 8.4-34 MHz. If a severe event (once per 10 years) with 50% plasma decrease occurs, the MUF will decrease from 12-48 to 6-24 MHz. Part (most) of the HF communication frequency range, up to 30 MHz, is affected"}, {"title": "", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "", "text": "can make you sneeze and hack almost without end, to the point you really start thinking about 1) remaining vertical and 2) whether you\u2019ll need the emergency room. Roger : I realise I am wasting my time, because True Believers always find a way to ignore any counter-arguments, but I just feel compelled to respond to some of the obviously only half-informed comments that some posters have made (mm, that tar baby sure looks sticky\u2026.) 1. Yes experiments have been done to to increase ion concentrations in the atmosphere in order to extend the range of radio communications or radar signals in an emergency. However, for several very simple reasons, these experiments are certainly totally unrelated to the chemtrails hypothesis. Firstly, such experiments are conducted in the ionosphere, which is an extremely high altitude region of the atmosphere, a near vacuum \u201con the edge of space\u201d, because at higher atmospheric pressures the ions would recombine too quickly. The air is so thin at these extreme altitudes that aircraft cannot fly there; experiments are conducted by sounding rockets, not by airplanes. It is so high, that you would not be able to see an aircraft even with binoculars anyway. Secondly, because of the extremely low atmospheric density at these altitudes, the amount of material required to create an \u201cion cloud\u201d is tiny: generally only a couple of pounds. It is also pointless to create an ion cloud if you have an aircraft in the area: the aircraft is itself a far better radio relay than an ion"}, {"title": "", "text": "can make you sneeze and hack almost without end, to the point you really start thinking about 1) remaining vertical and 2) whether you\u2019ll need the emergency room. Roger : I realise I am wasting my time, because True Believers always find a way to ignore any counter-arguments, but I just feel compelled to respond to some of the obviously only half-informed comments that some posters have made (mm, that tar baby sure looks sticky\u2026.) 1. Yes experiments have been done to to increase ion concentrations in the atmosphere in order to extend the range of radio communications or radar signals in an emergency. However, for several very simple reasons, these experiments are certainly totally unrelated to the chemtrails hypothesis. Firstly, such experiments are conducted in the ionosphere, which is an extremely high altitude region of the atmosphere, a near vacuum \u201con the edge of space\u201d, because at higher atmospheric pressures the ions would recombine too quickly. The air is so thin at these extreme altitudes that aircraft cannot fly there; experiments are conducted by sounding rockets, not by airplanes. It is so high, that you would not be able to see an aircraft even with binoculars anyway. Secondly, because of the extremely low atmospheric density at these altitudes, the amount of material required to create an \u201cion cloud\u201d is tiny: generally only a couple of pounds. It is also pointless to create an ion cloud if you have an aircraft in the area: the aircraft is itself a far better radio relay than an ion"}, {"title": "", "text": "ions, which have an electrical charge. Does the ionosphere affect radio? The ionosphere is a particularly important region with regards to radio signal propagation and radio communications in general. While the ions give the ionosphere its name, but it is the free electrons that affect the radio waves and radio communications. Why do planes fly at 38000 feet? Due to lower resistance at higher altitudes, commercial airplanes can keep moving forward with minimal fuel expenditure. Commercial airplanes typically fly between 32,000 feet and 38,000 feet, with the sweet spot being approximately 35,000 feet, which is popularly referred to as cruising altitude. Can you breathe in the stratosphere? The stratosphere is not a good place to be. First, the ozone in the stratosphere, which protects us from biologically destructive solar ultraviolet light, exists at such high levels that the air itself is toxic. Second, even this toxic air is much too thin for normal breathing. What happens if a window breaks on an airplane? Basically, the air pressure inside the cabin is higher than it is outside of the plane to enable the people onboard to breathe normally. That's why, if a window happens to break, the air inside would escape at high speeds, taking small objects like phones or magazines (or sometimes larger things, like people) with it. Why do planes not get struck by lightning? The fuel tanks in the wings are not exposed to any lightning sparks because the surrounding metal, structural joints, access doors, vents, and fuel filler caps can withstand any burning"}, {"title": "", "text": "ions, which have an electrical charge. Does the ionosphere affect radio? The ionosphere is a particularly important region with regards to radio signal propagation and radio communications in general. While the ions give the ionosphere its name, but it is the free electrons that affect the radio waves and radio communications. Why do planes fly at 38000 feet? Due to lower resistance at higher altitudes, commercial airplanes can keep moving forward with minimal fuel expenditure. Commercial airplanes typically fly between 32,000 feet and 38,000 feet, with the sweet spot being approximately 35,000 feet, which is popularly referred to as cruising altitude. Can you breathe in the stratosphere? The stratosphere is not a good place to be. First, the ozone in the stratosphere, which protects us from biologically destructive solar ultraviolet light, exists at such high levels that the air itself is toxic. Second, even this toxic air is much too thin for normal breathing. What happens if a window breaks on an airplane? Basically, the air pressure inside the cabin is higher than it is outside of the plane to enable the people onboard to breathe normally. That's why, if a window happens to break, the air inside would escape at high speeds, taking small objects like phones or magazines (or sometimes larger things, like people) with it. Why do planes not get struck by lightning? The fuel tanks in the wings are not exposed to any lightning sparks because the surrounding metal, structural joints, access doors, vents, and fuel filler caps can withstand any burning"}, {"title": "", "text": "of an ARRL handbook. I never got a ham license, but I learned everything in that book\u2026 and then some. (I wound up specializing in Electronic Warfare in the military). That late night effect that allowed me to hear stations far away, is caused by ionized layers of the atmosphere.. specifically, the ionosphere. There are three principle layers involved, the D layer which is strongest during the day, mainly absorbs radio waves. Above that, the E layer, present during the day, acts to reflect radio waves. And above that, the F layer. It\u2019s always present, and in the day time it tends to split into the F1 and F2 layers. This is the one that causes most of your long haul radio intercepts late at night. In CB jargon, its called \u201cskip\u201d because that is what the signal is doing\u2026 bouncing off of the ionosphere, back to Earth, and could bounce a second time repeating the process. (no, this is not the Van Allen radiation belts, that is something totally different) \u201cAnomalous propagation\u201d (the real term) can occur due to a number of causes\u2026 the sun is the main driver, but meteor showers can energize the various layers also. This rather busy plot gives you an idea of where everything is at. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic. Just for reference, I\u2019ve place a few altitude events and items in there for reference\u2026 such as Felix Baumgartner\u2019s leap altitude, and the record holder prior to that, Joseph Kittinger. Also noted are high and low altitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "of an ARRL handbook. I never got a ham license, but I learned everything in that book\u2026 and then some. (I wound up specializing in Electronic Warfare in the military). That late night effect that allowed me to hear stations far away, is caused by ionized layers of the atmosphere.. specifically, the ionosphere. There are three principle layers involved, the D layer which is strongest during the day, mainly absorbs radio waves. Above that, the E layer, present during the day, acts to reflect radio waves. And above that, the F layer. It\u2019s always present, and in the day time it tends to split into the F1 and F2 layers. This is the one that causes most of your long haul radio intercepts late at night. In CB jargon, its called \u201cskip\u201d because that is what the signal is doing\u2026 bouncing off of the ionosphere, back to Earth, and could bounce a second time repeating the process. (no, this is not the Van Allen radiation belts, that is something totally different) \u201cAnomalous propagation\u201d (the real term) can occur due to a number of causes\u2026 the sun is the main driver, but meteor showers can energize the various layers also. This rather busy plot gives you an idea of where everything is at. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic. Just for reference, I\u2019ve place a few altitude events and items in there for reference\u2026 such as Felix Baumgartner\u2019s leap altitude, and the record holder prior to that, Joseph Kittinger. Also noted are high and low altitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be propagated from the transmitter to the receiver via very many different paths. Simple diagrams show a single ray or path that the signal takes. In reality the profile of the electron density of the ionosphere (it is the electron density profile that causes the signals to be refracted) is not smooth and as a result any signals entering the ionosphere will be scattered and will take multiple paths to reach a particular receiver. With changes in the ionosphere causing the path lengths to change, this will result in the phases changing and the overall summation at the receiver changing. The changes in the ionosphere arise from a number of factors. One is that the levels of ionisation vary, although these changes normally occur relatively slowly, but nevertheless have an effect. In addition to this there are winds or air movements in the ionosphere. As the levels of ionisation are not constant, any air movement will cause changes in the profile of the electron density in the ionosphere. In turn this will affect the path lengths. It is for this reason that signals on the short wave bands are constantly changing in strength. Many signals using frequencies at VHF and above are affected by the troposphere. The signal is refracted as a result of the changes in refractive index occurring, especially within the first kilometres above the ground. This can cause signals to travel beyond the line of sight. In fact for broadcast applications a figure of 4/3 of the visual line of sight is"}, {"title": "", "text": "via many paths. However it does give an indication of the distances involved to change from an in-phase to an out of phase situation. Ionospheric fading Short wave radio communications is renowned for its fading. Signals that are reflected via the ionosphere, vary considerably in signal strength. These variations in strength are primarily caused by multipath fading. When signals are propagated via the ionosphere it is possible for the energy to be propagated from the transmitter to the receiver via very many different paths. Simple diagrams show a single ray or path that the signal takes. In reality the profile of the electron density of the ionosphere (it is the electron density profile that causes the signals to be refracted) is not smooth and as a result any signals entering the ionosphere will be scattered and will take multiple paths to reach a particular receiver. With changes in the ionosphere causing the path lengths to change, this will result in the phases changing and the overall summation at the receiver changing. The changes in the ionosphere arise from a number of factors. One is that the levels of ionisation vary, although these changes normally occur relatively slowly, but nevertheless have an effect. In addition to this there are winds or air movements in the ionosphere. As the levels of ionisation are not constant, any air movement will cause changes in the profile of the electron density in the ionosphere. In turn this will affect the path lengths. It is for this reason that signals on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "via many paths. However it does give an indication of the distances involved to change from an in-phase to an out of phase situation. Ionospheric fading Short wave radio communications is renowned for its fading. Signals that are reflected via the ionosphere, vary considerably in signal strength. These variations in strength are primarily caused by multipath fading. When signals are propagated via the ionosphere it is possible for the energy to be propagated from the transmitter to the receiver via very many different paths. Simple diagrams show a single ray or path that the signal takes. In reality the profile of the electron density of the ionosphere (it is the electron density profile that causes the signals to be refracted) is not smooth and as a result any signals entering the ionosphere will be scattered and will take multiple paths to reach a particular receiver. With changes in the ionosphere causing the path lengths to change, this will result in the phases changing and the overall summation at the receiver changing. The changes in the ionosphere arise from a number of factors. One is that the levels of ionisation vary, although these changes normally occur relatively slowly, but nevertheless have an effect. In addition to this there are winds or air movements in the ionosphere. As the levels of ionisation are not constant, any air movement will cause changes in the profile of the electron density in the ionosphere. In turn this will affect the path lengths. It is for this reason that signals on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "via many paths. However it does give an indication of the distances involved to change from an in-phase to an out of phase situation. Ionospheric fading Short wave radio communications is renowned for its fading. Signals that are reflected via the ionosphere, vary considerably in signal strength. These variations in strength are primarily caused by multipath fading. When signals are propagated via the ionosphere it is possible for the energy to be propagated from the transmitter to the receiver via very many different paths. Simple diagrams show a single ray or path that the signal takes. In reality the profile of the electron density of the ionosphere (it is the electron density profile that causes the signals to be refracted) is not smooth and as a result any signals entering the ionosphere will be scattered and will take multiple paths to reach a particular receiver. With changes in the ionosphere causing the path lengths to change, this will result in the phases changing and the overall summation at the receiver changing. The changes in the ionosphere arise from a number of factors. One is that the levels of ionisation vary, although these changes normally occur relatively slowly, but nevertheless have an effect. In addition to this there are winds or air movements in the ionosphere. As the levels of ionisation are not constant, any air movement will cause changes in the profile of the electron density in the ionosphere. In turn this will affect the path lengths. It is for this reason that signals on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic energy from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation, but are too energetic to remain in an electrically neutral molecule, creating a plasma. The plasma in these ionized portions of the atmosphere is the ionosphere, which extends from a height of about 30 miles above the earth\u2019s surface to more than 360 miles. This is where auroras are made. Northern Lights over Yellowknife, Northwest Territories The ionosphere has mirror-like effects, making it an excellent reflector of radio waves. Countless military and civilian operations rely on it for their communications systems, groups as diverse as the U.S. Navy and the BBC. Much of the ionospheric research mentioned here is done, in large part, because of concerns that such communications will be disrupted or even shut down entirely by solar activity or \u201cenemy\u201d technology, but scientists are deeply interested in the chemical composition and behaviour of the ionosphere. Studying the ionosphere is problematic. Its lower levels are below the orbital altitudes needed for satellites, yet far too high up for balloons or aircraft. Nonetheless, ground-based tests utilizing sounding equipment (ionosondes) and satellites began in the early \u201960s. Then, in the mid-\u201960s, scientists hit upon the idea of using rockets to shoot barium into the ionosphere, creating \u201cclouds\u201d of barium particles that would be ionized by the sun\u2019s ultraviolet light, then become trapped by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, making magnetic field lines briefly visible to ground- or air-based observers. These \u201cclouds\u201d are essentially artificial auroras. In later experiments, barium clouds were"}, {"title": "", "text": "the ionosphere.\u201d The resulting energy from those explosions heated the ionosphere, reducing the density of its negatively charged electrons, National Geographic reports. Bombing strafes caused disruptions in the ionosphere. Similar ionospheric disturbances have been caused by solar variability and space-weather effects originating in space, as well as tectonic activity, thunderstorms, and sudden stratospheric warmings from below, the study asserts. Any one of these can be enough to throw off global positioning systems (GPS) or communications networks. After the WWII bombing raids in Germany, the resulting atmospheric disturbance spread out over a 600-mile radius and would have crippled wireless transmissions for at least 24 hours. This information could help us predict how volcanoes, earthquakes, or severe weatehr events could affect our wireless communication networks. The researchers mapped out the WWII disturbances by looking at archived daily records of the Radio Research Station at Ditton Park, near Slough, England, the Smithsonian reports. There, ionospheric records were kept daily from 1933 to 1996, more often and more thoroughly than anywhere else in the world. Professor Chris Scott, a Space Scientist at the University of Reading, was lead author of the study. This information, along with helping us understand the effects man-made events have on our planet, could someday help researchers predict when atmospheric disturbances will arise from volcanoes, earthquakes, or violent storms. Learn more in the video below."}, {"title": "", "text": "receivers. The ionosphere is just too unreliable for modern communications. Many recent advances in technology have come from the need to render the ionosphere as reliable as satcom. Both are subject to solar outages, and neither is invulnerable to the various causes of communication loss. It appears that the modern military wants both, as do some civilian users. It also remains a sometimes inconvenient truth that the ionosphere does not cost anything, while satellite time costs a lot. Given that satcom is human-made, while the ionosphere just is, this will not change. Digital communication offers ways to cope with the more common ionospheric issues, such as selective fading and changing signal levels. It's not spark gaps or people shouting into mikes any more. Only backward countries want HF. Others want high-tech. No, what's happened is that people always want The Latest Thing. It's new, and sexy. Its marketers promise everything short of making everyone's morning coffee. It's also very, very, very expensive.\"Backward\" countries also tend to be poor countries. This to a certain extent becomes more important than sexiness when it's time to actually spend money. Eventually, someone listens to the engineers, and comms wind up on the frequencies and modes that do them best. There is still an underlying need for people to communicate. Contrast this with the so-called \"First World,\" where the common pattern is to keep throwing money at an unsatisfactory communication system, trying to force it into working. This is actually more common on the \"scanner\" frequencies (VHF/UHF). We have seen any"}, {"title": "", "text": "up space is made up of matter, and matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. At the ionosphere, atoms from the Earth\u2019s atmosphere meet up with energy from the Sun. This energy, called radiation, strips away parts of the atom. What\u2019s left is a positively or negatively charged atom, called an ion. The ionosphere is filled with ions. These particles move about in a giant wind. However, conditions in the ionosphere change all the time. Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. It will measure the temperature and makeup of gases in"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere (the upper part of Earth\u2019s air that takes its name from the ion particles that occupy it) and consequently they can propagate past the Earth air and go into space. AM is the older kind of modulation used \u2013 the groups can travel above the ground following the Earth curvature and because they are refracted by the ionosphere they can propagate farther than FM ones which ultimately leave Earth for the space. An AM signal is unfortunately more inclined to interferences because of its smaller bandwidth and consequently has worst sound quality than the higher-bandwidth FM signal. It is also more prone to noise which affects amplitude, not frequency. However modulation and demodulation of AM signal is less complicate than in FM systems, and consequently AM is nevertheless widely used. Once the information is applied on the carrier wave, an antenna transforms the electrical signal to an electromagnetic wave which is then propagated. The electromagnetic wave is then inclined to alterations due to reflection (which can happen due to obstacles), refraction (due to hitting the ionosphere or because of weather conditions) or diffraction (when radio groups hit and bend around an object with sharp ends) before it reaches the receiver aerial. It is thanks to the receiver that this signal is intercepted, picked up, demodulated (re-converted), and the communicated information can be processed, shared, relayed or broadcasted to an audience. Once the receiving antenna has detected the radio signal, it\u2019s the receiver that filters out unwanted signals and retains only the desired frequencies \u2013 it"}, {"title": "", "text": "for short periods of time before being captured by positive ions. The negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic energy from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation, but are too energetic to remain in an electrically neutral molecule, creating a plasma. The plasma in these ionized portions of the atmosphere is the ionosphere, which extends from a height of about 30 miles above the earth\u2019s surface to more than 360 miles. This is where auroras are made. Northern Lights over Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (source) The ionosphere has mirror-like effects, making it an excellent reflector of radio waves. Countless military and civilian operations rely on it for their communications systems, groups as diverse as the U.S. Navy and the BBC. Much of the ionospheric research mentioned here is done, in large part, because of concerns that such communications will be disrupted or even shut down entirely by solar activity or \u201cenemy\u201d technology, but scientists are deeply interested in the chemical composition and behaviour of the ionosphere. Studying the ionosphere is problematic. Its lower levels are below the orbital altitudes needed for satellites, yet far too high up for balloons or aircraft. Nonetheless, ground-based tests utilizing sounding equipment (ionosondes) and satellites began in the early \u201960s. Then, in the mid-\u201960s, scientists hit upon the idea of using rockets to shoot barium into the ionosphere, creating \u201cclouds\u201d of barium particles that would be ionized by the sun\u2019s ultraviolet light, then become trapped by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, making magnetic field lines briefly visible to"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "", "text": "heavily ionised, such as during the day, in summer and especially at times of high solar activity. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, the ionospheric D layer can virtually disappear. When this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be refracted by the remaining F layer. This can be very useful for long-distance communication, but can also interfere with local stations. Due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the signals of distant stations may reflect off the ionosphere and interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations. These channels are called clear channels, and the stations, called clear-channel stations, are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW. Uses and applications A major use of these frequencies is AM broadcasting; AM radio stations are allocated frequencies in the medium wave broadcast band from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz in Europe; in North America this extends from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz Some countries also allow broadcasting in the 120-meter band from 2300 to 2495 kHz; these frequencies are mostly used in tropical areas. Although these are medium frequencies,"}, {"title": "", "text": "up space is made up of matter, and matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. At the ionosphere, atoms from the Earth\u2019s atmosphere meet up with energy from the Sun. This energy, called radiation, strips away parts of the atom. What\u2019s left is a positively or negatively charged atom, called an ion. The ionosphere is filled with ions. These particles move about in a giant wind. However, conditions in the ionosphere change all the time. Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. 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1477", "Document 1478", "Document 1488", "Document 1489", "Document 1490", "Document 1494", "Document 1499"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "light on Earth and in space) are possible despite great distances\u2014the delay between Earth and Moon amounts to about 1 second. ### **REGION I: AEROSPACE INTERFACES** Four geographic factors in Region I influence transits to and from space: atmosphere and gravity, together with Earth's rotation and inclination. Some effects are militarily adverse, whereas others are advantageous. #### **ATMOSPHERE** Half of Earth's atmosphere is located less than 3 miles above sea level (4.6 kilometers), in the bottom of the troposphere (figure 22). Most humans need supplemental oxygen to sustain efficient performance well before they reach that elevation. Pressurized suits or cabins become obligatory at about 9 miles, because crew members, unable to expel carbon dioxide and water vapor from their lungs unassisted, otherwise would suffocate. Their blood literally would boil above 12 miles in the absence of such protection. Military aircraft and space vehicles depend on pure air produced in a sealed environment after they approach altitudes that approximate 15 miles, where heat transfer is excessive and poisonous ozone is present. Turbojet engines refuse to function much above 20 miles; ramjets sputter and stop when altimeters register 28 miles (45 kilometers); rockets are required beyond that point. High winds, extreme turbulence, lightning, and ice often cause launch and landing delays, even for remotely-piloted aircraft and unmanned space vehicles on tight military schedules. The top-heavy U.S. piggyback space shuttle, which often transports sensitive cargo for the U.S. Department of Defense, might capsize if it tried to take off when crosswinds exceed the currently permissible 15 miles per hour"}, {"title": "", "text": "without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such resources might be handy"}, {"title": "", "text": "without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such resources might be handy"}, {"title": "", "text": "have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such resources might be handy for delivering materiel further in the solar system, but the"}, {"title": "", "text": "week. A fleet of rescue vehicles\u2014including boats, a helicopter, and a US Navy ship called the USS Portland\u2014awaits nearby. The spacecraft was traveling at about 32 times the speed of sound (24,850 mph or roughly 40,000 kilometers per hour) when it hit the air \u2014 so fast that compression waves caused the spacecraft\u2019s exterior to heat up to about 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees). . Celsius). \u201cThe next big test is a heat shield,\u201d Nelson told CNN in a phone interview Thursday, referring to the barrier designed to protect the Orion capsule from the painful physical factors of re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The intense heat also caused air molecules to ionize, causing them to build up Plasma that caused a 5-minute outage of communications, depending To Artemis I Flight Director Judd Frieling. Interactive: Trace the path Artemis will take around the moon and back When the capsule reached about 200,000 feet (61,000 meters) above the ground, it performed a roll maneuver that briefly sent the capsule back up\u2014kind of like skipping a boulder across the surface of a lake. There are several reasons for using the skip maneuver. Joe Bomba, Lockheed Martin\u2019s president of Thermal Aeronautical Sciences, said: statement. Lockheed is NASA\u2019s prime contractor for the Orion spacecraft. \u201cBy dividing the heat and force of re-entry into two events, skip-entry also provides benefits such as reducing g-forces experienced by astronauts,\u201d according to Lockheed, referring to the crushing forces humans experience during spaceflight. Another outage of communications lasting about three minutes after the skip maneuver. As it embarked"}, {"title": "", "text": "plan, the astronauts will need their main trans-lunar vehicle put into a parking orbit, say, 70 miles above the surface, either left attended by a crew person or not attended\u2014-with nobody left on board\u2014-for the duration of the surface landing. The designing of such a vehicle, particularly being capable of orbiting the Moon without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You,"}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and water required for the crew increases the launch mass of the Orion capsule to the point where a safe launch abort is perhaps no longer possible. With respect to SLS, the current program plan calls for the near-term development of an upper stage that is not capable of the producing the throw mass required for Inspiration Mars\u2026 Lastly, using SLS and Orion for IM would mean that people would be on board for the very first launch of the SLS rocket. The Inspiration Mars Advisory Board determined that this brought risks that were inconsistent with the safety goals established for the project. As a result, the combined use of SLS and Orion to perform Inspiration Mars mission was dropped from further consideration.\u201d To make up for these shortcomings, Inspiration Mars requires the development of new versions of SLS and MPCV. They\u2019re not even the same vehicles. And then those new versions of SLS and MPCV have to supplemented"}, {"title": "", "text": "of orbiting the Moon without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such"}, {"title": "", "text": "rendezvous flight plan, the astronauts will need their main trans-lunar vehicle put into a parking orbit, say, 70 miles above the surface, either left attended by a crew person or not attended\u2014-with nobody left on board\u2014-for the duration of the surface landing. The designing of such a vehicle, particularly being capable of orbiting the Moon without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to"}, {"title": "", "text": "radiation doses inside the cabin \u2013 critical data for mission planners considering the best way to safely send astronauts into deep space in the future. Orion\u2019s cameras will be turned off during its passes through the belts to protect them. Three hours, 23 minutes into flight, the Orion crew module will fly on its own following separation from its service module and the Delta IV Heavy second stage. The spacecraft will be aimed at Earth\u2019s atmosphere and it will be up to Orion\u2019s onboard computers to set the spacecraft in the right position so its base heat shield can bear the brunt of the intense reentry heat. NASA Orion Flight Test EFT1 Logo Hitting the atmosphere at 20,000 mph four hours and 13 minutes after launch, Orion will encounter about 80 percent of the heat it would endure during a return from lunar orbit with astronauts aboard. Ground controllers will lose contact with Orion for 2 1/2 minutes during re-entry when the spacecraft is surrounded by plasma. They should regain communications with the craft just before the forward bay cover is jettisoned in a process that will begin the parachute deployment. After about four hours, 23 minutes, Orion will be bobbing in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California as recovery forces move in. Teams from NASA\u2019s Ground Systems Development and Operations Program based at Kennedy will work with U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin personnel to bring the spacecraft into the well deck of the USS Anchorage, an amphibious ship with a protective enclosure"}, {"title": "", "text": "Tag Info 37 TL;DR: The low technology readiness, the very, very low thrust, and the need for a catalyst bed means this was and still is the wrong technology for the intended purpose of a launch abort system and maneuvering in low Earth orbit. Low technology readiness SpaceX began working on Dragon V2 over five years ago. At that point, AF-M315E had a rather low ... 22 As @OrganicMarble alluded to, the Buran Soviet shuttle was designed with turbojet engines (see here; and here, under \"The engines\") to extend the range of possible landing locations given the re-entry circumstances. Test versions had those engines (the same engines used in the Su-27 fighter) installed, but those were never launched into space. The version ... 21 Heat doesn't. The intense heat does, however, strip off electrons from molecules in the upper atmosphere, leaving an electrically charged plasma. This plasma interferes with radio communications to such an extent there is a complete radio blackout until the capsule has decelerated to such an extent plasma is no longer formed - this can take 30 seconds or ... 18 I don't believe any vehicles equipped with air-breathing engines have flown to space and returned. Some test vehicles for Buran had jet engines installed, but they did not fly to space. In this picture of a Buran test vehicle, you can see that the jet engine mounts interfere with the reaction control jet nozzles, showing that this configuration could not be ... 16 Capsules like Apollo and Orion are mainly open space"}, {"title": "", "text": "stage firing. In this case for some reason, the Redstone continued to exert thrust after separation, causing it to catch up to the back of the second stage and collide with it approximately 12 seconds after separation. This changed the orientation of the launch vehicle, resulting in the second stage firing in the wrong direction, so that an orbital trajectory was not achieved and the spacecraft reentered the atmosphere and fell back to Earth. See also Explorer program Operation Argus References Spacecraft launched in 1958 Explorers Program Satellite launch failures Geomagnetic satellites"}, {"title": "", "text": "future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such resources might be handy for delivering materiel further in the solar system, but the rationale for doing that"}, {"title": "", "text": "was the reentry speed. Orion\u2019s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and water required for the crew increases the launch mass of the Orion capsule to the point where a safe launch abort is perhaps no longer possible. With respect to SLS, the current program plan calls for the near-term development of an upper stage that is not capable of the producing the throw mass required for Inspiration Mars\u2026 Lastly, using SLS and Orion for IM would mean that people would be on board for the very first launch of the SLS rocket. The Inspiration Mars Advisory Board determined that this brought risks that were inconsistent with the safety goals established for the project. As a result, the combined use of SLS and Orion to perform Inspiration Mars mission was dropped from further consideration.\u201d To make up for these shortcomings, Inspiration Mars requires the development of new versions of SLS and MPCV. They\u2019re not even the same vehicles. And then those new"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Curious Droid; Apollo Rocketed Through the Van Allen Belts, by Amy Shira Teitel, Popular Science, 19 September 2014; Why Aren\u2019t the Van Allen Belts a Barrier to Spaceflight?, Jillian Scudder, assistant professor of physics and astronomy, Forbes.com, 16 June 2017. NEXT: 8.2 If the Van Allen belts weren\u2019t a problem for Apollo, why does NASA need to test the new Orion spacecraft? Etichette: C08 (Physical Anomalies)"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Curious Droid; Apollo Rocketed Through the Van Allen Belts, by Amy Shira Teitel, Popular Science, 19 September 2014; Why Aren\u2019t the Van Allen Belts a Barrier to Spaceflight?, Jillian Scudder, assistant professor of physics and astronomy, Forbes.com, 16 June 2017. NEXT: 8.2 If the Van Allen belts weren\u2019t a problem for Apollo, why does NASA need to test the new Orion spacecraft? Etichette: C08 (Physical Anomalies)"}, {"title": "", "text": "key component of Artemis I, an uncrewed test flight around the Moon that paves the way for the Artemis III mission which will land the first woman and next man on the lunar surface by 2024. ESA is designing and supplying the European Service Module for Orion \u2013 the bottom part of the spacecraft in the picture \u2013 that provides electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen as well as keeping the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course (image credit: NASA\u2013Marvin Smith) \u2022 March 3, 2020: Radio frequency testing has begun on the first Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon for the Artemis I mission, just two weeks after thermal and environmental tests were completed at NASA\u2019s Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA. 28) - EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) testing is routine for spacecraft. All electronics emit some form of electromagnetic waves that can cause interference with other devices. Think of the buzz that speakers give out right before an incoming call on a mobile phone. - Spacecraft electronics can cause similar interference, but out in space such interference can have disastrous consequences, so all systems must be checked before launch. - EMC tests often take place in a special shielded room constructed of metal walls and doors and foamy spikes (aka Absorbers) that block out unwanted external electromagnetic radiation, like ESA\u2019s Maxwell chamber at its technical site in the Netherlands. - Though not an EMC chamber, Plum Brook\u2019s thermal vacuum chamber is made of aluminum that does provide electromagnetic shielding, making it a suitable"}, {"title": "", "text": "key component of Artemis I, an uncrewed test flight around the Moon that paves the way for the Artemis III mission which will land the first woman and next man on the lunar surface by 2024. ESA is designing and supplying the European Service Module for Orion \u2013 the bottom part of the spacecraft in the picture \u2013 that provides electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen as well as keeping the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course (image credit: NASA\u2013Marvin Smith) \u2022 March 3, 2020: Radio frequency testing has begun on the first Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon for the Artemis I mission, just two weeks after thermal and environmental tests were completed at NASA\u2019s Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA. 28) - EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) testing is routine for spacecraft. All electronics emit some form of electromagnetic waves that can cause interference with other devices. Think of the buzz that speakers give out right before an incoming call on a mobile phone. - Spacecraft electronics can cause similar interference, but out in space such interference can have disastrous consequences, so all systems must be checked before launch. - EMC tests often take place in a special shielded room constructed of metal walls and doors and foamy spikes (aka Absorbers) that block out unwanted external electromagnetic radiation, like ESA\u2019s Maxwell chamber at its technical site in the Netherlands. - Though not an EMC chamber, Plum Brook\u2019s thermal vacuum chamber is made of aluminum that does provide electromagnetic shielding, making it a suitable"}, {"title": "", "text": "key component of Artemis I, an uncrewed test flight around the Moon that paves the way for the Artemis III mission which will land the first woman and next man on the lunar surface by 2024. ESA is designing and supplying the European Service Module for Orion \u2013 the bottom part of the spacecraft in the picture \u2013 that provides electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen as well as keeping the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course (image credit: NASA\u2013Marvin Smith) \u2022 March 3, 2020: Radio frequency testing has begun on the first Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon for the Artemis I mission, just two weeks after thermal and environmental tests were completed at NASA\u2019s Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA. 28) - EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) testing is routine for spacecraft. All electronics emit some form of electromagnetic waves that can cause interference with other devices. Think of the buzz that speakers give out right before an incoming call on a mobile phone. - Spacecraft electronics can cause similar interference, but out in space such interference can have disastrous consequences, so all systems must be checked before launch. - EMC tests often take place in a special shielded room constructed of metal walls and doors and foamy spikes (aka Absorbers) that block out unwanted external electromagnetic radiation, like ESA\u2019s Maxwell chamber at its technical site in the Netherlands. - Though not an EMC chamber, Plum Brook\u2019s thermal vacuum chamber is made of aluminum that does provide electromagnetic shielding, making it a suitable"}, {"title": "", "text": "Falcon 9 rocket, dust particles landed on the dark shields protecting the cameras from direct sunlight, and reflected sunlight, thus \"blinding\" the cameras. Bold and creative solutions. The mission\u2019s control room during Beresheet landing | Photo: Eliran Avital, SpaceIL Initial attempts to work around this problem with new software commands failed, prompting the engineers to seek creative solutions, such as rolling the spacecraft during maneuvers, and using the accelerometers instead of the star trackers in maneuvers where sunlight could not be avoided. However, these changes made it difficult to pinpoint the spacecraft\u2019s location and also spelled much extra work for the team, since each small tilt can also shift its trajectory. Another complication emerged a few days after launch, when the computer unexpectedly rebooted itself and canceled a planned orbital maneuver. This problem continued to plague the lander on its journey to the moon, probably due to a malfunction in the electronics box connecting the computer to the other spacecraft systems. The box may have been damaged as a result of its exposure to radiation in space. This is part of the price paid for a small, light spacecraft with minimal radiation protection and relatively inexpensive components, some of which, like this electronics box, were designed exclusively for Beresheet and never tested in space. The minimal budget meant that the spacecraft only had one computer. Therefore, any software patches designed to address problems that emerged during the mission were not coded into the computer\u2019s hard-drive but only into its working memory (RAM). As a result, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "turbojets, can rise high into an atmosphere, above the worst air resistance, without having to expend the reaction mass of a rocket. Likewise it can land more easily and safely in the first place. The aircraft which we carry, dismantled, are intended to leave their orbiting mother ship with a short rocket burst, slip into the atmosphere of a new planet, and descend. The return is more difficult, of course, but they get into the stratosphere before applying the non-ionic rocket drive. This in turn takes them into space proper, where their ion accelerators will work. Naturally, the cabins being sealed, any kind of atmosphere will serve them. \u201cNow, this is for exploration purposes. But these auxiliary craft are also capable of landing on rockets alone. When the time has come to establish a beam-relay station, some airless lifeless satellite is chosen, to avoid the necessity of quarantine. The craft shuttle back and forth, carrying the ship\u2019s dismantled transceiver. This is reassembled on the surface. Thereby the satellite\u2019s own mass becomes available to the matterbank, and any amount of material can be reconstructed according to the signals from the home station. The first things sent through are usually the parts for a much larger transceiver station, which can handle many tons of mass at a time.\u201d \u201cWell, good,\u201d said Maclaren. \u201cThat was more or less what I thought. Let\u2019s land and \u2014 oh, oh.\u201d Ryerson felt a smile tugging his lips, though it was not a happy one. \u201cYou see?\u201d he murmured. Maclaren regarded him closely."}, {"title": "", "text": "turbojets, can rise high into an atmosphere, above the worst air resistance, without having to expend the reaction mass of a rocket. Likewise it can land more easily and safely in the first place. The aircraft which we carry, dismantled, are intended to leave their orbiting mother ship with a short rocket burst, slip into the atmosphere of a new planet, and descend. The return is more difficult, of course, but they get into the stratosphere before applying the non-ionic rocket drive. This in turn takes them into space proper, where their ion accelerators will work. Naturally, the cabins being sealed, any kind of atmosphere will serve them. \u201cNow, this is for exploration purposes. But these auxiliary craft are also capable of landing on rockets alone. When the time has come to establish a beam-relay station, some airless lifeless satellite is chosen, to avoid the necessity of quarantine. The craft shuttle back and forth, carrying the ship\u2019s dismantled transceiver. This is reassembled on the surface. Thereby the satellite\u2019s own mass becomes available to the matterbank, and any amount of material can be reconstructed according to the signals from the home station. The first things sent through are usually the parts for a much larger transceiver station, which can handle many tons of mass at a time.\u201d \u201cWell, good,\u201d said Maclaren. \u201cThat was more or less what I thought. Let\u2019s land and \u2014 oh, oh.\u201d Ryerson felt a smile tugging his lips, though it was not a happy one. \u201cYou see?\u201d he murmured. Maclaren regarded him closely."}, {"title": "", "text": "and a lot of mass being moved a long way. One seemingly small error can have huge consequences. Here are just three examples: **2003:** The space shuttle _Columbia_ burns up during reentry into Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. The leading edge of the left wing was damaged during launch, causing the orbiter's thermal protection system to fail. **2011:** The Russian probe Phobos-Grunt, designed to bring rock samples back from a Martian moon, gets stuck in low-Earth orbit and crashes into the Pacific Ocean two months after launch. At least one rocket failed to fire properly. **2015:** A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket disintegrates in midair two minutes after launch. A single support strut failed, causing catastrophic structural failure of the entire rocket. Cosmic Queries With Bill Nye and Astro Mike ## **How Do Spacecraft Move in Space With Nothing to Push On?** _A vintage tin rocket racer toy_ Credit 132 One of the most common misconceptions about space travel is that in order to move, you have to push off something, like Earth's surface. \"When you watch the rocket leave the ground, it gives you the impression that the flames and gases are pushing against the Earth, but that's not really what's going on,\" explains Bill Nye the Science Guy. \"You're throwing hot gas out the back of the rocket so fast that the reaction is the rocket goes off in the other direction...This works whether you're on the Earth or in space.\" Newton's third law of motion\u2014for every action, there is an equal and"}, {"title": "", "text": "getting hit with a stray particle of radiation wouldn\u2019t have had enough energy to damage big wires and vacuum tubes,\u201d he says. \u201cAs things get smaller, it\u2019s easier to flip a bit from a zero to a one or to damage the electrical circuitry. That\u2019s one reason that spacecraft might not use the latest and greatest computer chips like your iPad might use.\u201d So shielding and redundancy have been added. Going long, the astronauts will depend on the Deep Space Network for communication and must be more self-reliant; there are fewer chances for help. \u201cOn [the space station] or shuttle,\u201d says Hopkins, \u201cif something goes wrong [like a sick astronaut], you have the option to come home pretty quickly.\u201d So the Orion design includes many levels of redundancies and \u201cdown modes,\u201d says Lockheed\u2019s Lacefield. \u201cWe could lose [Orion\u2019s main engine] on the other side of the moon,\u201d he says, holding a model of the Orion and its Space Launch System rocket, \u201chave a problem with our primary avionics, and have a hole in the cabin and still get the crew back.\u201d Things learned with Apollo are reflected here: For example, because of the fire hazard of an all-oxygen cabin, the astronauts will breathe a mixture of gases, even in flight. The carbon dioxide \u201cscrubbers,\u201d whose pending failure was famously depicted in the film Apollo 13, have been replaced, Hopkins says, with a new system that can absorb carbon dioxide and release it later. When the reusable absorber becomes saturated, the astronauts will open a vent and"}, {"title": "", "text": "getting hit with a stray particle of radiation wouldn\u2019t have had enough energy to damage big wires and vacuum tubes,\u201d he says. \u201cAs things get smaller, it\u2019s easier to flip a bit from a zero to a one or to damage the electrical circuitry. That\u2019s one reason that spacecraft might not use the latest and greatest computer chips like your iPad might use.\u201d So shielding and redundancy have been added. Going long, the astronauts will depend on the Deep Space Network for communication and must be more self-reliant; there are fewer chances for help. \u201cOn [the space station] or shuttle,\u201d says Hopkins, \u201cif something goes wrong [like a sick astronaut], you have the option to come home pretty quickly.\u201d So the Orion design includes many levels of redundancies and \u201cdown modes,\u201d says Lockheed\u2019s Lacefield. \u201cWe could lose [Orion\u2019s main engine] on the other side of the moon,\u201d he says, holding a model of the Orion and its Space Launch System rocket, \u201chave a problem with our primary avionics, and have a hole in the cabin and still get the crew back.\u201d Things learned with Apollo are reflected here: For example, because of the fire hazard of an all-oxygen cabin, the astronauts will breathe a mixture of gases, even in flight. The carbon dioxide \u201cscrubbers,\u201d whose pending failure was famously depicted in the film Apollo 13, have been replaced, Hopkins says, with a new system that can absorb carbon dioxide and release it later. When the reusable absorber becomes saturated, the astronauts will open a vent and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that's a thunderstorm. Granted, high winds can also be problematic. And it should go without saying that you don't want to launch during a hurricane or tornado. Rockets are perfectly capable of launching directly into a thunderstorm, just as a civil airliner might do, but there's a wee bit of a problem with doing so. Rockets are made of metal, and their exhaust is partially ionized, so during liftoff the entire rocket+exhaust trail is like a giant conductive wire tying the rocket to the ground. If the rocket flies into a thunderstorm then it will attract lightning strikes. Rockets can be made to withstand such strikes, and most of the current flows over the skin of the vehicle (just as with an airliner) but that adds a lot of difficulty. This actually happened during the Apollo 12 launch, and the lightning strike caused a huge number of problems with the onboard computers and with the telemetry link until folks were able to fix the telemetry and then slowly get everything else in order (fortunately the flight computers continued running normally). As with all inherently dangerous activities the basic principle is generally to \"stack the odds in your favor\", so if you can avoid launching a hypersonic rocket packed with literally kilotons of explosive fuel into a scenario where it is almost certain to draw a lightning strike then you do so. So why does weather cause so many launch delays? Well, that's mostly just an issue for the US. For orbital dynamics reasons it is most"}, {"title": "", "text": "that's a thunderstorm. Granted, high winds can also be problematic. And it should go without saying that you don't want to launch during a hurricane or tornado. Rockets are perfectly capable of launching directly into a thunderstorm, just as a civil airliner might do, but there's a wee bit of a problem with doing so. Rockets are made of metal, and their exhaust is partially ionized, so during liftoff the entire rocket+exhaust trail is like a giant conductive wire tying the rocket to the ground. If the rocket flies into a thunderstorm then it will attract lightning strikes. Rockets can be made to withstand such strikes, and most of the current flows over the skin of the vehicle (just as with an airliner) but that adds a lot of difficulty. This actually happened during the Apollo 12 launch, and the lightning strike caused a huge number of problems with the onboard computers and with the telemetry link until folks were able to fix the telemetry and then slowly get everything else in order (fortunately the flight computers continued running normally). As with all inherently dangerous activities the basic principle is generally to \"stack the odds in your favor\", so if you can avoid launching a hypersonic rocket packed with literally kilotons of explosive fuel into a scenario where it is almost certain to draw a lightning strike then you do so. So why does weather cause so many launch delays? Well, that's mostly just an issue for the US. For orbital dynamics reasons it is most"}, {"title": "", "text": "with the MET was caused by a mistimed polling of the time from the Atlas rocket by the spacecraft. When the time was polled, the MET was incorrectly set eleven hours off. As such, once Starliner had reached space, it continued following its preprogrammed commands from the time it had on board. In this instance, it believed it was eleven hours ahead in the mission and in a different orbit. In trying to maintain this precise orbit, Starliner began to use propellant to correct itself. This issue was confounded by the communication error. Once controllers recognized that the craft was rapidly firing thrusters to maintain the orbit it was not in, there was a delay in communications with the craft, resulting in a missed opportunity to react to the issue and reconfigure the craft to attain the needed orbit to dock. The communications error is an interesting case, as part of the blame is being place on Earth-generated background noise. Specifically, they believe the issue was caused by signals from cell phone towers being radiated into space. This is a known issue in spaceflight and is typically mitigated for by using a larger band of frequencies for communications. It is not apparent what the underlying cause of the frequency interruption was, or what the fix will be. While, before Thursday, both the MET error and the communications issue were known publicly, the coding issue with the SM was not In essence, two lines of code for the sequence to fire thrusters to deorbit the SM after"}, {"title": "", "text": "the scheduled touchdown, a series of technical glitches caused the engine to shut down, sending Beresheet on a hard landing on the surface. Later that night, SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) representatives explained that the cause of the malfunction was one of the accelerometers and pledged to conduct a detailed investigation and make their findings public. Although the investigation has concluded, its details were never published officially; we bring them here, for the first time, with substantial new information about the mission. A crater was left on the moon: Pictures of Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing site before and after the crash | LRO satellite photos, courtesy of NASA As with most space accidents, Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing was caused by a series of malfunctions, rather than a single problem. Some of the issues stemmed from the original design of the spacecraft, which was very small and built on a relatively low budget for comparable space missions ($100 million, including launch and operation costs). Others originated in human error. Almost immediately after launch, Beresheet\u2019s engineers reported a problem with its star trackers \u2013 a pair of cameras designed to take pictures of the sky, identify specific stars, and thus determine the orientation of the spacecraft in space \u2013 i.e., whether it was flying \u201cforwards,\u201d \u201cbackwards,\u201d or \u201csideways.\u201d This information is crucial for engine operation, because a wrong angle can significantly alter spacecraft\u2019s trajectory. It is probable that during the separation from the Falcon 9 rocket, dust particles landed on the dark shields protecting the cameras from direct sunlight, and reflected"}, {"title": "", "text": "study report do he or they \u201cconclude\u201d that the \u201cSpace Launch System\u201d is required to \u201cconduct a beyond LEO [sic] mission\u201d. For you to prove that you\u2019re not lying, you need to find, directly quote from, and link to this statement in Tito\u2019s or Inspiration Mars\u2019 materials. Good luck with that. It doesn\u2019t exist. In fact, if you were actually capable of reading and comprehending written or technical materials like the Inspiration Mars report, it\u2019s clear that they\u2019re not interested in NASA\u2019s SLS (or MPCV). Tito and Inspiration Mars want to make major changes to both vehicles. I\u2019ll cite from the Inspiration Mars report again: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u2019s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u2019s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food"}, {"title": "", "text": "report do he or they \u201cconclude\u201d that the \u201cSpace Launch System\u201d is required to \u201cconduct a beyond LEO [sic] mission\u201d. For you to prove that you\u2019re not lying, you need to find, directly quote from, and link to this statement in Tito\u2019s or Inspiration Mars\u2019 materials. Good luck with that. It doesn\u2019t exist. In fact, if you were actually capable of reading and comprehending written or technical materials like the Inspiration Mars report, it\u2019s clear that they\u2019re not interested in NASA\u2019s SLS (or MPCV). Tito and Inspiration Mars want to make major changes to both vehicles. I\u2019ll cite from the Inspiration Mars report again: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u2019s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u2019s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and"}, {"title": "", "text": "week. A fleet of rescue vehicles\u2014including boats, a helicopter, and a US Navy ship called the USS Portland\u2014awaits nearby. The spacecraft was traveling at about 32 times the speed of sound (24,850 mph or roughly 40,000 kilometers per hour) when it hit the air \u2014 so fast that compression waves caused the spacecraft\u2019s exterior to heat up to about 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees). . Celsius). \u201cThe next big test is a heat shield,\u201d Nelson told CNN in a phone interview Thursday, referring to the barrier designed to protect the Orion capsule from the painful physical factors of re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The intense heat also caused air molecules to ionize, causing them to build up Plasma that caused a 5-minute outage of communications, depending To Artemis I Flight Director Judd Frieling. Interactive: Trace the path Artemis will take around the moon and back When the capsule reached about 200,000 feet (61,000 meters) above the ground, it performed a roll maneuver that briefly sent the capsule back up\u2014kind of like skipping a boulder across the surface of a lake. There are several reasons for using the skip maneuver. Joe Bomba, Lockheed Martin\u2019s president of Thermal Aeronautical Sciences, said: statement. Lockheed is NASA\u2019s prime contractor for the Orion spacecraft. \u201cBy dividing the heat and force of re-entry into two events, skip-entry also provides benefits such as reducing g-forces experienced by astronauts,\u201d according to Lockheed, referring to the crushing forces humans experience during spaceflight. Another outage of communications lasting about three minutes after the skip maneuver. As it embarked"}, {"title": "", "text": "SLS. Figure 12: Illustration of the various stages of the EFT-1 mission (image credit: NASA) While not producing entry velocities as high as those experienced in returning from a lunar orbit, the trajectory was chosen to provide higher stresses on the thermal protection and guided entry systems, as compared against a lower energy LEO entry. However the required entry geometry with constraints on inclination and landing site result in a trajectory that lingers for many hours in the Van Allen radiation belts. This exposes the vehicle and avionics to much higher levels of high energy proton radiation than a typical LEO or lunar trajectory would encounter. As a result, Van Allen radiation poses a significant risk to the Orion avionics system, and particularly the FCM (Flight Control Module) computers that house the GN&C flight software (Ref. 39). The promise of crucial flight test data: Orion only has two flight test opportunities before astronauts climb aboard for the first crewed mission in 2021 - so gleaning the maximum information possible from EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) in December 2014 (and later, Exploration Mission-1 in 2017) is of the highest priority. The following five items are of special importance for the flight engineers: 40) 1) Launch Abort System Separation - The LAS (Launch Abort System) is a key reason that Orion is intended to become the safest spacecraft ever built. In an emergency, it could activate to pull the crew module and the astronauts it will carry away from the launch pad and the rocket in milliseconds. Hopefully it's"}, {"title": "", "text": "Serenity\"). At first, everything proceeded according to the plan, but about ten minutes to the scheduled touchdown, a series of technical glitches caused the engine to shut down, sending Beresheet on a hard landing on the surface. Later that night, SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) representatives explained that the cause of the malfunction was one of the accelerometers and pledged to conduct a detailed investigation and make their findings public. Although the investigation has concluded, its details were never published officially; we bring them here, for the first time, with substantial new information about the mission. A crater was left on the moon: Pictures of Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing site before and after the crash | LRO satellite photos, courtesy of NASA A chain of malfunctions As with most space accidents, Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing was caused by a series of malfunctions, rather than a single problem. Some of the issues stemmed from the original design of the spacecraft, which was very small and built on a relatively low budget for comparable space missions ($100 million, including launch and operation costs). Others originated in human error. Almost immediately after launch, Beresheet\u2019s engineers reported a problem with its star trackers \u2013 a pair of cameras designed to take pictures of the sky, identify specific stars, and thus determine the orientation of the spacecraft in space \u2013 i.e., whether it was flying \u201cforwards,\u201d \u201cbackwards,\u201d or \u201csideways.\u201d This information is crucial for engine operation, because a wrong angle can significantly alter spacecraft\u2019s trajectory. It is probable that during the separation from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "is linked below: https://www.space.com/israeli-beresheet-moon-landing-attempt-fails.html #16 Posted by fred_mc 4 years ago Sad that it crashed :-( . The lander got quite some attention here in Sweden since the Esrange space base in northern Sweden was used to send commands to the lander. They're saying now\ufffdthat the retro-rockets, needed to slow Beresheet down for landing, fired only intermittently. This\ufffdallowed the lander to descend\ufffdtoo rapidly for it\ufffdto survive the impact with the surface.\ufffd\ufffd #18 Posted by NCC1701 4 years ago It all went wrong after sending the selfie. Why on earth are they going to take a selfie with a multimillion spacecraft that is in a very critical phase of operation. #19 Posted by Waspie_Dwarf 4 years ago How does the operation of the camera in any way affect the landing? What we have here is a classic case of assuming that correlation equals causation. This is a formal logical fallacy known as \"cum hoc ergo propter hoc\" Just because two events occur at the same time does not mean that one caused the other. In fact an on-board sensor malfunctioned, commanding a premature shut down of the engine... nothing to do with selfies. Taking images during descent has become fairly common practice. Such images help pin-point the exact location of the touch down. This is particularly useful in the case of ... [More] Click here to view all 19 comments on this story Please Login or Register to post a comment. Our new book is out now! The Unexplained Mysteries Book of Weird News Take a walk"}, {"title": "", "text": "is linked below: https://www.space.com/israeli-beresheet-moon-landing-attempt-fails.html #16 Posted by fred_mc 4 years ago Sad that it crashed :-( . The lander got quite some attention here in Sweden since the Esrange space base in northern Sweden was used to send commands to the lander. They're saying now\ufffdthat the retro-rockets, needed to slow Beresheet down for landing, fired only intermittently. This\ufffdallowed the lander to descend\ufffdtoo rapidly for it\ufffdto survive the impact with the surface.\ufffd\ufffd #18 Posted by NCC1701 4 years ago It all went wrong after sending the selfie. Why on earth are they going to take a selfie with a multimillion spacecraft that is in a very critical phase of operation. #19 Posted by Waspie_Dwarf 4 years ago How does the operation of the camera in any way affect the landing? What we have here is a classic case of assuming that correlation equals causation. This is a formal logical fallacy known as \"cum hoc ergo propter hoc\" Just because two events occur at the same time does not mean that one caused the other. In fact an on-board sensor malfunctioned, commanding a premature shut down of the engine... nothing to do with selfies. Taking images during descent has become fairly common practice. Such images help pin-point the exact location of the touch down. This is particularly useful in the case of ... [More] Click here to view all 19 comments on this story Please Login or Register to post a comment. Our new book is out now! The Unexplained Mysteries Book of Weird News Take a walk"}, {"title": "", "text": "still doesn\u2019t realize, after it\u2019s been pointed out to him several times, that the HLV that Inspiration Mars wants is not the same HLV that NASA is pursuing under the SLS project. I\u2019m not requiring you to know basic physics and the rocket equation. Any pre-K kid who can compare two numbers could understand that SLS as NASA is pursuing it doesn\u2019t have the necessary throw weight, and that Tito is asking for a different HLV. And as you have repeatedly demonstrated, an idiot of your caliber can\u2019t even compare two numbers. \u201cI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ll leave you with this quote from Taber McCallum\u201d Verbal quotes (probably taken out of context or misquoted by the reporter) in a popular science rag don\u2019t trump what Taber wrote in black and white in his own report. To repeat, for the third time, that is: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along"}, {"title": "", "text": "still doesn\u2019t realize, after it\u2019s been pointed out to him several times, that the HLV that Inspiration Mars wants is not the same HLV that NASA is pursuing under the SLS project. I\u2019m not requiring you to know basic physics and the rocket equation. Any pre-K kid who can compare two numbers could understand that SLS as NASA is pursuing it doesn\u2019t have the necessary throw weight, and that Tito is asking for a different HLV. And as you have repeatedly demonstrated, an idiot of your caliber can\u2019t even compare two numbers. \u201cI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ll leave you with this quote from Taber McCallum\u201d Verbal quotes (probably taken out of context or misquoted by the reporter) in a popular science rag don\u2019t trump what Taber wrote in black and white in his own report. To repeat, for the third time, that is: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cconclude\u201d that the \u201cSpace Launch System\u201d is required to \u201cconduct a beyond LEO [sic] mission\u201d. For you to prove that you\u2019re not lying, you need to find, directly quote from, and link to this statement in Tito\u2019s or Inspiration Mars\u2019 materials. Good luck with that. It doesn\u2019t exist. In fact, if you were actually capable of reading and comprehending written or technical materials like the Inspiration Mars report, it\u2019s clear that they\u2019re not interested in NASA\u2019s SLS (or MPCV). Tito and Inspiration Mars want to make major changes to both vehicles. I\u2019ll cite from the Inspiration Mars report again: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u2019s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u2019s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and water required for the crew"}, {"title": "", "text": "vomiting, and anorexia and fatigue. Without pressure, human blood heats up. Despite the training, behavioural issues may crop up due to isolation leading to depression, fatigue, sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders. Critical Technologies for Human Space Flight (HSF): According to ISRO, most of the indigenously developed technologies required for the mission have already been tested. These include crew module re-entry, crew escape mechanism in case of a glitch during launch, a deep space network and the astronaut\u2019s space suit. Orbital Module: Divided into a crew module to house the astronauts and a service module that maintains the speed and orientation of the spacecraft using rocket motors apart from the power supply generated from solar sails. Crew Escape System: In case of a malfunction at launch, crew capsule will be ejected to a safe distance Integration facility: for integrating orbit module with launcher and modifying Launchpad for human interface Crew Module: Has to be tested for maintaining temperature and pressure comfortable for humans Deep Space Network: Need to track the module 24*7 as it orbits the earth Re-entry and Recovery system: System to withstand high temperatures (due to friction with the air) when the spacecraft re-enters earth\u2019s atmosphere. Mission Control: Monitors and communicates with the orbiter and astronauts throughout the mission Rocket Launcher: The GSLV Mark III has been modified to improve reliability and accommodate orbital module Recovery logistics: ISRO will interface with the Navy to pick up the astronauts when the crew module splashes down. Astronaut Training: Crew has to be trained to operate in zero"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cSpace Launch System\u201d is required to \u201cconduct a beyond LEO [sic] mission\u201d. For you to prove that you\u2019re not lying, you need to find, directly quote from, and link to this statement in Tito\u2019s or Inspiration Mars\u2019 materials. Good luck with that. It doesn\u2019t exist. In fact, if you were actually capable of reading and comprehending written or technical materials like the Inspiration Mars report, it\u2019s clear that they\u2019re not interested in NASA\u2019s SLS (or MPCV). Tito and Inspiration Mars want to make major changes to both vehicles. I\u2019ll cite from the Inspiration Mars report again: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and water required for the crew increases the launch"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cSpace Launch System\u201d is required to \u201cconduct a beyond LEO [sic] mission\u201d. For you to prove that you\u2019re not lying, you need to find, directly quote from, and link to this statement in Tito\u2019s or Inspiration Mars\u2019 materials. Good luck with that. It doesn\u2019t exist. In fact, if you were actually capable of reading and comprehending written or technical materials like the Inspiration Mars report, it\u2019s clear that they\u2019re not interested in NASA\u2019s SLS (or MPCV). Tito and Inspiration Mars want to make major changes to both vehicles. I\u2019ll cite from the Inspiration Mars report again: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a strict mass limit that is difficult to achieve given the fixed geometry of the Orion crew module. Additionally, the specialized ECLSS needed for the 501 day mission and the amount of food and water required for the crew increases the launch"}, {"title": "", "text": "back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the sun. Its advanced heat shield, made with a material called AVCOAT, is designed to wear away as it heats up and withstand temperatures around 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Protection from Radiation As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth\u2019s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics and other equipment. The crew, if exposed to radiation, will face extreme risks of cancer in long\u2013term. To avoid this, Orion comes with a storm shelter below the main deck of the crew module. Communication and Navigation Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. Orion\u2019s communication and navigation systems will switch from NASA\u2019s Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) system used by the International Space Station, and communicate through the Deep Space Network. International Space StationNASAOrionSatellitesSpace travelSpacecraft Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dandruff Naturally China Successfully Tests First Experimental Superfast Hypersonic Aircraft Nuclear-Powered \u2018Tunnelbot\u2019 to Search For Life on Jupiter\u2019s Moon Europa WhatsApp For Android Gets Picture-in-Picture Feature For All Users Hubble Space Telescope Discovers Planet Vanishing at Record Speed Trade War: Apple May Move iPhone Production Out of China if Tariffs Hit 25%"}, {"title": "", "text": "back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the sun. Its advanced heat shield, made with a material called AVCOAT, is designed to wear away as it heats up and withstand temperatures around 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Protection from Radiation As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth\u2019s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics and other equipment. The crew, if exposed to radiation, will face extreme risks of cancer in long\u2013term. To avoid this, Orion comes with a storm shelter below the main deck of the crew module. Communication and Navigation Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. Orion\u2019s communication and navigation systems will switch from NASA\u2019s Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) system used by the International Space Station, and communicate through the Deep Space Network. International Space StationNASAOrionSatellitesSpace travelSpacecraft Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dandruff Naturally China Successfully Tests First Experimental Superfast Hypersonic Aircraft Nuclear-Powered \u2018Tunnelbot\u2019 to Search For Life on Jupiter\u2019s Moon Europa WhatsApp For Android Gets Picture-in-Picture Feature For All Users Hubble Space Telescope Discovers Planet Vanishing at Record Speed Trade War: Apple May Move iPhone Production Out of China if Tariffs Hit 25%"}, {"title": "", "text": "roughly the size of a refrigerator and has room for an experimental payload \u2014 this time around it\u2019s going to be driven by the new green propulsion subsystem. This spacecraft will have five thrusters on board that will help test this propellant through various maneuvers to be performed. The combined capabilities of the propellant can also return the craft to Earth\u2019s atmosphere at the end of its mission. \u201cWe\u2019re not leaving any orbital debris up there, which is part of the \u2018green\u2019 of this experiment, in my opinion,\u201d noted McClean. Debate has renewed of late about the responsibilities of launch and spacecraft companies regarding orbital debris, sparked in part by SpaceX\u2019s recent launch of part of its Starlink satellite constellation. This new fuel is not only better-performing, but is actually easier to work with because of its non-toxic nature, and it can be transported in spacecraft, so that opens up the possibility of shipping fueled craft and also using it safely in research and academic environments, which is huge for unlocking work and study potential. Space Environment Testbed The Space Environment Testbed (SET \u2014 NASA loves acronyms) project that will fly through medium Earth orbit to help determine whether this region of space (called the \u201cslot\u201d because it slots between two radiation belts) has less radiation than lower-orbit space, which could make it a prime locale for navigation and communication satellites that are negatively affected by the radiation present in low Earth orbit. NASA Heliophysics Division Director Nicky Fox explained how the SET payloads will be"}, {"title": "", "text": "roughly the size of a refrigerator and has room for an experimental payload \u2014 this time around it\u2019s going to be driven by the new green propulsion subsystem. This spacecraft will have five thrusters on board that will help test this propellant through various maneuvers to be performed. The combined capabilities of the propellant can also return the craft to Earth\u2019s atmosphere at the end of its mission. \u201cWe\u2019re not leaving any orbital debris up there, which is part of the \u2018green\u2019 of this experiment, in my opinion,\u201d noted McClean. Debate has renewed of late about the responsibilities of launch and spacecraft companies regarding orbital debris, sparked in part by SpaceX\u2019s recent launch of part of its Starlink satellite constellation. This new fuel is not only better-performing, but is actually easier to work with because of its non-toxic nature, and it can be transported in spacecraft, so that opens up the possibility of shipping fueled craft and also using it safely in research and academic environments, which is huge for unlocking work and study potential. Space Environment Testbed The Space Environment Testbed (SET \u2014 NASA loves acronyms) project that will fly through medium Earth orbit to help determine whether this region of space (called the \u201cslot\u201d because it slots between two radiation belts) has less radiation than lower-orbit space, which could make it a prime locale for navigation and communication satellites that are negatively affected by the radiation present in low Earth orbit. NASA Heliophysics Division Director Nicky Fox explained how the SET payloads will be"}, {"title": "", "text": "could theoretically be achieved from the ground. So, what do you need to do to make that happen? In World War II, the ... launch propulsion What is the purpose of the jets of water often under rocket engines during launch? Those are jets of water released by the sound suppression systems installed on the pads and the mobile launcher platforms to protect orbiters and their payloads from being damaged by acoustical energy, reflected from the platform during the liftoff stage of a rocket launch. For example, this is the sound suppression system at the NASA Kennedy Space Center's ... launch space-shuttle water launchpad Why do they put a timeline on the SpaceX launch videos? SpaceX regularly includes a timeline of noteworthy mission events in their live streams. One of the founding principals of SpaceX was a desire to inspire humanity to be excited about space travel again. Educating and explaining as you demonstrate is one good way to get people more engaged and interested. I also get a strong impression that Elon Musk and ... spacex launch Saiboogu Why not deliver something useful to the space station like a new living segment? Many, many reasons. A dummy payload is almost always used on the maiden flight of a new rocket. The risk of failure is too high to send anything of value as a payload. SpaceX cannot send something to the ISS just because they want to do so. They can only deliver cargo to the ... David Hammen Is a SpaceX launch completely automated?"}, {"title": "", "text": "horizontally inside the Launch Abort System Facility at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, prior to installation atop the crew module. Credit: Ken Kremer/kenkremer.com The video below shows the simulation of an ascent abort scenario, where the LAS has detached from the SLS and is traveling at close to the speed of sound. The abort process initiates with the ignition of the LAS motor and then slows down as the pressure and airflow conditions become particularly harsh. The colored plumes indicate high pressure (red) and low pressure (blue), with pixels changing from blue to red (and vice versa) in relation to pressure waves that cause vibrations on the vehicle (white). The regions where the color changes abruptly, but remains generally blue or red over time, indicates the presence of shock waves. In the end, these simulations are directly impacting the spacecraft\u2019s design and will help ensure astronaut safety and spacecraft performance. \u201cWe\u2019re still asking lots of questions,\u201d said Cadieux. \u201cLike, how do the loads on the LAV surface change at higher angles of attack? How do we best use data from wind tunnel tests to predict loads for actual flight conditions where the vehicle is accelerating?\u201d The answers to these questions will will be used to design the next series of ground tests, crew mockup tests, and critical flight tests, which will will prepare the Orion spacecraft for its first crewed mission \u2013 Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2). This mission, which is scheduled for launch by 2023, will consist of four crew members conducting a lunar flyby and"}, {"title": "", "text": "horizontally inside the Launch Abort System Facility at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, prior to installation atop the crew module. Credit: Ken Kremer/kenkremer.com The video below shows the simulation of an ascent abort scenario, where the LAS has detached from the SLS and is traveling at close to the speed of sound. The abort process initiates with the ignition of the LAS motor and then slows down as the pressure and airflow conditions become particularly harsh. The colored plumes indicate high pressure (red) and low pressure (blue), with pixels changing from blue to red (and vice versa) in relation to pressure waves that cause vibrations on the vehicle (white). The regions where the color changes abruptly, but remains generally blue or red over time, indicates the presence of shock waves. In the end, these simulations are directly impacting the spacecraft\u2019s design and will help ensure astronaut safety and spacecraft performance. \u201cWe\u2019re still asking lots of questions,\u201d said Cadieux. \u201cLike, how do the loads on the LAV surface change at higher angles of attack? How do we best use data from wind tunnel tests to predict loads for actual flight conditions where the vehicle is accelerating?\u201d The answers to these questions will will be used to design the next series of ground tests, crew mockup tests, and critical flight tests, which will will prepare the Orion spacecraft for its first crewed mission \u2013 Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2). This mission, which is scheduled for launch by 2023, will consist of four crew members conducting a lunar flyby and"}, {"title": "", "text": "was the second of two planned flights of a Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle-2. Contact was also lost during the first mission. Shaped like the tip of a spear, the small craft is part of a U.S. military initiative to develop technology to respond to threats at 20 times the speed of sound or greater, reaching any part of the globe in an hour. The HTV-2 is designed to be launched to the edge of space, separate from its booster and maneuver through the atmosphere at 13,000 mph before intentionally crashing into the ocean. Defense analyst John Pike of Globalsecurity.org wasn\u2019t surprised with the latest failure because the hypersonic test flight program is still in its infancy. \u201cAt this early stage of the game, if they did not experience failures, it\u2019s because they\u2019re not trying very hard,\u201d he said. Pike said it\u2019s possible for engineers to still glean useful information about what worked and what didn\u2019t, despite the flight ending prematurely. The key is to analyze what happened in the final five seconds before contact was lost. DARPA used Twitter to announce the launch and status of the flight. The agency said the launch of the Minotaur 4 rocket was successful and separation was confirmed. It next reported that telemetry \u2014 the transmission and measurement of data from the glider \u2014 had been lost. \u201cDownrange assets did not reacquire tracking or telemetry,\u201d the agency added. The craft has \u201can autonomous flight termination capability,\u201d it noted. No further details were immediately reported. There was no immediate response to"}, {"title": "", "text": "was the second of two planned flights of a Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle-2. Contact was also lost during the first mission. Shaped like the tip of a spear, the small craft is part of a U.S. military initiative to develop technology to respond to threats at 20 times the speed of sound or greater, reaching any part of the globe in an hour. The HTV-2 is designed to be launched to the edge of space, separate from its booster and maneuver through the atmosphere at 13,000 mph before intentionally crashing into the ocean. Defense analyst John Pike of Globalsecurity.org wasn\u2019t surprised with the latest failure because the hypersonic test flight program is still in its infancy. \u201cAt this early stage of the game, if they did not experience failures, it\u2019s because they\u2019re not trying very hard,\u201d he said. Pike said it\u2019s possible for engineers to still glean useful information about what worked and what didn\u2019t, despite the flight ending prematurely. The key is to analyze what happened in the final five seconds before contact was lost. DARPA used Twitter to announce the launch and status of the flight. The agency said the launch of the Minotaur 4 rocket was successful and separation was confirmed. It next reported that telemetry \u2014 the transmission and measurement of data from the glider \u2014 had been lost. \u201cDownrange assets did not reacquire tracking or telemetry,\u201d the agency added. The craft has \u201can autonomous flight termination capability,\u201d it noted. No further details were immediately reported. There was no immediate response to"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the perigee pass around the Earth, the distance continues to decrease as you might expect. The problem is that no matter how good those guys were in doing the maneuvers in the 1980\u2019s, it is not perfect and will not result in a capture into Earth orbit. Thus we have to fire the thrusters of the spacecraft by late June or there will not be enough fuel left to make the course correction to put it into a permanent earth orbit. Thus, Isaac Newton is driving this bus and unless we change the course, the spacecraft will drift back into planetary space, not to return until 2029. ISEE-3 Reboot Technical Issues and Our Process There are several questions that must be answered in the ISEE-3 Reboot Project. \u2013 Is the Spacecraft Still Alive (verified yes) \u2013 Can We Talk to it? (Under Development) \u2013 Can the Propulsion System Be Activated (Working on it) \u2013 Can the Spacecraft Be Put Back Into A Stable Earth Orbit (Depends on the Previous Questions) We have made a lot of organizational and technical progress toward answering these questions. In summary, we have the folks at Morehead State University in Kentucky working with us on the project. We have also gained the agreement from Arecibo that they will listen to the spacecraft more for us and that if we send them a transmitter that is easy to set up, that they will transmit our command signals to the spacecraft. This is beyond valuable and means that we don\u2019t really have"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the perigee pass around the Earth, the distance continues to decrease as you might expect. The problem is that no matter how good those guys were in doing the maneuvers in the 1980\u2019s, it is not perfect and will not result in a capture into Earth orbit. Thus we have to fire the thrusters of the spacecraft by late June or there will not be enough fuel left to make the course correction to put it into a permanent earth orbit. Thus, Isaac Newton is driving this bus and unless we change the course, the spacecraft will drift back into planetary space, not to return until 2029. ISEE-3 Reboot Technical Issues and Our Process There are several questions that must be answered in the ISEE-3 Reboot Project. \u2013 Is the Spacecraft Still Alive (verified yes) \u2013 Can We Talk to it? (Under Development) \u2013 Can the Propulsion System Be Activated (Working on it) \u2013 Can the Spacecraft Be Put Back Into A Stable Earth Orbit (Depends on the Previous Questions) We have made a lot of organizational and technical progress toward answering these questions. In summary, we have the folks at Morehead State University in Kentucky working with us on the project. We have also gained the agreement from Arecibo that they will listen to the spacecraft more for us and that if we send them a transmitter that is easy to set up, that they will transmit our command signals to the spacecraft. This is beyond valuable and means that we don\u2019t really have"}, {"title": "", "text": "wrong sequence, sending it back into the crew module and possibly triggering a problematic collision of the two components. \"The thrusters' uneven firing would cause the service module, which is a piece of a cylinder, to come away from the crew module and recontact, or bump back into it,\" Jim Chilton, senior vice president for Boeing Space and Launch, said during the teleconference, adding that \"bad things\" can happen as a result of that eventuality. \"While this anomaly was corrected in flight, if it had gone uncorrected it would have led to erroneous thruster firing and uncontrolled motion during SM separation for deorbit, with the potential for catastrophic spacecraft failure,\" said Paul Hill, a former flight director and member of NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. \u201cWhile both errors could have led to risk of spacecraft loss, the actions of the NASA-Boeing team were able to correct the issues and return the Starliner spacecraft safely to Earth,\u201d says the statement by NASA. In addition to the two software issues, a poor communications link which impeded the Flight Control team\u2019s ability to command and control the vehicle also contributed to the problems Starliner faced on the test flight. The investigative review team is still working to determine the exact cause of this interference, but it appears to be associated with cell phone towers, John Mulholland, vice president and program manager of Boeing's Starliner program, said during the teleconference. This latest failure from Boeing, which is still reeling from two fatal crashes of its 737 Max aircraft, has called"}, {"title": "", "text": "wrong sequence, sending it back into the crew module and possibly triggering a problematic collision of the two components. \"The thrusters' uneven firing would cause the service module, which is a piece of a cylinder, to come away from the crew module and recontact, or bump back into it,\" Jim Chilton, senior vice president for Boeing Space and Launch, said during the teleconference, adding that \"bad things\" can happen as a result of that eventuality. \"While this anomaly was corrected in flight, if it had gone uncorrected it would have led to erroneous thruster firing and uncontrolled motion during SM separation for deorbit, with the potential for catastrophic spacecraft failure,\" said Paul Hill, a former flight director and member of NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. \u201cWhile both errors could have led to risk of spacecraft loss, the actions of the NASA-Boeing team were able to correct the issues and return the Starliner spacecraft safely to Earth,\u201d says the statement by NASA. In addition to the two software issues, a poor communications link which impeded the Flight Control team\u2019s ability to command and control the vehicle also contributed to the problems Starliner faced on the test flight. The investigative review team is still working to determine the exact cause of this interference, but it appears to be associated with cell phone towers, John Mulholland, vice president and program manager of Boeing's Starliner program, said during the teleconference. This latest failure from Boeing, which is still reeling from two fatal crashes of its 737 Max aircraft, has called"}, {"title": "", "text": "stage firing. In this case for some reason, the Redstone continued to exert thrust after separation, causing it to catch up to the back of the second stage and collide with it approximately 12 seconds after separation. This changed the orientation of the launch vehicle, resulting in the second stage firing in the wrong direction, so that an orbital trajectory was not achieved and the spacecraft reentered the atmosphere and fell back to Earth. See also Explorer program Operation Argus References Spacecraft launched in 1958 Explorers Program Satellite launch failures Geomagnetic satellites"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch pad of this reusable prototype rocket that is most impressive. This test flight marks the first time the rocket used its navigation sensors to return to its launch pad. Unlike other rockets, Grasshopper is designed to be able to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere whereas other rockets burn up upon re-entry. I guess you could say Grasshopper is a smoother operator... smooth operator. What's not smooth? The surface of an asteroid. Researchers recently found that rubble and dust covering asteroids and comets could feel changes between particles over much larger distances than Earth making them less stable...meaning AVALANCHE! Scientists likened it to pulling out an orange from a pile in the supermarket. Some come out easily, and some send the whole bunch crashing down. The findings come from an experiment in microgravity. This could have an effect on NASA's asteroid mission, as well as private companies looking to mine asteroids. A spacecraft landing on one side of an asteroid could cause an avalanche on the other side, by long-range transmission of forces through chains, but there are a lot of variables involved. Well, isn't that just the story of life? Cause and effect. And then there's always positive and negative in life, which is a whole other web. And that's precisely what one researcher at UC Berkeley is looking at. He found that spider webs don't attract the prey; rather the prey attracts the web. As insects fly through the air they generate a positive charge. This charge can be helpful, in bees for example, it"}, {"title": "", "text": "attendant problems that come with it. And while it\u2019s true that rocket fuel is far from clean, releasing plenty of unwanted chemicals into the atmosphere as it burns, we have to keep the big picture in mind. When it comes to launching things into space, there aren\u2019t that many alternatives to rockets and their toxic fuel. You can\u2019t use an ion drive or any of the other seemingly sci-fi but realistic propulsion methods for traveling to other worlds and solar systems. Earth\u2019s gravity and atmospheric pressure at sea level are very different from the vacuum of the cosmos where the tiniest push can really add up in the long term. The only way to get tons of supplies and machinery into orbit and beyond is through controlled explosions harnessed by rockets. There is simply no other way currently feasible, and there won\u2019t be until we figure out how to build giant electromagnetic railguns, or how to harness antimatter, although that would come with a high risk of exposure to gamma radiation. We could conceivably launch human crews in single stage to orbit planes, but their spacecraft are going to have to rely on good old-fashioned rocketry. That said, however, the plan is not to simply keep launching things from earth with no regard to the pollution thousands of rockets launched every year would cause. Launching payloads from Earth is expensive, both financially and energetically, so ideally, we would want to launch them from somewhere else. We would want to take off from the Moon or asteroids,"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the atmosphere,\u201d Relf said. \u201cWhat this does is, it avoids one side of the stage from getting too hot, and the other from getting too cold.\u201d \u201cWe\u2019re waiting for the rocket to coast halfway around Earth, deploy its payload, and downlink telemetry,\u201d Virgin Orbit said as it narrated the craft\u2019s progress on Twitter. A model of the LauncherOne rocket is seen at the Cornwall launching area in Newquay, U.K., showing the satellite payload in the rocket\u2019s nose. The plan called for the engine to reignite so engineers could ensure the satellites were deployed at their target altitude of 555 kilometers in a sun-synchronous orbit, or SSO. But the craft didn\u2019t reach orbit. Nine satellites were lost Virgin Orbit says it\u2019s reviewing the flight data to determine exactly what went wrong. \u201cThe failure resulted in the loss of nine satellites,\u201d reports Space.com. \u201cThose payloads are an in-orbit manufacturing experiment by the U.K. company Space Forge; several U.K. defense cubesats, including two for studying the ionosphere, the upper layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere where space weather occurs; and an experimental global navigation satellite co-funded by the European Space Agency.\u201d More launches will follow, said Matt Archer, the UK Space Agency\u2019s director of commercial spaceflight. \u201cWhile this result is disappointing, launching a spacecraft always carries significant risks,\u201d Archer said. \u201cDespite this, the project has succeeded in creating a horizontal launch capability at Spaceport Cornwall, and we remain committed to becoming the leading provider of commercial small satellite launch in Europe by 2030, with vertical launches planned from Scotland.\u201d \u2018Ant-Man"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the atmosphere,\u201d Relf said. \u201cWhat this does is, it avoids one side of the stage from getting too hot, and the other from getting too cold.\u201d \u201cWe\u2019re waiting for the rocket to coast halfway around Earth, deploy its payload, and downlink telemetry,\u201d Virgin Orbit said as it narrated the craft\u2019s progress on Twitter. A model of the LauncherOne rocket is seen at the Cornwall launching area in Newquay, U.K., showing the satellite payload in the rocket\u2019s nose. The plan called for the engine to reignite so engineers could ensure the satellites were deployed at their target altitude of 555 kilometers in a sun-synchronous orbit, or SSO. But the craft didn\u2019t reach orbit. Nine satellites were lost Virgin Orbit says it\u2019s reviewing the flight data to determine exactly what went wrong. \u201cThe failure resulted in the loss of nine satellites,\u201d reports Space.com. \u201cThose payloads are an in-orbit manufacturing experiment by the U.K. company Space Forge; several U.K. defense cubesats, including two for studying the ionosphere, the upper layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere where space weather occurs; and an experimental global navigation satellite co-funded by the European Space Agency.\u201d More launches will follow, said Matt Archer, the UK Space Agency\u2019s director of commercial spaceflight. \u201cWhile this result is disappointing, launching a spacecraft always carries significant risks,\u201d Archer said. \u201cDespite this, the project has succeeded in creating a horizontal launch capability at Spaceport Cornwall, and we remain committed to becoming the leading provider of commercial small satellite launch in Europe by 2030, with vertical launches planned from Scotland.\u201d \u2018Ant-Man"}, {"title": "", "text": "handle surface-to-orbit ferry ships. One of the major constraints on spaceport design is the danger level of the spacecraft propulsion systems. It isn't so bad if the spacecraft is actually parked in orbit with the cargo being ferried down in winged space shuttles. It becomes more of a concern if the spacecraft are chemically powered tail-landers. And things get very dangerous if the spacecraft are nuclear powered. If the spacecraft is antimatter powered it probably is not going to be allowed anywhere near a planet, much less land on it. The danger level of the spacecraft using the port will also influence how far away from cities and major populated areas the spaceport is located. Nuclear powered spacecraft will mandate that the potential footprint of the fallout plume goes through only barren and uninhabited areas. An Orion-drive ship can lift-off with little or no fallout if the launch pad is armor plate with a coating of graphite dust. If the spaceport is on a planet with an atmosphere, do not land under Orion-drive power. The nuclear pulse units in an atmosphere will generate horrible nuclear fireballs that the landing ship will fly into, instantly voiding its warranty. The energy of the ship's exhaust is: Fp = (F * Ve) / 2 Fp = thrust power (watts) F = thrust (newtons) Ve = exhaust velocity (m/s) TIMOTHY LITTLE LANDING ANALYSIS [1] Exhaust power. Say we have a gas core rocket with an exhaust velocity of 50,000 m/s and 1,000,000 newtons of thrust. We've got 25,000,000,000 watts on"}, {"title": "", "text": "handle surface-to-orbit ferry ships. One of the major constraints on spaceport design is the danger level of the spacecraft propulsion systems. It isn't so bad if the spacecraft is actually parked in orbit with the cargo being ferried down in winged space shuttles. It becomes more of a concern if the spacecraft are chemically powered tail-landers. And things get very dangerous if the spacecraft are nuclear powered. If the spacecraft is antimatter powered it probably is not going to be allowed anywhere near a planet, much less land on it. The danger level of the spacecraft using the port will also influence how far away from cities and major populated areas the spaceport is located. Nuclear powered spacecraft will mandate that the potential footprint of the fallout plume goes through only barren and uninhabited areas. An Orion-drive ship can lift-off with little or no fallout if the launch pad is armor plate with a coating of graphite dust. If the spaceport is on a planet with an atmosphere, do not land under Orion-drive power. The nuclear pulse units in an atmosphere will generate horrible nuclear fireballs that the landing ship will fly into, instantly voiding its warranty. The energy of the ship's exhaust is: Fp = (F * Ve) / 2 Fp = thrust power (watts) F = thrust (newtons) Ve = exhaust velocity (m/s) TIMOTHY LITTLE LANDING ANALYSIS [1] Exhaust power. Say we have a gas core rocket with an exhaust velocity of 50,000 m/s and 1,000,000 newtons of thrust. We've got 25,000,000,000 watts on"}, {"title": "", "text": "realize, after it\u2019s been pointed out to him several times, that the HLV that Inspiration Mars wants is not the same HLV that NASA is pursuing under the SLS project. I\u2019m not requiring you to know basic physics and the rocket equation. Any pre-K kid who can compare two numbers could understand that SLS as NASA is pursuing it doesn\u2019t have the necessary throw weight, and that Tito is asking for a different HLV. And as you have repeatedly demonstrated, an idiot of your caliber can\u2019t even compare two numbers. \u201cI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ll leave you with this quote from Taber McCallum\u201d Verbal quotes (probably taken out of context or misquoted by the reporter) in a popular science rag don\u2019t trump what Taber wrote in black and white in his own report. To repeat, for the third time, that is: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along with a"}, {"title": "", "text": "architecture being suboptimal for moon/Mars caused us to change focus to parachutes. \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) August 2, 2020 Secondly, when you consider the fact that most of the planet is covered with water, it\u2019s obviously a lot easier to aim for the water than for the land. There\u2019s certainly less room for error when it comes to aiming a capsule for a water landing. However, water landings aren\u2019t completely without risk. What are the risks of water landings? As we already mentioned, NASA stopped doing splashdown landings after the Apollo-Soyuz mission\u2019s water landing in July of 1975. During this reentry, the crew splashed down safely, but there was one serious problem. During reentry, the crew was accidentally exposed to toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide fumes from unignited rocket propellant. This led to breathing and eye problems for the astronauts aboard, who were hospitalized for two weeks after splashdown. In the case of astronauts Bob and Doug, engineers aboard recovery ship GO Navigator detected high levels of dinitrogen tetroxide around the capsule. After a 30-minute purge of the remaining fuel in the thruster system, they were able to open the hatch and be loaded onto the recovery ship safely. .@AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug have been lifted out of the water and are aboard the Go Navigator. Welcome home. #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/gjqUcLMy8X \u2014 NASA (@NASA) August 2, 2020 There was one other issue with Bob and Doug\u2019s reentry \u2014 after the capsule landed in the Gulf of Mexico, several privately-owned boats filled with curious onlookers surrounded it. SpaceX officials"}, {"title": "", "text": "architecture being suboptimal for moon/Mars caused us to change focus to parachutes. \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) August 2, 2020 Secondly, when you consider the fact that most of the planet is covered with water, it\u2019s obviously a lot easier to aim for the water than for the land. There\u2019s certainly less room for error when it comes to aiming a capsule for a water landing. However, water landings aren\u2019t completely without risk. What are the risks of water landings? As we already mentioned, NASA stopped doing splashdown landings after the Apollo-Soyuz mission\u2019s water landing in July of 1975. During this reentry, the crew splashed down safely, but there was one serious problem. During reentry, the crew was accidentally exposed to toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide fumes from unignited rocket propellant. This led to breathing and eye problems for the astronauts aboard, who were hospitalized for two weeks after splashdown. In the case of astronauts Bob and Doug, engineers aboard recovery ship GO Navigator detected high levels of dinitrogen tetroxide around the capsule. After a 30-minute purge of the remaining fuel in the thruster system, they were able to open the hatch and be loaded onto the recovery ship safely. .@AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug have been lifted out of the water and are aboard the Go Navigator. Welcome home. #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/gjqUcLMy8X \u2014 NASA (@NASA) August 2, 2020 There was one other issue with Bob and Doug\u2019s reentry \u2014 after the capsule landed in the Gulf of Mexico, several privately-owned boats filled with curious onlookers surrounded it. SpaceX officials"}, {"title": "", "text": "configured? Could a fat rocket be used on Mars? Since Mars' atmosphere is around 2% the density of Earth's then could a much wider rocket achieve orbit? Could the rocket be in the shape of a capsule or an optimal shape for reentry on Earth? When was the first strap-on booster used in spaceflight? What kind of \u201cjet engine-like propulsion\u201d does HyperSciences use to accelerate projectiles to sub-orbital altitudes? What happened to International Microspace's $100 million contract? Launching east from a mountain on the equator at midnight during a new moon; ranking of each contribution? Are we changing Earth's rotation? Can rockets launching change Earth's rotation, and can going into orbit do the same? What prompted all of those private launch companies to get into the business? What light was the Falcon 9 grid fin occulting in todays SpaceX Nusantara Satu Mission live broadcast? Why is NASA buying expensive rockets from ULA when SpaceX is offering the same thing for almost half the price? Is a kilowatt per square centimeter a typical launch engine's thermal energy flux (density)? How might SpinLaunch actually spin something fast enough to launch it into orbit? Why does the exhaust plume apprear to be throbbing? What are these membranes at the aft end of the Shuttle that get torn off during lift off? Would any manned orbital launches to date have been possible (but lower) if they were launched retrograde instead of prograde? Has any spacecraft ever been flown manually to orbit? Has anyone ever manually flown a spacecraft to orbit,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the mission. Just prior to the Earth\u2019s orbit entry, the CMA separates from the CM for CMA/ESM disposal and the CM performs final reentry and landing operations. NASA is responsible for development of the CM, CMA, SA, SAJ, and LAS elements of the Orion spacecraft. The CMA provides the structural, mechanical, electrical, and fluid interface between the CM and ESM. In addition, the CMA houses communication equipment, sublimators for thermal heat rejection, and power and data control/interface electronics. The SM is enclosed by three spacecraft adapter fairing panels (SAJ) which provide a partial load path from the CMA to SA but also protect the solar arrays, radiators, and thrusters from launch and ascent loads. The fairings will be jettisoned during the ascent phase or following main engine cut-off of the launch vehicle. The SA (Spacecraft Adapter) provides the interface to the launch vehicle during launch. During launch and ascent, the ESM and SA will be enclosed by the SAJ. The SA attaches to the aft end of the ESM to the Launch Vehicle and includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the Orion Spacecraft. At launch vehicle burnout, the Orion Spacecraft separates from the SA at the ESM/SA separation plane. Figure 3: Overview of the Orion spacecraft architecture (image credit: NASA, ESA) Figure 4: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion EM-1 CM (Crew Module) The milestones for the Orion EM-1 mirror the path taken by the Orion EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) spacecraft. However, the Orion"}, {"title": "", "text": "ESM is attached to the CMA for the duration of the mission. Just prior to the Earth\u2019s orbit entry, the CMA separates from the CM for CMA/ESM disposal and the CM performs final reentry and landing operations. NASA is responsible for development of the CM, CMA, SA, SAJ, and LAS elements of the Orion spacecraft. The CMA provides the structural, mechanical, electrical, and fluid interface between the CM and ESM. In addition, the CMA houses communication equipment, sublimators for thermal heat rejection, and power and data control/interface electronics. The SM is enclosed by three spacecraft adapter fairing panels (SAJ) which provide a partial load path from the CMA to SA but also protect the solar arrays, radiators, and thrusters from launch and ascent loads. The fairings will be jettisoned during the ascent phase or following main engine cut-off of the launch vehicle. The SA (Spacecraft Adapter) provides the interface to the launch vehicle during launch. During launch and ascent, the ESM and SA will be enclosed by the SAJ. The SA attaches to the aft end of the ESM to the Launch Vehicle and includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the Orion Spacecraft. At launch vehicle burnout, the Orion Spacecraft separates from the SA at the ESM/SA separation plane. Figure 3: Overview of the Orion spacecraft architecture (image credit: NASA, ESA) Figure 4: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion EM-1 CM (Crew Module) The milestones for the Orion EM-1 mirror the path taken by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "ESM is attached to the CMA for the duration of the mission. Just prior to the Earth\u2019s orbit entry, the CMA separates from the CM for CMA/ESM disposal and the CM performs final reentry and landing operations. NASA is responsible for development of the CM, CMA, SA, SAJ, and LAS elements of the Orion spacecraft. The CMA provides the structural, mechanical, electrical, and fluid interface between the CM and ESM. In addition, the CMA houses communication equipment, sublimators for thermal heat rejection, and power and data control/interface electronics. The SM is enclosed by three spacecraft adapter fairing panels (SAJ) which provide a partial load path from the CMA to SA but also protect the solar arrays, radiators, and thrusters from launch and ascent loads. The fairings will be jettisoned during the ascent phase or following main engine cut-off of the launch vehicle. The SA (Spacecraft Adapter) provides the interface to the launch vehicle during launch. During launch and ascent, the ESM and SA will be enclosed by the SAJ. The SA attaches to the aft end of the ESM to the Launch Vehicle and includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the Orion Spacecraft. At launch vehicle burnout, the Orion Spacecraft separates from the SA at the ESM/SA separation plane. Figure 3: Overview of the Orion spacecraft architecture (image credit: NASA, ESA) Figure 4: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion EM-1 CM (Crew Module) The milestones for the Orion EM-1 mirror the path taken by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "services\u201d means the conduct of a launch and activities involved in the preparation of a launch vehicle, payload, government astronaut, commercial astronaut, or spaceflight participant for such launch. (b) \u201cReentry services\u201d means the conduct of a reentry and activities involved in the preparation of a reentry vehicle, payload, government astronaut, commercial astronaut, or spaceflight participant for such reentry. (c) \u201cSpaceflight assets\u201d means any item, or any part of an item, owned by a spaceflight entity which is used in launch services or reentry services, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, launch vehicles, parachutes and other landing aids, and any spacecraft or ancillary equipment that was attached to the launch vehicle during launch, orbit, or reentry. (d) \u201cSpaceflight entity\u201d has the same meaning as provided in s. 331.501. (2) The head of a law enforcement agency or entity identified in s. 327.70(1), or his or her designee, may, upon waters of this state within the law enforcement agency\u2019s or entity\u2019s jurisdiction, when necessary for preparations in advance of a launch service or reentry service or for the recovery of spaceflight assets before or after a launch service or reentry service, temporarily establish a protection zone requiring vessels to leave, or prohibiting vessels from entering, water bodies within: (a) Five hundred yards of where launch services, reentry services, or spaceflight asset recovery operations are being conducted; or (b) A distance greater than provided in paragraph (a) if the head of such law enforcement agency or entity, or his or her designee, determines such greater distance is in the best"}, {"title": "", "text": "the nationality State could present claim to the launching State to protect its national's interests. If the damage happens to the foreign participants on board elsewhere than on the surface of the earth due to, for instance, explosion of the launching vehicle or spacecraft, Article III of the Liability Convention could apply in very limited situations, in that it only applies between two space objects. Even if a spacecraft for private spaceflight of/or registered by one State, which could be deemed as the \"procured\" launching State, is carried by the launching vehicle of another State, whether Art. III of the Liability Convention applies is still uncertain in that the two States would be deemed as colaunching State of both the spacecraft and the launching vehicle. The best solution in such colaunching situation is to settle down the rights, obligations, and liabilities specifically in a binding international agreement between the launching States. A Hybrid Spaceflight. If damage happens on the surface of the earth, which is caused by a space object of a thirdparty, both Articles II and VIII apply. Otherwise, they do not apply if the damage is not caused by a third party. If damage happens in the air, which is caused by another space object during its reentry, the launching State shall be absolutely liable for the damaged caused by its space object to the aircraft in flight. But if the first point of impact by the crash is the spaceship rather than the aircraft, Article III should not apply only because of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "The current schedule, which was last revised in January, has Boeing and SpaceX making automated and crewed flight tests to the International Space Station by the end of this year. Boeing\u2019s Starliner would be be certified in January 2019, with SpaceX\u2019s Dragon 2 the following month. However, the schedule has been slipping about a quarter every quarter. The GAO reports cites a number of concerns that could result in delays in the flights and certification. Boeing is dealing with issues with how its Starliner spacecraft will perform during aborts and reentry. There are also concerns that the forward heat shield, which protects the parachutes during reentry, could reconnect with the spacecraft after it is jettisoned and damage the parachutes. \u201cIf the program determines this risk is unacceptable, Boeing would need to redesign the parachute system, which the program estimates could result in at least a 6-month delay,\u201d according to the assessment. For SpaceX, the issues include the redesign of the composite overwrap pressure vessel in the Falcon 9 second stage, which caused an on-pad explosion that destroyed a booster and communications satellite in September 2016. There are additional issues with the Falcon 9, whose Block 5 variant is set to launch for the first time next week. Dragon 2 docks with the International Space Station. \u201cSpaceX officials told us that the Block 5 design also includes design changes to address cracks in the turbine of its engine identified during development testing. NASA program officials told us that they had informed SpaceX that the cracks were an"}, {"title": "", "text": "were made a priority. This necessitated that they not burn up upon atmospheric reentry, which in turn made mounting them on the orbiter itself (the one part of the Shuttle system where reuse was paramount) a seemingly logical decision. However, this had the following consequences: a more expensive \"clean sheet\" engine design was needed, using more expensive materials, as opposed to existing and proven off-the-shelf alternatives (such as the Saturn V mains); increased ongoing maintenance costs related to keeping the reusable SSMEs in flying condition after each launch, costs which in total may have exceeded that of building disposable main engines for each launch. A concern expressed by the 1990 Augustine Commission was that \"the civil space program is overly dependent upon the Space Shuttle for access to space.\" The committee pointed out, \"that it was, for example, inappropriate in the case of Challenger to risk the lives of seven astronauts and nearly one-fourth of NASA's launch assets to place in orbit a communications satellite.\" There are some NASA spin-off technologies related to the Space Shuttle program which have been successfully developed into commercial products, such as using heat-resistant materials developed to protect the Shuttle on reentry in suits for municipal and aircraft rescue firefighters. See also Buran (spacecraft) Skylab 4 References External links When Physics, Economics, and Reality Collide: The Challenge of Cheap Orbital Access Review of ELV cost-to-orbit per pound Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit Popular Science November 1974, \"Reusable space shuttle\" by Wernher von Braun Space Shuttle Crewed"}, {"title": "", "text": "December 2, 2014 in Explore NASA\u2019s Orion Spacecraft is about the engage in its very first unmanned test flight. A successful test flight for Orion is a big deal for the future of human space exploration. That\u2019s why we\u2019re paying very close attention to this event. Here\u2019s what you can expect to happen on Thursday, December 4th. The scheduled launch time is 7:05 A.M. Eastern Time from Cape Canaveral Florida. If weather can be a factor to launch fortunately there is a window of 2 hours and 39 minutes to still get the launch off or else it will be postponed to another day. In the future, Orion will be launched by a different rocket system, but for this test flight it will be riding on a Delta IV Heavy Rocket. After launch the whole test flight will take 4.5 hours as the spacecraft makes two orbits around the Earth before coming back to ground. There are several systems that need to be tested during this launch. First test is the separation or jettison of the protective coverings that keep Orion safe from the atmosphere during launch. Once in space, these casings are no longer necessary and removing them will lighten the spacecraft. After an initial orbit, the Upper Stage Rockets will boost the spacecraft into a very high orbit of about 3,600 miles. The last stage of testing will be the reentry capsule. NASA needs to see if the capsule can handle the intense temperatures and pressures that the spacecraft will experience on the return"}, {"title": "", "text": "fraction of the fuel needed compared to launching it vertically from the surface of the Earth. [float=right][smg id=272 width=220 caption=\"SpaceShipOne in flight\"][/float]The SpaceShip One project has already proven that a spacecraft can be launched from a mothership at an altitude of 15,200 m (50,000 ft), and can go supersonic within 8 seconds. After 70 seconds, the rocket motor cuts out and the spacecraft coasts to its peak altitude (suborbital). SpaceShip Two will be the next generation suborbital air-launched spaceplane designed for space tourism. It uses a feathered reentry system, feasible due to the low speed of reentry \u2013 by contrast, the Space Shuttle and other orbital spacecraft re-enter at orbital speeds, closer to 25,000 km/h (16,000 mph), using heat shields. SpaceShipTwo is furthermore designed to re-enter the atmosphere at any angle. [float=left][smg id=271 width=280 caption=\"SpaceShipTwo (central fuselage) carried under its mothership, White Knight Two\"][/float] I see no reason why the same principles used by the SpaceShip One and Two programs cannot be used to launch larger spacecraft into orbit. The Space Shuttle has been retired. NASA experimented with some replacement vehicles, but to date nothing concrete is on the cards to replace the Shuttle. NASA has retired its Space Shuttles to focus on future missions to an asteroid and eventually Mars. Meanwhile, the private sector has been charged with developing spacecraft to reach the International Space Station and other possible destinations in low-Earth orbit. My next suggestion is to assemble inter planetary spacecraft in orbit. Why continue to launch rockets from the Earth? It is extremely"}, {"title": "", "text": "a test launch of a prototype crew spacecraft. No one was aboard. When operational, the spacecraft will be used to ferry crews to a new multi-modular China Space Station (CSS) China plans to construct in low Earth orbit between now and 2022. All three CSS core modules will be launched by the LM-5B. China also will use the LM-5B to launch robotic spacecraft to the Moon and Mars this year \u2014 the Chang\u2019e-5 lunar sample return mission and the Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter/lander/rover. More robotic missions and someday human trips to the Moon are expected to follow. The LM-5B first stage, or core stage, augmented by four strap-on boosters that drop away soon after launch, does the lifting and reaches orbit along with the payload. After a few days it makes an uncontrolled reentry. In this case, it remained in orbit until May 11. Since there was no way to control its descent, it randomly fell over the Atlantic Ocean. Pieces of space debris make uncontrolled reentries all the time. They only make the news if they land in populated areas, which is rare since Earth\u2019s surface is 70 percent covered by oceans. It initially appeared that is just what happened. The U.S. 18th Space Control Squadron announced its reentry coordinates using its Chinese initials, CZ (for Chang Zheng) instead of the English Long March. R/B means rocket body. 18 SPCS@18SPCS #18SPCS has confirmed the reentry of the CZ-5B R/B (#45601, 2020-027C) at 08:33 PDT on 11 May, over the Atlantic Ocean. The #CZ5B launched China\u2019s test"}, {"title": "", "text": "Intergalactic travel Space agencies Private spaceflight Bigelow Aerospace Orbital ATK Spaceflight portal Animal-powered Human-powered Transport portal Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous. Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites. A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft\u2014both when unpropelled and when under propulsion\u2014is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact. 2.1 Launch 2.2 Reaching space 2.2.1 Alternatives 2.3 Leaving orbit 2.4 Astrodynamics 2.5 Transfer energy 2.6 Reentry 2.7 Landing 2.8 Recovery 3.1 Uncrewed 3.1.1 Benefits 3.1.2 Telepresence 3.3 Sub-orbital 3.4 Point-to-point 3.5 Orbital 3.6 Interplanetary 3.7 Interstellar 3.8 Intergalactic 4 Spacecraft 4.1 Propulsion 4.2 Launch systems 4.2.1 Expendable 4.2.2 Reusable"}, {"title": "", "text": "fairing panels (SAJ) which provide a partial load path from the CMA to SA but also protect the solar arrays, radiators, and thrusters from launch and ascent loads. The fairings will be jettisoned during the ascent phase or following main engine cut-off of the launch vehicle. The SA (Spacecraft Adapter) provides the interface to the launch vehicle during launch. During launch and ascent, the ESM and SA will be enclosed by the SAJ. The SA attaches to the aft end of the ESM to the Launch Vehicle and includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the Orion Spacecraft. At launch vehicle burnout, the Orion Spacecraft separates from the SA at the ESM/SA separation plane. Figure 3: Overview of the Orion spacecraft architecture (image credit: NASA, ESA) Figure 4: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion EM-1 CM (Crew Module) The milestones for the Orion EM-1 mirror the path taken by the Orion EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) spacecraft. However, the Orion EM-1 will sport a number of improvements based on the experiences of the December 2014 test flight. NASA is beefing up the critical TPS (Thermal Protection System) that will protect astronauts from the searing heats experienced during reentry as the human rated vehicle plunges through the Earth's atmosphere after returning from ambitious expeditions to the Moon and beyond. Based in part on lessons learned from EFT-1, engineers are refining Orion's heat shield to enhance the design, ease manufacturing procedures and significantly strengthen is heat resistant capabilities for"}, {"title": "", "text": "A helicopter was used to drop a 7-metric-tonne model spacecraft in order to test the systems, according to the Chinese language Science and Technology Daily, which also states that this makes the capabilities similar to that of NASA's Orion spacecraft. China's current crewed spacecraft, Shenzhou, has a mass of around 7.8 metric tonnes, with the reentry module at around 3.2 tonnes. It uses solid-fuelled retro-propulsion to assist landing. The new parachute system consists of two deceleration parachutes for the early stages of reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, and three main parachutes for landing. China Daily states that tests prompted researchers to state that they achieved breakthroughs in the structure design and the active exhaust control technologies to maintain the spacecraft's stability in landing. China is developing two versions of its next generation crewed spacecraft, with one with a mass of around 14 tonnes and another of 20 tonnes, for a range of low Earth orbit, lunar, deep space and potentially even interplanetary missions. A scale version of the reentry module for the 14-tonne version was tested with the debut launch of the smaller Long March 7 rocket in 2016. The full size 20-tonne version is due to have an uncrewed test flight on the first Long March 5B launch, currently scheduled for 2019, without environmental systems. The new spacecraft will be, apart from the heatshielding, reusable, according to CAST officials. CAST belongs to the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), the main contractor for the Chinese space programme. Another CASC subsidiary, the China Academy of"}, {"title": "", "text": "passes through the belts to protect them. Three hours, 23 minutes into flight, the Orion crew module will fly on its own following separation from its service module and the Delta IV Heavy second stage. The spacecraft will be aimed at Earth\u2019s atmosphere and it will be up to Orion\u2019s onboard computers to set the spacecraft in the right position so its base heat shield can bear the brunt of the intense reentry heat. Hitting the atmosphere at 20,000 mph four hours and 13 minutes after launch, Orion will encounter about 80 percent of the heat it would endure during a return from lunar orbit with astronauts aboard. Ground controllers will lose contact with Orion for 2 1/2 minutes during reentry when the spacecraft is surrounded by plasma. They should regain communications with the craft just before the forward bay cover is jettisoned in a process that will begin the parachute deployment. After about four hours, 23 minutes, Orion will be bobbing in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California as recovery forces move in. Teams from NASA\u2019s Ground Systems Development and Operations Program based at Kennedy will work with U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin personnel to bring the spacecraft into the well deck of the USS Anchorage, an amphibious ship with a protective enclosure that will allow Orion to basically float onboard without having to be lifted by a crane. A second ship, the USNS Salvor, also will be on hand as a backup. Many aspects of the mission point to a future"}, {"title": "", "text": "passes through the belts to protect them. Three hours, 23 minutes into flight, the Orion crew module will fly on its own following separation from its service module and the Delta IV Heavy second stage. The spacecraft will be aimed at Earth\u2019s atmosphere and it will be up to Orion\u2019s onboard computers to set the spacecraft in the right position so its base heat shield can bear the brunt of the intense reentry heat. Hitting the atmosphere at 20,000 mph four hours and 13 minutes after launch, Orion will encounter about 80 percent of the heat it would endure during a return from lunar orbit with astronauts aboard. Ground controllers will lose contact with Orion for 2 1/2 minutes during reentry when the spacecraft is surrounded by plasma. They should regain communications with the craft just before the forward bay cover is jettisoned in a process that will begin the parachute deployment. After about four hours, 23 minutes, Orion will be bobbing in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California as recovery forces move in. Teams from NASA\u2019s Ground Systems Development and Operations Program based at Kennedy will work with U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin personnel to bring the spacecraft into the well deck of the USS Anchorage, an amphibious ship with a protective enclosure that will allow Orion to basically float onboard without having to be lifted by a crane. A second ship, the USNS Salvor, also will be on hand as a backup. Many aspects of the mission point to a future"}, {"title": "", "text": "tons, 3 crew ``` The space shuttle was senseless because there's no point in bringing unnecessary mass back to the Earth. A reentry spacecraft can be as lightweight as 1 ton/person. If the rocket fails during launch and the crew are in a lightweight reentry spacecraft, they have the potential to survive. SpaceX Dragon Soyuz ISRO reentry vehicle Space shuttle and Soyuz Moon Earth Mars Moon Ceres Sizes to scale. The moon has ice which can be turned into hydrogen+oxygen rocket fuel using solar power. Ice can be brought into space more cheaply from the moon than from the Earth. Ceres is the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt and it has abundant ice. ``` Orbit speed Atmosphere Distance from (km/s) density (kg/m3) sun (AU) Earth 7.8 1.22 1.00 Mars 3.6 .020 1.52 Moon 1.68 0 1.00 Ceres .36 0 2.77 ``` A one-stage rocket can easily escape the moon or Mars. Two stages are required for the Earth. Future rockets The exhaust speed depends on the energy/mass of the fuel. ```Rocket type Exhaust speed Exhaust speed (km/s) / speed of light Antimatter 150000 .5 React matter with antimatter Fission fragment 12000 .039 Nuclear fission fragments as exhaust Fusion 4900 .0163 Nuclear fusion of Deuterium + Lithium6 Ion drive 200 .00067 Uses electric power to accelerate ions Hydrogen + oxygen 4.4 .000015 Methane + oxygen 3.7 .000012 Kerosene + oxygen 3.3 .000011 ``` Chemical rockets and ion drives are proven technologies. All the other rockets could be built with present technology except for the antimatter rocket."}, {"title": "", "text": "Orion Heat Shield For Exploration Mission 1 Arrives At NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center By NASA.gov // August 28, 2016 designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin The heat shield was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin in the company\u2019s facility near Denver. Orion\u2019s heat shield will help it endure the approximately 5,000 degrees F it will experience upon reentry. (NASA Image) BREVARD COUNTY \u2022 CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA (NASA) \u2013 The heat shield that will protect the Orion crew module during re-entry after the spacecraft\u2019s first uncrewed flight atop NASA\u2019s Space Launch System rocket in 2018 arrived at the agency\u2019s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Aug. 25. The heat shield arrived aboard NASA\u2019s Super Guppy aircraft at Kennedy\u2019s Shuttle Landing Facility, and was offloaded and transported to the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout (O&C) Building high bay on Friday. The heat shield was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin in the company\u2019s facility near Denver. Orion\u2019s heat shield will help it endure the approximately 5,000 degrees F it will experience upon reentry. The heat shield measures 16.5 feet in diameter. NASA Awards United Launch Services Contract For 2020 Rover Mission Launch Orion is the spacecraft that will carry astronauts to deep-space destinations, including the journey to Mars. Orion will be equipped with power, communications and life support systems to sustain space travelers during their journey, and return them safely back to Earth. CLICK HERE FOR MORE SPACE NEWS FROM NASA"}, {"title": "", "text": "The new Cygnus spacecraft is the cheeriest of the cargo tugs hauling gear to the International Space Station. Those new round solar panels are effective, efficient, and adorable! When the S.S. Deke Slayton II launched in December, it was the first mission of the newly-upgraded Cygnus spacecraft. The upgrades included an expanded cargo hold and reworked service module, but the most visually striking difference is the new solar panels. Instead of stiff rectangular bars like on every other spacecraft (including older-model Cygnus spacecraft), the Cygnus now sports a pair of cheery round orange-yellow Ultraflex solar arrays. Now the spacecraft putters around in orbit like a mouse with over-sized ears, and adds a spark of whimsy to the harsh angularity of the International Space Station. Paired with the capsule\u2019s round bound, Cygnus adds some much-needed curved contrast to the endless right angles of the space station. The change in form is driven by function. The round fan-fold allows for higher performance at a lower mass than typical arrays. The arrays also fold up smaller than traditional arrays, reducing the stowage volume during launch. Earlier versions of the technology were used on the Mars Phoenix Lander, while the current version will be used on the InSight Lander to Mars when it eventually launches. Really, there is no question. Roscosmos\u2019s Progress is bulbously utilitarian. JAXA\u2019s HTV series are stripped down to the bare minimums (although they do explode quite gloriously during reentry). SpaceX\u2019s Dragon is aiming for sleekly modern. But Orbital\u2019s Cygnus spacecraft is the most whimsical of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "cargo spacecraft Aug. 14 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The next Falcon 9 launch, of the U.S. Air Force\u2019s X-37B spaceplane, is planned for early September from Florida. SpaceX launched its fortieth Falcon 9 Thursday, carrying the Formosat-5 spacecraft for the Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organisation and the Republic of China\u2019s National Space Organisation. The launch, which included a successful landing of the first stage aboard the Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship, occurred at the start of a 44-minute window that opened at 11:50 local time (18:50 UTC) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Formosat-5 is an Earth remote sensing satellite which was built and operated by the National Space Organisation of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is the first spacecraft larger than a CubeSat to be developed and constructed by the Republic of China, although Taiwanese officials proudly insist this is an ingenious spacecraft. Equipped with the Remote Sensing Imager (RSI) payload, providing multispectral and panchromatic imaging capabilities, Formosat-5 will replace the Formosat-2 satellite which was retired last August. Formosat-5 also carries the Advanced Ionospheric Probe, or AIP, package, which will study the behavior of plasma within Earth\u2019s ionosphere. The spacecraft has a mass of 475 kilograms (1050 lb) and is expected to operate for at least five years. It will be placed into a near-polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of about 720 kilometers (447 miles, 389 nautical miles). The Remote Sensing Imager is the primary instrument aboard Formosat-5. Built by a partnership of the National Space Organisation and industrial partners within"}, {"title": "", "text": "download NASA's full Artemis 1 launch availability calendar (opens in new tab) (PDF) to see how the dates stack up. How does NASA pick Artemis 1 launch dates? NASA has four primary requirements that drive how it selects launch dates for Artemis 1. Here's what they are, according to a NASA data sheet (opens in new tab). The moon's position in its orbit: The moon's location dictates the launch day because NASA wants to place Artemis 1 in what's called a \"distant retrograde orbit\" around the moon. To do that, the SLS current upper stage has to perform a maneuver called a trans-lunar injection burn at a specific point, with respect to the moon's position, to put it on the right course. Orion's lighting conditions: NASA mission rules dictate that the Orion spacecraft cannot be in darkness for more than 90 minutes at a time. This is because Orion is solar powered, so it needs sunlight on its arrays, and also to maintain its optimum temperature. Orion's \"skip\" reentry plan: In order to pinpoint Orion's splashdown location in the Pacific Ocean, NASA wants to try a \"skip\" reentry in which the space capsule dips into the Earth's upper atmosphere, then skips out briefly before making its final reentry. To do that, it has to launch during certain windows to reach the right trajectory upon its return to Earth, NASA says. Orion's splashdown lighting conditions: NASA wants Orion to splash down during the daytime hours to make it easer for recovery teams to spot the capsule and"}, {"title": "", "text": "an impressive vehicle and we are all very proud of it.\u201d One of the key elements of the Orion spacecraft which will be tested out during the September 2014 flight \u2013 will be the heat shield which will protect crews from the extreme heat of reentry. Photo Credit: Jason Rhian / SpaceFlight Insider This will be a crucial test, one of the primary ones for the EFT-1 mission, which will test out the spacecraft\u2019s heat shield. The Orion conducting this mission will return at a blistering 20,000 miles per hour \u2013 the ultimate test of the system at the base of the craft which will protect the crew during reentry. The next stop in Bolden\u2019s tour was Cape Canaveral Air Force Station\u2019s Space Launch Complex 41. This is where the United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 rocket is poised to launch MAVEN to its Martian destination. Flanked again by Grunsfeld as well as the Vice-President of ULA\u2019s Atlas and Delta programs, Jim Sponnick and MAVEN\u2019s Principal Investigator Bruce Jakosky. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida discusses the upcoming MAVEN mission set for launch Monday November 18. He is joined in this image by Amanda Mitskevich, NASA Launch Services Program manager and Jim Sponnick, vice president of Atlas and Delta Programs for United Launch Alliance. Photo Credit: Jason Rhian / SpaceFlight Insider MAVEN is currently scheduled to launch at 1:28 p.m. EST on Monday, Nov. 18. The spacecraft has a two-hour launch window in which to get off the pad and"}, {"title": "", "text": "A combined effort will result in NASA and their commercial partner, Northrop Grumman, launching the Antares rocket, carrying the Cygnus cargo spacecraft, named the SS John Young,website. Loaded with 7,500 pounds of research, crew supplies and hardware, this tenth commercial resupply mission for Northrop Grumman will launch from Virginia Space\u2019s Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility. About 70 minutes after launch, an automated command will initiate deployment of the spacecraft\u2019s solar arrays. Full deployment will take approximately 30 minutes. The Cygnus spacecraft, the SS John Young, will arrive at the space station Sunday, November 18. At about 4:35 a.m., Expedition 57 Flight Engineer Serena Au\u00f1\u00f3n-Chancellor of NASA will grapple the spacecraft using the station\u2019s robotic arm. She will be backed up by Alexander Gerst of ESA (European Space Agency), who will monitor Cygnus systems during its approach. After capture, ground controllers will command the robotic arm to rotate and install Cygnus on the bottom of the station\u2019s Unity module. The Cygnus spacecraft is scheduled to remain at the space station until February 12, 2019, when it will depart, taking with it several tons of trash, and deploy several CubeSats before its fiery reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "increase cancer risk, and interfere with electronics. The Fast Neutron Spectrometer investigation will help scientists understand high-energy neutrons, part of the radiation exposure experienced by crews during spaceflight, by studying a new technique to measure electrically neutral neutron particles. The Cygnus spacecraft will remain at the space station until November before its destructive reentry into Earth's atmosphere, disposing of about 3,000 pounds of trash. Image: Antares Rocket Raising Provided by NASA Citation: NASA space station cargo launches from Virginia on orbital ATK resupply mission (2016, October 18) retrieved 22 January 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2016-10-nasa-space-station-cargo-virginia.html First launch for Orbital's Antares rocket since '14 blast First launch for Orbital's Antares rocket since 2014 explosion NASA image: Antares rocket at sunrise Space station's robotic arm set for arrival of Cygnus cargo craft Capsule full of space station junk makes fiery re-entry (Update)"}, {"title": "", "text": "Moon: \u2022 EM-1 (Exploration Mission-One), scheduled for 2017, will send an uncrewed Orion MPCV on a high-angle lunar trajectory to test the spacecraft's systems\u2014especially the heat shield and reentry parachutes\u2014as well as the SLS rocket. \u2022 EM-2 (Exploration Mission-Two), scheduled to fly in 2021, will send a crew into orbit around the Moon and back for the first time since 1972. The Orion spacecraft will provide emergency abort during the launch ascent phase, sustain the crew during space travel, and provide safe reentry from deep space return velocities. Figure 3: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion's service module is designed to be the powerhouse that fuels and propels the Orion spacecraft in space. Located directly below the crew module, it will contain the in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, attitude control, and high-altitude ascent aborts. It will also generate power using solar arrays and provide thermal control, water, and air for the astronauts until just before their return to Earth, when it will separate from the crew module. The SM provides in-space power, propulsion capability, attitude control, thermal control, water and air for the astronauts. For the EFT-1 flight, the SM is not fully outfitted. It is a structural representation simulating the exact size and mass. In a significant difference from Apollo, Orion is equipped with a trio of massive fairings that encase the SM and support half the mass of the crew module and the launch abort system during launch and ascent. The purpose is to improve performance by saving weight from the service"}, {"title": "", "text": "SpaceX nor Cameron County responded to a request for comment from Business Insider. Saenz warned in the letter that impersonating a public official is a third-degree felony in Texas, adding that the \u201cconduct is unacceptable\u201d and that the company could be subject to prosecution if similar behavior in the future breaks Texas law. \u201cWhile SpaceX is a valued member of our community, this does not authorize SpaceX, its employees, staff, agents and/or contractors to disregard Texas law,\u201d Saenz reportedly wrote. https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/29/sp...ction-quality/ SpaceX plans to use its Starlink internet on Starship orbital launch to demonstrate connection quality SpaceX\u2019s upcoming Starship orbital test flight could end up being a veritable smorgasbord of its technological capabilities, as the company has filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to request approval to fly Starlink terminals on the spacecraft in order to \u201cdemonstrate high data rate communications\u201d between the new launch system and the ground throughout the course of the trip to space and back. SpaceX plans to show that its network of Starlink low-Earth orbit satellites can provide \u201cunprecedented volumes of telemetry and enable communications during atmospheric reentry\u201d even during the parts of the launch where communications signals are typically lost due to the presence of \u201cionized plasma\u201d in the atmosphere during the re-entry phase. If it works, it could provide better than ever live data for SpaceX during its test flight, which should help with the Starship and Super Heavy launch system\u2019s development \u2014 and it could mean better, more spectacular views for those of us just watching from"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft's systems\u2014especially the heat shield and reentry parachutes\u2014as well as the SLS rocket. \u2022 EM-2 (Exploration Mission-Two), scheduled to fly in 2021, will send a crew into orbit around the Moon and back for the first time since 1972. The Orion spacecraft will provide emergency abort during the launch ascent phase, sustain the crew during space travel, and provide safe reentry from deep space return velocities. Figure 3: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion's service module is designed to be the powerhouse that fuels and propels the Orion spacecraft in space. Located directly below the crew module, it will contain the in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, attitude control, and high-altitude ascent aborts. It will also generate power using solar arrays and provide thermal control, water, and air for the astronauts until just before their return to Earth, when it will separate from the crew module. The SM provides in-space power, propulsion capability, attitude control, thermal control, water and air for the astronauts. For the EFT-1 flight, the SM is not fully outfitted. It is a structural representation simulating the exact size and mass. In a significant difference from Apollo, Orion is equipped with a trio of massive fairings that encase the SM and support half the mass of the crew module and the launch abort system during launch and ascent. The purpose is to improve performance by saving weight from the service module, thus maximizing the vehicles size and capability in space. All three fairings are jettisoned at an altitude of ~160 km up"}, {"title": "", "text": "It also contained three racks dedicated to science, FIR (Fluids Integrated Rack) and the first Materials Science Research Rack (MSRR-1) to be placed in Destiny and MELFI-2 (Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS) to be placed in Kibo. The FIR enabled detailed study of how liquids behave in microgravity, a crucial detail for many chemical reactions. One experiment, for instance, examined how mixtures known as colloids behave without being stirred by sedimentation and convection. Another using the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) will examine how an ideal heat pipe works without the distortions of gravity. Mission experiments The STS-128 mission (as did STS-125 and STS-127) took part in crew seat vibration tests that will help engineers on the ground understand how astronauts experience launch. They will then use the information to help design the crew seats that will be used in future NASA spacecraft. STS-128 repeated the Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) Detailed Test Objective (DTO) experiment that was done by the same shuttle during STS-119. In this experiment, one of the thermal protection systems was raised to create a boundary layer transition in which the air flow becomes turbulent beyond a certain speed. During STS-119 the tile was raised above the others, tripping the flow at Mach 15 during reentry. In the modification being done, the tile has been raised to trip at Mach 18 producing more heat. Discovery undertook the testing of a catalytic coating which was meant to be used by the Orion (spacecraft). Two TPS tiles located in the protuberance downstream from the BLT"}, {"title": "", "text": "Orbital ATK (NYSE: OA), a global leader in aerospace and defense technologies, today announced that its \u201cS.S. John Glenn\u201d Cygnus spacecraft successfully completed its seventh cargo logistics mission to the International Space Station under NASA\u2019s Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract. The mission also marked the third time that Cygnus was used as a research platform for conducting in-space research with all mission objectives executed as planned. Upon departing the space station and clearing its orbit, the S.S. John Glenn successfully completed phase two of the OA-7 mission \u2013 serving as a platform to advance research in space, independent of the orbiting laboratory. It conducted the Spacecraft Fire Experiment-III (Saffire-III), deployed four CubeSats into orbit and initiated an experiment to analyze what happens to a spacecraft during reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Designed by NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center and funded by NASA\u2019s Advanced Exploration Systems Division, Saffire-III was the third in a series of tests that studied how large-scale fires behave in microgravity. Cygnus has hosted the entire series of Saffire experiments to date. The final experiment utilized three Reentry Data Collection Flight Recorders to obtain data showcasing the extreme conditions a spacecraft encounters when reentering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. It also tested the performance of different heat shield materials that may be used on future U.S. space missions. Pending NASA\u2019s specific cargo needs, Orbital ATK is prepared to launch two additional CRS missions this year aboard the company\u2019s Antares rockets from NASA\u2019s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia."}, {"title": "", "text": "return capsule, and the orbiter will depart lunar orbit on 10 December for another 112 hour transfer to Earth. The return capsule will separate from the orbiter for reentry and landing on 15 December. The capsule will land under parachute in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, People\u2019s Republic of China. The sealed samples will then be collected and transported for study and analysis. European scientists are expected to access these samples and collaborate with Chinese teams on the subsequent research, but United States scientists will likely be excluded as American law forbids the use of federal funding to collaborate with Chinese scientists. The European Space Agency is an active partner in the Chang\u2019e 5 mission, assisting in tracking the spacecraft during two crucial phases of flight. Graphic showing the phases of flight during which ESA ground stations will support the Chang\u2019e 5 mission \u2013 via ESA Shortly after launch, an ESA ground station in Kourou, French Guiana \u2014 home to the European launch provider Arianespace \u2014 will establish a communications link and verify the health of the spacecraft. Near the conclusion of the mission, a ground station in Maspalomas, Spain, will track the spacecraft during its return to Earth. Other ESA ground stations will be on standby as backups to Chinese tracking stations throughout the mission. The launch of Chang\u2019e 5 will likely preface the use of the Chang Zheng 5 rocket to construct a new Chinese space station in low Earth orbit beginning in 2021. With regards to the Chinese National Space Administration\u2019s lunar exploration program,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Liftoff is expected at 17:52 UTC Sept. 22, 2018. It was set to launch a week earlier on Sept. 14, however, an issue with a liquid oxygen vent valve was found during a post-fueling inspection, forcing a scrub of that launch attempt so engineers could investigate. When it does launch, liftoff will be from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\u2019s Tanegashima Space Center on the island of Tanegashima located about 40 kilometers south of Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main island of the Japanese archipelago. It is expected to rendezvous with the ISS and be captured by the 17.6-meter Canadarm2 robotic arm several days after launch and subsequently berthed to the Earth-facing port of the Harmony module. NASA TV live coverage should begin about a half hour before launch. Inside the Pressurized Logistics Module, Kounotori 7 is carrying 4,300 kilograms. In addition to food and other crew supplies, this includes two U.S. experiment racks (EXPRESS Racks 9B and 10B), a U.S. Life Sciences Glovebox (which will be the second to be delivered to the ISS) and the European Space Agency-developed Life Support Rack. Additionally, a device called HTV Small Re-entry Capsule, abbreviated HSRC, will also be aboard. According to JAXA, it is designed to demonstrate reentry technology and cargo recovery functions from the ISS. Currently, the only vehicles that can return any cargo from the space station are the crewed Russian Soyuz spacecraft (which offers minimal down-mass capability) and SpaceX\u2019s cargo Dragon spacecraft (which offers a large amount of down-mass capability). HSRC is inside Kounotori 7"}, {"title": "", "text": "Orion Spacecraft emergency reentry concerns addressed at NASA Langley Research Center. Journalists For Space was granted access to the NASA Orion water drop test Aug. 24, 2016, at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The Orion test-capsule, NASA\u2019s spacecraft designed to carry four astronauts beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), fell approximately 20 mph from 14 feet to simulate an emergency landing scenario. During the Orion spacecraft\u2019s return to Earth, it will rely on multiple parachutes for a successful water landing, similar to the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM). Learning from the Apollo 15 mission, where one of the three chutes did not deploy during its return to Earth, the Orion water drop test simulated an expedited impact scenario during reentry. The data compiled helps account for other emergency scenarios, such as the spacecraft being thrown off course and unable to land at its desired oceanic location. The water drop test was nine of ten scheduled as NASA prepares for Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1), the second unmanned Orion test flight, in late 2018. For the EM-1 mission NASA will utilize their newest advanced launch vehicle, the Space Launch System (SLS). The water drop tests, along with computer simulations, are an important stepping stone for NASA to insure a successful manned mission to Mars. NASA Orion Splash Test Press Conference Director of NASA Johnson Space Center, Ellen Ochoa, speaking about the Orion Splash Tests NASA held a media press conference before the Orion water test to explain the importance of the event and showcase the capabilities of"}, {"title": "", "text": "mass as low as 3 tons. The space shuttle was inefficient because it had a mass of 78 tons. There's no need to bring back to the Earth anything more than necessary. ``` Mass (tons) Crew Space shuttle 78.0 7 SpaceX Dragon V2 4.2 7 Soyuz reentry module 2.9 3 ISRO Reentry Vehicle 3.7 3 ``` If the rocket fails during launch and the crew are in a lightweight reentry spacecraft then they have a chance at surviving. SpaceX Dragon Soyuz Moon Earth Mars Moon Ceres Sizes to scale. Manned solar system exploration starts by building a base on the moon to mine ice. Ice can be used for rocket fuel, life support, and radiation shielding, and because of the moon's low gravity it is easily lifted into space. Once in space it can be used to make spaceships and propel them throughout the solar system. To make rocket fuel, a power source such as solar cells is used to split ice into hydrogen + oxygen. The biggest hazard to humans in interplanetary space is cosmic ray radiation. 3 meters of ice are required to stop the rays, implying a spaceship mass of at least 400 tons. This much ice is difficult to obtain from the Earth and easy to obtain from the moon. Furthermore, such a massive ship requires a lot of ice fuel to move around. Ice is present on the moon in polar craters that never see the sun. Everywhere else, the sun boils it off. In the asteroid belt, the sun is"}, {"title": "", "text": "suit. Elon Musk tweeted late March 1 that there was also a \u201csuper high tech zero-g indicator\u201d onboard: a plush toy resembling the Earth, sitting on one of the seats inside the capsule. Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! pic.twitter.com/CRO26plaXq \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 2, 2019 Demo-1 is the first of two test flights of Crew Dragon as part of SpaceX\u2019s commercial crew contract with NASA. The flight is intended to test key subsystems on the spacecraft and identify problems that will need to be corrected before NASA approves flying its astronauts on the spacecraft. Those milestones include testing Crew Dragon as it approaches and docks with the station and, later, its reentry and splashdown. This mission will mark the first time a Dragon spacecraft has docked with the station, as previous cargo Dragon spacecraft were berthed by the station\u2019s robotic arm. Musk said the biggest risk may be reentry, given the asymmetric shape of the capsule\u2019s backshell, unlike the cargo Dragon. \u201cThat could potentially cause a roll instability on reentry,\u201d Musk said, but added it felt it was unlikely given the simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern.\u201d Planning for Demo-2 The second test flight, Demo-2, will carry NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. That mission is scheduled for no earlier than July, although agency leaders emphasized before the Demo-1 launch that they will not rush the launch of Demo-2 to meet a certain schedule. The Falcon 9 Demo-1 launch seen from the Kennedy Space Center"}, {"title": "", "text": "suit. Elon Musk tweeted late March 1 that there was also a \u201csuper high tech zero-g indicator\u201d onboard: a plush toy resembling the Earth, sitting on one of the seats inside the capsule. Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! pic.twitter.com/CRO26plaXq \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 2, 2019 Demo-1 is the first of two test flights of Crew Dragon as part of SpaceX\u2019s commercial crew contract with NASA. The flight is intended to test key subsystems on the spacecraft and identify problems that will need to be corrected before NASA approves flying its astronauts on the spacecraft. Those milestones include testing Crew Dragon as it approaches and docks with the station and, later, its reentry and splashdown. This mission will mark the first time a Dragon spacecraft has docked with the station, as previous cargo Dragon spacecraft were berthed by the station\u2019s robotic arm. Musk said the biggest risk may be reentry, given the asymmetric shape of the capsule\u2019s backshell, unlike the cargo Dragon. \u201cThat could potentially cause a roll instability on reentry,\u201d Musk said, but added it felt it was unlikely given the simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern.\u201d Planning for Demo-2 The second test flight, Demo-2, will carry NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. That mission is scheduled for no earlier than July, although agency leaders emphasized before the Demo-1 launch that they will not rush the launch of Demo-2 to meet a certain schedule. The Falcon 9 Demo-1 launch seen from the Kennedy Space Center"}, {"title": "", "text": "suit. Elon Musk tweeted late March 1 that there was also a \u201csuper high tech zero-g indicator\u201d onboard: a plush toy resembling the Earth, sitting on one of the seats inside the capsule. Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! pic.twitter.com/CRO26plaXq \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 2, 2019 Demo-1 is the first of two test flights of Crew Dragon as part of SpaceX\u2019s commercial crew contract with NASA. The flight is intended to test key subsystems on the spacecraft and identify problems that will need to be corrected before NASA approves flying its astronauts on the spacecraft. Those milestones include testing Crew Dragon as it approaches and docks with the station and, later, its reentry and splashdown. This mission will mark the first time a Dragon spacecraft has docked with the station, as previous cargo Dragon spacecraft were berthed by the station\u2019s robotic arm. Musk said the biggest risk may be reentry, given the asymmetric shape of the capsule\u2019s backshell, unlike the cargo Dragon. \u201cThat could potentially cause a roll instability on reentry,\u201d Musk said, but added it felt it was unlikely given the simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern.\u201d Planning for Demo-2 The second test flight, Demo-2, will carry NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. That mission is scheduled for no earlier than July, although agency leaders emphasized before the Demo-1 launch that they will not rush the launch of Demo-2 to meet a certain schedule. The Falcon 9 Demo-1 launch seen from the Kennedy Space Center"}, {"title": "", "text": "for future Crew Dragon missions, helping the integrated launch team gain additional experience beyond existing simulations and training events. After liftoff, Falcon 9\u2019s ascent will follow a trajectory that will mimic a Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station matching the physical environments the rocket and spacecraft will encounter during a normal ascent. Once the launch escape sequence begins, Falcon 9\u2019s first stage Merlin engines will shut down and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDraco thrusters will begin their firing sequence. The launch vehicle and spacecraft will separate, and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos will burn to completion. After Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos shutdown, the spacecraft will passively coast to apogee, the highest point in its arc. Near apogee, Crew Dragon\u2019s trunk will separate and the smaller Draco thrusters will re-orient the spacecraft for reentry and parachute deploy. At the appropriate conditions, Dragon\u2019s drogue and main parachutes will sequence to provide for a soft landing in the Atlantic Ocean near SpaceX Dragon recovery teams. NASA\u2019s 11 Newest Astronauts Ready for Space Station, Moon and Mars Missions Following Crew Dragon\u2019s separation, Falcon 9 is expected to aerodynamically break up offshore over the Atlantic Ocean. Expected breakup time will vary based upon a number of factors, including day of launch winds and expected minor variations in vehicle attitudes and positions, but could occur shortly after separation or later upon reentry from the upper atmosphere. In either scenario, a dedicated team of SpaceX Falcon 9 recovery personnel will be staged and ready to begin recovering debris immediately after breakup. As part of the Dragon"}, {"title": "", "text": "conduct of aborts, emergency response, and monitoring and operating environmental controls and life support systems.'' NASA also asked the FAA whether NASA's astronauts could ``perform operational activities up to and including flight.'' In response to NASA's question, the FAA examined the launch and reentry scenarios currently envisioned, and concludes that NASA astronauts may perform these functions in FAA-licensed launches and reentries. The FAA understands that the following scenarios are likely, but not definite. It is the FAA's understanding that a NASA astronaut's interaction with the controls of a launch or reentry vehicle may vary depending on a launch or reentry operator's designs and operational procedures, which are currently under development. During a nominal launch, a launch operator under an FAA license would most likely conduct the ascent using a flight computer as the primary means of controlling the flight path of the vehicle. Any persons on board would not likely affect the flight path of the launch vehicle. If an emergency situation arose, a NASA astronaut could override the launch operator's flight computer to initiate an abort from the launch vehicle and take manual control of the spacecraft atop the launch vehicle. NASA astronaut emergency operations could include manually initiating an abort, using thrusters to orient a capsule to support chute deployment, and subsequent deployment of any parachutes. Emergency operations could also include the NASA astronaut manually piloting a vehicle to a water or runway landing. For a reentry, a licensed operator's flight computer could serve as the primary means of controlling the flight path of"}, {"title": "", "text": "progress. The composite structure is reused. Starship is a big Falcon Rocket which is a privately-funded, fully-reusable launch vehicle and spacecraft Mar 25, 2019 \u00b7 SpaceX has successfully tested a hexagonal heat shield intended for its Starship passenger spacecraft. Mar 06, 2006 \u00b7 An artist's rendering shows a semitransparent view of SpaceX's Dragon reusable space capsule. Flying into the atmosphere protected by a heat shield, the Dragon will splashdown in the Pacific Ocean , where it will be recovered and its payloads dispatched to researchers. In another, the company improved a system used to trigger release of I stated is the other StarShip thread some time back that as currently envisioned the structure is not up to repeated cycling and reentry forces and \"may\" need additional stiffeners such as longerons IMHO. Space Exploration Technologies Corporation During re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere, the Dragon will benefit from an ablative covering and heat shield to allow it to sustain high temperatures. Since then, the company has bolstered parts of the Dragon\u2019s heat shield The heat shield underneath the dragon charred by that reentry. The company says that it was Jan 07, 2021 \u00b7 SpaceX worked in close operation to develop the heat shield of the Dragon Capsule that has to withstand up to 1,600\u00b0C during re-entry. Nov 08, 2020 \u00b7 Engineers discovered excessive erosion in the heat shield from the searing reentry temperatures; the company shored up the vulnerable section for the upcoming launch, said SpaceX\u2019s Hans The company has bolstered parts of the Dragon\u2019s heat shield, strengthened"}, {"title": "", "text": "to prevent heat being transferred into the crew module. This shield is placed over the craft's titanium skeleton and carbon-fiber skin, providing both protection and insulation for the interior. - Once all the Avcoat is removed and only the skeletal frame remains, it will be shipped to NASA/LaRC (Langley Research Center) in Hampton, Virginia, for more tests. Since the Orion was returning from a greater distance in space than anything since Apollo, it experienced far greater heat levels than anything in recent decades, reaching as high as 2200 \u00b0C. - Instrumentation in the shield measured the rise of the surface and internal temperatures during reentry as well as the ablation rate of the shield's coating. Over the next few months, NASA experts will be pouring over this data to see just how well the Orion shield held up under extreme heat. But so far, the results look positive \u2013 with only 20% of the Avcoat burning away on the test-flight reentry. - In the future, the Orion spacecraft will be launched on Space Launch System on missions that will take it to nearby asteroids and eventually to Mars. The first mission to carry astronauts is not expected to take place until 2021 at the earliest. Figure 16: Larry Gagliano, Orion project manager at NASA/MSFC, photographed in front of the spaceship's heat shield (image credit: Lee Roop, AL.com) \u2022 March 11, 2015: The heat shield for NASA's Orion spacecraft that successfully survived a high-velocity reentry during its December 2014 flight test, is continuing its journey, now at"}, {"title": "", "text": "LA facility will focus on the BFR (Big Falcon Rocket, or Big F***ing Rocket), which SpaceX is developing to get people to Mars and other destinations throughout the solar system. CST-100 Starliner Reentry Thrusters Delivered Boeing\u2019s CST-100 Starliner is expected to have its first test flight sometime later in 2018. To support that test, Aerojet Rocketdyne has completed the delivery of the crew module\u2019s reentry thrusters. The thrusters were delivered to Boeing\u2019s Commercial Crew and Cargo Processing Facility (formerly Orbiter Processing Facility 3) at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Boeing technicians will integrate the 12 MR-104J engines into the spacecraft, which is designed to be used up to 10 times. \u201cAstronaut safety is paramount at Aerojet Rocketdyne, which is why we are providing a reliable propulsion system for the Starliner crew module to ensure a safe re-entry for all of Starliner\u2019s passengers,\u201d said Aerojet Rocketdyne CEO and President Eileen Drake in a press release. The MR-104J engines will be used to ensure the capsule is properly oriented during reentry. Each produces more than 100 pounds (45-kilograms) of thrust, according to Aerojet Rocketdyne. Additionally, the thruster engines are reusable. Aerojet Rocketdyne said it is also providing the launch abort engines, the service module reaction control thrusters, and service module orbital maneuvering and attitude control engines for Starliner. Read more at: Spaceflight Insider Exos Aerospace Prepares for First Suborbital Launch With a key test completed and a launch license in hand, Exos Aerospace is preparing for the first flight of its reusable suborbital rocket in April. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Alabama is also a NASA stronghold, further decried the launch as a display merely replicating what \u201cNASA accomplished in 1964.\u201d Ball park date but he\u2019s not as far off the mark as, perhaps, the orbital parameters of Tumblin\u2019 Dice 1, aka Deadweight Dragon. Elon Musk had this response to Sen. Hutchison\u2019s statement in a post-launch teleconference with reporters. \u201cI don\u2019t understand why she\u2019s trying to hurt a Texas company. We do all of our engine development and testing in Texas. We\u2019re one of the fastest growing employers in Texas. Why is she trying to hurt a Texas company? That\u2019s wrong, and the people of Texas ought to be aware of that.\u201d <\u2014 Uh, SpaceX is headquartered in the Hawthorne/El Segundo area of Los Angeles, CA (near by is LAX.) Know the area well. It most definitely is not Texas. Don\u2019t make stupid statements out of ignorance. <\u2013 Speak for yourself. Again, please share the date/time/coordinates for controlled reentry, splashdown and recovery of boilerplate Dragon, by the private recovery fleet owned and operated by SpaceX. Otherwise, again, nations above the groundtrack take note\u2013 if this new piece of \u2019space junk\u2019 reenters a la Skylab and does any damage, send the bill to SpaceX, not the USA. @MajotTom- And please note your own \u2018boilerplate\u2019 reference is to manned spacecraft testing used for instrumentation and data collection. Was this a test of the Dragon spacecraft? Uh, no. Please share the instrumentation and data being collected aboard the deadweight \u2018Tumblin\u2019 Dice 1,\u2019 aka your unmanned, non-operational Dragon spacecraft. This"}, {"title": "", "text": "encounter during a normal ascent. - For this test, SpaceX will configure Crew Dragon to intentionally trigger a launch escape prior to 1 min, 30 seconds into flight to demonstrate Crew Dragon\u2019s capability to safely separate from the Falcon 9 rocket in the unlikely event of an in-flight emergency. Once the launch escape sequence begins, Falcon 9\u2019s first stage Merlin engines will shut down and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDraco thrusters will begin their firing sequence. The launch vehicle and spacecraft will separate, and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos will burn to completion. - After Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos shutdown, the spacecraft will passively coast to apogee, the highest point in its arc. Near apogee, Crew Dragon\u2019s trunk will separate and the smaller Draco thrusters will re-orient the spacecraft for reentry and parachute deploy. At the appropriate conditions, Dragon\u2019s drogue and main parachutes will sequence to provide for a soft landing in the Atlantic Ocean near SpaceX Dragon recovery teams. - Following Crew Dragon\u2019s separation, Falcon 9 is expected to aerodynamically break up offshore over the Atlantic Ocean. Expected breakup time will vary based upon a number of factors, including day of launch winds and expected minor variations in vehicle attitudes and positions, but could occur shortly after separation or later upon reentry from the upper atmosphere. In either scenario, a dedicated team of SpaceX Falcon 9 recovery personnel will be staged and ready to begin recovering debris immediately after breakup. - As part of the Dragon recovery operation, Air Force Detachment-3 personnel will work with the SpaceX recovery team to"}, {"title": "", "text": "made yesterday\u2019s launch and today\u2019s docking a success. These amazing feats show not how easy our mission is, but how capable we are of doing hard things. Welcome to the new era in spaceflight.\u201d The Falcon 9, with Crew Dragon on top, on the pad at Launch Complex 39A during final launch preparations March 1. (credit: J. Foust) Schedules and safety There\u2019s still a lot of hard things to go on the Demo-1 mission. Crew Dragon will remain docked until Friday, when it will depart the station and reenter, splashing down off the Florida coast at around 8:45 am Eastern that morning. That may be the toughest test yet for the spacecraft. Speaking at a post-launch press conference, Musk said the asymmetric shape of the Crew Dragon backshell, with protuberances to accommodate the Super Drago thrusters for the capsule\u2019s launch abort system, could create a \u201croll instability\u201d in the capsule as it reentered, while emphasizing that was a low-probability event based on simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern,\u201d he said. Even if Crew Dragon aces the rest of the Demo-1 mission\u2014undocking, reentry, parachute deployment, splashdown, and recovery\u2014there\u2019s still work to be done on the spacecraft before it will be ready to carry people. In addition to any issues identified during the mission itself, there are other aspects of the vehicle that need to be taken care of before NASA considers it ready to carry its astronauts. One set of tasks involves those systems that weren\u2019t needed to meet the objectives of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hopper was a proposed European Space Agency (ESA) orbital spaceplane and reusable launch vehicle. The Hopper was a FESTIP (Future European Space Transportation Investigations Programme) system study design. Hopper was one of several proposals for a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) developed by the ESA. The proposed reusable launch vehicles were to be used for the inexpensive delivery of satellite payloads into orbit as early as 2015. A prototype of Hopper, known as (EADS) Phoenix, was a German-led European project which involved the construction and testing of a one-seventh scale model of the proposed Hopper. On 8 May 2004, a single test flight of the Phoenix was conducted at the North European Aerospace Test range in Kiruna, Sweden, which was followed by more tests later that month. Development Background From the 1980s onwards, there was growing international interest in the development of reusable spacecraft; at the time, only the superpowers of the era, the Soviet Union and the United States, had developed this capability. European nations such as the United Kingdom and France embarked on their own national programs to produce spaceplanes, such as HOTOL and Hermes, while attempting to attract the backing of the multinational European Space Agency (ESA). While these programs ultimately did not garner enough support to continue development, there was still demand within a number of the ESA's member states to pursue the development of reusable space vehicles. During the 1990s, in addition to the development and operation of several technology demonstrator programs, such as the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator (ARD), the ESA were"}, {"title": "", "text": "being launched conventionally via an expendable launch system. It featured a relatively traditional slender missile-like body but differed in the presence of a small delta wing at a 45-degree leading edge sweep and a central vertical stabilizer arrangement. In terms of its structure, the VTO Hopper possessed a circular cross section complete with a loft fillet on the underside of the craft which functioned to accommodate both the wings and body flap; it also featured a booster which was designed to carry the payload upon the nose of the fuselage. Studies determined that both the HTO and the VTO variant concepts possessed a relatively similar reentry load environment. HTO Hopper - Selection The HTO Hopper was adopted for further development work under another ESA initiative in the form of the FESTIP (Future European Space Transportation Investigations Programme) system design study. During 1998, it was decided the design of Hopper fulfilled all of the established requirements. At this point, the spacecraft was to be composed of a single-stage reusable vehicle which would not attain orbital velocity itself. Hopper reportedly held the promise of delivering lower cost orbital deployment of payloads. An EADS spokesperson stated that a reusable launch vehicle like Hopper could halve the cost of sending a satellite into orbit, which reportedly had been determined to be around per kilogram of payload in 2004. The envisioned mission profile of Hopper would have involved several phases. The launch phase was to be achieved by using a 4 km magnetic horizontal track, which was to be purpose-built at"}, {"title": "", "text": "and successful landing,\u201d said Col Keith Balts, 30th Space Wing commander, in a statement. \u201cEveryone from our on console space operators to our airfield managers and civil engineers take pride in this unique mission and exemplify excellence during its execution.\u201d Nothing is known about the flights objectives or accomplishments beyond testing the vehicle itself. The OTV is somewhat like a miniature version of NASA\u2019s space shuttles. Boeing has built two OTV vehicles. The reusable space plane is designed to be launched like a satellite and land on a runway like an airplane and a NASA space shuttle. The X-37B is one of the newest and most advanced reentry spacecraft. A third mission of the Boeing-built X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle was completed on Oct. 17, 2014, when it landed and was recovered at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif, following a successful 674-day space mission. Photo: Boeing OTV-3 also marked the first reflight of an OTV vehicle, to test its re-usability. The OTV-3 mission was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Dec. 11, 2012, encapsulated inside the payload fairing atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Space Launch Complex 41. Among the primary mission goals of the first two flights were check outs of the vehicles capabilities and reentry systems and testing the ability to send experiments to space and return them safely. It is not known if the X-37B conducted reconnaissance activities during the test flights. It does have the capability to deploy satellites in space. All three OTV missions have launched"}, {"title": "", "text": "UTC Aerospace Systems provides critical control systems for NASA's Orion spacecraft launched today CHARLOTTE, N.C., Dec. 5, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- UTC Aerospace Systems' employees helped build NASA's Orion spacecraft, which completed its Exploration Flight Test (EFT-1) today from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The team provided critical control systems, including active thermal control, pressure control, power control and switching hardware for the Orion spacecraft, as well as key systems for the Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle. UTC Aerospace Systems is a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX). \"We are honored to partner with Lockheed Martin and United Launch Alliance in this important milestone for NASA,\" said Allen Flynt, General Manager, Human Exploration and Launch Vehicles. \"Orion is the vehicle for the next generation of space exploration, and our employees are helping to make that a reality.\" The active thermal control system provides pumps and thermal expansion control of fluid circuits for cooling of the avionics boxes. The power control and switching hardware provide power connectivity from external power sources, conditioned power to the crew and service modules, and communication to environmental control and life support systems components. The pressure control equipment consists of a negative pressure relief valve, which allows for pressure equalization between the vehicle interior and the outside air during reentry in the event the cabin pressure has leakage. \"These systems are key to crew and craft survivability,\" said Flynt. \"Results of this flight test will help inform the development of the crewed version of the Orion spacecraft, which our employees are already"}, {"title": "", "text": "made yesterday\u2019s launch and today\u2019s docking a success. These amazing feats show not how easy our mission is, but how capable we are of doing hard things. Welcome to the new era in spaceflight.\u201d The Falcon 9, with Crew Dragon on top, on the pad at Launch Complex 39A during final launch preparations March 1. (credit: J. Foust) Schedules and safety There\u2019s still a lot of hard things to go on the Demo-1 mission. Crew Dragon will remain docked until Friday, when it will depart the station and reenter, splashing down off the Florida coast at around 8:45 am Eastern that morning. That may be the toughest test yet for the spacecraft. Speaking at a post-launch press conference, Musk said the asymmetric shape of the Crew Dragon backshell, with protuberances to accommodate the Super Drago thrusters for the capsule\u2019s launch abort system, could create a \u201croll instability\u201d in the capsule as it reentered, while emphasizing that was a low-probability event based on simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern,\u201d he said. Even if Crew Dragon aces the rest of the Demo-1 mission\u2014undocking, reentry, parachute deployment, splashdown, and recovery\u2014there\u2019s still work to be done on the spacecraft before it will be ready to carry people. In addition to any issues identified during the mission itself, there are other aspects of the vehicle that need to be taken care of before NASA considers it ready to carry its astronauts. One set of tasks involves those systems that weren\u2019t needed to meet the objectives of"}, {"title": "", "text": "(TPS) for the Orion spacecraft. Source: NASA NASA\u2019s Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle has been designed to transport a crew of six to and from deep space, including an asteroid (\u22482025) and Mars (\u22482030). It comprises two modules: the Crew Module (or Command Module, CM), built by Lockheed Martin (see Sara Black\u2019s article on its composite heat shield) and the Service Module (SM) built by Airbus Defense and Space for the European Space Agency (ESA). In Dec. 2014, the Orion first flight test vehicle, EFT-1, was successfully launched on a Delta IV heavy rocket, reached an altitude of 5,793 km above earth, achieved speeds of 20,000 mph, and withstood temperatures over 2,200\u00b0C during reentry. However, the heat demands of this mission were much lower than what Orion will see when it goes further out, for example, to Mars. Need for Better Compression Pads Many lessons were learned during that test, including the need for improved ablative materials for the compression pads which enable attachment of Orion\u2019s CM and SM. These pads \u2014 six total used on the EFT-1 spacecraft, redesigned now to total four for future Orion models \u2014 measure roughly 280 mm in diameter and 76 mm thick, and must resist launch & ascent loads and pyro-shock (explosive bolts) during CM/SM separation, as well as meet reentry demands for high-temperature resistance and ablation. Orion\u2019s compression pads enable attachment of the Crew and Service Modules (left) and must resist structural loads during launch and ascent, as well as pyro-shock during CM/SM separation. Explosive bolt and CF/phenolic compression"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the entire vehicle, like a car chassis. - The European Service Module was built by main contractor Airbus Defence and Space, with many companies all over Europe supplying components. - Once at Kennedy Space Center, the European Service Module will be connected to the Orion crew module and its adapter in preparation for Exploration Mission-1 \u2013 a test flight without astronauts that will travel farther into space than any human-rated spacecraft has ventured. The mission is expected to launch in 2020. - Work is already underway on the second European Service Module that will power a crewed mission around the Moon. - The Orion spacecraft will eventually launch together with components of the Gateway, a human-tended outpost in lunar orbit that will aid human and robotic exploration of the Moon. \u2022 October 29, 2018: Aerojet Rocketdyne recently completed qualification testing for the enhanced reaction control thruster system for NASA's Orion crew vehicle, helping to clear the way for the Lockheed Martin-built spacecraft's second test flight, and first mission to cislunar space, called Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1). 18) - The RCS (Reaction Control System) is the only means of guiding the Orion crew module after it separates from its service module in preparation for atmospheric reentry and subsequent splashdown. Consisting of 12 MR-104G hydrazine thrusters capable of 160 pounds of thrust each, the system also will ensure that the spacecraft is properly oriented (with its heat shield pointed downward) for reentry, and stable during descent. - Aerojet Rocketdyne employed cutting-edge additive manufacturing processes, also known as 3D"}, {"title": "", "text": "precision and ensure its crew can get home, communication and navigation systems to maintain contact with the ground and orient the spacecraft, systems and features to handle radiation events, as well as a heat shield that can handle a high-speed reentry from the Moon. Both distance and duration demand that spacecraft must have systems that can reliably operate far from home, be capable of keeping astronauts alive in case of emergencies and still be light enough that a rocket can launch it,\u201d says NASA. While @NASA_Orion is in distant retrograde orbit, flight controllers at @NASA_Johnson will monitor key systems and perform checkouts in the environment of deep space. We're testing critical systems on Orion during #Artemis I to prepare for carrying @NASA_Astronauts on Artemis II. pic.twitter.com/r0CWi6Ozks The Artemis 1 mission and Orion capsule have been performing admirably with only a few minor issues since its launch on Nov. 16 Water reflecting view of nature and space as NASA\u2019s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket carrying the Orion spacecraft launches on the Artemis I lunar flight test, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2022, at 1:47 a.m. ET from Launch Pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center as bird observes from the Turn Basin. Artemis 1 is first integrated flight test of Orion and SLS rocket around the Moon and back. Credit: Ken Kremer/spaceupclose.com \u201cIn terms of overall systems failures, we haven\u2019t seen a single thing on the rocket or on the spacecraft that would have caused us to question our reliability or our redundancy,\u201d said Mike Sarafin, NASA Artemis 1"}, {"title": "", "text": "the SpaceX Craft Company. He began as a spacecraft operator from July 2013 to July 2018. His primary mission was the control operator for the spacecraft system during flight. He has also flown SpaceX\u2019s Dragon 1 spacecraft during all its phases of flight, from launching, phasing, rendezvous until its reentry phase. This was through all the four years of SpaceX\u2019s international space station commercial resupply program, which is currently slated to fly the maiden mission which is supposed to be SpaceX\u2019s first commercial astronauts on the Dragon 2 spacecraft. He was also the lead hardware development engineer at the SpaceX Greater Los Angeles Area station. His main role was to be the lead designer, project manager and was the responsible party from conception to the assembly within the development of critical spacecraft Avionics. 6. Bruey\u2019s social media Bruey is a simple man known for not being so active in his social media accounts. He opened an account in 2015 December, and all his posts are based on his career and work. He does not have a huge following as his followers stand at 1629 as of 2021 July. Not much is known about him as he keeps a low profile of his life and family. 7. Leadership skills Bruey has shown his leadership skills in various departments that he worked for before he became the CEO of Varda. Bruey served as a spacecraft operator and system officer. He proved to be the best candidate for the position of CEO from his former positions whereby he worked"}, {"title": "", "text": "The IXV is the precursor of the next model named Space Rider, also developed under the Italian PRIDE programme for ESA.[9] Operational historyEdit During 2011, it was reported that the IXV was planned to conduct its maiden flight as early as 2013;[23] however, the vehicle was later rescheduled to perform its first launch using the newly developed Vega launcher during late 2014.[24][25] This initial launch window was ultimately missed due to unresolved range safety concerns.[26] Following some delays, on 11 February 2015, the IXV was successfully launched into orbit by a Vega rocket as part of the VV04 mission.[4] Having launched at 08:40am local time,[27] the spaceplane separated from the Vega launch vehicle at 333 km altitude and ascended to 412 km, after which it commenced a controlled descent towards beginning its reentry at 120 km altitude, travelling at a recorded speed of 7.5 km/s, identical as to a typical re-entry path to be flown by low Earth orbit (LEO) spacecraft. Following re-entry, the IXV glided over the Pacific Ocean prior to the opening of its landing parachutes, which were deployed in order to slow down the craft's descent, having flown over 7300 km from the beginning of its reentry.[12]:25\u201326 The vehicle descended to the surface of Pacific Ocean, where it was subsequently recovered by the Nos Aries ship; analysis of both the spacecraft itself and recorded mission data took place.[28][29] Jean-Jacques Dordain, then-director general of the ESA, stated of the mission: \"It couldn't have been better, but the mission itself is not yet over...it will"}, {"title": "", "text": "Questions regarding the takeoff or the liftoff phase of the flight of a rocket and the set of activities required for preparation of the launch vehicle leading to it. How would 2 spacecraft be launched to be in sync in opposite directions? Why SpaceX have the T+0 second in the countdown while the Space Shuttle 'skip' the T+0 second? This question asks: How large a body could a probe with ion engines land on and launch from? and made me think could an ion engine that is the payload be mounted in a way to assist in the launch? Resources for planning and schedule a launch-watching day-trip in Florida? What is the point in which metal turns white hot during launch or reentry called? This is a slow motion film of the Sprint missle. There is a point where to skin goes white hot like a light switch. What is that called? What metal gets white hot while keeping its shape? Are there \u201cSpace Jellyfish\u201d in Florida? Would they be possible? Can more thrust come from launching parallel to water? Can a flock of birds crash a rocket? Has there ever been a situation when birds caused damage to a rocket? At what speed would birds be a problem? Could a rocket launch off water horizontally in stages? Could escape velocity be achieved in the atmosphere? What is the minimal distance of clearance in the direction of flight path for a rocket? Help me understand what Farside, a ten \u201cstage\u201d rockoon looked like? How was it"}, {"title": "", "text": "for an extended 30 minute launch window, allowing time to resolve technical glitches or for foul weather to clear. Launch schematic for OA-4 from launch to interception with the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK It will take the spacecraft approximately 2.5 days to intercept the space station once it launches. It will stay attached for a month as astronauts unload cargo and refill the spacecraft with garbage. This is a one-way trip for Cygnus: when it undocks, it\u2019ll burn up in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere during destructive reentry. If today\u2019s launch is also scrubbed, two additional windows are open on December 5th and 6th. After that, mission planners will need to be creative about how to create orbital intercepts, possibly including a launch where the spacecraft will loiter in orbit for a few weeks before intercepting the space station. Due to an annual sun-angle blackout, no spacecraft can dock with the space station between Christmas Eve and January 3, 2016. This is the fourth commercial cargo mission for Orbital, OA-4, since 2014. The company is contracted to deliver 28,700 kilograms (63,272 pounds) of cargo to the space station over approximately ten missions. Artist\u2019s concept of the Enhanced Cygnus approaching the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK Update 6:03pm: Although the weather was better than during yesterday\u2019s attempt, gusts of wind delayed today\u2019s launch three times. Each failure reset the countdown clock to the final 4-minutes, and the rocket and spacecraft experienced no technical issues. With the final attempt set to the very end of"}, {"title": "", "text": "is the 1970 Apollo 13 mission, which was forced to abort a Moon landing after an explosion in one of the spacecraft's oxygen tanks. During this period, engineers will test Orion's systems - such as its ability to retain air pressure and radiation levels inside the crew capsule. While Artemis 1 is primarily about ascertaining Orion's viability for future crewed missions, cameras at the ends of the European Service Module solar panels should provide breathtaking images of Orion in space, with the Earth and Moon as a backdrop. After six days in lunar orbit, Orion will perform several more engine firings and another close lunar flyby, before beginning its voyage home. Exact timings of the flight will depend on when Artemis 1 is launched. Numerous considerations for launch windows have to be made, such as ensuring that the Earth doesn't block sunlight from reaching the European Service Module's solar panels during the flights to and from the Moon, and that reentry and splashdown occurs in daylight to aid in recovery of the spacecraft. It's anticipated that some 26 days after launch, Orion will detach the European Service Module and then point the flat base of the conical crew compartment, clad in thermal protection, towards Earth for what will hopefully be a safe atmospheric reentry and parachute-assisted splashdown in the Pacific. Much rides on the success of this mission. All being well, we can hope to see Artemis 2 - with astronauts - take off in the coming years."}, {"title": "", "text": "is unusual in that it allows for an extended 30 minute launch window, allowing time to resolve technical glitches or for foul weather to clear. Launch schematic for OA-4 from launch to interception with the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK It will take the spacecraft approximately 2.5 days to intercept the space station once it launches. It will stay attached for a month as astronauts unload cargo and refill the spacecraft with garbage. This is a one-way trip for Cygnus: when it undocks, it\u2019ll burn up in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere during destructive reentry. If today\u2019s launch is also scrubbed, two additional windows are open on December 5th and 6th. After that, mission planners will need to be creative about how to create orbital intercepts, possibly including a launch where the spacecraft will loiter in orbit for a few weeks before intercepting the space station. Due to an annual sun-angle blackout, no spacecraft can dock with the space station between Christmas Eve and January 3, 2016. This is the fourth commercial cargo mission for Orbital, OA-4, since 2014. The company is contracted to deliver 28,700 kilograms (63,272 pounds) of cargo to the space station over approximately ten missions. Artist\u2019s concept of the Enhanced Cygnus approaching the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK Update 6:03pm: Although the weather was better than during yesterday\u2019s attempt, gusts of wind delayed today\u2019s launch three times. Each failure reset the countdown clock to the final 4-minutes, and the rocket and spacecraft experienced no technical issues. With the final attempt"}, {"title": "", "text": "the meteor shower. That was in the wrong direction,\" Montalbano said. \"We've got some work to do with imagery to better understand if it was a meteorite hit or if it was a hardware issue.\" The damage could have been caused by another meteorite, unrelated to the Geminids, or a piece of orbital space debris, according to Montalbano. The space station as seen from the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour during its departure on Nov. 8, 2021. (Image: NASA) NASA Astronaut Frank Rubio, Prokopyev and Petelin arrived at the ISS in September onboard the Soyuz, and the Russian spacecraft is also their ride home. WHY A SPACECRAFT CLAW WAS BUILT TO CLEAN UP SPACE JUNK Kirkalev said mission managers are still trying to determine if the Soyuz can undock and re-enter Earth's atmosphere safely with the three crew members or if another Soyuz will need to bring them home. \"Now we are doing formal analysis to see if we can use this vehicle to do a nominal reentry with the crew \u2026 or we need to send a rescue vehicle to the station in the future,\" Kirkalev said. The Soyuz and SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft docked at the ISS are the only way astronauts can get back to Earth. Another Soyuz was scheduled to launch in March. Kirkalev said that the launch could be moved up several weeks if needed. NASA astronaut Josh Cassada rides the CanadaArm2 while holding a new solar array during installation outside the International Space Station on Dec. 3, 2022. (Image: NASA) It's"}, {"title": "", "text": "SpaceX tests new engine for Dragon capsule An artistic illustration of Dragon spacecraft's landing. A SpaceX photo HAWTHORNE (BNS): Private US space firm SpaceX has successfully tested a new engine for the Dragon spacecraft which it says will ensure safety of astronauts during space flight missions. The new powerful SuperDraco engine, an advancement of the Draco engines currently used by SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft to maneuver on orbit and during reentry, will enable astronauts to eject to safety in the event of an emergency during launch. As part of SpaceX's state-of-the-art launch escape system, eight SuperDraco engines built into the side walls of the Dragon spacecraft will produce up to 120,000 pounds of axial thrust to carry astronauts to safety should an emergency occur during launch. The eight SuperDracos provide redundancy, so that even if one engine fails an escape can still be carried out successfully. The engines can also be restarted multiple times if necessary and they will have the ability to deep throttle, providing astronauts with precise control and enormous power, SpaceX said. In addition, as a part of a recoverable Dragon spacecraft, the engines can be used repeatedly, helping to advance SpaceX's long-term goal of making spacecraft more like airplanes, which can be flown again and again with minimal maintenance between flights, it said. The company had received a $75 million contract from NASA's Commercial Crew Programme in April, 2011 to develop the escape system in order to prepare the Dragon spacecraft to carry astronauts. Less than nine months later, SpaceX engineers have designed,"}, {"title": "", "text": "& Smithsonian (CfA), stressed that we cannot assume the spacecraft is a space plane. \"'Reusable' doesn't necessarily mean 'winged,'\" he wrote on Twitter on Sunday. \"Still could be a [SpaceX] Dragon-style capsule, with a parachute, landing in the Taklamakan somewhere. Exact launch and landing times not announced by China.\" China has announced the name of the spacecraft, which is called Chongfu Shiyong Shiyan Hangtian Qi, McDowell said on Twitter on Friday. The name \"translates as Repeat Use Test Space Craft (let's say Reusable Test Spacecraft a bit more loosely),\" McDowell added. Also, analysis of a newly found object in space suggests that the Chinese spacecraft released something while it was in orbit, according to SpaceNews, although what that may be is pure speculation. \"My analysis suggests it was ejected from China's experimental spacecraft near 22:25 UT [6:25 p.m. EDT] on the 5th, about two revolutions before landing,\" Marco Langbroek, a Leiden University space situational awareness consultant, wrote on Twitter on Sunday. He credited McDowell with spotting the object in the first place. SpaceNews said that, whatever the object was, it was released two orbits before the spacecraft began its return to Earth. Neither Chinese nor United States space-tracking organizations have released details, the report added. \"Chinese crew capsules have previously released 'Banxing' small companion satellites for monitoring,\" SpaceNews said. \"An experimental new-generation crew spacecraft released a test inflatable reentry and descent technology module in May. The experiment suffered an anomaly during reentry.\" To be fair, the Chinese aren't alone in keeping the activities of experimental spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "profile completely autonomously. That presents its own set of challenges, said Ferguson, adding that the flight software, avionics, docking sensors and propulsion, reentry and landing systems all have to work completely independently without human input. Manual controls are there as a safety valve. \u201cIf we see something we don\u2019t like or if the system is doing something it\u2019s not supposed to, we can take over and get the vehicle back on track. Integrating the autonomy and manual control such that the transitions are seamless has been a unique challenge,\u201d he said. SpaceX, on the other hand, is using its Dragon spacecraft, which has carried cargo to the ISS since 2012. The Dragon is capable of carrying up to seven passengers to and from Earth orbit. The pressurized section of the capsule is designed to carry both people and environmentally sensitive cargo. Toward the base of the capsule and contained within the nose cone are the Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering. Dragon\u2019s trunk not only carries unpressurized cargo but also supports the spacecraft during ascent. The trunk remains attached to Dragon until shortly before reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. To support human spaceflight, Crew Dragon features an environmental control and life support system. The spacecraft is equipped with a launch escape system capable of carrying crew to safety at any point during ascent or in the unlikely event of an anomaly on the pad. While the crew can take manual control of the spacecraft if necessary, Crew Dragon missions will autonomously dock and undock with the"}, {"title": "", "text": "its execution.\u201d Nothing is known about the flights objectives or accomplishments beyond testing the vehicle itself. The OTV is somewhat like a miniature version of NASA\u2019s space shuttles. Boeing has built two OTV vehicles. The reusable space plane is designed to be launched like a satellite and land on a runway like an airplane and a NASA space shuttle. The X-37B is one of the newest and most advanced reentry spacecraft. A third mission of the Boeing-built X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle was completed on Oct. 17, 2014, when it landed and was recovered at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif, following a successful 674-day space mission. Photo: Boeing OTV-3 also marked the first reflight of an OTV vehicle, to test its re-usability. The OTV-3 mission was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Dec. 11, 2012, encapsulated inside the payload fairing atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Space Launch Complex 41. Among the primary mission goals of the first two flights were check outs of the vehicles capabilities and reentry systems and testing the ability to send experiments to space and return them safely. It is not known if the X-37B conducted reconnaissance activities during the test flights. It does have the capability to deploy satellites in space. All three OTV missions have launched from Cape Canaveral and landed at Vandenberg. The first OTV mission launched on April 22, 2010, and concluded on Dec. 3, 2010, after 224 days in orbit. The second OTV mission began March 5, 2011, and concluded on"}, {"title": "", "text": "Orbital ATK launched a Cygnus spacecraft Tuesday as part of the company\u2019s seventh operational cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station under NASA\u2018s Commercial Resupply Services-1 contract. The company said Tuesday the spacecraft, nicknamed S.S. John Glenn, lifted off at 11:11 a.m. Eastern time from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a United Launch Alliance-built Atlas V rocket on a mission to deliver 7,600 pounds of food, clothing, crew supplies, spare parts, laboratory equipment, scientific experiments for the ISS crew. NASA said Wednesday that the cargo will aid new and existing scientific investigations that include studies on cancer-fighting drugs, crystal growth and atmospheric reentry. The ADCs in Microgravity experiment will test Oncolinx\u2018s antibody-drug conjugates in microgravity to support ongoing efforts to increase the effectiveness and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. S.S. John Glenn will also conduct three secondary OA-7 missions after the spacecraft leaves the space station, including the initiation of the Saffire-III payload experiment designed to study the behavior of fire in microgravity as well as the deployment of four cubesats intended for weather monitoring and ship tracking. Other investigations to be supported by the latest Cygnus mission include the CLYC Crystal Growth experiment, which aims to discover the conditions for the development of defect-free crystals, and the Thermal Protection Material Flight Test and Reentry Data Collection investigation. Orbital ATK is scheduled to launch two more CRS missions for NASA later this year using the company-built Antares rocket. The company will also perform at least six cargo missions beginning in 2019 under its CRS-2 contract"}, {"title": "", "text": "from October 2013 to September 2014. Vega will also carry out the launch of ESA\u2019s IXV (Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle), which is now into a detailed planning stage, a major step towards the spacecraft\u2019s projected 2014 flight. (L2 Link to 15 Presentations on IXV) Launched into a suborbital trajectory from Kourou, the IXV will return to Earth as if from a low-orbit mission, allowing for the testing and qualification of new critical technologies for future reentry vehicle concepts. During it mission, the vehicle will attain an altitude of around 450 km, allowing it to reach a velocity of 7.5 km/s on entering the atmosphere and will collect a large amount of data during its hypersonic and supersonic flight, while it is being controlled by thrusters and aerodynamic flaps. IXV will then descend by parachute and land in the Pacific Ocean to await recovery and analysis. (Images via Arianespace, ESA, L2) ArianespaceIXVVega SLS capability touted for Europa Lander capability, Enceladus sample return China opens 2012 with ZiYuan-3 launch via Long March 4B Arianespace launches three spacecraft, Intelsat talks satellite refresh... Orion aces final in-flight test with nominal reentry... Artemis I releases 10 cubesats, including a Moon... SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I... RFA reveals second stage and updates test path... SLS returns to LC-39B for next Artemis I... Rocket Factory Augsburg talks reusability plans and 3D... Ariane 6 debut slips to end of 2023,..."}, {"title": "", "text": "radiation doses inside the cabin \u2013 critical data for mission planners considering the best way to safely send astronauts into deep space in the future. Orion\u2019s cameras will be turned off during its passes through the belts to protect them. Three hours, 23 minutes into flight, the Orion crew module will fly on its own following separation from its service module and the Delta IV Heavy second stage. The spacecraft will be aimed at Earth\u2019s atmosphere and it will be up to Orion\u2019s onboard computers to set the spacecraft in the right position so its base heat shield can bear the brunt of the intense reentry heat. NASA Orion Flight Test EFT1 Logo Hitting the atmosphere at 20,000 mph four hours and 13 minutes after launch, Orion will encounter about 80 percent of the heat it would endure during a return from lunar orbit with astronauts aboard. Ground controllers will lose contact with Orion for 2 1/2 minutes during re-entry when the spacecraft is surrounded by plasma. They should regain communications with the craft just before the forward bay cover is jettisoned in a process that will begin the parachute deployment. After about four hours, 23 minutes, Orion will be bobbing in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California as recovery forces move in. Teams from NASA\u2019s Ground Systems Development and Operations Program based at Kennedy will work with U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin personnel to bring the spacecraft into the well deck of the USS Anchorage, an amphibious ship with a protective enclosure"}, {"title": "", "text": "issue of space pollution in the form of light pollution and space junk, which is a hazard to spaceflight. Otherwise spacecraft are terminated by atmospheric reentry, in which they disintegrate, or if they do not, their reentry is mostly controlled to safely reach a surface by landing or impacting, often being dumped in the oceanic spacecraft cemetery. As such spacecraft have been the subject of some space traffic management. 3.1 Launch 3.2 Reaching space 3.2.1 Alternatives 3.3 Leaving orbit 3.4 Astrodynamics 3.5 Transfer energy 3.6 Reaching space station 3.7 Reentry 3.8 Landing and recovery 4.1 Uncrewed 4.1.1 Benefits 4.1.2 Telepresence 4.2 Human 4.3 Sub-orbital 4.4 Point-to-point 4.5 Orbital 4.6 Interplanetary 4.7 Interstellar 4.8 Intergalactic 5 Spacecraft 5.1 Propulsion 5.2 Launch systems 5.2.1 Expendable 5.2.2 Reusable 6.1 Space disasters 6.2 Weightlessness 6.3 Radiation 6.4 Life support 6.5 Space weather 6.6 Environmental considerations 6.7 Regulation 8 Spacefaring civilization: nations and other entities 8.2 Crewed spacefaring nations 8.3 Uncrewed spacefaring nations There are several terms that refer to a flight into or through outer space. A space mission refers to a spaceflight intended to achieve an objective. Objectives for space missions may include space exploration, space research, and national firsts in spaceflight. Space transport is the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer space. This may include human spaceflight and cargo spacecraft flight. The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay \"A Journey Through Space\".[1] More well-known (though not widely"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Orion spacecraft as a key element in a deep space gateway With the Orion exploration vehicle and Space Launch System (SLS) approaching operational status, NASA and the international community are developing the next generation of habitats to serve as a deep space platform that will be the first of its kind, a cislunar Deep Space Gateway (DSG). The DSG is evolvable, flexible, and modular. It would be positioned in the vicinity of the Moon and allow astronauts to demonstrate they can operate for months at a time well beyond Low Earth Orbit. Orion is the next generation human exploration spacecraft being developed by NASA. It is designed to perform deep space exploration missions, and is capable of carrying a crew of 4 astronauts on independent free-flight missions up to 21 days, limited only by consumables. Because Orion meets the strict requirements for deep space flight environments (reentry conditions, deep-space communications, safety, radiation, and life support for example) it is a key element in a DSG and is more than just a transportation system. Orion has the capability to act as the command deck of any deep space piloted vehicle. To increase affordability and reduce the complexity and number of subsystem functions the early DSG must be responsible for, the DSG can leverage these unique deep space qualifications of Orion. For example, Orion already contains sleep stations, a galley, and a toilet. Therefore, the DSG would not need those functions especially in its early stages of buildup. Orion also meets deep space radiation storm shelter requirements"}, {"title": "", "text": "to break free of the atmosphere during launch) to slow its descent and then deploy landing feet to touchdown. According to SpaceX, it will be able to land with the \"precision of a helicopter.\" Currently, Dragon v2 is in the testing phase, aiming for its first uncrewed orbital flight in November of 2017 and its first crewed mission to the ISS in May 2018. In February of 2017, it was announced that two unnamed individuals had paid a substantial deposit to travel in Dragon v2 in a trip around the Moon scheduled for late 2018, likely making it the first spacecraft to carry private citizens out of Earth's orbit. Image via SpaceX 6 of 7 NASA's Orion While the future of space travel looks to be dominated by private space companies, NASA is still working on their own new spaceship to replace the now-retired Space Shuttle. The Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft are being modeled after the Apollo program while incorporating all of the technological, engineering, and design improvements made over the 45 of years since Apollo ended. Unlike NASA's previous space vehicle, the Space Shuttle, Orion is designed to leave Earth's orbit with future missions planned to land on asteroids and on Mars. Orion completed its first uncrewed orbital test in December of 2014, orbiting the Earth twice, 3,600 miles above the surface, and reaching speeds of 20,000 mph during reentry. The flight tested the ship's heat shield, launch abort system, navigation, guidance, radiation shielding, and reentry procedure. Once the SLS rocket is complete,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Boeing Starliner capsule will be launched Friday to the ISS Published in Space & Astronomy Boeing\u2019s Starliner capsule, carrying an instrumented astronaut test dummy nicknamed \u201cRosie,\u201d is on track for launch Friday. It will be an unpiloted test flight to the International Space Station. The CST-100 Starliner will liftoff from pad 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket. The capsule will catch up with the lab complex early Saturday and will remain docked over Christmas, returning to Earth on Dec. 28 at at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. \u201cThe spacecraft is in really good shape,\u201d said John Mulholland, Boeing\u2019s Starliner program manager. Last time an Atlas rocket launched an astronaut was in 1963. NASA needs one or both companies (SpaceX and Boeing) to fly soon. The last currently-contracted seat aboard a Soyuz will be used by astronaut Chris Cassidy in April. Wearing a red bandana and a blue spacesuit, Rosie the Rocketeer is the first official passenger to ride Boeing's CST-100 Starliner spacecraft to the stars. Rosie will be connected to dozens of sensors that will read how she responds to G-forces during launch, ascent, reentry and landing, according to Boeing. Boeing Starliner communications manager Rebecca Regan and her 7-year-old daughter wrote a poem in Rosie's honor. The Starliner capsule will return to Earth without completing its mission"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are here Home \u203a Satellite Missions \u203a Missions Database \u203a O \u203a Orion Orion / EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) Overview Spacecraft Launch Mission Status References The EFT-1 mission, previously known as OFT-1 (Orion Flight Test 1), is the first planned uncrewed test flight of the Orion MPCV (Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle). EFT-1 will be NASA's first real step towards transitioning back to BEO (Beyond Earth Orbit) exploration, allowing the spacecraft - that will eventually carry NASA astronauts to destinations as far away as Mars - to stretch its legs during what will be a critical test for the spacecraft. 1) NASA is committed to human spaceflight beyond low-Earth orbit and the continued development of its next generation spacecraft\u2014Orion. The Orion spacecraft will take astronauts beyond LEO (Low Earth Orbit) to deep space. It will provide emergency abort capability, sustain the crew during space travel and provide safe reentry from deep space. 2) As of March 2014, the launch of the EFT-1 mission is scheduled for December 2014. It was delayed by several months following a manifest decision that prioritized the launch of a military satellite for the Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness (GEO SSA) system. Because Orion's launch vehicle of choice - the SLS (Space Launch System) - won't be available for the EFT-1 mission, a Delta IV-H was purchased for the role of lofting Orion into space, with the EELV's upper stage providing the second leg of sending the spacecraft into an orbital path that will mimic the vehicle's return from a deep space mission. 3)"}, {"title": "", "text": "Orion\u2019s heat shield arrives at Kennedy for EM-1 mission preparations by Chris Gebhardt August 28, 2016 written by Chris Gebhardt August 28, 2016 Lockheed Martin has delivered the Orion crew vehicle\u2019s heat shield for the upcoming EM-1 test flight to the Kennedy Space Center from its manufacturing facility in Denver, Colorado. The heat shield, upgraded from data received after Exploration Flight Test -1 (EFT-1) in 2014, will help protect Orion from the harsh environment of reentry at speeds of approximately 11 kilometers per second (24,600 mph). The heat shield: Improvements for Orion\u2019s EM-1 flight At 5 m (16.5 ft) in diameter, the heat shield design for Orion is the largest composite heat shield built and used for a spacecraft. The first heat shield for Orion was used on the EFT-1 mission, which launched on 5 December 2014 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket. That heat shield served not only as a proof-of-concept design, verifying it could protect Orion from the extreme 2,200\u00b0C (4,000\u00b0F) temperatures generated by a reentry velocity of more than 32,187 kph (20,000 mph), but also served as an important hands-on tool for post-flight investigation and analysis. Overall, the temperatures EFT-1\u2019s heat shield experienced during reentry were just 89% of the total heat the EM-1 shield will have to protect Orion against during lunar trajectory reentry. EFT-1 reentry temperatures were approximately 2,200\u00b0C (4,000\u00b0F), compared to the anticipated 2,482\u00b0C (4,500\u00b0F) temperatures Orion will experience during returns from the moon. Likewise, the speed of EFT-1\u2019s reentry"}, {"title": "", "text": "launch, orbit and during reentry. Once completed it will be the largest and most powerful vibration test facility every built. \u2014 The design of a high-speed data acquisition system that will be used to collect and analyze data from the two testing facilities. \u2014 The design and delivery of all control systems for both testing facilities. These two new testing facilities and the other facilities being readied under separate efforts will allow the Orion spacecraft, consisting of the launch abort system and the crew and service modules, to undergo thermal- vacuum, acoustic, mechanical vibration and electromagnetic compatibility evaluations within the confines of the SPF during development and qualification. These new testing facilities also will support NASA\u2019s Constellation Program\u2019s future spacecraft and other systems required for exploration missions to the moon, Mars and other destinations in the solar system. \u201cWe look forward to leading the design-build effort to deliver one of the world\u2019s largest high-intensity acoustic test chamber and the world\u2019s largest and most powerful spacecraft vibration test system for NASA and the Orion Program,\u201d said Bill Steen, Benham project director for the NASA contract. Benham, a wholly owned subsidiary of SAIC, provides integrated architectural design, engineering, procurement and construction services for a broad spectrum of industries and facilities, delivering end-to-end solutions for government and private customers. SAIC is a leading provider of scientific, engineering, systems integration and technical services and solutions to all branches of the U.S. military, agencies of the Department of Defense, the intelligence community, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and other U.S."}, {"title": "", "text": "Orbital ATK and NASA are set to launch a company-built Cygnus spacecraft on Tuesday to transport approximately 7,900 pounds of science experiments and crew supplies to the International Space Station. The cargo spaceship, nicknamed S.S. Rick Husband, is scheduled to take off Tuesday at 11 p.m. Eastern Time aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral in Florida, NASA said Friday. It will mark the second unmanned flight of Orbital ATK\u2019s upgraded Cygnus spacecraft and the company\u2019s fifth operational mission to the orbiting laboratory under its Commercial Resupply Services contract with the agency. NASA indicated the scientific payload of Cygnus includes the Gecko Gripper adhesive technology, a three-dimensional printer, the Strata-1 asteroid research project, a meteor observation instrument, the Spacecraft Fire Experiment and more than two dozen Earth-observing nanosatellites. \u201cOnce we fulfill our cargo resupply objectives, we will conduct science experiments onboard the spacecraft and deploy CubeSats during the mission, both of which are firsts for Cygnus,\u201d Frank Culbertson, president of Orbital ATK\u2019s space systems group, said Monday. The company indicated ISS crew will integrate a Reentry Breakup Recorder instrument into the spacecraft in an effort to record the vehicle\u2019s breakup dynamics as it re-enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "beyond LEO (Low Earth Orbit). 8) 9) EFT-1's primary objective is the timely and cost-effective testing of the spacecraft launch, orbital, reentry, and recovery systems. Supporting this test requires an intricate ground system to configure the vehicle prior to launch, monitor mission progress, manage flight test sensor data, and issue contingency commands to Orion in support of potential anomalous mission events. To minimize non-flight costs, the capabilities of a number of NASA, Lockheed Martin provided systems are being reused and integrated into the core ground system. Understanding how these components are integrated to provide the needed capabilities, and how they will interact with MPCV (Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle) to achieve the flight test objectives, requires the development of an EEIS (End-to-End Information System) architecture. Orion is designed as an exploration vehicle for carrying crew to space, providing emergency launch abort capabilities, sustaining the crew during space travel, and providing reentry from deep space return velocities. 10) 11) 12) Figure 1: Artist's rendering of Orion during Exploration Flight Test-1 attached to a Delta-4 second stage (image credit: NASA) 13) The Orion CSM (Crew and Service Module) stack consists of two main parts: a conical CM (Crew Module), and a cylindrical SM (Service Module) holding the spacecraft's propulsion system and expendable supplies. Both are based substantially on the Apollo CSMs (Command and Service Modules) flown between 1967 and 1975, but include advances derived from the space shuttle program. \"Going with known technology and known solutions lowers the risk,\" according to Neil Woodward, director of the integration office in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Saturday. Meteorologists with the U.S. Air Force 45th Space Wing predict a 90% chance of favorable weather, with the primary concerns for launch day being the flight through precipitation rule during the four-hour launch window. \u201cPrior to launch, SpaceX and NASA teams will practice launch day end-to-end operations with NASA astronauts, including final spacecraft inspections and side hatch closeout. Additionally, SpaceX and NASA flight controllers along with support teams will be staged as they will for future Crew Dragon missions, helping the integrated launch team gain additional experience beyond existing simulations and training events,\u201d said NASA officials. \u201cAfter liftoff, Falcon 9\u2019s ascent will follow a trajectory that will mimic a Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station matching the physical environments the rocket and spacecraft will encounter during a normal ascent. \u201cFor this test, SpaceX will configure Crew Dragon to intentionally trigger a launch escape prior to 1 min, 30 seconds into flight to demonstrate Crew Dragon\u2019s capability to safely separate from the Falcon 9 rocket in the unlikely event of an in-flight emergency. Once the launch escape sequence begins, Falcon 9\u2019s first stage Merlin engines will shut down and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDraco thrusters will begin their firing sequence. The launch vehicle and spacecraft will separate, and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos will burn to completion. \u201cAfter Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos shutdown, the spacecraft will passively coast to apogee, the highest point in its arc. Near apogee, Crew Dragon\u2019s trunk will separate and the smaller Draco thrusters will re-orient the spacecraft for reentry and parachute deploy. At the"}, {"title": "", "text": "impact sub-orbital flights because one might say the launch and reentry of such vehicles is relatively seamless \u2014 with tourists enjoying 5-10 minutes of weightlessness. Indeed, the regulations actually define \u201claunch\u201d of a reusable launch vehicle for sub-orbital flight as only ending when the vehicle touches down \u2013 so the launch license already covers everything, i.e. in essence, at least from a regulatory perspective, there is no in-space activity or reentry in such a case. But for the other activities, the United States obligation to \u201cauthorize and continually supervise\u201d may not be provided for in the current U.S. system. Some have suggested leveraging launch licensing authority, perhaps under the guise of the payload safety review, to at least create non-interference zones. Indeed, the FAA does institute a non-interference zone around the ISS. And, FAA said as much to Bigelow Aerospace in its request in the form of a payload safety review. At the time the FAA response became public earlier this year, I blogged the following: \u201cThe US government (FAA AST in consultation with State Dept., Dept. of Defense, NASA, NOAA and other agencies) is saying that it will use its current launch licensing authority as best it can to protect space facilities, hardware and personnel by ensuring zones of non-interference with commercial operations. The zones of non-interference will only apply vis a vis others being licensed by FAA AST, largely US corporations. The decision is a sign that the US government is fully engaged in this issue and recognizes the importance of protecting and stimulating"}, {"title": "", "text": "lower payload fraction than a TSTO. You're putting far more mass into orbit to put the same payload into orbit, and every gram has to be carefully shaved to the bare minimum, because every gram of spacecraft mass is one gram less of payload. And every bit of your spacecraft that leaves the pad has to come back through a full-orbital reentry. Why do you expect this to result in a lower \\$/kg? Jan 16 at 2:09 \u2022 Responding to \" Why do you expect this to result in a lower$/kg?\" Because unlike current smallsat launchers, an SSTO starship is fully reusable. So despite the extra mass reaching orbit, the launch cost is far lower, since you are not throwing away the rocket. Assumes a mature starship design will be able to refly a lot of times, thus the fuel is the main cost along with modest operational expenses. Seems competitive for small payloads, because of course an SSTO starship won't be able to loft much. Jan 17 at 5:48 \u2022 Yes Starship won't be flying SSTO for anything except perhaps a demo/test Jan 17 at 23:05"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spaceflight Insider Launch Schedule Mission Monitor Boeing to fly uncrewed Starliner mission for second time Theresa Cross A Boeing Starliner spacecraft sits atop an Atlas V rocket poised for launch from SLC-41. Boeing announced that Starliner would fly a second unmanned test mission in the Fall of 2020 from Florida due to an unsuccessful test flight in December of last year. Boeing announced in a statement on April 6 that it will repeat the test flight of its CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. The need for a second test flight without astronauts on board will likely cause significant delays to Boeing\u2019s and NASA\u2019s plans to fly humans on the spacecraft. The Starliner spacecraft successfully launched for the first time on December 20, 2019 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket. The Atlas V booster and its Centaur upper stage performed flawlessly and placed the spacecraft on a sub-orbital trajectory. The issues arose after Starliner separated from the upper stage. Due to a programing error, the spacecraft\u2019s mission elapsed timer had the wrong data, which resulted in the spacecraft not firing its onboard engines at the incorrect time, a step necessary in order to achieve insertion into the proper orbit. As a result of entering the incorrect orbit, the spacecraft was unable to complete the primary mission objective of rendezvousing with the International Space Station. After spending little over two days in space, Starliner began its journey to a soft landing in the New Mexico desert. During reentry and descent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spaceflight Insider Launch Schedule Mission Monitor Boeing to fly uncrewed Starliner mission for second time Theresa Cross A Boeing Starliner spacecraft sits atop an Atlas V rocket poised for launch from SLC-41. Boeing announced that Starliner would fly a second unmanned test mission in the Fall of 2020 from Florida due to an unsuccessful test flight in December of last year. Boeing announced in a statement on April 6 that it will repeat the test flight of its CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. The need for a second test flight without astronauts on board will likely cause significant delays to Boeing\u2019s and NASA\u2019s plans to fly humans on the spacecraft. The Starliner spacecraft successfully launched for the first time on December 20, 2019 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket. The Atlas V booster and its Centaur upper stage performed flawlessly and placed the spacecraft on a sub-orbital trajectory. The issues arose after Starliner separated from the upper stage. Due to a programing error, the spacecraft\u2019s mission elapsed timer had the wrong data, which resulted in the spacecraft not firing its onboard engines at the incorrect time, a step necessary in order to achieve insertion into the proper orbit. As a result of entering the incorrect orbit, the spacecraft was unable to complete the primary mission objective of rendezvousing with the International Space Station. After spending little over two days in space, Starliner began its journey to a soft landing in the New Mexico desert. During reentry and descent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "August 12 \u2013 August 18, 2019 ULA Vulcan Rocket Selected To Launch Sierra Nevada Corp. Dream Chaser SNC Dream Chaser on ULA Vulcan Centaur Rocket. Image Credit: Sierra Nevada Corporation/United Launch Alliance August 15, 2019 \u2013 Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has selected United Launch Alliance (ULA) as the launch vehicle provider for the Dream Chaser spacecraft\u2019s six NASA missions to the International Space Station. The Dream Chaser will launch aboard ULA\u2019s Vulcan Centaur rockets for its cargo resupply and return services to the space station, starting in 2021. Read More GOLD Reveals Unexpected Changes In Earth\u2019s Nighttime Ionosphere This October 15, 2018, GOLD image of daytime airglow clearly shows the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as two arcs on either side of the magnetic equator, which extend across the nightside of the disk. The colors represent an increase in oxygen emissions from blue to red, with the left side of the Earth lit by the Sun, which has set over most of South America. Image Credit: GOLD August 14, 2019 \u2013 NASA\u2019s Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission has observed dramatic and unexplained shifts in the location of features in the Earth\u2019s ionosphere surrounding the equator. Unanticipated changes in the nighttime ionosphere can lead to disruptions in communication and navigation that depend on satellites, such as GPS. Read More James Webb Space Telescope Could Begin Learning About TRAPPIST-1 Atmospheres In A Year This artist\u2019s concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool"}, {"title": "", "text": "The NASA Docking System implementation is used by Starliner and ISS, while Crew Dragon uses a compatible IDSS implementation developed by SpaceX. The IDSS docks are used instead of the Common Berthing Mechanism used by previous Commercial Orbital Transportation Services spacecraft such as the first-generation Dragon. Crew Dragon SpaceX's Crew Dragon is a variant of the company's Dragon 2 class of spacecraft, which is an upgraded version of the first-generation Dragon. It measures wide, tall without its trunk, and with its trunk. While trunks are discarded prior to capsule reentry, crew cabins are designed to be reusable. Alternatively, Crew Dragon spacecraft can be repurposed as uncrewed Cargo Dragon spacecraft for use in SpaceX's Commercial Resupply Services 2 missions, with each capsule capable of being flown up to five times. Crew Dragon spacecraft can spend up to a week in free flight without being docked to the ISS. Each Crew Dragon capsule is equipped with a launch escape system consisting of eight of SpaceX's SuperDraco engines, which provide of thrust each. These engines were originally intended to also perform a propulsive landing upon return to Earth, with the first test vehicle having been equipped for such capabilities, but these plans were ultimately abandoned in favor of a traditional splashdown return near Florida in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. SpaceX's CCtCap contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be between US$60\u201367 million on the first six missions, while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's Office of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Last time we got too excited about SpaceX gearing up to attempt soft-landing on a barge, the launch was scrubbed. If the launch goes as scheduled on Tuesday morning, I have my fingers crossed the rocket will soft-land on an autonomous barge drone in the Atlantic Ocean. Update: Launch scrubbed, new window Friday. The Dragon spacecraft is loaded up with all sorts of science goodies and necessary supplies, ready to be boosted by the Falcon 9 rocket from the pad and into space at 6:20 am Eastern Time on Tuesday. Once the spacecraft separates to continue its journey solo, the rocket return to Earth. But unlike most boosters, the Falcon 9 doesn't just tumble uncontrolled, burning up on reentry or falling into the ocean. No, the SpaceX rocket booster is designed to be reusable. In the past, the company has demonstrated their capacity to bring the rocket safely through a controlled reentry and even position itself vertically and briefly hover on the ocean before running out of fuel and tumbling, but that isn't exactly reusable so you know they're even more ambitious. The next stage of their testing is to try soft landing on a barge already waiting in the Atlantic Ocean. For now, just reaching and landing on it will be enough, but eventually, the dream is to then refuel the rocket mid-Ocean, and send it on a quick hop back to the mainland for refurbishment, refuelling, and reuse. This will be the fifth mission by SpaceX to the space station as part of their"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.011843116022646427, -0.03178397938609123, -0.020103175193071365, 0.014801167882978916, -0.01708950288593769, -0.12106718868017197, -0.023167524486780167, -0.03818696364760399, -0.0958511233329773, -0.0879591554403305, -0.08688557893037796, -0.08688557893037796, -0.08688557893037796, -0.16895140707492828, -0.08146120607852936, -0.11457565426826477, -0.1713676154613495, -0.08586419373750687, -0.08586419373750687, -0.10544020682573318, -0.11429531872272491, -0.004441933706402779, -0.16048148274421692, -0.031784191727638245, -0.011843240819871426, -0.08795981109142303, -0.0958511233329773, -0.023167524486780167, -0.03818755969405174, -0.03818755969405174, -0.12920457124710083, -0.12920457124710083, -0.020103173330426216, -0.11457565426826477, -0.11457565426826477, -0.10544020682573318, -0.12233190983533859, -0.07974739372730255, -0.07974739372730255, -0.14757947623729706, -0.12106718868017197, -0.12106718868017197, -0.0701616108417511, -0.07016085833311081, -0.07016085833311081, -0.0701616108417511, -0.07016085833311081, 0.012855195440351963, 0.012855195440351963, -0.13706916570663452, -0.0879591554403305, -0.11457689106464386, -0.10544020682573318, -0.11429531872272491, -0.10966566205024719, -0.017089447006583214, -0.16895140707492828], "y": [-0.11093311756849289, -0.12037980556488037, -0.08838609606027603, -0.07572056353092194, 0.0030466781463474035, -0.06397446244955063, -0.15186773240566254, -0.10428749769926071, -0.0574800930917263, -0.05122307687997818, -0.1039109155535698, -0.1039109155535698, -0.1039109155535698, -0.0914071649312973, -0.10579562187194824, -0.05833011493086815, 0.011137266643345356, -0.10055962949991226, -0.10055962949991226, -0.06460567563772202, -0.06009223684668541, -0.05012496933341026, 0.019893422722816467, -0.12037994712591171, -0.11093313246965408, -0.051223184913396835, -0.0574800930917263, -0.15186773240566254, -0.10428744554519653, -0.10428744554519653, 0.005686100572347641, 0.005686100572347641, -0.08838608115911484, -0.05833011493086815, -0.05833011493086815, -0.06460567563772202, 0.008755926042795181, -0.005399245768785477, -0.005399245768785477, -0.023164598271250725, -0.06397446244955063, -0.06397446244955063, 0.011964695528149605, 0.011965470388531685, 0.011965470388531685, 0.011964695528149605, 0.011965470388531685, -0.08796726912260056, -0.08796726912260056, -0.03861119970679283, -0.05122307687997818, -0.05833064764738083, -0.06460567563772202, -0.06009223684668541, -0.025865299627184868, 0.0030461116693913937, -0.0914071649312973], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 6", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(179,222,105)"}, "text": ["Document 0", "Document 4", "Document 5", "Document 7", "Document 26", "Document 46", "Document 60", "Document 64", "Document 95", "Document 182", "Document 237", "Document 238", "Document 239", "Document 257", "Document 290", "Document 349", "Document 360", "Document 388", "Document 389", "Document 422", "Document 424", "Document 433", "Document 459", "Document 508", "Document 511", "Document 514", "Document 537", "Document 567", "Document 575", "Document 576", "Document 577", "Document 578", "Document 597", "Document 609", "Document 610", "Document 621", "Document 666", "Document 678", "Document 679", "Document 703", "Document 767", "Document 769", "Document 800", "Document 801", "Document 802", "Document 803", "Document 804", "Document 921", "Document 922", "Document 927", "Document 1009", "Document 1014", "Document 1104", "Document 1132", "Document 1323", "Document 1445", "Document 1457"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "even routine communications blackouts can create moments of anxiety, as there is no way to know or control the location and state of the spacecraft from the ground. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" said Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China. As spacecraft, like the Apollo Command Module depicted in this artist's concept, enter the atmosphere, a plasma sheath engulfs them that can cut off communication signals with the ground. CREDIT: NASA Gao and his colleague Binhao Jiang have proposed a new way to maintain communication with spacecraft as they re-enter the atmosphere. The approach might also be applied to other hypersonic vehicles such as futuristic military planes and ballistic missiles. They discuss their approach in this week\u2019s Journal of Applied Physics, from AIP Publishing. Communication blackouts with hypersonic vehicles occur because as the craft zips along at five or more times the speed of sound, an envelope of hot ionized air, called a plasma sheath, surrounds it. This plasma sheath will reflect electromagnetic signals under most conditions, cutting off connection with anything outside of the vehicle. However, under certain special conditions, a plasma sheath can actually enhance the radiation from a communication antenna. Gao and his colleagues reasoned that it would be possible to replicate these special conditions in ordinary hypersonic flight by redesigning the antenna. The researchers first analyzed earlier experiments and found that the special signal enhancement could be explained by a resonance, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "Piercing the Plasma: Ideas to Beat the Communications Blackout of Reentry Anticipating novel spacecraft and Mach 10 missiles, the U.S. Air Force considers new ways around an old problem By Mark Wolverton on December 1, 2009 Credit: Krishnendu Sinha Itt Bombay The frustrating communications blackout that can occur when a spacecraft reenters the atmosphere caused some tense moments in the earlier years of the space age\u2014perhaps most memorably during the crippled Apollo 13 mission. But the phenomenon could also affect communications with new aircraft and weapons systems being contemplated now by the U.S. Air Force, which hopes to find ways to pierce the blackout. The problem arises when a speeding vehicle heats the air in front of it, ionizing it into plasma that blocks radio transmissions. It resembles the shock waves created when an airplane hits Mach 1 and breaks the sound barrier. In the case of reentering spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft, the plasma-shock boundaries form at speeds of about Mach 10. The space shuttle avoids the blackout because the craft\u2019s broad underside leaves an open area in the plasma plume trailing behind, enabling communications and telemetry data to be relayed to Earth through a network of satellites. But smaller craft are completely engulfed by the plasma. That has concerned the air force, which plans to develop flight systems, perhaps including hypersonic missiles, surveillance craft and even manned craft that could top Mach 10. \u201cOur standard paradigm [in the test and evaluation world] is we have a vehicle in the air and people on the ground"}, {"title": "", "text": "barrier for any elector-magnetic communication to go in or out so radar is useless from inside as well. #6 SamuraiBlue, Jul 15, 2016 SamuraiBlue said: \u2191 That subject has been discussed before Chinese scientist find a way to punch a hole thru ionization. The article is somewhere in this forum Maybe can still find it Actually by using shape and depletive material you can cool to allow for communication to go thru. That is how Enterprises communicate with Houston Communicating with Hypersonic Vehicles in Flight Researchers propose a potential new way to maintain communication with re-entering spacecraft and other vehicles by matching resonance of the antenna with that of the surrounding hypersonic sheath [img src=\"https://publishing.aip.org/sites/de...hlights/images/JAP-Gao-hypersonic-resized.jpg\" alt=\" NASA\" title=\"As spacecraft, like the Apollo Command Module depicted in this artist's concept, enter the atmosphere, a plasma sheath engulfs them that can cut off communication signals with the ground. Journal of Applied Physics By Catherine Meyers WASHINGTON, D.C., June 16, 2015 \u2013 Near the end of the movie Apollo 13, which depicts the harrowing journey of the three astronauts aboard the aborted 1970 lunar mission, the tension mounts in textbook fashion. As the spacecraft hurdles into Earth's atmosphere it is encircled by hot ionized air that cuts off communications with NASA Mission Control in Houston. Each second that the flight controllers' calls for contact remain unanswered is torturously stretched. This was not just creative license taken by a Hollywood production team. Apollo 13's communication blackout was more than a minute longer than expected, which added to the suspense, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "slow, and can be blocked by the Earth\u2019s atmosphere during re-entry, X-Ray communications have\u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "re-invent it. Part of this may be lost information dating back to the first expedition. Communication delays: Not being planet dwellers they don't know about the existence of the ionosphere. First expedition dropped out of contact as they passed the 50 mile level, and hasn't been heard from. They use line of site communications. The reentry by the first expedition was bungled, and they landed at a point that is never in sight of the station. (This takes serious bungling.) Sherwood BotsfordSherwood Botsford $\\begingroup$ If the satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, half of the planet is permanently out of line-of-sight communication. That reduces the bungling required to one oops-we-didn't-think-of-that. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Jasper $\\begingroup$ Truth. But a small delta-V on the station would allow it to get in sync. A low orbit combined with having to veer poleward to avoid a storm could put them below the horizon permanently. Mind you, an observation station is likely to be in a highly inclined orbit to see most of the planet. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Sherwood Botsford If the planet suffers from almost constant geomagnetic storms, it would make it extremely difficult for spacecraft that are not appropriately shielded to make that expedition and can only be done when there is a break in the storms, which could be years apart. Geomagnetic storms would also create very bright auroras, which could explain lack of visibility from space. You could also add weather conditions such as heavy rain clouds or dust storms to add to the obscurity. The space station itself is"}, {"title": "", "text": "inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However,"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ready to land. It is far from reaching the sound barrier! Photo credits unfortunately unknown Let\u2019s (finally?) get back to our subject of atmospheric entry! When an object penetrates the atmosphere at the crazy speeds of orbital mechanics, the air is compressed into a shockwave in front of the object and heats up to very high temperature. After colliding with our object, the air in the zone of the shockwave can achieve local temperature of several thousand to several tens of thousands of degrees. This has the effect of ripping electrons from atoms, ionizing the matter, and causing it to enter into a plasma phase: the fourth, and little known state of matter (gas, liquid, solid, and plasma). The plasma is then a \u201csoup of electrons and ions\u201d that glows red/orange. This is what creates the beautiful light trail in the sky! Photo taken during the atmospheric entry of STS-42 In addition, the plasma interferes with the radio signals the vehicle might send or receive. It blocks all communication with the crew during their atmospheric entry! The phenomenon known as \u201cradio blackout\u201d can last approximately 3 to 5 minutes for a capsule returning to Earth (using the figures from the Apollo missions). In the same way, the Martian probes or the Huygens probe that landed on Titan, endured the same phenomenon. The space shuttles endured a radio blackout for as much as 30 minutes ( ! ) during their returns, up until the deployment of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System that takes advantage"}, {"title": "", "text": "An artist's illustration of the superhot plasma around a spacecraft like NASA's Apollo command module that can block communications and cause a radio blackout during the critical re-entry of a spacecraft. When future spacecraft re-enter the atmosphere, a new kind of antenna might help them keep in contact with ground control, despite the fiery sheaths of superhot plasma around them, researchers say. The technology might also help keep communication lines open to other hypersonic vehicles, such as military planes and ballistic missiles. As NASA's Apollo 13 crisis revealed in 1970, this radio silence can be fraught with extraordinary tension. As the crippled spacecraft plummeted back toward Earth, the communications blackout lasted more than a minute longer than expected, leaving ground control in tortured suspense over whether the three astronauts aboard had survived. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" study lead author Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China, said in a statement. Prior studies have tried to solve this communication blackout problem, but they all had their shortcomings. For instance, scientists have suggested changing the shape of hypersonic vehicles, because sharp-nosed vehicles have thinner plasma sheaths than blunt-nosed ones. But sometimes, blunt-nosed bodies are preferable because they can withstand heat better and slow down more quickly. Other approaches involve using magnetic fields to control the plasma sheath, or injecting water or other liquids into the plasma sheath to make it more permeable to radio signals, but these methods"}, {"title": "", "text": "going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However, this explanation too, leaves questions. Woodfill said he has studied the \u201csignal skipping\u201d phenomenon, and has found information to both support and refute the concept by virtue of when such an occurrence could be expected. \u201cThe consensus was it is a night time phenomena,\u201d Woodfill said. \u201cApollo 13 entered in daylight in the Pacific and in Houston. Nevertheless, the question to this day demonstrates just how near Apollo 13 came to disaster. If the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation for this series of articles, when those involved with the Apollo 13 mission are asked about why the blackout period was longer than normal, the answer normally comes as a hedged response, with the crew or a flight director indicating they don\u2019t know exactly why it happened. It seems analysis of this has defied a reasonable and irrefutable scientific explanation. Overall view showing some of the activity in the Mission Operations Control Room during"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Fred Haise chuckled and said, \u201cWe just did Ron Howard a favor!\u201d Jim Lovell gave the most detailed response \u2013 which is the one most often given as a likely explanation \u2014 suggesting it perhaps had to do with a shallowing reentry angle problem, with a strange space-like breeze that seemed to be blowing the spacecraft off-course with respect to entry. \u201cI think the reason why it was longer was the fact we were coming in shallower than we had planned,\u201d Lovell said at the 2010 event. \u201cNormally we come in from a Moon landing and have to hit the atmosphere inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown"}, {"title": "", "text": "Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude and pressure to"}, {"title": "", "text": "13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation"}, {"title": "", "text": "does not help either. GSY wrote: NASA engineers had to shed every possible ounce to get the Apollo ships (in full view of the world before launch) to the moon. There certainly was not an additional lunar lander in the stack. In-flight broadcasts showed astronauts in the capsule, the command model, and the lunar lander. In weightlessness. Which cannot be faked within the 45 seconds of weightlessness a Vomit Comet plane can provide. Second launch? No. Remember, this was during the cold war. All the major powers were keeping constant watch for unexpected launches \u2014 they might mean an ICBM attack! And, military and astronomers tracked every item in space even back then. The sudden appearance of a spacecraft in low earth orbit would be front page news! Was everyone in NORAD in on the conspiracy?? And no one has ever said anything?? Re-entry from lunar orbit is much different than re-entry from low earth orbit. Astronomers would not be fooled. And they would have been following the spacecraft since it launched. Why bother with all those Apollo space-rendezvous-practice and around-the-moon missions? They could have simply made Apollo 8 a fake landing mission. Done! Were the Apollo 13 astronauts \u2014 close to death for five days \u2014 really in near earth orbit, but NASA wouldn\u2019t let them land, because they had to pretend to complete their lunar orbit, else it would \u201cruin the plan\u201d? ? ? And everyone at every network and all aeronautical journalists and astronomers and sky trackers AROUND THE WORLD were tricked for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude and pressure"}, {"title": "", "text": "Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude and pressure"}, {"title": "", "text": "of ice? Had the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) gyros failed, having inadequate time to warm-up causing the capsule to skip off the atmosphere, or incinerate with the crew in a fiery death plunge to Earth? Of course, the crew finally did answer, but confirmation that Lovell, Haise and Swigert had survived reentry came nearly a minute and a half later than expected. Some might feel director Ron Howard may have over-sensationalized the re-entry scenes for dramatic effect. But in listening to the actual radio communications between Mission Control and the ARIA 4 aircraft that was searching for a signal from the Apollo 13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Control, \u201cFarewell Aquarius, and we thank you.\u201d This view of the Apollo 13 Lunar Module (LM) was photographed from the Command Module (CM) just after the LM had been jettisoned. The jettisoning occurred a few minutes before 11 a.m. (CST), April 17, 1970, just over an hour prior to splashdown of the CM in the south Pacific Ocean. Credit: NASA The crew then made their final preparations to make that final, fiery leg back home. All anyone could do now was hope that every procedure and last-minute calculation had been correct. When the crew plummeted through Earth\u2019s atmosphere, communications with Mission Control were impossible. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry, caused by ionized air surrounding the CM during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. However, Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period was nail-bitingly long: it extended for approximately 87 seconds longer than expected. Five years ago, in a previous \u201c13 Things\u201d series, we discussed possible reasons for why the blackout period was excruciatingly long. The mostly likely explanation was that the spacecraft was coming in on a shallower trajectory than expected. This would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. But why"}, {"title": "", "text": "a spacecraft experiences during re-entry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blackout is a result of the craft being surrounded by a plume of incandescent plasma generated by the heat of re-entry. Such a plasma is impenetrable by radio waves, but can be pierced by x-rays. Using their prototype, Mr Hang and his colleagues are able to encode messages into x-rays, transmit them through a vacuum, and then decode them at the other end. A practical version of this system would not broadcast signals directly to Earth from the re-entering craft. Rather it would transmit them to a satellite that then relayed the message Earthward by more conventional means. The reason for the detour is that, though x-rays penetrate dust, they are absorbed by the sorts of gases that make up Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The re-entry transceiver works because the period of re-entry blackout happens high in the atmosphere, where the air is thin. A signal beamed through the thick air of the lower atmosphere would, by contrast, be absorbed. xcom, as Mr Hang dubs his putative x-ray Aldis lamp, would be a more powerful version of such a spacecraft transmitter. To avoid atmospheric absorption it would have to be put into space to operate. Ideally, it would sit on the far side of the Moon, shielded from interference from Earth. By a lucky coincidence, the China National Space Administration, the country\u2019s space agency, has just demonstrated, with the landing of its lunar probe Chang\u2019e-4, that it can position equipment on that part of Earth\u2019s natural satellite. Whether the"}, {"title": "", "text": "And they actually wage their own war on science which does not help either. Sigmetnow GSY wrote: NASA engineers had to shed every possible ounce to get the Apollo ships (in full view of the world before launch) to the moon. There certainly was not an additional lunar lander in the stack. In-flight broadcasts showed astronauts in the capsule, the command model, and the lunar lander. In weightlessness. Which cannot be faked within the 45 seconds of weightlessness a Vomit Comet plane can provide. Second launch? No. Remember, this was during the cold war. All the major powers were keeping constant watch for unexpected launches \u2014 they might mean an ICBM attack! And, military and astronomers tracked every item in space even back then. The sudden appearance of a spacecraft in low earth orbit would be front page news! Was everyone in NORAD in on the conspiracy?? And no one has ever said anything?? Re-entry from lunar orbit is much different than re-entry from low earth orbit. Astronomers would not be fooled. And they would have been following the spacecraft since it launched. Why bother with all those Apollo space-rendezvous-practice and around-the-moon missions? They could have simply made Apollo 8 a fake landing mission. Done! Were the Apollo 13 astronauts \u2014 close to death for five days \u2014 really in near earth orbit, but NASA wouldn\u2019t let them land, because they had to pretend to complete their lunar orbit, else it would \u201cruin the plan\u201d? ? ? And everyone at every network and all aeronautical journalists"}, {"title": "", "text": "Piercing the Plasma: Ideas to Beat the Communications Blackout of Reentry Anticipating novel spacecraft and Mach 10 missiles, the U.S. Air Force considers new ways around an old problem By Mark Wolverton on December 1, 2009 Credit: Krishnendu Sinha Itt Bombay The frustrating communications blackout that can occur when a spacecraft reenters the atmosphere caused some tense moments in the earlier years of the space age\u2014perhaps most memorably during the crippled Apollo 13 mission. But the phenomenon could also affect communications with new aircraft and weapons systems being contemplated now by the U.S. Air Force, which hopes to find ways to pierce the blackout. The problem arises when a speeding vehicle heats the air in front of it, ionizing it into plasma that blocks radio transmissions. It resembles the shock waves created when an airplane hits Mach 1 and breaks the sound barrier. In the case of reentering spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft, the plasma-shock boundaries form at speeds of about Mach 10. The space shuttle avoids the blackout because the craft\u2019s broad underside leaves an open area in the plasma plume trailing behind, enabling communications and telemetry data to be relayed to Earth through a network of satellites. But smaller craft are completely engulfed by the plasma. That has concerned the air force, which plans to develop flight systems, perhaps including hypersonic missiles, surveillance craft and even manned craft that could top Mach 10. \u201cOur standard paradigm [in the test and evaluation world] is we have a vehicle in the air and people on the ground"}, {"title": "", "text": "even routine communications blackouts can create moments of anxiety, as there is no way to know or control the location and state of the spacecraft from the ground. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" said Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China. As spacecraft, like the Apollo Command Module depicted in this artist's concept, enter the atmosphere, a plasma sheath engulfs them that can cut off communication signals with the ground. CREDIT: NASA Gao and his colleague Binhao Jiang have proposed a new way to maintain communication with spacecraft as they re-enter the atmosphere. The approach might also be applied to other hypersonic vehicles such as futuristic military planes and ballistic missiles. They discuss their approach in this week\u2019s Journal of Applied Physics, from AIP Publishing. Communication blackouts with hypersonic vehicles occur because as the craft zips along at five or more times the speed of sound, an envelope of hot ionized air, called a plasma sheath, surrounds it. This plasma sheath will reflect electromagnetic signals under most conditions, cutting off connection with anything outside of the vehicle. However, under certain special conditions, a plasma sheath can actually enhance the radiation from a communication antenna. Gao and his colleagues reasoned that it would be possible to replicate these special conditions in ordinary hypersonic flight by redesigning the antenna. The researchers first analyzed earlier experiments and found that the special signal enhancement could be explained by a resonance, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation for this series of articles, when those involved with the Apollo 13 mission are asked about why the blackout period was longer than normal, the answer normally comes as a hedged response, with the crew or a flight director indicating they don\u2019t know exactly why it happened. It seems analysis of this has defied a reasonable and irrefutable scientific explanation. Overall view showing some of the activity in the Mission Operations Control Room during"}, {"title": "", "text": "going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However, this explanation too, leaves questions. Woodfill said he has studied the \u201csignal skipping\u201d phenomenon, and has found information to both support and refute the concept by virtue of when such an occurrence could be expected. \u201cThe consensus was it is a night time phenomena,\u201d Woodfill said. \u201cApollo 13 entered in daylight in the Pacific and in Houston. Nevertheless, the question to this day demonstrates just how near Apollo 13 came to disaster. If the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ready to land. It is far from reaching the sound barrier! Photo credits unfortunately unknown Let\u2019s (finally?) get back to our subject of atmospheric entry! When an object penetrates the atmosphere at the crazy speeds of orbital mechanics, the air is compressed into a shockwave in front of the object and heats up to very high temperature. After colliding with our object, the air in the zone of the shockwave can achieve local temperature of several thousand to several tens of thousands of degrees. This has the effect of ripping electrons from atoms, ionizing the matter, and causing it to enter into a plasma phase: the fourth, and little known state of matter (gas, liquid, solid, and plasma). The plasma is then a \u201csoup of electrons and ions\u201d that glows red/orange. This is what creates the beautiful light trail in the sky! Photo taken during the atmospheric entry of STS-42 In addition, the plasma interferes with the radio signals the vehicle might send or receive. It blocks all communication with the crew during their atmospheric entry! The phenomenon known as \u201cradio blackout\u201d can last approximately 3 to 5 minutes for a capsule returning to Earth (using the figures from the Apollo missions). In the same way, the Martian probes or the Huygens probe that landed on Titan, endured the same phenomenon. The space shuttles endured a radio blackout for as much as 30 minutes ( ! ) during their returns, up until the deployment of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System that takes advantage"}, {"title": "", "text": "An artist's illustration of the superhot plasma around a spacecraft like NASA's Apollo command module that can block communications and cause a radio blackout during the critical re-entry of a spacecraft. When future spacecraft re-enter the atmosphere, a new kind of antenna might help them keep in contact with ground control, despite the fiery sheaths of superhot plasma around them, researchers say. The technology might also help keep communication lines open to other hypersonic vehicles, such as military planes and ballistic missiles. As NASA's Apollo 13 crisis revealed in 1970, this radio silence can be fraught with extraordinary tension. As the crippled spacecraft plummeted back toward Earth, the communications blackout lasted more than a minute longer than expected, leaving ground control in tortured suspense over whether the three astronauts aboard had survived. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" study lead author Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China, said in a statement. Prior studies have tried to solve this communication blackout problem, but they all had their shortcomings. For instance, scientists have suggested changing the shape of hypersonic vehicles, because sharp-nosed vehicles have thinner plasma sheaths than blunt-nosed ones. But sometimes, blunt-nosed bodies are preferable because they can withstand heat better and slow down more quickly. Other approaches involve using magnetic fields to control the plasma sheath, or injecting water or other liquids into the plasma sheath to make it more permeable to radio signals, but these methods"}, {"title": "", "text": "An artist's illustration of the superhot plasma around a spacecraft like NASA's Apollo command module that can block communications and cause a radio blackout during the critical re-entry of a spacecraft. When future spacecraft re-enter the atmosphere, a new kind of antenna might help them keep in contact with ground control, despite the fiery sheaths of superhot plasma around them, researchers say. The technology might also help keep communication lines open to other hypersonic vehicles, such as military planes and ballistic missiles. As NASA's Apollo 13 crisis revealed in 1970, this radio silence can be fraught with extraordinary tension. As the crippled spacecraft plummeted back toward Earth, the communications blackout lasted more than a minute longer than expected, leaving ground control in tortured suspense over whether the three astronauts aboard had survived. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" study lead author Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China, said in a statement. Prior studies have tried to solve this communication blackout problem, but they all had their shortcomings. For instance, scientists have suggested changing the shape of hypersonic vehicles, because sharp-nosed vehicles have thinner plasma sheaths than blunt-nosed ones. But sometimes, blunt-nosed bodies are preferable because they can withstand heat better and slow down more quickly. Other approaches involve using magnetic fields to control the plasma sheath, or injecting water or other liquids into the plasma sheath to make it more permeable to radio signals, but these methods"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 just vanished. They hadn\u2019t even reached the moon. All their training and simulations had always relied on backup systems to keep the mission going, nobody had been game enough to introduce a complete failure of all the power systems into the simulations. As one of the Flight Controllers said later, \u201cThis was so far down the line, if anyone had asked us to simulate it ahead of time we would all have said he was being unrealistic.\u201d Liebergot: \u201cI had all the feelings that went with not having the answers to the problem and not seeing any way out of it. It happened too quickly \u2013 it was a cascading failure which means the original failure got masked by the subsequent failures it created. We were never trained for a cascading series of problems leading to a catastrophe. That\u2019s not training. It was like saying the structure of the spacecraft was going to fail.\u201d A minute or so after the explosion Alan Glines, the communications engineer (INCO), reported to Kranz that the signal from the spacecraft had switched to the smaller omni antennas, which was probably due to the side panel hitting the big antenna on its way past. The weaker signal combined with the erratic behaviour of the spacecraft caused the receiver operators at Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek and the other stations difficulty in holding onto the weak, fluctuating signal for the rest of the mission. Then Lovell announced the voltage on the A Bus was beginning to drop. An uneasy silence fell on"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 just vanished. They hadn\u2019t even reached the moon. All their training and simulations had always relied on backup systems to keep the mission going, nobody had been game enough to introduce a complete failure of all the power systems into the simulations. As one of the Flight Controllers said later, \u201cThis was so far down the line, if anyone had asked us to simulate it ahead of time we would all have said he was being unrealistic.\u201d Liebergot: \u201cI had all the feelings that went with not having the answers to the problem and not seeing any way out of it. It happened too quickly \u2013 it was a cascading failure which means the original failure got masked by the subsequent failures it created. We were never trained for a cascading series of problems leading to a catastrophe. That\u2019s not training. It was like saying the structure of the spacecraft was going to fail.\u201d A minute or so after the explosion Alan Glines, the communications engineer (INCO), reported to Kranz that the signal from the spacecraft had switched to the smaller omni antennas, which was probably due to the side panel hitting the big antenna on its way past. The weaker signal combined with the erratic behaviour of the spacecraft caused the receiver operators at Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek and the other stations difficulty in holding onto the weak, fluctuating signal for the rest of the mission. Then Lovell announced the voltage on the A Bus was beginning to drop. An uneasy silence fell on"}, {"title": "", "text": "barrier for any elector-magnetic communication to go in or out so radar is useless from inside as well. #6 SamuraiBlue, Jul 15, 2016 SamuraiBlue said: \u2191 That subject has been discussed before Chinese scientist find a way to punch a hole thru ionization. The article is somewhere in this forum Maybe can still find it Actually by using shape and depletive material you can cool to allow for communication to go thru. That is how Enterprises communicate with Houston Communicating with Hypersonic Vehicles in Flight Researchers propose a potential new way to maintain communication with re-entering spacecraft and other vehicles by matching resonance of the antenna with that of the surrounding hypersonic sheath [img src=\"https://publishing.aip.org/sites/de...hlights/images/JAP-Gao-hypersonic-resized.jpg\" alt=\" NASA\" title=\"As spacecraft, like the Apollo Command Module depicted in this artist's concept, enter the atmosphere, a plasma sheath engulfs them that can cut off communication signals with the ground. Journal of Applied Physics By Catherine Meyers WASHINGTON, D.C., June 16, 2015 \u2013 Near the end of the movie Apollo 13, which depicts the harrowing journey of the three astronauts aboard the aborted 1970 lunar mission, the tension mounts in textbook fashion. As the spacecraft hurdles into Earth's atmosphere it is encircled by hot ionized air that cuts off communications with NASA Mission Control in Houston. Each second that the flight controllers' calls for contact remain unanswered is torturously stretched. This was not just creative license taken by a Hollywood production team. Apollo 13's communication blackout was more than a minute longer than expected, which added to the suspense, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation"}, {"title": "", "text": "13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation"}, {"title": "", "text": "of ice? Had the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) gyros failed, having inadequate time to warm-up causing the capsule to skip off the atmosphere, or incinerate with the crew in a fiery death plunge to Earth? Of course, the crew finally did answer, but confirmation that Lovell, Haise and Swigert had survived reentry came nearly a minute and a half later than expected. Some might feel director Ron Howard may have over-sensationalized the re-entry scenes for dramatic effect. But in listening to the actual radio communications between Mission Control and the ARIA 4 aircraft that was searching for a signal from the Apollo 13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be picked up by Martian wind in such quantity. The wind is also insufficient to knock over the MAV, which, being critical hardware, would be designed with this in mind if it were true! But those of us who have worked real flights know that despite all our contingency plans, training, and malfunction procedures, things fail, explode, melt, freeze, or just plain refuse to function. And communications systems are notorious for finding creative new ways to not work. Shoot, even if the communications systems work, computers (also notoriously creative in failure modes) can keep them from delivering any meaningful data. Certainly no one anticipated the fire that took out the Mission Operations Computer during STS-5, severing all communications with the orbiter (at a time when the backup MOC was also down). If communications weren\u2019t restored within about three hours, because of Columbia\u2019s deteriorating state vector which required communications to update, the crew might have had to do an emergency landing in Africa. What, you never heard about this near-miss abort? You can blame that on communication failures, too. Public Affairs decided not to bother the news media until after the smoke cleared, literally. This aspect of communications is also reflected in The Martian when NASA decides not to release the data about Watney being alive until they have a rescue plan to offer. To restore communications, Watney (played by Matt Damon) treks to the Pathfinder site to retrieve its hardware. He first uses a Yes/No/? system and then devises a clever way for the camera"}, {"title": "", "text": "another in real time and relay new targeting information independent of any ground station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy"}, {"title": "", "text": "another in real time and relay new targeting information independent of any ground station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy"}, {"title": "", "text": "flame where the rocket exhaust hit the descent stage. The burning of the materials of the descent stage no doubt caused the visible flame. 12. Given that during the Apollo 15 lift-off we are even able to hear the music from the tape recorder in the cabin, why don\u2019t we hear the sound of the engine as well? The reason the music can be heard clearly is that astronaut Al Worden played it into his microphone specifically so that it would be heard in mission control. He said \"I thought I was playing it only for Houston.\" Source (Entry at 171:37:25). The reason the engine was not also heard is that, as mentioned in the answer to question 11, it did not make a loud noise in the cabin. 13. The lift-off from the moon is possibly the most delicate moment of the entire mission. The astronauts must keep their total concentration, and they must be able to communicate with one another instantly, in case something were to go wrong. Why then put their safety at risk by playing loud music inside the cabin, which could have distracted them from the operations and could have kept them from communicating clearly in a moment of distress? (Audio/Video 1:30:00) Arguably, landing on the moon is a lot more delicate than lifting off, because during landing it might be necessary for the LEM pilot to take manual control to avoid an unsuitable landing site, as Neil Armstrong was forced to during Apollo 11. During liftoff it was less likely"}, {"title": "", "text": "inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However,"}, {"title": "", "text": "inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However,"}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. So at"}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. So at"}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. So at"}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. So at"}, {"title": "", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. So at"}, {"title": "", "text": "Forks, North Dakota, 1997), rolling blackouts (California, 2001), multi-state power outage (Ohio and seven other 1 \u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Derecho \u00e2\u20ac\ufffd is a...flawlessly throughout the 2012 \u00e2\u20ac\u0153super- derecho \u00e2\u20ac\ufffd20 storm event.21 During its 2012 typhoon, the government of the Philippines used Twitter to Review of Leading Approaches for Mitigating Hypersonic Vehicle Communications Blackout and a Method of Ceramic Particulate Injection Via Cathode Spot Arcs for Blackout Mitigation Gillman, Eric D.; Foster, John E.; Blankson, Isaiah M. Vehicles flying at hypersonic velocities within the atmosphere become enveloped in a \"plasma sheath\" that prevents radio communication, telemetry, and most importantly, GPS signal reception for navigation. This radio \"blackout\" period has been a problem since the dawn of the manned space program and was an especially significant hindrance during the days of the Apollo missions. An appropriate mitigation method must allow for spacecraft to ground control and ground control to spacecraft communications through the reentry plasma sheath. Many mitigation techniques have been proposed, including but not limited to, aerodynamic shaping, magnetic windows, and liquid injection. The research performed on these mitigation techniques over the years will be reviewed and summarized, along with the advantages and obstacles that each technique will need to overcome to be practically implemented. A unique approach for mitigating the blackout communications problem is presented herein along with research results associated with this method. The novel method involves the injection of ceramic metal-oxide particulate into a simulated reentry plasma to quench the reentry plasma. Injection of the solid ceramic particulates is achieved by entrainment within induced, energetic cathode"}, {"title": "", "text": "Forks, North Dakota, 1997), rolling blackouts (California, 2001), multi-state power outage (Ohio and seven other 1 \u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Derecho \u00e2\u20ac\ufffd is a...flawlessly throughout the 2012 \u00e2\u20ac\u0153super- derecho \u00e2\u20ac\ufffd20 storm event.21 During its 2012 typhoon, the government of the Philippines used Twitter to Review of Leading Approaches for Mitigating Hypersonic Vehicle Communications Blackout and a Method of Ceramic Particulate Injection Via Cathode Spot Arcs for Blackout Mitigation Gillman, Eric D.; Foster, John E.; Blankson, Isaiah M. Vehicles flying at hypersonic velocities within the atmosphere become enveloped in a \"plasma sheath\" that prevents radio communication, telemetry, and most importantly, GPS signal reception for navigation. This radio \"blackout\" period has been a problem since the dawn of the manned space program and was an especially significant hindrance during the days of the Apollo missions. An appropriate mitigation method must allow for spacecraft to ground control and ground control to spacecraft communications through the reentry plasma sheath. Many mitigation techniques have been proposed, including but not limited to, aerodynamic shaping, magnetic windows, and liquid injection. The research performed on these mitigation techniques over the years will be reviewed and summarized, along with the advantages and obstacles that each technique will need to overcome to be practically implemented. A unique approach for mitigating the blackout communications problem is presented herein along with research results associated with this method. The novel method involves the injection of ceramic metal-oxide particulate into a simulated reentry plasma to quench the reentry plasma. Injection of the solid ceramic particulates is achieved by entrainment within induced, energetic cathode"}, {"title": "", "text": "barriers to entry here is psychological. If I put you in a car and give you the controls, you feel like you are in control. However, if I place many individuals into a plane where they have no control, they become anxious even simply unable to function. This problem is magnified greatly if I am going to be sending people millions of miles at speeds approaching the speed of light with no way of helping themselves in the event that something goes wrong with the catching system, or a miscalculation occurred with their trajectory. This brings me to my next point. Space craft missing their marks when simply trying to hit a planet is a concern, let alone hitting a small, say few hundred meter wide, target. For instance, Curiosity's landing zone was a 12 mile by 4 mile ellipse. Did it land within that ellipse, yes, but that kind of uncertainty simply will not do in a system like this. Accuracy is getting better, but errors can always occur. Source: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16039.html Granted, the spacecraft in this system should never have to deal with any sort of drag or air resistance pushing them off course, but as vacuous as space is, you cannot assume your path will always be clear. An interesting side note, and not really a problem, in fact it is a benefit. Your catching system could use the incoming space craft to generate electricity in the form of the world's largest electrical generator. As the spacecraft passes through the electromagnets it could be"}, {"title": "", "text": "the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation for this series of articles, when those involved with the Apollo 13 mission are asked about why the blackout period was longer than normal, the answer normally comes as a hedged response, with the crew or a flight director indicating they don\u2019t know exactly why it happened. It seems analysis of this has defied a reasonable and irrefutable scientific explanation. Overall view showing some of the activity in the Mission Operations Control Room during"}, {"title": "", "text": "13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation"}, {"title": "", "text": "of ice? Had the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) gyros failed, having inadequate time to warm-up causing the capsule to skip off the atmosphere, or incinerate with the crew in a fiery death plunge to Earth? Of course, the crew finally did answer, but confirmation that Lovell, Haise and Swigert had survived reentry came nearly a minute and a half later than expected. Some might feel director Ron Howard may have over-sensationalized the re-entry scenes for dramatic effect. But in listening to the actual radio communications between Mission Control and the ARIA 4 aircraft that was searching for a signal from the Apollo 13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for"}, {"title": "", "text": "Control, \u201cFarewell Aquarius, and we thank you.\u201d This view of the Apollo 13 Lunar Module (LM) was photographed from the Command Module (CM) just after the LM had been jettisoned. The jettisoning occurred a few minutes before 11 a.m. (CST), April 17, 1970, just over an hour prior to splashdown of the CM in the south Pacific Ocean. Credit: NASA The crew then made their final preparations to make that final, fiery leg back home. All anyone could do now was hope that every procedure and last-minute calculation had been correct. When the crew plummeted through Earth\u2019s atmosphere, communications with Mission Control were impossible. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry, caused by ionized air surrounding the CM during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. However, Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period was nail-bitingly long: it extended for approximately 87 seconds longer than expected. Five years ago, in a previous \u201c13 Things\u201d series, we discussed possible reasons for why the blackout period was excruciatingly long. The mostly likely explanation was that the spacecraft was coming in on a shallower trajectory than expected. This would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. But why"}, {"title": "", "text": "Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation for this series of articles, when those involved with the Apollo 13 mission are asked about why the blackout period was longer than normal, the answer normally comes as a hedged response, with the crew or a flight director indicating they don\u2019t know exactly why it happened. It seems analysis of this has defied a reasonable and irrefutable scientific explanation. Overall view showing some of the activity in the Mission Operations Control Room during the final 24 hours of the Apollo 13 mission. From left to right are Shift 4 Flight Director Glynn Lunney, Shift 2 Flight Director Gerald Griffin, Astronaut and Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager James McDivitt, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton and Shift 1 Flight Surgeon Dr. Willard Hawkins. Credit: NASA. At an event at the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum in 2010, Apollo 13 Flight Director Gene Kranz said he never heard an answer or explanation that he believed,"}, {"title": "", "text": "re-invent it. Part of this may be lost information dating back to the first expedition. Communication delays: Not being planet dwellers they don't know about the existence of the ionosphere. First expedition dropped out of contact as they passed the 50 mile level, and hasn't been heard from. They use line of site communications. The reentry by the first expedition was bungled, and they landed at a point that is never in sight of the station. (This takes serious bungling.) Sherwood BotsfordSherwood Botsford $\\begingroup$ If the satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, half of the planet is permanently out of line-of-sight communication. That reduces the bungling required to one oops-we-didn't-think-of-that. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Jasper $\\begingroup$ Truth. But a small delta-V on the station would allow it to get in sync. A low orbit combined with having to veer poleward to avoid a storm could put them below the horizon permanently. Mind you, an observation station is likely to be in a highly inclined orbit to see most of the planet. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Sherwood Botsford If the planet suffers from almost constant geomagnetic storms, it would make it extremely difficult for spacecraft that are not appropriately shielded to make that expedition and can only be done when there is a break in the storms, which could be years apart. Geomagnetic storms would also create very bright auroras, which could explain lack of visibility from space. You could also add weather conditions such as heavy rain clouds or dust storms to add to the obscurity. The space station itself is"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Fred Haise chuckled and said, \u201cWe just did Ron Howard a favor!\u201d Jim Lovell gave the most detailed response \u2013 which is the one most often given as a likely explanation \u2014 suggesting it perhaps had to do with a shallowing reentry angle problem, with a strange space-like breeze that seemed to be blowing the spacecraft off-course with respect to entry. \u201cI think the reason why it was longer was the fact we were coming in shallower than we had planned,\u201d Lovell said at the 2010 event. \u201cNormally we come in from a Moon landing and have to hit the atmosphere inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. 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1061", "Document 1067", "Document 1078", "Document 1085", "Document 1090", "Document 1097", "Document 1137", "Document 1145", "Document 1160", "Document 1161", "Document 1168", "Document 1170", "Document 1178", "Document 1190", "Document 1209", "Document 1234", "Document 1240", "Document 1245", "Document 1248", "Document 1260", "Document 1261", "Document 1262", "Document 1277", "Document 1285", "Document 1305", "Document 1316", "Document 1319", "Document 1326", "Document 1342", "Document 1352", "Document 1363", "Document 1375", "Document 1376", "Document 1385", "Document 1393", "Document 1400", "Document 1407", "Document 1420", "Document 1425", "Document 1426", "Document 1427", "Document 1428", "Document 1432", "Document 1434", "Document 1452", "Document 1479", "Document 1486", "Document 1498"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with radio wave navigation and communication systems, especially at low latitudes near the equator. During most of its lifetime, C/NOFS never came closer than about 250 miles above the ground. However, as solar activity increased, C/NOFS began to orbit at lower and lower altitudes -- ultimately descending to less than 160 miles above Earth. During its last 13 months of operations, as its orbit decayed and it spiraled into lower altitudes and eventual re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, C/NOFS satellite captured a unique set of comprehensive observations as it traveled through the very space environment that can directly cause premature orbital decay. Such regions have rarely been studied directly for extended periods of time, because orbits in this denser region of the atmosphere are not sustainable long-term without on board propulsion. \"One thing we learned clearly from C/NOFS is just how hard it is to predict the precise time and location of re-entry,\" said Cassandra Fesen, principal investigator for C/NOFS at the Air Force Research Laboratory at the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The C/NOFS data at these lower altitudes show that the upper atmosphere and ionosphere react strongly to even small changes in near-Earth space, said Rod Heelis, principal investigator at the UT-Dallas for NASA's Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) instrument suite on board the satellite."}, {"title": "", "text": "radio wave navigation and communication systems, especially at low latitudes near the equator. During most of its lifetime, C/NOFS never came closer than about 250 miles above the ground. However, as solar activity increased, C/NOFS began to orbit at lower and lower altitudesultimately descending to less than 160 miles above Earth. During its last 13 months of operations, as its orbit decayed and it spiraled into lower altitudes and eventual re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, C/NOFS satellite captured a unique set of comprehensive observations as it traveled through the very space environment that can directly cause premature orbital decay. Such regions have rarely been studied directly for extended periods of time, because orbits in this denser region of the atmosphere are not sustainable long-term without on board propulsion. \"One thing we learned clearly from C/NOFS is just how hard it is to predict the precise time and location of re-entry,\" said Cassandra Fesen, principal investigator for C/NOFS at the Air Force Research Laboratory at the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The C/NOFS data at these lower altitudes show that the upper atmosphere and ionosphere react strongly to even small changes in near-Earth space, said Rod Heelis, principal investigator at the UT-Dallas for NASA's Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) instrument suite on board the satellite. \"The neutral atmosphere responds very dramatically to quite small energy inputs,\" said Heelis. \"Even though the energy is put in at high latitudes closer to the poles the reaction at lower latitudes, near the equator, is significant.\" Heelis also described"}, {"title": "", "text": "heat [1]. With enough heat, the gases in the air within the shock wave will ionize and, thus, an electron plasma is created. The presence of a plasma layer causes attenuation of the electromagnetic signals propagating through it. These signals are associated with a variety of radio frequency (RF) systems such as voice communications, telemetry, and global positioning system (GPS) data. The attenuation increases as the thickness and density of the plasma surrounding the reentry vehicle increases. An illustration of the plasma sheath surrounding a reentry vehicle is given in Figure 1. Regions of lower and higher plasma density near the vehicle are indicated. The associated effects can become so severe that complete loss of voice communications and even GPS acquisition can occur. This RF blackout can last anywhere from 90 s to 10 min depending on the trajectory and velocity of the reentry vehicle [3]. It has had severe consequences, for example, in the unmanned Genesis mission to collect samples of solar winds. During reentry of the capsule, a sensor failure caused a parachute to not deploy. If mission control had been in contact with it, a backup parachute could have been deployed to avoid the capsule from crashing into the Utah desert [4]. Similarly, hypersonic flight has been pursued with both manned and un-manned vehicles since 1961, e.g., with the X-15 hypersonic airplane which flew at Mach 6.7 using only rockets [5]. As with the space vehicle reentry scenario, sustained hypersonic flight also faces the potential loss of communications, telemetry and GPS signals. Renewed"}, {"title": "", "text": "missile transit. J. Geophys. Res., 66 (A4), 1073 \u2013 1079 (1961). 2. Mendillo M., Hawkins G. S., Klobuchar J. A. A sudden vanishing of the ionospheric F region due to the launch of Skylab. J. Geophys. Res., 80 (6), 2217 \u2013 2228 (1975). 3. Karlov V. D., Kozlov S. I., Tkachev G. N. Large-scale disturbances of the ionosphere occurring during the flight of a rocket with a working engine. Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia, 18 (2), 266\u2014277 (1980) [in Russian]. 4. Mendillo M. Rocket exhaust effects as active space plasma experiments of opportunity. Proc. Int. Symp. Active Exp. Space, 285 \u2013 292 (Paris, 1983). 5. Bernhardt P. A. A critical comparison of ionospheric depletion chemicals. J. Geophys. Res., 92 (A5), 4617 \u2013 4628 (1987). 6. Mendillo M. Ionospheric holes: A review of theory and recent experiments. Adv. Space Res., 8 (1), 51 \u2013 62 (1988). 7. Nagorskii P. M., Tarashchuk Yu. E. Artificial modification of the ionosphere by launches of rockets which insert space vehicles into orbit. Izv. vuzov. Fizika, 36 (10), 98 - 107 (1993) [in Russian]. 8. Nagorskii P. M. Rocket-produced irregularities in the ionospheric F-region. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 38 (2), 100 - 106 (1998) [in Russian]. 9. Nagorsky P. M. Analysis of the response of an HF radio signal to ionospheric plasma disturbances caused by acoustic shock waves. Izv. vuzov. Radiofizika, 42 (1), 36 - 44 (1999) [in Russian]. 10. Nagorskii P. M., Kozlov S. I. Ionospheric disturbances produced by the explosion of the Soyuz launcher in the middle atmosphere. Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia, 38 (4), 363 -"}, {"title": "", "text": "the ionosphere recovered from the depletion. \\begin{figure} \\centering \\subfloat[GITM simulation]{ \\includegraphics[width=\\linewidth]{GITM_PA836.png} \\label{fig_PA836_ionograms_GITM} } \\hspace{0mm} \\subfloat[Ionosonde data]{ \\includegraphics[width=\\linewidth]{Ionosonde_PA836.png} \\label{fig_PA836_ionograms_measured} } \\caption{Electron number density profile and peak altitude (red line) at Point Arguello ionosonde location ($33^{\\circ}36' \\, \\mathrm{N}$, $120^{\\circ}36' \\, \\mathrm{W}$) following the FORMOSAT-5 launch.} \\label{fig_PA836_ionograms} \\end{figure} In contrast, the aforementioned features were not clearly observed in ground-based GNSS, satellite Langmuir probe, or ionosonde data for 17 January 2016 following the Jason-3 launch. This was unsurprising, given the much smaller and shorter-lived ionospheric depletion predicted by the GITM simulation. Moreover, ground-based GPS TEC and satellite Langmuir probe $n_e$ data following the Jason-5 launch had greater magnitude and greater spatio-temporal variation than those following the FORMOSAT-5 launch, making it more difficult to detect ionospheric depletion. Data from the Point Arguello ionosonde were sparse for the relevant period. \\section{Discussion} \\label{sec_discussion} \\subsection{Comparison of launches} Both the GITM simulations and observational data show that the FORMOSAT-5 launch resulted in a far larger and longer-lived depletion of the ionosphere than the Jason-3 launch, with several factors contributing to this difference. As noted above, the steeper trajectory in the former case resulted in a far greater proportion of exhaust gases being deposited at heights coinciding with the F-region and remaining in this region longer before falling to lower layers of the atmosphere. Additionally, the mass flow rate from the second stage in the latter case was $14 \\%$ larger than in the former case. Moreover, UV flux was lesser in the FORMOSAT-5 launch case resulting in a lesser electron production rate. The F-region peak"}, {"title": "", "text": "generated upon vehicle reentry. The major effects appear to occur in the ionospheric F2 region, resulting primarily in enhanced airglow. While not posing any threat to safety at ground level, it may affect planetside optical sensing devices. Beyond 500 km, the effects are related to heavy ion concentration due to rocket effluents, and to electric and magnetic fields generated by the orbiting SPS. These potential problems are not well understood and require further study. Because of deficiencies in our understanding of the physical and chemical processes above 40 or 50 km, especially with regard to water budget, there is a large uncertainty connected with any prediction. However, climatic effects that may arise from SPS-related perturbations in stratospheric and meso*spheric composition are not expected to be highly significant (U.S. DOE, 1978a). Source: HYDROGEN ENERGY PROGRESS Proceedings of the 3rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference Just like MIRAGE, rocket effluents... they cause airglow, and other TLE's. Orbit Maneuvering System (1981) Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, \u201ca series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories\u201d in order to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they could \u201cinduce ionospheric holes\u201d, and began to experiment with holes made in the day time, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo,"}, {"title": "", "text": "active ionospheric conditions."}, {"title": "", "text": "Spacelab-2 Plasma Depletion Experiments for Ionospheric and Radio Astronomical Studies The Spacelab-2 Plasma Depletion Experiments were a series of studies to examine shuttle-induced perturbations in the ionosphere and their application to ground-based radio astronomy. The space shuttle Challenger fired its orbital maneuvering subsystem engines on 30 July and 5 August 1985, releasing large amounts of exhaust molecules (water, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide) that caused the electrons and ions in Earth's upper atmosphere to chemically recombine, thereby creating so-called \"ionospheric holes.\" Two burns conducted over New England produced ionospheric peak depletions ranging from 25 to 50 percent, affected the ionosphere over a 200-kilometer altitude range, and covered 1\ufffd to 2\ufffd of latitude. Optical emissions associated with the hole spanned an area of several hundred thousand square kilometers. A third burn was conducted over a low-frequency radio observatory in Hobart, Australia, to create an \"artificial window\" for ground-based observations at frequencies normally below the natural ionospheric cutoff (penetration) frequency. The Hobart experiment succeeded in making high-resolution observations at 1.7 megahertz through the induced ionospheric hole."}, {"title": "", "text": "whereas a corkscrew or some other type of spiral like formation has never been reported in any ionospheric heater experiment and the weak brightness of optical emissions from the tiny speckles during the one and only experiment so far to produce them is not even close to the brightness of the Norway spiral, nor did the experiment produce blue or white colors, they were green. Something to keep in mind is that ionospheric heaters are not capable of ionizing anything, they just excite the already free electrons in the ionosphere knocked free by UV light from the sun. I studied aerospace technology and have a knack for troubleshooting complex systems. Very true. For instance, you've not once explained how radio waves could possibly create spiral and corkscrew patterns in the sky. How exactly does that happen? Look... if you're not going to do even basic research into the subject, then please tell me and I'll leave this thread. ICBMs typically enter a low earth orbit. So if the third stage failed while in such a low or unstable orbit, then it would make sense to empty the fuel tanks to prevent an accidental explosion that would create even more space junk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Flight phases See also: Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase and Depressed trajectory The following flight phases can be distinguished: boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of this phase is typically 150 to 400 km (93 to 250 mi) depending"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the lower ionosphere disturbance, etc., in the polar region."}, {"title": "", "text": "plenty of interesting stuff that we\u2019re missing out on\u2014including phenomena we haven\u2019t thought of yet. What can we do about it? The good news is that we\u2019ve known about this problem for decades, and scientists have already come up with some ideas. In the 1980s, astronomers devised an experiment using the Challenger shuttle to make observations at frequencies below the plasma frequency. In the Plasma Depletion Experimentvi, Challenger astronauts fired the shuttle\u2019s orbital maneuvering subsystem engines as the spacecraft passed over radar and radio observatories, releasing 244 kilograms of carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen exhaust. The exhaust caused the positive ions and electrons to combine and reform neutral atoms and molecules, creating a depletion in the ionospheric plasma. Decreasing the plasma density means longer-wavelength radio waves can pass through the atmosphere and reach the ground. In this experiment, the exhaust release was timed so that the absolute minimum plasma density could be reached: at night, in the winter, during the least active time of the solar cycle, at a location where the plasma density is unusually low under normal conditions\u2014the \u201cmid-latitude trough\u201d over Australiavii. Through the \u201cionospheric hole\u201d created in the experiment, they were able to observe radio waves from the Milky Way which are normally blocked from view. Just a peek, though\u2014the hole disappeared after a few hours. After the engine burn at about 3:00 AM, the galactic radio emissions at 1.704 MHz increased. The emissions at the other frequencies weren\u2019t affected as much since the lower frequencies still couldn\u2019t make it through the ionosphere"}, {"title": "", "text": "communication blackout typically encountered during (re-)entry into planetary atmospheres. An international consortium comprising universities, SMEs, research institutions, and industry has been formed in order to develop this technology within the MEESST project. The latter is funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) program of the European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 scheme (grant no. 899298). Atmospheric entry imposes one of the harshest environments which a spacecraft can experience. The combination of hypersonic velocities and the rapid compression of atmospheric particles by the spacecraft leads to high-enthalpy, partially ionised gases forming around the vehicle. This inhibits radio communications and induces high thermal loads on the spacecraft surface. For the former problem, spacecraft can sometimes rely on satellite constellations for communicating through the plasma wake and therefore preventing the blackout. On the other hand, expensive, heavy, and non-reusable thermal protection systems (TPS) are needed to dissipate the severe thermal loads. Such TPS can represent up to 30% of an entry vehicles weight, and especially for manned missions they can reduce the cost- efficiency by sacrificing payload mass. Such systems are also prone to failure, putting the lives of astronauts at risk. The use of electromagnetic fields to exploit MHD principles has long been considered as an attractive solution for tackling the problems described above. By pushing the boundary layer of the ionized gas layer away from the spacecraft, the thermal loads can be reduced, while also opening a magnetic window for radio communications and mitigating the blackout phenomenon. The application of this MHD-enabled system has previously not been demonstrated"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Earth rotates, a new portion of its atmosphere is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation, which heats and partially ionizes the neutral atoms and molecules, creating the ionosphere. At night, when that portion of the atmosphere is not exposed to the Sun, this ionized gas, or \u201cplasma\u201d tends to recombine, dramatically reducing its density as it converts back to an electrically neutral state. In between, near sunset, the low-latitude ionosphere is dominated by a \u201cplasma fountain\u201d, which results in a dramatic upwelling of ionized gas. This results in a sharp increase of the density of ionized gas in narrow bands on either side of the magnetic equator. Basic models of the ionosphere predict that there should be a regular rise and fall of this portion of the atmosphere as the Earth rotates from day to night, independent of longitude. 8) Figure 1: Left: The predicted distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator after sunset. Right: The observed distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator, made by NASA's TIMED spacecraft. Notice the large, unexplained enhancements over the continents (image credit: UCB/SSL) Understanding what is causing the variations in the atmosphere is very important in the technological era we live in today. As a society, we are very dependent on communication and navigation networks around the globe \u2013 both space based, and ground based. We have also recently developed a strong reliance on broadcast navigation signals such as those provided by GPS satellites. The radio signals used for communication and navigation must propagate through the ionosphere, and non-uniform"}, {"title": "", "text": "failed to reach the desired altitude, and though partially operational, could not fulfill mission objectives. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere over the Caribbean October 17, 1968. Two cesium-contact ion engines were launched aboard the ATS-4 spacecraft on August 10, 1968. Flight test objectives were to measure thrust and to examine electromagnetic compatibility with other spacecraft subsystems. The 5-cm-diameter thrusters were designed to operate at 0.02 kW and provide about 89 mN thrust at about 6700 s specific impulse. Thrusters had the capability to operate at 5 setpoints from 18 mN to 89 mN. Thrusters were configured so they could be used for East-West stationkeeping. Prior to launch, a 5-cm cesium thruster was life tested for 2245 hours at the 67 mN thrust level. During the launch process the Centaur stage did not achieve a second burn, and the spacecraft remained attached to the Centaur in a 218 km by 760 km orbit. It was estimated that the pressure at these altitudes was between 1.3 \u00d7 10-4 Pa and 1.3 \u00d7 10-7 Pa.35 Each of the two engines was tested on at least two occasions over the throttling range. Combined test time of the two engines was about 10 hours over a 55 day period. The spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere on October 17, 1968. The ATS-4 flight was the first successful orbital test of an ion engine. There was no evidence of IPS electromagnetic interference related to spacecraft subsystems. Measured values of neutralizer emission current were much less than the ion beam current implying inadequate neutralization."}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere. Another effect of this ionospheric turbulence is the aurora borealis, which light up the night skies in northern Canada and are sometimes seen further south. The National Research Council of Canada began conducting ionospheric research in the 1930s, and it worked harder in this area in World War II because of the importance of radio communications for Canada\u2019s navy. As the Cold War began in 1947, the federal government set up the Defence Research Board (DRB). At one of the board\u2019s branches, the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) in Shirley\u2019s Bay, near Ottawa, physicists bounced radio waves off the bottom of the ionosphere to record its changing reflective properties, and they launched balloons and sounding rockets to probe the upper atmosphere. Some of these were a part of the worldwide scientific investigations undertaken as part of the International Geophysical Year in 1957 and 1958. A diagram of the Alouette 1 spacecraft showing subsystems. Credit: DRTE/Canadian Space Agency. The launch of Sputnik and other satellites starting in 1957 marked the beginnning of a race to create satellites that could improve communications on Earth. The United States launched a balloon, Echo, in 1960 to bounce radio and television signals from one point to another. Soon communications satellites such as Telstar were being tested in medium Earth orbit, and the U.S. military even tried to create an artificial ionosphere by launching millions of needles into orbit. Although Arthur C. Clarke first wrote of the concept of geosynchronous communications satellites in 1945, major advances in transponder and antenna technology,"}, {"title": "", "text": "a sequence of interferences which can increase the noise level in electronic devices, then disturbing the regular satellite operations. Conclusions. -After the Olympus end-of-life anomaly [2] and the work of McDonnell et al. [3], it seems clear that the meteoroids hazard is not restricted to a mechanical damage. Here it is suggested a new interference path, that is electromagnetic radiation emitted from the impact-produced plasma cloud. Even if the radiated power is not sufficient to destroy anything, it may disturb regular satellite operations. Further investigations should be made on specific satellite, because they require detailed information about onboard electronics, in order to calculate possible couplings and non-linearities. ***"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u00a9 European Geosciences Union 2000 Mid-latitude ionospheric perturbation associated with the Spacelab-2 plasma depletion experiment at Millstone Hill J. C. Foster1, J. M. Holt1, and L. J. Lanzerotti2 J. C. Foster et al. J. C. Foster1, J. M. Holt1, and L. J. Lanzerotti2 1Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Westford, MA 01886, USA E-mail: jcf@haystack.mit.edu 2Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA Correspondence to: J. C. Foster Abstract. Elevation scans across geomagnetic mid latitudes by the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill captured the ionospheric response to the firing of the Space Shuttle Challenger OMS thrusters near the peak of the F layer on July 30, 1985. Details of the excitation of airglow and the formation of an ionospheric hole during this event have been reported in an earlier paper by Mendillo et al.. The depletion (factor ~2) near the 320 km Shuttle orbital altitude persisted for ~35 min and then recovered to near normal levels, while at 265 km the density was reduced by a factor of ~6; this significant reduction in the bottomside F-region density persisted for more than 3 hours. Total electron content in the vicinity of the hole was reduced by more than a factor of 2, and an oscillation of the F-region densities with 40-min period ensued and persisted for several hours. Plasma vertical Doppler velocity varied quasi-periodically with a ~80-min period, while magnetic field variations observed on the field line through the Shuttle-burn position exhibited a similar ~80-min periodicity. An interval of magnetic field variations"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space vehicles that re-enter the atmosphere often experience communication blackout. The blackout occurs when the vehicle becomes engulfed in plasma produced by interactions between the vehicle surface and the atmosphere. The plasma often is concentrated in a relatively thin shell around the vehicle, with higher densities near its nose than rear. A less structured, sometimes turbulent plasma wake often trails the vehicle. The plasma shell severely affects the performance of side-mounted antennas as it alters their characteristics (frequency response, gain patterns, axial ratio, and impedance) away from nominal, free-space values, sometimes entirely shielding the antenna from the outside world. The plasma plume/turbulent wake similarly affect the performance of antennas mounted at the back of the vehicle. The electromagnetic characteristics of the thin plasma shell and plume/turbulent wake heavily depend on the type of re-entry trajectory, the vehicle's speed, angles of attack, and chemical composition, as well as environmental conditions. To analyze the antennas' performance during blackout and to design robust communication antennas, efficient and accurate simulation tools for charactering the antennas' performance along the trajectory are called for."}, {"title": "", "text": "In those days, radio broadcasting and radio communication were much more important than it is today. Since the ionosphere can reflect radio waves, there was a need to properly characterize its properties. Today, especially for young people, satellites mean broadband communications, including TV broadcasting of sporting events, remote sensors, meteorological maps, GPS navigation, and men in space, all of which are applications that would not have been possible if we did not know the characteristics of the environment where they fly. The study of the ionosphere, fortunately, was the most important function of the early satellites (and it is still the function of some of the current ones). Figure 1A replica of Sputnik 1 at the US National Air and Space Museum. Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. One year after the launching of Sputnik, a US scientist, Bill Gordon (1918\u20132010; see Fig. 2a), a professor at Cornell University, proposed, in a paper published in the Proceedings of the IRE (Gordon, 1958), that the most important characteristics of the free-electron gas that conformed the ionosphere could be measured from the ground, competing in this way with the measurements that were performed by satellites. The technique was based on the scattering of radio waves by free electrons, i.e., by those electrons that were detached from the few atoms that constitute the atmosphere at these altitudes. If they were to be \u201cilluminated\u201d from the ground by a strong beam of radio waves, Gordon proposed, a small part of the energy would be"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Sun, which are absorbed at a range of heights. The radiation is most intense at the highest altitudes where the air is thinnest, and ionizes the air almost completely. As the radiation is attenuated, its flux diminishes and the density of air increases, further increasing the absorption rate. As such, the majority of deposition of a type and frequency of radiation happens in a single band in the ionosphere, which generates the characteristic banding of the ionosphere. The plasma remains in these bands since they are far outnumbered by the neutral atmosphere at these altitudes, and are very collisional. At higher altitudes where the ionosphere is thinner, the particles co-rotate with the Earth, trapped in flux tubes associated with its magnetic field. Beyond the plasmasphere, electric fields driven by the solar wind dominate over co-rotation, forming the dynamic region known as the magnetosphere. Since the creation of the ionosphere is generally due to the sun, the ionosphere has a strong seasonal, diurnal and solar cycle dependence. A small fraction of the ionosphere is created from cosmic rays impacting the atmosphere, so it is never absent, but it fluctuates greatly with solar activity. Of considerable interest is understanding the detailed structure of the ionosphere and improving the global models that are used to represent it. \\subsubsection{Earth, Ionosphere, and Space Weather Science} As a specific example, low frequency interferometry provides the most accurate measure of turbulence and small-scale ionospheric waves (wavelengths $\\lesssim$50 km), through precisions measurements of differences in total electron content ($\\Delta$TEC). VLITE $\\Delta$TEC measurements are"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft \u2013 ionospheric plasma system. It was shown that the interaction of a ?0,8 \u2013 1.5 T magnetic field of a space debris object (in particular, a spent spacecraft) with the ionospheric plasma produces an electromagnetic drag force sufficient for removing it to a low orbit followed by its burn-up in the dense atmosphere. Along the third line, procedures were developed for ionospheric plasma probe diagnostics using onboard instrumentation that includes mutually orthogonal cylindrical electrical probes and a two-channel neutral-particle detector. It was shown that this instrumentation with the use of proprietary output signal interpretation algorithms and procedures allows one to locate sources of space-time disturbances in inospheric plasma parameters caused by natural and technogeneous catastrophic phenomena on the subsatellite track."}, {"title": "", "text": "Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., the University of Colorado Boulder, and the University of California, Berkeley, presented new results on the ionosphere at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union on Dec. 14, 2016, in San Francisco. One researcher explained how the interaction between the ionosphere and another layer in the atmosphere, the thermosphere, counteract heating in the thermosphere \u2013 heating that leads to expansion of the upper atmosphere, which can cause premature orbital decay. Another researcher described how energy outside the ionosphere accumulates until it discharges \u2013 not unlike lightning \u2013 offering an explanation for how energy from space weather crosses over into the ionosphere. A third scientist discussed two upcoming NASA missions that will provide key observations of this region, helping us better understand how the ionosphere reacts both to space weather and to terrestrial weather. Changes in the ionosphere are primarily driven by the Sun\u2019s activity. Though it may appear unchanging to us on the ground, our Sun is, in fact, a very dynamic, active star. Watching the Sun in ultraviolet wavelengths of light from space \u2013 above our UV light-blocking atmosphere \u2013 reveals constant activity, including bursts of light, particles, and magnetic fields. Occasionally, the Sun releases huge clouds of particles and magnetic fields that explode out from the Sun at more than a million miles per hour. These are called coronal mass ejections, or CMEs. When a CME reaches Earth, its embedded magnetic fields can interact with Earth\u2019s natural magnetic"}, {"title": "", "text": "input to ionospheric and thermospheric models."}, {"title": "", "text": "that the types of propellant differed significantly. The propagation velocity of the hole\u2019s front edge was estimated to be \u00bb 140 m/s. The hole formation was accompanied by quasi-periodic variations in the Doppler frequency shift as a result of radar signal scattering from the electron density fluctuations produced by propagating atmospheric gravity- and infrasonic waves. The atmospheric gravity waves showed periods in the range from 7 to 20 minutes, and the infrasonic waves had a period close to 2 min. The amplitudes of quasi-periodic electron density variations were estimated for the two modes to be \u00bb 0.3 \u00b81.5 % and \u00bb 0.02 \u00b8 0.03 %, respectively. Conclusions. Medium-lift launch vehicles (mass of a few hundred tons) are capable of forming ionospheric \u2018holes\u2019 of several hundred kilometers in size and of reducing the electron density in the F-region by a factor greater than 2."}, {"title": "", "text": "and the revelation of strong interactions between the rings and the ionosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun is the ultimate driving force for most ionization processes, it's tempting to assume that Venus has more particles in a given area than Mars does because it orbits twice as closely to our star. Instead, the two planets have similar densities, which differ from Earth's measurements by only a factor of ten. At the same time, the layers affected by the meteoroids on Earth are very narrow, maybe only a mile or two wide, while Venus and Mars both have layers stretching six to eight miles. According to Withers, the difference may come from the presence of Earth's strong magnetic field, a feature lacking on the other two planets. But scientists aren't certain how much of a role the field actually plays. Finding the source To study Earth's ionosphere, scientists can launch rockets to take measurements in the region. But the process is more complicated for other planets. As a spacecraft travels through the solar system, a targeted radio signal sent back to Earth can be aimed through the ionosphere of a nearby planet. Plasma in the ionosphere causes small but detectable changes in the signal that allow scientists to learn about the upper atmosphere. This process \u2014 known as radio occultation \u2014 doesn't require any fancy equipment, only the radio the craft already uses to communicate with scientists on Earth. \"It's really one of the workhorse planetary science instruments,\" Withers said. Because it is so simple, the process has been applied to every planet ever visited by spacecraft. Only in recent years has"}, {"title": "", "text": "of producing the blue corkscrew \"beam\" and white spiral whereas a corkscrew or some other type of spiral like formation has never been reported in any ionospheric heater experiment and the weak brightness of optical emissions from the tiny speckles during the one and only experiment so far to produce them is not even close to the brightness of the Norway spiral, nor did the experiment produce blue or white colors, they were green. Something to keep in mind is that ionospheric heaters are not capable of ionizing anything, they just excite the already free electrons in the ionosphere knocked free by UV light from the sun. I studied aerospace technology and have a knack for troubleshooting complex systems. Very true. For instance, you've not once explained how radio waves could possibly create spiral and corkscrew patterns in the sky. How exactly does that happen? Look... if you're not going to do even basic research into the subject, then please tell me and I'll leave this thread. ICBMs typically enter a low earth orbit. So if the third stage failed while in such a low or unstable orbit, then it would make sense to empty the fuel tanks to prevent an accidental explosion that would create even more space junk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Intercontinental ballistic missile Flight phases See also: Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase and Depressed trajectory The following flight phases can be distinguished: boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of this"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere in the form of lithosphere ionosphere coupling from multiple ionospheric measurements need more attention and analyses."}, {"title": "", "text": "Payloads,\" CSA, Sept. 29, 2013, URL: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/media/news_releases/2013/0929.asp 14) Patrick Blau, \"SpaceX successfully Launches Upgraded Falcon 9 on 1st Demonstration Flight,\" Spaceflight 101, Sept. 29, 2013, URL: http://www.spaceflight101.com/falcon-9-v11-cassiope-launch-updates.html 15) Marc Boucher, \"Canada's CASSIOPE Satellite Nearing Liftoff,\" SpaceRef, June 26, 2012, URL: http://spaceref.ca/missions-and-programs/ canadian-space-agency/canadas-cassiope-satellite-nearing-liftoff.html 16) Emily Underwood, \"How Heavy Oxygen Ions Escape Earth's Gravity \u2014 A new study reveals that low-frequency electromagnetic waves accompany intense heating events at low altitudes,\" EOS 99, 5 April 2018, URL: https://eos.org/research-spotlights/how-heavy-oxygen-ions-escape-earths-gravity 17) Yangyang Shen, David J. Knudsen, Jonathan K. Burchill, Andrew D. Howarth, Andrew W. Yau, David M. Miles, H. Gordon James, Gareth W. Perry, Leroy Cogger, \"Low-altitude ion heating, down\ufb02owing ions, and BBELF waves in the return current region,\" Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, First published: 8 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024955 18) \"Swarm trio becomes a quartet,\" ESA, 22 Feb. 2018, URL: http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the _Earth/Swarm/Swarm_trio_becomes_a_quartet 19) D. M. Miles, I. R. Mann, I. P. Pakhotin, J. K. Burchill, A.D. Howarth, D. J. Knudsen, R. L. Lysak, D. D. Wallis, L. L. Cogger, A. W. Wau, \"Alfv\u00e9nic Dynamics and Fine Structuring of Discrete Auroral Arcs: Swarm and e-POP Observations,\" Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 45, Issue 2, 28 January 2018, pp: 545\u2013555, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076051 20) Andrew W. Yau, R. Floberghagen, Leroy L. Cogger, EelcoN. Doornbos, Gregory A. Enno, Gauthier Hulot, H. Gordon James, David J. Knudsen, Richard B. Langley, David M. Miles, Nils Olsen, Claudia Stolle, \"New Synergistic Opportunities for Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Investigations Using Swarm and CASSIOPE e-POP,\" Fourth Swarm Science Meeting & Geodetic Missions Workshop, March 20-24, 2017, Banff, Canada, Note: The presentation of"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the ionosphere, but most of the time the sun is relatively quiet, and our space environment still varies quite a bit,\u201d he said. \u201cWe think that variability is coming from weather on our own planet, which can be very powerful.\u201d This can happen, Immel said, when surface storms compress and heat the atmosphere, driving huge waves upward into space and causing charged particles to move across magnetic fields in unpredictable ways. This can also lead to extreme fluctuations of temperature in the ionosphere. \u201cThere are huge waves at an altitude above 100 kilometers (63 miles), with amplitudes as large as 50 degrees Kelvin, where the average temperature is about 300 degrees Kelvin (77 degrees Fahrenheit) \u2013 a 20-30 percent variation,\u201d he said. \u201cThat may sound small, but imagine a wave rolling through your neighborhood with a temperature swing of 100 degrees Kelvin, or 180 degrees Fahrenheit \u2013 from freezing to boiling! These waves can change the composition of the upper atmosphere and how the ionosphere grows during the day.\u201d ICON will explore these and other processes that control the dynamics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. One question, for example, is why \u201cNorth America is, in a way, like tornado alley for space storms,\u201d Immel said, where huge masses of ionized plasma roll over the country and disrupt GPS and other communications. \u201cWe want to understand where this plasma comes from \u2013 Is it generated in situ? Does it grow in outer space? Or are we pulling plasma up from lower latitudes like"}, {"title": "", "text": "The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment Torsten Neubert, P.M. Banks, B.E. Gilchrist, A.C. Fraser-Smith, P.R. Williamson, W.J. Raitt, N.B. Myers, S. Sasaki The ionization created in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere by an electron beam emitted from a low altitude spacecraft is described by two coupled nonlinear differential electron transport equations for the up-going (along a magnetic field line) and down-going differential energy flux. The equations are solved numerically, using the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data (MSIS) atmospheric model and the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model, yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 Published - 1 Aug 1990 10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. spacecraft charging Physics & Astronomy Upper atmosphere Chemical Compounds upper atmosphere Physics & Astronomy Electron beams Chemical Compounds spacecraft Earth & Environmental Sciences Plasmas Chemical Compounds Spacecraft Chemical Compounds Neubert, T., Banks, P. M., Gilchrist, B. E., Fraser-Smith, A. C., Williamson, P. R., Raitt, W. J., Myers,"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"The neutral atmosphere responds very dramatically to quite small energy inputs,\" said Heelis. \"Even though the energy is put in at high latitudes -- closer to the poles -- the reaction at lower latitudes, near the equator, is significant.\" Heelis also described research on a previously-hard-to-view sweet spot in the atmosphere, where the charged particles of the ionosphere and the neutral particles of the atmosphere directly affect each other. The CINDI observations show that the neutral wind creates piles of neutral gas pushed up against ionospheric density variations - similar to how blowing snow piles up in drifts against a building wall. This results in density striations in the atmosphere that were never previously observed. Such density variations are necessary data to include when modeling interference with radio waves or excess drag on a travelling spacecraft. Rob Pfaff, project scientist for CINDI at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and principal investigator for another C/NOFS instrument, the Vector Electric Field Investigation, is studying observations that speak to one of the original goals of the C/NOFS program: Why does the low latitude ionosphere at night become so turbulent that it can wreak havoc on communications and navigation radio signals? Developing the capability to predict such space weather disturbances has been a long-standing goal of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The C/NOFS low altitude observations were critical to form a complete picture of these disturbances, as the satellite ventured to the possible root of the largest ionospheric upheavals -- those that emanate from the bottom ledge"}, {"title": "", "text": "An Ionospheric Total Electron Content Disturbance Associated with the Launch of NASA's Skylab. Abstract : By monitoring the amount of Faraday rotation a plane polarized satellite signal experiences in traversing the ionosphere, it is possible to measure the total number of electrons in a column of unit cross section through the Earth's ionosphere. Report discusses: Ground-based total electron count observations and the Skylab launch; electron loss mechanisms in the F-region; diffusion of the Saturn V S-II plume in the ionosphere; ionosonde observations; and estimates of photochemical and aeronomic processes capable of depleting the expanding plume."}, {"title": "", "text": "period per revolution. The situation is different for nearly circular orbits. The first atmospheric density determinations based on data from Explorer 1 were presented at the meeting on preliminary experimental results from US-IGY Satellite 1958 a on May 1, 1958 [60]. Of particular interest are the results of Luigi G. Jacchia, who has given special attention to the variations of atmospheric density with changes in other physical phenomena [63]. These studies show a pronounced diurnal atmospheric bulge following the subsolar point by about 2 hr in longitude, erratic fluctuations in density above 200 km induced by variations in solar radiation in the decimeter region, and irregular shortlived perturbations occurring at the time of large magnetic storms. 34.3.4 Ionosphere Investigations The first payload to be launched with a Juno-type vehicle was with the Jupiter C launched September . 29, 1956. This payload carried a 108 Mc transmitter for telemetering and tracking purposes. Analysis of field strength records of this flight resulted in an electron density profile to some 800 km [64]. Field strength recordings from subsequent launch vehicles and their payloads have continued to increase the data on the ionosphere above that obtained from ground-based sounders [65, 661. The Ionosphere Research Laboratory, of the Pennsylvania State University, prepared instrumentation for ionosphere measurements carried on several Jupiter missiles [67, 68, 691. In this experiment, two harmonically related frequencies were transmitted from the ground, one frequency being high enough to be only slightly affected by the ionosphere, the other low enough to be substantially affected. Both signals were received"}, {"title": "", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "/ spacecraft gives off such noises when working at low frequencies. Timing is important in the operation of this machine. For every 3 metal sheets, when the middle one is briefly turned off, the sheet on either side is energized, giving off the magnetic field. The next instant, the middle sheet is energized, while the sheet on either side is briefly turned off. There is a time delay in the capacitors recharging themselves, so at any time, half of all the metal sheets are energized and the other half are recharging, alternating all around the inner hull. This balances the machine, giving it very good stability. This balance is less when fewer of the circuits are in use. Fairly close, the aircraft / spacecraft produces heating of persons and objects on the ground; but by hovering over an area at low altitude for maybe 5 or 10 minutes, the machine also produces a column of very cold air down to the ground. As air molecules get into the strong magnetic fields that the machine is transmitting out, the air molecules become polarized and from lines, or strings, of air molecules. The normal movement of the air is stopped, and there is suddenly a lot more room for air molecules in this area, so more air pours in. This expansion and the lack of normal air motion make the area intensely cold. This is also the reason that the aircraft / spacecraft can fly at supersonic speeds without making sonic booms. As air flows over the hull,"}, {"title": "", "text": "precisely forecast or test for all of the possible interference effects until the spacecraft were in orbit and the experiments were commissioned. During the interference campaign, the scientists investigated \"worst case scenarios\" by looking for any unforeseen effects that could perturb the space plasma (electrified gas) and so adversely affect the rest of the science payload. Once these were found, the challenge was to find out how to operate the instruments in question successfully while limiting their impact on the overall science data. One source of minor interference involving the Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) has been identified. EDI measures electrical fields around the spacecraft by firing beams of electrons into space and measuring the return time for each beam. These electron 'packets' appear to be causing some interference with the wave instruments, especially WHISPER, WBD and STAFF. \"We are continuing to look at the data to see whether EDI is influencing these instruments in all of their operational modes, commented Dr. Escoubet. \"However, we can reduce the interference by reducing the current sent by EDI, which is fine for normal operations.\" Two additional minor interactions between instruments have been uncovered during the campaign. One of these involves EDI's electron beams, which travel along a circle for distances ranging from a few tens of metres up to about 10 km and then come back to the spacecraft. \"The electrons from EDI are detected when they are fired in the direction of the PEACE instrument on the same spacecraft,\" said Dr. Escoubet. \"But this was done on purpose"}, {"title": "", "text": "368 (2000) [in Russian]. 11. Chernogor L. F., Garmash K. P., Kostrov L. S., et al. Perturbations in the ionosphere following U.S. powerful space vehicle launching. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 3 (2), 181 \u2013 190 (1998). 12. Garmash K. P., Rozumenko V. T., Tyrnov O. F., et al. Radiophysical Studies of the Processes in the Near-Earth Plasma Disturbed by High-Energy Sources. Pt. I. Zarubezhnaya radioelektronika. Uspekhi sovremennoi radioelektroniki, No. 7, 3 - 15 (1999) [in Russian]. 13. Garmash K. P., Rozumenko V. T., Tyrnov O. F., et al. Radiophysical Studies of the Processes in the Near-Earth Plasma Disturbed by High-Energy Sources. Pt. II. Zarubezhnaya radioelektronika. Uspekhi sovremennoi radioelektroniki, No. 8, 3 - 19 (1999) [in Russian]. 14. Garmash K. P., Kostrov L. S., Rozumenko V. T., et al. Global ionospheric disturbances caused by a rocket launch against a background of a magnetic storm. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 39 (1), 72 - 78 (1999) [in Russian]. 15. Kostrov L. S., Rozumenko V. T., Chernogor L. F. Doppler Radar Measurements of the Disturbances in the Bottomside Ionosphere, Associated with Space Vehicle Launches and Maneuvering System Burns. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 4 (3), 227\u2014246 (1999) [in Russian]. 16. Sorokin V. M., Fedorovich G. V. The physics of slow MHD waves in the ionospheric plasma, 136 p. (Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1982) [in Russian]. 17. Khantadze A. G. A new type of natural oscillations in conducting atmosphere. DAN, 376 (2), 250 - 252 (2001) [in Russian]. 18. Burmaka V. P., Kostrov L. S., Chernogor L. F. Statistics of Signals of HF"}, {"title": "", "text": "Related Ionospheric Phenomena is re-released as a paperback, 40 years after the original publication. 2008 \u2013 Natural Radio Lab website is officially launched in January."}, {"title": "", "text": "interfere with communications and navigation systems, disturb spacecraft orbits because of increased drag, and cause electric utility blackouts over wide areas. Ionospheric effects at equatorial, auroral, and middle latitudes constitute a major category of space weather effects that need to be better characterized and understood. \u201cGeospace\u201d is the term used to refer to the ensemble of regions including Earth\u2019s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and theremosphere. DISTRIBUTED ARRAYS OF SMALL INSTRUMENTS\u2014THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP Space physics proper began in the late 1950s with the launch of the first Earth-orbiting satellites. The field is distinguished from astronomy and astrophysics as well as from earlier attempts to understand our space environment by its capability of measuring in situ the plasmas that surround Earth and pervade the solar system. However, despite the distinctive and defining role played by in situ observations, the importance of ground-based investigations (carried out with radars, magnetometers, riometers, ionosondes, all-sky cameras, coronagraphs, and neutron monitors) to pre-space-age knowledge of the Sun-Earth system has been crucial. Today, nearly half a century after the dawn of the space age, remote sensing from ground-based facilities remains essential to efforts to characterize and understand Earth\u2019 s space environment and to investigate the workings of its ultimate energy source, the Sun. One of the most serious obstacles to progress in understanding and predicting the space physics environment is the inadequate spatial distribution of ground-based measurements. This results, in part, because of the remoteness and lack of supporting infrastructure in some important regions, such as at polar latitudes, and, in part, because measurements in"}, {"title": "", "text": "capable of producing the blue corkscrew \"beam\" and white spiral whereas a corkscrew or some other type of spiral like formation has never been reported in any ionospheric heater experiment and the weak brightness of optical emissions from the tiny speckles during the one and only experiment so far to produce them is not even close to the brightness of the Norway spiral, nor did the experiment produce blue or white colors, they were green. Something to keep in mind is that ionospheric heaters are not capable of ionizing anything, they just excite the already free electrons in the ionosphere knocked free by UV light from the sun. I studied aerospace technology and have a knack for troubleshooting complex systems. Very true. For instance, you've not once explained how radio waves could possibly create spiral and corkscrew patterns in the sky. How exactly does that happen? Look... if you're not going to do even basic research into the subject, then please tell me and I'll leave this thread. ICBMs typically enter a low earth orbit. So if the third stage failed while in such a low or unstable orbit, then it would make sense to empty the fuel tanks to prevent an accidental explosion that would create even more space junk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Intercontinental ballistic missile Flight phases See also: Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase and Depressed trajectory The following flight phases can be distinguished: boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of"}, {"title": "", "text": "capable of producing the blue corkscrew \"beam\" and white spiral whereas a corkscrew or some other type of spiral like formation has never been reported in any ionospheric heater experiment and the weak brightness of optical emissions from the tiny speckles during the one and only experiment so far to produce them is not even close to the brightness of the Norway spiral, nor did the experiment produce blue or white colors, they were green. Something to keep in mind is that ionospheric heaters are not capable of ionizing anything, they just excite the already free electrons in the ionosphere knocked free by UV light from the sun. I studied aerospace technology and have a knack for troubleshooting complex systems. Very true. For instance, you've not once explained how radio waves could possibly create spiral and corkscrew patterns in the sky. How exactly does that happen? Look... if you're not going to do even basic research into the subject, then please tell me and I'll leave this thread. ICBMs typically enter a low earth orbit. So if the third stage failed while in such a low or unstable orbit, then it would make sense to empty the fuel tanks to prevent an accidental explosion that would create even more space junk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Intercontinental ballistic missile Flight phases See also: Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase and Depressed trajectory The following flight phases can be distinguished: boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Tag: Ionosphere Plasma Bombs and Sky Bridges [Image: Via NOAA]. The U.S. Department of Defense has awarded a handful of small business grants for exploring the \u201ccontrolled enhancement of the ionosphere.\u201d The aim of the grants is to find new ways \u201cto improve radio communication over long distances\u201d\u2014and one of these ways might be \u201cdetonating plasma bombs in the upper atmosphere using a fleet of micro satellites,\u201d or cubesats, New Scientist reports. As the initiating government contract describes it, in order to perform this new atmospheric role, the cubesats\u2014or an equally viable competitor technology\u2014will need to produce \u201chighly exothermic condensed phase reactions yielding temperatures considerably higher than the boiling points of candidate metal elements with residual energy to maximize their vapor yield\u2026 Such hardware will provide for controlled release options such as conventional point release, as well as extended in time and space.\u201d They would be, in effect, small plasma ovens\u2014the metaphoric \u201cbombs\u201d of the New Scientist article. The resulting \u201cvapor yield\u201d from metallic elements boiling in space would then chemically interact with the Earth\u2019s atmosphere to create the aforementioned plasma. While spreading locally through the ionosphere, the plasma would, in turn, generate small patches of electromagnetic reflectivity across which radio signals could be bounced or relayed. By ricocheting along this sky bridge of temporary plasma patches\u2014like tiny chemical mirrors in space\u2014radio signals would be able to travel far beyond the curvature of the Earth, greatly increasing the distance and accuracy of specific transmissions. This long-range transformation of the sky itself into a transmitting medium recalls"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionospheric F region (~200-to 500-km altitude) higher ion and electron densities are seen in two bands near the equator, each typically centered near \u00b115\u00b0magnetic latitude during geomagnetically quiet conditions. Although the production of ions effectively ceases at sunset, the EIA continues to be prominent in the early evening and varies greatly during the night. Recombination of the ions and electrons produces photons, including the 135.6-nm emission observed by the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) imager, but the recombination rates are sufficiently slow that the regions of enhanced ion density may persist through the night. Variations in electric fields and neutral winds cause changes in the locations and intensities of the two crests of the EIA. The most dramatic changes in the EIA occur shortly after sunset, when the prereversal enhancement (PRE) increases plasma drift velocities. Due to the tilt, offset, and distortion of the Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric tides (e.g., Immel et al., 2006;L\u00fchr et al., 2007), the EIA has additional dependences on geographic location and seasonal change. In addition, during magnetic storms penetration electric fields and neutral wind disturbances of the low-latitude dynamo can disrupt the usual morphology. See Abdu and Kherani (2011) for a more detailed descriptions of the effects of winds on electric fields and ion drifts. Localized regions in the EIA sometimes become unstable at night, particularly in the early evening, when only the high-altitude F region ionosphere persists. This results in microscale and mesoscale density variations whose signatures can be seen in radio, optical, and in situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "the horizontal spatial extent of the ionosphere depletion, $A_d$, in simulations of the Jason-3 (dashed line) and FORMOSAT-5 (dash-dotted line) launches.} \\label{fig_hole_area} \\end{figure} By contrast, in the FORMOSAT-5 launch case, a large, persistent, and nearly circular ionospheric depletion formed. The decrease in TEC in this case relative to that without addition of rocket exhaust gases is shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig_GPS_TEC_diff_data}, with a maximum depletion of $11.5 \\, \\mathrm{ TECU}$ which was recorded at 21:40 UT. However, the maximum spatial extent occurred after further diffusion at 23:20 UT, when $A_d = 7.46 \\times 10^5 \\, \\mathrm{km}^2$. Despite the release of similar quantities of rocket exhaust as in the previous case, much larger depletions occurred across a much larger geographical region in this instance. The depletion initially moved westward for several hours before coming to a halt and beginning to move back eastward. This movement was attributed to transport of the exhaust by neutral winds. A trail of reduced TEC resulted as the ionosphere, the upper regions of which are largely constrained to move along magnetic field lines, recovered. The ionospheric depletion continued to exist following sunset (which occurred at 02:38 UT August 25 at Vandenberg Air Force Base), though absolute depletion values decreased at night. \\begin{figure} \\includegraphics[width=\\linewidth]{GITM_TEC_Difference.png} \\caption{TEC depletion map for 21:40 UT 24 August 2017, the time when the maximum TEC depletion was recorded, from GITM simulations of the launch of FORMOSAT-5 assuming complete combustion. Contours of $\\Delta \\mathrm{TEC} = 5 \\mathrm{ TECU}$ are also plotted for 20:50 UT (solid line), 22:50 UT (dashed line), 00:50 UT"}, {"title": "", "text": "expansion due to energy from localised bombing raids would have an analogous, if opposite, effect on the ionosphere and thermosphere. A rise in the background thermospheric temperature would result in an enhanced loss rate, with the equilibrium between production and loss being established at a lower peak electron concentration. Such equilibrium would be reached within minutes of perturbation, well within the resolution of the ionospheric data. Grandin et al. (2015) studied the impact on foF2 of high-speed streams on Earth. They found that a thermospheric temperature increase of 20\u201350 K may result in a decrease in foF2 by 0.5\u20131.0 MHz. If the bombing resulted in the generation of shock waves or atmospheric gravity waves, their horizontal propagation speed would need to be of the order of 300 km h\u22121, while the vertical velocity component would need to be around 100 km h\u22121 in order to affect the atmosphere above Slough. There is evidence that turbulence generated in the lower thermosphere by space shuttle launches can propagate 1000 km horizontally within 8 h (Kelley et al., 2009). While this example was specific to the lower thermosphere at altitudes between 100 and 115 km, it nevertheless has a similar time constant to that observed for the ionospheric response to bombing in the current study. Such a mechanism may therefore contribute to the observed effect. Infrasonic waves generated by explosions are launched preferentially in a vertical direction (e.g. Blanc, 1985). Any impact on the upper atmosphere overhead would then require horizontal transport to move that region over Slough. For"}, {"title": "", "text": "expansion due to energy from localised bombing raids would have an analogous, if opposite, effect on the ionosphere and thermosphere. A rise in the background thermospheric temperature would result in an enhanced loss rate, with the equilibrium between production and loss being established at a lower peak electron concentration. Such equilibrium would be reached within minutes of perturbation, well within the resolution of the ionospheric data. Grandin et al. (2015) studied the impact on foF2 of high-speed streams on Earth. They found that a thermospheric temperature increase of 20\u201350 K may result in a decrease in foF2 by 0.5\u20131.0 MHz. If the bombing resulted in the generation of shock waves or atmospheric gravity waves, their horizontal propagation speed would need to be of the order of 300 km h\u22121, while the vertical velocity component would need to be around 100 km h\u22121 in order to affect the atmosphere above Slough. There is evidence that turbulence generated in the lower thermosphere by space shuttle launches can propagate 1000 km horizontally within 8 h (Kelley et al., 2009). While this example was specific to the lower thermosphere at altitudes between 100 and 115 km, it nevertheless has a similar time constant to that observed for the ionospheric response to bombing in the current study. Such a mechanism may therefore contribute to the observed effect. Infrasonic waves generated by explosions are launched preferentially in a vertical direction (e.g. Blanc, 1985). Any impact on the upper atmosphere overhead would then require horizontal transport to move that region over Slough. For"}, {"title": "", "text": "far ultraviolet radiation is the formation mechanism for the ozone layer, whose variation is strongly influenced by temperature dependent chemical processes, as well as transport by stratospheric winds such as the Brewer-Dobson Circulation. Further aloft between 90 \u2013 1000 km, the thermosphere forms what is considered to be the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending across altitudes covering much of LEO (Low Earth Orbit). Despite its high altitude, the thermosphere, as well as the ionosphere formed from photodissociation of thermospheric air by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, have long been known to exert a significant influence on space operations and wireless communications technologies, while also serving as a key interface in the solar-terrestrial system. 2) 3) The neutral atmospheric density of the thermosphere produces satellite drag on spacecraft in LEO, forming one of the major orbital perturbations for operational spacecraft in this region and rendering orbits with altitudes less than 300 km unstable for missions longer than one year. Monitoring and forecasting of thermospheric drag conditions and variability have become crucial for LEO operations, using empirical models such as the Jaccia-Bowman (JB) series and more recently physics-based models such as the Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM). Photoionization of the neutral thermosphere by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation forms the plasma of the ionosphere, which acts to refract and reflect radio waves from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. Such ionospheric refraction acts to produce scintillation effects on satellite communications, while also affecting the propagation of long range HF radio communications. Variability in both the thermosphere and ionosphere is"}, {"title": "", "text": "in these cases also a general increase of the electron density to apogee. Finally, with rockets capable of reaching 480 km altitude, the F-layer of the ionosphere was probed on three occasions in 1958 (21 February, 27 August and 31 October), and it was demonstrated that, in contrast to then current ideas, the electron density did not decrease rapidly above the F layer maximum. During this period Gringauz and his group were engaged in the preparation of experiments for the first Soviet spacecraft then being developed in Korolev\u2019s Institute. He was very proud to have provided the famous transmitters on Sputnik 1 which made a triumphant announcement to the world following the successful launch of 4 October, 1957, In particular he liked to tell that he was the last to touch the Sputnik: \u201cI had to do the final check to make sure the transmitter was going to work there was a special cover in the nose cone, so I reached inside, checked the \u2018beep..beep..beep\u2019 signal and knew everything was alright... then the cone was sealed for the last time.\u201d There had been some debate as to whether or not the 20 and 40 MHz transmissions would be easily detectable through the ionosphere but Gringauz was confident that this would be the case, and his judgment was confirmed as correct, with the receiving distance being as much as 10,000 km. The transmissions continued for three weeks and were used to monitor conditions within the spacecraft. Sputnik 3, which weighed 1327 kg. was launched on 15 May,"}, {"title": "", "text": "by spacecraft launches. 15.7 Conclusions Contemporary ionospheric science has many aspects: as a branch of solarterrestrial physics and the earth\u2019s environment; the science of radiocommunications, e.g. predicting and forecasting; the mathematics of wave propagation in the ionosphere; man-made radio transmissions, and natural electromagnetic emissions, magnetic pulsations and other phenomena. As a natural plasma, often nonlinear and nonthermal, the ionosphere is a site for active experiments with radiowaves, powerful enough to produce observable ionospheric modi\ufb01cations, in the form of increased temperatures and plasma instabilities, and with chemical releases and particle beam experiments. Such ionospheric plasma physics experiments provide new physical insights, although they often raise more questions than they solve. Problems remain at the upper and lower boundaries; i.e. the interactions with the lower atmosphere and the magnetosphere, and how their e\ufb00ects spread worldwide. Large electric \ufb01elds generated in thunderstorms can a\ufb00ect the ionosphere. There are suggestions of topographic in\ufb02uences, e.g. of mountain ranges, on the ionosphere. The reverse question of ionospheric, geomagnetic and solar e\ufb00ects on weather and climate is contentious; possible relations between magnetic and solar disturbance and the weather have been found, but their physical mechanisms are not well established. The basic mechanisms of the ionosphere seem to be known, but surprises are possible in any active area of science, and many questions remain. The everyday monitoring of this important part of the environment is as vital for progress in the future as it has been in the past. 15.8 Bibliography JURSA, A.S. (Ed.): \u2018Handbook of geophysics and the space environment\u2019 (Air Force Geophysics"}, {"title": "", "text": "N. B., & Sasaki, S. (1990). The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment. Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics, 95(A8), 12209-12217. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 Neubert, Torsten ; Banks, P.M. ; Gilchrist, B.E. ; Fraser-Smith, A.C. ; Williamson, P.R. ; Raitt, W.J. ; Myers, N.B. ; Sasaki, S. / The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere : Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment. In: Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics. 1990 ; Vol. 95, No. A8. pp. 12209-12217. @article{7b518c329f2244daae3f68710b063a4c, title = \"The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment\", abstract = \"The ionization created in the Earth{\\textquoteright}s upper atmosphere by an electron beam emitted from a low altitude spacecraft is described by two coupled nonlinear differential electron transport equations for the up-going (along a magnetic field line) and down-going differential energy flux. The equations are solved numerically, using the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data (MSIS) atmospheric model and the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model, yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. \", author = \"Torsten Neubert and P.M. Banks and B.E."}, {"title": "", "text": "potential and should be addressed by future research and concept development programs. Space-weather/Ionosphere modification: \u2018A number of methods have been explored or proposed to modify the ionosphere, including injection of chemical vapors and heating or charging via electromagnetic radiation or particle beams (such as ions, neutral particles, x-rays, MeV particles, and energetic electrons). It is important to note that many techniques to modify the upper atmosphere have been successfully demonstrated experimentally. Ground-based modification techniques employed by the FSU include vertical HF heating, oblique HF heating, microwave heating, and magnetospheric modification. Significant military applications of such operations include low frequency (LF) communication production, HF ducted communications, and creation of an artificial ionosphere. Several high-payoff capabilities that could result from the modification of the ionosphere or near space are described briefly below. It should be emphasized that this list is not comprehensive; modification of the ionosphere is an area rich with potential applications and there are also likely spin-off applications that have yet to be envisioned. Ionospheric mirrors for pinpoint communication or over-the-horizon (OTH) radar transmission. The properties and limitations of the ionosphere as a reflecting medium for high-frequency radiation are described in appendix A. The major disadvantage in depending on the ionosphere to reflect radio waves is its variability, which is due to normal space weather and events such as solar flares and geomagnetic storms. The ionosphere has been described as a crinkled sheet of wax paper whose relative position rises and sinks depending on weather conditions. The surface topography of the crinkled paper also constantly changes,"}, {"title": "", "text": "waves and reduce the polarization mismatch loss. e phenomenon of polarization reversal can be avoided by regulating and controlling International Journal of Antennas and Propagation the radii and density of dust particles. Finally, the polarization state of the transmitted wave changes at eight reentry heights, namely, each height produces a certain polarization mismatch loss. e loss is the maximum at 30 km and the minimum at 76 km. e problem of communication blackout may be caused by the polarization mismatch loss. ese results can provide a theoretical reference for information reception in plasma containing ablative particles and other experimental research studies."}, {"title": "", "text": "The ionospheric density falls off with the rate 1/r because the background neutral atmosphere is constantly ionised at a slow rate, adding plasma to the ionosphere as it expands into space. This breaks down once most of the atmosphere has been ionised. This is not relevant because it takes 10-100 days before this happens with an ionisation rate of the order of 10 \u22127 to 10 \u22126 s \u22121 (Galand et al. 2016). The 1/r dependence rather breaks down owing to the acceleration of the ions . It is known from observations that most of the ions at energies observable by the RPC-ICA instrument are moving anti-sunward (Nilsson et al. , 2015aBehar et al. 2016;Ber\u010di\u010d et al. 2018). At some point on the front of the comet ionosphere the density must thus drop much faster than 1/r. This may in practice happen because of the polarisation electric field, which has an anti-sunward component such that the initial boundary formation may be self-sustaining. The cloud model predicts a constant electric field inside the cloud. Let us consider the case of a constant uniform electric field E pointing opposite to the neutral gas expansion velocity of a comet. Let us also assume that the neutral gas velocity is negligible compared to the velocity the ions soon acquire through acceleration in the electric field. Newly produced ions start to move along the electric field and get gradually higher energy. For an observer somewhere downstream along this electric field, the energy scale is also a distance scale. The further away"}, {"title": "", "text": "distributions of plasma in the ionosphere can act like bubbles in a lens or scratches in a mirror, distorting the signal, sometimes to the point of unintelligibility or unusability. Though the solar inputs are now well quantified, the drivers of ionospheric variability originating from lower atmospheric regions are not. ICON is the first space mission to simultaneously retrieve all of the properties of the system that both influence and result from the dynamical and chemical coupling of the atmosphere and ionosphere. ICON achieves this through an innovative measurement technique that combines remote optical imaging and in situ measurements of the plasma. With this approach, ICON provides the ability to: 1) separate the drivers and pinpoint the real cause of ionospheric variability 2) explain how energy and momentum from the lower atmosphere propagate into the space environment 3) explain how these drivers set the stage for the extreme conditions of solar-driven magnetic storms. ICON\u2019s imaging capability combined with its in-situ measurements on the same spacecraft (Figure 2) gives a perspective of the coupled system that would otherwise require two or more orbiting observatories. ICON targets the low-latitude ionosphere because recent global-scale observations of this region show remarkable spatial and temporal variability that contravene the conventional view of ion-neutral coupling in space, and evince strong forcing by lower atmosphere drivers. The coupling of the atmosphere to space is strongest at these latitudes because the atmospheric waves are largest and so is the density of the space plasma, produced in abundance by the sun overhead and confined by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "pose a threat to space-based technology, so understanding them is important. Cluster has explored this process multiple times during the past decade and a half \u2013 finding it to affect heavier ions such as oxygen more than lighter ones, and also detecting strong, high-speed beams of ions rocketing back to Earth from the magnetotail nearly 100 times over the course of three years. More recently, scientists have explored the process of magnetic reconnection, one of the most efficient physical processes by which the solar wind enters Earth's magnetosphere and accelerates plasma. In this process, plasma interacts and exchanges energy with magnetic field lines; different lines reconfigure themselves, breaking, shifting around, and forging new connections by merging with other lines, releasing huge amounts of energy in the process. The magnetic reconnection region in Earth's magnetosphere. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab Here, the cold ions are thought to be important. We know that cold ions affect the magnetic reconnection process, for example slowing down the reconnection rate at the boundary where the solar wind meets the magnetosphere (the magnetopause), but we are still unsure of the mechanisms at play. \"In essence, we need to figure out how cold plasma ends up at the magnetopause,\" said Philippe Escoubet, ESA's Project Scientist for the Cluster mission. \"There are a few different aspects to this; we need to know the processes involved in transporting it there, how these processes depend on the dynamic solar wind and the conditions of the magnetosphere, and where plasma is coming from in the first place \u2013 does"}, {"title": "", "text": "there is a theoretical part which is about achieving a better basic understanding of these phenomena. \"Electrons in large quantities are virtually vacuum-cleaned from areas stretching over 500 to 1,000 kilometres. It\u2019s a surprising discovery that we hadn't anticipated.\" Professor Per H\u00f8eg, DTU Space \u201cOur work can contribute to making navigation more reliable during ionospheric storms in the Arctic region. Our new research has enabled us to identify a number of critical factors that affect the quality of satellite-based navigation, and to assess the probability of when these factors may occur. At a more theoretical level, we have found out that during solar storms, electrons are removed in the ionosphere, which is the opposite of what you intuitively would expect.\u201d When the magnetic field from solar eruptions hits the Earth\u2019s magnetic field in the ionosphere, their force fields are mixed. Consequently, unstable areas\u2014so-called patches\u2014are created in the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, extending over large areas near the North Pole. The area of patches at the polar cap may extend over 500 to 1,000 kilometres with electron speeds exceeding 1,000 metres per second. This gives rise to surging powerful Northern Lights and creates turbulent conditions. Interferes with navigation and communication systems Knowledge about solar storms are important, as communication with airborne signals via satellites and radio play an increasingly important in society. Solar storms may interfere with GPS satellites and their signals, make radio communication fail, and cause extensive power failures. The risk of disruptions in the ionosphere is one of the reasons why no routine flights are made"}, {"title": "", "text": "wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by refraction from the layer. The open system electrodynamic tether, which uses the ionosphere, is being researched. The space tether uses plasma contactors and the ionosphere as parts of a circuit to extract energy from the Earth's magnetic field by electromagnetic induction. Scientists also are exploring the structure of the ionosphere by a wide variety of methods, including passive observations of optical and radio emissions generated in the ionosphere, bouncing radio waves of different frequencies from it, incoherent scatter radars such as the EISCAT, Sondre Stromfjord, Millstone Hill, Arecibo, and Jicamarca radars, coherent scatter radars such as the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars, and using special receivers to detect how the reflected waves have changed from the transmitted waves. A variety of experiments, such as HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program), involve high power radio transmitters to modify the properties of the ionosphere. These investigations focus on studying the properties and behavior of ionospheric plasma, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and military purposes. HAARP was started in 1993 as a proposed twenty-year experiment, and is currently active near Gakona, Alaska. The SuperDARN radar project researches the high- and mid-latitudes using coherent backscatter of radio waves in the 8 to 20 MHz range. Coherent backscatter is similar to Bragg scattering in crystals and involves the constructive interference of scattering"}, {"title": "", "text": "Prior to his current role, Moore was VP of R&D for all of HP\u2019s LaserJet and Inkjet software (including drivers, management software, and third party solutions). His favorite part of being at HP Labs is the ability to see the future. His favorite part of being at HP is bringing that future to market. Moore received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Tufts University (go Jumbos, E85) and his M.S. in computer science from Stanford University. Ionospheric Modification Experiments 4:00 \u2010 5:00 p.m. BU, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Room 502, Boston Natasha Jackson\u2010Booth, QinetiQ The ionosphere is a region in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere which is ionised by extreme UV solar radia on and fluctuates in response to events such as solar flares, geomagnetic storms, and lightning. All of these can have a huge, and often adverse, impact on the performance of transionospheric radio systems. Traditionally, investigations into the ionosphere have been focused on measuring and modelling the naturally occurring effects in order to mitigate system impacts. More recently, however, research has been conducted into artificially modifying the ionosphere. Artificial Ionospheric Modification (AIM) attempts to alter a small region of the ionosphere in order to perturb the RF propagation environment. This can be achieved through injecting the ionosphere with aerosols, chemicals or radio signals. The effects of any such modification can be detected through the deployment of sensors, including ground based high\u2010frequency (HF) sounders and dual\u2010band Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. HF sounders allow measurements of the boom\u2010side of the ionosphere. GNSS receivers offer a convenient means"}, {"title": "", "text": "Understanding the ionosphere thermosphere response to solar and magnetospheric drivers: status, challenges and open issues."}, {"title": "", "text": "Upper Atmosphere Modelling e-Science Hello! Welcome to the official webpage for the PIOneERS experiment, due to launch on REXUS 24 in March 2018, as part of the 10th cycle of the REXUS/BEXUS programme. The ionosphere is an ionised region of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, which can have a significant impact on several types of radio systems, such as satellite navigation systems and satellite communications. Measurements of the electron density in the ionosphere can be used to improve models, thereby enabling the development of better techniques to mitigate the impact of the ionosphere on radio systems. Hence, an impedance probe, ImP, is being developed to provide in-situ electron density measurements. The PIOneERS experiment is a technology demonstration experiment designed to validate the performance of two space systems, ImP and a boom. The data provided by ImP in the bottom-side ionosphere will be compared to already available data to determine its performance. Once the ImP data will be validated, it will be used to provide in-situ electron density measurements in the top-side ionosphere. As the measurements provided by ImP are highly susceptible to magnetic fields, the sensor will be mounted at the end of a boom of 1.75 m in length, away from the artificial magnetic field caused by the REXUS rocket body. Data provided by an inertial measurement unit at the end of the boom will enable to validate its performance (deployment speed, oscillatory behaviour and structural stability) during and after deployment in a micro-gravity environment. This test flight on board REXUS 24 will increase the technological readiness"}, {"title": "", "text": "disturbance of the ionosphere reduced the total electron content by more than 60% over an area 1000 km in radius that lasted several hours, stopping all radio communication. After this experience, the military began to deliberately experiment with burning holes in the ionosphere, using the booster rocket, and later, the orbit maneuvering system. These experiments caused artificial \u2018air glows\u2019 as radioactive particles struck the gases in earth\u2019s lower atmosphere. During the 1980s there were about 500 to 600 rocket launches per year, culminating in 1500 in 1989. Each flight injected about 187 tons of ozone destroying chlorine and 7 tons of nitrogen into the ozone layer \u2013 both known to deplete it. Yet the burden of this destruction was blamed on under arm deodorant and refrigerators! Civilians were forced to cope with higher skin cancer rates, while no concern for flora and fauna effects, farming or stability of climate reached the civilian consciousness! In 1981, NASA began inducing ionospheric holes to investigate the artificial plasma instabilities and the modification of radio propagation paths. A six second Orbit Maneuvering System discharge in August 1985, caused an air glow covering 400,000 square kilometers over Connecticut. Between 1978 and 1990, the ozone layer in the Northern Hemisphere decreased by a further 4 \u2013 8 % [beyond the weapon testing 4%], and the Southern Hemisphere\u2019s ozone layer decreased by 5-10%. It is thought that a 20% decrease would wipe out the food web and make life impossible, yet there was no stopping! In fact the U.S. began launching nuclear powered"}, {"title": "", "text": "disturbance of the ionosphere reduced the total electron content by more than 60% over an area 1000 km in radius that lasted several hours, stopping all radio communication. After this experience, the military began to deliberately experiment with burning holes in the ionosphere, using the booster rocket, and later, the orbit maneuvering system. These experiments caused artificial \u2018air glows\u2019 as radioactive particles struck the gases in earth\u2019s lower atmosphere. During the 1980s there were about 500 to 600 rocket launches per year, culminating in 1500 in 1989. Each flight injected about 187 tons of ozone destroying chlorine and 7 tons of nitrogen into the ozone layer \u2013 both known to deplete it. Yet the burden of this destruction was blamed on under arm deodorant and refrigerators! Civilians were forced to cope with higher skin cancer rates, while no concern for flora and fauna effects, farming or stability of climate reached the civilian consciousness! In 1981, NASA began inducing ionospheric holes to investigate the artificial plasma instabilities and the modification of radio propagation paths. A six second Orbit Maneuvering System discharge in August 1985, caused an air glow covering 400,000 square kilometers over Connecticut. Between 1978 and 1990, the ozone layer in the Northern Hemisphere decreased by a further 4 \u2013 8 % [beyond the weapon testing 4%], and the Southern Hemisphere\u2019s ozone layer decreased by 5-10%. It is thought that a 20% decrease would wipe out the food web and make life impossible, yet there was no stopping! In fact the U.S. began launching nuclear powered"}, {"title": "", "text": "research on a previously-hard-to-view sweet spot in the atmosphere, where the charged particles of the ionosphere and the neutral particles of the atmosphere directly affect each other. The CINDI observations show that the neutral wind creates piles of neutral gas pushed up against ionospheric density variations similar to how blowing snow piles up in drifts against a building wall. This results in density striations in the atmosphere that were never previously observed. Such density variations are necessary data to include when modeling interference with radio waves or excess drag on a travelling spacecraft. Rob Pfaff, project scientist for CINDI at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and principal investigator for another C/NOFS instrument, the Vector Electric Field Investigation, is studying observations that speak to one of the original goals of the C/NOFS program: Why does the low latitude ionosphere at night become so turbulent that it can wreak havoc on communications and navigation radio signals? Developing the capability to predict such space weather disturbances has been a long-standing goal of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The C/NOFS low altitude observations were critical to form a complete picture of these disturbances, as the satellite ventured to the possible root of the largest ionospheric upheavals -- those that emanate from the bottom ledge of the ionosphere at night. The observations revealed the presence of strong shears in the horizontal ionosphere motions at the base of the ionosphere, places where charged particles flow by each other in opposite directions. C/NOFS observed shears and undulations along this boundary."}, {"title": "", "text": "directly measured by CARINA sensors. Neutral drag is studied along the orbit through reentry modeling of drag coefficients and neutral density model updates. Finally, Atmospherics and lightning knowledge is acquired through studies of lightning EM pulses and their impact on ionosphere. Two CARINA satellites separated by 2000 km flying above 50 degree inclination represents the Comparative ionospheres: Terrestrial and giant planets Mendillo, Michael; Trovato, Jeffrey; Moore, Luke; M\u00c3\u00bcller-Wodarg, Ingo The study of planetary ionospheres within our solar system offers a variety of settings to probe mechanisms of photo-ionization, chemical loss, and plasma transport. Ionospheres are a minor component of upper atmospheres, and thus their mix of ions observed depends on the neutral gas composition of their parent atmospheres. The same solar irradiance (x-rays and extreme-ultra-violet vs. wavelength) impinges upon each of these atmospheres, with solar flux magnitudes changed only by the inverse square of distance from the Sun. If all planets had the same neutral atmosphere-with ionospheres governed by photochemical equilibrium (production = loss)-their peak electron densities would decrease as the inverse of distance from the Sun, and any changes in solar output would exhibit coherent effects throughout the solar system. Here we examine the outer planet with the most observations of its ionosphere (Saturn) and compare its patterns of electron density with those at Earth under the same-day solar conditions. We show that, while the average magnitudes of the major layers of molecular ions at Earth and Saturn are approximately in accord with distance effects, only minor correlations exist between solar effects and day-to-day electron"}, {"title": "", "text": "Atmospheric ionization."}, {"title": "", "text": "extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal"}, {"title": "", "text": "magnetic fields are again oppositely directed, and magnetic reconnection drives hot plasma toward Earth during what are called geomagnetic storms or substorms. Some of the ambient plasma penetrates all the way down to Earth's atmosphere, where it excites molecules in the atmosphere, and they give off light as they de-excite. This is the origin of the auroral lights seen near Earth's poles. Consequently, researching magnetic reconnection is a major aspect of understanding the Sun and the Sun's impact on Earth's space environment; that field of study is called \u201cheliophysics\u201d or \u201cgeospace sciences.\u201d There are numerous practical reasons we care about magnetic reconnection. When a flare occurs, it emits energetic radiation that travels through space and gets absorbed in Earth's atmosphere. Some of the neutral material gets ionized, increasing how much plasma is in the ionosphere. This has important consequences. Satellites can go off their desired course since there is more resistance in the ionosphere. Also, satellites send signals through the ionosphere, and the path those signals take changes, just like light bends when going from air to water and vice versa. This is called \u201cscintillation\u201d and impacts GPS signals as well as military, aviation, and commercial communications. The solar radiation also degrades solar cells on satellites, makes undesirable changes to instruments onboard satellites, and is harmful to astronauts. Changes to Earth's magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm drive electrical currents through conductors on the ground, which can degrade pipelines and overload transformers on the power grid. These effects are collectively referred to as \u201cspace weather,\u201d and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced \"a large ionospheric hole\" (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science 187,343, 1975). The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the ionosphere. SPS Military Implications (1978) Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around 1978, and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an energy program, it had significant military implications. One of the most significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the possibility of developing a satellite borne beam weapon for anti-ballistic missile (ABM) use. The satellites were to be in geosynchronous orbits, each providing an excellent vantage point from which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed continuously. It was speculated that a high energy laser beam could function as a thermal weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some discussion of electron weapon beams, through the use of a laser beam to preheat a path for the following electron beam. The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti-personnel weapon, which could be directed toward an enemy."}, {"title": "", "text": "Doppler Radar Probing the Bottomside Ionosphere Disturbed by Rocket Launches and Solar Terminator. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 8 (2), 143\u2014162 (2003) [in Russian]. Copyright \u00a9 2020, Space Science and Technology"}, {"title": "", "text": "was higher in this case, as seen in Fig.~\\ref{fig_altitude}, corresponding to a lower electron production rate. Due to the different trajectories of the Jason-3 and FORMOSAT-5 launches, the approximation of the rocket exhaust gasses as expanding diffusively from a point source at rest would have affected the corresponding simulated results differently. Values of $L$ in the upper thermosphere in Fig.~\\ref{fig_length_scale} are significant compared with the dimensions of the ionospheric depletions being considered. This comparison suggests that advection from the point of release is important in determining the spatial distribution of the rocket exhaust products. In the case of the FORMOSAT-5 launch, the near vertical trajectory would result in rocket exhaust gasses coming to rest at significantly lower altitudes than modelled here. The simulation would therefore in this case be expected to overestimate the overall ionospheric depletion, $\\Delta N_e$, and consequently local reductions in TEC, as well as the longevity of these effects. In contrast, during the near horizontal phase of the trajectory for the Jason-3 launch, the exhaust gasses would have travelled significant horizontal distances. Thus, the simulation would be expected to overestimate the concentrations of rocket exhaust gasses and therefore local reductions in TEC. \\subsection{Comparison of simulation and observational data} The size, shape, and initial motion of the ionospheric depletion in the first $2$ hours following the FORMOSAT-5 launch were modelled reasonably accurately by the GITM simulation. According to the previous analysis of Chou et al. \\cite{chou2018} the maximum spatial extent was $6.36 \\times 10^5 \\, \\mathrm{km^2}$, within $15\\%$ of the simulated value. This suggests"}, {"title": "", "text": "LARGE-SCALE REDUCTIONS IN THE ELECTRON DENSITY OF IONOSPHERIC F-REGION, OBSERVABLE ALONG ROCKET TRAJECTORIES AT LAUNCH Purpose. The object of the study are electron density depletions (\u2018holes\u2019) occurring in the ionospheric F-region under the action of rocket exhaust products. The purpose is to present and discuss the results of observations concerning the ionospheric holes that were detected in the course of a number of launches of medium-lift Kosmos vehicles from the Kapustin Yar spaceport. Nei- ther that cosmodrome, nor the rocket type had been subjects of similar analysis before. Design/methodology/approach. The observations at the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome were performed with a portable vertical Doppler sounder. The beats between a reference signal and the one reflected from the ionosphere were subjected to spectral analysis, which allowed identifying the principal mode of the Doppler frequency shift and establishing time dependences of that frequency shift. An ionosonde located nearby was used for monitoring the underlying state of the ionosphere. Findings. The measurements performed with the vertical Doppler sounder near the launch site of the medium-lift Kosmos rocket have allowed obtaining first estimates for the principal parameters of the ionospheric holes arising in the F-region along the vehicle trajectory, as well as for the accompanying quasi-periodic variations in the electron density. The spatial scale sizes of the holes have been found to be in excess of 300 km, while the electron density reductions may attain \u00bb 50 %. These results are in agreement with the data obtained by international researchers for effects from heavy- and super heavy-lift launch vehicles. Also, note"}, {"title": "", "text": "yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. AB - The ionization created in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere by an electron beam emitted from a low altitude spacecraft is described by two coupled nonlinear differential electron transport equations for the up-going (along a magnetic field line) and down-going differential energy flux. The equations are solved numerically, using the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data (MSIS) atmospheric model and the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model, yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. U2 - 10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 DO - 10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 JO - Journal of Geophysical Research JF - Journal of Geophysical Research IS - A8 Neubert T, Banks PM, Gilchrist BE, Fraser-Smith AC, Williamson PR, Raitt WJ et al. The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment. Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics. 1990 Aug"}, {"title": "", "text": "Analysis of Radio Frequency Blackout for a Blunt-Body Capsule in Atmospheric Reentry Missions A numerical analysis of electromagnetic waves around the atmospheric reentry demonstrator (ARD) of the European Space Agency (ESA) in an atmospheric reentry mission was conducted. During the ARD mission, which involves a 70% scaled-down configuration capsule of the Apollo command module, radio frequency blackout and strong plasma attenuation of radio waves in communications with data relay satellites and air planes were observed. The electromagnetic interference was caused by highly dense plasma derived from a strong shock wave generated in front of the capsule because of orbital speed during reentry. In this study, the physical properties of the plasma flow in the shock layer and wake region of the ESA ARD were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics technique. Then, electromagnetic waves were expressed using a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method using the plasma properties. The analysis model was validated based on experimental flight data. A comparison of the measured and predicted results showed good agreement. The distribution of charged particles around the ESA ARD and the complicated behavior of electromagnetic waves, with attenuation and reflection, are clarified in detail. It is suggested that the analysis model could be an effective tool for investigating radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation in radio wave communication."}, {"title": "", "text": "J., \u201cObservation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engines using the microwave limb sounder\u201d, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 89 - 95, 2011. H. C. Pumphrey, Lambert, A., and Livesey, N. J., \u201cObservation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engine using the Microwave Limb Sounder\u201d, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 3971 - 3986, 2010. G. W. Pr\u00f6lss, \u201cDensity Perturbations in the Upper Atmosphere Caused by the Dissipation of Solar Wind Energy\u201d, Surveys in Geophysics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 101 - 195, 2011. P. Prikryl, Zhang, Y., Ebihara, Y., Ghoddousi-Fard, R., Jayachandran, P. T., Kinrade, J., Mitchell, C. N., Weatherwax, A. T., Bust, G., Cilliers, P. J., and , \u201cAn interhemispheric comparison of GPS phase scintillation with auroral emission observed at the South Pole and from the DMSP satellite\u201d, Annals of Geophysics, vol. 56, p. R0216, 2013. N. M. Polekh, Kushnarenko, G. P., Pirog, O. M., Kolpakova, O. E., and Kuznetsova, G. M., \u201cElectron concentration variations in the F1-region during magnetic storms in a low solar activity period\u201d, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1121 - 1129, 2011. O. M. Pirog, Polekh, N. M., Romanova, E. B., Tashchilin, A. V., and Zherebtsov, G. A., \u201cThe main ionospheric trough in the East Asian region: Observation and modeling\u201d, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 49 - 60, 2009. O. M. Pirog, Polekh, N. M., Romanova, E. B., Zherebtsov, G. A., Shi, J., and Wang, X., \u201cstudy of ionospheric"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the associated waves, and from the spectra of incoherent radar echoes. Ring-beams are unstable to plasma wave growth, resulting in rapid relaxation via transverse velocity diffusion, into transversely accelerated ion populations. Ion escape is substantially facilitated by the ambipolar potential, but is only weakly affected by centrifugal acceleration. If, as cited simulations suggest, ion ring beams relax into non-thermal velocity distributions with characteristic speed equal to the local ion-neutral flow speed, a generalized \"Jeans escape\" calculation shows that the escape flux of ionospheric O+ increases with Poynting flux and with precipitating electron density in rough agreement with observations. Saturn's ionosphere - Inferred electron densities Kaiser, M. L.; Desch, M. D.; Connerney, J. E. P. During the two Voyager encounters with Saturn, radio bursts were detected which appear to have originated from atmospheric lightning storms. Although these bursts generally extended over frequencies from as low as 100 kHz to the upper detection limit of the instrument, 40 MHz, they often exhibited a sharp but variable low frequency cutoff below which bursts were not detected. We interpret the variable low-frequency extent of these bursts to be due to the reflection of the radio waves as they propagate through an ionosphere which varies with local time. We obtain estimates of electron densities at a variety of latitude and local time locations. These compare well with the dawn and dusk densities measured by the Pioneer 11 Voyager Radio Science investigations, and with model predictions for dayside densities. However, we infer a two-order-of-magnitude diurnal variation of electron density, which had"}, {"title": "", "text": "lithium. The release of the lithium vapours is not visible to the naked-eye but can be viewed with special cameras on the ground. Both TMA and lithium, which are harmless to residents on the ground when released at these altitudes, move with the atmospheric winds and can therefore be used to determine the wind speeds and direction over the area where these ionosphere storms are occurring. TMA reacts spontaneously on contact with oxygen to produce a pale white glow visible from the ground. For the WINDY mission, sunlight reflected by the Moon, will illuminate lithium producing an emission that can be detected with cameras equipped with narrow-band filters. Using moonlight allows the launches to occur later in the evening when the critical ESF conditions occur. The second rocket, a two-stage 36-foot long Terrier- Malemute, will be launched five minutes after the first rocket. It will carry instruments to measure ionosphere densities and electric and magnetic fields present in these storms. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Ionisation occurs when incoming energetic radiation strips electrons from atoms and molecules, creating temporarily charged particles. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-rockets-to-create-glowing-artificial-clouds-and-heres-why-4811770/ SF: it's all about warfare. Communications for who? You? Me? And one has gotta love the no health risk pronouncement. Ever notice\u2026..tobacco smoking second hand\u2026.but no problem with aluminum and lithium clouds that eventually drift down to earth. A little of this and that, they increase tolerances levels when it suits their perfidy. These psychopaths are screwing over our ionosphere. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "lithium. The release of the lithium vapours is not visible to the naked-eye but can be viewed with special cameras on the ground. Both TMA and lithium, which are harmless to residents on the ground when released at these altitudes, move with the atmospheric winds and can therefore be used to determine the wind speeds and direction over the area where these ionosphere storms are occurring. TMA reacts spontaneously on contact with oxygen to produce a pale white glow visible from the ground. For the WINDY mission, sunlight reflected by the Moon, will illuminate lithium producing an emission that can be detected with cameras equipped with narrow-band filters. Using moonlight allows the launches to occur later in the evening when the critical ESF conditions occur. The second rocket, a two-stage 36-foot long Terrier- Malemute, will be launched five minutes after the first rocket. It will carry instruments to measure ionosphere densities and electric and magnetic fields present in these storms. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Ionisation occurs when incoming energetic radiation strips electrons from atoms and molecules, creating temporarily charged particles. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-rockets-to-create-glowing-artificial-clouds-and-heres-why-4811770/ SF: it's all about warfare. Communications for who? You? Me? And one has gotta love the no health risk pronouncement. Ever notice\u2026..tobacco smoking second hand\u2026.but no problem with aluminum and lithium clouds that eventually drift down to earth. A little of this and that, they increase tolerances levels when it suits their perfidy. These psychopaths are screwing over our ionosphere. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "Assessment of Plasma Interactions and Flight Status of the HAYABUSA Asteroid Explorer Propelled by Microwave Discharge Ion Engines Microwave discharge ion engines \"mu10\" are dedicated to the main propulsion on the HAYABUSA asteroid explorer. In a development program, various tests and assessments were conducted on the ion engines and the spacecraft. They include endurance tests, an electromagnetic interference susceptibility test, an interference test between the plasma and communication microwave, a beam exhaust test on the spacecraft, assessments on the plasma interference with a solar array, and so on. The spacecraft was launched in deep space by the M-V rocket in May 2003. After vacuum exposure and several runs of baking for reduction of residual gas, the ion engine system established continuous acceleration of the spacecraft toward the asteroid ITOKAWA. The spacecraft passed through a perihelion of 0.86 astronomical unit (AU) in February 2004 and an aphelion of 1.7 AU in February 2005, becoming the first solar electric propulsion system to travel this far toward and away from the Sun. The HAYABUSA succeeded in rendezvousing with the target asteroid in September 2005"}, {"title": "", "text": "from the magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble that surrounds Earth, crash into the ionosphere below it. The auroral zones are narrow oval-shaped bands over high latitudes outside the polar caps, which are regions around Earth's magnetic poles. This study focused on the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere. \"We want to explore the near-Earth plasma and find out how big plasma irregularities need to be to interfere with navigation signals broadcast by GPS,\" said Esayas Shume. Shume is a researcher at JPL and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and lead author of the study. If you think of the ionosphere as a fluid, the irregularities comprise regions of lower density (bubbles) in the neighborhood of high-density ionization areas, creating the effect of clumps of more and less intense ionization. This \"froth\" can interfere with radio signals including those from GPS and aircraft, particularly at high latitudes. Image above: CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) is a made-in-Canada small satellite from the Canadian Space Agency. It is comprised of three working elements that use the first multi-purpose small satellite platform from the Canadian Small Satellite Bus Program. Image Credit: Canadian Space Agency. The size of the irregularities in the plasma gives researchers clues about their cause, which help predict when and where they will occur. More turbulence means a bigger disturbance to radio signals. \"One of the key findings is that there are different kinds of irregularities in the auroral zone compared to the polar cap,\" said Anthony Mannucci, supervisor of the ionospheric and atmospheric"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lunar ionosphere exploration method using auroral kilometric radiation The evidence of a lunar ionosphere provided by radio occultation experiments performed by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 19 and 22 has been controversial for the past three decades because the observed large density is difficult to explain theoretically without magnetic shielding from the solar wind. The KAGUYA mission provided an opportunity to investigate the lunar ionosphere with another method. The natural plasma wave receiver (NPW) and waveform capture (WFC) instruments, which are subsystems of the lunar radar sounder (LRS) on board the lunar orbiter KAGUYA, frequently observe auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) propagating from the Earth. The dynamic spectra of the AKR sometimes exhibit a clear interference pattern that is caused by phase differences between direct waves and waves reflected on a lunar surface or a lunar ionosphere if it exists. It was hypothesized that the electron density profiles above the lunar surface could be evaluated by comparing the observed interference pattern with the theoretical interference patterns constructed from the profiles with ray tracing. This method provides a new approach to examining the lunar ionosphere that does not involve the conventional radio occultation technique."}, {"title": "", "text": "Left: The predicted distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator after sunset. Right: The observed distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator, made by NASA's TIMED Spacecraft. Notice the large, unexplained enhancements over the continents However, recent observations call this overly simplistic picture into question. Other missions, such as NASA's TIMED spacecraft [link] have shown ionospheric plasma distributed in unexpected patterns across the globe, with apparent correlations with landmasses. You might expect this to be explained by variations in the Sun\u2019s activity, which give rise to space weather or geomagnetic storms. Surprisingly, these variations are seen even when the Sun is very quiet, meaning that they are driven by other processes, which may include the more familiar weather we experience at ground level. Understanding what is causing the variations in the atmosphere is very important in the technological era we live in today. As a society, we are very dependent on communication and navigation networks around the globe \u2013 both space based, and ground based. We have also recently developed a strong reliance on broadcast navigation signals such as those provided by GPS satellites. The radio signals used for communication and navigation must propagate through the ionosphere, and non-uniform distributions of plasma in the ionosphere can act like bubbles in a lens or scratches in a mirror, distorting the signal, sometimes to the point of unintelligibility or unusability. Understanding what drives variations in the ionosphere is important so that we can better predict what types of signal distortions we may expect and where, as well as"}, {"title": "", "text": "end of the PSSR (e.g., Tsunoda and White 1981), rather than envisioning the timing of the launch to be associated with the end of the PSSR. From our perspective, the concavity in isodensity contours plays a central role in EPB production. Concavity is associated with the PSSR and descent of the F layer, and also with LSWS amplitude and zonal wavelength. For example, assume that the PSSR rate is 50 m/s and its duration is an hour; if we allow a symmetrical descent of the F layer, we will have concave isodensity contours that have a radius of curvature of about 15,000 km. Although curvature appears small, the contours are higher by about 100 km at the end of the PSSR, than they were before the start of the PSSR. Hence, the ion-neutral collision frequency (v in ) is smallest during onset phase, and the linear growth rate of the interchange instability (driven by gravity) (Dungey 1956) reaches a maximum. The conditions are even more favorable for the launching of an EPB, if we include LSWS. Indeed, whereas the PSSR may raise the F layer by 100 km, the local altitude modulation associated with an upwelling could easily add another 50 km (see Figure 1). The finding that ESF is associated with a high F layer (e.g., Farley et al. 1970) is consistent with the launching of primary EPBs during the onset phase. Patches and clusters develop during the descent of the F layer. During descent, E is westward which means the bottomside of a horizontally"}, {"title": "", "text": "Gilchrist and A.C. Fraser-Smith and P.R. Williamson and W.J. Raitt and N.B. Myers and S. Sasaki\", doi = \"10.1029/JA095iA08p12209\", journal = \"Journal of Geophysical Research\", publisher = \"American Geophysical Union\", number = \"A8\", Neubert, T, Banks, PM, Gilchrist, BE, Fraser-Smith, AC, Williamson, PR, Raitt, WJ, Myers, NB & Sasaki, S 1990, 'The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment', Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics, vol. 95, no. A8, pp. 12209-12217. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere : Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment. / Neubert, Torsten; Banks, P.M.; Gilchrist, B.E.; Fraser-Smith, A.C.; Williamson, P.R.; Raitt, W.J.; Myers, N.B.; Sasaki, S. In: Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics, Vol. 95, No. A8, 01.08.1990, p. 12209-12217. T1 - The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere T2 - Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment AU - Neubert, Torsten AU - Banks, P.M. AU - Gilchrist, B.E. AU - Fraser-Smith, A.C. AU - Williamson, P.R. AU - Raitt, W.J. AU - Myers, N.B. AU - Sasaki, S. N2 - The ionization created in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere by an electron beam emitted from a low altitude spacecraft is described by two coupled nonlinear differential electron transport equations for the up-going (along a magnetic field line) and down-going differential energy flux. The equations are solved numerically, using the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data (MSIS) atmospheric model and the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model,"}, {"title": "", "text": "density, composition, and intensity of the magnetic field. The EnVision and ISRO Venus Obiter radar operations are expected to results in the most pronounced acceleration of ions and electrons, an effect can be used to improve the local plasma diagnostics. INTRODUCTION Ionospheric sounding has been a standard tool for probing the ionosphere for many years. Principles of the sounding are based on the reflection of the radio waves from the ionized component of Earth's upper atmosphere (Appleton, 1927). Ionospheric sounders operate by transmitting a short pulse at a fixed frequency, and then detecting any echoes that are reflected. These echoes relate to the altitude where the plasma frequency is equal to the wave frequency. By measuring the time delay between the transmission of the pulse and the time that the echo is received, the range to the reflection point can be computed. By sequentially stepping the transmitter frequency after each transmit-receive cycle, the time delay, and hence the range to the reflection point, can be determined as a function of frequency. However, since radio waves return to the groundbased radar from only the portion of the ionosphere below the level of maximum electron density, no information about the ionosphere above this level can be retrieved. To perform topside sounding, ionosondes were fist mounted on rockets (Knecht et al., 1961) and later on satellites [Alouette (Lockwood, 1963), ISIS 1, 2 (McAfee, 1969)]. The situation with topside sounding (satellite-and rocketborne sounders) turned out to be less analogous to bottomside sounding (ground-based radars) than was expected. Longterm echoes were"}, {"title": "", "text": "complicated plasma physics processes that occur elsewhere in the cosmos but that are difficult or impossible to explore in the laboratory. Ionospheric heaters affect the propagation of radio signals; they generate airglow and radio emissions that can be observed from the ground; they create plasma density irregularities that can be studied using small coherent scatter radars; they provide access to chemical rate constants that are otherwise hard to quantify; they accelerate electrons, mimicking auroral processes; and finally, they modify plasma density and electron and ion temperatures and enhance the plasma and ion lines observed by incoherent scatter. The DOD operates and maintains the world\u2019s largest ionospheric modification facility, HAARP, near Gakona, Alaska. HAARP is not collocated with an incoherent scatter radar, and so its full potential has not been realized since the phenomena it creates cannot be fully diagnosed. Figure 8.26 shows an image of an artificial aurora created at the HAARP facility. Another ionospheric modification facility is under construction at the Arecibo Radio Observatory. While this facility will be modest in power compared to HAARP, its collocation with Arecibo, the world\u2019s most sensitive incoherent scatter radar, raises the prospect of discovery science in the areas of artificial and naturally occurring ionospheric phenomena. The Arecibo heater came about through close collaboration between DOD and NSF. The AIMI panel regards this kind of interagency cooperation as a model to be followed for the utilization of existing ionospheric modification facilities as well as the planning and development of new ones. AIMI Priority: Fully realize the potential of ionospheric"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble that surrounds Earth, crash into the ionosphere below it. The auroral zones are narrow oval-shaped bands over high latitudes outside the polar caps, which are regions around Earth\u2019s magnetic poles. This study focused on the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere. \u201cWe want to explore the near-Earth plasma and find out how big plasma irregularities need to be to interfere with navigation signals broadcast by GPS,\u201d said Esayas Shume. Shume is a researcher at JPL and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and lead author of the study. If you think of the ionosphere as a fluid, the irregularities comprise regions of lower density (bubbles) in the neighborhood of high-density ionization areas, creating the effect of clumps of more and less intense ionization. This \u201cfroth\u201d can interfere with radio signals including those from GPS and aircraft, particularly at high latitudes. The size of the irregularities in the plasma gives researchers clues about their cause, which help predict when and where they will occur. More turbulence means a bigger disturbance to radio signals. \u201cOne of the key findings is that there are different kinds of irregularities in the auroral zone compared to the polar cap,\u201d said Anthony Mannucci, supervisor of the ionospheric and atmospheric remote sensing group at JPL. \u201cWe found that the effects on radio signals will be different in these two locations.\u201d The researchers found that abnormalities above the Arctic"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the ionosphere at night. The observations revealed the presence of strong shears in the horizontal ionosphere motions at the base of the ionosphere, places where charged particles flow by each other in opposite directions. C/NOFS observed shears and undulations along this boundary. Such shears and undulations -- spotted throughout the nighttime, equatorial ionosphere -- are believed to be the source of large-scale instabilities that ultimately drive the detrimental scintillations. For more information about C/NOFS, visit: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2008-017A Susan Hendrix Susan.m.hendrix@nasa.gov @NASAGoddard http://www.nasa.gov/goddard 2015 AGU Fall Meeting EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE SATELLITE MISSIONS/SHUTTLES The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (IMAGE) Changes In Earth's Ionosphere Cause What's Known As Scintillations (IMAGE) http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/plunging-into-the-ionosphere-satellite-s-last-days-improve-orbital-decay-predictions More in Space & Planetary A 'super-puff' planet like no other University of Montreal Hubble pinpoints supernova blast ESA/Hubble Information Centre Study: X-Rays surrounding 'Magnificent 7' may be traces of sought-after particle DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Astronomers document the rise and fall of a rarely observed stellar dance University of Washington View all in Space & Planetary"}, {"title": "", "text": "I was in school 30 years ago,\" said Chappell, NASA/Marshall's associate director for science, \"was that because these ions have so much energy (about 1,000 electron-volts [1 keV], they must come from the sun.\" \"Why should it be from the ionosphere?\" Giles asked, repeating the thinking of the 1960s and '70s. The ionosphere, the top layer of Earth's atmosphere from about 60 km and up, is composed of ionized atoms and molecules. \"It's so cold. What they were measuring they assumed came from the solar wind because the energies were right.\" The perception started to change in the mid-1980s following the Aug. 3, 1981, launch of two Dynamics Explorer satellites designed to study the magnetosphere near the Earth. DE-1 carried Chappell's Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS), designed to measure the population of the plasmasphere, a torus or donut of low-energy in the inner magnetosphere. To Chappell's surprise, the real find was around the north pole where RIMS measured gases flowing upward from the ionosphere into space as DE-1 arced to about 4.6 Earth radii above the pole (the orbit was 464 x 23,370 km [288 x 14,490 mi]). \"The more we measured it,\" he said, \"the more we realized that this was a big source of material.\" RIMS measured ions of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and nitrogen rising at different speeds and on different trajectories. Apparently, the particles that slammed into the ionosphere to paint the aurora borealis also energized enough atoms to head spaceward. (The same is true of the south pole where DE-1 made similar"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space Science & Space Physics Research Spotlight How Heavy Oxygen Ions Escape Earth\u2019s Gravity A new study reveals that low-frequency electromagnetic waves accompany intense heating events at low altitudes. Source: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics CASSIOPE/e-POP satellite passing over Earth\u2019s nightside aurora. Credit: Canadian Space Agency By Emily Underwood 5 April 2018 On 17 December 1971, scientists observed a bizarre new phenomenon in the outermost region of Earth\u2019s atmosphere, where the planet\u2019s magnetic field orchestrates the flow of charged particles and produces such phenomena as auroras. In the midst of a massive geomagnetic storm induced by a surge of solar radiation, satellites detected large flows of heavy oxygen (O+) ions streaming away from Earth, seemingly in defiance of gravity. Ever since, scientists have been trying to figure out what propelled the ions, in part because disturbances in this zone\u2014known as the ionosphere\u2014can disrupt communication systems. A new study by Shen et al. reveals for the first time how low-altitude electromagnetic waves help launch these ions toward outer space. Normally, the upward diffusion of O+ ions in Earth\u2019s ionosphere is balanced by gravity, resulting in a state of equilibrium. Surges of energy from the Sun can disrupt this balance, however, causing flows of plasma that can hurtle outward like a fountain, then fall back toward Earth. To investigate how O+ ions become energized enough to escape Earth\u2019s gravity, the researchers used measurements from the Canadian-based CASSIOPE satellite. One of CASSIOPE\u2019s missions is to become the world\u2019s first commercial space-based digital courier service, picking up and dropping"}, {"title": "", "text": "as well. The interaction altitude for the heating for all the observations is in the range of 160 km up to 200 km. As described previously, proton precipitation due to active geomagnetic conditions is considered as the reason for the presence of H+ ions known to be a minor background constituent in this altitude region. DMSP satellite observations over HAARP during the heating experiments and ground-based magnetometer and riometer data validate active geomagnetic conditions. The theory of parametric decay instability in multi-ion component plasma including H+ ions as a minority species described in previous work is expanded in light of simultaneously observed preexisting SEE features to interpret the newly reported observations. Impact of active geomagnetic conditions on the SEE spectrum as a diagnostic tool for proton precipitation event characterization is discussed. A Comparison of Science and Technology Funding for DoD\u2019s Space and Nonspace Programs Artificial intelligence for HAARP Multispectral signature libraries Environmental conditions that Ionospheric prediction HAARP Weather software for...Hardware and software for solar HAARP Electromagnetic interference for Plasma theory in the space Subproject details were not available Subproject Detection of Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Signatures in the Equatorial Ionosphere Simoes, Fernando; Klenzing, Jeffrey; Ivanov, Stoyan; Pfaff, Robert; Freudenreich, Henry; Bilitza, Dieter; Rowland, Douglas; Bromund, Kenneth; Liebrecht, Maria Carmen; Martin, Steven; The ionosphere response resulting from minimum solar activity during cycle 23/24 was unusual and offered unique opportunities for investigating space weather in the near-Earth environment. We report ultra low frequency electric field signatures related to the ionospheric Alfven resonator detected by the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System"}, {"title": "", "text": "the trajectory is obtained. In this case the expected decrease of the asymptotic velocity would be \u22123.68(99) mm/sec, which coincides with the estimation of Anderson and his team. The error comes from the uncertainties in the effective area of the spacecraft during the flyby but the result, certainly, cannot be larger in magnitude that the observed \u22128 mm/sec decrease and we must conclude that a residual anomaly of \u22124.32(99) mm/sec is still unexplained. In the other flybys with perigees at 500 km over the Earth surface and above we obtain only minor corrections of a fraction of mm/sec which do not seriously change the results for the residual anomaly. The paper is organized as follows: In section 2 we discuss the ionosphere's model and the expression for the friction force and we provide the parameters for the Galileo, NEAR and Juno spacecraft. In section 3 we give the equations of motion for the perturbations and the parameters corresponding to the osculating keplerian orbit at perigee. The integration results are obtained in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5 we briefly discuss our results in connection to the flyby anomaly and its possible application to other planetary atmospheres. Atmospheric model for the thermosphere and spacecraft's friction The ionosphere is a part of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from altitudes ranging from 60 km to 1000 km. It includes the upper part of the mesosphere, the termosphere and the exosphere. Its name comes from the fact that it is composed mainly by ionized atoms and molecules; the ionization takes"}, {"title": "", "text": "Understand how chemical processes, winds and electric fields combine to drive ionosphere variability. Provide knowledge of plasma gradients and other spatial and temporal variability key to radio-based operational needs. What is the role of gravity waves in \u201cseeding\u201d equatorial Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that lead to plasma bubbles (depletions)? Cross-scale plasma-neutral processes in the equatorial ionosphere are fundamental. Dispel existing controversies on the origins of plasma bubbles that lead to plasma irregularities and radio scintillations. Develop the basis for forecasting ionospheric scintillations. What is the relative importance of thermal expansion, upwelling, and advection in defining total mass density changes? This question is fundamental to understanding the global IT response to magnetospheric forcing. Develop a better physical basis for empirical drag prediction models. 8.5.1.3 ESCAPE (Energetics, Sources and Couplings of Atmosphere-Plasma Escape) Mission (Medium Class) With the recognition that outflows of ionospheric ions can have profound effects on the AIM system, it has become abundantly evident that understanding of the outflow process is severely lacking, especially during episodic space weather events when O+ ion outflows become superfluent. An important step forward in remedying this deficiency can be accomplished with a dual spacecraft mission identified here as ESCAPE. Its configuration and its instrumentation resemble those of the SWMI panel mission MISTE, but, with its closer vertical separations and lower-altitude apogee, ESCAPE achieves relatively high-accuracy magnetic alignments at altitudes below the ion baropause (~2,000-km altitude), where upflowing ionospheric ions become sufficiently energized to escape coulomb collisions and gravity. The primary goal of the ESCAPE mission is to answer the question, How"}, {"title": "", "text": "important for space-based nuclear detonation detection. Understanding the sources and impacts of ionospheric disturbances aids the Laboratory's fulfillment of its national security mission. The researchers deployed an array of six receivers, called the Los Alamos Sferics Array, in the Midwest to capture radio signals generated by lightning strikes associated with a thunderstorm hundreds of miles away. Lightning creates a radio signal (think about the crackle of static on an AM radio) that radiates outward in all directions. The array captured two portions of the signal, a ground-hugging portion that travels across the surface and reaches the array first and a portion that emanates skyward until it reaches the lower regions of the ionosphere, where the electrically charged medium bends the signal and reflects it back Earthward. This component travels a longer distance and reaches the array later. The characteristics of the reflected signal depend on the ionospheric properties in the local region centered above the midpoint between the lightning and the sensor. During the study, the thunderstorm generated about four cloud-to-ground lightning strokes per second at its peak activity. The lightning produced a large number of signals, which the scientists analyzed to determine localized, high-spatial resolution measurements of ionospheric conditions. The researchers compared the measured signals with calculated signals to determine the most likely value of electron density, a key parameter of the ionosphere for its effect on radio signal propagation. The team found that the electron density in the lower ionosphere decreased in response to lightning discharges. The extent of the reduction is closely related"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cathode and the now-lost satellite was the anode. The cable was the power supply circuit and the intervening ionized space provided the discharge path. [End of boxed text.] The excess energy anomaly was that of a cold-cathode discharge where inexplicably large forces act preferentially upon the heavy positive ions and drive them into the cathode. We know from such experiments that the cathode reaction forces developed by impact of positive ions can be thousands of times greater than theory predicts. It would seem that this possibility, which owes its origin to a fundamental breach of physical law, was not factored into the design of the experiment. The protons in the upper ionosphere regions of the atmosphere which provided the closure current would be driven with enormous force into the tether connection point (the cathode) on Columbia. It is no wonder that the cable fused and the mission failed and that, I submit, is all because the extremely high anomalous cold-cathode reaction forces know from decades of research have never been properly understood by the scientific community. What we can therefore now point to is the failure of a major space mission aimed at generating power in space because far more power was produced than was bargained for! It had not been understood that the aether which fills that space is ready and willing to shed excess energy once we contrive to develop circuital current flow that is not that of an all-electron circuit. I add a footnote quotation from the 1989 Novosti Press Agency (USSR)"}, {"title": "", "text": "by tuning the background magnetic field and collisional frequency. Our theoretical research can offer a fundamental basis in the real application involving the interaction between EM waves and plasma, such as re-entry blackout, plasma stealth, and deep space communication."}, {"title": "", "text": "Ni, Y. Wei, Z. Pu, Y. Chen, Y. Ge, Q. Zong, A Highway for Atmospheric Ion Escape from Earth during the Impact of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection, ApJ., 937, 4, 2022; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8a93 Zhou, H., L. Turc, Y. Pfau-Kempf, M. Battarbee, V. Tarvus, M. Dubart, H. George, G. Cozzani, M. Grandin, U. Ganse, M. Alho, A. Johlander, J. Suni, M. Bussov, K. Papadakis, K. Horaites, I. Zaitsev, F. Tesema, E. Gordeev, M. Palmroth, Magnetospheric responses to solar wind Pc5 density fluctuations: Results from 2D hybrid Vlasov simulation, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 9, 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.984918 Zhou, M., Zhong, Z. & Deng, X. Kinetic properties of collisionless magnetic reconnection in space plasma: in situ observations, Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys., 6, 15, 2022; https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-022-00079-z Zong, Q., Magnetospheric response to solar wind forcing: ultra-low-frequency wave\u2013particle interaction perspective, Ann. Geophys., 40, 121\u2013150, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-121-2022, 2022 Next article: 2021 > Ala-Lahti, M., Dimmock, A.P., Pulkkinen, T.I., Good, S.W., Yordanova, E., Turc, L., Kilpua, E.K.J. (2021). Transmission of an ICME sheath into the Earth's magnetosheath and the occurrence of traveling foreshocks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2021JA029896. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029896 Andr\u00e9, M., Eriksson, A.I., Khotyaintsev, Y.V., Toledo-Redondo, S. (2021). The spacecraft wake: Interference with electric field observations and a possibility to detect cold ions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2021JA029493. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029493 Andr\u00e9, M., S. Toledo-Redondo, A.W. Yau, Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetosphere, Space Physics and Aeronomy Collection Volume 2: Magnetospheres in the Solar System, Geophysical Monograph, 259, First Edition. Edited by Romain Maggiolo, Nicolas Andr\u00e9, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Daniel T. Welling,"}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft will develop an electric dipole moment which interacts with the ISM magnetic field so as to produce oscillations about the axis perpendicular to the velocity vector with a period of \u223c 0.5 hours . This would have the effect of periodically exposing larger surface areas of the spacecraft to the ISM flux, thus rendering a raised edge shield ineffective. However, such a spacecraft would necessarily have on-board attitude control systems, as discussed in (Lubin 2016), such as photon thrusters or small field emission type electric ion thrusters, the capabilities of which would be driven by the torque required to modify initial trajectories and to mitigate dust grain impacts and magnetic/electric field trajectory perturbations. Photon thrusters for example, like laser diodes or LED's, can achieve 10 \u221210 Nm-s of torque impulse, which is enough to mitigate dust grain impact attitude perturbations. Small ion thrusters could yield 5000\u00d7 more thrust per unit power if needed (Lubin 2016). As discussed in , spacecraft attitude perturbations may be further mitigated in a number of ways, including applying a fast rotation to the spacecraft about it's central axis (through the disk's center) so as to increase its angular momentum, launching the spacecraft with a net negative charge, or optimizing the spacecraft geometry to minimize its forward-facing surface area (like a needle) and applying a fast rotation about its long axis ). Electron Penetration The dE/dx and range of electrons in materials can be computed using Bethe-Bloch theory of electron ionization, though deviations for real materials have been measured and are"}, {"title": "", "text": "density by driving the recombination rate in the bottomside ionosphere, and affects the diffusive equilibrium state in the topside ionosphere [2,3]. The main source of energy heating the ionosphere is the Sun: either directly, through the EUV and X-ray radiations illuminating the Earth, or indirectly, at high latitudes, through the precipitation of charged particles induced by the interactions between the solar wind and the magnetosphere-ionosphere system and the consequent Joule heating [1,[4][5][6]. In the ionization processes occurring in the ionosphere, a certain amount of energy is released as an excess of kinetic energy of photoelectrons. Such photoelectrons dissipate their energy through collisions with charged and neutral particles in a cascade process that first raises the temperature of the electrons (because the transfer of energy via elastic collisions is more efficient between particles of similar mass). In a second stage, the established temperature difference drives the transfer of energy between electrons and the surrounding medium. Above the F2 region, most of the energy transfer is from electrons to ions because ion-electron Coulomb collisions are more efficient than neutral-electron ones; then, the temperature of the ions also increases above the neutrals one. As a further step, the ions lose their excess energy through collisions with neutrals and other ions, thereby raising the temperature of neutrals. As a result of these complex interactions, the entire photoelectron energy dissipates in the neutrals and it is finally transferred down in the lower layers of the atmosphere by conduction and radiation. Among the three mentioned temperatures, T e is the most variable"}, {"title": "", "text": "T. F. Bell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, No. 6, June, 1960. This is preferably carried out at an altitude of at least 500 km. The plasma of the typical example might be employed to modify or disrupt microwave transmissions of satellites. If less than total black-out of transmission is desired (e.g., scrambling by phase shifting digital signals), the density of the plasma (N.sub.e) need only be at least about 10.sup.6 per cubic centimeter for a plasma orginating at an altitude of from about 250 to about 400 km and accordingly less energy (i.e., electromagnetic radiation), e.g., 10.sup.8 joules need be provided. Likewise, if the density N.sub.e is on the order of 10.sup.8, a properly positioned plume will provide a reflecting surface for VHF waves and can be used to enhance, interfere with, or otherwise modify communication transmissions. It can be seen from the foregoing that by appropriate application of various aspects of this invention at strategic locations and with adequate power sources, a means and method is provided to cause interference with or even total disruption of communications over a very large portion of the earth. This invention could be employed to disrupt not only land based communications, both civilian and military, but also airborne communications and sea communications (both surface and subsurface). This would have significant military implications, particularly as a barrier to or confusing factor for hostile missiles or airplanes. The belt or belts of enhanced ionization produced by the method and apparatus of this invention, particularly if set up over Northern"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the ionospheric F region electron density."}, {"title": "", "text": "ionospheric plasma through electrodynamical coupling between the E and F region (Perkins instability) ionosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "Such shears and undulations -- spotted throughout the nighttime, equatorial ionosphere -- are believed to be the source of large-scale instabilities that ultimately drive the detrimental scintillations. For more information about C/NOFS, visit: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2008-017A TAGS: re-entry FILED UNDER: NASA Hack Space, Re-entry"}, {"title": "", "text": "the electron energy and the material density. If the incoming electrons or ions are of high energies (Million electron Volts or higher), they may be able to penetrate, pass through, or deposit inside materials. These high-energy electrons may stay inside nonconductors\u2014i.e., dielectrics\u2014for a long time. After a prolonged period of high-energy electron bombardment, the electrons inside may build up a high electric field. If the field is high enough, it may be sufficient to cause a local dielectric breakdown. Anybody thinking about how comets might also be charged up by this process? When a local breakdown occurs, ionization channels develop extremely rapidly inside the dielectric, al\u00adlowing currents to flow, which in turn generate more ionization and heat. Sound like 'outgassing'? As a result, internal instruments may be damaged. Fortunately, the densities of high-energy (Million electron Volts or higher) electrons and ions in space are low. Internal damage events are rare. However, when they occur, they may, in extreme cases, cause the loss of spacecraft. Boom! the comet breaks up.... Interference with Scientific Measurements Spacecraft charging may affect scientific measurements on spacecraft. For example, when scientific measurements of space plasma properties such as the plasma density, mean energy, plasma distribution function, and electric fields are needed onboard, the measurements may be affected. The effects on each of these measurements are explained here. We first examine the basic mechanism of how a charged object disturbs the ambient plasma. A charged spacecraft repels the plasma charges of the same sign and attracts those of the opposite sign .... Who"}, {"title": "", "text": "The closure of the current across field lines in the collisional, electri- cal Iy conducting ionosphere accelerates the low-altitude ions via the J x B force or ponderomotive force. This force is the macroscale manifestation of the Lorentz force, which maintains charged particles in their orbits around magnetic field lines. It can also transfer stress from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere such as to enforce co-rotation of the cold magnetospheric ions. This mechanism is especially important in the jovian magnetosphere. In the terrestrial auroral ionosphere, the chain of momentum transfer is completed when the moving ionospheric ions transfer their momentum to the neutral gas, generating high-altitude winds. The overall coupling from the solar wind down to the ionosphere is a very complex process, and it is fair to say that while we now understand this process much better than even 58 a decade ago, it is not yet understood as well as we need to understand it. IMPACT AND RELEVANCE Planetary magnetospheres are important first and foremost because we live inside one. Earth is currently the only habitable planet, and that habitability may in part be due to the shield provided by Earth's magneto- sphere. That shield also protects our spacecraft and com- munication systems. At times, however, the shield is overwhelmed and it is not as effective. It is becoming more and more important to be able to predict when these ti mes of stress occur. Now the question of habitability extends beyond Earth. Other planets are magnetized and may once have had Earth-like fields"}, {"title": "", "text": "ionosphere is least active and when the spacecraft is less than 800 km from the Martian surface, a condition that occurs for 26 minutes during each 6.75 hour orbit. During the lifetime of the mission, the instrument will be able to conduct ground penetrating studies over the entire planet. Sounding the ionosphere During the day, sunlight ionises the upper atmosphere (charges it up electrically) and long wavelength radio waves bounce off it. Those that are reflected from the ionosphere can reveal much about its structure. MARSIS will measure the electron density in the ionosphere and hence quantify the effect of charged particles streaming out from the Sun (the solar wind) on the upper atmosphere. Such measurements will complement those of other instruments whose prime task is to find out whether the unremitting depredations of the solar wind over billions of years have stripped Mars of much of its atmosphere (see ASPERA). For the first 100 days of the mission, however, the orbit will be lower than 800 km during the daytime only. MARSIS will take this opportunity to sound the subsurface at the higher end of its frequency range, study the ionosphere and perform instrument calibrations. This involves measuring the return echoes sent back from the surface only in order to get reliable readings during sounding operations. Once the calibration is complete, dayside subsurface and ionospheric soundings will continue for the remainder of the 100 days. Exploring the south pole and layered terrain For the following 200 days, the lowest part of Mars Express's orbit will"}, {"title": "", "text": "the simulation of the FORMOSAT-5 launch case. However, large rocket launches have typically occurred over sea, making it difficult to take observations of ionospheric depletions throughout their evolution. Therefore, the possibility of rocket launches causing very long lived depletions by depositing exhaust gasses high in the ionosphere, as seen in the FORMOSAT-5 simulation, cannot be precluded. \\subsection{Future work} Further simulations using the modified version of GITM could be used to investigate the sensitivity of ionospheric depletions to launch trajectory, the upper atmosphere environment, and physical and chemical parameters. The present work indicated the strong dependence of the ionospheric depletion on the altitude reached by the second stage and this should be further investigated. It would be possible to use the numerical model to consider the effects of increased solar and geomagnetic activity on the formation and recovery of ionospheric depletions. Variation with the local time and latitude of the launch might also be considered. Uncertainties in ionospheric depletion behaviour due to those in reaction rate and diffusion coefficients may be quantified through a sensitivity analysis. An improved model of the rocket exhaust gas source could be obtained through the direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method. This technique was previously used to model the transport of rocket exhaust in order in order to study ionospheric interactions of rocket exhaust by Bernhardt et al. \\cite{bernhardt2012}. Rocket exhaust plume gasses push aside ionospheric plasma, resulting in a redistribution of $n_e$ on much shorter time-scales than the ionospheric depletions considered above. This is referred to as the snowplow effect and could"}, {"title": "", "text": "the ionosphere and thermosphere models used in this work. The IRI and GITM models provided reasonable estimates for the background TEC in both of the cases examined, as seen by comparison of the TEC maps Fig.~\\ref{fig_GITM_TEC_map_data} and Fig.~\\ref{fig_MAPGPS_TEC_data}. However, these models overestimated the height at which the F-region peak occurred without the depletion, as shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig_PA836_ionograms}. As electron production rates decrease with altitude, this disagreement in turn contributes to the overestimate of the recovery time by the simulation. Furthermore, the boundary conditions of the regional GITM simulation do not incorporate general global circulation patterns. Thus, the accuracy of the simulation is expected to degrade significantly with time, particularly post sunset when day-to-night transport is neglected. The GNSS TEC data were derived based on ionospheric pierce points at $450 \\, \\mathrm{km}$ altitude \\cite{rideout2006}. However, the numerical modelling and ionosonde data shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig_PA836_ionograms} indicate that the ionospheric plasma is predominantly concentrated at lower altitudes, particularly within the region affected by the depletion. Thus the depletion seen in Fig.~\\ref{subfig_MAPGPS_F5_TEC_data} may be somewhat distorted. The oblique angles at which the GNSS measurements were taken together with the vertical distribution of the ionosphere limited resolution in latitude and longitude. This issue could have helped obscure the narrow ionospheric depletion the simulation suggested would occur following the Jason-3 launch. Prior studies have indicated lifetimes of ionospheric depletions due to rocket launches ranging from $0.5$ to $6$ hours \\cite{park2016}. This range is consistent with observational data for the FORMOSAT-5 launch case and the simulation of the Jason-3 launch case, but not"}, {"title": "", "text": "generated upon vehicle reentry. The major effects appear to occur in the ionospheric F2 region, resulting primarily in enhanced airglow. While not posing any threat to safety at ground level, it may affect planetside optical sensing devices. Beyond 500 km, the effects are related to heavy ion concentration due to rocket effluents, and to electric and magnetic fields generated by the orbiting SPS. These potential problems are not well understood and require further study. Because of deficiencies in our understanding of the physical and chemical processes above 40 or 50 km, especially with regard to water budget, there is a large uncertainty connected with any prediction. However, climatic effects that may arise from SPS-related perturbations in stratospheric and meso*spheric composition are not expected to be highly significant (U.S. DOE, 1978a). Source: HYDROGEN ENERGY PROGRESS Proceedings of the 3rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference Just like MIRAGE, rocket effluents... they cause airglow, and other TLE's. Orbit Maneuvering System (1981) Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, \u201ca series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories\u201d in order to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they could \u201cinduce ionospheric holes\u201d, and began to experiment with holes made in the day time, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo,"}, {"title": "", "text": "communication blackout typically encountered during (re-)entry into planetary atmospheres. An international consortium comprising universities, SMEs, research institutions, and industry has been formed in order to develop this technology within the MEESST project. The latter is funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) program of the European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 scheme (grant no. 899298). Atmospheric entry imposes one of the harshest environments which a spacecraft can experience. The combination of hypersonic velocities and the rapid compression of atmospheric particles by the spacecraft leads to high-enthalpy, partially ionised gases forming around the vehicle. This inhibits radio communications and induces high thermal loads on the spacecraft surface. For the former problem, spacecraft can sometimes rely on satellite constellations for communicating through the plasma wake and therefore preventing the blackout. On the other hand, expensive, heavy, and non-reusable thermal protection systems (TPS) are needed to dissipate the severe thermal loads. Such TPS can represent up to 30% of an entry vehicles weight, and especially for manned missions they can reduce the cost- efficiency by sacrificing payload mass. Such systems are also prone to failure, putting the lives of astronauts at risk. The use of electromagnetic fields to exploit MHD principles has long been considered as an attractive solution for tackling the problems described above. By pushing the boundary layer of the ionized gas layer away from the spacecraft, the thermal loads can be reduced, while also opening a magnetic window for radio communications and mitigating the blackout phenomenon. The application of this MHD-enabled system has previously not been demonstrated"}, {"title": "", "text": "HUNTSVILLE, Ala., Aug. 3, 2017 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ \u2014 NASA and a team of Brazilian space researchers have announced a joint CubeSat mission to study phenomena in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere \u2014 a region of charged particles called the ionosphere \u2014 capable of disrupting communications and navigation systems on the ground and potentially impacting satellites and human explorers in space. Two phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 equatorial plasma bubbles and scintillation \u2014 have impacted radio communication systems, satellite technologies and global positioning system (GPS) signals for decades, said Jim Spann, chief scientist for the Science and Technology Directorate at NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Equatorial plasma bubbles are regions of comparatively low density which may elongate into towering plumes during high-intensity periods. Scintillation is a unique type of atmospheric fluctuation that can interrupt radio frequencies, much like the \u201ctwinkling\u201d effect seen in starlight when optical frequencies are disrupted. The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task (SPORT) mission, funded by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, will observe these peculiar structures in order to understand what causes them, determine how to predict their behavior and assess ways to mitigate their effects. \u201cDegraded communications and GPS signals are known to be closely linked to these phenomena,\u201d Spann said. It\u2019s his goal to shed new light on these phenomena and inspire new operational solutions to contend with the disturbed conditions. \u201cAs society becomes more dependent every day on space-based technology \u2014 cell phones, self-driving cars, secure military communications \u2014 it\u2019s critically important we first understand the environment in which our"}, {"title": "", "text": "HUNTSVILLE, Ala., Aug. 3, 2017 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ \u2014 NASA and a team of Brazilian space researchers have announced a joint CubeSat mission to study phenomena in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere \u2014 a region of charged particles called the ionosphere \u2014 capable of disrupting communications and navigation systems on the ground and potentially impacting satellites and human explorers in space. Two phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 equatorial plasma bubbles and scintillation \u2014 have impacted radio communication systems, satellite technologies and global positioning system (GPS) signals for decades, said Jim Spann, chief scientist for the Science and Technology Directorate at NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Equatorial plasma bubbles are regions of comparatively low density which may elongate into towering plumes during high-intensity periods. Scintillation is a unique type of atmospheric fluctuation that can interrupt radio frequencies, much like the \u201ctwinkling\u201d effect seen in starlight when optical frequencies are disrupted. The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task (SPORT) mission, funded by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, will observe these peculiar structures in order to understand what causes them, determine how to predict their behavior and assess ways to mitigate their effects. \u201cDegraded communications and GPS signals are known to be closely linked to these phenomena,\u201d Spann said. It\u2019s his goal to shed new light on these phenomena and inspire new operational solutions to contend with the disturbed conditions. \u201cAs society becomes more dependent every day on space-based technology \u2014 cell phones, self-driving cars, secure military communications \u2014 it\u2019s critically important we first understand the environment in which our"}, {"title": "", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space vehicles that re-enter the atmosphere often experience communication blackout. The blackout occurs when the vehicle becomes engulfed in plasma produced by interactions between the vehicle surface and the atmosphere. The plasma often is concentrated in a relatively thin shell around the vehicle, with higher densities near its nose than rear. A less structured, sometimes turbulent plasma wake often trails the vehicle. The plasma shell severely affects the performance of side-mounted antennas as it alters their characteristics (frequency response, gain patterns, axial ratio, and impedance) away from nominal, free-space values, sometimes entirely shielding the antenna from the outside world. The plasma plume/turbulent wake similarly affect the performance of antennas mounted at the back of the vehicle. The electromagnetic characteristics of the thin plasma shell and plume/turbulent wake heavily depend on the type of re-entry trajectory, the vehicle's speed, angles of attack, and chemical composition, as well as environmental conditions. To analyze the antennas' performance during blackout and to design robust communication antennas, efficient and accurate simulation tools for charactering the antennas' performance along the trajectory are called for."}, {"title": "", "text": "Space vehicles that re-enter the atmosphere often experience communication blackout. The blackout occurs when the vehicle becomes engulfed in plasma produced by interactions between the vehicle surface and the atmosphere. The plasma often is concentrated in a relatively thin shell around the vehicle, with higher densities near its nose than rear. A less structured, sometimes turbulent plasma wake often trails the vehicle. The plasma shell severely affects the performance of side-mounted antennas as it alters their characteristics (frequency response, gain patterns, axial ratio, and impedance) away from nominal, free-space values, sometimes entirely shielding the antenna from the outside world. The plasma plume/turbulent wake similarly affect the performance of antennas mounted at the back of the vehicle. The electromagnetic characteristics of the thin plasma shell and plume/turbulent wake heavily depend on the type of re-entry trajectory, the vehicle's speed, angles of attack, and chemical composition, as well as environmental conditions. To analyze the antennas' performance during blackout and to design robust communication antennas, efficient and accurate simulation tools for charactering the antennas' performance along the trajectory are called for."}, {"title": "", "text": "Reentry Missions Yusuke Takahashi Full Text Available A numerical analysis of electromagnetic waves around the atmospheric reentry demonstrator (ARD of the European Space Agency (ESA in an atmospheric reentry mission was conducted. During the ARD mission, which involves a 70% scaled-down configuration capsule of the Apollo command module, radio frequency blackout and strong plasma attenuation of radio waves in communications with data relay satellites and air planes were observed. The electromagnetic interference was caused by highly dense plasma derived from a strong shock wave generated in front of the capsule because of orbital speed during reentry. In this study, the physical properties of the plasma flow in the shock layer and wake region of the ESA ARD were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics technique. Then, electromagnetic waves were expressed using a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method using the plasma properties. The analysis model was validated based on experimental flight data. A comparison of the measured and predicted results showed good agreement. The distribution of charged particles around the ESA ARD and the complicated behavior of electromagnetic waves, with attenuation and reflection, are clarified in detail. It is suggested that the analysis model could be an effective tool for investigating radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation in radio wave communication. Dynamics and causalities of atmospheric and oceanic data identified by complex networks and Granger causality analysis Charakopoulos, A. K.; Katsouli, G. A.; Karakasidis, T. E. Understanding the underlying processes and extracting detailed characteristics of spatiotemporal dynamics of ocean and atmosphere as well as their interaction is of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Reentry Missions Yusuke Takahashi Full Text Available A numerical analysis of electromagnetic waves around the atmospheric reentry demonstrator (ARD of the European Space Agency (ESA in an atmospheric reentry mission was conducted. During the ARD mission, which involves a 70% scaled-down configuration capsule of the Apollo command module, radio frequency blackout and strong plasma attenuation of radio waves in communications with data relay satellites and air planes were observed. The electromagnetic interference was caused by highly dense plasma derived from a strong shock wave generated in front of the capsule because of orbital speed during reentry. In this study, the physical properties of the plasma flow in the shock layer and wake region of the ESA ARD were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics technique. Then, electromagnetic waves were expressed using a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method using the plasma properties. The analysis model was validated based on experimental flight data. A comparison of the measured and predicted results showed good agreement. The distribution of charged particles around the ESA ARD and the complicated behavior of electromagnetic waves, with attenuation and reflection, are clarified in detail. It is suggested that the analysis model could be an effective tool for investigating radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation in radio wave communication. Dynamics and causalities of atmospheric and oceanic data identified by complex networks and Granger causality analysis Charakopoulos, A. K.; Katsouli, G. A.; Karakasidis, T. E. Understanding the underlying processes and extracting detailed characteristics of spatiotemporal dynamics of ocean and atmosphere as well as their interaction is of"}, {"title": "", "text": "probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design) are widely"}, {"title": "", "text": "Understand how chemical processes, winds and electric fields combine to drive ionosphere variability. Provide knowledge of plasma gradients and other spatial and temporal variability key to radio-based operational needs. What is the role of gravity waves in \u201cseeding\u201d equatorial Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that lead to plasma bubbles (depletions)? Cross-scale plasma-neutral processes in the equatorial ionosphere are fundamental. Dispel existing controversies on the origins of plasma bubbles that lead to plasma irregularities and radio scintillations. Develop the basis for forecasting ionospheric scintillations. What is the relative importance of thermal expansion, upwelling, and advection in defining total mass density changes? This question is fundamental to understanding the global IT response to magnetospheric forcing. Develop a better physical basis for empirical drag prediction models. 8.5.1.3 ESCAPE (Energetics, Sources and Couplings of Atmosphere-Plasma Escape) Mission (Medium Class) With the recognition that outflows of ionospheric ions can have profound effects on the AIM system, it has become abundantly evident that understanding of the outflow process is severely lacking, especially during episodic space weather events when O+ ion outflows become superfluent. An important step forward in remedying this deficiency can be accomplished with a dual spacecraft mission identified here as ESCAPE. Its configuration and its instrumentation resemble those of the SWMI panel mission MISTE, but, with its closer vertical separations and lower-altitude apogee, ESCAPE achieves relatively high-accuracy magnetic alignments at altitudes below the ion baropause (~2,000-km altitude), where upflowing ionospheric ions become sufficiently energized to escape coulomb collisions and gravity. The primary goal of the ESCAPE mission is to answer the question, How"}, {"title": "", "text": "Triboelectric effect they call the \"Triboelectrification Rule\" whereby they will cancel a launch if the launch vehicle is predicted to pass through certain types of clouds. Flying through high-level clouds can generate \"P-static\" (P for precipitation), which can create static around the launch vehicle that will interfere with radio signals sent by or to the vehicle. This may prevent transmitting of telemetry to the ground or, if the need arises, sending a signal to the vehicle, particularly critical signals for the flight termination system. When a hold is put in place due to the triboelectrification rule, it remains until Space Wing and"}, {"title": "", "text": "by spacecraft launches. 15.7 Conclusions Contemporary ionospheric science has many aspects: as a branch of solarterrestrial physics and the earth\u2019s environment; the science of radiocommunications, e.g. predicting and forecasting; the mathematics of wave propagation in the ionosphere; man-made radio transmissions, and natural electromagnetic emissions, magnetic pulsations and other phenomena. As a natural plasma, often nonlinear and nonthermal, the ionosphere is a site for active experiments with radiowaves, powerful enough to produce observable ionospheric modi\ufb01cations, in the form of increased temperatures and plasma instabilities, and with chemical releases and particle beam experiments. Such ionospheric plasma physics experiments provide new physical insights, although they often raise more questions than they solve. Problems remain at the upper and lower boundaries; i.e. the interactions with the lower atmosphere and the magnetosphere, and how their e\ufb00ects spread worldwide. Large electric \ufb01elds generated in thunderstorms can a\ufb00ect the ionosphere. There are suggestions of topographic in\ufb02uences, e.g. of mountain ranges, on the ionosphere. The reverse question of ionospheric, geomagnetic and solar e\ufb00ects on weather and climate is contentious; possible relations between magnetic and solar disturbance and the weather have been found, but their physical mechanisms are not well established. The basic mechanisms of the ionosphere seem to be known, but surprises are possible in any active area of science, and many questions remain. The everyday monitoring of this important part of the environment is as vital for progress in the future as it has been in the past. 15.8 Bibliography JURSA, A.S. (Ed.): \u2018Handbook of geophysics and the space environment\u2019 (Air Force Geophysics"}, {"title": "", "text": "magnetic fields are again oppositely directed, and magnetic reconnection drives hot plasma toward Earth during what are called geomagnetic storms or substorms. Some of the ambient plasma penetrates all the way down to Earth's atmosphere, where it excites molecules in the atmosphere, and they give off light as they de-excite. This is the origin of the auroral lights seen near Earth's poles. Consequently, researching magnetic reconnection is a major aspect of understanding the Sun and the Sun's impact on Earth's space environment; that field of study is called \u201cheliophysics\u201d or \u201cgeospace sciences.\u201d There are numerous practical reasons we care about magnetic reconnection. When a flare occurs, it emits energetic radiation that travels through space and gets absorbed in Earth's atmosphere. Some of the neutral material gets ionized, increasing how much plasma is in the ionosphere. This has important consequences. Satellites can go off their desired course since there is more resistance in the ionosphere. Also, satellites send signals through the ionosphere, and the path those signals take changes, just like light bends when going from air to water and vice versa. This is called \u201cscintillation\u201d and impacts GPS signals as well as military, aviation, and commercial communications. The solar radiation also degrades solar cells on satellites, makes undesirable changes to instruments onboard satellites, and is harmful to astronauts. Changes to Earth's magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm drive electrical currents through conductors on the ground, which can degrade pipelines and overload transformers on the power grid. These effects are collectively referred to as \u201cspace weather,\u201d and"}, {"title": "", "text": "magnetic fields are again oppositely directed, and magnetic reconnection drives hot plasma toward Earth during what are called geomagnetic storms or substorms. Some of the ambient plasma penetrates all the way down to Earth's atmosphere, where it excites molecules in the atmosphere, and they give off light as they de-excite. This is the origin of the auroral lights seen near Earth's poles. Consequently, researching magnetic reconnection is a major aspect of understanding the Sun and the Sun's impact on Earth's space environment; that field of study is called \u201cheliophysics\u201d or \u201cgeospace sciences.\u201d There are numerous practical reasons we care about magnetic reconnection. When a flare occurs, it emits energetic radiation that travels through space and gets absorbed in Earth's atmosphere. Some of the neutral material gets ionized, increasing how much plasma is in the ionosphere. This has important consequences. Satellites can go off their desired course since there is more resistance in the ionosphere. Also, satellites send signals through the ionosphere, and the path those signals take changes, just like light bends when going from air to water and vice versa. This is called \u201cscintillation\u201d and impacts GPS signals as well as military, aviation, and commercial communications. The solar radiation also degrades solar cells on satellites, makes undesirable changes to instruments onboard satellites, and is harmful to astronauts. Changes to Earth's magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm drive electrical currents through conductors on the ground, which can degrade pipelines and overload transformers on the power grid. These effects are collectively referred to as \u201cspace weather,\u201d and"}, {"title": "", "text": "priority for both civilian and military space operations. These scintillations are prevalent at low geographic latitudes as well as in the auroral regions, disrupting radio communications in critical geographical locations. They occur more frequently and extend to higher altitudes during times of high solar activity. Changes in ionospheric total electron content during geomagnetic storms compromise the performance of GPS technology vital for aviation and many other commercial and defense applications (see Figure 3.3). The participating electrons from the aurora also charge space systems, such as the ISS, generating the danger of arcing associated with discharges. Radiation and Human Space Exploration Humans venturing into space are vulnerable to damage caused by episodic radiation in the form of energetic particles from the Sun and from cosmic rays that constantly impinge on the solar system from FIGURE 3.3 Total electron content (TEC), a measure of column-integrated electron density, derived from dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for the November 20, 2003, geomagnetic storm. The tongue of enhanced electron density (red hue) is a signature of storm-time circulation and reflects the interplay of ionosphere-magnetosphere dynamics during active periods. Gradients in TEC (shown here as variations in hue) can cause GPS receivers to lose location lock, affecting many GPS-dependent systems. SOURCE: A. Coster and J. Foster, Space weather impacts of the subauroral polarization stream, Radio Science Bulletin 321:28-36, 2007; copyright 2007 Radio Science Press, Belgium, for the International Union of Radio Science (URSI); used with permission. the galaxy. These dangers are well recognized3 if not yet predictable: astronauts on the ISS"}, {"title": "", "text": "used to probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design)"}, {"title": "", "text": "used to probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design)"}, {"title": "", "text": "helps scientists understand the ionosphere's density and better understand and forecast space weather. Earth's ionosphere is a complex and dynamic region of the space environment consisting of a sparse plasma with a reasonably well-known climatology, interspersed with transient structures, depletions and bubbles, and irregularities. Global scale dynamical processes such as solar heating, waves, tides, electric fields, and auroral precipitation drive strong density gradients in the ionosphere. At both low and middle latitudes, plasma irregularities in the ionosphere create fluctuations in electron density and electric fields over a wide range of scale sizes. The larger bubbles and TIDs (Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances) can span hundreds or even thousands of kilometers and can cause errors in differential navigation solutions. The nighttime low-latitude ionosphere is also characterized by smaller-scale bubbles or plumes that are particularly severe at low latitudes under geomagnetically quiet conditions. The gradients associated with these plasma depletions serve as the breeding ground for the development of smaller secondary instabilities and perturbations. It is these phenomena that create scintillations on radio waves propagating through the affected region, affecting all frequencies less than a few GHz and causing interference and outages of radio navigation and communication links. Because of this impact on operational navigation and communication systems, understanding and forecasting irregularity formation, development, and evolution is a vital and vibrant area of research for the space weather community. 21) 22) LITES was developed by NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) and University of Massachusetts at Lowell,with Andrew Stephan of NRL as PI and NASA as the sponsoring agency. LITES measures the"}, {"title": "", "text": "helps scientists understand the ionosphere's density and better understand and forecast space weather. Earth's ionosphere is a complex and dynamic region of the space environment consisting of a sparse plasma with a reasonably well-known climatology, interspersed with transient structures, depletions and bubbles, and irregularities. Global scale dynamical processes such as solar heating, waves, tides, electric fields, and auroral precipitation drive strong density gradients in the ionosphere. At both low and middle latitudes, plasma irregularities in the ionosphere create fluctuations in electron density and electric fields over a wide range of scale sizes. The larger bubbles and TIDs (Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances) can span hundreds or even thousands of kilometers and can cause errors in differential navigation solutions. The nighttime low-latitude ionosphere is also characterized by smaller-scale bubbles or plumes that are particularly severe at low latitudes under geomagnetically quiet conditions. The gradients associated with these plasma depletions serve as the breeding ground for the development of smaller secondary instabilities and perturbations. It is these phenomena that create scintillations on radio waves propagating through the affected region, affecting all frequencies less than a few GHz and causing interference and outages of radio navigation and communication links. Because of this impact on operational navigation and communication systems, understanding and forecasting irregularity formation, development, and evolution is a vital and vibrant area of research for the space weather community. 21) 22) LITES was developed by NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) and University of Massachusetts at Lowell,with Andrew Stephan of NRL as PI and NASA as the sponsoring agency. LITES measures the"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the Milky Way create a beautiful band across a dark, nighttime sky. Traveling ionospheric disturbances Atmospheric compression (i.e. acoustic waves) from a sudden event, such as an earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, severe weather or rocket launches can create traveling ionospheric disturbances and this can induce telluric currents in the ground via the geomagnetic \ufb01eld. Travelling ionospheric disturbance are themselves a category of geomagnetically induced currents. When a solar flare occurs on the Sun a blast of intense ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray (sometimes even gamma ray) radiation hits the dayside of the Earth after a propagation time of about 8 minutes. This high energy radiation is absorbed by atmospheric particles, raising them to excited states and knocking electrons free in the process of photoionization. The low altitude ionospheric layers (D region and E region) immediately increase in density over the entire dayside. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. Scientists on the ground can use this enhancement to detect solar flares; by monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate when solar flares have taken place. The small geomagnetic effect in the lower ionosphere appears as a small hook on magnetic records and is therefore called \u201cgeomagnetic crochet effect\u201d or \u201csudden field effect\u201d. Short wave radio waves (in the HF range) are absorbed by the increased particles in the low altitude ionosphere causing a complete blackout of radio communications. This is called a short wave fadeout (SWF). These fadeouts last for a few minutes to a few"}, {"title": "", "text": "the presence of electrons downstream adds to the ionization in this region. Hence, even if charge neutrality is insured a downstream plasma with charged particles exists outside of the thruster body, this plasma is known as the plasma plume. The possible damage the plume may cause on the host spacecraft is the main reason why it has been and is still a great concern in using electric propulsion systems to propel a spacecraft rather than using conventional chemical propulsion [6]. One of the major problems with the plasma plume is that the accelerated ions might undergo charge exchange collisions with the slow neutrals, which then produces slow ions that can backscatter and deposit on the thruster body, solar panels, scientific instruments, etc. In the early 1970s a \"Porcupine\" rocket project was launched to investigate the behavior of an artificial ion beam in the Ionosphere. The results showed that the Xenon ion beam induced high-frequency turbulence as far away as 100 m from the thruster [7,8]. High and low frequency oscillations in both current and space potential can occur due to the cathode plume interacting with the thruster plume. These oscillations increase the erosion of grids and walls and again limits the lifetime and performance of the thrusters [3, and references therein]. New electric propulsion systems are now intensively studied in order to prolong the lifetime and performances of electrostatic and electromagnetic thrusters. Some of them does not need a neutralizer [9]. Ion-ion plasma for electric propulsion Using ion-ion plasma in order to accelerate both positive and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Using Green Bank Observatory in West Virginia, PSI Associate Research Scientist Elizabeth A. Jensen\u2019s team observed radio signals from NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft passing through a solar eruption known as a Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and discovered evidence for electrical currents and accelerated plasmas trailing in its wake. CMEs can cause communication disruptions and electrical grid failures as they hit Earth. MESSENGER, orbiting Mercury, was on the other side of the Sun from the Earth, in the right place at the right time for this measurement to be made. Understanding the structure of these events is necessary to properly prepare for their potential impacts on orbiting satellites and on Earth. This work was supported by NASA and ACS Consulting, LLC. Green Bank Observatory is supported by the National Science Foundation."}, {"title": "", "text": "dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused by such"}, {"title": "", "text": "dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused by such"}, {"title": "", "text": "plasma injected from the magnetotail. This increase in the ring current causes a worldwide depression of the horizontal geomagnetic field during a magnetic storm. riometer (Relative Ionospheric Opacity meter) A specially designed ground-level radio receiver for continuous monitoring of cosmic noise. The absorption of cosmic noise in the polar regions is very sensitive to the solar low-energy cosmic ray flux. Absorption events are known as PCAs (polar cap absorption) and are primarily associated with major solar flares. rudimentary A type of sunspot penumbra characterized by granular (rather than filamentary) structure, brighter intensity than the umbra, and narrow extent, and possibly only partially surrounding the umbra. Penumbrae are typically rudimentary during the sunspot formative and decay phases. satellite anomaly The usually undesirable response of spacecraft systems to variations in the space environment. High energy particles cause detector noise and/or physical damage to solar cells, electronics, and memory devices (single event upsets or \u201dbitflips\u201d). Large and varying low-to-medium energy particle fluxes can result in a charge buildup between spacecraft components especially during the eclipse season and during spacecraft maneuvers. Atmospheric drag on spacecraft below approximately 1,000 km can increase during geomagnetic storms, resulting in cross-track and in-track orbit errors and orientation problems. Various communication interference problems result during solar radio bursts from flares when the Sun is within the field of view of the ground tracking dish. Ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms can cause radio telemetry scintillation and fading. S-band Radio frequencies between 1.55 and 5.20 GHz. For satellite communication. The term usually refers to frequencies used for"}, {"title": "", "text": "plasma injected from the magnetotail. This increase in the ring current causes a worldwide depression of the horizontal geomagnetic field during a magnetic storm. riometer (Relative Ionospheric Opacity meter) A specially designed ground-level radio receiver for continuous monitoring of cosmic noise. The absorption of cosmic noise in the polar regions is very sensitive to the solar low-energy cosmic ray flux. Absorption events are known as PCAs (polar cap absorption) and are primarily associated with major solar flares. rudimentary A type of sunspot penumbra characterized by granular (rather than filamentary) structure, brighter intensity than the umbra, and narrow extent, and possibly only partially surrounding the umbra. Penumbrae are typically rudimentary during the sunspot formative and decay phases. satellite anomaly The usually undesirable response of spacecraft systems to variations in the space environment. High energy particles cause detector noise and/or physical damage to solar cells, electronics, and memory devices (single event upsets or \u201dbitflips\u201d). Large and varying low-to-medium energy particle fluxes can result in a charge buildup between spacecraft components especially during the eclipse season and during spacecraft maneuvers. Atmospheric drag on spacecraft below approximately 1,000 km can increase during geomagnetic storms, resulting in cross-track and in-track orbit errors and orientation problems. Various communication interference problems result during solar radio bursts from flares when the Sun is within the field of view of the ground tracking dish. Ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms can cause radio telemetry scintillation and fading. S-band Radio frequencies between 1.55 and 5.20 GHz. For satellite communication. The term usually refers to frequencies used for"}, {"title": "", "text": "A remarkable new report claims that the SpaceX rocket punched a gigantic hole in the ionosphere. When SpaceX launched its Falcon 9 rocket in August 2017, it smashed a giant hole in the plasma of the ionosphere that lasted for hours and may have affected GPS, an astonishing new report claims. The hole was huge, stretching 559 miles, and it last for 3 hours and had the effects of a localized magnetic storm. It happened because of the unique situation of this particular SpaceX rocket, because it was carrying an abnormally light payload. Most rockets use a curved trajectory to handle the loads of gravity and stress on the rocket, but because this Falcon 9 rocket had such a light payload, it punched straight upward through the ionosphere. It was not a big problem in this one instance, but it does raise some concern about larger rocket launches that happen more frequently will affect the GPS position that we rely on so completely in this day and age. It may even affect how rockets are designed in the future. \u201cOn 24 August 2017, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket departed from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, carrying Taiwan\u2019s FORMOSAT\u20105 Earth observation satellite into orbit,\u201d states the abstract of the paper, published in AGU. \u201cThe lightly weighted solo payload enables the rocket to fly a lofted trajectory for direct insertion at the mission altitude of 720 km. This unique nearly vertical trajectory is different from the usual satellite launches that the rockets fly over horizontal trajectory and"}, {"title": "", "text": "A remarkable new report claims that the SpaceX rocket punched a gigantic hole in the ionosphere. When SpaceX launched its Falcon 9 rocket in August 2017, it smashed a giant hole in the plasma of the ionosphere that lasted for hours and may have affected GPS, an astonishing new report claims. The hole was huge, stretching 559 miles, and it last for 3 hours and had the effects of a localized magnetic storm. It happened because of the unique situation of this particular SpaceX rocket, because it was carrying an abnormally light payload. Most rockets use a curved trajectory to handle the loads of gravity and stress on the rocket, but because this Falcon 9 rocket had such a light payload, it punched straight upward through the ionosphere. It was not a big problem in this one instance, but it does raise some concern about larger rocket launches that happen more frequently will affect the GPS position that we rely on so completely in this day and age. It may even affect how rockets are designed in the future. \u201cOn 24 August 2017, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket departed from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, carrying Taiwan\u2019s FORMOSAT\u20105 Earth observation satellite into orbit,\u201d states the abstract of the paper, published in AGU. \u201cThe lightly weighted solo payload enables the rocket to fly a lofted trajectory for direct insertion at the mission altitude of 720 km. This unique nearly vertical trajectory is different from the usual satellite launches that the rockets fly over horizontal trajectory and"}, {"title": "", "text": "in heat) and pressure displaces the otherwise normal atmosphere, akin to placing a rock in a stream.... the water must now flow around it. So yes, it does say it modifies the weather. I read the disclaimer on MIMIC. As I stated earlier, I included these due to the sheer coincidnece of it all, two NEXRAD flashes, two MIMIC anomalies (EXACTLY what I called them, anomalies) You can convict a man of murder with enough coincidental evidence. Saturn V Rocket (1975) Due to a malfunction, the Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced \u201ca large ionospheric hole\u201d (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science 187,343, 1975). The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the ionosphere. See: PROBING OF THE ARTIFICIAL HOLE IN THE IONOSPHERE WITH THE HF SKYWAVE RADAR a445929 They let China\u2019s CRIRP do these tests, irony. Source: DTIC.mil btw, HAARP is a rectenna: Climatological and heating effects of the microwave power trans*mission system in the lower atmosphere. Between 60 and 500 km, the atmosphere is subject to modification from rocket thruster effluents and from oblation materials"}, {"title": "", "text": "gives us the big picture of how different drivers meet and influence each other.\u201d Historically difficult to observe, this little understood region responds both to terrestrial weather in the lower atmosphere and the tumult of space weather above. It responds rapidly, too, undergoing dramatic change in as little as an hour. Big events in the lower atmosphere, such as hurricanes or tsunamis, create waves that can travel all the way up to this interface to space, changing wind patterns and causing disruptions. From the space side, flurries of energized particles and solar storms carry electric and magnetic fields and have the potential to disrupt Earth\u2019s space environment. This combination of factors makes it difficult to predict changes in the ionosphere. \u201cSpace isn\u2019t just the home of astronauts and satellites; it affects our day-to-day lives,\u201d said Sarah Jones, GOLD mission scientist at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. Low-Earth orbiting satellites and the International Space Station fly through the ionosphere. Communication signals, radio waves, and GPS signals also travel through this region. Sudden changes in the ionosphere can disrupt these space-based activities. GOLD seeks to understand what drives change in this critical region. The resulting data will improve forecasting models of the space weather events. It is the first mission that can provide observations fast enough to monitor in detail the hour-by-hour changes (not just the overall climate) of space weather. Roughly the size of a mini fridge, the 80-pound GOLD instrument is an imaging spectrograph that breaks light down into its component wavelengths and measures their intensities."}, {"title": "", "text": "terrestrial-weather-driven thermosphere interacts with the ionosphere\u2019s charged particles. Understanding how the neutral atmosphere affects the ions and vice versa is key to better understanding the complex space weather system surrounding our planet, which affects spacecraft and astronauts flying through it. The launch of AETHER would be no later than 2024. The principal investigator for AETHER is James Clemmons at the University of New Hampshire in Durham. Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZIE) NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson pauses for a portrait while donning her spacesuit and going under water in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab, Monday, July 8, 2019 at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls) EZIE would focus on an electric current known as the auroral electrojet, which circles through the atmosphere around 60 to 90 miles above Earth, near the poles. Using three SmallSats to measure magnetic fields, EZIE would observe the structure of electrojets and explore what causes them and how they evolve. Electrojets are part of a larger space weather system that can lead to oscillations in Earth\u2019s magnetic fields, creating geomagnetic storms that can interfere with spacecraft and \u2013 at their most intense \u2013 utility grids on the ground. Knowing how electrojets form and grow could contribute to ultimately predicting such storms. EZIE would launch as part of the agency\u2019s CubeSat Launch Initiative. EZIE also would launch no later than 2024. The principal investigator for EZIE is Jeng-Hwa Yee at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland."}, {"title": "", "text": "Electromagnetic interferences from plasmas generated in meteoroids impacts It is shown that the plasma, generated during an impact of a meteoroid with an artificial satellite, can produce electromagnetic radiation below the microwave frequency range. This interference is shown to exceed local noise sources and might disturb regular satellite operations. Introduction. -At the end of 1998, the first modules of the International Space Station will be put in orbit around the Earth and this should open new frontiers for life in space. The intensive use of the space makes necessary to know the potential risks. The threat from meteoroids is today well known and several authors have underlined the risks connected with the impact on a spacecraft (for a review, see [1]). However, the Olympus end-of-life anomaly [2] and the recent work of McDonnell et al. [3] put a new light on these issues. The Olympus failure is a paradigmatic example: in that case, the impact with a Perseid meteoroid may have generated electrical failures, leading to a chain reaction which culminated with an early end of the mission [2]. On the other hand, McDonnell et al. [3] showed that, if the plasma charge and current production during an impact are considered, meteoroid streams can be very dangerous, even during normal conditions. It should be noted that they considered only damages by direct discharges or current injection in circuits (e.g. via the umbilical) [3]. However, there are several other ways by which the plasma could interact with the spacecraft electronics. For example, it is useful to recall"}, {"title": "", "text": "Electromagnetic interferences from plasmas generated in meteoroids impacts It is shown that the plasma, generated during an impact of a meteoroid with an artificial satellite, can produce electromagnetic radiation below the microwave frequency range. This interference is shown to exceed local noise sources and might disturb regular satellite operations. Introduction. -At the end of 1998, the first modules of the International Space Station will be put in orbit around the Earth and this should open new frontiers for life in space. The intensive use of the space makes necessary to know the potential risks. The threat from meteoroids is today well known and several authors have underlined the risks connected with the impact on a spacecraft (for a review, see [1]). However, the Olympus end-of-life anomaly [2] and the recent work of McDonnell et al. [3] put a new light on these issues. The Olympus failure is a paradigmatic example: in that case, the impact with a Perseid meteoroid may have generated electrical failures, leading to a chain reaction which culminated with an early end of the mission [2]. On the other hand, McDonnell et al. [3] showed that, if the plasma charge and current production during an impact are considered, meteoroid streams can be very dangerous, even during normal conditions. It should be noted that they considered only damages by direct discharges or current injection in circuits (e.g. via the umbilical) [3]. However, there are several other ways by which the plasma could interact with the spacecraft electronics. For example, it is useful to recall"}, {"title": "", "text": "show that the central body is electrically charged relative to its surroundings. After launch, a spacecraft accepts electrons from the surrounding space plasma until the craft\u2019s voltage is sufficient to repel further electrons. Near Earth it is known that a spacecraft may attain a negative potential of several tens of thousands of volts relative to its surroundings. So, in interplanetary space, the spacecraft becomes a charged object moving in the Sun\u2019s weak electric field. Being negatively charged, it will experience an infinitesimal \u201ctug\u201d toward the positively charged Sun. Of most significance is the fact that the voltage gradient, that is the electric field, throughout interplanetary space remains constant. In other words, the retarding force on the spacecraft will not diminish with distance from the Sun. This effect distinguishes the electrical model from all others because all known force laws diminish with distance. The effect is real and it will have a fundamental impact on cosmology and spacecraft navigation because\u2026 Pioneer 10 has confirmed the electrical model of Stars! Pioneer 10 is now 7.4 billion miles from Earth, maybe 90 percent of the way to the heliopause. The electrical model of the solar system predicts that additional anomalies will be found if a distant spacecraft encounters the heliopause while still in contact with Earth. For the heliopause is the \u201ccathode drop\u201d region of the Sun\u2019s electrical influence. It is a region of strong radial electric field, which will tend to decelerate the spacecraft more strongly. Almost the full difference between the Sun\u2019s voltage and that of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "sounding rockets upwards into the magnetosphere. The Hess Artificial Aurora Experiments (Hess et al., 1971) and the joint French-Soviet ARAKS Experiment (Gendrin, 1974) observed atmospheric emission on the opposite hemisphere to where particles were injected, indicating that electron beams could survive a transition through the magnetosphere. The ECHO experiments (Hendrickson et al., 1971) utilized detectors near to the injection location, demonstrating that particles could undergo multiple transitions from hemisphere to hemisphere, maintaining beam stability and detectability. In all, seven ECHO experiments were performed, providing unique insight into the workings of the magnetosphere (Winckler, 1982;Winckler et al., 1989). These earlier experiments injected beams with energies < 40 keV, however advances in accelerator technology now make it feasible for spacecraft to generate beams of electrons with relativistic energies > 0.5 MeV (Banks et al., 1987;Mishin, 2005). For a fixed beam current, relativistic beams result in reduced spacecraft charging due to lower beam density requirements. Furthermore, three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations have shown that relativistic beams are more stable than lower energy beams during emission from a spacecraft (Gilchrist et al., 2001;Gilchrist, 2002, 2004). It has been proposed that relativistic electron beams could be an ideal diagnostic for field-line tracing within the magnetosphere, assisting in the validation and development of advanced magnetospheric models. Such a diagnostic may also provide additional insights via the active modification of the space-plasma environment (National Research Council, 2013). The advent of high-power, low-voltage RF amplifier chips, such as high-electron-mobility transistors, has enabled the development of new electron linear accelerator technologies (Lewellen et al., 2018). Each accelerator"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Flight, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. During extraordinary space weather, cosmic radiation can be significant enough to pose a threat to aircrew health. Traditional methods of reducing massive cosmic radiation exposure include flight cancellations, lowering flying altitudes, and flight rerouting. However, flight cancellations can result in additional financial expenditures, while lowering flight altitudes and rerouting can consequently cause more fuel consumption or even violation of airspace rights. As a result, we use a multi-objective optimization model to assign the optimal flight altitude and speed in order to reduce the overall weight sum of cosmic radiation and fuel consumption. The simulation scenario is based on a space weather event with dramatically increased cosmic radiation that occurred during a routine international flight from Tokyo to London. Our results show that the proposed model can reduce fuel consumption while satisfying cosmic radiation limits recommended by the Council of the European Union. In addition, a Pareto frontier is provided as a tactical air traffic management guideline. Our study provides insight to future policy making for air transportation during harsh space weather conditions. 5 Duration of Ionospheric Scintillation Events at Canadian High Latitudes. Probabilistic Model. Nikitina, L et al. Poster Lidia Nikitina, Raymond Langer Natural Resources Canada Ionospheric scintillation caused by space weather has impacts on the accuracy and availability of GNSS performance, and is considered a natural hazard for aviation and other GNSS users. The development of operational services to mitigate the risks to users requires the development of a forecast model for ionosphere scintillation. This"}, {"title": "", "text": "including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with radio wave navigation and communication systems, especially at low latitudes near the equator. During most of its lifetime, C/NOFS never came closer than about 250 miles above the ground. However, as solar activity increased, C/NOFS began to orbit at lower and lower altitudes -- ultimately descending to less than 160 miles above Earth. During its last 13 months of operations, as its orbit decayed and it spiraled into lower altitudes and eventual re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, C/NOFS satellite captured a unique set of comprehensive observations as it traveled through the very space environment that can directly cause premature orbital decay. Such regions have rarely been studied directly for extended periods of time, because orbits in this denser region of the atmosphere are not sustainable long-term without on board propulsion. \"One thing we learned clearly from C/NOFS is just how hard it is to predict the precise time and location of re-entry,\" said Cassandra Fesen, principal investigator for C/NOFS at the Air Force Research Laboratory at the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The C/NOFS data at these lower altitudes show that the upper atmosphere and ionosphere react strongly to even small changes in near-Earth space, said Rod Heelis, principal investigator at the UT-Dallas for NASA's Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) instrument suite on board the satellite."}, {"title": "", "text": "ionization over time of the neutral cloud produced by the firing of a mono-propellant hydrazine thruster as well as the interactions of the resulting ion cloud with the ambient solar wind. Results are presented which show that the plasma in the region near to the spacecraft will be perturbed for an extended period of time with the formation of an interaction region around the spacecraft, a moderate amplitude density bow wave bounding the interaction region and evidence of an instability at the forefront of the interaction region which causes clumps of ions to be ejected from the main ion cloud quasi-periodically. East\u00e2\u20ac\u201cWest GEO Satellite Station-Keeping with Degraded Thruster Response Stoian Borissov Full Text Available The higher harmonic terms of Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s gravitational potential slowly modify the nominal longitude of geostationary Earth orbit (GEO satellites, while the third-body presence (Moon and Sun mainly affects their latitude. For this reason, GEO satellites periodically need to perform station-keeping maneuvers, namely, east\u00e2\u20ac\u201cwest and north\u00e2\u20ac\u201csouth maneuvers to compensate for longitudinal and latitudinal variations, respectively. During the operational lifetime of GEO satellites, the thrusters\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 response when commanded to perform these maneuvers slowly departs from the original nominal impulsive behavior. This paper addresses the practical problem of how to perform reliable east\u00e2\u20ac\u201cwest station-keeping maneuvers when thruster response is degraded. The need for contingency intervention from ground-based satellite operators is reduced by breaking apart the scheduled automatic station-keeping maneuvers into smaller maneuvers. Orbital alignment and attitude are tracked on-board during and in between sub-maneuvers, and any off nominal variations are corrected for with subsequent maneuvers."}, {"title": "", "text": "power and dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused"}, {"title": "", "text": "power and dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused"}, {"title": "", "text": "a station blackout could be severe. Because of the concern about the frequency of loss of offsite power, the number of failures of emergency diesel generators, and the potentially severe consequences of a loss of all ac power, ''Station Blackout'' was designated as Unresolved Safety Issue (USI) A-44. This report presents the regulatory analysis for USI A-44. It includes: (1) a summary of the issue, (2) the proposed technical resolution, (3) alternative resolutions considered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff, (4) an assessment of the benefits and costs of the recommended resolution, (5) the decision rationale, and (6) the relationship between USI A-44 and other NRC programs and requirements Investigation of plasma\u00e2\u20ac\u201csurface interaction effects on pulsed electrostatic manipulation for reentry blackout alleviation Krishnamoorthy, S; Close, S The reentry blackout phenomenon affects most spacecraft entering a dense planetary atmosphere from space, due to the presence of a plasma layer that surrounds the spacecraft. This plasma layer is created by ionization of ambient air due to shock and frictional heating, and in some cases is further enhanced due to contamination by ablation products. This layer causes a strong attenuation of incoming and outgoing electromagnetic waves including those used for command and control, communication and telemetry over a period referred to as the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcblackout period\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. The blackout period may last up to several minutes and is a major contributor to the landing error ellipse at best, and a serious safety hazard in the worst case, especially in the context of human spaceflight. In this work, we present a"}, {"title": "", "text": "a station blackout could be severe. Because of the concern about the frequency of loss of offsite power, the number of failures of emergency diesel generators, and the potentially severe consequences of a loss of all ac power, ''Station Blackout'' was designated as Unresolved Safety Issue (USI) A-44. This report presents the regulatory analysis for USI A-44. It includes: (1) a summary of the issue, (2) the proposed technical resolution, (3) alternative resolutions considered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff, (4) an assessment of the benefits and costs of the recommended resolution, (5) the decision rationale, and (6) the relationship between USI A-44 and other NRC programs and requirements Investigation of plasma\u00e2\u20ac\u201csurface interaction effects on pulsed electrostatic manipulation for reentry blackout alleviation Krishnamoorthy, S; Close, S The reentry blackout phenomenon affects most spacecraft entering a dense planetary atmosphere from space, due to the presence of a plasma layer that surrounds the spacecraft. This plasma layer is created by ionization of ambient air due to shock and frictional heating, and in some cases is further enhanced due to contamination by ablation products. This layer causes a strong attenuation of incoming and outgoing electromagnetic waves including those used for command and control, communication and telemetry over a period referred to as the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcblackout period\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. The blackout period may last up to several minutes and is a major contributor to the landing error ellipse at best, and a serious safety hazard in the worst case, especially in the context of human spaceflight. In this work, we present a"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the ionosphere at night. The observations revealed the presence of strong shears in the horizontal ionosphere motions at the base of the ionosphere, places where charged particles flow by each other in opposite directions. C/NOFS observed shears and undulations along this boundary. Such shears and undulations -- spotted throughout the nighttime, equatorial ionosphere -- are believed to be the source of large-scale instabilities that ultimately drive the detrimental scintillations. For more information about C/NOFS, visit: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2008-017A Susan Hendrix Susan.m.hendrix@nasa.gov @NASAGoddard http://www.nasa.gov/goddard 2015 AGU Fall Meeting EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE SATELLITE MISSIONS/SHUTTLES The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (IMAGE) Changes In Earth's Ionosphere Cause What's Known As Scintillations (IMAGE) http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/plunging-into-the-ionosphere-satellite-s-last-days-improve-orbital-decay-predictions More in Space & Planetary A 'super-puff' planet like no other University of Montreal Hubble pinpoints supernova blast ESA/Hubble Information Centre Study: X-Rays surrounding 'Magnificent 7' may be traces of sought-after particle DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Astronomers document the rise and fall of a rarely observed stellar dance University of Washington View all in Space & Planetary"}, {"title": "", "text": "a weak external trigger can stimulate an internal instability and wave generation. The appearance of a diamagnetic effect during partial ablation of a meteoroid could cause a local disturbance of the geomagnetic field and its propagation in the magnetic force tube. Keypoints On December 18, 2018 the Bering Sea Bolide entered the Earth's atmosphere vertically and exploded at altitude of $\\sim 25$ km with a probable yield 4\u201335 kT. Geomagnetic oscillatory response with frequencies 25\u201335 mHz was recorded $\\sim $ 3\u201310 min before the bolide explosion, during its passage though the inner magnetosphere. The geomagnetic response is probably due to trigger excitation of resonant field line oscillations. An interaction of conductive body with plasma is accompanied by excitation of various electromagnetic disturbances and emissions. In the terrestrial ionosphere these effects are manifested as generation of geomagnetic impulses and noise by take-offs of rockets [Chernogor, 2013], plasma injection in rocket experiments [Gavrilov et al., 2003], movement of large-scale space systems (e.g., tether, Shuttle orbiter, International Space Station, etc.) in the upper ionosphere [Dobrowolny and Veltri, 1986]. This class of phenomena comprises the geomagnetic effects caused by the fall of large cosmic bodies, meteor showers, and bolides [Savchenko, 1975, 1976]. Studies of geomagnetic disturbances associated with the fall of meteoroids, fireballs, and meteor showers have been conducted for several decades [Bronshten, 1991]; Kalashnikov, 1949, 1952] was the first who reported the observation of weak changes of the geomagnetic field attributed to meteors. However, many subsequent studies gave no evidence of a magnetic effect due to a single meteor"}, {"title": "", "text": "lithium. The release of the lithium vapours is not visible to the naked-eye but can be viewed with special cameras on the ground. Both TMA and lithium, which are harmless to residents on the ground when released at these altitudes, move with the atmospheric winds and can therefore be used to determine the wind speeds and direction over the area where these ionosphere storms are occurring. TMA reacts spontaneously on contact with oxygen to produce a pale white glow visible from the ground. For the WINDY mission, sunlight reflected by the Moon, will illuminate lithium producing an emission that can be detected with cameras equipped with narrow-band filters. Using moonlight allows the launches to occur later in the evening when the critical ESF conditions occur. The second rocket, a two-stage 36-foot long Terrier- Malemute, will be launched five minutes after the first rocket. It will carry instruments to measure ionosphere densities and electric and magnetic fields present in these storms. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Ionisation occurs when incoming energetic radiation strips electrons from atoms and molecules, creating temporarily charged particles. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-rockets-to-create-glowing-artificial-clouds-and-heres-why-4811770/ SF: it's all about warfare. Communications for who? You? Me? And one has gotta love the no health risk pronouncement. Ever notice\u2026..tobacco smoking second hand\u2026.but no problem with aluminum and lithium clouds that eventually drift down to earth. A little of this and that, they increase tolerances levels when it suits their perfidy. These psychopaths are screwing over our ionosphere. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "lithium. The release of the lithium vapours is not visible to the naked-eye but can be viewed with special cameras on the ground. Both TMA and lithium, which are harmless to residents on the ground when released at these altitudes, move with the atmospheric winds and can therefore be used to determine the wind speeds and direction over the area where these ionosphere storms are occurring. TMA reacts spontaneously on contact with oxygen to produce a pale white glow visible from the ground. For the WINDY mission, sunlight reflected by the Moon, will illuminate lithium producing an emission that can be detected with cameras equipped with narrow-band filters. Using moonlight allows the launches to occur later in the evening when the critical ESF conditions occur. The second rocket, a two-stage 36-foot long Terrier- Malemute, will be launched five minutes after the first rocket. It will carry instruments to measure ionosphere densities and electric and magnetic fields present in these storms. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Ionisation occurs when incoming energetic radiation strips electrons from atoms and molecules, creating temporarily charged particles. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-rockets-to-create-glowing-artificial-clouds-and-heres-why-4811770/ SF: it's all about warfare. Communications for who? You? Me? And one has gotta love the no health risk pronouncement. Ever notice\u2026..tobacco smoking second hand\u2026.but no problem with aluminum and lithium clouds that eventually drift down to earth. A little of this and that, they increase tolerances levels when it suits their perfidy. These psychopaths are screwing over our ionosphere. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "lithium. The release of the lithium vapours is not visible to the naked-eye but can be viewed with special cameras on the ground. Both TMA and lithium, which are harmless to residents on the ground when released at these altitudes, move with the atmospheric winds and can therefore be used to determine the wind speeds and direction over the area where these ionosphere storms are occurring. TMA reacts spontaneously on contact with oxygen to produce a pale white glow visible from the ground. For the WINDY mission, sunlight reflected by the Moon, will illuminate lithium producing an emission that can be detected with cameras equipped with narrow-band filters. Using moonlight allows the launches to occur later in the evening when the critical ESF conditions occur. The second rocket, a two-stage 36-foot long Terrier- Malemute, will be launched five minutes after the first rocket. It will carry instruments to measure ionosphere densities and electric and magnetic fields present in these storms. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionised by solar and cosmic radiation. Ionisation occurs when incoming energetic radiation strips electrons from atoms and molecules, creating temporarily charged particles. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-rockets-to-create-glowing-artificial-clouds-and-heres-why-4811770/ SF: it's all about warfare. Communications for who? You? Me? And one has gotta love the no health risk pronouncement. Ever notice\u2026..tobacco smoking second hand\u2026.but no problem with aluminum and lithium clouds that eventually drift down to earth. A little of this and that, they increase tolerances levels when it suits their perfidy. These psychopaths are screwing over our ionosphere. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "System (1981) Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, \"a series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories\" in order to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they could \"induce ionospheric holes\", and began to experiment with holes made in the day time, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. They experimented with the effects of \"artificially induced ionospheric depletions on very low frequency wave lengths, on equatorial plasma instabilities, and on low frequency radio astronomical observations over Roberval, Quebec, Kwajelein, in the Marshall Islands and Hobart, Tasmania. (Advanced Space Research, Vol.8, No. 1, 1988) Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985) An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to preform space physics experiments in earth orbit was launched, using the OMS injections of gases to \"cause a sudden depletion in the local plasma concentration, the creation of a so-called ionospheric hole\". This artificially induced plasma depletion can then be used to investigate other space phenomena, such as the growth of the plasma instabilities or the modification of radio propagation paths. The 47 second OMS burn of July 29,1985, produced the largest and most long-lived ionospheric hole to date, dumping some 830 kg of exhaust into the ionosphere at sunset. A 6 second, 68 km OMS"}, {"title": "", "text": "Electron Density Depletion by Releasing Carbon Dioxide in Plasma Wind Tunnel During the spacecraft from geospace penetrating into the atmosphere, a plasma sheath can be formed around the external surface due to shock heating which subsequently leads to the interruption of radio communications between the space vehicle and ground-based stations, i.e., the blackout problem. Many techniques have been developed to mitigate the blackout problem, and the attachment chemicals releasing is considered as an effective method. Previously, halogenides and water have been widely investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In this work, we reported the mitigation of the reentry plasma sheath through releasing carbon dioxide, which reduces the electron density through different mechanisms and processes from that of the halogenides. Controlled experiments have been performed to investigate the carbon dioxide released in the arc wind tunnel and the high-frequency plasma wind tunnel. Results suggest that the electron density could be significantly decreased in the simulated plasma sheath environment, which provides a potential approach to solve the communication blackout problem encounter during the reentry processes."}, {"title": "", "text": "Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced \"a large ionospheric hole\" (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science 187,343, 1975). The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the ionosphere. SPS Military Implications (1978) Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around 1978, and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an energy program, it had significant military implications. One of the most significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the possibility of developing a satellite borne beam weapon for anti-ballistic missile (ABM) use. The satellites were to be in geosynchronous orbits, each providing an excellent vantage point from which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed continuously. It was speculated that a high energy laser beam could function as a thermal weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some discussion of electron weapon beams, through the use of a laser beam to preheat a path for the following electron beam. The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti-personnel weapon, which could be directed toward an enemy."}, {"title": "", "text": "through magnetic reconnection and viscous interaction, drive convective flow throughout the magnetosphere. The ionosphere, with its high conductance, regulates and modulates this convective flow. In addition, the neutral gas of the upper atmosphere, known as the thermosphere, can also influence magnetospheric flow through ion-neutral collisions. 9.2.1.4 Space Weather and the Magnetosphere \u201cSpace weather\u201d is the name given to the time-dependent conditions and changes that occur in near-Earth space to the magnetospheric plasmas and fields. These include changes in the plasma density, temperature, and spatial distributions, from the cold plasmasphere to the very energetic radiation belts. In particular, space weather implies changes that have significant impact on technology and society. For example, the variable ionosphere and plasmasphere alter geolocation signals from GPS and transmissions from communication spacecraft; strong magnetospheric currents create geomagnetically induced currents in power distribution systems; energetic particles cause radiation damage to microelectronics and spacefarers; and substorm-related satellite charging causes malfunctions and surface degradation. 9.2.1.5 Magnetospheric Questions That Flow from the Motivations The motivations underlying the study of solar and space physics3 apply directly to the study of Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind and upper atmosphere: Earth\u2019s magnetosphere (and those of other planets) is a fascinating, complex system, in which fundamental physical processes that operate throughout the universe combine with unique conditions of plasma sources, sinks, and drivers to create dynamic conditions that can affect humans and the technologies they depend on in space and sometimes on the ground. 3 See the introduction to Part II of this decadal survey report."}, {"title": "", "text": "Abstract: Radio frequency communication between the space launcher and the mission control are unusually disturbed by the exhaust plume present in rocket engines. This paper presents the computation of radio wave propagation through the exhaust plume. Thus, frequencydomain finite element method and time-domain discontinuous Galerkin method are implemented for computations in case of a ground domain experiments. Numerical results compared to those obtained from ground experiment show good approximation of the propagation through the plasma over a wide frequency band. For the launcher in flight, an asymptotic method is proposed and has the advantage to give a fast evaluation of the scattering solution. In this case, the exhaust plume area is considered as a perfectly conducting trapezium whose parameters are extracted from the distribution of the plasma permittivity. Results related to the asymptotic method appear to be in good agreement with results based on the full wave approaches."}, {"title": "", "text": "latitudinal position, direction and configuration of the vertical electric currents have been investigated. \u2026 not only the vertical component of the ionospheric plasma drift but also horizontal components play an important role in producing pre-earthquake TEC disturbances. * The ionosphere of the Earth is no doubt an important part of the global electric circuit and is a subject to dramatic perturbations related mainly with geomagnetic and solar activity. It also reacts on going from \u201cbelow\u201d impacts from different processes like thunderstorms, dust storms, radioactive pollutions, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. \u2026There is no common opinion in scientific society on the physical mechanism that could explain the penetration of the seismic preparation processes\u2019 impact into the ionosphere. \u2026 two channels of penetration are proposed: the wave channel (including Acoustic Gravity Waves) and electromagnetic channel. \u2026 We strongly believe that the ionospheric response on the pre-seismic processes is explained in terms of the electromagnetic channel \u2026 \u2026 Convective transportation of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere as well as radon and other radioactive elements emanation into the lower atmosphere over the faults leads to increase of the atmospheric radioactivity level during earthquake formation. It also causes enlargement of the ionization and electric conductivity of the near-ground atmosphere. \u2026 such electric fields are required to produce the observed TEC disturbances. \u2026vertical electric currents \u2026 between the Earth and ionosphere are required to produce such TEC disturbances. http://file.scirp.org/Html/7-8301717_24595.htm H.A.A.R.P. Very good article Dane. If only we can wake the masses. This US election has exposed a huge chunk"}, {"title": "", "text": "latitudinal position, direction and configuration of the vertical electric currents have been investigated. \u2026 not only the vertical component of the ionospheric plasma drift but also horizontal components play an important role in producing pre-earthquake TEC disturbances. * The ionosphere of the Earth is no doubt an important part of the global electric circuit and is a subject to dramatic perturbations related mainly with geomagnetic and solar activity. It also reacts on going from \u201cbelow\u201d impacts from different processes like thunderstorms, dust storms, radioactive pollutions, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. \u2026There is no common opinion in scientific society on the physical mechanism that could explain the penetration of the seismic preparation processes\u2019 impact into the ionosphere. \u2026 two channels of penetration are proposed: the wave channel (including Acoustic Gravity Waves) and electromagnetic channel. \u2026 We strongly believe that the ionospheric response on the pre-seismic processes is explained in terms of the electromagnetic channel \u2026 \u2026 Convective transportation of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere as well as radon and other radioactive elements emanation into the lower atmosphere over the faults leads to increase of the atmospheric radioactivity level during earthquake formation. It also causes enlargement of the ionization and electric conductivity of the near-ground atmosphere. \u2026 such electric fields are required to produce the observed TEC disturbances. \u2026vertical electric currents \u2026 between the Earth and ionosphere are required to produce such TEC disturbances. http://file.scirp.org/Html/7-8301717_24595.htm H.A.A.R.P. Very good article Dane. If only we can wake the masses. This US election has exposed a huge chunk"}, {"title": "", "text": "energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for Department of Defence purposes, -electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical emissions which could be used to control radio wave propagation properties, -generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the reflection\\scattering properties of radio waves, -use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology. Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present) The Pocker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the Geophysical Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract. About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from this site, and in 1994, a 16 metre long rocket was launched to help NASA \"understand chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with global climate change\". Similar experiments, but using Chemical Release Modules (CRM) have been launched from Churchill, Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's \"Project Waterhole\", disrupted an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February 1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orions rockets were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were observed from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico. The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and"}, {"title": "", "text": "External Presentations Modelling the acceleration, transport and loss of radiation belt electrons to protect satellites from space weather Allanson, O., Elsden, T., Watt, C., & Neukirch, T. (2022). Weak Turbulence and Quasilinear Diffusion for Relativistic Wave-Particle Interactions Via a Markov Approach. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2021.805699. Desai, R.T., Zhang, Z., Wu, X. & Lue, C. (2021). Photodetachment and Test-particle Simulation Constraints on Negative Ions in Solar System Plasmas, The Planetary Science Journal, 2 (99), https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/abf638. Zhang, Z., Desai, R.T., Miyake, M. Usui, H., & Shebannits, O. (2021). Particle-incell simulations of Cassini spacecraft\u2019s interaction with Saturn\u2019s ionosphere during the Grand Finale. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 504 (1), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab750. Reidy, J.A., Horne, R.B., Glauert, S.A., Cliverd, M.A., Meredith, N.P., Woodfield, E.E., Ross, J.P., et al. (2021). Comparing Electron Precipitation Fluxes Calculated From Pitch Angle Diffusion Coefficients to LEO Satellite Observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics, 126, e2020JA028410. https://doi. org/10.1029/2020JA028410 Lozinski, A.R., Horne, R.B., Glauert, A., Del Zanna, G., & Albert, J.M. (2021). Optimization of Radial Diffusion Coefficients for the Proton Radiation Belt During the CRRES Era, Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics, 126, e2020JA028486. https://doi. org/10.1029/2020JA028486 Liu, X., Gu, W., Xia, Z., Chen, L., & Horne, R.B. (2021). Frequency-Dependent Modulation of Whistler-Mode Waves by Density Irregularities During the Recovery Phase of a Geomagnetic Storm. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL093095. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093095 Hapgood, M., Angling, M.J., Attrill, G., Bisi, M., Cannon, P.S., Dyer, C., Eastwood, J.P., Elvidge, S., et al. (2021). Development of Space Weather Reasonable Worse-Case Scenarios for UK National Risk Assessment."}, {"title": "", "text": "understanding of the sources, sinks, and transport of interplanetary dust throughout the inner solar system and the associated impacts on Mars's atmosphere. Article The air-breathing ion engine (ABIE) is a new type of electric propulsion system to be used to compensate the aerodynamic drag of the satellite orbiting at extremely low altitudes. To save the propellant mass for a long operation lifetime, it inhales the low-density atmosphere surrounding the satellite and use it as the propellant of ion engines. Since feasibility and performance of the ABIE depend strongly on the compression ratio and the air-intake efficiency, numerical analysis has been performed by means of the direct-simulation Monte-Carlo method to clarify the characteristics of the air-intake performance in highly rarefied flows. Influences of the flight altitude, the aspect-ratio of the air-intake duct, and the angle of attack are investigated. Article To extend the lifetime of commercial and scientific satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and below (100\u2013250 km of altitude) recent years showed an increased activity in the field of air-breathing electric propulsion as well as beamed-energy propulsion systems. However, preliminary studies showed that the propellant flow necessary for electrostatic propulsion at these altitudes exceeds the mass intake possible within reasonable limits, and that electrode erosion due to oxygen flow might limit the lifetime of eventual thruster systems. The pulsed plasma thruster (PPT), however, can be successfully operated with smaller mass intake and at relatively low power. This makes it an interesting candidate for air-breathing application in LEO and its feasibility is investigated within this paper. An"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spacecraft charging and ion wake formation in the near-Sun environment A three-dimensional (3-D), self-consistent code is employed to solve for the static potential structure surrounding a spacecraft in a high photoelectron environment. The numerical solutions show that, under certain conditions, a spacecraft can take on a negative potential in spite of strong photoelectron currents. The negative potential is due to an electrostatic barrier near the surface of the spacecraft that can reflect a large fraction of the photoelectron flux back to the spacecraft. This electrostatic barrier forms if (1) the photoelectron density at the surface of the spacecraft greatly exceeds the ambient plasma density, (2) the spacecraft size is significantly larger than local Debye length of the photoelectrons, and (3) the thermal electron energy is much larger than the characteristic energy of the escaping photoelectrons. All of these conditions are present near the Sun. The numerical solutions also show that the spacecraft's negative potential can be amplified by an ion wake. The negative potential of the ion wake prevents secondary electrons from escaping the part of spacecraft in contact with the wake. These findings may be important for future spacecraft missions that go nearer to the Sun, such as Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus. I. Introduction Spacecraft charging and wake formation have been a concern since the launch of the first orbiters. This concern arrises for a variety of reasons including the safety of astronauts and the safeguarding of spacecraft electrical systems 1,2 . An understanding of and, in many cases, the control of spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spacecraft charging and ion wake formation in the near-Sun environment A three-dimensional (3-D), self-consistent code is employed to solve for the static potential structure surrounding a spacecraft in a high photoelectron environment. The numerical solutions show that, under certain conditions, a spacecraft can take on a negative potential in spite of strong photoelectron currents. The negative potential is due to an electrostatic barrier near the surface of the spacecraft that can reflect a large fraction of the photoelectron flux back to the spacecraft. This electrostatic barrier forms if (1) the photoelectron density at the surface of the spacecraft greatly exceeds the ambient plasma density, (2) the spacecraft size is significantly larger than local Debye length of the photoelectrons, and (3) the thermal electron energy is much larger than the characteristic energy of the escaping photoelectrons. All of these conditions are present near the Sun. The numerical solutions also show that the spacecraft's negative potential can be amplified by an ion wake. The negative potential of the ion wake prevents secondary electrons from escaping the part of spacecraft in contact with the wake. These findings may be important for future spacecraft missions that go nearer to the Sun, such as Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus. I. Introduction Spacecraft charging and wake formation have been a concern since the launch of the first orbiters. This concern arrises for a variety of reasons including the safety of astronauts and the safeguarding of spacecraft electrical systems 1,2 . An understanding of and, in many cases, the control of spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "constant bombardment of high-energy particles from space. This conducting plasma, along with Earth\u2019s magnetic field, traps the electrical plasma of space and holds it back from going directly to the earth\u2019s surface, says Charles Yost of Dynamic Systems, Leicester, North Carolina. \u201cIf the ionosphere is greatly disturbed, the atmosphere below is subsequently disturbed.\u201d Another scientist interviewed said there is a super-powerful electrical connection between the ionosphere and the part of the atmosphere where our weather comes onstage, the lower atmosphere. One man-made electrical effect \u2014 power line harmonic resonance \u2014 causes fallout of charged particles from the Van Allen (radiation) belts, and the falling ions cause ice crystals (which precipitate rain clouds). What about HAARP? Energy blasted upward from an ionospheric heater is not much compared to the total in the ionosphere, but HAARP documents admit that thousandfold-greater amounts of energy can be released in the ionosphere than injected. As with MacDonald\u2019s \u201ckey to geophysical warfare,\u201d \u201cnonlinear\u201d effects (described in the literature about the ionospheric heater) mean small input and large output. Astrophysicist Adam Trombly told Manning that an acupuncture model is one way to look at the possible effect of multi-gigawatt pulsing of the ionosphere. If HAARP hits certain points, those parts of the ionosphere could react in surprising ways. Smaller ionospheric heaters such as the one at Arecibo are underneath relatively placid regions of the ionosphere, compared to the dynamic movements nearer Earth\u2019s magnetic poles. That adds another uncertainty to HAARP \u2014 the unpredictable and lively upper atmosphere near the North Pole. HAARP experimenters"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dr. Robert E. Huffman (1931\u20132008) was an American space scientist and author. He specialized in ultraviolet spectroscopy in the earth's upper atmosphere. Working for the United States Air Force, Dr. Huffman managed the Horizon Ultraviolet Program (HUP) experiments on two Space Shuttle flights: Columbia (STS-4, 1982) and Discovery (AFP-675 on STS-39, 1991). Dr. Huffman was also the principal investigator for the Auroral Ionospheric Mapper (AIM) on the HILAT Spacecraft and the Auroral/Ionospheric Remote Sensor (AIRS) on the Polar BEAR Spacecraft. In 1983 the Auroral Ionospheric Mapper produced the first pictures of Aurora Borealis made under full daylight conditions. Although the aurora cannot be seen in the visible spectrum during daylight hours, Dr. Huffman's instrument was able to capture an image in the ultraviolet spectrum. In the early 1970s Dr. Huffman was Program Manager for Project Chaser, a series of launches of Aerobee 170 sounding rockets from Vandenberg AFB Probe Launch Complex C. The purpose of Project Chaser was to measure exhaust plumes from anti-ballistic missile systems launched simultaneously with Project Chaser. His memoir \"Adventures of a Star Warrior: Cold War Rocket Science on the Space Frontier\" was published posthumously. Awards Valedictorian Texas A&M University (1953) The Guenter Loeser Memorial Award by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (1968) The Marcus O'Day Award by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (1981) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Annual Award for Outstanding Paper in an Unclassified Refereed Journal (1984) Outstanding Civilian Career Service Award, Department of the Air Force (1998) Bibliography Huffman, Robert E., (1992), \"Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote"}, {"title": "", "text": "research on a previously-hard-to-view sweet spot in the atmosphere, where the charged particles of the ionosphere and the neutral particles of the atmosphere directly affect each other. The CINDI observations show that the neutral wind creates piles of neutral gas pushed up against ionospheric density variations similar to how blowing snow piles up in drifts against a building wall. This results in density striations in the atmosphere that were never previously observed. Such density variations are necessary data to include when modeling interference with radio waves or excess drag on a travelling spacecraft. Rob Pfaff, project scientist for CINDI at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and principal investigator for another C/NOFS instrument, the Vector Electric Field Investigation, is studying observations that speak to one of the original goals of the C/NOFS program: Why does the low latitude ionosphere at night become so turbulent that it can wreak havoc on communications and navigation radio signals? Developing the capability to predict such space weather disturbances has been a long-standing goal of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The C/NOFS low altitude observations were critical to form a complete picture of these disturbances, as the satellite ventured to the possible root of the largest ionospheric upheavals -- those that emanate from the bottom ledge of the ionosphere at night. The observations revealed the presence of strong shears in the horizontal ionosphere motions at the base of the ionosphere, places where charged particles flow by each other in opposite directions. C/NOFS observed shears and undulations along this boundary."}, {"title": "", "text": "activity in the hypocentral zone of an earthquake, the micro-fracture of the rock arises, linked to variations of stress in the lithosphere (i.e., the outer layer of the Earth's crust with a thickness of about 100 km). The electromagnetic signals emitted from stressed rocks in the ELF-ULF bands (0-3000 Hz) seem to be the cause of irregularities in the ionospheric plasma parameters that can be measured by satellites several hours (0-24 h) prior to the main phase of an earthquake. The TPS consists of three electrodes exposed to the plasma and driven by an electronic circuit. Each of the electrodes has a spherical shape to provide its results independently of the satellite's attitude. The instrument mass and volume are extremely reduced to make it compatible with microsatellite constraints. To avoid electrical interference among the electrodes, the relative distances should be much larger than the shielding distance \u03bbD (Debye length), which, in typical ionospheric conditions, ranges from 0.2 to 1 cm. In this experiment the distance among the probes has been fixed at 10 cm. The electrodes are fixed to rods, realized with dielectric material (resin-glass), which separate them from the spacecraft assuring also the stiffness required to withstand the launch and space environment loads. The rods are 25 cm long to avoid interferences caused by electrical charging of the spacecraft."}, {"title": "", "text": "plasma injected from the magnetotail. This increase in the ring current causes a worldwide depression of the horizontal geomagnetic field during a magnetic storm. riometer (Relative Ionospheric Opacity meter) A specially designed ground-level radio receiver for continuous monitoring of cosmic noise. The absorption of cosmic noise in the polar regions is very sensitive to the solar low-energy cosmic ray flux. Absorption events are known as PCAs (polar cap absorption) and are primarily associated with major solar flares. rudimentary A type of sunspot penumbra characterized by granular (rather than filamentary) structure, brighter intensity than the umbra, and narrow extent, and possibly only partially surrounding the umbra. Penumbrae are typically rudimentary during the sunspot formative and decay phases. satellite anomaly The usually undesirable response of spacecraft systems to variations in the space environment. High energy particles cause detector noise and/or physical damage to solar cells, electronics, and memory devices (single event upsets or \u201dbitflips\u201d). Large and varying low-to-medium energy particle fluxes can result in a charge buildup between spacecraft components especially during the eclipse season and during spacecraft maneuvers. Atmospheric drag on spacecraft below approximately 1,000 km can increase during geomagnetic storms, resulting in cross-track and in-track orbit errors and orientation problems. Various communication interference problems result during solar radio bursts from flares when the Sun is within the field of view of the ground tracking dish. Ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms can cause radio telemetry scintillation and fading. S-band Radio frequencies between 1.55 and 5.20 GHz. For satellite communication. The term usually refers to frequencies used for"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"The neutral atmosphere responds very dramatically to quite small energy inputs,\" said Heelis. \"Even though the energy is put in at high latitudes -- closer to the poles -- the reaction at lower latitudes, near the equator, is significant.\" Heelis also described research on a previously-hard-to-view sweet spot in the atmosphere, where the charged particles of the ionosphere and the neutral particles of the atmosphere directly affect each other. The CINDI observations show that the neutral wind creates piles of neutral gas pushed up against ionospheric density variations - similar to how blowing snow piles up in drifts against a building wall. This results in density striations in the atmosphere that were never previously observed. Such density variations are necessary data to include when modeling interference with radio waves or excess drag on a travelling spacecraft. Rob Pfaff, project scientist for CINDI at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and principal investigator for another C/NOFS instrument, the Vector Electric Field Investigation, is studying observations that speak to one of the original goals of the C/NOFS program: Why does the low latitude ionosphere at night become so turbulent that it can wreak havoc on communications and navigation radio signals? Developing the capability to predict such space weather disturbances has been a long-standing goal of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The C/NOFS low altitude observations were critical to form a complete picture of these disturbances, as the satellite ventured to the possible root of the largest ionospheric upheavals -- those that emanate from the bottom ledge"}, {"title": "", "text": "Monitoring of Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Plasma and High Energy Charge Particle Fluxes in Multi-satellite Measurements in Wide Range of Altitudes A system for monitoring the radiation parameters of near-Earth space is described. This system is based on the multi-satellite measurements made on spacecraft Meteor, Electro, Arktika launched into orbits with a wide range of altitudes. The main instrument for space radiation monitoring is spectrometer of electrons and protons SKIF. Such instruments operate in all spacecraft of mentioned above series. The results of observations of different events connected with solar and geomagnetic activity in 2017 and 2021 years are presented and discussed. Introduction Near-Earth space (NES) contains charged particles of ionospheric and magnetospheric plasma, energetic particles of the Earth's radiation belts (ERB), solar and galactic cosmic rays (SCR and GCR) in a wide range of energies [1]. They can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment installed on spacecraft (SC), can cause disruption of short-wave communications in high-latitude regions, lead to failures in navigation systems and reduce the accuracy of global navigation and positioning systems [2]. Within the framework of multi-satellite measurements on spacecraft launched into orbits with a wide range of altitudes (Meteor -830 km, Arktika -an elliptical orbit with apogee and perigee heights of ~39 thousands km and ~600 km, Electro -geostationary in the plane equator -36 thousands km), for several years at the Skobel'tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University (SINP MSU), monitor observations of ionospheric and magnetospheric plasma and energetic electron and proton fluxes have been carried out and continue"}, {"title": "", "text": "et al. 2009). In the meantime, the TEC response does not always have the form of N-wave (as was previously stated) and is probably dependent on the focal mechanism of an earthquake (Astafyeva & Heki 2009). Comparative analysis of the ionospheric TEC response to three earthquakes with different focal mechanisms has been conducted (Astafyeva & Heki 2009). The authors have analysed three events: on 4 October 1994 (Thrust+normal fault), on 15 November 2006 (thrust) and on 13 January 2007 (normal fault). The analysis has shown that the N-shaped TEC response occurs after a thrust-fault earthquake, whereas normal fault earthquake seems to generate the inverse N-wave perturbation. It should be noted that, a specific generation mechanism of ionospheric disturbances during an earthquake is usually quite a complicated process. It depends on many factors. More thorough observations and study of the seismo-ionospheric coupling are thus needed. Statistics of GPS measurements during earthquakes, space vehicle launches and industrial explosions shows the similarity between SAW ionospheric responses. In certain cases, there may nevertheless be some peculiarities depending on the SAW source origin. Ionospheric response to rocket launches Analysis of the ionospheric response to rocket launches has a special place in the study of SAWs (Afraimovich & Kiryushkin 2002; Afraimovich et al. 2002d; Kiryushkin et al. 2008). Such studies are conducted throughout the world (e.g., Ozeki & Heki 2010). We examined responses to launches of Proton, Soyuz, Dnepr and Zenith rockets from the Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan), Space Shuttles from Kennedy Space Center (KSC, USA) and Shenzhou-2 spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch"}, {"title": "", "text": "space as the satellite passes through them. This information will be used in building models to understand the various structures in the ionosphere, such as plasma depletions and associated turbulence in the nightside, low-latitude ionosphere. These structures can interfere with radio signals between Earth and spacecraft in orbit, thus causing errors in tracking and loss of communication. ']; comboArray[462-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','ACE Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer', 'The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) measures the abundances of galactic cosmic ray isotopes. ']; comboArray[463-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','Wind Magnetic Field Investigation', 'Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) instrument, onboard the WIND spacecraft, was based on the magnetometers previously developed for the Voyager, ISPM, GIOTTO, and Mars Observer missions which represent state-of-the-art instruments with unparalleled performance. ']; comboArray[464-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','C/NOFS Vector Electric Field Instrument', 'VEFI measures direct current (DC) electric fields, which cause the bulk plasma motion that drives the ionospheric plasma to be unstable. Additionally, it measures the quasi-DC electric fields within the plasma density depletions to reveal the motions of the depletions relative to the background ionosphere. VEFI also measures the vector AC electric field, which characterizes the ionospheric disturbances associated with spread-F irregularities. ']; comboArray[465-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','Cluster Plasma Electron And Current Experiment', 'A Plasma Electron And Current Experiment instrument can measure the three dimensional velocity distribution of electrons in a space plasma, for an energy range from a few electronvolts to about 30 kiloelectronvolts. A PEACE instrument is flying on each of the four Cluster II spacecraft, which were"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space scientists around the world are celebrating ten years of groundbreaking discoveries by 'Cluster', a mission that is illuminating the mysteries of the magnetosphere, the northern lights and the solar wind. Cluster is a European Space Agency mission, launched in summer 2000. It consists of a unique constellation of four spacecraft flying in formation around the Earth, studying the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. The spacecraft each carry an identical set of 11 scientific instruments, which together capture 3D information about the magnetosphere - the Earth's 'magnetic shield'. A key instrument - PEACE - was designed by a team led by space scientists at UCL. The solar wind is a continuous outflow of hot, magnetised, electrified gas from the Sun. The Earth is shielded from the solar wind by its magnetic field, which surrounds the planet in a zone called the magnetosphere, many times larger than the Earth. The magnetosphere prevents the solar wind from stripping away the atmosphere and protects Earth from deadly energetic particles produced by storms on the Sun. However the magnetosphere is not a perfect shield. Energy and material from solar wind can get inside, to cause the northern lights, ionospheric disturbances, the generation of radiation belts and disturbances to the ground-level magnetic field. These 'space weather effects' are important because they interfere with spacecraft operations, communications, GPS signals and electrical power systems on the ground. Cluster is being used to find out how transfer of solar wind energy to the magnetosphere leads to these diverse effects. PEACE measures"}, {"title": "", "text": "solar panel and anti-parallel to the orbit normal vector.) The measurement range is \u00b165535 nT for each axis, with a one-bit resolution of 2 nT. The first SSM flight started with F12 (launch 29.8, 1994). Note: The magnetic field has three sources: 1) the magnetic field from the solid Earth, 2) the magnetic field from electrical currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and 3) the magnetic field from the spacecraft. Measurement of source 2 is the principal objective of the SSM, the measurement of source 1 is a secondary objective, and measurement of source 3 is a nuisance which is eliminated from the data as much as possible during data processing. SSM-Boom (Special Sensor Magnetometer-Boom), an upgrade to SSM. Measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e. ionospheric currents flowing at high latitudes). Combinations of data from SSI/ES (or SSI/ES-2), SSJ/4, and SSM will provide more complete specification of heating and dynamics of the high-latitude ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. SSF (Laser Threat Warning Sensor). The instrument is an operational static Earth viewing laser threat warning sensor. Ground segment: The NOAA/SOCC (Satellite Operational Control Center) in Suitland, MD is the primary satellite operations center for DMSP. It is charged with supporting launch, early orbit, and day to day operations. The IPACS (Integrated Polar Acquisition and Control Subsystem) real-time system installed at SOCC provides the telemetry processing, spacecraft commanding, and ground system configuration and management functions for the DMSP spacecraft. The SOCC can communicate directly with the DMSP satellites through enhanced remote tracking stations. DMSP uses"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the habitable zones of nearby stars. ASTRE - Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer (ASTRE) Robert Pfaff Jr., PI, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. -- The mission would study the interaction between the Earth's atmosphere and the ionized gases of space. By flying excursions deep into the Earth's upper atmosphere, its measurements would improve satellite drag models and show how space-induced currents in electric power grids originate and evolve with time. ICON - Ionospheric Connection Explorer Thomas Immel, Principal Investigator (PI), University of California, Berkeley -- The mission would fly instruments to understand the extreme variability in our Earth's ionosphere, which can interfere with communications and geopositioning signals. OHMIC - Observatory for Heteroscale Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling James Burch, PI, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas -- The mission would use a pair of spacecraft flying in formation to study the processes that provide energy to power space weather storms. These storms create auroras and other electromagnetic activity that can impact orbiting spacecraft operations. So both the Astrophysics Explorer concepts for Phase A are Exoplanets. Three Sun-Earth Connection ionospheric missions, presumably competing for one slot. The selected Explorer Mission of Opportunity proposals are: GOLD -Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk Richard Eastes, PI, University of Central Florida, Orlando -- This would involve an imaging instrument that would fly on a commercial communications satellite in geostationary orbit to image the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere. NICER -Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer Keith Gendreau, PI, Goddard -- This mission would place an X ray timing instrument on the International"}, {"title": "", "text": "extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal"}, {"title": "", "text": "Radio Aurora Explorer: Mission science and radar system The Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX) satellite is the first of several satellites funded under the NSF CubeSat\u2010based Space Weather and Atmospheric Research Program. RAX is a ground\u2010to\u2010space bi\u2010static radar remote sensing experiment designed to measure and understand the causes of meter\u2010scale ionospheric irregularities. Also known as field\u2010aligned irregularities (FAI), such non\u2010thermal, coherent fluctuations of electron density occur in response to strong ionospheric flows or plasma density gradients during geomagnetic disturbances and are considered a space weather concern due to disruption to communication and navigation signals. The RAX CubeSat was launched in November 2010 and conducted a single experiment in coordination with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar. Due to geophysical inactivity, e.g., lack of strong ionospheric electric fields and low ionospheric densities, no FAI were expected or observed. However, the radar receiver payload operation was successfully demonstrated, including the capability to sense signals as low as \u2212110 dBm, the capability of transmitter\u2013receiver synchronization and accurate ranging, processing of 1.2 GB of raw radar data on board in less than 1 hour, and the downlink of the science results within three\u2013four passes. Analysis of the payload data shows that the noise level is sufficiently low. Although the interference level is a concern, it does not appear to significantly limit the measurements. Toward the end of December 2010, the solar power system gradually degraded and the mission terminated in early February 2011 after prolonged loss of contact with the satellite. Meanwhile, RAX II was launched in October 2011 to a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Events on Friday, May 5th, 2017 Simulating the Ionosphere, one electron at a time Speaker: Meers Oppenheim, Boston University, Astronomy Department Abstract: All planetary atmospheres have a region where solar radiation ionizes the air, creating an ionosphere; a plasma extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal"}, {"title": "", "text": "Events on Friday, May 5th, 2017 Simulating the Ionosphere, one electron at a time Speaker: Meers Oppenheim, Boston University, Astronomy Department Abstract: All planetary atmospheres have a region where solar radiation ionizes the air, creating an ionosphere; a plasma extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal Video: https://vod.physics.wisc.edu/media/2017_05_05.m4v"}, {"title": "", "text": "use data from: the four Cluster spacecraft with the separation among the spacecraft greater than or equal to the ion gyroradius (\u03c1 i ) or inertial length (\u03bb i ), the four MMS spacecraft with interspacecraft separation down to the order of the electron scale, the FAST spacecraft, and THEMIS ground-based fluxgate magnetometers, which we call \"gMAG\" in this paper. Both Cluster and MMS regularly fly through the dawn/dusk magnetopause and detect KHWs/KHVs. Their tetrahedral configuration facilitates the calculation of J using the curlometer technique . MMS further enables the direct estimation of \u03a9 using high time-resolution plasma data (150-ms for ions and 30-ms for electrons in burst mode; 4.5 s in fast survey mode). We focus on the ion flow vorticity (the electron vorticity (Hwang et al., 2019) that is associated with microphysical processes is out of the scope of this study). The larger spacecraft separation of Cluster compared to MMS allows a test using plasma density to determine if the observed fluctuations are KHVs or not (Section 4). FAST traversed the northern and southern ionosphere with an altitude ranging from hundreds km to \u22724,000 km. Its operation during~12 years until 4 May 2009 enables conjunctions to be studied with KHWs/KHVs detected by Cluster. KHV events observed both by Cluster and most-recently-launched MMS can be coupled to ionospheric signatures recorded in ground magnetometers. Data obtained from 11 different magnetometer arrays (gMAG) allow us to calculate the (horizontal) equivalent ionospheric current (EIC) and the (vertical) spherical elementary current (SEC), which is a proxy for the field-aligned"}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun is the ultimate driving force for most ionization processes, it's tempting to assume that Venus has more particles in a given area than Mars does because it orbits twice as closely to our star. Instead, the two planets have similar densities, which differ from Earth's measurements by only a factor of ten. At the same time, the layers affected by the meteoroids on Earth are very narrow, maybe only a mile or two wide, while Venus and Mars both have layers stretching six to eight miles. According to Withers, the difference may come from the presence of Earth's strong magnetic field, a feature lacking on the other two planets. But scientists aren't certain how much of a role the field actually plays. Finding the source To study Earth's ionosphere, scientists can launch rockets to take measurements in the region. But the process is more complicated for other planets. As a spacecraft travels through the solar system, a targeted radio signal sent back to Earth can be aimed through the ionosphere of a nearby planet. Plasma in the ionosphere causes small but detectable changes in the signal that allow scientists to learn about the upper atmosphere. This process \u2014 known as radio occultation \u2014 doesn't require any fancy equipment, only the radio the craft already uses to communicate with scientists on Earth. \"It's really one of the workhorse planetary science instruments,\" Withers said. Because it is so simple, the process has been applied to every planet ever visited by spacecraft. Only in recent years has"}, {"title": "", "text": "there is a theoretical part which is about achieving a better basic understanding of these phenomena. \"Electrons in large quantities are virtually vacuum-cleaned from areas stretching over 500 to 1,000 kilometres. It\u2019s a surprising discovery that we hadn't anticipated.\" Professor Per H\u00f8eg, DTU Space \u201cOur work can contribute to making navigation more reliable during ionospheric storms in the Arctic region. Our new research has enabled us to identify a number of critical factors that affect the quality of satellite-based navigation, and to assess the probability of when these factors may occur. At a more theoretical level, we have found out that during solar storms, electrons are removed in the ionosphere, which is the opposite of what you intuitively would expect.\u201d When the magnetic field from solar eruptions hits the Earth\u2019s magnetic field in the ionosphere, their force fields are mixed. Consequently, unstable areas\u2014so-called patches\u2014are created in the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, extending over large areas near the North Pole. The area of patches at the polar cap may extend over 500 to 1,000 kilometres with electron speeds exceeding 1,000 metres per second. This gives rise to surging powerful Northern Lights and creates turbulent conditions. Interferes with navigation and communication systems Knowledge about solar storms are important, as communication with airborne signals via satellites and radio play an increasingly important in society. Solar storms may interfere with GPS satellites and their signals, make radio communication fail, and cause extensive power failures. The risk of disruptions in the ionosphere is one of the reasons why no routine flights are made"}, {"title": "", "text": "\\section*{Abstract} The abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma, the magnetopause, has long been known to support surface waves. It was proposed that impulses acting on the boundary might lead to a trapping of these waves on the dayside by the ionosphere, resulting in a standing wave or eigenmode of the magnetopause surface. No direct observational evidence of this has been found to date and searches for indirect evidence have proved inconclusive, leading to speculation that this mechanism might not occur. By using fortuitous multipoint spacecraft observations during a rare isolated fast plasma jet impinging on the boundary, here we show that the resulting magnetopause motion and magnetospheric ultra-low frequency waves at well-defined frequencies are in agreement with and can only be explained by the magnetopause surface eigenmode. We therefore show through direct observations that this mechanism, which should impact upon the magnetospheric system globally, does in fact occur. \\section*{Introduction} Planetary magnetic fields act as obstacles to solar/stellar winds with their interaction forming a well-defined region of space known as a magnetosphere. The outer boundary of a magnetosphere, the magnetopause, is arguably the most significant since it controls the flux of mass, energy, and momentum both into and out of the system, with the boundary's motion thus having wide ranging consequences. Magnetopause dynamics, for example, can cause loss of relativistic radiation belt electrons \\cite{li97}; result in field-aligned currents directing energy to the ionosphere \\cite{haerendel13}; and launch numerous modes of magnetospheric ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves \\cite{plaschke16,hwang16} that themselves transfer solar wind energy to radiation belt"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lunar ionosphere exploration method using auroral kilometric radiation The evidence of a lunar ionosphere provided by radio occultation experiments performed by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 19 and 22 has been controversial for the past three decades because the observed large density is difficult to explain theoretically without magnetic shielding from the solar wind. The KAGUYA mission provided an opportunity to investigate the lunar ionosphere with another method. The natural plasma wave receiver (NPW) and waveform capture (WFC) instruments, which are subsystems of the lunar radar sounder (LRS) on board the lunar orbiter KAGUYA, frequently observe auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) propagating from the Earth. The dynamic spectra of the AKR sometimes exhibit a clear interference pattern that is caused by phase differences between direct waves and waves reflected on a lunar surface or a lunar ionosphere if it exists. It was hypothesized that the electron density profiles above the lunar surface could be evaluated by comparing the observed interference pattern with the theoretical interference patterns constructed from the profiles with ray tracing. This method provides a new approach to examining the lunar ionosphere that does not involve the conventional radio occultation technique."}, {"title": "", "text": "the presence of electrons downstream adds to the ionization in this region. Hence, even if charge neutrality is insured a downstream plasma with charged particles exists outside of the thruster body, this plasma is known as the plasma plume. The possible damage the plume may cause on the host spacecraft is the main reason why it has been and is still a great concern in using electric propulsion systems to propel a spacecraft rather than using conventional chemical propulsion [6]. One of the major problems with the plasma plume is that the accelerated ions might undergo charge exchange collisions with the slow neutrals, which then produces slow ions that can backscatter and deposit on the thruster body, solar panels, scientific instruments, etc. In the early 1970s a \"Porcupine\" rocket project was launched to investigate the behavior of an artificial ion beam in the Ionosphere. The results showed that the Xenon ion beam induced high-frequency turbulence as far away as 100 m from the thruster [7,8]. High and low frequency oscillations in both current and space potential can occur due to the cathode plume interacting with the thruster plume. These oscillations increase the erosion of grids and walls and again limits the lifetime and performance of the thrusters [3, and references therein]. New electric propulsion systems are now intensively studied in order to prolong the lifetime and performances of electrostatic and electromagnetic thrusters. Some of them does not need a neutralizer [9]. Ion-ion plasma for electric propulsion Using ion-ion plasma in order to accelerate both positive and"}, {"title": "", "text": "interfere with communications and navigation systems, disturb spacecraft orbits because of increased drag, and cause electric utility blackouts over wide areas. Ionospheric effects at equatorial, auroral, and middle latitudes constitute a major category of space weather effects that need to be better characterized and understood. \u201cGeospace\u201d is the term used to refer to the ensemble of regions including Earth\u2019s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and theremosphere. DISTRIBUTED ARRAYS OF SMALL INSTRUMENTS\u2014THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP Space physics proper began in the late 1950s with the launch of the first Earth-orbiting satellites. The field is distinguished from astronomy and astrophysics as well as from earlier attempts to understand our space environment by its capability of measuring in situ the plasmas that surround Earth and pervade the solar system. However, despite the distinctive and defining role played by in situ observations, the importance of ground-based investigations (carried out with radars, magnetometers, riometers, ionosondes, all-sky cameras, coronagraphs, and neutron monitors) to pre-space-age knowledge of the Sun-Earth system has been crucial. Today, nearly half a century after the dawn of the space age, remote sensing from ground-based facilities remains essential to efforts to characterize and understand Earth\u2019 s space environment and to investigate the workings of its ultimate energy source, the Sun. One of the most serious obstacles to progress in understanding and predicting the space physics environment is the inadequate spatial distribution of ground-based measurements. This results, in part, because of the remoteness and lack of supporting infrastructure in some important regions, such as at polar latitudes, and, in part, because measurements in"}, {"title": "", "text": "atmosphere. Another effect of this ionospheric turbulence is the aurora borealis, which light up the night skies in northern Canada and are sometimes seen further south. The National Research Council of Canada began conducting ionospheric research in the 1930s, and it worked harder in this area in World War II because of the importance of radio communications for Canada\u2019s navy. As the Cold War began in 1947, the federal government set up the Defence Research Board (DRB). At one of the board\u2019s branches, the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) in Shirley\u2019s Bay, near Ottawa, physicists bounced radio waves off the bottom of the ionosphere to record its changing reflective properties, and they launched balloons and sounding rockets to probe the upper atmosphere. Some of these were a part of the worldwide scientific investigations undertaken as part of the International Geophysical Year in 1957 and 1958. A diagram of the Alouette 1 spacecraft showing subsystems. Credit: DRTE/Canadian Space Agency. The launch of Sputnik and other satellites starting in 1957 marked the beginnning of a race to create satellites that could improve communications on Earth. The United States launched a balloon, Echo, in 1960 to bounce radio and television signals from one point to another. Soon communications satellites such as Telstar were being tested in medium Earth orbit, and the U.S. military even tried to create an artificial ionosphere by launching millions of needles into orbit. Although Arthur C. Clarke first wrote of the concept of geosynchronous communications satellites in 1945, major advances in transponder and antenna technology,"}, {"title": "", "text": "plasma frequency. Harmonic emission does not appear in our model because the backward-propagating Langmuir waves undergo strong Landau damping. Our model predicts 100% polarization in the sense of the ordinary (o-) mode of type I emission. Radio science investigations with Voyager Eshleman, V.R.; Tyler, G.L.; Croft, T.A. The planned radio science investigations during the Voyager missions to the outer planets involve: (1) the use of the radio links to and from the spacecraft for occultation measurements of planetary and satellite atmospheres and ionospheres, the rings of Saturn, the solar corona, and the general-relativistic time delay for radiowave propagation through the Sun's gravity field; (2) radio link measurements of true or apparent spacecraft motion caused by the gravity fields of the planets, the masses of their larger satellites, and characteristics of the interplanetary medium; and (3) related measurements which could provide results in other areas, including the possible detection of long-wavelength gravitational radiation propagating through the Solar System. The measurements will be used to study: atmospheric and ionospheric structure, constituents, and dynamics; the sizes, radial distribution, total mass, and other characteristics of the particles in the rings of Saturn; interior models for the major planets and the mean density and bulk composition of a number of their satellites; the plasma density and dynamics of the solar corona and interplanetary medium; and certain fundamental questions involving gravitation and relativity. The instrumentation for these experiments is the same ground-based and spacecraft radio systems as will be used for tracking and communicating with the Voyager spacecraft, although several important features"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionospheric response to the shock and acoustic waves excited by the launch of the Shenzhou 10 spacecraft We used a dense GPS network in China to track the ionospheric response to waves excited by the launch of the rocket that carried Shenzhou 10 spacecraft on 11 June 2013. The long\u2010distance propagation of shock and acoustic waves were observed on both sides of the rocket's trajectory. On the southern side, the wave structures (characterized by a horizontal extension of ~1400 km and initial amplitudes of 0.3 total electron content unit (TECU) and 0.1 TECU for the shock and acoustic waves, respectively), traveled southwestward a distance of ~1500 km at mean velocities of 1011 m s\u22121 and 709 m s\u22121, respectively. On the northern side, northward propagating waves were seen to travel a distance of ~600 km with much smaller amplitudes of less than 0.05 TECU. Subsequent waves with amplitudes of less than 0.02 TECU could also be seen. Clear wave structures were found at a distance of ~600\u20132000 km from launch site."}, {"title": "", "text": "Inc. of Bedford, MA (first flight on DMSP F16, launch Oct. 18, 2003). SSJ/5 is an upgrade of SSJ/4. Detects and analyzes electrons and ions that precipitate in the ionosphere to produce an aurora display (0.3-30 keV low energy range). The instrument uses a nested spherical deflection plate system to simultaneously analyze electrons and ions over a 90\u00ba field of view. It utilizes a space qualified microprocessor that permits customizing data rates, measurement ranges, on board storage, and specific analysis algorithms, such as auroral boundary detection or real time charging measurements. The sensor data also supports missions which require knowledge of the polar and high-latitude ionosphere, such as communications, surveillance, and detection systems that propagate energy off or through the ionosphere. Figure 50: Illustration of SSJ/5 instrument (image credit: Amptek) SSM (Special Sensor Magnetometer), a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer, PL sensor built by NASA/GSFC. The SSM measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e., ionospheric currents flowing at high latitudes). In combination with the SSI/ES (or SSI/ES-2) and the SSJ/4, the SSM provides heating and electron density profiles in the high-latitude ionosphere. SSM takes and reports 12 readings/s for the Y and Z axes. Only 10 readings of the 12 readings per second are reported for the X axis due to telemetry limitations. The SSM's axes are aligned with the spacecraft's axes where X is downward and aligned to local vertical within 0.01 degree, Y is parallel to the velocity vector for spacecraft with ascending node in the afternoon/evening sector, and Z is away from the"}, {"title": "", "text": "situ techniques. Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.. Each spacecraft of the recently launched magnetospheric multiscale MMS mission is equipped with Active Spacecraft Potential Control (ASPOC) instruments, which control the spacecraft potential in order to reduce spacecraft charging effects. ASPOC typically reduces the spacecraft potential to a few volts. On several occasions during the commissioning phase of the mission, the ASPOC instruments were operating only on one spacecraft at a time. Taking advantage of such intervals, we derive photoelectron curves and also perform reconstructions of the uncontrolled spacecraft potential for the spacecraft with active control and estimate the electron plasma density during those periods. We also establish the criteria under which our methods can be applied. Ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the Terrestrial ionosphere and from several planets and moons in the solar system. The low energy indicates the origin of the plasma but also severely complicates detection of the positive ions onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of Volts. We discuss some methods to observe low-energy ions, including a recently developed technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic flow. Recent results from this technique show that low-energy ions typically"}, {"title": "", "text": "Particle-In-Cell Simulations of the Cassini Spacecraft's Interaction with Saturn's Ionosphere during the Grand Finale By Zeqi Zhang (Imperial College London) Cassini's Grand Finale at Saturn was the first time the giant planet\u2019s atmosphere had been sampled in-situ. The ionosphere, and indeed the Saturn system as a whole, provided a uniquely different environment compared to the terrestrial planets and also Jupiter, with populations of charged dust grains influencing the plasma dynamics. When passing through Saturn\u2019s ionosphere, Cassini observed an ionosphere dominated by ice and dust particles which continually rain inward from Saturn\u2019s vast ring system and soak up free electrons, thus producing a dusty complex plasma. Understanding how incident plasma currents charge a spacecraft relative to its surrounding environment is important for interpreting the surrounding plasma conditions and on-board plasma measurements. In this article, we describe three dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations of the Cassini spacecraft\u2019s interaction with plasmas representative of Saturn's ionosphere during the Grand Finale. The global simulations revealed complex interaction features such as a highly structured wake containing spacecraft-scale vortices and electron wings, a Langmuir wave analogue of Alfv\u00e9n wings, which propagated at small angles to the magnetic field and upstream into the pristine plasma ahead of Cassini. The results explain how a large negatively charged plasma component combined with a large negative to positive ion mass ratio is able to drive the spacecraft to the observed positive potentials, a previously unexplained phenomenon observed during end-of-mission. Despite the high electron depletions, the electron properties are found as a significant controlling factor for the spacecraft potential together"}, {"title": "", "text": "used to probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design)"}, {"title": "", "text": "used to probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design)"}, {"title": "", "text": "probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design) are widely"}, {"title": "", "text": "terrestrial-weather-driven thermosphere interacts with the ionosphere\u2019s charged particles. Understanding how the neutral atmosphere affects the ions and vice versa is key to better understanding the complex space weather system surrounding our planet, which affects spacecraft and astronauts flying through it. The launch of AETHER would be no later than 2024. The principal investigator for AETHER is James Clemmons at the University of New Hampshire in Durham. Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZIE) NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson pauses for a portrait while donning her spacesuit and going under water in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab, Monday, July 8, 2019 at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls) EZIE would focus on an electric current known as the auroral electrojet, which circles through the atmosphere around 60 to 90 miles above Earth, near the poles. Using three SmallSats to measure magnetic fields, EZIE would observe the structure of electrojets and explore what causes them and how they evolve. Electrojets are part of a larger space weather system that can lead to oscillations in Earth\u2019s magnetic fields, creating geomagnetic storms that can interfere with spacecraft and \u2013 at their most intense \u2013 utility grids on the ground. Knowing how electrojets form and grow could contribute to ultimately predicting such storms. EZIE would launch as part of the agency\u2019s CubeSat Launch Initiative. EZIE also would launch no later than 2024. The principal investigator for EZIE is Jeng-Hwa Yee at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland."}, {"title": "", "text": "outer parts of the magnetosphere. If one pushes or pulls on the outer parts of the magnetosphere, one would expect the stresses created by that action to affect the plasma in the Earth's ionosphere for the ionosphere is where the magnetosphere is coupled to the Earth. The magnetosphere communicates this stress through field-aligned currents. Figure 4 shows the paths of some of these currents. The magnetic moment of Mercury is about one 1/3000th of the terrestrial magnetic moment. The equatorial surface magnetic field strength is about 250 nT. Mercury has been explored by only one spacecraft Mariner 10 which passed by Mercury 3 times in 1974 and 1975. On two of these passes the spacecraft passed through the wake of the planet encountering a mini-magnetosphere much like that of the Earth. These two passes gave us only a brief glimpse of the nature of the Mercury magnetosphere. This glimpse was not enough to precisely determine the strength of the magnetic moment of the planet. It did however suggest that the magnetosphere more efficiently extracts energy from the solar wind than does the Earth's magnetosphere. Scientists hope to revisit Mercury in the future with one or more orbiting spacecraft, but presently it is expected that this will not happen until early in the 21st century. The equatorial surface field of the Earth is about 31,000 nT. It is strong enough to activate rudimentary magnetic compasses and has been used as a navigational aid for at least 1000 years. The investigation of the earth's magnetic field began in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Annualreport menu Show \u2014 Annualreport menu Hide \u2014 Annualreport menu BIRA-IASB Home (chapters) \u23af\u23af 2017-2018 \u23af\u23af\u23af\u23af 2019-2020 \u23af\u23af Development and validation of SLP Research Topic Chapter Space Physics News flash intro The Sweeping Langmuir Probe (SLP), developed at BIRA-IASB, is one of the two instruments that will fly on board the ESA CubeSat PICASSO in 2019. SLP will measure the current collected by four cylindrical probes, whose electrical potentials are swept so that the following key ionospheric parameters can be retrieved: electric charge density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and spacecraft potential with respect to the environment. The main objectives of SLP are to get insight into the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and aurora. These scientific investigations will be carried out by complementing the data from SLP with data from a variety of data sources: GNSS TEC tomography, whistler stations in AWDAnet, WHISPER instruments on Cluster, etc. SLP is a very light weight and miniaturised instrument. The electronic boards are enclosed in custom-made shielding cover to reduce electromagnetic interferences (EMI) as depicted in Figure 2. The electronics fit into a box of 104 mm x 98 mm x 25 mm and the whole instrument weighs only 152 g (including probes and booms). Test and validation Because the conducting area of the spacecraft (S/C) is not large enough compared to the area of the probes, the S/C will charge negatively when the probes are swept with positive bias. This charging will lead to a drift of the S/C potential during the sweep, making the data unusable. In order to avoid"}, {"title": "", "text": "technology resides, then learn how to operate through and preserve it from potentially disruptive or damaging interference,\u201d Spann said. Understanding the phenomenaBuilding on decades of previous ground-based studies of plasma bubbles over equatorial regions, especially intensive research in Brazil and Peru, SPORT will help researchers determine what\u2019s happening in the ionosphere to stir up the bubbles, why they form along the equator and what causes them to appear at night. Plasma bubbles and scintillation are global equatorial and mid-latitude phenomena, made worse by the South American Magnetic Anomaly, where Earth\u2019s magnetic equator dips close to Earth. More about SPORTSPORT science mission data will be distributed from and archived at the EMBRACE space-weather forecasting center in Brazil\u2019s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and mirrored at the Space Physics Data Facility at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The SPORT mission management team is led by Marshall alongside its international partners, the Brazilian Space Agency in Bras\u00edlia, and the National Institute for Space Research and Technical Aeronautics Institute, both in S\u00e3o Jose dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo. Spann\u2019s team, which oversees the mission science, flight instruments and the CubeSat launch, includes researchers at Marshall; Goddard; Utah State University in Logan, Utah; The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California; the University of Texas at Dallas; and the University of Alabama in Huntsville. NASA\u2019s Brazilian partners are overseeing the development of the spacecraft; integration and testing; mission operations; data management and dissemination; and the ground observation network. The science analysis will be conducted by the entire team. Be"}, {"title": "", "text": "(image credit: Amptek) SSM (Special Sensor Magnetometer), a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer, PL sensor built by NASA/GSFC. The SSM measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e., ionospheric currents flowing at high latitudes). In combination with the SSI/ES (or SSI/ES-2) and the SSJ/4, the SSM provides heating and electron density profiles in the high-latitude ionosphere. SSM takes and reports 12 readings/s for the Y and Z axes. Only 10 readings of the 12 readings per second are reported for the X axis due to telemetry limitations. The SSM's axes are aligned with the spacecraft's axes where X is downward and aligned to local vertical within 0.01 degree, Y is parallel to the velocity vector for spacecraft with ascending node in the afternoon/evening sector, and Z is away from the solar panel and anti-parallel to the orbit normal vector.) The measurement range is \u00b165535 nT for each axis, with a one-bit resolution of 2 nT. The first SSM flight started with F12 (launch 29.8, 1994). Note: The magnetic field has three sources: 1) the magnetic field from the solid Earth, 2) the magnetic field from electrical currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and 3) the magnetic field from the spacecraft. Measurement of source 2 is the principal objective of the SSM, the measurement of source 1 is a secondary objective, and measurement of source 3 is a nuisance which is eliminated from the data as much as possible during data processing. SSM-Boom (Special Sensor Magnetometer-Boom), an upgrade to SSM. Measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical"}, {"title": "", "text": "the first time the giant planet\u2019s atmosphere had been sampled in-situ. The ionosphere, and indeed the Saturn system as a whole, provided a uniquely different environment compared to the terrestrial planets and also Jupiter, with populations of charged dust grains influencing the plasma dynamics. When passing through Saturn\u2019s ionosphere, Cassini observed an ionosphere dominated by ice and dust particles which continually rain inward from Saturn\u2019s vast ring system and soak up free electrons, thus producing a dusty complex plasma. Understanding how incident plasma currents charge a spacecraft relative to its surrounding environment is important for interpreting the surrounding plasma conditions and on-board plasma measurements. In this article, we describe three dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations of the Cassini spacecraft\u2019s interaction with plasmas representative of Saturn's ionosphere during the Grand Finale. The global simulations revealed complex interaction features such as a highly structured wake containing spacecraft-scale vortices and electron wings, a Langmuir wave analogue of Alfv\u00e9n wings, which propagated at small angles to the magnetic field and upstream into the pristine plasma ahead of Cassini. The results explain how a large negatively charged plasma component combined with a large negative to positive ion mass ratio is able to drive the spacecraft to the observed positive potentials, a previously unexplained phenomenon observed during end-of-mission. Despite the high electron depletions, the electron properties are found as a significant controlling factor for the spacecraft potential together with the magnetic field orientation which induces a potential gradient directed across Cassini's asymmetric body. This study reveals the global spacecraft interaction experienced by Cassini during"}, {"title": "", "text": "phase of the benchmarking activity is to reduce these uncertainties. In this presentation, we will focus on the sources of uncertainty in the ionospheric response to extreme geomagnetic storms. We will then discuss various research efforts required to better understand the underlying processes of ionospheric variability and how the uncertainties in ionospheric response to extreme space weather could be reduced and the estimates improved. Maintaining US Space Weather Capabilities after DMSP: Research to Operations Machuzak, J. S.; Gentile, L. C.; Burke, W. J.; Holeman, E. G.; Ober, D. M.; Wilson, G. R. The first Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft was launched in 1972; the last is scheduled to fly in 2020. Presently, there is no replacement for the space-weather monitoring sensors that now fly on DMSP. The present suite has provided comprehensive, long-term records that constitute a critical component of the US space weather corporate memory. Evolving operational needs and research accomplishments justify continued collection of space environmental data. Examples include measurements to: (1) Monitor the Dst index in real time as a driver of next-generation satellite drag models; (2) Quantify electromagnetic energy fluxes from deep space to the ionosphere/ thermosphere that heat neutrals, drive disturbance-dynamo winds and degrade precise orbit determinations; (3) Determine strengths of stormtime electric fields at high and low latitudes that lead to severe blackouts and spacecraft anomalies; (4) Specify variability of plasma density irregularities, equatorial plasma bubbles, and the Appleton anomaly to improve reliability of communication, navigation and surveillance links; (5) Characterize energetic particle fluxes responsible for auroral clutter and"}, {"title": "", "text": "during magnetospheric substorms. A ground-based support group was to provide coordinated and simultaneous ground-based data of many types, including observations from auroral and polar cap regions. Interball was an IACG-related mission. Key physical parameters were to be generated, and and made available for exchange with other projects. Campaigns for intercomparison with the Wind and Geotail spacecraft were expected. One pair of spacecraft, Tail Probe and its subsatellite S2-X (X for the first letter of the Russian word for \"Tail\"), was to be launched into the magnetospheric tail. The second pair, Auroral Probe and S2-A (A for ``Auroral''), was to have an orbit that crossed the auroral oval to observe the acceleration of auroral particles and the flow of electric currents that connect the magnetospheric tail with the conducting ionosphere. To study the equilibrium tail structure, during about half of each year the Tail Probe pair was to cross the main parts of the magnetotail every four days. The Auroral Probe pair would support the Tail Probe pair with auroral region measurements. Each main spacecraft had more than twenty scientific instruments. The spacecraft was cylindrical, with its spin axis toward the Sun (within 10 degrees), and with a spin period of ~120 s. The electric and magnetic field sensors were on booms connected to the ends of the solar panels. The subsatellites were small, each with about ten scientific instruments. Their spin axis was to be directed within 10 degrees of the Sun, with a spin period of ~120 s, as with the main spacecraft. The subsatellites"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ann. Geophys., 32, 69\u201375, 2014 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-69-2014 Regular paper 04 Feb 2014 Regular paper | 04 Feb 2014 Topside equatorial zonal ion velocities measured by C/NOFS during rising solar activity W. R. Coley, R. A. Stoneback, R. A. Heelis, and M. R. Hairston W. R. Coley et al. W. R. Coley, R. A. Stoneback, R. A. Heelis, and M. R. Hairston W. B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Received: 17 Oct 2013 \u2013 Accepted: 20 Dec 2013 \u2013 Published: 04 Feb 2014 Abstract. The Ion Velocity Meter (IVM), a part of the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamic Investigation (CINDI) instrument package on the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) spacecraft, has made over 5 yr of in situ measurements of plasma temperatures, composition, densities, and velocities in the 400\u2013850 km altitude range of the equatorial ionosphere. These measured ion velocities are then transformed into a coordinate system with components parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field allowing us to examine the zonal (horizontal and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field) component of plasma motion over the 2009\u20132012 interval. The general pattern of local time variation of the equatorial zonal ion velocity is well established as westward during the day and eastward during the night, with the larger nighttime velocities leading to a net ionospheric superrotation. Since the C/NOFS launch in April 2008, F10.7 cm radio fluxes have gradually increased from around 70 sfu to levels in the 130\u2013150 sfu range. The comprehensive coverage of C/NOFS over the low-latitude ionosphere allows us to"}, {"title": "", "text": "systems. The artificial clouds will be visible to residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands during two rocket flights to occur between August 29 and September 9, the US space agency said. The Waves and Instabilities from a Neutral Dynamo (WINDY) mission will study a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere \u2013 a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere. Known as equatorial spread F (ESF) these disturbances occur after sunset at latitudes near the equator in part of the ionosphere known as the F region. The disturbances interfere with radio communication, navigation and imaging systems and pose a hazard to technology and society that depends on it. The WINDY mission consists of two NASA suborbital sounding rockets that will be launched nearly simultaneously in a window between 8 and 11 pm local time from August 29 through September 9 from the island of Roi-Namur . The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands is near the magnetic equator, where post-sunset ionosphere storms are more intense, making the site an ideal location for these studies, NASA said. One rocket will carry a substance called tri-methyl aluminium (TMA), which will form the white artificial clouds that glow in the night sky. Scientists on the ground photograph the movement of these clouds to measure the winds and energetic particles that are in motion in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are expected to be visible for about 30 minutes. The first rocket launched, a two-stage 47-foot long Black Brant IX rocket, will carry and release both TMA and"}, {"title": "", "text": "systems. The artificial clouds will be visible to residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands during two rocket flights to occur between August 29 and September 9, the US space agency said. The Waves and Instabilities from a Neutral Dynamo (WINDY) mission will study a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere \u2013 a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere. Known as equatorial spread F (ESF) these disturbances occur after sunset at latitudes near the equator in part of the ionosphere known as the F region. The disturbances interfere with radio communication, navigation and imaging systems and pose a hazard to technology and society that depends on it. The WINDY mission consists of two NASA suborbital sounding rockets that will be launched nearly simultaneously in a window between 8 and 11 pm local time from August 29 through September 9 from the island of Roi-Namur . The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands is near the magnetic equator, where post-sunset ionosphere storms are more intense, making the site an ideal location for these studies, NASA said. One rocket will carry a substance called tri-methyl aluminium (TMA), which will form the white artificial clouds that glow in the night sky. Scientists on the ground photograph the movement of these clouds to measure the winds and energetic particles that are in motion in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are expected to be visible for about 30 minutes. The first rocket launched, a two-stage 47-foot long Black Brant IX rocket, will carry and release both TMA and"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the PANSY Radar at Syowa Station, Antarctic\u201d by Taishi Hashimoto, Akinori Saito, Koji Nishimura, Masaki Tsutsumi, Kaoru Sato and Toru Sato, 17 September 2019, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0175.1 Other authors include Akinori Saito of the Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Kyoto University, Koji Nishimura and Masaki Tsutsumi of the National Institute of Polar Research, Kaoru Sato of the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of Tokyo and Toru Sato of the Department of Communications and Computer Engineering at Kyoto University. Plasma Irregularities in the Polar Ionosphere Can Distort GPS Signals Two New NASA Missions Team Up To Explore Earth\u2019s Ionosphere NASA\u2019s ICON Ready To Explore The Ionosphere Scientists View Changes in Venus\u2019s Ionosphere MAVEN Identifies Links to Atmospheric Loss on Mars NASA Science from the Moon\u2019s Shadow NASA ICON Spacecraft Launches on Mission to Explore Frontier of Space NASA\u2019s Solar Dynamics Observatory Detects Solar Flare Pulses at Sun and Earth Be the first to comment on \"Chaos in the Night Sky: First Measures of Earth\u2019s Ionosphere With Largest Atmospheric Radar in Antarctic\""}, {"title": "", "text": "$~ 10^{7} cm^{-3}$. Their origins are not fully understood but some of the major models explaining the origin of the slow solar winds are the coronal flux tube expansion phenomenon (Eg.~\\cite{pinto2017multiple}) and the interchange magnetic reconnection (Eg.~\\cite{edmondson2012role}). Fast solar winds have speeds ranging from 600-800 km/s with lower densities compared to slow solar winds with a value around $5 \\times 10^{5} cm^{-3}$. The fast solar winds originate from the coronal holes, regions of open magnetic field lines that propel matter into space~\\citep{hassler1999solar}. A spacecraft communications telemetry signal is affected by multiple factors along the propagation path including the motion of the spacecraft, the characteristic's of the antenna, the helioplasma, Earth's ionosphere, and spacecraft and antenna system noises. These affect the observables of the spacecraft signal including signal frequency, phase and amplitude. The amplitude of a signal is significantly disrupted when the line of sight is close to the Sun \\citep{manoharan1995solar} such as a solar conjunction. The automatic gain control (AGC) is always switched on in our experiments. The AGC provides a controlled received amplitude facilitating easier signal processing with less changes in the dynamic range. Due to the two aforementioned reasons, the amplitude of the signal is not a suitable metric in comparison to the more precisely detected phase. The solar wind introduces frequency \\citep{wexler2019spacecraft} and phase fluctuations in the signal. These fluctuations become larger when observations are closer to the Sun or during coronal mass ejections events. We observe spacecraft downlink signals operating in a coherent communication mode where the spacecraft generates a downlink signal"}, {"title": "", "text": "No 2-3(34) Supplement No 1(15) About the possibility of determining the speed of jets of radio galaxies and quasars from studies of the fine structure of their nodes at high angular resolution Abstract: The results of observations of 40 extra-galactic radio sources made on a 22-meter radio telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at a frequency of 22 GHz in 1990\u20131994 are presented. Acoustic diagnostics of heterophase plasma Acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere as a possible channel of cosmic influence on the biosphere Analysis of the possibility of using magnetic-liquid devices in space technology Characteristics of recombination processes in the nighttime F-region of the ionosphere according to incoherent scattering Checking the list of optical twins of IR and radio sources from observations in the Andrushevskaya joint-stock company Comparison of the data of the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar with the international reference ionosphere model IRI-2001 Doppler radio sounding of disturbances in the E and F regions of the ionosphere during launches and flights of spacecraft Doppler radio sounding of the ionosphere as a means of monitoring the state of space weather Effect of nonconservation of the magnetic moment of fast protons on their confinement in the geomagnetic trap Energy and material science problems of launching into space and descent to Earth of the device with low overloads Experimental determination of temperature fields in samples of materials of space technology Frenay \u2013 Serre equations for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic dipole Generation of Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma with low-frequency turbulence Generation of"}, {"title": "", "text": "discharge ion engines \"\u03bc10\"are dedicated to the main propulsion on the HAYABUSA asteroid explorer. In a development program, various tests and assessments were conducted on the ion engines and the spacecraft. They include endurance tests, an electromagnetic interference susceptibility test, an interference test between the plasma and communication microwave, a beam exhaust test on the spacecraft, assessments on the plasma interference with a solar array, and so on. The spacecraft was launched in deep space by the M-V rocket in May 2003. After vacuum exposure and several runs of baking for reduction of residual gas, the ion engine system established continuous acceleration of the spacecraft toward the asteroid ITOKAWA. The spacecraft passed through a perihelion of 0.86 astronomical unit (AU) in February 2004 and an aphelion of 1.7 AU in February 2005, becoming the first solar electric propulsion system to travel this far toward and away from the Sun. The HAYABUSA succeeded in rendezvousing with the target asteroid in September 2005. AB - Microwave discharge ion engines \"\u03bc10\"are dedicated to the main propulsion on the HAYABUSA asteroid explorer. In a development program, various tests and assessments were conducted on the ion engines and the spacecraft. They include endurance tests, an electromagnetic interference susceptibility test, an interference test between the plasma and communication microwave, a beam exhaust test on the spacecraft, assessments on the plasma interference with a solar array, and so on. The spacecraft was launched in deep space by the M-V rocket in May 2003. After vacuum exposure and several runs of baking for reduction"}, {"title": "", "text": "No 1(110) No 1(98) No 2-3(34) Supplement No 1(15) About the possibility of determining the speed of jets of radio galaxies and quasars from studies of the fine structure of their nodes at high angular resolution Abstract: The results of observations of 40 extra-galactic radio sources made on a 22-meter radio telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at a frequency of 22 GHz in 1990\u20131994 are presented. Acoustic diagnostics of heterophase plasma Acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere as a possible channel of cosmic influence on the biosphere Analysis of the possibility of using magnetic-liquid devices in space technology Characteristics of recombination processes in the nighttime F-region of the ionosphere according to incoherent scattering Checking the list of optical twins of IR and radio sources from observations in the Andrushevskaya joint-stock company Comparison of the data of the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar with the international reference ionosphere model IRI-2001 Doppler radio sounding of disturbances in the E and F regions of the ionosphere during launches and flights of spacecraft Doppler radio sounding of the ionosphere as a means of monitoring the state of space weather Effect of nonconservation of the magnetic moment of fast protons on their confinement in the geomagnetic trap Energy and material science problems of launching into space and descent to Earth of the device with low overloads Experimental determination of temperature fields in samples of materials of space technology Frenay \u2013 Serre equations for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic dipole Generation of Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma with"}, {"title": "", "text": "in these cases also a general increase of the electron density to apogee. Finally, with rockets capable of reaching 480 km altitude, the F-layer of the ionosphere was probed on three occasions in 1958 (21 February, 27 August and 31 October), and it was demonstrated that, in contrast to then current ideas, the electron density did not decrease rapidly above the F layer maximum. During this period Gringauz and his group were engaged in the preparation of experiments for the first Soviet spacecraft then being developed in Korolev\u2019s Institute. He was very proud to have provided the famous transmitters on Sputnik 1 which made a triumphant announcement to the world following the successful launch of 4 October, 1957, In particular he liked to tell that he was the last to touch the Sputnik: \u201cI had to do the final check to make sure the transmitter was going to work there was a special cover in the nose cone, so I reached inside, checked the \u2018beep..beep..beep\u2019 signal and knew everything was alright... then the cone was sealed for the last time.\u201d There had been some debate as to whether or not the 20 and 40 MHz transmissions would be easily detectable through the ionosphere but Gringauz was confident that this would be the case, and his judgment was confirmed as correct, with the receiving distance being as much as 10,000 km. The transmissions continued for three weeks and were used to monitor conditions within the spacecraft. Sputnik 3, which weighed 1327 kg. was launched on 15 May,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Albert Viggiano Albert A. Viggiano Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE Kirtland AFB 87117-5776 Education Ph.D. in Chemical Physics, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder 1980 B. Sc. in Chem. with highest honors, Univ. of Calif. Berkeley 1976 Work history/accomplishments: I am manager and chief scientist of the plasma chemistry laboratory. My group developed four state of the art instruments to study plasma kinetics over unmatched ranges of conditions. We specialize in measuring difficult to handle species such as atoms, O2(a1Dg), and H2SO4. Our forte is to continually push the envelope so that entirely new regimes of study become possible. Air Force/DoD applications of the research are wide ranging including reentry plasmas, the ionosphere, plasma assisted combustion, electric oxygen iodine laser, HAARP, energetic materials, and chemical weapon sensors. We have doubled the highest temperatures for which both ion and electron molecule kinetics could be studied. The former, along with a technique for studying internal energy dependences of ion molecule reactions, led to the AF Basic Research award. Development of a technique to study reactivity at high pressures has been valuable in understanding scramjet engines and produced the only examples of specific energy transfer parameters for ions. A comprehensive study on electron attachment to SF6 resolved numerous issues involving this well studied reaction and determined why the molecule does not quench plasmas at high temperature. I received the AFRL Science and Technology award for this work, which has been transitioned to the AF ionospheric and reentry programs. Most recently, we have developed a technique that has allowed us"}, {"title": "", "text": "Direct observations of a surface eigenmode of the dayside magnetopause The abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma, the magnetopause, has long been known to support surface waves. It was proposed that impulses acting on the boundary might lead to a trapping of these waves on the dayside by the ionosphere, resulting in a standing wave or eigenmode of the magnetopause surface. No direct observational evidence of this has been found to date and searches for indirect evidence have proved inconclusive, leading to speculation that this mechanism might not occur. By using fortuitous multipoint spacecraft observations during a rare isolated fast plasma jet impinging on the boundary, here we show that the resulting magnetopause motion and magnetospheric ultra-low frequency waves at well-defined frequencies are in agreement with and can only be explained by the magnetopause surface eigenmode. We therefore show through direct observations that this mechanism, which should impact upon the magnetospheric system globally, does in fact occur. P lanetary magnetic fields act as obstacles to solar/stellar winds with their interaction forming a well-defined region of space known as a magnetosphere. The outer boundary of a magnetosphere, the magnetopause, is arguably the most significant since it controls the flux of mass, energy, and momentum both into and out of the system, with the boundary's motion thus having wide ranging consequences. Magnetopause dynamics, for example, can cause loss-of-relativistic radiation belt electrons 1 ; result in field-aligned currents directing energy to the ionosphere 2 ; and launch numerous modes of magnetospheric ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves 3,4"}, {"title": "", "text": "About the possibility of determining the speed of jets of radio galaxies and quasars from studies of the fine structure of their nodes at high angular resolution Abstract: The results of observations of 40 extra-galactic radio sources made on a 22-meter radio telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at a frequency of 22 GHz in 1990\u20131994 are presented. Acoustic diagnostics of heterophase plasma Acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere as a possible channel of cosmic influence on the biosphere Analysis of the possibility of using magnetic-liquid devices in space technology Characteristics of recombination processes in the nighttime F-region of the ionosphere according to incoherent scattering Checking the list of optical twins of IR and radio sources from observations in the Andrushevskaya joint-stock company Comparison of the data of the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar with the international reference ionosphere model IRI-2001 Doppler radio sounding of disturbances in the E and F regions of the ionosphere during launches and flights of spacecraft Doppler radio sounding of the ionosphere as a means of monitoring the state of space weather Effect of nonconservation of the magnetic moment of fast protons on their confinement in the geomagnetic trap Energy and material science problems of launching into space and descent to Earth of the device with low overloads Experimental determination of temperature fields in samples of materials of space technology Frenay \u2013 Serre equations for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic dipole Generation of Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma with low-frequency turbulence Generation of kinetic Alfven waves in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "location, intensity, and characteristics are greatly influenced by the underlying ionosphere. Strong M-I coupling by means of field-aligned currents creates a high-speed (>1000 m/s) westward plasma flow channel in the ionosphere at pre-midnight/post-noon local times which is readily observable by incoherent scatter and HF radars and in plasma drift observations by low-altitude spacecraft (e.g. DMSP). The fast ionospheric flows generate E-region irregularities providing for addition. . . Authors: Skov Mulligan, Fennell J.F., Roeder J.L., Blake J.B., and Claudepierre S.G. Abstract: The Van Allen Probes mission provides an unprecedented opportunity to make detailed measurements of electrons and protons in the inner magnetosphere during the weak solar maximum period of cycle 24. Data from the MagEIS suite of sensors measures energy spectra, fluxes, and yields electron deposition rates that can cause internal charging. We use omni-directional fluxes of electrons and protons to calculate the dose under varying materials and thicknesses of shielding (similar to Fennell et al., 2010). We show examples of charge deposition rates during times of nominal and high levels of penetrating fluxes in the inner magnetosphere covering the period from late 2012 through 2013. These charge deposition rates are related to charging levels quite possibly encountered. . . Abstract: The Van Allen Probes (formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes or RBSP) mission launched on 30 August 2012 as part of NASA\u2019s Living With a Star (LWS) Program. The ultimate goal of the mission is to understand how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in the Earth\u2019s Van Allen Radiation Belts are affected"}, {"title": "", "text": "Assessment of Plasma Interactions and Flight Status of the HAYABUSA Asteroid Explorer Propelled by Microwave Discharge Ion Engines Microwave discharge ion engines \"mu10\" are dedicated to the main propulsion on the HAYABUSA asteroid explorer. In a development program, various tests and assessments were conducted on the ion engines and the spacecraft. They include endurance tests, an electromagnetic interference susceptibility test, an interference test between the plasma and communication microwave, a beam exhaust test on the spacecraft, assessments on the plasma interference with a solar array, and so on. The spacecraft was launched in deep space by the M-V rocket in May 2003. After vacuum exposure and several runs of baking for reduction of residual gas, the ion engine system established continuous acceleration of the spacecraft toward the asteroid ITOKAWA. The spacecraft passed through a perihelion of 0.86 astronomical unit (AU) in February 2004 and an aphelion of 1.7 AU in February 2005, becoming the first solar electric propulsion system to travel this far toward and away from the Sun. The HAYABUSA succeeded in rendezvousing with the target asteroid in September 2005"}, {"title": "", "text": "ISR Photo Gallery ISR Seminars Past ISR Events Astrophysical Studies Ionospheric Studies Space and Plasma Chemistry SCOSTEP SCOSTEP: About SCOSTEP: Programs SCOSTEP: Contact SCOSTEP: Resources Science Comic Books SCOSTEP-Secretariat Institute for Scientific Research IES2017: the 15th Ionospheric Effects Symposium BC's ISR hosted the 15th Ionospheric Effects Symposium in Alexandria, VA, May 9 - 11, 2017, Bridging the Gap between Applications and Research involving Ionospheric and Space Weather Disciplines. Presentations are available at the conference website. ISEA14: 14th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy 2015 The Boston College Institute for Scientific Research (BC ISR) co-sponsored the 14th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy, held at Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, from 19-23 October 2015. IES2015: 14th Ionospheric Effects Symposium The Boston College Institute for Scientific Research hosted the 14th Ionospheric Effects Symposium (IES2015) at the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Old Town Alexandria, VA, from 12 - 14 May 2015. Visit the IES2015 website, where the Proceedings of the Symposium have been published electronically. Technical Interchange Meeting on C/NOFS Results and Equatorial Dynamics The C/NOFS Science TIM was held for 2 \u00bd days on 12-14 March 2013 at the Hotel Andaluz in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and was co-organized by the Boston College ISR. The overall objective of this meeting was to address questions related to the dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere from solar minimum to solar maximum. Results from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite, as well as other ground and space instruments, were presented. The meeting also addressed research opportunities during solar maximum and before C/NOFS reentry"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the stick-slip movement, namely, depinning and receding, of the liquid-gas-solid contact line. This can be attributed to the large hysteresis of the droplet displaying the wetting Wenzel state. DSMC Approach for Rarefied Air Ionization during Spacecraft Reentry Ming Fang, Zhihui Li, Zhonghua Li & Chunxuan Li The traditional DSMC method is extended to simulate three-dimensional (3D) rarefied ionization flows around spacecrafts during hypervelocity reentry. The electron mass amplification is utilized and the reaction rates involving electron are modified correspondingly. A weighting factor scheme for trace species is proposed, and its impacts on collision mechanism, the realization of chemical reactions as well as the calculations of macroscopic parameters are considered. The proposed DSMC algorithm is highly efficient in simulating weakly inhomogeneous flows, and its reliability is validated by the comparisons with aerodynamics force test of Shenzhou capsule model in low density wind tunnel, the electron number densities of RAM-C II and Stardust in rarefied transitional flow regimes. The introduction of rare species weighting factor scheme can significantly improves the smoothness of the number density contours of rare species, especially for that of electron in weak ionization case, while it has negligible effect on the macroscopic flow parameters. The ionization characteristics of the Chinese lunar capsule reentry process is analyzed for the first time at the altitudes of 80km, 85km and 90km, and the predicted communication blackout altitude agrees with the actual reentry flight data. The computation reveals that, for blunt body reentry with a speed larger than the second cosmic speed, the main ionization source is"}, {"title": "", "text": "The fluxgate magnetometer of the Low Orbit Pearl Satellites (LOPS): overview of in-flight performance and initial results Abstract. The Low Orbit Pearl Satellite series consists of six constellations, with each constellation consisting of three identical microsatellites that line up just like a string of pearls. The first constellation of three satellites were launched on 29 September 2017, with an inclination of \u223c 35.5\u2218 and \u223c 600 km altitude. Each satellite is equipped with three identical fluxgate magnetometers that measure the in situ magnetic field and its low-frequency fluctuations in the Earth's low-altitude orbit. The triple sensor configuration enables separation of stray field effects generated by the spacecraft from the ambient magnetic field (e.g., Zhang et al., 2006). This paper gives a general description of the magnetometer including the instrument design, calibration before launch, in-flight calibration, in-flight performance, and initial results. Unprecedented spatial coverage resolution of the magnetic field measurements allow for the investigation of the dynamic processes and electric currents of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, especially for the ring current and equatorial electrojet during both quiet geomagnetic conditions and storms. Magnetic field measurements from LOPS could be important for studying the method to separate their contributions of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (M-I) current system."}, {"title": "", "text": "an electric dynamo that couples energy from the solar wind and transports it to the polar regions of the upper atmosphere, delivering up to 1012 W to the atmosphere during geomagnetic storms. Aurorae are a result of an enormous global electrical circuit that carries current along the lines of magnetic force to the ionosphere. These FACs (Field Aligned Currents), or Birkeland currents, couple stresses in the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and drive polar ionospheric dynamics. Although an understanding of the basic configuration of these currents exists, there is little knowledge so far about their variability. In particular, during geomagnetic storms, aurorae and their current systems can expand toward the equator, as seen by ground observatories; a very limited knowledge of these most interesting and important events is available. From a LEO perspective, the Birkeland current signatures are typically hundreds of nT so they are relatively easy to detect with commercial-grade attitude magnetometers. The average configuration of the Birkeland currents was first determined by magnetic field measurements of the TRIAD (Transit- Improved DISCOS) series spacecraft of the US Navy (launch of TRID-1 on Sept. 2, 1972) using data collected over a period of 16 months. This established that the large scale currents are composed of two primary systems, the equatorward Region 2 system and the Region 1 system immediately poleward of it. On the dusk side, Region 2 flows into the ionosphere and Region 1 flows out - while the converse holds in the morning. The Birkeland currents are typically located at magnetic latitudes between 65\u00ba and"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.01625790260732174, 0.09744035452604294, 0.08936392515897751, 0.05024188011884689, 0.05024188011884689, 0.05024188011884689, 0.05024207383394241, 0.05024207383394241, 0.08754099160432816, 0.08754099160432816, 0.130756214261055, 0.1624736487865448, 0.09229466319084167, 0.09665212780237198, 0.06694695353507996, 0.09642984718084335, 0.18743672966957092, 0.01859056018292904, 0.10804692655801773, 0.060897935181856155, 0.14218556880950928, 0.04671620950102806, 0.026318613439798355, 0.14529499411582947, 0.09506618976593018, -0.001309429295361042, 0.1516212821006775, 0.08423205465078354, -0.006079001817852259, -0.006078762002289295, 0.06352109462022781, 0.05673912167549133, 0.07464287430047989, -0.004777800757437944, 0.03742649778723717, 0.12259633839130402, -0.0034478327725082636, 0.11581068485975266, 0.09013509750366211, 0.03468047454953194, 0.0673917680978775, 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Such ionospheric disturbances can mess with GPS signals, and this hole may have caused navigation errors of up to 3.3 feet (1 meter) for an hour or two after the launch, according to the study. Lin and his team also performed computer simulations of rocket launches, which suggested that the August 2017 shock wave's large size and odd shape were due to the unique trajectory taken by the Falcon 9. Rockets usually take a curved path to space and drop off satellites about 120 miles (200 km) up, at which point the payloads maneuver to their final orbits. But Formosat-5 was an uncommonly light payload, so the Falcon 9 journeyed pretty much straight up and deployed the satellite at its final destination, 450 miles (720 km) above Earth's surface. Such analyses will likely be increasingly important as the cost of building and lofting satellites continues to decrease, Lin and his colleagues said. \"Understanding how the rocket launches affect our upper atmosphere and space environment is important, as these anthropogenic space weather events are expected to increase at an enormous rate in the near future,\" the researchers wrote in the new study, which was published in January in the journal Space Weather. Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com."}, {"title": "", "text": "at Dallas, measures the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two ultraviolet imagers built at University of California, Berkeley, observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition. Many low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), fly through the ionosphere and can be affected by its changing electric and magnetic fields. The ionosphere also acts as a conduit for many communications signals, such as radio waves and the signals that make GPS systems work. The ionosphere is where space weather manifests, creating unexpected conditions; electric currents can cause electrical charging of satellites, changing density can affect satellite orbits, and shifting magnetic fields can induce current in power systems, causing strain, disrupting communications and navigation or even triggering blackouts. Improved understanding of this environment can help predict such events and improve satellite safety and design. Launch planning Upon initial completion and delivery of the ICON observatory in 2016, launch plans centered around the launch range at Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. ICON was originally scheduled to launch in June 2017, but was repeatedly delayed because of problems with its Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was mated to its air-launch aircraft Stargazer for a launch attempt in June 2018. This launch was cancelled days before because the rocket showed issues on the first leg of the ferry flight to Kwajalein. Given the availability of the launch range in Cape Canaveral, and a review of the suitability of this site, it was"}, {"title": "", "text": "particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, thegovernment has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time:17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "Researching the Boundary of Space It\u2019s not exactly where the rubber meets the road, but where space meets the earth\u2019s atmosphere, is becoming ever more critical to the growing deployment of low and mid-earth orbit satellites. This region, where the earth\u2019s atmosphere bumps into space, has more going on in it than first meets the eye. As more and more miniature CubeSats are launched, along with fleet and asset tracking satellites in low earth orbit, new challenges are being encountered that require a better understanding of this boundary region. NASA wants to understand this region to a much greater extent, and on Dec 8, 2017, they plan to launch the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), to learn more about this critical region of growing importance. Launched on a Pegasus rocket from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, the satellite will investigate how things like weather patterns on the earth, from hurricanes, to stiff winds blowing over the top of a mountain, interact and affect the electrically charged part of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. Researchers are interested, because the charged particles of the ionosphere can disrupt communications signals as well as cause low-Earth orbit satellites to become electrically charged, which can damage them. In severe cases, these particles can cause power outages on the ground. It was formerly thought that all such effects were due to the sun, however it seems that since these particles are right at the edge of space, they may also be affected by conditions on Earth. Currently there is little data"}, {"title": "", "text": "Researching the Boundary of Space It\u2019s not exactly where the rubber meets the road, but where space meets the earth\u2019s atmosphere, is becoming ever more critical to the growing deployment of low and mid-earth orbit satellites. This region, where the earth\u2019s atmosphere bumps into space, has more going on in it than first meets the eye. As more and more miniature CubeSats are launched, along with fleet and asset tracking satellites in low earth orbit, new challenges are being encountered that require a better understanding of this boundary region. NASA wants to understand this region to a much greater extent, and on Dec 8, 2017, they plan to launch the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), to learn more about this critical region of growing importance. Launched on a Pegasus rocket from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, the satellite will investigate how things like weather patterns on the earth, from hurricanes, to stiff winds blowing over the top of a mountain, interact and affect the electrically charged part of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. Researchers are interested, because the charged particles of the ionosphere can disrupt communications signals as well as cause low-Earth orbit satellites to become electrically charged, which can damage them. In severe cases, these particles can cause power outages on the ground. It was formerly thought that all such effects were due to the sun, however it seems that since these particles are right at the edge of space, they may also be affected by conditions on Earth. Currently there is little data"}, {"title": "", "text": "Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. It will measure the temperature and makeup of gases in the ionosphere. GOLD will also study bubbles of charged gas that are known to cause communication problems. A second NASA mission, called ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer, will launch later in 2018. It will be placed in an orbit just 350 miles above Earth\u2014through the ionosphere. This means it will have a close-up view of the upper atmosphere to pair with GOLD\u2019s wider view. ICON will study the forces that shape this part of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "through its eyes.\u201d As far as space goes, the ionosphere is as close to home as it gets. Its constant changes can affect astronauts, satellites and much of the communications signals modern society relies upon. Scientists want to understand these changes, so they can eventually better predict them and protect our interests in space. Space may look empty, but the ionosphere brims with electrically charged gases, solar radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Turbulence in this sea of charged particles can manifest as disruptions that interfere with orbiting satellites or communication and navigation signals used, for example, to guide airplanes, ships and self-driving cars. Depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun, the ionosphere grows and shrinks. For that reason, scientists long thought this part of space was only affected by what happens in the space above it. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, will orbit in the far reaches of the upper atmosphere, the bottom edge of near-Earth space. From this vantage point, ICON observes both the upper atmosphere and a layer of charged particles called the ionosphere. (Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/G. Duberstein) But over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has indicated the region is much more variable than we can explain with solar activity alone. The ionosphere\u2019s contents are not evenly distributed: Dense patches of its charged gases, called plasma, are scattered throughout. Eventually, researchers linked these patches to global weather patterns \u2014 large-scale events such as several hurricanes rushing across the ocean at once, or changes in"}, {"title": "", "text": "panels successfully deployed, indicating it has power with all systems operating. After an approximately month-long commissioning period, ICON will begin sending back its first science data in November. ICON will study changes in a region of the upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in the ionosphere can also prematurely decay spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. Historically, this critical region of near-Earth space has been difficult to observe. Spacecraft can't travel through the low parts of the ionosphere and balloons can't travel high enough. \"ICON has an important job to do \u2013 to help us understand the dynamic space environment near our home,\" said Nicola Fox, director for heliophysics at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \"ICON will be the first mission to simultaneously track what's happening in Earth's upper atmosphere and in space to see how the two interact, causing the kind of changes that can disrupt our communications systems.\" ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere with four instruments. Three of the instruments rely on one of the upper atmosphere's more spectacular phenomena: colorful bands called airglow. Airglow is created by a similar process that creates the aurora \u2013 gas is excited by radiation from the Sun and emits light. Though aurora are typically confined to extreme northern and southern latitudes, airglow happens constantly across the globe, and is much fainter. But it's still bright enough for ICON's instruments to build up a picture of the ionosphere's density, composition"}, {"title": "", "text": "the surface. ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in this important slice of the atmosphere can also prematurely decay spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. - \u201cWe\u2019re really excited to see the first data appearing from the ICON mission,\u201d said Scott England, the ICON project scientist at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. \u201cFor me, the real power of these data isn\u2019t just seeing transformative things like the wind patterns throughout the whole upper atmosphere, but having all these observations available to us at once, so we can see the connections between the neutral and charged environment around Earth.\u201d \u2022 February 20, 2020: Just over six weeks after launch and early calibrations, NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission was presented with a unique opportunity. ICON flew very close to the December 26 solar eclipse track that extended across Asia, and observed the major changes in upper atmospheric airglow that naturally occurred. ICON\u2019s four instruments, primed to look at the ionosphere, the dynamic region where Earth meets space, were in position to observe the effects. What happens when airglow \u2013the natural glow of Earth\u2019s atmosphere caused by solar radiation \u2013 is temporarily \u201cturned off\u201d when the sun is blocked by the moon\u2019s shadow for a few minutes? Preliminary data shows that all four instruments \u2013 MIGHTI, EUV, FUV and IVM \u2013 were able to see changes the eclipse wrought. 26) - The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging"}, {"title": "", "text": "the tail fins in preparation for Wednesday\u2019s launch. The satellite was designed to study the ionosphere, the area of Earth\u2019s atmosphere where terrestrial weather meets space weather. This is also the area where auroras occur. But the ionosphere can also cause disruptions in radio transmissions, satellites and astronaut health, NASA said. The ICON satellite will help the space agency better explore the ionosphere and mitigate its effects. The launch was originally set to take place in December 2017 but has been pushed back multiple times."}, {"title": "", "text": "spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. Historically, this critical region of near-Earth space has been difficult to observe. Spacecraft can\u2019t travel through the low parts of the ionosphere and balloons can\u2019t travel high enough. \u201cICON has an important job to do \u2013 to help us understand the dynamic space environment near our home,\u201d said Nicola Fox, director for heliophysics at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \u201cICON will be the first mission to simultaneously track what\u2019s happening in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere and in space to see how the two interact, causing the kind of changes that can disrupt our communications systems.\u201d ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere with four instruments. Three of the instruments rely on one of the upper atmosphere\u2019s more spectacular phenomena: colorful bands called airglow. Airglow is created by a similar process that creates the aurora \u2013 gas is excited by radiation from the Sun and emits light. Though aurora are typically confined to extreme northern and southern latitudes, airglow happens constantly across the globe, and is much fainter. But it\u2019s still bright enough for ICON\u2019s instruments to build up a picture of the ionosphere\u2019s density, composition and structure. By way of airglow, ICON can observe how particles throughout the upper atmosphere are moving. ICON\u2019s fourth instrument provides direct measurements of the ionosphere around it. This instrument characterizes the charged gases immediately surrounding the spacecraft. \u201cWe put as much capability on this satellite that could possibly fit on the payload deck,\u201d said Thomas Immel, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is a satellite designed to investigate changes in the Earth's ionosphere. ICON will study the interaction between Earth's weather systems and space weather driven by the Sun, and how this interaction drives turbulence in the upper atmosphere. It is hoped that a better understanding of this dynamic will mitigate its effects on communications, GPS signals, and technology in general."}, {"title": "", "text": "narrowed the cause of the communication loss to problems within the avionics or radio-frequency communications subsystems,\u201d NASA wrote in the blog post. \u201cThe team is currently unable to determine the health of the spacecraft, and the lack of a downlink signal could be indicative of a system failure.\u201d Oof, that doesn\u2019t sound good. ICON, launched in October 2019, is tasked with observing the way terrestrial weather interacts with space weather in Earth\u2019s ionosphere. It does so (or at least it did so) from an orbital outpost that\u2019s roughly 360 miles (580 kilometers) above the planet. The spacecraft carries four instruments to measure various characteristics of the ionosphere and capture ultra-violet images of the upper atmosphere. The ICON mission has offered a comprehensive view of this part of Earth\u2019s atmosphere which would otherwise require two or more orbiting spacecraft to gather, according to NASA. The mission was originally supposed to last for two years and has been operating on an extended timeline since December 2021. Hopefully NASA can squeeze more overtime from this important space weather satellite. More: Japan-U.S. Geotail Mission Officially Comes to an End After 30 Glorious Years ScienceSpaceflight"}, {"title": "", "text": "neutral and charged particles which extends from an altitude of 37 miles (60 km) to 620 miles (1,000 km) above Earth\u2019s surface. Variations in this region, influenced by the Sun, can have profound effects on radio communications and Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, as well as posing hazards to Earth-circling satellites and crews aboard the International Space Station (ISS). ICON boasts four scientific instruments to better understand ionospheric dynamics. The University of California at Berkeley has provided far- and extreme-ultraviolet sensors to image Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere and reveal the height and density of the ionosphere by daytime and nighttime, whilst the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C., has built a Michelson interferometer to examine the temperature and velocity of particles in the neutral atmosphere and the University of Texas at Dallas has supplied an ion velocity meter to investigate motions, temperatures and ion densities close to ICON itself. aerospaceNASAExplorationSpaceExploreRocketsrocketCape Canaveralspace explorationspaceflightCape Canaveral Air Force StationCCAFSspacecraftPegasus XLICONIonospheric Connection Explorer Previous article \u2018Zero-G, And I Feel Fine\u2019: 20 Years Since John Glenn\u2019s Return to Space Next article NASA\u2019s Lucy Mission to the Trojans Is a GO! \u2018Zero-G, And I Feel Fine\u2019: 20 Years Since John Glenn\u2019s Return to Space NASA\u2019s Lucy Mission to the Trojans Is a GO!"}, {"title": "", "text": "in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Ionosphere: The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km to 1,000 km altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. Show Stuff The Dark Horde, LLC \u2013 http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde TeePublic Store - Get your UBR goodies today! http://tee.pub/lic/2GQuXxn79dg UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com For Skype Users:"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home / Science / Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy June 17, 2019 Science 1 Views NASA will launch two identical miniature satellites next week to understand how the Earth's atmosphere clouds the radio signals we rely on for communication and navigation. The pair will be among the 24 satellites flying into space for the third time with SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket. The start date for is set to June 24 after some delays. The two identical spaceships are Cubesat's miniature satellites, originally used only in near-Earth orbits, but today are sometimes used for interplanetary missions. These twin satellites, named E-TBEx, short for Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment, remain near the house. When orbiting near the Earth, they provide the scientists with important information on how radio signals can be interrupted as they traverse the upper atmosphere of the planet. Related: In photos: SpaceX's heavy triple rocket landing of Arabsat-6A The Earth's ionosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere created by solar and cosmic rays is bombarded and therefore full of charged particles, contains \"structured bubbles\". These bubbles can distort radio signals that interfere with military and aviation communication as well as GPS signals, NASA said in a statement in particular, over the equator. If we learn more about these bubbles, NASA says we can avoid the signal problems they cause. However, scientists currently do not know when bubbles will form or how they will change over time. \"It's"}, {"title": "", "text": "into the air via aerosols should be questioned \u2013 but here\u2019s NASA\u2019s official stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Science Overview The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) will be the newest addition to NASA\u2019s fleet of Heliophysics satellites. Led by UC Berkeley, scientists and engineers around the world are coming together to make ICON a reality. The goal of the ICON mission is to understand the tug-of-war between Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the space environment. In the \u201cno man\u2019s land\u201d of the ionosphere, at altitudes above 50 miles, a continuous struggle between forcing by both the Sun and Earth\u2019s weather systems drives extreme and unpredicted variability. ICON will investigate the forces at play in the near-space environment. We've known for many years that the Sun has a significant effect on this region of the upper atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, a new portion of its atmosphere is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation, which heats and partially ionizes the neutral atoms and molecules, creating the ionosphere. At night, when that portion of the atmosphere is not exposed to the Sun, this ionized gas, or \u201cplasma\u201d tends to recombine, dramatically reducing its density as it converts back to an electrically neutral state. In between, near sunset, the low-latitude ionosphere is dominated by a \u201cplasma fountain\u201d, which results in a dramatic upwelling of ionized gas. This results in a sharp increase of the density of ionized gas in narrow bands on either side of the magnetic equator. Basic models of the ionosphere predict that there should be a regular rise and fall of this portion of the atmosphere as the Earth rotates from day to night, independent of longitude."}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA scientists hope to better understand far outer atmosphere with ICON mission by: Kristen Currie Posted: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:01 PM CDT / Updated: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:57 PM CDT NASA is set to launch a new satellite, the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), into orbit Wednesday night on the Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket. Their hope is to better understand the ways in which the far outer atmosphere is affected by space weather and Earth-based turbulence. ICON is planned for a two year mission circling 360 miles above the Earth. Purple shading indicates \u2018ionosphere\u2019 \u2013 thick layer of charged particles 50 to 360 miles above the surface of the planet What is the ionosphere? The ionosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere stretching 30 miles to 600 miles above the surface. This part of the atmosphere is important as this is what makes radio communications and GPS navigation possible. ICON\u2019s goal As stated by NASA: \u201cPressure differences created by weather near Earth\u2019s surface can propagate into the very highest reaches of the upper atmosphere and influence the winds in this region. The exact role these winds\u2014and by extension, terrestrial weather\u2014play in shaping the ionosphere remains an outstanding question, and one that scientists hope ICON will answer.\u201d Exploring the Ionosphere, Earth\u2019s Interface to Space | NASA Unpredictable changes in the ionosphere can interfere with communication and navigation here at the surface. Changes in the electric current in the ionosphere can put strain on surface-based technologies and in some cases, causing outages. For more information"}, {"title": "", "text": "adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Icon should have soared in 2017, but problems with Northrop Grumman\u2019s air-launched Pegasus rocket interfered. Despite the long delay, NASA said the $252 million mission did not exceed its price cap. Northrop Grumman also built the satellite. During a news conference earlier this week, NASA launch director Omar Baez apologized for the delay. \u201cWe wanted to get things right on this rocket,\u201d Baez said. \u201cWe have no second chances on these type of missions.\u201d He called the launch \u201can awesome and great one; this one\u2019s been a long time in coming.\u201d Baez said in the end, everything went well. \u201cThis is about as good as it gets,\u201d he said."}, {"title": "", "text": "the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. Story by Lina Tran, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, with Mike Carlowicz. \u2022 In a December 10, 2019 press event at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, three scientists presented new images of the ionosphere, the dynamic region where Earth\u2019s atmosphere meets space. Home to astronauts and everyday technology like radio and GPS, the ionosphere constantly responds to changes from space above and Earth below. 28) - The collection of images presented include the first images from NASA\u2019s ICON, new science results from NASA\u2019s GOLD, and observations of a fleeting, never-before-studied aurora. Together, they bring color to invisible processes that have widespread implications for the part of space that is closest to home. - Earth\u2019s ionosphere stretches from 50 to 400 miles above the ground and overlaps the top of the atmosphere and the very beginning of space. Radiation from the Sun cooks a small portion of gases in the upper atmosphere until they lose an electron or two. The result: a sea of electrically charged particles intermingled with the neutral upper atmosphere. - Besides energy streaming in from the Sun and near-Earth space, the ionosphere also responds to weather patterns that ripple up from the lower atmosphere below. These changes \u2014 which can impact astronauts and key communications systems \u2014 are complex and unpredictable. A range of specialized instruments is key to studying and understanding them. First light ICON images - ICON is well-positioned to investigate the variability GOLD has"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is a satellite designed to investigate changes in the ionosphere of Earth, the dynamic region high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. ICON studies the interaction between Earth's weather systems and space weather driven by the Sun, and how this interaction drives turbulence in the upper atmosphere. It is hoped that a better understanding of this dynamic will mitigate its effects on communications, GPS signals, and technology in general. It is part of NASA's Explorer program and is operated by University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory. On 12 April 2013, NASA announced that ICON, along with Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD), had been selected for development with the cost capped at US$200 million, excluding launch costs. The principal investigator of ICON is Thomas Immel at the University of California, Berkeley. ICON was originally scheduled to launch in June 2017 and was repeatedly delayed because of problems with its Pegasus XL launch vehicle. It was next due to launch on 26 October 2018 but the launch was rescheduled to 7 November 2018, and postponed again just 28 minutes before launch. ICON was successfully launched on 11 October 2019, at 02:00 UTC. Overview ICON will perform a two-year mission to observe conditions in both the thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON is equipped with four instruments: a Michelson interferometer, built by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), measures the winds and temperatures in the thermosphere; an ion drift meter, built by University of Texas"}, {"title": "", "text": "BlogDiscoveryFeaturedFringeImagesLaunchesScienceSpaceX SpaceX launch last year punched huge, temporary hole in the ionosphere4 min read Sebastien ClarkeMarch 24, 201800487 Rocket launches act somewhat like a small volcano eruption. Contrary to popular belief, most of the time when a rocket launches, it does not go straight up into outer space. Rather, shortly after launch, most rockets will begin to pitch over into the downrange direction, limiting gravity drag and stress on the vehicle. Often, by 80 or 100km, a rocket is traveling nearly parallel to the Earth\u2019s surface before releasing its payload into orbit. However, in August of last year, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launch from California did not make such a pitch over maneuver. Rather, the Formosat-5 mission launched vertically and stayed that way for most of its ascent into space. The rocket could do this because the Taiwanese payload was light for the Falcon 9 rocket, weighing only 475kg and bound for an orbit 720km above the Earth\u2019s surface. As a result of this launch profile, the rocket maintained a nearly vertical trajectory all the way through much of the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, which ranges from about 60km above the planet to 1,000km up. In doing so, the Falcon 9 booster and its second stage created unique, circular shockwaves. The rocket launch also punched a temporary, 900-km-wide hole into the plasma of the ionosphere. Circular shock waves Scientists used to think the Sun\u2019s radiation dominated the Earth\u2019s extremely tenuous atmosphere in the ionosphere, but in the last decade they have begun to understand that weather at"}, {"title": "", "text": "BlogDiscoveryFeaturedFringeImagesLaunchesScienceSpaceX SpaceX launch last year punched huge, temporary hole in the ionosphere4 min read Sebastien ClarkeMarch 24, 201800487 Rocket launches act somewhat like a small volcano eruption. Contrary to popular belief, most of the time when a rocket launches, it does not go straight up into outer space. Rather, shortly after launch, most rockets will begin to pitch over into the downrange direction, limiting gravity drag and stress on the vehicle. Often, by 80 or 100km, a rocket is traveling nearly parallel to the Earth\u2019s surface before releasing its payload into orbit. However, in August of last year, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launch from California did not make such a pitch over maneuver. Rather, the Formosat-5 mission launched vertically and stayed that way for most of its ascent into space. The rocket could do this because the Taiwanese payload was light for the Falcon 9 rocket, weighing only 475kg and bound for an orbit 720km above the Earth\u2019s surface. As a result of this launch profile, the rocket maintained a nearly vertical trajectory all the way through much of the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, which ranges from about 60km above the planet to 1,000km up. In doing so, the Falcon 9 booster and its second stage created unique, circular shockwaves. The rocket launch also punched a temporary, 900-km-wide hole into the plasma of the ionosphere. Circular shock waves Scientists used to think the Sun\u2019s radiation dominated the Earth\u2019s extremely tenuous atmosphere in the ionosphere, but in the last decade they have begun to understand that weather at"}, {"title": "", "text": "stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, thegovernment has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is theCode 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results:"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Spacecraft Arrives at Vandenberg for June Launch NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, arrived at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for the next stage of its journey to launch, scheduled for June 15 from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (in the continental United States the launch date is June 14). The observatory made the trip overnight from Gilbert, Arizona, where it was in an Orbital ATK facility. At Vandenberg, ICON will be integrated onto a Pegasus XL rocket, which will in turn be flown to Kwajalein on an L-1011 aircraft, which will double as its launcher. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. This region of space and its changes have practical repercussions \u2014 this is the area through which radio communications and GPS signals travel. Variations there can result in distortions or even complete disruption of signals. In order to understand this complicated region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere, NASA has developed the ICON mission. ICON will help determine the physical process at play in our space environment and pave the way for mitigating their effects on our technology, communications systems and society. NASA Goddard manages the Explorer Program for NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. UC Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory developed the ICON mission and the two ultraviolet imaging spectrographs onboard (the largest of which was integrated and tested at the Centre Spatial de Li\u00e8ge); the Naval Research Laboratory"}, {"title": "", "text": "to orbit and resumed communication with their operators. Different levels of the ionosphere absorb different levels of radiation, which is what causes the auroras people on Earth's surface sometimes see. But while GOLD flies in geostationary orbit 22,000 miles above the Western Hemisphere, ICON flies just 350 miles above Earth, where it can gather close-up images of this region. GOLD's scientific mission is unprecedented, and so its strategy for deployment. The outermost layer of the planet's atmosphere is called the ionosphere and it helps protect the Earth and everything on it from the energy coming from the sun, including the radiation. Is Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company (NYSE:HPE) A Safe Bet For Investors? Are There Any Catalysts to Propel NIKE, Inc. (NYSE:NKE) Forward?"}, {"title": "", "text": "the atmosphere, only the atoms at the upper portion continue to be ionized. What happened during the SpaceX launch? Rather than fighting the force of gravity to fly straight up into the sky, rockets normally take a curving trajectory and travel nearly parallel to the planet\u2019s surface at about 80 or 100 km above the Earth. This allows the space crafts to carry larger and heavier objects into orbit than would be physically possible with a vertical flight path. For the Formosat-5 mission SpaceX flew in August 2017, the Falcon 9 rocket was carrying an Earth observation satellite for Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organization that weighed just 475 kg \u2014 a light payload for the Falcon 9. Since the satellite was light enough, the rocket took a nearly vertical path into space. This caused the Falcon 9 booster and second stage to create circular shockwaves and punch the large hole through the plasma of the ionosphere. The 559-mile hole lasted for up to three hours. The hole caused by the SpaceX launch was only temporary, but as commercial rockets take more and more satellites into orbit, the disruptions in the ionosphere will happen more often. Private space companies received $3.9 billion in private investments during 2017 and the industry is projected to be worth nearly $3 trillion by 2040. One consequence of this growth and an increased number of rockets tearing through the atmosphere could be errors in global position system (GPS) navigation, scientists say. When the Falcon 9\u2019s second stage rocket burnt through plasma in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, thegovernment has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars. This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u201d We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970. If you wanted to medicate the masses to create mindless, slave-like"}, {"title": "", "text": "the fundamental processes that govern our upper atmosphere and ionosphere is crucial to improve situational awareness that helps protect astronauts, spacecraft and humans on the ground. Two new NASA missions are teaming up to explore this little-understood area that\u2019s close to home but historically hard to observe. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, instrument launches aboard a commercial communications satellite in January 2018, and the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft launches later in 2018. Together, they will provide the most comprehensive observations of the ionosphere we\u2019ve ever had. The ionosphere is a region of charged particles in near-Earth space that coexists with the neutral gases in the upper atmosphere, which are sometimes shaped by weather events in the lower atmosphere. Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The two missions provide distinct but complementary perspectives: ICON, in low-Earth orbit, flies directly through and just above regions of interest, capturing detailed remote and in situ data on the forces that shape this area. GOLD, in geostationary orbit over the Western Hemisphere, will build up a full-disk view of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere every half hour, providing detailed large-scale measurements of related processes \u2014 a cadence which makes it the first mission to be able to monitor the true weather of the upper atmosphere, rather than the longer cycles of its climate. GOLD is also able to focus in on a tighter region and scan more quickly, to complement additional research plans as needed. From its geostationary orbit, GOLD will have a continual"}, {"title": "", "text": "a heavily modified Lockheed L1011 (christened Stargazer) before igniting the engines and arching upwards towards space to deploy its payload in a lower orbit. In order for the launch to succeed, Stargazer\u2019s crew must drop the vehicle in a \u201cdrop box\u201d measuring only 10 by 40 km \u2014 a narrow window to hit at cruising speeds. Once it makes it out into the Black, just what does ICON do? The Ionospheric Connection Explorer uses a series of instruments to study the interaction between Earth\u2019s high-altitude weather systems and \u201cspace weather\u201d phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 which has a profound impact on the performance of satellites and spacecraft, and may well be the difference in just how many bars or \u201cG\u2019s\u201d your smartphone\u2019s network enjoys. After a one-week \u201cshakedown\u201d in orbit, it\u2019ll start powering up sensors built by UT Dallas, UC Berkeley, and the US Naval Research Laboratory, calibrating itself using the light of three full moons. Following that, it\u2019ll commence it\u2019s two-year mission to advance our understanding of space weather. After the briefing, our next stop, if you\u2019ll believe it, was mission control \u2014 not the same one that\u2019s used for crewed missions, mind you, but still the actual command and control stations used by NASA and partners for commercial launches, be it underslung Pegasus launches, or SpaceX Crew Resupply Services (CRS) launches aboard Falcon 9\u2019s. In the lobby of the USAF hangar used for comms and telemetry for the launch and mission. These particular control rooms are within the Cape Canaveral United States Air Force"}, {"title": "", "text": "particularly interested in how the upper atmosphere reacts to geomagnetic storms, which are temporary disturbances of Earth\u2019s magnetic field set off by solar activity. During nighttime, GOLD examines disruptions in the ionosphere \u2014 dense, unpredictable bubbles of charged gas that appear over the equator and tropics, sometimes interfering with radio communications. On the other hand, ICON concentrates on how charged and neutral gases in the upper atmosphere behave and interact. Several forces \u2014 including shifts in neutral winds, pressure gradients and solar activity \u2014 act on the ionosphere simultaneously; ICON was designed to study each of them individually, making it easier for scientists to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships. The last time Earth\u2019s disk was seen in far-ultraviolet light was in 1972, during the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission. Astronaut John W. Young used a UV camera to take this photo of Earth from the moon. GOLD will have a continuous view of Earth\u2019s atmosphere in far-ultraviolet light, allowing scientists to see changes to the ionosphere and thermosphere that are otherwise invisible. Credits: NASA ICON and GOLD join a small fleet of spacecraft that study a vast interconnected system from the space surrounding Earth and other planets to the farthest limits of the Sun\u2019s constantly flowing streams of solar wind. A third mission in the fleet \u2014 the 16-year-old Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or TIMED, will specifically complement the new efforts to study the upper atmosphere. TIMED, which launched in 2001, doesn\u2019t carry all the instruments necessary to analyze the motion of the particles in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and its launch. The satellite will end up orbiting Earth about 357 miles up (574 kilometers). The two year, $252 million ICON mission is designed to study Earth's ionosphere \u2014 a level of the atmosphere full of highly charged particles that are created by the sun's radiation. The layer interacts with those both above and below it, influenced by terrestrial weather as well as the sun. And the ionosphere is a crucial region for what scientists call space weather, the set of phenomena that include harmless glowing aurora and extreme bursts of solar radiation that can knock out satellites orbiting Earth and even power grids on the ground. ICON will partner in this quest with a mission called the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, which launched in January and resides at a much higher altitude, where it will capture larger-scale data about the ionosphere. ICON's launch has been delayed for a year due to concerns about how the rocket would perform."}, {"title": "", "text": "spraying copious amounts of lithium indiscriminately into the air via aerosols should be questioned \u2013 but here\u2019s NASA\u2019s official stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars. This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970."}, {"title": "", "text": "GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since"}, {"title": "", "text": "at Dallas, measures the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two ultraviolet imagers built at University of California, Berkeley, observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition. Many low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), fly through the ionosphere and can be affected by its changing electric and magnetic fields. The ionosphere also acts as a conduit for many communications signals, such as radio waves and the signals that make GPS systems work. The ionosphere is where space weather manifests, creating unexpected conditions; electric currents can cause electrical charging of satellites, changing density can affect satellite orbits, and shifting magnetic fields can induce current in power systems, causing strain, disrupting communications and navigation or even triggering blackouts. Improved understanding of this environment can help predict such events and improve satellite safety and design. Launch planning Upon initial completion and delivery of the ICON observatory in 2016, launch plans centered around the launch range at Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. ICON was originally scheduled to launch in June 2017, but was repeatedly delayed because of problems with its Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was mated to its air-launch aircraft Stargazer for a launch attempt in June 2018. This launch was cancelled days before because the rocket showed issues on the first leg of the ferry flight to Kwajalein. Given the availability of the launch range in Cape Canaveral, and a review of the suitability of this site, it was"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "the tail fins in preparation for Wednesday\u2019s launch. The satellite was designed to study the ionosphere, the area of Earth\u2019s atmosphere where terrestrial weather meets space weather. This is also the area where auroras occur. But the ionosphere can also cause disruptions in radio transmissions, satellites and astronaut health, NASA said. The ICON satellite will help the space agency better explore the ionosphere and mitigate its effects. The launch was originally set to take place in December 2017 but has been pushed back multiple times."}, {"title": "", "text": "Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. It will measure the temperature and makeup of gases in the ionosphere. GOLD will also study bubbles of charged gas that are known to cause communication problems. A second NASA mission, called ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer, will launch later in 2018. It will be placed in an orbit just 350 miles above Earth\u2014through the ionosphere. This means it will have a close-up view of the upper atmosphere to pair with GOLD\u2019s wider view. ICON will study the forces that shape this part of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, thegovernment has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is theCode 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results:"}, {"title": "", "text": "stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, thegovernment has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is theCode 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results:"}, {"title": "", "text": "Researching the Boundary of Space It\u2019s not exactly where the rubber meets the road, but where space meets the earth\u2019s atmosphere, is becoming ever more critical to the growing deployment of low and mid-earth orbit satellites. This region, where the earth\u2019s atmosphere bumps into space, has more going on in it than first meets the eye. As more and more miniature CubeSats are launched, along with fleet and asset tracking satellites in low earth orbit, new challenges are being encountered that require a better understanding of this boundary region. NASA wants to understand this region to a much greater extent, and on Dec 8, 2017, they plan to launch the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), to learn more about this critical region of growing importance. Launched on a Pegasus rocket from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, the satellite will investigate how things like weather patterns on the earth, from hurricanes, to stiff winds blowing over the top of a mountain, interact and affect the electrically charged part of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. Researchers are interested, because the charged particles of the ionosphere can disrupt communications signals as well as cause low-Earth orbit satellites to become electrically charged, which can damage them. In severe cases, these particles can cause power outages on the ground. It was formerly thought that all such effects were due to the sun, however it seems that since these particles are right at the edge of space, they may also be affected by conditions on Earth. Currently there is little data"}, {"title": "", "text": "be used to validate ground support equipment and demonstrate how the core stage will be integrated in the VAB \u2013 the same process the actual core stage will undergo when being processed for Artemis I. NASA Opens Accreditation for Launch of Mission to Explore Ionosphere NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. NASA's launch of its Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON [1]) mission, targeted to be air-launched over the Atlantic Ocean on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket Wednesday, Oct. 9. ICON and Pegasus will take off aboard the L-1011 Stargazer aircraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for a 90-minute launch window opening at 9:25 p.m. ICON will be launching off the coast of Daytona at 39,000 feet at a heading of 105 degrees. The ionosphere, where Earth's weather meets space weather, can be a source of great beauty, but also can be disruptive to radio communications and satellites, and astronaut health. ICON will help determine the physical processes at play in this frontier of space, and help find ways to mitigate their negative effects. For more information about the ICON mission, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/icon NASA Awards CubeSat Dispenser Hardware, Mission Integration Services 3 Contract NASA's Launch Services Program (LSP) at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida has selected five companies to provide commercial CubeSat dispenser hardware and mission integration services. The five companies are: Maverick Space Systems, Inc. of San Luis Obispo, California NanoRacks, LLC of"}, {"title": "", "text": "spraying copious amounts of lithium indiscriminately into the air via aerosols should be questioned \u2013 but here\u2019s NASA\u2019s official stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars. This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970."}, {"title": "", "text": "spraying copious amounts of lithium indiscriminately into the air via aerosols should be questioned \u2013 but here\u2019s NASA\u2019s official stance on this practice: \u201cThe project is studying neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere and how each affects the way the other moves resulting in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars. This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970."}, {"title": "", "text": "panels successfully deployed, indicating it has power with all systems operating. After an approximately month-long commissioning period, ICON will begin sending back its first science data in November. ICON will study changes in a region of the upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in the ionosphere can also prematurely decay spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. Historically, this critical region of near-Earth space has been difficult to observe. Spacecraft can't travel through the low parts of the ionosphere and balloons can't travel high enough. \"ICON has an important job to do \u2013 to help us understand the dynamic space environment near our home,\" said Nicola Fox, director for heliophysics at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \"ICON will be the first mission to simultaneously track what's happening in Earth's upper atmosphere and in space to see how the two interact, causing the kind of changes that can disrupt our communications systems.\" ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere with four instruments. Three of the instruments rely on one of the upper atmosphere's more spectacular phenomena: colorful bands called airglow. Airglow is created by a similar process that creates the aurora \u2013 gas is excited by radiation from the Sun and emits light. Though aurora are typically confined to extreme northern and southern latitudes, airglow happens constantly across the globe, and is much fainter. But it's still bright enough for ICON's instruments to build up a picture of the ionosphere's density, composition"}, {"title": "", "text": "interaction of water vapor in the Falcon 9's exhaust with charged particles in the ionosphere above California, the researchers said. Such ionospheric disturbances can mess with GPS signals, and this hole may have caused navigation errors of up to 3.3 feet (1 meter) for an hour or two after the launch, according to the study. Lin and his team also performed computer simulations of rocket launches, which suggested that the August 2017 shock wave's large size and odd shape were due to the unique trajectory taken by the Falcon 9. Rockets usually take a curved path to space and drop off satellites about 120 miles (200 km) up, at which point the payloads maneuver to their final orbits. But Formosat-5 was an uncommonly light payload, so the Falcon 9 journeyed pretty much straight up and deployed the satellite at its final destination, 450 miles (720 km) above Earth's surface. Such analyses will likely be increasingly important as the cost of building and lofting satellites continues to decrease, Lin and his colleagues said. \"Understanding how the rocket launches affect our upper atmosphere and space environment is important, as these anthropogenic space weather events are expected to increase at an enormous rate in the near future,\" the researchers wrote in the new study, which was published in January in the journal Space Weather. Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com."}, {"title": "", "text": "through its eyes.\u201d As far as space goes, the ionosphere is as close to home as it gets. Its constant changes can affect astronauts, satellites and much of the communications signals modern society relies upon. Scientists want to understand these changes, so they can eventually better predict them and protect our interests in space. Space may look empty, but the ionosphere brims with electrically charged gases, solar radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Turbulence in this sea of charged particles can manifest as disruptions that interfere with orbiting satellites or communication and navigation signals used, for example, to guide airplanes, ships and self-driving cars. Depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun, the ionosphere grows and shrinks. For that reason, scientists long thought this part of space was only affected by what happens in the space above it. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, will orbit in the far reaches of the upper atmosphere, the bottom edge of near-Earth space. From this vantage point, ICON observes both the upper atmosphere and a layer of charged particles called the ionosphere. (Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/G. Duberstein) But over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has indicated the region is much more variable than we can explain with solar activity alone. The ionosphere\u2019s contents are not evenly distributed: Dense patches of its charged gases, called plasma, are scattered throughout. Eventually, researchers linked these patches to global weather patterns \u2014 large-scale events such as several hurricanes rushing across the ocean at once, or changes in"}, {"title": "", "text": "During the test and the launch of Artemis missions, 450,000 gallons of water will be released onto the mobile launcher and flame deflector. NASA to Broadcast Launch of Mission to Study the Frontier of Space NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is attached to the Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Sept. 10, 2019. Credits: NASA/Randy Beaudoin NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is scheduled to be air-launched over the Atlantic Ocean at 9:30 p.m. EDT Wednesday, Oct. 9, by Northrop Grumman's Pegasus XL rocket. Coverage of the prelaunch briefing and launch will air live on NASA Television and the agency's website. ICON and Pegasus will take off aboard the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida for a 90-minute launch window opening at 9:25 p.m. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The ionosphere can be a source of great beauty, but also can be disruptive to radio communications and satellites, and astronaut health. ICON will help determine the physical processes at play in the ionosphere and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society. For the latest schedule of prelaunch briefings, events and NASA TV coverage, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/icon-briefings-and-events Learn more about the ICON mission at: https://blogs.nasa.gov/icon/ NASA Awards Two Contracts for Supply of Gaseous, Liquid Helium NASA has awarded contracts to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. of Allentown,"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA launches satellite to explore where air meets space nassa launches icon mission NASA launched a satellite on Thursday night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite \u2014 called Icon, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. Fox said there\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Object That Tore A 560 Mile Hole In The Atmosphere By Meagan Nantwich - March 31, 2018 The long heralded launches of the Space X rockets seemed to be more underwhelming than exciting, but the aerodynamic events had one unintended consequence. When the company launched its Falcon 9 rocket in August, they didn\u2019t realize the vehicle would be capable of tearing a hole in the atmosphere, let alone one that was 560 miles wide. Fortunately, the whole isn\u2019t permanent, but it will have lingering consequences for Earth, especially as the company continues to launch rockets into space. The hole was torn in the upper most part of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere, where the sun\u2019s energy in addition to cosmic radiation ionize atoms, meaning they lose electrons, which bounce around unbound, while the atoms themselves have a positive charge. This particular atomic configuration is what helps radio signals bounce from one side of the planet to the other. The Falcon 9 disrupted this configuration because of the way it was launched. Whereas most rockets travel nearly parallel to the Earth for nearly 100 km of their journey, the Falcon 9 was launched vertically, given that its weight load was smaller than what most rockets carry into space. Given its vertical path, the Falcon 9 created intense shockwaves that cut open the ionosphere. The opening lasted for a full three hours. The main consequence of holes that disrupt the ionosphere, especially as space travel becomes increasingly common, is that GPS technology is likely to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA Prepares to launch Icon Mission By Patrick Supernaw , in News Sci/Tech on November 7, 2018 . Tagged width: Icon Mission , NASA NASA will soon launch a mission that aims to explore Earth\u2019s ionosphere. The launch is quite complex as it implies the launch of the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (or ICON) with the use of a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL Rocket. The rocket itself will be carried by a massive aircraft that is set to take of from Cape Canaveral and drop the rocket over the ocean. There was a small delay as the rocket was received some additional tests in order to verify that it is completely functional. ICON will monitor \u2018\u2019airglow\u2019\u2019, a type radiation that is emitted by the ionosphere and shares similar features with the more popular auroras. The initiative will allow us to learn more about the radiation, gases and magnetic fields that can be found in the ionosphere. At this point our knowledge of the ionosphere is quite limited since because of its position. It\u2019s situated to high or balloons to reach and below the minimal altitude needed by satellites Icon will make use of four distinct instruments during the mission: EUV will track gas density; IVM will observe the motion of gases, MIGHTI measures wind and temperature intensity FUV will elaborate complex thermospheric composition and altitude profiles for day and night cycles. It estimated that the mission will last for a period of two years but the term may be prolonged, depending on several factors. ICON is a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home / Science / Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy June 17, 2019 Science 1 Views NASA will launch two identical miniature satellites next week to understand how the Earth's atmosphere clouds the radio signals we rely on for communication and navigation. The pair will be among the 24 satellites flying into space for the third time with SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket. The start date for is set to June 24 after some delays. The two identical spaceships are Cubesat's miniature satellites, originally used only in near-Earth orbits, but today are sometimes used for interplanetary missions. These twin satellites, named E-TBEx, short for Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment, remain near the house. When orbiting near the Earth, they provide the scientists with important information on how radio signals can be interrupted as they traverse the upper atmosphere of the planet. Related: In photos: SpaceX's heavy triple rocket landing of Arabsat-6A The Earth's ionosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere created by solar and cosmic rays is bombarded and therefore full of charged particles, contains \"structured bubbles\". These bubbles can distort radio signals that interfere with military and aviation communication as well as GPS signals, NASA said in a statement in particular, over the equator. If we learn more about these bubbles, NASA says we can avoid the signal problems they cause. However, scientists currently do not know when bubbles will form or how they will change over time. \"It's"}, {"title": "", "text": "the atmosphere, only the atoms at the upper portion continue to be ionized. What happened during the SpaceX launch? Rather than fighting the force of gravity to fly straight up into the sky, rockets normally take a curving trajectory and travel nearly parallel to the planet\u2019s surface at about 80 or 100 km above the Earth. This allows the space crafts to carry larger and heavier objects into orbit than would be physically possible with a vertical flight path. For the Formosat-5 mission SpaceX flew in August 2017, the Falcon 9 rocket was carrying an Earth observation satellite for Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organization that weighed just 475 kg \u2014 a light payload for the Falcon 9. Since the satellite was light enough, the rocket took a nearly vertical path into space. This caused the Falcon 9 booster and second stage to create circular shockwaves and punch the large hole through the plasma of the ionosphere. The 559-mile hole lasted for up to three hours. The hole caused by the SpaceX launch was only temporary, but as commercial rockets take more and more satellites into orbit, the disruptions in the ionosphere will happen more often. Private space companies received $3.9 billion in private investments during 2017 and the industry is projected to be worth nearly $3 trillion by 2040. One consequence of this growth and an increased number of rockets tearing through the atmosphere could be errors in global position system (GPS) navigation, scientists say. When the Falcon 9\u2019s second stage rocket burnt through plasma in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA launches satellite to explore the region where air meets space by Shiva BolakheOctober 16, 2019 NASA launched a satellite on Thursday night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite called Icon, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. Fox said there\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from"}, {"title": "", "text": "in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON, NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer satellite, on its journey to the boundary between Earth and space where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. After reaching 39,000 feet, the rocket was dropped from the underside of the Northrop Grumman L-1011 Stargazer aircraft about 50 miles east of Daytona Beach, Florida. The rocket\u2019s first stage motor has fired, accelerating the rocket to over 5,000 miles per hour. After 1 minute and 18 seconds, the first stage motor will separate from the rest of the rocket, leaving the second and third stages to power ICON to its destination. Stargazer Gearing up for Second Drop Attempt Northrop Grumman\u2019s L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer, is making its way back to the drop box \u2013 a 40-mile long area that the company\u2019s Pegasus XL rocket can be dropped in. Secured in the rocket\u2019s payload fairing in NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) \u2013 a satellite developed to study the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. Target release time is now 10 p.m. EDT. First Launch Opportunity Waved off Due to Aircraft Communication Issues The first launch opportunity of a Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), was skipped due to communication issues between the ground team at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and Northrop Grumman\u2019s L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer. The launch team is re-evaluating; the launch window remains open until 10:55 p.m. EDT. Stargazer Enters the Drop Box The Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), has arrived at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Black, just what does ICON do? The Ionospheric Connection Explorer uses a series of instruments to study the interaction between Earth\u2019s high-altitude weather systems and \u201cspace weather\u201d phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 which has a profound impact on the performance of satellites and spacecraft, and may well be the difference in just how many bars or \u201cG\u2019s\u201d your smartphone\u2019s network enjoys. After a one-week \u201cshakedown\u201d in orbit, it\u2019ll start powering up sensors built by UT Dallas, UC Berkeley, and the US Naval Research Laboratory, calibrating itself using the light of three full moons. Following that, it\u2019ll commence it\u2019s two-year mission to advance our understanding of space weather. After the briefing, our next stop, if you\u2019ll believe it, was mission control \u2014 not the same one that\u2019s used for crewed missions, mind you, but still the actual command and control stations used by NASA and partners for commercial launches, be it underslung Pegasus launches, or SpaceX Crew Resupply Services (CRS) launches aboard Falcon 9\u2019s. In the lobby of the USAF hangar used for comms and telemetry for the launch and mission. These particular control rooms are within the Cape Canaveral United States Air Force Base, where photography is restricted, though we were assured that we were in the clear for the interior of the building. Control room used by NASA management, VIPs and press Pictured: Workspace envy Oddly enough, the control rooms used by the actual engineers, while lacking in decor, enjoy better workstations than management, with multiple curved-display monitors. \u201cJust don\u2019t tell our bosses,\u201d said"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA scientists hope to better understand far outer atmosphere with ICON mission by: Kristen Currie Posted: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:01 PM CDT / Updated: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:57 PM CDT NASA is set to launch a new satellite, the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), into orbit Wednesday night on the Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket. Their hope is to better understand the ways in which the far outer atmosphere is affected by space weather and Earth-based turbulence. ICON is planned for a two year mission circling 360 miles above the Earth. Purple shading indicates \u2018ionosphere\u2019 \u2013 thick layer of charged particles 50 to 360 miles above the surface of the planet What is the ionosphere? The ionosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere stretching 30 miles to 600 miles above the surface. This part of the atmosphere is important as this is what makes radio communications and GPS navigation possible. ICON\u2019s goal As stated by NASA: \u201cPressure differences created by weather near Earth\u2019s surface can propagate into the very highest reaches of the upper atmosphere and influence the winds in this region. The exact role these winds\u2014and by extension, terrestrial weather\u2014play in shaping the ionosphere remains an outstanding question, and one that scientists hope ICON will answer.\u201d Exploring the Ionosphere, Earth\u2019s Interface to Space | NASA Unpredictable changes in the ionosphere can interfere with communication and navigation here at the surface. Changes in the electric current in the ionosphere can put strain on surface-based technologies and in some cases, causing outages. For more information"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u203a Aerospace \u203a NASA Previews Mission to Study Frontier of Space NASA Previews Mission to Study Frontier of Space By TugaKe \u2022 May 30, 2018 Processes in Earth\u2019s ionosphere create bright swaths of color in the sky, known as airglow, as seen here in an image taken from the International Space Station. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection (ICON) mission will track airglow to observe how interactions between Earth\u2019s weather and the ionosphere create changes in our space environment. Credits: NASA NASA will host a media briefing at 1 p.m. EDT Monday, June 4, on the agency\u2019s mission to explore Earth\u2019s ionosphere and the processes there that impact life on Earth\u2019s surface. The event will air live on NASA Television, the agency\u2019s website and Facebook Live. Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) will study the layer of charged particles extending from about 50 to 360 miles above Earth\u2019s surface, through which radio communications and GPS signals travel, and the processes there that can distort or even disrupt these signals. Knowledge gleaned from this mission will aid in mitigating its effects on satellites and communications technology worldwide. The event will be held at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Participants will include: Willis Jenkins, ICON program executive at NASA Headquarters, Washington Thomas Immel, mission principal investigator at the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory Rebecca Bishop, ionospheric research scientist at Aerospace Corporation Douglas Rowland, mission scientist at Goddard Media who would like to attend the briefing or participate by phone must email their name, media affiliation and phone"}, {"title": "", "text": "band in Europe and Africa, and what issues to include on the agenda for the next WRC, scheduled for 2023. The conference is due to continue through November 22. Just before the conference began, a special issue of ITU News magazine included an article by IARU Secretary (and former ARRL CEO) Dave Sumner, K1ZZ, on \"Views of the International Amateur Radio Union on WRC-19 Agenda Items.\" According to the ARRL Letter, the article focused on the need for a worldwide amateur allocation at 6 meters, preservation of current bands and stronger protections against RF interference from a growing number of sources. ICON Satellite to Study Ionosphere Stargazer L-1011 jet carrying a Pegasus rocket takes off from Cape Canaveral. The rocket was dropped from the plane and then launched the ICON satellite into orbit. (NASA photo by Frank Michaux) The newest satellite designed to study the ionosphere was successfully launched October 10 by a Pegasus rocket dropped from a Stargazer L-1011 air- craft. Sky and Telescope magazine reports that the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, satellite will study the interaction between the ionos- phere and the thermosphere, as well as measuring airglow, a phenomenon caused by charged particles floating in the upper atmosphere. Phil Erickson, W1PJE, an astronomer at MIT's Haystack Observatory who is not connected with the mission, wrote on the HamSCI reflector that ICON's observations will need to be combined with ground-based ones to paint a complete picture of space-atmosphere interactions. He said he expected the satellite's first science data to be transmitted in early"}, {"title": "", "text": "Connection Explorer satellite, on its journey to the boundary between Earth and space where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. After reaching 39,000 feet, the rocket was dropped from the underside of the Northrop Grumman L-1011 Stargazer aircraft about 50 miles east of Daytona Beach, Florida. The rocket\u2019s first stage motor has fired, accelerating the rocket to over 5,000 miles per hour. After 1 minute and 18 seconds, the first stage motor will separate from the rest of the rocket, leaving the second and third stages to power ICON to its destination. Stargazer Gearing up for Second Drop Attempt Northrop Grumman\u2019s L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer, is making its way back to the drop box \u2013 a 40-mile long area that the company\u2019s Pegasus XL rocket can be dropped in. Secured in the rocket\u2019s payload fairing in NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) \u2013 a satellite developed to study the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. Target release time is now 10 p.m. EDT. First Launch Opportunity Waved off Due to Aircraft Communication Issues The first launch opportunity of a Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), was skipped due to communication issues between the ground team at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and Northrop Grumman\u2019s L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer. The launch team is re-evaluating; the launch window remains open until 10:55 p.m. EDT. Stargazer Enters the Drop Box The Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), has arrived at the Skid Strip at"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home > News > NASA Spacecraft Launches on Mission to Explore Frontier of Space NASA Spacecraft Launches on Mission to Explore Frontier of Space Northrop Grumman\u2019s L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer, prepares for takeoff at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip in Florida on Oct. 10, 2019. Attached beneath the aircraft is the company\u2019s Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON). Credits: NASA After successfully launching Thursday night, NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft is in orbit for a first-of-its-kind mission to study a region of space where changes can disrupt communications and satellite orbits, and even increase radiation risks to astronauts. A Northrop Grumman Stargazer L-1011 aircraft took off at 8:31 p.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida carrying ICON, on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, to launch altitude of about 39,000 feet. The first launch opportunity around 9:30 was skipped due to communication issues between the ground team at Cape Canaveral and the aircraft. On the second attempt, the aircraft crew released its payload at 9:59 p.m. EDT and automated systems on the Pegasus rocket launched ICON, a spacecraft roughly the size of a refrigerator, into space. The spacecraft\u2019s solar panels successfully deployed, indicating it has power with all systems operating. After an approximately month-long commissioning period, ICON will begin sending back its first science data in November. ICON will study changes in a region of the upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in the ionosphere can also prematurely decay"}, {"title": "", "text": "wind speeds as low as , even though the spacecraft is traveling at over (to stay in orbit). IVM collects in situ data about ions in the local environment around the spacecraft, whereas EUV and FUV are spectrographic imagers. EUV is a 1-dimension limb imager designed to observe height and density of the daytime ionosphere by detecting the glow of oxygen ions and other species at wavelengths between 55 and 85 nm. FUV is a 2-dimension imager that observes the limb and below at 135 and 155 nm, where bright emissions of atomic oxygen and molecular nitrogen are found The solar panel produces 780 watts, but the observatory's power consumption ranges between 209 and 265 watts when in science mode. Mission Operations Once launched, and for the duration of its two-year science mission, the ICON observatory is controlled and operated by the Mission Operations Center (MOC) at the Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley. The UCB MOC currently operates seven NASA satellites. ICON was placed into a 27.00\u00b0 inclination orbit, and communications are through Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), the orbiting NASA communications network. Ground contacts with ICON are performed mainly from the Berkeley Ground Station, an dish, with backup contacts out of Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), Virginia and Santiago, Chile. Loss of Contact The NASA ICON team lost contact with the ICON spacecraft on 25 November 2022. A fail-safe system designed to reset the spacecraft computer after 8 days with no receipt of commands from the ground failed to restore communications"}, {"title": "", "text": "narrowed the cause of the communication loss to problems within the avionics or radio-frequency communications subsystems,\u201d NASA wrote in the blog post. \u201cThe team is currently unable to determine the health of the spacecraft, and the lack of a downlink signal could be indicative of a system failure.\u201d Oof, that doesn\u2019t sound good. ICON, launched in October 2019, is tasked with observing the way terrestrial weather interacts with space weather in Earth\u2019s ionosphere. It does so (or at least it did so) from an orbital outpost that\u2019s roughly 360 miles (580 kilometers) above the planet. The spacecraft carries four instruments to measure various characteristics of the ionosphere and capture ultra-violet images of the upper atmosphere. The ICON mission has offered a comprehensive view of this part of Earth\u2019s atmosphere which would otherwise require two or more orbiting spacecraft to gather, according to NASA. The mission was originally supposed to last for two years and has been operating on an extended timeline since December 2021. Hopefully NASA can squeeze more overtime from this important space weather satellite. More: Japan-U.S. Geotail Mission Officially Comes to an End After 30 Glorious Years ScienceSpaceflight"}, {"title": "", "text": "public-private partnerships to launch astronauts on American rockets and spacecraft from American soil for the first time since 2011. The goal of the program is safe, reliable and cost-effective human space transportation to and from the International Space Station, which could allow for additional research time aboard the station and increase the opportunity for discovery aboard humanity's testbed for exploration. For launch coverage, NASA's launch blog, and more information about the mission, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew NASA Spacecraft Launches on Mission to Explore Frontier of Space Northrop Grumman's L-1011 aircraft, Stargazer, prepares for takeoff at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip in Florida on Oct. 10, 2019. Attached beneath the aircraft is the company's Pegasus XL rocket, carrying NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON). After successfully launching Thursday night, NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft is in orbit for a first-of-its-kind mission to study a region of space where changes can disrupt communications and satellite orbits, and even increase radiation risks to astronauts. A Northrop Grumman Stargazer L-1011 aircraft took off at 8:31 p.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida carrying ICON, on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, to launch altitude of about 39,000 feet. The first launch opportunity around 9:30 was skipped due to communication issues between the ground team at Cape Canaveral and the aircraft. On the second attempt, the aircraft crew released its payload at 9:59 p.m. EDT and automated systems on the Pegasus rocket launched ICON, a spacecraft roughly the size of a refrigerator, into space. The spacecraft's solar"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Mission ICON Launch Now Targeted for Oct. 9 The Northrop Grumman L-1011 Stargazer aircraft lands on Oct. 19, 2018 at the Skid Strip at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. A Pegasus XL rocket is attached to the underside of the aircraft with NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, satellite. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett NASA and Northrop Grumman coordinated with the U.S. Air Force Eastern Range for an earlier launch date for the agency\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. ICON is now targeted for launch on Oct. 9, 2019, aboard a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket carried by the company\u2019s L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. Author Danielle SempsrottPosted on September 11, 2019 ICON Launch Targeted for Oct. 10 Technicians extend the solar array on NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) during a deployment test inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Aug. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin NASA and Northrop Grumman currently are preparing the agency\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft and the Pegasus XL rocket at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for ferry to the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida by the L-1011 Stargazer aircraft on Oct. 1, 2019. The launch has been rescheduled to Oct. 10, 2019, following the completion of a joint NASA/Northrop Grumman investigation into a Pegasus sensor reading that was not within normal limits during previous ferry and launch attempt flights. The cause of the issue is understood, and the flight hardware has been modified to"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. The refrigerator-size ICON satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the spacecraft which is at a level of 580 kilometers above the Earth\u2019s surface. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. Why study Ionosphere? There\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy. The more scientists know the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much Higher Up. PRIVACY RIGHTS & WRONGS TRAI had commenced a process of consultations to bring over the top (OTT) services like WhatsApp and Telegram under \u201clawful interception\u201d. The objective of the exercise is public security since criminals and terrorists are known to use end-to-end encryption offered by such services to fly under the radar. Parity has always been an issue since telecom providers complain that they are regulated and must respond to requests for information from governments and agencies. But the OTT sector is untrammelled. Is Interception Technologically Feasible, at all? Technology companies have argued that end-to-end encryption is completely private between the correspondents in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "next Pegasus launch using the L-1011 carrier \"Stargazer\" will be already next year with ICON mission scheduled for June 15, according to Spaceflight Now: Launch site: L-1011, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands An air-launched Orbital ATK Pegasus XL rocket will deploy NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite into orbit. ICON will study the ionosphere, a region of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere where terrestrial weather meets space weather. Disturbances in the ionosphere triggered by solar storms or weather activity in the lower atmosphere can cause disturbances in GPS navigation and radio transmissions. By this time, contact has been established with the first of the eight CYGNSS micro-satellites, and you can read Orbital ATK's press realease about today's successful launch by following the link bellow. Orbital ATK: Orbital ATK Successfully Launches NASA's CYGNSS Spacecraft Etiquetas: Aircraft, Information, Links According to NASA Blogs: The CYGNSS launch planned for Wednesday, Dec. 14 is being delayed due to an issue with flight parameter data used by spacecraft software. The issue was discovered during routine testing Tuesday. The new flight parameter data have undergone verification testing on the engineering model, and will be uploaded to the spacecraft on Wednesday. The uploading of new flight data is a very routine procedure, and is expected correct the issue. The next launch attempt will be determined pending the results of ongoing tests. Etiquetas: Information Stargazer \u00a9 Orbital ATK It was announced yesterday that a new attempt to launch the Pegasus rocket with eight small CYGNSS satellites is now scheduled for tomorrow: Orbital ATK and NASA announced today that"}, {"title": "", "text": "the L-1011 will put the airplane on an easterly heading before commanding the release of the winged Pegasus XL at an altitude of around 39,000 feet (11,900 meters). The drop time is set for 9:30 p.m. EDT on Oct. 9 (0130 GMT on Oct. 10). There\u2019s a 90-minute launch window available. Three solid-fueled rocket motors on the Pegasus XL launcher will propel the ICON spacecraft into a 357-mile-high (575-kilometer) orbit. ICON carries scientific instruments to investigate plasma waves in the ionosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere where colorful auroras are generated. Changes in the ionosphere can also affect communications and navigation signals coming from satellites, and ICON will study how weather systems lower in the atmosphere can influence conditions at the edge of space. Like its Pegasus launcher, the ICON spacecraft was built by Northrop Grumman. ICON\u2019s ride into space has been delayed more than two years by concerns related to its Pegasus rocket. The mission was originally supposed to launch over the Pacific Ocean near Kwajalein Atoll, the home of a remote U.S. military test site in the Marshall Islands. NASA\u2019s ICON spacecraft was attached to its Pegasus XL rocket Sept. 10 inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin Engineers wanted more time to inspect the Pegasus rocket motors after they were mishandled during shipment to Vandenberg. That pushed the launch back from June to December 2017, the next availability in the military-run range at Kwajalein. Then managers decided to ground the mission to assess the reliability of bolt-cutters"}, {"title": "", "text": "the fundamental processes that govern our upper atmosphere and ionosphere is crucial to improve situational awareness that helps protect astronauts, spacecraft and humans on the ground. Two new NASA missions are teaming up to explore this little-understood area that\u2019s close to home but historically hard to observe. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, instrument launches aboard a commercial communications satellite in January 2018, and the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft launches later in 2018. Together, they will provide the most comprehensive observations of the ionosphere we\u2019ve ever had. The ionosphere is a region of charged particles in near-Earth space that coexists with the neutral gases in the upper atmosphere, which are sometimes shaped by weather events in the lower atmosphere. Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The two missions provide distinct but complementary perspectives: ICON, in low-Earth orbit, flies directly through and just above regions of interest, capturing detailed remote and in situ data on the forces that shape this area. GOLD, in geostationary orbit over the Western Hemisphere, will build up a full-disk view of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere every half hour, providing detailed large-scale measurements of related processes \u2014 a cadence which makes it the first mission to be able to monitor the true weather of the upper atmosphere, rather than the longer cycles of its climate. GOLD is also able to focus in on a tighter region and scan more quickly, to complement additional research plans as needed. From its geostationary orbit, GOLD will have a continual"}, {"title": "", "text": "the CYGNSS mission, visit NASA's blog here. The next Pegasus launch using the L-1011 carrier \"Stargazer\" will be already next year with ICON mission scheduled for June 15, according to Spaceflight Now: Launch site: L-1011, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands An air-launched Orbital ATK Pegasus XL rocket will deploy NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite into orbit. ICON will study the ionosphere, a region of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere where terrestrial weather meets space weather. Disturbances in the ionosphere triggered by solar storms or weather activity in the lower atmosphere can cause disturbances in GPS navigation and radio transmissions. By this time, contact has been established with the first of the eight CYGNSS micro-satellites, and you can read Orbital ATK's press realease about today's successful launch by following the link bellow. Orbital ATK: Orbital ATK Successfully Launches NASA's CYGNSS Spacecraft Publicada por LisbonJet em 6:29 PM No comments: Etiquetas: Aircraft, Information, Links CYGNSS given a GO for Thursday launch Again, from NASA Blogs: Stargazer \u00a9 Bill White NASA managers have given a GO for the next attempt to launch of the agency\u2019s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission now scheduled for Thursday at 8:26 a.m. EST. Live coverage on NASA TV will begin at 7:00 a.m. EST. Full article in the link below. NASA Blogs: CYGNSS Hurricane Mission Etiquetas: Information, Links CYGNSS today's launch attempt delayed According to NASA Blogs: The CYGNSS launch planned for Wednesday, Dec. 14 is being delayed due to an issue with flight parameter data used by spacecraft software. The issue was discovered during"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA launches satellite to explore where air meets space nassa launches icon mission NASA launched a satellite on Thursday night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite \u2014 called Icon, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. Fox said there\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Launch Now Targeted for Oct. 9 Karin Hauck / Thursday, September 12, 2019 0 543 NASA and Northrop Grumman coordinated with the U.S. Air Force Eastern Range for an earlier launch date for the agency\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. ICON is now targeted for launch on Oct. 9, 2019, aboard a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket carried by the company\u2019s L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON Launch Targeted for Oct. 10 Karin Hauck / Saturday, September 7, 2019 0 296 NASA and Northrop Grumman currently are preparing the agency\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft and the Pegasus XL rocket at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for ferry to the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida by the L-1011 Stargazer aircraft on Oct. 1, 2019. The launch has been rescheduled to Oct. 10, 2019, following the completion of a joint NASA/Northrop Grumman investigation into a Pegasus sensor reading that was not within normal limits during previous ferry and launch attempt flights."}, {"title": "", "text": "particularly interested in how the upper atmosphere reacts to geomagnetic storms, which are temporary disturbances of Earth\u2019s magnetic field set off by solar activity. During nighttime, GOLD examines disruptions in the ionosphere \u2014 dense, unpredictable bubbles of charged gas that appear over the equator and tropics, sometimes interfering with radio communications. On the other hand, ICON concentrates on how charged and neutral gases in the upper atmosphere behave and interact. Several forces \u2014 including shifts in neutral winds, pressure gradients and solar activity \u2014 act on the ionosphere simultaneously; ICON was designed to study each of them individually, making it easier for scientists to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships. The last time Earth\u2019s disk was seen in far-ultraviolet light was in 1972, during the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission. Astronaut John W. Young used a UV camera to take this photo of Earth from the moon. GOLD will have a continuous view of Earth\u2019s atmosphere in far-ultraviolet light, allowing scientists to see changes to the ionosphere and thermosphere that are otherwise invisible. Credits: NASA ICON and GOLD join a small fleet of spacecraft that study a vast interconnected system from the space surrounding Earth and other planets to the farthest limits of the Sun\u2019s constantly flowing streams of solar wind. A third mission in the fleet \u2014 the 16-year-old Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or TIMED, will specifically complement the new efforts to study the upper atmosphere. TIMED, which launched in 2001, doesn\u2019t carry all the instruments necessary to analyze the motion of the particles in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "at Dallas, measures the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two ultraviolet imagers built at University of California, Berkeley, observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition. Many low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), fly through the ionosphere and can be affected by its changing electric and magnetic fields. The ionosphere also acts as a conduit for many communications signals, such as radio waves and the signals that make GPS systems work. The ionosphere is where space weather manifests, creating unexpected conditions; electric currents can cause electrical charging of satellites, changing density can affect satellite orbits, and shifting magnetic fields can induce current in power systems, causing strain, disrupting communications and navigation or even triggering blackouts. Improved understanding of this environment can help predict such events and improve satellite safety and design. Launch planning Upon initial completion and delivery of the ICON observatory in 2016, launch plans centered around the launch range at Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. ICON was originally scheduled to launch in June 2017, but was repeatedly delayed because of problems with its Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was mated to its air-launch aircraft Stargazer for a launch attempt in June 2018. This launch was cancelled days before because the rocket showed issues on the first leg of the ferry flight to Kwajalein. Given the availability of the launch range in Cape Canaveral, and a review of the suitability of this site, it was"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA launches satellite to explore the region where air meets space by Shiva BolakheOctober 16, 2019 NASA launched a satellite on Thursday night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite called Icon, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. Fox said there\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Earth\u2019s seasons and weather can cause changes in the ionosphere, as well as radiation and particles from the Sun\u2014called space weather. These changes in the ionosphere can cause problems for humans. For example, they can interfere with radio signals between Earth and satellites. This could make it difficult to use many of the tools we take for granted here on Earth, such as GPS. Radio signals also allow us to communicate with astronauts on board the International Space Station, which orbits Earth within the ionosphere. Learning more about this region of our atmosphere may help us improve forecasts about when these radio signals could be distorted and help keep humans safe. In 2018, NASA has plans to launch two missions that will work together to study the ionosphere. NASA\u2019s GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) mission launched in January 2018. GOLD will orbit 22,000 miles above Earth. From way up there, it will be able to create a map of the ionosphere over the Americas every half hour. It will measure the temperature and makeup of gases in the ionosphere. GOLD will also study bubbles of charged gas that are known to cause communication problems. A second NASA mission, called ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer, will launch later in 2018. It will be placed in an orbit just 350 miles above Earth\u2014through the ionosphere. This means it will have a close-up view of the upper atmosphere to pair with GOLD\u2019s wider view. ICON will study the forces that shape this part of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "'Launch drought' set to end, but weather not looking good for NASA ICON launch After over a month of waiting, the Space Coast is set to resume having rocket launches once again. 'Launch drought' set to end, but weather not looking good for NASA ICON launch After over a month of waiting, the Space Coast is set to resume having rocket launches once again. Check out this story on floridatoday.com: https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/10/07/launch-drought-set-end-but-weather-not-good-nasa-icon-launch/3899788002/ Antonia Jaramillo, Florida Today Published 3:03 p.m. ET Oct. 7, 2019 | Updated 10:18 p.m. ET Oct. 10, 2019 Update: Northrop Grumman successfully air-launches its Pegasus XL rocket at 10 p.m. Thursday night, sending NASA's ICON spacecraft to orbit. Update: Weather delays Pegasus launch. Next attempt set for 9:30 p.m. Thursday. On Wednesday, Northrop Grumman will attempt to air-launch its Pegasus XL rocket that will send NASA's $252 million Ionospheric Connection Explorer science mission, or ICON spacecraft to study the region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere. Beginning at 9:25 p.m., ICON and Pegasus will take off aboard Grumman's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and air-launch the spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean at 9:30 p.m., according to NASA's press release. The launch window lasts 90 minutes. A first attempt had been made last November but teams were forced to scrub due to technical issues. Last month, NASA said, \"the cause of the issue is understood, and the flight hardware has been modified to address the issue,\" but did not state what the issue had been. Artist rendering of NASA's Ionospheric Connection"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Icon should have soared in 2017, but problems with Northrop Grumman\u2019s air-launched Pegasus rocket interfered. Despite the long delay, NASA said the $252 million mission did not exceed its price cap. Northrop Grumman also built the satellite. During a news conference earlier this week, NASA launch director Omar Baez apologized for the delay. \u201cWe wanted to get things right on this rocket,\u201d Baez said. \u201cWe have no second chances on these type of missions.\u201d He called the launch \u201can awesome and great one; this one\u2019s been a long time in coming.\u201d Baez said in the end, everything went well. \u201cThis is about as good as it gets,\u201d he said."}, {"title": "", "text": "flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Ionosphere: The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km to 1,000 km altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. Show Stuff The Dark Horde, LLC \u2013 http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde TeePublic Store - Get your UBR goodies today! http://tee.pub/lic/2GQuXxn79dg UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com For Skype Users:"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Satellite launched NASA launched a satellite on 10 October 2019 night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite \u2014 called ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. This protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space, said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The refrigerator-size ICON satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the spacecraft which is at a level of 580 kilometers above the Earth\u2019s surface. A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. ICON should have soared in 2017, but problems with Northrop Grumman\u2019s air-launched Pegasus rocket interfered. Despite the long delay, NASA said the $252 million mission did not exceed its price cap. Share It Now:"}, {"title": "", "text": "a heavily modified Lockheed L1011 (christened Stargazer) before igniting the engines and arching upwards towards space to deploy its payload in a lower orbit. In order for the launch to succeed, Stargazer\u2019s crew must drop the vehicle in a \u201cdrop box\u201d measuring only 10 by 40 km \u2014 a narrow window to hit at cruising speeds. Once it makes it out into the Black, just what does ICON do? The Ionospheric Connection Explorer uses a series of instruments to study the interaction between Earth\u2019s high-altitude weather systems and \u201cspace weather\u201d phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 which has a profound impact on the performance of satellites and spacecraft, and may well be the difference in just how many bars or \u201cG\u2019s\u201d your smartphone\u2019s network enjoys. After a one-week \u201cshakedown\u201d in orbit, it\u2019ll start powering up sensors built by UT Dallas, UC Berkeley, and the US Naval Research Laboratory, calibrating itself using the light of three full moons. Following that, it\u2019ll commence it\u2019s two-year mission to advance our understanding of space weather. After the briefing, our next stop, if you\u2019ll believe it, was mission control \u2014 not the same one that\u2019s used for crewed missions, mind you, but still the actual command and control stations used by NASA and partners for commercial launches, be it underslung Pegasus launches, or SpaceX Crew Resupply Services (CRS) launches aboard Falcon 9\u2019s. In the lobby of the USAF hangar used for comms and telemetry for the launch and mission. These particular control rooms are within the Cape Canaveral United States Air Force"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Satellite Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll Pegasus XL launch vehicle Launch Mass Mission Life The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite is scheduled to be launched in November 2017. Image: courtesy of Orbital ATK. The satellite will include Far Ultra Violet Imaging Spectrograph. Image: courtesy of Nasa/UC Berkeley/ICON. The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument for the satellite was built by the Naval Research Laboratory. Image: courtesy of Nasa/UC Berkeley/ICON. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite aims to explore Earth\u2019s ionosphere and thermosphere and is expected to be launched in November 2017. The satellite will be placed 575km away from the low-Earth orbit at 27\u00b0 inclination. ICON is being developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under the Heliophysics explorer programme in partnership with the University of California/Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory (UCB/SSL). ICON spacecraft design and development The spacecraft will have a launch mass of 272kg and will measure 3ft x 6ft. It will have articulated solar arrays, which can generate 780W of power. It will include three-axis stabilisation, data storage capacity of 16Gbit, and 3.5Mbps data downlink. Designed for a mission life of two years, the satellite will be based on the LEOStar\u2122-2 platform developed by Orbital ATK. The contract for ICON satellite design, development, observatory integration and test, and launch operations was awarded to Orbital ATK in 2013. The satellite\u2019s design and manufacturing was completed at Orbital\u2019s facility located in Dulles, Virginia, US, while its environmental testing was completed at Orbital ATK\u2019s facility located in Gilbert, Arizona,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Advertise on Parabolic Arc Parabolic Arc Space Tourism \u2026 and Much More NASA\u2019s ICON to Explore Boundary Between Earth and Space October 10, 2019 October 9, 2019 Doug Messier News Leave a comment Illustration of ICON spacecraft. (Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith) UPDATE: Due to weather in the area, NASA and Northrop Grumman have decided to move the Pegasus XL and ICON launch 24-hours to October 10 at 9:30 p.m., with takeoff of the Stargazer L-1011 at 8:32 p.m. NASA\u2019s live broadcast will begin tomorrow at 9:15 p.m. on www.nasa.gov/live. GREENBELT, Md. (NASA PR) \u2014 On Oct.10, 2019, NASA launches the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, a spacecraft that will explore the dynamic region where Earth meets space: the ionosphere. Overlapping the farthest reaches of Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the very beginning of space, the ionosphere stretches roughly 50 to 400 miles above the surface. Solar radiation cooks tenuous gases there until they lose an electron (or two or three), creating a sea of electrically charged ions and electrons. Neither fully Earth nor space, the ionosphere reacts both to winds and weather from the lower atmosphere below and solar energy streaming in from above, changing constantly to form conditions we call space weather. \u201cAfter years of work, I\u2019m excited to get into orbit and turn on the spacecraft, open the doors on all our instruments,\u201d said Thomas Immel, ICON principal investigator at the University of California, Berkeley. \u201cICON carries incredible capacity for science. I\u2019m looking forward to surprising results and finally seeing the world"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON launched in 2019 to identify how Earth\u2019s weather interacts with weather from space \u2013 a relatively new idea supplanting previous assumptions that only forces from the Sun and space could create weather at the edge of the ionosphere. In January 2022, as the spacecraft passed over South America, it observed one such earthly disturbance in the ionosphere triggered by the South Pacific volcano. \u201cThese results are an exciting look at how events on Earth can affect weather in space, in addition to space weather affecting Earth,\u201d said Jim Spann, space weather lead for NASA\u2019s Heliophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. \u201cUnderstanding space weather holistically will ultimately help us mitigate its effects on society.\u201d When the volcano erupted, it pushed a giant plume of gases, water vapor, and dust into the sky. The explosion also created large pressure disturbances in the atmosphere, leading to strong winds. As the winds expanded upwards into thinner atmospheric layers, they began moving faster. Upon reaching the ionosphere and the edge of space, ICON clocked the windspeeds at up to 450 mph \u2013 making them the strongest winds below 120 miles altitude measured by the mission since its launch. Illustration of ICON spacecraft. Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith In the ionosphere, the extreme winds also affected electric currents. Particles in the ionosphere regularly form an east-flowing electric current \u2013 called the equatorial electrojet \u2013 powered by winds in the lower atmosphere. After the eruption, the equatorial electrojet surged to five times its normal peak power and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Northrop Grumman Successfully Launches NASA ICON Satellite on Pegasus Rocket Ninth science mission for which the company both built and launched the satellite for NASA Space \u2022 NASA \u2022 Satellites \u2022 Pegasus \u2022 ICON (Ionospheric Connection Explorer) \u2022 Rocket Dulles, Va. \u2013 Oct. 10, 2019 \u2013 Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) announced its Pegasus\u00ae XL rocket successfully launched the company-built Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite for NASA. The launch marked the 44th overall flight of the world\u2019s first privately-developed commercial space launch vehicle, and ICON marks the ninth science satellite to be both built and launched by the company for NASA. Northrop Grumman successfully launched the Pegasus XL rocket carrying NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Oct. 10, 2019. The first phase of the launch was aboard Northrop Grumman\u2019s \"Stargazer\" L-1011 carrier aircraft. Shortly after release from Stargazer, Pegasus ignited, carrying ICON to its intended 575-kilometer orbit. \u201cWe are proud to have another successful launch of Pegasus,\u201d said Rich Straka, vice president, launch vehicles, Northrop Grumman. \u201cToday\u2019s launch is a testament to the team\u2019s expertise and determination to provide our customer with mission success.\u201d NASA\u2019s ICON satellite will study the frontier of space \u2013 the dynamic zone high in Earth\u2019s atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. Northrop Grumman designed and manufactured the spacecraft for ICON at its Dulles satellite manufacturing facility, and tested and verified the spacecraft at the company\u2019s location in Gilbert, Arizona. The satellite is based on the company\u2019s LEOStar-2\u2122 bus, a flight-proven"}, {"title": "", "text": "In case there was any doubt there is still a long, long way to go in reducing launch prices across the spectrum, consider this NASA press release from November 20th. NASA has selected Orbital Sciences Corporation of Dulles, Virginia, to provide launch services for the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. ICON is targeted to launch in June 2017 from the Reagan Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands aboard a Pegasus XL launch vehicle from Orbital\u2019s \u201cStargazer\u201d L-1011 aircraft. The total cost for NASA to launch ICON under this new firm-fixed price launch services task order is approximately $56.3 million. This includes spacecraft processing, payload integration, tracking, data and telemetry and other launch support requirements. ICON will study the interface between the upper reaches of Earth\u2019s atmosphere and space in response to a recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere, positioned at the edge of space where the sun ionizes the air to create charged particles, is significantly influenced by storms in the lower atmosphere. ICON also will help NASA better understand how atmospheric winds control ionospheric variability. At $56.5 million for a single Pegasus flight, NASA is coming perilously close to paying Orbital Sciences the same amount for a 450 kg capacity to LEO or SSO launch vehicle that commercial operators are paying SpaceX for a 4,850 kg. capacity to GTO ($61.2 million on the SpaceX website.) Previous contracts for Pegasus were $55 million for CYGNSS, $40 million for IRIS and $36 million for NuSTAR. The point is not that NASA"}, {"title": "", "text": "ICON Spacecraft Arrives at Vandenberg for June Launch NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, arrived at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for the next stage of its journey to launch, scheduled for June 15 from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (in the continental United States the launch date is June 14). The observatory made the trip overnight from Gilbert, Arizona, where it was in an Orbital ATK facility. At Vandenberg, ICON will be integrated onto a Pegasus XL rocket, which will in turn be flown to Kwajalein on an L-1011 aircraft, which will double as its launcher. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. This region of space and its changes have practical repercussions \u2014 this is the area through which radio communications and GPS signals travel. Variations there can result in distortions or even complete disruption of signals. In order to understand this complicated region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere, NASA has developed the ICON mission. ICON will help determine the physical process at play in our space environment and pave the way for mitigating their effects on our technology, communications systems and society. NASA Goddard manages the Explorer Program for NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. UC Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory developed the ICON mission and the two ultraviolet imaging spectrographs onboard (the largest of which was integrated and tested at the Centre Spatial de Li\u00e8ge); the Naval Research Laboratory"}, {"title": "", "text": "NASA Loses Contact with ICON Weather Satellite ICON launched on Oct. 10, 2019, and completed its two-year prime mission science objectives in December 2021. On Nov. 25, 2022, NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) team lost contact with the spacecraft. The ICON spacecraft is equipped with a built-in onboard command loss timer that will power cycle or reset the spacecraft after contact is lost for eight days. On Dec. 5, after the power cycle was complete, the team was still unable to acquire a downlink signal from the spacecraft. The team is currently still working to establish a connection. Working with the Department of Defense\u2019s Space Surveillance Network, the team has verified that ICON remains intact. The ICON mission team is working to troubleshoot the issue and has narrowed the cause of the communication loss to problems within the avionics or radio-frequency communications subsystems. The team is currently unable to determine the health of the spacecraft, and the lack of a downlink signal could be indicative of a system failure. ICON launched on Oct. 10, 2019, and completed its two-year prime mission science objectives in December 2021. It has been operating in extended mission status since that time."}, {"title": "", "text": "Pat Hrybyk-Keith ICON launched in 2019 to identify how Earth\u2019s weather interacts with weather from space \u2013 a relatively new idea supplanting previous assumptions that only forces from the Sun and space could create weather at the edge of the ionosphere. In January 2022, as the spacecraft passed over South America, it observed one such earthly disturbance in the ionosphere triggered by the South Pacific volcano. \u201cThese results are an exciting look at how events on Earth can affect weather in space, in addition to space weather affecting Earth,\u201d said Jim Spann, space weather lead for NASA\u2019s Heliophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. \u201cUnderstanding space weather holistically will ultimately help us mitigate its effects on society.\u201d When the volcano erupted, it pushed a giant plume of gases, water vapor, and dust into the sky. The explosion also created large pressure disturbances in the atmosphere, leading to strong winds. As the winds expanded upwards into thinner atmospheric layers, they began moving faster. Upon reaching the ionosphere and the edge of space, ICON clocked the windspeeds at up to 450 mph \u2013 making them the strongest winds below 120 miles altitude measured by the mission since its launch. Illustration of ICON spacecraft. Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith In the ionosphere, the extreme winds also affected electric currents. Particles in the ionosphere regularly form an east-flowing electric current \u2013 called the equatorial electrojet \u2013 powered by winds in the lower atmosphere. After the eruption, the equatorial electrojet surged to five times its normal peak"}, {"title": "", "text": "payload deployment at 8:52 a.m. To learn more about the CYGNSS mission, visit NASA's blog here. The next Pegasus launch using the L-1011 carrier \"Stargazer\" will be already next year with ICON mission scheduled for June 15, according to Spaceflight Now: Launch site: L-1011, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands An air-launched Orbital ATK Pegasus XL rocket will deploy NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite into orbit. ICON will study the ionosphere, a region of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere where terrestrial weather meets space weather. Disturbances in the ionosphere triggered by solar storms or weather activity in the lower atmosphere can cause disturbances in GPS navigation and radio transmissions. By this time, contact has been established with the first of the eight CYGNSS micro-satellites, and you can read Orbital ATK's press realease about today's successful launch by following the link bellow. Orbital ATK: Orbital ATK Successfully Launches NASA's CYGNSS Spacecraft Etiquetas: Aircraft Fleet, Links, News & Information CYGNSS given a GO for Thursday launch Again, from NASA Blogs: Stargazer \u00a9 Bill White NASA managers have given a GO for the next attempt to launch of the agency\u2019s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission now scheduled for Thursday at 8:26 a.m. EST. Live coverage on NASA TV will begin at 7:00 a.m. EST. Full article in the link below. NASA Blogs: CYGNSS Hurricane Mission Etiquetas: Links, News & Information CYGNSS today's launch attempt delayed According to NASA Blogs: The CYGNSS launch planned for Wednesday, Dec. 14 is being delayed due to an issue with flight parameter data used by spacecraft"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.12885624170303345, -0.15903115272521973, -0.13887792825698853, -0.1875644028186798, -0.187563955783844, -0.17098599672317505, -0.18964117765426636, -0.15497322380542755, -0.17955027520656586, -0.1027742326259613, -0.11345044523477554, -0.11719539016485214, -0.1922788918018341, -0.14793768525123596, -0.20515340566635132, -0.2094174176454544, -0.10866943001747131, -0.14442981779575348, -0.18068484961986542, -0.1594516485929489, -0.1590394228696823, -0.07184775173664093, -0.1881079375743866, -0.21087254583835602, -0.11472608149051666, -0.11923597753047943, -0.10256511718034744, -0.18193596601486206, -0.1852920800447464, -0.16526228189468384, -0.17640091478824615, -0.14476004242897034, 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In space, pilots would require pressurized chambers or space suits to supply fresh air. While there, they would experience weightlessness, which could potentially cause disorientation. Further potential risks included radiation and micrometeoroid strikes, both of which would normally be absorbed in the atmosphere. All seemed possible to overcome: experience from satellites suggested micrometeoroid risk was negligible, and experiments in the early 1950s with simulated weightlessness, high g-forces on humans, and sending animals to the limit of space, all suggested potential problems could be overcome by known technologies. Finally, reentry was studied"}, {"title": "", "text": "first time, Glenn saw thousands of luminous particles, which he described as looking like fireflies, floating outside the spacecraft. They did not appear to Glenn to be coming from the spacecraft, but rather seemed to be streaming slowly past the spacecraft from ahead. The source of these particles would be discovered by Scott Carpenter on the next Mercury flight, but remained a mystery during Glenn's mission. Before his flight ended, however, Glenn would be confronted with a much larger issue than fireflies. Retropack The retropack was a collection of small rockets, called retrorockets, that would fire at the end of a mission to slow the spacecraft, allowing it to re-enter the atmosphere. The pack, which would normally be jettisoned after firing, was attached with straps that stretched across the heatshield. To learn more about the Mercury spacecraft, see: NASA Project Mercury - Spacecraft Telemetry Indicates A Problem As Glenn began his second orbit, telemetry data from Friendship 7 suggested a problem with the spacecraft. A reading from the sensor monitoring the spacecraft's heat shield and landing impact bag indicated that the impact bag had deployed. This could only happen if the heat shield had come loose. If this were the case, Glenn might be incinerated during reentry. Mission Control felt that the reading was most likely caused by a faulty sensor on the spacecraft, and that Glenn's heatshield was fine, but they couldn't be sure. After discussing the issue, they advised Glenn not to jettison his retropack before reentry. If the heatshield were loose, keeping the"}, {"title": "", "text": "allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for five days, and the Americans for nine, during which the Apollo crew also conducted Earth observation experiments. Re-entry and aftermath The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during reentry and splashdown of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic nitrogen tetroxide fumes, caused by the reaction control system (RCS) oxidizer venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and nitrogen tetroxide was sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu.[17] Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and initiated drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.[18] The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert Launch Pad 39B"}, {"title": "", "text": "explains: \"Fortunately the engines produced no sparks. A spark would have caused an explosion and we would have been vaporized.\u201d Nearly lost in space... But minutes before the retro-rockets were supposed to fire, kicking off the descent through the atmosphere, the spacecraft\u2019s automatic re-entry system failed. The men would have to fire the rockets manually \u2013 something that had never been done, and required incredible precision. If the burn was too short, the Voskhod 2 would hit the atmosphere at too shallow an angle, bouncing back into space. But if the burn continued for too long, it would come down at too steep an angle. This would cause it to plummet at much too high a speed - and be destroyed. With the right burn duration, at the right time, the capsule would plunge through the atmosphere on a trajectory that would bring it down safely. Then actually lost... The rocket firing went well, but the cosmonauts had little control over where they would land. The best they could hope for was that the craft would touch down somewhere in the Soviet Union\u2019s vast landmass. Then spun like crazy... During the descent to Earth, the spacecraft\u2019s equipment module, which contained engines and propellant, failed to fully detach as planned. The cosmonauts were exposed to high G forces as both the equipment and descent modules of the spacecraft started tumbling. However, the ordeal ended when the cable linking the modules burned through, freeing the cosmonauts\u2019 capsule. Then frozen... As it got dark, the cosmonauts realised they would"}, {"title": "", "text": "explains: \"Fortunately the engines produced no sparks. A spark would have caused an explosion and we would have been vaporized.\u201d Nearly lost in space... But minutes before the retro-rockets were supposed to fire, kicking off the descent through the atmosphere, the spacecraft\u2019s automatic re-entry system failed. The men would have to fire the rockets manually \u2013 something that had never been done, and required incredible precision. If the burn was too short, the Voskhod 2 would hit the atmosphere at too shallow an angle, bouncing back into space. But if the burn continued for too long, it would come down at too steep an angle. This would cause it to plummet at much too high a speed - and be destroyed. With the right burn duration, at the right time, the capsule would plunge through the atmosphere on a trajectory that would bring it down safely. Then actually lost... The rocket firing went well, but the cosmonauts had little control over where they would land. The best they could hope for was that the craft would touch down somewhere in the Soviet Union\u2019s vast landmass. Then spun like crazy... During the descent to Earth, the spacecraft\u2019s equipment module, which contained engines and propellant, failed to fully detach as planned. The cosmonauts were exposed to high G forces as both the equipment and descent modules of the spacecraft started tumbling. However, the ordeal ended when the cable linking the modules burned through, freeing the cosmonauts\u2019 capsule. Then frozen... As it got dark, the cosmonauts realised they would"}, {"title": "", "text": "The TKS spacecraft (, , Transport Supply Spacecraft, GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station. The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role \u2013 only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to Salyut space stations) during the program. The Functional Cargo Block (FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the Zarya FGB module on the International Space Station. The TKS spacecraft consisted of two spacecraft mated together, both of which could operate independently: The VA spacecraft (known mistakenly in the West as the Merkur spacecraft), which would have housed the cosmonauts during launch and reentry of a TKS spacecraft, while traveling to and from an Almaz space station. And the Functional Cargo Block (FGB) which, in order to resupply an Almaz space station, carried docking hardware, tanks, and a large pressurized cargo compartment. Furthermore, the FGB carried the on-orbit maneuvering engines for the TKS. While the VA carried the reentry hardware, and only minimal life support and maneuvering systems, the FGB would have been used as the primary orbital maneuvering system and cargo storage for the TKS spacecraft. The FGB could also be used alone as an uncrewed cargo module without a VA spacecraft, which enabled the FGB design to be re-purposed as FGB space station modules later on. The VA spacecraft, on the other hand, was"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shenzhou 2 () launched on January 9, 2001, was the second unmanned launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft. Inside the reentry capsule were a monkey, a dog and a rabbit in a test of the spaceship's life support systems. The reentry module separated from the rest of the spacecraft after just over seven days in orbit, with the orbital module staying in orbit for another 220 days. Shenzhou 2 tested the spacecraft much more rigorously than its predecessor Shenzhou 1. After being launched into a 196.5 by 333.8 km orbit, 20.5 hours after launch it circularised its orbit to 327.7 by 332.7 km. Around 1220 UTC on January 12 it once again changed its orbit to 329.3 by 339.4 km. A third orbit change came on January 15 328.7 by 345.4 km. As well as the animal cargo, there were 64 different scientific payloads. 15 were carried in the reentry module, 12 in the orbital module and 37 on the forward external pallet. These included a microgravity crystallography experiment; animal species including six mice, and small aquatic and terrestrial organisms; cosmic ray and particle detectors and a gamma ray burst detectors. To test the radio transmitting systems taped messages were broadcast from the spacecraft. Successful reentry and failed landing The signal for retrofire was sent at about 1015 UTC on January 16 as the spacecraft passed over the South Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South Africa. It landed in Inner Mongolia at 11:22 UTC. No photos were released of the landing capsule leading to some speculation"}, {"title": "", "text": "Launch Vehicle: Atlas F. FAILURE: Failure. Failed Stage: 1. ABRES SBGRV-1 re-entry vehicle test flight - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Spacecraft: ABRES. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). 1967 January 18 - . 01:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576A2. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas F. ABRES TVX-13 (21) re-entry vehicle test flight - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Spacecraft: ABRES. Apogee: 1,400 km (800 mi). 1967 March 16 - . 17:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576A2. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas F. ABRES MBRV-2 re-entry vehicle test flight - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Spacecraft: ABRES. Apogee: 1,400 km (800 mi). The second Maneuvering Ballistic Reentry Vehicle (MBRV-2) was launched down the Western Test Range by Atlas 151F. Performance of the launch vehicle was satisfactory, but the MBRV failed to accomplish its planned reentry. . 1967 July 29 - . 08:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576A2. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas F. ABRES MBRV-3 re-entry vehicle test flight - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Spacecraft: ABRES. Apogee: 1,400 km (800 mi). Launched from Vandenberg AFB atop Atlas booster 150F, the third Maneuvering Ballistic Reentry Vehicle (MBRV-3) achieved the first successful flight and reentry of a maneuvering ballistic reentry vehicle in the Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems (ABRES) program. MBRV-3 successfully accomplished its planned terminal maneuver during reentry, and all objectives were achieved. 1967 October 14 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576A2. LV"}, {"title": "", "text": "eating and hygiene, and an airlock located above the Reentry module (the capsule), with the docking mechanism at the top. In the event of an emergency, it would be lifted away from the rocket along with the reentry module, and the fairing over the spacecraft was designed to successfully split apart either circumferentially just below the reentry module in such an emergency or longitudinally if the flight should be successful. Kliper was designed with the Orbital Module below its reentry module, and the docking mechanism below that. This was made possible by constructing a reentry module broader than the orbital module, so that a pair of rocket nozzles for orbital maneuvering could have been fitted alongside it, as the later Salyut space stations had. In connection with this new design, Kliper would feature a launch escape system that would enable it to detach from the carrier rocket if an abort of the mission during orbital ascent is required. An abort would be possible during every phase of the launch with the limitation of the first seconds after launch. Lifting body design On return from space, Kliper's lifting body design would not only allow a smoother descent into Earth's atmosphere than the capsule design, such as Soyuz; but also permit control. RKK Energia claimed that the craft would be able to land in a predetermined one-square-kilometre area. Artistic impressions showed that the Kliper would have resembled a cylinder topped by a cone. Originally, landing proposals involved both a landing by parachute and as an alternative, in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "the station, two days after its launch. This model of resupply spacecraft, Progress 7K-TG, had been used for resupply missions to Soviet space stations since 1978. Progress 39 delivered 1,300 kg of supplies to the EO-4 crew, and remained docked to the station for 42 days. During this time, Progress 39 was used to boost the orbit of the space station. This was necessary due to the greater than normal atmospheric drag. The extra drag was caused by atmospheric expansion, which in turn was caused by the solar maximum occurring at the time, during solar cycle 22. The boost changed the Perigee and Apogee of the station from 325 km and 353 km AMSL to 340 km and 376 km, respectively. After the boost, Krikalev reported that he was unable to visually detect the change in altitude. The EO-4 crew filled Progress 39 with waste and excess equipment used during the Aragatz mission, and then the spacecraft undocked on February 7, and was intentionally destroyed during atmospheric reentry later that day. Progress 40 On February 10, the next resupply spacecraft, Progress 40 was launched, and it docked with Mir two days later. It remained docked to Mir for 18 days. During this time, it was announced that due to delays in the production of the Kristall module, the launch of the next Mir module, Kvant-2, would also be delayed. It was also announced that as a result, Mir would be left unmanned following EO-4. Progress 41 The final Progress resupply spacecraft of the expedition docked with"}, {"title": "", "text": "N1 rocket, which envisioned a 2,200-ton, three-stage vehicle capable of launching 75 tons of payload. May 24: Scott Carpenter completes a three-orbit mission onboard the Mercury (Aurora-7) spacecraft. July 23: The Telstar satellite relays the first publicly available transatlantic TV signal. Aug. 11-15: Two manned spacecraft, Vostok 3 and 4, orbit the Earth simultaneously. Aug. 18: The first sounding rocket, Ferdinand-1, is launched from Andoya, Norway. Sept. 29: The first Canadian satellite, Alouette, is launched on a US rocket to study ionosphere. October: The US and USSR face a standoff in the Cuban missile crisis. Nov. 9: NASA research pilot Jack McKay makes an emergency landing at Mud Lake, Nevada, when the second X-15 experienced an engine failure. The X-15's landing gear collapsed, causing it to flip over. The pilot survived. Dec. 14: Mariner-2 completes the first Venus flyby. Feb. 14: The US Suncom-1 communications satellite becomes the first spacecraft to reach geostationary orbit, but does not function due to electronics failure during launch. Feb. 19: The US launches P 35-3 experimental meteorological satellite from Vandenberg AFB. March 18: The US launches KH-6-8001 reconnaissance satellite from Vandenberg AFB. March 28: NASA launches Saturn-1 SA-4 rocket on an unmanned suborbital test flight. April 3: NASA launches the Explorer-17 satellite to study the Earth's atmosphere. May 15-16: NASA astronaut Gordon Cooper conducts a 34-hour, 22 orbit mission aboard Mercury-Atlas-9 (Faith-7) spacecraft, the longest and the last in the Mercury program. June 14-19: Valery Bykovsky completes longest 199-hour, 81-orbit manned space flight to date, during the Vostok-5 mission. June"}, {"title": "", "text": "Thor was a US space launch vehicle derived from the PGM-17 Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile. The Thor rocket was the first member of the Delta rocket family of space launch vehicles. The last launch of a direct derivative of the Thor missile occurred in 2018 as the first stage of the final Delta II. Thor-Able Thor was first used as a launch vehicle during the testing program of the warhead reentry vehicle for the Atlas missile. For these three tests a Thor core stage was topped by the Able second stage. Able used the Aerojet AJ-10-40 engine from the Vanguard second stage. The first such launch, 116, was lost on 23 April 1958 due to a turbopump failure in the main engine. The recovery of the reentry vehicles on the succeeding two attempts were not successful. Three mice, one on each vehicle, died in these tests. The Able stage from the Atlas reentry vehicle tests was upgraded to become the Able I with a third stage consisting of an unguided Altair X-248 solid-fuel rocket motor. A Thor Able I was used in an attempt to place the 84 lb (38 kg) Pioneer 0 spacecraft into lunar orbit where it would take pictures of the lunar surface with a TV camera. The mission ended prematurely at 73.6 seconds after launch on 17 August 1958 due to a turbopump failure. On 7 August 1959, a Thor-Able was used to successfully launch Explorer 6, the first satellite to transmit pictures of Earth taken from orbit. Ablestar Ablestar was a"}, {"title": "", "text": "to to leave a distress spacecraft if there is a Conveniently Close Planet. The castaway(s) bail out of the distressed spacecraft in the reentry capsule, which immediately heads for the planet and does its best land safely on the surface. It analogous to a parachute on an aircraft. It is discussed here. (BOW) yes - - Life Boat (RSH-BOR) Reentry Capsule (RE-BOR) yes - yes Bail-Out-and-Wait No propulsion or reentry module Return-to-Space-Haven-Bail-Out-and-Return Has propusion module Return-to-Earth-Bail-Out-and-Return Has reentry module Self-Rescue Ship As previously mentioned, a \"self-rescue ship\" is one where in an emergency, the mission can be abandoned and part of the ship can transport the crew home. NASA usually focused on this option because they did not have the budget for a separate rescue ship to go save the crew (with one or two exceptions). This was seen in the Apollo 13 disaster, when the Command and service module's life-support system was destroyed they used the Lunar module as a \"lifeboat\" while the ship limped home on a free-return trajectory. LUNAR SELF-RESCUE The Apollo Lunar Module, an expendable spacecraft shown here on the Moon, can serve as a model for a much safer reusable lunar spacecraft. (credit: NASA) During the Apollo lunar missions and landings 50 years ago, there was a real risk of losing a crew during each mission. For the launch phase, the risk was relatively small due to an effective launch abort system with an escape tower. During the passage to the Moon, the crew would have had the option of using"}, {"title": "", "text": "Progress M-12 () was a Russian uncrewed cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station. The thirtieth of sixty four Progress spacecraft to visit Mir, it used the Progress-M 11F615A55 configuration, and had the serial number 213. It carried supplies including food, water and oxygen for the EO-11 crew aboard Mir, as well as equipment for conducting scientific research, and fuel for adjusting the station's orbit and performing manoeuvres. Progress M-12 was launched at 21:29:25 GMT on 19 April 1992, atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following two days of free flight, it docked with the Forward port of the core module of Mir at 23:21:59 GMT on 21 April. During the 67 days for which Progress M-12 was docked, Mir was in an orbit of around , inclined at 51.6 degrees. Progress M-12 undocked from Mir at 21:34:44 GMT on 27 June, and was deorbited few hours later, to a destructive reentry over the Pacific Ocean at around 00:02:51 the next day. See also 1992 in spaceflight List of Progress flights List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir References Spacecraft launched in 1992 Progress (spacecraft) missions"}, {"title": "", "text": "not being able to separate the Orbital Module is effectively judged to be less than the risk of needing the facilities in it, following a failed deorbit. Descent module[edit] Main article: Descent module Replica of the Soyuz spacecraft's Entry Module at the Euro Space Center In Belgium Soyuz spacecraft's Descent Module The Descent Module (Russian: \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0301\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442, tr. Spusk\u00e1yemy Appar\u00e1t), also known as a reentry capsule, is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. Half of the Descent Module is covered by a heat-resistant covering to protect it during reentry; this half faces the Earth during reentry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design requirements for the Descent Module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere \u2014 as the pioneering Vostok spacecraft's Descent Module used \u2014 but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely ballistic reentry. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and cannot be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the \"headlight\" shape that the Soyuz uses \u2013 a hemispherical forward area joined by a barely angled (seven degrees) conical section to a classic spherical section"}, {"title": "", "text": "to attach to Mir. The risk of not being able to separate the Orbital Module is effectively judged to be less than the risk of needing the facilities in it, following a failed deorbit. Descent moduleEdit Main article: Descent module Replica of the Soyuz spacecraft's Entry Module at the Euro Space Center In Belgium Soyuz spacecraft's Descent Module The Descent Module (Russian: \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0301\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442, tr. Spusk\u00e1yemy Appar\u00e1t), also known as a reentry capsule, is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. Half of the Descent Module is covered by a heat-resistant covering to protect it during reentry; this half faces the Earth during reentry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design requirements for the Descent Module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere \u2014 as the pioneering Vostok spacecraft's Descent Module used \u2014 but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely ballistic reentry. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and cannot be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the \"headlight\" shape that the Soyuz uses \u2013 a hemispherical forward area joined by a barely angled (seven degrees)"}, {"title": "", "text": "reentry capsule. Although the rest of the probe was expected to burn up on entry into the Venusian atmosphere, the Soviets hoped that the reentry capsule would impact on Venus, making them the first to deliver an object to the surface of another planet. The initial launch and communications with the probe went well, with three communication sessions with the probe indicating normal operation. But the fourth showed a failure in one of the probe\u2019s systems, with communication delayed for five days. Contact was eventually lost when the probe was about 2 million kilometers from Earth. The spacecraft drifted through space, flying by Venus at a distance of 100,000 kilometers (62,000 mi), unable to receive data for the course corrections that would have caused it to crash on Venus. Launched on October 4, 1959, Luna 3 was the third spacecraft successfully launched to the Moon. Unlike the previous two Luna probes, Luna 3 carried a camera to take pictures of the far side of the Moon, which had never been photographed at that time. The camera was primitive and complex. The spacecraft could take 40 photographs, which would have to be developed, fixed, and dried on the spacecraft. An onboard cathode-ray tube would then scan the developed images and transmit the data to Earth. The radio transmitter was so weak that the first attempts to transmit the images failed. As the probe moved closer to Earth, after having swung around the Moon, 17 resolvable photographs of poor quality were received. Still, scientists were excited by what"}, {"title": "", "text": "Korabl-Sputnik 3 ( meaning Ship-Satellite 3) or Vostok-1K No.3, also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft, carrying two dogs; Pcholka and Mushka (\"little bee\" and \"little fly\"; affectionate diminutives of \"pchela\" and \"mukha\", respectively), as well as a television camera and scientific instruments. Korabl-Sputnik 3 was launched at 07:30:04 UTC on 1 December 1960, atop a Vostok-L carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low Earth orbit. The flight lasted one day, after which the spacecraft was deorbited ahead of its planned recovery. The deorbit burn began at 07:15 UTC on 2 December, however the engine did not cut off as planned at the end of the burn, and instead the spacecraft's fuel burned to depletion. This resulted in it reentering the atmosphere on a trajectory which might have permitted foreign powers to inspect the capsule. To prevent this, an explosive charge was detonated during reentry. Both Pchyolka and Mushka were killed in the resulting disintegration. They were the last dogs to die in a Soviet space mission, after Laika, who was never intended to survive her Sputnik 2 flight, and Chaika and Lisichka, perishing after the rocket carrying their \"Korabl Sputnik\" spacecraft disintegrated 20 seconds into the flight. Three weeks later, a follow-up launch to Korabl-Sputnik 3 also failed. On 22 December, the dogs Damka and Krasavka lifted off from LC-1 using a booster with an enhanced Blok"}, {"title": "", "text": "during descent, and the toxic fumes were sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu. Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and initiated drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system. The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert Launch Pad 39B and the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center for use by the Space Shuttle, the United States' next manned spacecraft program. Launch Pad 39A had already been closed after the launch of Skylab. A derivative (but mechanically incompatible) docking collar, APAS-89 was launched as part of the Kristall module of the Soviet Mir space station. Originally intended as the docking port for the (defunct) Buran Soviet space shuttle, the APAS-89 unit was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, STS-71, twenty years later as part of the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, TM-16, in 1993). The American Space Shuttle continued to use the same APAS-89"}, {"title": "", "text": "Progress M-16 () was a Russian uncrewed cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1993 to resupply the Mir space station. The thirty-fourth of sixty-four Progress spacecraft to visit Mir, it used the Progress-M 11F615A55 configuration, and had the serial number 216. It carried supplies including food, water and oxygen for the EO-13 crew aboard Mir, as well as equipment for conducting scientific research, and fuel for adjusting the station's orbit and performing manoeuvres. Progress M-16 was launched at 18:32:32 GMT on 21 February 1993, atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following two days of free flight, it docked with the aft port of the Kvant-1 module at 20:17:57 GMT on 23 February. Progress M-16 remained docked with Mir for 30 days, during which time it was in an orbit of around , inclined at 51.6 degrees. It undocked from Mir at 06:50:00 GMT on 26 March, before redocking with the same port at 07:06:03 to test its docking systems. It undocked for the final time at 04:21:00 GMT on 27 March, and was deorbited few hours later at 10:25:00, to a destructive reentry over the Pacific Ocean. See also 1993 in spaceflight List of Progress flights List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir References Spacecraft launched in 1993 Progress (spacecraft) missions"}, {"title": "", "text": "Luna E-6 No.5, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1964B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964. It was a Luna Ye-6 spacecraft, the fifth of twelve to be launched. It was intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon, a goal which would eventually be accomplished by the final Ye-6 spacecraft, Luna 9. Luna E-6 No.5 was launched at 08:08:28 UTC on 20 April 1964, atop a Molniya-M 8K78M carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The power system on the upper stage malfunctioned 340 seconds into the flight, causing the engine to cut off before reaching orbit. The upper stage and spacecraft disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere shortly afterwards. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempt to land a spacecraft on the Moon. References External links Zarya - Luna programme chronology Luna programme Spacecraft launched in 1964 Spacecraft launched by Molniya-M rockets"}, {"title": "", "text": "landing the animals were nearing a settled physiological state. This flight was another milestone proving that life could be sustained in a space environment. The flight, also called the Jupiter Bioflight 2 Test/Ionosphere mission, impacted between 0.1 and 0.4 nm (185-740 m) from the target across a 1,302 nm (2411 km) range, with an apogee of 96 km (315,000 feet). The DRG (German Rocket Society) launched a 40 kg rocket from Cuxhaven to Neuwerk. The missile took 30 seconds to cover the 14 km distance and carried 5000 postcards, fulfilling a 28 year old plan for such a flight. USSR launched Cosmos 5 (also called Sputnik 15) for monitoring artificial radiation, investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space, and development of elements in the design of spacecraft. Cosmos 5, launched 28 May 1962, was one of a series of Soviet Earth satellites whose purpose was to study outer space, the upper layers of the atmosphere, and Earth. Scientific data and measurements were relayed to Earth by multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space borne memory units. NASA successfully launched Saturn SA-6, with the boilerplate Apollo Command Module BP-13 on the SA-6 Saturn I booster, to prove spacecraft/launch vehicle compatibility. No recovery was planned; the CM disintegrated on reentry on the 54th orbit. Saturn SA-6 on the launch pad, NASA photo NASA launched X-15A Radiometer/Scan/BLN Test/Aeronomy mission # 134 in which Air Force Colonel Joe Engle reached a maximum speed of 6041 kph (Mach 5.17) and a maximum altitude of 63.886 km. USSR launched the Mars 3"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the CO2 and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and LiOH cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a nose fairing, which is jettisoned after passing through the atmosphere. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. The forepart of the spacecraft is the orbital module ((in Russian): \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u043a (\u0411\u041e), Bitovoy otsek (BO)) also known as the Habitation section. It houses all the equipment that will not be needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras or cargo. Commonly, it is used as both eating area and lavatory. At its far end, it also contains the docking port. This module also contains a toilet, docking avionics and communications gear. On the latest Soyuz versions, a small window was introduced, providing the crew with a forward view. A hatch between it and the descent module can be closed so as to isolate it to act as an airlock if needed with cosmonauts exiting through its side port (at the bottom of this picture, near the descent module). On the launch pad, cosmonauts enter the spacecraft through this port. This separation also lets the orbital module be customized to the mission with less risk to the life-critical descent module. The convention of orientation in zero gravity differs from that of the descent module, as cosmonauts stand or sit with their heads to the docking port. The reentry module ((in Russian): \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 (\u0421\u0410), Spuskaemiy apparat (SA)) is"}, {"title": "", "text": "their sanitation facilities and the docking collar needed to attach to Mir. The risk of not being able to separate the orbital module is effectively judged to be less than the risk of needing the facilities in it, including the toilet, following a failed deorbit. Descent module[edit] Main article: Descent module Replica of the Soyuz spacecraft's Entry Module at the Euro Space Center in Belgium The descent module (Russian: \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0301\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442, tr. Spusk\u00e1yemy Appar\u00e1t), also known as a reentry capsule, is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. Half of the descent module is covered by a heat-resistant covering to protect it during reentry; this half faces forward during reentry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design requirements for the descent module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere \u2013 as the pioneering Vostok spacecraft's descent module used \u2013 but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely ballistic reentry. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and cannot be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the \"headlight\" shape that the Soyuz uses \u2013 a hemispherical forward area joined"}, {"title": "", "text": "new, manned moon ship. The first successful Zond (\"probe\") launch was on September 15, 1968, when Zond 5 was launched. A biological payload of turtles, wine flies, mealworms, plants, seeds, bacteria, and other living matter was included in the flight. On September 18, 1968, the spacecraft flew around the Moon. On September 21, 1968, the reentry capsule entered the earth's atmosphere, braked aerodynamically, and deployed parachutes at 7 km. The capsule splashed down in the Indian Ocean and was successfully recovered, but a failure of the reentry guidance system subjected the biological specimens to a ballistic 20G reentry. Zond 6 was launched on a lunar flyby mission on November 10, 1968. The spacecraft carried a biological payload similar to Zond 5. Zond 6 flew around the Moon on November 14, 1968. Unfortunately, the spacecraft lost a gasket on the return flight resulting in the loss of cabin atmosphere and destruction of the biological specimens. From 1966 to 1969, the U.S. launched three missions in the Biosatellite series. A total of six flights were planned. The first mission in the Biosatellite series, Biosatellite I, was launched on December 14, 1966, from Cape Kennedy by a Delta rocket. The scientific payload, consisting of 13 select biology and radiation experiments, was exposed to microgravity during 45 hours of Earth-orbital flight. Experimental biology packages on the spacecraft contained a variety of specimens, including insects, frog eggs, microorganisms, and plants. Reentry into the Earth's atmosphere was not achieved because the retrorocket failed to ignite and the biosatellite was never recovered. Although"}, {"title": "", "text": "a US rocket to study ionosphere. October: The US and USSR face a standoff in the Cuban missile crisis. Nov. 9: NASA research pilot Jack McKay makes an emergency landing at Mud Lake, Nevada, when the second X-15 experienced an engine failure. The X-15's landing gear collapsed, causing it to flip over. The pilot survived. Dec. 14: Mariner-2 completes the first Venus flyby. Tereshkova Mercury-Atlas-9 Feb. 14: The US Suncom-1 communications satellite becomes the first spacecraft to reach geostationary orbit, but does not function due to electronics failure during launch. Feb. 19: The US launches P 35-3 experimental meteorological satellite from Vandenberg AFB. March 18: The US launches KH-6-8001 reconnaissance satellite from Vandenberg AFB. March 28: NASA launches Saturn-1 SA-4 rocket on an unmanned suborbital test flight. April 3: NASA launches the Explorer-17 satellite to study the Earth's atmosphere. May 15-16: NASA astronaut Gordon Cooper conducts a 34-hour, 22 orbit mission aboard Mercury-Atlas-9 (Faith-7) spacecraft, the longest and the last in the Mercury program. June 12: NASA Administrator James Webb announces that \"There will be no further Mercury shots,\" effectively ending the Mercury project after four piloted flights in Earth's orbit. June 14-19: Valery Bykovsky completes longest 199-hour, 81-orbit manned space flight to date, during the Vostok-5 mission. June 16-19: Valentina Tereshkova, the world's first woman in space completes orbital flight onboard Vostok-6 spacecraft. July 26: The Syncom-2 communications satellite reaches synchronous orbit. Oct. 10: A treaty prohibiting tests of nuclear weapons in atmosphere, space and under water enters force. December: The US Defense Secretary Robert"}, {"title": "", "text": "similar configuration to prior Discoverers, being housed in an Agena-A stage and composed of a satellite bus and SRV equipped with the C camera. It massed The satellite also carried a Transit on Discoverer (TOD) payload designed to test orbital tracking techniques for the Transit navigational satellite program. Mission Launched 15 Apr 1960 at 20:24:00 GMT from Vandenberg LC 75-3-5 by a Thor DM-21 Agena-A rocket, Discoverer 11 was successfully placed into orbit. Moreover, it was the first Discoverer mission on which the film did not snap, proving the new Kodachrome product. However, the rockets designed to spin the Discoverer for stabilization apparently exploded on reentry, and the film capsule could not be recovered. Legacy The loss of three consecutive Discoverer satellites resulted in another suspension of launches until the systemic problems could be addressed. It was decided to follow up Discoverer 11 with a test satellite equipped with a comprehensive diagnostics (as well as a new spin motor and de-spin system) so that, in the event of failure, more lessons might be learned. Though Discoverer 12 was lost during launch, the following test flight, Discoverer 13, was a complete success and paved the way for the first fully successful flight, Discoverer 14, launched on August 18, 1960. The program ultimately comprised 145 flights in eight satellite series, the last mission launching on 25 May 1972. CORONA was declassified in 1995, and a formal acknowledgement of the existence of US reconnaissance programs, past and present, was issued in September 1996. References Spacecraft launched in 1960 Spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Habitation section. It has all the equipment not needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras and cargo. It also contains a docking collar for docking to space stations. It does not come back to earth. Reentry moduleEdit The reentry module is used for launch and the journey back to earth. Half of it is covered in heat protection tiles. It comes back to earth. Service moduleEdit The service module has solar panels. It contains systems for temperature control, electric power supply, long-range radio communications and radio telemetry. It does not come back to earth. \u2191 esa. \"Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel\". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2018-04-19. \u2191 \"Soyuz-3 launch vehicle\". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2018-05-30. Retrieved from \"https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_(spacecraft)&oldid=6562371\""}, {"title": "", "text": "was unmanned and started on November 28,1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but ended with a due to a parachute failure. Soyuz 3, launched on October 26,1968, became the programs first successful manned mission, the only other flight to suffer a fatal accident, Soyuz 11, killed its crew of three when the cabin depressurized prematurely just before reentry. These were the humans to date to have died above the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line. Despite these early incidents, Soyuz is widely considered the worlds safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle, Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station. At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked to ISS at all times for use as a craft in the event of an emergency. The spacecraft is intended to be replaced by the six-person Federation spacecraft, the orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon re-entry in the atmosphere. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person days. The life support system provides an atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through KO2 cylinders, which absorb most of the CO2 and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, the vehicle is protected during launch by a payload fairing, which is jettisoned along with the SAS at 2-1/2 minutes"}, {"title": "", "text": "the reentry module by a bundle of wires. At around 07:35 UTC, the two parts of the spacecraft began reentry and went through strong gyrations as Vostok 1 neared Egypt. At this point the wires broke, the two modules separated, and the descent module settled into the proper reentry attitude. Gagarin telegraphed \"Everything is OK\" despite continuing gyrations; he later reported that he did not want to \"make noise\" as he had (correctly) reasoned that the gyrations did not endanger the mission (and were apparently caused by the spherical shape of the reentry module). As Gagarin continued his descent, he remained conscious as he experienced about 8 g during reentry. (Gagarin's own report states \"over 10 g\".) At 07:55 UTC, when Vostok 1 was still from the ground, the hatch of the spacecraft was released, and two seconds later Gagarin was ejected. At altitude, the main parachute was deployed from the Vostok spacecraft. Gagarin's parachute opened almost immediately, and about ten minutes later, at 08:05 UTC, Gagarin landed. Both he and the spacecraft landed via parachute south west of Engels, in the Saratov region at . A farmer and her granddaughter, Rita Nurskanova, observed the strange scene of a figure in a bright orange suit with a large white helmet landing near them by parachute. Gagarin later recalled, \"When they saw me in my space suit and the parachute dragging alongside as I walked, they started to back away in fear. I told them, don't be afraid, I am a Soviet citizen like you, who has"}, {"title": "", "text": "April 1967 with cosmonaut Vladimir Komarv on board. The Soyuz capsule was plagued by an array of problems right after launch: failure to deploy a solar array, problems with the attitude control, even communication issue. The mission was aborted, and Komarov underwent a dangerous manual reentry knowing his chances to make it to Earth were slim. He miraculously survived reentry, but the parachute failed to deploy. With only the drogue chute deployed, the spacecraft slammed into the ground at tremendous velocity, instantly killing the cosmonaut on board. The accident resulted in modifications to the Soyuz, which have since made it the most reliable spacecraft. But it also led to the Soviets losing the race to the moon. \u2013 Read our section on Soyuz 1. After America\u2019s successful moon landings, the Russians were keen to portray their space program as achieving success in a new area. On April 19, 1971, they launched Salyut-1, the world\u2019s first space station. On June 07, 1971, Soyuz-11 carried Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev, to the station. The mission, consisting of scientific experiments and observations, was carried out triumphantly for over three weeks, a new record. The three cosmonauts had turned into celebrities and heroes back home. On June 29, Soyuz 11 left the Salyut-1 for its return trip. A perfect landing followed a nominal reentry procedure, but the cosmonauts were not responding to mission control. The ground team, hoping for a communication panel failure, opened the hatch. Inside the capsule, the three cosmonauts were still and unresponsive. Doctors made"}, {"title": "", "text": "Crews, Neubeck, Truly. Operational MOLs were to be launched on Titan IIIM rockets from Vandenberg AFB SLC-6 and Cape Canaveral AFS LC-40. Test flight OPS 0855 for MOL was launched on 3 November 1966 at 13:50:42 UTC on a Titan IIIC-9 from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 40. The flight consisted of a MOL mockup built from a Titan II propellant tank, and the refurbished capsule from the Gemini 2 mission as a prototype Gemini B spacecraft. After the Gemini B prototype separated for a sub-orbital reentry, the MOL mockup continued into orbit and released three satellites. A hatch installed in the Gemini's heat shield\u2014intended to provide access to the MOL during manned operations\u2014was tested during the capsule's reentry. The Gemini capsule was recovered near Ascension Island in the South Atlantic by the USS La Salle after a flight of 33 minutes. The Gemini no.2 capsule used in the only flight of the MOL program is on display at the Air Force Space & Missile Museum at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. A test article at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, is the Gemini B spacecraft (sometimes confused with Blue Gemini). It is recognized by its distinctive \"US Air Force\" written on the side, and the circular hatch cut through the heat shield. Starting in 1965 a large optical system was added to the spacecraft for military reconnaissance. This camera system was codenamed Dorian and given the designation KH-10. The project was canceled on 10 June 1969 before any operational"}, {"title": "", "text": "that the reentry was not completely successful, though Chinese officials kept silent, only responded anomaly. The Swedish Space Center news site reported that an unnamed source said one of the connections from the capsule to the single parachute failed leading to a hard landing. Later in 2017, it was revealed by Yang Liwei that the parachutes failed to open upon re-entry, which resulted in hard-landing. Some of the cargo was slightly burned. The mission of the orbital module continued until it was commanded to fire its rockets to initiate reentry on August 24. It reentered over the western Pacific Ocean between Easter Island and Chile. Mission parameters Mass: 7,400 kg Perigee: 330 km Apogee: 346 km Inclination: 42.6\u00b0 Period: 91.3 minutes NSSDC ID: 2001-001A See also Chinese space program Tiangong program Shenzhou spacecraft Long March rocket Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Animals in space References External links Shenzhou images from Go Taikonauts! Shenzhou 02 2001 in China Spacecraft launched in 2001"}, {"title": "", "text": "allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for five days, and the Americans for nine, during which the Apollo crew also conducted Earth observation experiments. Re-entry and aftermath The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during reentry and splashdown of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic nitrogen tetroxide fumes, caused by the reaction control system (RCS) oxidizer venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and nitrogen tetroxide was sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu.[17] Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and initiated drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.[18] The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert Launch Pad 39B"}, {"title": "", "text": "almost four months before departing in June 2017 for its deorbit into Earth's atmosphere. Undocking and decay After six months at the International Space Station, the Progress MS-05 cargo ship undocked from the Pirs, on 20 July 2017, at 17:46 UTC. The three-minute braking manoeuvre with the main engine of the cargo ship was scheduled to begin at 20:58 UTC, followed by reentry into the dense atmosphere at 21:32 UTC on 20 July 2017. Surviving debris of the spacecraft were calculated to impact the remote area of the Pacific Ocean at 21:41 UTC on 21 July 2017. References Progress (spacecraft) missions Spacecraft launched in 2017 2017 in Russia Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets Supply vehicles for the International Space Station Spacecraft which reentered in 2017"}, {"title": "", "text": "Since then he joined the ISS advanced training as a backup commander and, from 2009, as a flight engineer. Since then he joined [[the ISS|S]] advanced [[training|Training]] as a [[backup|Backup]] [[commander|Commander]] and, from [[2009|2009]], as [[a flight engineer|Flight_engineer]]. Since then he joined the ISS advanced training as a backup commander and, from 2009, as a flight engineer. prep(joined/VBD-4,Since/IN-1) pobj(Since/IN-1,then/RB-2) nsubj(joined/VBD-4,he/PRP-3) det(ISS/NNP-6,the/DT-5) nsubj(advanced/VBD-7,ISS/NNP-6) ccomp(joined/VBD-4,advanced/VBD-7) dobj(advanced/VBD-7,training/NN-8) det(commander/NN-12,a/DT-10) nn(commander/NN-12,backup/NN-11) prep_as(advanced/VBD-7,commander/NN-12) dep(advanced/VBD-7,from/IN-15) pobj(from/IN-15,2009/CD-16) det(engineer/NN-21,a/DT-19) nn(engineer/NN-21,flight/NN-20) prep_as(advanced/VBD-7,engineer/NN-21) conj_and(commander/NN-12,engineer/NN-21) the ISS http://dbpedia.org/resource/ISS_A/S training http://dbpedia.org/resource/Training backup http://dbpedia.org/resource/Backup commander http://dbpedia.org/resource/Commander 2009 http://dbpedia.org/resource/2009 a flight engineer http://dbpedia.org/resource/Flight_engineer null During the launch of Soyuz TMA-18 on 2 April 2010 he served as a backup commander of the Soyuz spacecraft. During the launch of [[Soyuz TMA-18|Soyuz_TMA-18]] on 2 [[April 2010|April_2010]] he served as a [[backup|Backup]] [[commander|Commander]] of [[the Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz_(spacecraft)]]. During the launch of [[Soyuz TMA-18|Soyuz_TMA-18]] on 2 April 2010 he served as a backup commander of the Soyuz spacecraft. det(launch/NN-3,the/DT-2) prep_during(served/VBD-12,launch/NN-3) nn(TMA-18/NN-6,Soyuz/NNP-5) prep_of(launch/NN-3,TMA-18/NN-6) prep_on(launch/NN-3,2/CD-8) tmod(launch/NN-3,April/NNP-9) num(April/NNP-9,2010/CD-10) nsubj(served/VBD-12,he/PRP-11) det(commander/NN-16,a/DT-14) nn(commander/NN-16,backup/NN-15) prep_as(served/VBD-12,commander/NN-16) det(spacecraft/NN-20,the/DT-18) nn(spacecraft/NN-20,Soyuz/NNP-19) prep_of(commander/NN-16,spacecraft/NN-20) Soyuz TMA-18 http://dbpedia.org/resource/Soyuz_TMA-18 April 2010 http://dbpedia.org/resource/April_2010 backup http://dbpedia.org/resource/Backup commander http://dbpedia.org/resource/Commander the Soyuz spacecraft http://dbpedia.org/resource/Soyuz_(spacecraft) http://dbpedia.org/resource/Soyuz_TMA-18 http://dbpedia.org/property/crew1Up http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aleksandr_Samokutyayev null In October 2008 Samokutyayev was assigned to the prime crew of the 27th long duration expedition to the space"}, {"title": "", "text": "Moscow Time. This time was chosen so that when the capsule started to fly over Africa, which was when the retrorockets would need to fire for reentry, the solar illumination would be ideal for the orientation system's sensors. At 18:00, once various physiological readings had been taken, the doctors instructed the cosmonauts not to discuss the upcoming missions. That evening Gagarin and Titov relaxed by listening to music, playing pool, and chatting about their childhoods. At 21:50, both men were offered sleeping pills, to ensure a good night's sleep, but they both declined. Physicians had attached sensors to the cosmonauts, to monitor their condition throughout the night, and they believed that both had slept well. Gagarin's biographers Doran and Bizony say that neither Gagarin nor Titov slept that night. Chief Designer Sergei Korolev did not sleep that night, due to anxiety caused by the imminent spaceflight. Gagarin statement before the mission Before the mission, Gagarin made a statement to the press, addressed to the Soviet Union and to the whole world: Flight At 05:30 Moscow time, on the morning of April 12, 1961, both Gagarin and his backup Titov were woken. They were given breakfast, assisted into their spacesuits, and then were transported to the launch pad. Gagarin entered the Vostok 1 spacecraft, and at 07:10 local time (04:10 UTC), the radio communication system was turned on. Once Gagarin was in the spacecraft, his picture appeared on television screens in the launch control room from an onboard camera. Launch would not occur for another two hours,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dec. 14: The US launches Biosatellite-1 carrying more than 10 million living organisms. Dec. 24: Luna-13 makes soft-landing on the surface of the Moon. In the US, the Northrop HL-10 wingless \"lifting-body\" rocket plane makes its first flight. Jan. 27: Three US astronauts die in the fire inside Apollo spacecraft during on-pad tests. Feb. 7: The Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft flies its third and final unmanned test flight. March 8: NASA launches its third Orbiting Solar Observatory, OSO-3, to study the Sun and map the sky in X-ray. March 10: The first UR-500K (Proton) rocket launches the first prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft announced as Kosmos-146. April 6: NASA launches its second Applications Technology Satellites, ATS-2, but the second stage failure of the launch vehicle leaves the spacecraft slowly tumbling in the wrong orbit, though some useful data was returned. April 24: Vladimir Komarov dies on landing during a test flight of the Soyuz-1 spacecraft. June 12: Venera-4, the first probe to enter the atmosphere of Venus, blasts off from Baikonur. July 2: Vela satellites make first detection of a gamma-ray burst from deep space. Oct. 10: The Outer Space Treaty is signed to represent the basic legal framework of international space law. Oct. 12: USSR launches the VKZ probe 4,400 kilometers up to study ionosphere. Oct. 30: The 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186) and the 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188) spacecraft conduct the world's first automated docking in space. Nov. 9: The first Saturn-5 rocket blasts off, carrying the unmanned Apollo-4 spacecraft. Feb. 20: The USSR launches"}, {"title": "", "text": "The recovery ship was the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CVS-18). The Gemini 4 spacecraft is on display at the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum. Gemini Spacecraft. The two-man Gemini spacecraft was built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 19 feet (5.791 meters) and a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters) at the base of the adapter section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a diameter of 7.5 feet (2.347 meters). The weight of the Gemini varied from ship to ship but was approximately 7,000 pounds (3,175 kilograms). At launch, Gemini IV weighed 7,879.05 pounds (3,573.88 kilograms). NASA Mission Report, Figure 3-1, at Page 3\u201323 The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin Marietta SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 63 feet (19.202 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). The second stage was 27 feet (8.230 meters) long, with the same diameter. The 1st stage was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR-87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles with a single turbopump"}, {"title": "", "text": "Soyuz (spacecraft) series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme (Redirected from Soyuz spacecraft) Soyuz seen from the Apollo spacecraft during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soyuz (Russian: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, English: Union) is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme. It was first used in the 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most frequently used and most reliable[1] launch vehicle in the world to date.[1][2] All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. 2.1 Orbital module 2.2 Reentry module 2.3 Service module The first Soyuz flight had no people aboard. It launched on November 28, 1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but crashed upon return, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Soyuz 3[2] (October 26, 1968) was the first successful manned mission. Now, the Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked at the ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency. PartsEdit The Soyuz spacecraft has three parts: A round orbital module, which provides space for the crew; A small reentry module, which gets the crew back to Earth; A service module with solar panels, which contains instruments and engines. Orbital moduleEdit The orbital module is also called"}, {"title": "", "text": "lunar surface. Aug. 1-Jan. 31, 1968: The Lunar Orbiter-5 conducts a mission to map the Moon. Sept. 8-11: The Surveyor-5 lander reaches the lunar surface. Nov. 4: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight George Mueller releases the planned schedule for Apollo missions to be flown in 1968 and 1969, leading to a lunar landing. Nov. 7 The Surveyor-6 lifts off. Nov. 9: The first Saturn-5 rocket launches an unmanned Apollo-4 spacecraft into the Earth orbit. Nov. 9: The Surveyor-6 lands on the lunar surface. Feb. 2: The 3rd attempt to conduct live test firing of the 3rd stage of the N1 rocket (Block V) at NII-229's EU-16 facility in Zagorsk. (52) Successful. (129) Feb. 7: The E-6LS lunar orbiter fails to reach the Earth's orbit. March 2: The UR-500K rocket launches the L1 spacecraft into a test flight announced as Zond-4. Its reentry capsule self-destructed during the reentry. April 7: The launch of the Luna-14 lunar orbiter to test DRK long-range communications system. April 14: A test flight of the unmanned Soyuz spacecraft, announced as Kosmos-212. April 23: An UR-500K rocket fails to deliver the L1 No. 7L spacecraft into orbit. June 15: The 1st attempt to conduct live test firing of the 2nd stage of the N1 rocket (Block B) at NII-229's EU-15 facility in Zagorsk. (52) Aborted. (129) June 23: The 2nd attempt to conduct live test firing of the 2nd stage of the N1 rocket (Block B) at NII-229's EU-15 facility in Zagorsk with six engines firing. (52) Successful. (129) July 14:"}, {"title": "", "text": "killed over 100 people, including Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Nedelin, in what is now called the Nedelin catastrophe. This was one of the worst disasters in the history of spaceflight. It involved a rocket that was not designed by Korolev, and was not necessary for the Vostok programme; the rocket was by rival designer Mikhail Yangel, intended to be a new generation of Intercontinental ballistic missiles. It would be two weeks before work on the Vostok programme continued, and it was realised that the original target of a December manned launch was unrealistic. On December 1, 1960, the next Vostok 1K spacecraft was launched, called Korabl-Sputnik 3 by the press, it carried the two dogs Pchyolka and Mushka. After about 24 hours, the engines were intended to fire to begin reentry, but they fired for less time than had been expected. This meant that the spacecraft would enter the atmosphere, but not over Soviet territory. For this reason the self-destruct system was activated, so the spacecraft and the two dogs, were destroyed. At the time the press reported that an incorrect altitude caused the cabin to be destroyed upon reentry. The next Vostok 1K spacecraft was launched December 22, 1960, but it was unnamed because it failed to reach orbit. It carried two dogs, named Kometa and Shutka. The third stage of the launch system malfunctioned, and the emergency escape system was activated. The spacecraft landed 3,500 kilometres downrange of the launch site. The resulting rescue operation took several days, in -40 \u00b0C conditions. After"}, {"title": "", "text": "radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.[1] The launch vehicle is used to propel the spacecraft from the Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit being dependent upon mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be expendable or reusable. Reusable spacecraft The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition. The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the crew during their mission; A small aerodynamic reentry module, which returns the crew to Earth; A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached, which contains the instruments and engines. The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m3 or 220 cu ft in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m3 or 260 cu ft in Soyuz) in the mass budget. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation. Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through potassium superoxide (KO2) cylinders, which absorb most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a payload fairing, which is jettisoned along with the SAS at \u200b2 1\u20442 minutes into launch. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. Launch escape systemEdit The Vostok spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "module both used groupings of nozzles to provide attitude control. The thrusters were located off their center of mass, thus providing a torque to rotate the capsule. The Gemini capsule was also capable of adjusting its reentry course by rolling, which directed its off-center lifting force. The Mercury thrusters used a hydrogen peroxide monopropellant which turned to steam when forced through a tungsten screen, and the Gemini thrusters used hypergolic mono-methyl hydrazine fuel oxidized with nitrogen tetroxide. The Gemini spacecraft was also equipped with a hypergolic Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System, which made it the first crewed spacecraft with translation as well as rotation capability. In-orbit attitude control was achieved by firing pairs of eight thrusters located around the circumference of its adapter module at the extreme aft end. Lateral translation control was provided by four thrusters around the circumference at the forward end of the adaptor module (close to the spacecraft's center of mass). Two forward-pointing thrusters at the same location, provided aft translation, and two thrusters located in the aft end of the adapter module provided forward thrust, which could be used to change the craft's orbit. The Gemini reentry module also had a separate Reentry Control System of sixteen thrusters located at the base of its nose, to provide rotational control during reentry. The Apollo Command Module had a set of twelve hypergolic thrusters for attitude control, and directional reentry control similar to Gemini. The Apollo Service Module and Lunar Module each had a set of sixteen R-4D hypergolic thrusters, grouped into external"}, {"title": "", "text": "for atmospheric reentry; and landing on water.[25] To communicate with the spacecraft during an orbital mission, an extensive communications network had to be built.[26] To begin with President Eisenhower hesitated to give the project top national priority (DX rating), which meant that it had to wait in line behind military projects for materials; however, this rating was granted in May 1959.[27] Twelve companies bid to build the Mercury spacecraft on a $20 million ($162 million) contract.[28] In January 1959, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was chosen to be prime contractor for the spacecraft.[29] Two weeks earlier, North American Aviation, based in Los Angeles, was awarded a contract for Little Joe, a small rocket to be used for development of the launch escape system.[30][n 2] The World Wide Tracking Network for communication between the ground and spacecraft during a flight was awarded to the Western Electric Company.[31] Redstone rockets for suborbital launches were manufactured in Huntsville, Alabama by the Chrysler Corporation[32] and Atlas rockets by Convair in San Diego, California.[33] For manned launches, the Atlantic Missile Range at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida was made available by the USAF.[34] This was also the site of the Mercury Control Center while the computing center of the communication network was in Goddard Space Center, Maryland.[35] Little Joe rockets were launched from Wallops Island, Virginia.[36] Astronaut training took place at Langley Research Center in Virginia, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, and Naval Air Development Center in Johnsville.[37] Langley wind tunnels[38] together with a rocket sled track at Holloman"}, {"title": "", "text": "days collecting data and sampling the water .. Topics: Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface \u2022 Astronomy \u2022 Exploration of the Moon \u2022 Lunar rovers \u2022 Moon \u2022 Outer space \u2022 Rover \u2022 Scarab \u2022 Spaceflight Legendary Soviet Russian cosmonaut Alexei Leonov passes away Alexei Leonov (85), the legendary Soviet Russian cosmonaut, has passed away in Moscow on October 11, 2019. On 18th March 1965, he created history by becoming the first human to conduct a spacewalk for 12 minutes and 9 seconds during the Voskhod 2 mission. Topics: Alexei Leonov \u2022 Extravehicular activity \u2022 Heroes of the Soviet Union \u2022 Human spaceflight \u2022 In spaceflight \u2022 Leonov \u2022 Outer space \u2022 Spaceflight \u2022 The Age of Pioneers \u2022 Voskhod \u2022 Voskhod 2 \u2022 Voskhod program NASA launches Icon satellite to explore where air meets space NASA has recently launched its new Ionospheric Connection Explorer (Icon) satellite from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) .. Topics: Airglow \u2022 ARGOS \u2022 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station \u2022 Electromagnetic radiation \u2022 Explorers Program \u2022 In spaceflight \u2022 Ionosphere \u2022 Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2022 Plasma physics \u2022 Spacecraft \u2022 Spaceflight Japan launchs world\u2019s biggest transport space ship for space station Japan has successfully launched an unmanned spacecraft \u201cKounotori8\u201d towards the International Space Station (ISS) from the Tanegashima Space Center at Japan"}, {"title": "", "text": "38 minutes, 34.731 seconds earlier by an Atlas Standard Launch Vehicle (SLV-3), and placed in a nearly circular orbit with a perigee of 163 nautical miles (187.6 statute miles/301.9 kilometers) and apogee of 156 nautical miles (179.5 statute miles/288.9 kilometers). Artist\u2019s concept of Gemini spacecraft, 3 January 1962. (NASA-S-65-893) The two-man Gemini spacecraft was built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 19 feet (5.791 meters) and a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters) at the base of the adapter section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a diameter of 7.5 feet (2.347 meters). The weight of the Gemini varied from ship to ship, but Spacecraft 12 weighed 8,296.47 pounds (3,763.22 kilograms) at liftoff. The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin Marietta\u2019s Middle River, Maryland plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 63 feet (19.202 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). The second stage was 27 feet (8.230 meters) long, with the same diameter. The 1st stage was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR-87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles"}, {"title": "", "text": "Soyuz (Russian: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, English: Union) is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme. It was first used in the 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first Soyuz flight had no people aboard. It launched on November 28, 1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but crashed, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Soyuz 3 (October 26, 1968) was the first successful manned mission. Now, the Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked at the ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency. The newest Soyuz spacecraft is the Soyuz MS-11. It was launched on 3 December 2018. The crew consists of a Russian commander, a Canadian flight engineer, and an American flight engineer. A service module with solar panels, which contains instruments and engines. The orbital module is also called the Habitation section. It has all the equipment not needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras and cargo. It also contains a docking collar for docking to space stations. It does not come back to earth."}, {"title": "", "text": "Titov in Vostok 2, which orbited the Earth an impressive 17 times before reentry. This changed on 20 February, 1962 at 9:47am when, after several postponements and a series of launch day delays, John Glenn blasted into orbit in Friendship 7 (Mercury 6). This flight used a more powerful booster rocket in the General Dynamics\u2019 Atlas D to achieve orbit. This mission again had it\u2019s drama. A significant problem developed with the automatic stabilisation and control system forcing Glenn to switch to manual control. This forced Glenn to become \"a full-time pilot\", causing him to omit many of his observational assignments. However, a much more serious problem then occurred. Mission Control started receiving an instrument signal indicating that the spacecraft heatshield and the compressed landing bag were no longer in position. If real, the heatshield was being held to the capsule only by the straps on the retropackage. This was potentially disastrous as the buffeting during reentry could easily cause the heatshield to break loose, leaving Friendship 7 to burn up in the atmosphere. A decision was made to keep the retropackage attached during reentry (it is normally jettisoned at the beginning of reentry to, amongst other reasons, ensure that any unburnt solid propellant left in the package does not ignite during reentry). It was felt that, while the package would burn up during reentry, it would last long enough to hold the heatshield to the Mercury capsule until aerodynamic pressures were strong enough to keep the shield in place. With NASA anxiously awaiting the result,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Apollo command and service module (Redirected from Apollo Command/Service Module) Component of the Apollo spacecraft Apollo CSM Endeavour in lunar orbit during Apollo 15 North American Aviation North American Rockwell Maxime Faget Crewed cislunar flight and lunar orbit Skylab crew shuttle Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Spacecraft type Design life Launch mass 32,390 lb (14,690 kg) Earth orbit 63,500 lb (28,800 kg) Lunar Dry mass 26,300 lb (11,900 kg) 2,320 lb (1,050 kg) Crew capacity 218 cu ft (6.2 m3) Cislunar space Lunar orbit 36.2 ft (11.0 m) 12.8 ft (3.9 m) Maiden launch February 26, 1966 (AS-201) Last launch July 15, 1975 (Apollo-Soyuz) Last retirement Related spacecraft Flown with Apollo Lunar Module Apollo Block II CSM diagram \u2190 Gemini spacecraft Orion (spacecraft) \u2192 The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The CSM functioned as a mother ship, which carried a crew of three astronauts and the second Apollo spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module, to lunar orbit, and brought the astronauts back to Earth. It consisted of two parts: the conical command module, a cabin that housed the crew and carried equipment needed for atmospheric reentry and splashdown; and the cylindrical service module which provided propulsion, electrical power and storage for various consumables required during a mission. An umbilical connection transferred power and consumables between the two modules. Just before reentry of the command module on the return home, the umbilical"}, {"title": "", "text": "Gemini SC-2 (Spacecraft No. 2) was the second NASA Project Gemini full-up reentry capsule built. This McDonnell Gemini capsule was the first space capsule to be reused, flying twice in suborbital flights. SC-2 flew on Gemini 2 and OPS 0855 flights. The capsule is currently on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Spacecraft history The capsule is part of the collection of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. On 19 January 1965, the Gemini 2 suborbital test mission was launched, with the second prototype Gemini capsule. In March 1965, NASA approved the transfer of the Gemini 2 capsule to the USAF for modification into the first prototype of the Gemini B capsule. On 3 November 1965, the first Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) and Gemini B suborbital test mission was launched. Thus, if one doesn't count the Mercury capsule used on flights Mercury-Redstone 1 and Mercury-Redstone 1A, the Mercury capsule used on test flights Little Joe 5A and Little Joe 5B, or the Mercury capsule used on flights Mercury-Atlas 3 and Mercury Atlas 4, it became the only reentry capsule of the United States to be reflown before SpaceX' Crew Dragon. It is also the first capsule to ever be flown twice in space. The capsule was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, as part of the National Air and Space Museum collection. A mock-up of the Gemini B capsule was put on display in the Allan and Malcolm Lockheed and Glenn Martin Space Gallery"}, {"title": "", "text": "Miles O'Brien for Spaceflight Now's highly successful shuttle prelaunch webcasts. \"We have purposely been operating for the last few years under the radar because we did not want to be looked upon as some of these companies that later fizzle, but start out with fancy graphics about their credentials in 'New Space',\" Chiao says. The project's primary technical partner in Russia is NPO Mashinostroyenia (pronounced machine-ah-st-roy-a-ya (NPROM). The highly regarded company which builds the reusable Almaz reentry vehicles also built the Almaz space stations that were at the heart of the military reconnaissance system. Somewhat resembling civilian Salyut stations, but with a far different mission, the Almaz stations were renamed Salyut 2, 3 and 5 as a covert cover and launched in the 1970s. Salyut 2 failed before any cosmonauts could be launched to it, but Salyut 3 and 5 were generally successful in demonstrating manned military space capability. Two more civilian Salyuts (6 and 7) were launched, before Mir's launch in 1986. In addition to buying several Almaz reentry vehicles, the company has also bought two complete Almaz space station hulls. It has no plans to outfit and launch the stations, however, until substantial business experience with the reentry vehicle mounted on a service module laboratory. The Soviet Almaz TKS reentry vehicle/service module design planned for commercialization is remarkably similar to the equally secret 1960s U.S. Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) reconnaissance spacecraft. That system would have used a Gemini spacecraft with a hatch in its heat shield to enable American military astronauts to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Some supporters of Space Explorations, such as Robert Zubrin, have criticized ideas about in orbit assemblies, and argues for a direct approach for human settlement of Mars called Mars Direct. Timeline of space exploration. 1942-1975. April 12, 1961 Human in space. 1Project Vanguard was transferred from the NRL to NASA immediately before launch. In addition, virtually all manned duration records have been set by the USSR, due largely to their Salyut/Mir series of space stations. Reusable spacecraft in space exploration. The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 12 April 1981 (NASA). The first partially reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first (and so far only) automatic reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight."}, {"title": "", "text": "with experiments of sending animals to the limit of space gave the conclusion that problems could be overcome by known technology.[20] Finally, reentry was studied using the nuclear warheads of ballistic missiles.[21] From this, the best solution to the heating problem was found to be a blunt heat shield facing the direction of movement during reentry, since it created a shock wave that let most of the heat flow around the spacecraft or warhead.[21] Organization and facilities Location of production and operational facilities of Project Mercury Wallops Johnsville C. Canaveral T. Keith Glennan had been appointed administrator of NASA with Hugh L. Dryden (last director of NACA) as his deputy from the creation of the agency on October 1, 1958.[22] Glennan would report to the president through the National Aeronautics and Space Council.[23] The group responsible for Project Mercury was NASA's Space Task Group and the goals of the program were to orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth, investigate the pilot's ability to function in space and to recover both pilot and spacecraft safely.[24] Existing technology and off-the-shelf equipment would be used wherever practical, the simplest and most reliable approach to system design would be followed, and an existing launch vehicle would be employed together with a progressive test program.[25] Spacecraft requirements included: a launch escape system to separate the spacecraft and its occupant from the launch vehicle in case of impending failure; attitude control for orientation of the spacecraft in orbit; a retrorocket system to bring the spacecraft out of orbit; drag braking blunt body"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space capsule (8129 views - Astronomy & Space ) A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry. Capsules have been used in most of the manned space programs to date, including the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok and Mercury, as well as in later Soviet Voskhod, Soyuz, Zond/L1, L3, TKS, US Gemini, Apollo Command Module, Chinese Shenzhou and US, Russian and Indian manned spacecraft currently being developed. A capsule is the specified form for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. A manned space capsule must have everything necessary for everyday life, including air, water and food. The space capsule must also protect astronauts from the cold and radiation of space. A capsule must be well insulated and have a system that controls the inside temperature and environment. It also must have a way that the astronauts would not be knocked around during launch or reentry. Additionally, since the inside will be weightless, there must be a way for the astronauts to stay in their seats during the flight. For this each seat has a system of straps and buckles. One of the most important things that a space capsule must have is a way to communicate with people back on Earth, or mission control. Space capsule This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2013) This article's tone or style"}, {"title": "", "text": "Earth; A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached, which contains the instruments and engines. The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m3 (220 cu ft) in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m3 (260 cu ft) in Soyuz) in the mass budget. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation. The Soyuz is not reusable; it is expendable. A new Soyuz spacecraft must be made for every mission.[6] Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through potassium superoxide (KO2) cylinders, which absorb most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a payload fairing, which is jettisoned along with the SAS at 2+1\u20442 minutes into launch. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. Launch escape system[edit] The Vostok spacecraft"}, {"title": "", "text": "24; Stephanie Westerfeld, 17, ladies' singles competitor; Died: William F. Norrell, 64, U.S. Representative from Arkansas who had been sworn in for his 11th term six weeks earlier, two days after having a stroke while sitting in his office at the U.S. Capitol. February 16, 1961 (Thursday) Cyprus's first nationality law was enacted. The Sunday Lake mine at Wakefield, Michigan, closed. The Congress of Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Africaine de Football delegates took place in Cairo. February 17, 1961 (Friday) The Space Task Group requested that McDonnell design and install a manual bilge pump in Mercury spacecraft No. 7 to allow the removal of any seawater resulting from leakage after spacecraft impact. Information was released by NASA Headquarters that Space Task Group engineers directing Project Mercury had selected the flight trajectory for the Mercury-Atlas 2 (MA-2) mission. This trajectory was designed to provide the most severe reentry heating conditions which could be encountered on an emergency abort during an orbital flight attempt. The reentry heating rate was estimated to be 30 percent higher than a normal Mercury orbital reentry, and temperatures were predicted to be about 25 percent higher at certain locations on the afterbody of the spacecraft. In addition, the deceleration g-load was calculated to be about twice that expected for a normal reentry from orbit. Egress hatch procedures for recovery force operations were discussed at a Mercury coordination meeting. One suggestion involved the installation of a pull-ring for activating the hatch explosive charge. Another proposal was made for a paint outline of an emergency outlet that could"}, {"title": "", "text": "aerodynamic reentry module, which returns the crew to Earth; A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached, which contains the instruments and engines. The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m3 or 220 cu ft in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m3 or 260 cu ft in Soyuz) in the mass budget. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation. Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through potassium superoxide (KO2) cylinders, which absorb most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a payload fairing, which is jettisoned along with the SAS at \u200b2 1\u20442 minutes into launch. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. Launch escape system[edit] The Vostok spacecraft utilized an ejector seat to bail out"}, {"title": "", "text": "solar power, and control systems, allowing autonomous flight. It is possible for Shenzhou to leave an orbital module in orbit for redocking with a later spacecraft, a capability which Soyuz does not possess, since the only hatch between the orbital and reentry modules is a part of the reentry module, and orbital module is depressurized after separation. For future missions, the orbital module(s) could also be left behind on the planned Chinese project 921/2 space station as additional station modules. In the uncrewed test flights launched, the orbital module of each Shenzhou was left functioning on orbit for several days after the reentry modules return, and the Shenzhou 5 orbital module continued to operate for six months after launch. Orbital module data Design life: 200 days Length: 2.80 m (9.10 ft) Basic diameter: 2.25 m (7.38 ft) Maximum diameter: 2.25 m (7.38 ft) Span: 10.40 m (34.10 ft) Habitable volume: 8.00 m\u00b3 Mass: 1500 kg (3,300 lb) RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 16 x 5 N RCS Propellants: Hydrazine Electrical system: Solar panels, 12.24 m\u00b2 Electric system: 0.50 average kW Electric system: 1.20 kW Reentry moduleEdit The reentry module (\u8fd4\u56de\u8231) is located in the middle section of the spacecraft and contains seating for the crew. It is the only portion of Shenzhou which returns to Earth's surface. Its shape is a compromise between maximizing living space and allowing for some aerodynamic control upon reentry. Reentry module data Crew size: 3 Design life: 20 days Heat shield mass: 450 kg (990 lb) Lift-to-drag-ratio (hypersonic): 0.30 RCS Coarse"}, {"title": "", "text": "enter the capsule just before reentry. It is very cramped and is only designed for the crew to stay in for a short period of time. It does not, for instance, have a toilet. The spherical-shaped orbital module (labelled C) is where the crew live during a mission, although because all Soyuz missions are at the moment to and from the ISS, astronauts only spend a short time there. At launch the spacecraft sits on top of a 45 metre (150 feet) tall Soyuz rocket. The solar panels are folded away, and are unfolded when the spacecraft is in orbit. Image from Wikimedia commons As mentioned above, conditions in the reentry capsule are very cramped. It carries a crew of three squeezed into only 2.5 cubic metres of usable space. This is the volume of a cube measuring 1.36 by 1.36 by 1.36 metres. These cramped conditions meant that, in the early Soyuz spaceflights, the cosmonauts couldn\u2019t wear bulky spacesuits and the associated life support equipment. This unfortunately lead to the deaths of the cosmonauts in the Soyuz 11 mission in 1971 who suffocated when a faulty valve caused all the air to escape from their capsule. Had they been wearing spacesuits they would have survived. After this accident Soyuz was redesigned to carry only two cosmonauts, both wearing spacesuits, although this was later increased back to three. The redesigned spacecraft was known as the Soyuz Ferry because its mission was to transport cosmonauts to and from the Salyut space station. Over the last 50 years"}, {"title": "", "text": "failed to separate cleanly from the service module when it was time for Bykovsky to come home, such that wild gyrations ensued until the heat of reentry burned through the non-separating retraining strap. On 16 June 1963, Vostok 6 was launched, with Valentina Tereshkova (the first woman in space) on board. This was to be a joint mission with Vostok 5; the primary mission was to collect data on the effects of space flight on men and women. On the first orbit, Valentina came within roughly 5 km of Vostok 5, the closest distance achieved during the flight, and made radio contact with Bykovsky. Vostok 5 flew with Vostok 6 for 3 days (48 orbits), maintaining two way radio communications, and establishing communications with Earth at regular intervals. The space spectacular featured television coverage of Bykovsky that was viewed in the West as well as in Russia. N.B.: The NASA site incorrectly reports the launch date as 15 June, which is also inconsistent with its five day duration ending on 19 June. See also nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA launched the Mariner 5 flyby mission to Venus. Mariner 5 Venus probe, NASA photo The Mariner 5 spacecraft, launched 14 June 1967 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, was the fifth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in the flyby mode. Mariner 5 was a refurbished backup spacecraft for the Mariner 4 mission, and was converted from a Mars mission to a Venus mission. The spacecraft was fully attitude stabilized, using the Sun and Canopus as references. A central"}, {"title": "", "text": "In spaceflight Current Affairs, GK & News Legendary Soviet Russian cosmonaut Alexei Leonov passes away Alexei Leonov (85), the legendary Soviet Russian cosmonaut, has passed away in Moscow on October 11, 2019. On 18th March 1965, he created history by becoming the first human to conduct a spacewalk for 12 minutes and 9 seconds during the Voskhod 2 mission. Topics: Alexei Leonov \u2022 Extravehicular activity \u2022 Heroes of the Soviet Union \u2022 Human spaceflight \u2022 In spaceflight \u2022 Leonov \u2022 Outer space \u2022 Spaceflight \u2022 The Age of Pioneers \u2022 Voskhod \u2022 Voskhod 2 \u2022 Voskhod program NASA launches Icon satellite to explore where air meets space NASA has recently launched its new Ionospheric Connection Explorer (Icon) satellite from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) .. Topics: Airglow \u2022 ARGOS \u2022 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station \u2022 Electromagnetic radiation \u2022 Explorers Program \u2022 In spaceflight \u2022 Ionosphere \u2022 Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2022 Plasma physics \u2022 Spacecraft \u2022 Spaceflight ISRO Attempts to Reconnect with Lander Vikram After the Vikram lander of the Chandrayaan-2 mission lost its communication link with the ground station, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had started its efforts to restore the link. This has not been successful so far. About Chandrayaan-2 Mission Chandrayaan-2 Mission was India\u2019s first moon lander and rover mission. ISRO attempted to soft-land"}, {"title": "", "text": "X-20, or Dyna-Soar. Under development from 1960 to 1963, it was a design for a small single-seat suborbital or orbital shuttlecraft to be launched by a Titan rocket. The Dyna-Soar program was cancelled in 1963, before the vehicle was ever flown, in favor of model testing via the ASSET program. ASSET (Aerothermodynamic/ elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests) was the name of six small gliders designed by the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for the Air Force. The gliders were used primarily to test issues of aerodynamics and thermal protection. The successful project demonstrated between 1963 and 1965 that winged reentry vehicles could safely traverse the upper atmosphere. PRIME (Precision Recovery Including Maneuvering Entry) was the name for three Air Force launches made between 1966 and 1967. The launches explored the problems of maneuvering reentry at near-orbital speeds. After the third PRIME launch, the vehicle was found to be in satisfactory condition to be launched again, further demonstrating the reusability of reentry spacecraft. Other projects conducted during the 1960s, which provided data important to the design of the Space Shuttle orbiter, included the M2 and HL-10, both lifting bodies used to test vehicle handling at transonic speeds. With the announcement of the cancellation of the last three Apollo lunar landing missions in 1970, NASA made development of a reusable Space Shuttle \u0096 which would offer routine, repetitive, affordable flights to and from Earth orbit \u0096 its top-priority program, over the Space Station. Support for the Shuttle from the Department of Defense and the space industrial community provided leverage for"}, {"title": "", "text": "pounds at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan III (GT-3) lifted-off at 14:24 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Tuesday, 23 March 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle placed Gemini 3 into a 121 nautical mile x 87 nautical mile elliptical orbit. Gemini 3\u2019s primary objective was to put the maneuverable Gemini spacecraft through its paces. While in orbit, Grissom and Young fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbital flight path, shift their orbital plane, and dip down to a lower altitude. Gemini 3 was also the first time that a manned spacecraft used aerodynamic lift to change its entry flight path. As spacecraft commander, Gus Grissom named his cosmic chariot The Molly Brown in reference to a then-popular Broadway show; \u201cThe Unsinkable Molly Brown\u201d. Grissom chose the moniker in memory of his first spaceflight experience wherein his Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft sunk in almost 17,000 feet of water during post-splashdown operations. At almost two (2) hours into the mission, pilot John Young presented Grissom with his favorite sandwich which had been smuggled onboard. Grissom and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Space History Photo: Mercury-Atlas Test Launch Failure By NASA Archives 2012-05-09T13:28:54Z The Mercury-Atlas vehicle was destroyed moments after liftoff by Range Safety Officer. (Image: \u00a9 NASA) In this historical photo from the U.S. space agency, a NASA Project Mercury spacecraft was test launched at 11:15 AM EST on April 25, 1961 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in a test designed to qualify the Mercury Spacecraft and all systems, which had to function during orbit and reentry from orbit. The Atlas launch vehicle was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer about 40 seconds after liftoff. The Mercury spacecraft separated and was recovered. Atlas was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. NASA first launched Atlas as a space launch vehicle in 1958, and the rocket ultimately was successful. Project SCORE, the first communications satellite that transmitted President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas speech around the world, was launched on an Atlas. For all three robotic lunar exploration programs, Atlas was used. Atlas/ Centaur vehicles launched both Mariner and Pioneer planetary probes. Each weekday, SPACE.com looks back at the history of spaceflight through photos (archive)."}, {"title": "", "text": "Yantar-4K1. Duration: 95.76 days. Decay Date: 2010-07-21 . USAF Sat Cat: 36511 . COSPAR: 2010-014A. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). Perigee: 180 km (110 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.00 min. Recoverable optical surveillance satellite. Secondary recoverable film capsules probably recovered on 9 June and 18 July. Main spacecraft reentry vehicle landed at 09:10 GMT on 21 July 2010.. 2011 June 27 - . 16:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: Plesetsk LC16/2. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB. Cosmos 2472 - . Mass: 6,700 kg (14,700 lb). Nation: Russia. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Duration: 191.20 days. Decay Date: 2011-10-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 37726 . COSPAR: 2011-028A. Apogee: 338 km (210 mi). Perigee: 217 km (134 mi). Inclination: 81.40 deg. Period: 88.90 min. Optical surveillance satellite. First launch into this inclination since 1994. Probably jettisoned two recoverable film capsules during the mission. Six reboosts during the mission maintained a 210 km x 250 km observation orbit. The main spacecraft landed at 20:48 GMT on 24 October. 2012 May 17 - . 14:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: Plesetsk LC16/2. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB. Cosmos 2480 - . Payload: Kobalt-M. Mass: 6,700 kg (14,700 lb). Nation: Russia. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Decay Date: 2012-09-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 38335 . COSPAR: 2012-024A. Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). Perigee: 199 km (123 mi). Inclination: 81.40 deg. Period: 89.30 min. Kobalt-M film reconnaisance satellite. A deorbit burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "APAS technology, which is used to dock with the Tianhe core module. In the middle is the reentry module containing the crew which is a scaled-up version of the Soyuz descent module. The rear of the spacecraft is the service module which is equipped with engines, fuel tanks, and solar panels. Crew The crew was publicly announced in a press conference on 28 November 2022. See also Shenzhou (spacecraft) Tiangong space station China National Space Administration References 2022 in China Spacecraft launched in 2022 Human spaceflights Shenzhou program Tiangong program"}, {"title": "", "text": "at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan III (GT-3) lifted-off at 14:24 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Tuesday, 23 March 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle placed Gemini 3 into a 121 nautical mile x 87 nautical mile elliptical orbit. Gemini 3\u2019s primary objective was to put the maneuverable Gemini spacecraft through its paces. While in orbit, Grissom and Young fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbital flight path, shift their orbital plane, and dip down to a lower altitude. Gemini 3 was also the first time that a manned spacecraft used aerodynamic lift to change its entry flight path. As spacecraft commander, Gus Grissom named his cosmic chariot The Molly Brown in reference to a then-popular Broadway show; \u201cThe Unsinkable Molly Brown\u201d. Grissom chose the moniker in memory of his first spaceflight experience wherein his Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft sunk in almost 17,000 feet of water during post-splashdown operations. At almost two (2) hours into the mission, pilot John Young presented Grissom with his favorite sandwich which had been smuggled onboard. Grissom and Young"}, {"title": "", "text": "at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan III (GT-3) lifted-off at 14:24 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Tuesday, 23 March 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle placed Gemini 3 into a 121 nautical mile x 87 nautical mile elliptical orbit. Gemini 3\u2019s primary objective was to put the maneuverable Gemini spacecraft through its paces. While in orbit, Grissom and Young fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbital flight path, shift their orbital plane, and dip down to a lower altitude. Gemini 3 was also the first time that a manned spacecraft used aerodynamic lift to change its entry flight path. As spacecraft commander, Gus Grissom named his cosmic chariot The Molly Brown in reference to a then-popular Broadway show; \u201cThe Unsinkable Molly Brown\u201d. Grissom chose the moniker in memory of his first spaceflight experience wherein his Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft sunk in almost 17,000 feet of water during post-splashdown operations. At almost two (2) hours into the mission, pilot John Young presented Grissom with his favorite sandwich which had been smuggled onboard. Grissom and Young"}, {"title": "", "text": "towards de Sun by rotating de ship. An incompwete separation between de Service and Reentry Moduwes wed to emergency situations during Soyuz 5, Soyuz TMA-10 and Soyuz TMA-11, which wed to an incorrect reentry orientation (crew ingress hatch first). The faiwure of severaw expwosive bowts did not cut de connection between de Service/Reentry Moduwes on de watter two fwights. The Soyuz uses a medod simiwar to de US Apowwo command and service moduwe to deorbit itsewf. The spacecraft is turned engine-forward and de main engine is fired for deorbiting on de far side of Earf ahead of its pwanned wanding site. This reqwires de weast propewwant for reentry; de spacecraft travews on an ewwipticaw Hohmann transfer orbit to de entry interface point where atmospheric drag swows it enough to faww out of orbit. Earwy Soyuz spacecraft wouwd den have de Service and Orbitaw Moduwes detach simuwtaneouswy from de Descent Moduwe. As dey are connected by tubing and ewectricaw cabwes to de Descent Moduwe, dis wouwd aid in deir separation and avoid having de Descent Moduwe awter its orientation, uh-hah-hah-hah. Later Soyuz spacecraft detached de Orbitaw Moduwe before firing de main engine, which saved propewwant. Since de Soyuz TM-5 wanding issue, de Orbitaw Moduwe is once again detached onwy after de reentry firing, which wed to (but did not cause) emergency situations of Soyuz TMA-10 and TMA-11. The Orbitaw Moduwe cannot remain in orbit as an addition to a space station, as de airwock hatch between de Orbitaw and Reentry Moduwes is a part of de Reentry"}, {"title": "", "text": "current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space. The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran. Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars"}, {"title": "", "text": "on the Mercury capsule; it was expanded to fit two astronauts, was capable of changing its orbit with thrusters, could link with other spacecraft, and offered more precise reentry and landing capabilities. With Gemini, NASA prepared to take the next step towards their goal. The first two Gemini missions were unmanned tests carried out on April 8, 1964 and January 19, 1965 to determine if the spacecraft was viable for human operation. These tests evaluated launch systems and the structural and operational integrity of the Gemini spacecraft. Gemini 1 tested how accurately the Titan 2 rocket could place the spacecraft into its target orbit, and Gemini 2 tested the efficacy of the reentry module\u2019s heat protection. Both missions were considered successes, and the Gemini spacecraft was approved for crewed missions. Gemini 3 was the first manned mission of the Gemini Project. It launched on March 23, 1965, and was piloted by astronauts Virgil Grissom and John Young. Grissom and Young orbited the Earth for five hours, evaluating the feasibility of Gemini\u2019s two-man design and taking photographs from orbit. Grissom\u2019s use of Gemini\u2019s orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS) marked the first time astronauts deliberately altered the orbit of their spacecraft. Gemini 4, manned by James McDivitt and Edward White, lasted from June 3 to June 7, 1965, a period in which they orbited Earth 62 times. This mission received extensive television coverage, being broadcast to millions of people across America and Europe. During the mission, White became the first American to perform a spacewalk, referred by"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cosmos 1370 - . Payload: Yantar-1KFT no. 2. Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MOM. Class: Surveillance. Type: Cartographic satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-1KFT. Duration: 44.00 days. Decay Date: 1982-07-11 . USAF Sat Cat: 13219 . COSPAR: 1982-049A. Apogee: 273 km (169 mi). Perigee: 195 km (121 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.20 min. Military topographic / cartographic satellite.. 1982 June 8 - . 12:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. Cosmos 1377 - . Payload: Yantar-4K1 s/n 215. Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MOM. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Duration: 44.00 days. Decay Date: 1982-07-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 13265 . COSPAR: 1982-057A. Apogee: 363 km (225 mi). Perigee: 173 km (107 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.90 min. Photo surveillance; 2 small film capsules recovered in course of flight and main reentry capsule with remaining film, camera, and computer systems at end of flight.. 1982 June 12 - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. FAILURE: Failure. Failed Stage: U. Yantar-4K1 - . Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: UNKS. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.. 1982 June 30 - . 15:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: Plesetsk LC41/1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. Cosmos 1384"}, {"title": "", "text": "to gather imagery of Earth for use by the military and the civilian sector. FSW was also once envisioned to become China's first crewed capsule design, but these plans were ultimately abandoned given the vehicle's rather rough reentry profile. FSW went through a number of generations over the years and was first used as a recoverable science platform in 1987 when it demonstrated it could provide a very stable microgravity environment to experiments. Shijian-8 (launched in 2008 which stayed 4 weeks on orbit) and SJ-10 use improved FSW vehicles with upgraded flight controls and a new reentry system to reduce forces occurring during the entry process while also increasing landing accuracy. Figure 1: China's Shijian-10 spacecraft, the second of four scientific space missions, carries a collection of microgravity experiments (image credit: NSSC) Launch: The SJ-10 spacecraft of CAS was launched on April 5, 2016 (17:38 UTC) on a Long March 2D (CZ-2D) vehicle from the JSLC (Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center) in China's northwestern Gansu Province. The launch vehicle of Shijian-10 is capable of launching payloads up to 3,500 kg into orbit. Because SJ-10 did not need a payload fairing, given it is designed to withstand extreme thermal and aerodynamic environments on reentry, the performance of CZ-2D was increased sufficiently to lift the 3,600 kg satellite to orbit. 3) 4) SJ-10 is the second of four scientific satellites under a CAS space program. Unlike the other three, SJ-10 is returnable. It is the 25th such retrievable satellite launched by China in the past decades. Orbit: LEO (Low"}, {"title": "", "text": "https://youtu.be/eeMxbFpcsa4 Soyuz MS-10 fails during launch Space Exploration RocketsInternational Space Station Human Spaceflight Above: The mission patch for the Soyuz MS-10. Soyuz spacecrafts are operated by Roscosmos, the Russian Space Agency, so the mission patch and the name of the Russian crew member (Ovchinin) are in the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic. Only Hague, the American astronaut's name, is in the Latin alphabet. Source: Wikimedia Commons Soyuz spacecrafts carry astronauts and cosmonauts to and from the International Space Station. These spacecrafts lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. But on Thursday October 11, 2018, the rocket failed during launch. Crew members travel in a capsule attached to the rocket. When rockets fail to launch, the capsule automatically detaches and returns to Earth in ballistic mode. This means that the capsule, which is travelling extremely fast, has to quickly lose speed in order to reach the Earth safely. The capsule has to re-enter the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at an extremely steep angle. This angle increases atmospheric drag, a force that acts on an object opposite to the way in which it is moving. Atmospheric drag slows down the capsule. Ballistic reentry can be physically very tough on crew members. That\u2019s because in ballistic reentry, the G-force (the force of gravity on a body) on human bodies can be very high. Under normal circumstances, humans typically experience 1 G. When you ride a roller coaster, you feel an increase in G-force for a few fractions of a second. That\u2019s what makes those rides so thrilling. You even experience an increase"}, {"title": "", "text": "After the launch of the first American satellite in 1958, manned space flight became the next goal. The spacecraft was produced by McDonnell Aircraft; it was cone shaped with room for one person together with supplies of water, food and oxygen for about one day in a pressurized cabin. It was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida by a modified Atlas D or Redstone missile, and had an escape tower for protection from a failing rocket. The whole flight could be controlled from the ground through the Manned Space Flight Network, a system of tracking stations which also allowed communication with the astronaut. If necessary, the astronaut could take manual control. For reentry into Earth's atmosphere, small rockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit. A heat shield would protect the spacecraft from the heat of reentry, and a parachute would slow the craft for a water landing. Here both astronaut and spacecraft were picked up by helicopter and brought to a ship. From a slow start with humiliating mistakes, the Mercury Project became popular worldwide and the manned flights were followed by millions on radio and TV not only in United States, but around the world. Apart from the manned missions, Mercury had a total of 20 unmanned launches as a part of the development of the project. This also involved test animals, most famously the chimpanzees Ham and Enos. Mercury laid the groundwork for Project Gemini and the follow-on Apollo moon-landing program, which was announced a few weeks after the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a series of cone-shaped segments forming a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 18 feet, 9.84 inches (5.736 meters) and a maximum diameter of 10 feet, 0.00 inches (3.048 meters) at the base of the equipment section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a maximum diameter of 7 feet, 6.00 inches (2.347 meters). The Gemini re-entry heat shield was a spherical section with a radius of 12 feet, 0.00 inches (3.658 meters). The weight of the Gemini spacecraft varied from ship to ship. Gemini VII had a gross weight of 8,076.10 pounds (3,663.26 kilograms) at launch. It was shipped from St. Louis to Cape Kennedy in early October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin Marietta Corporation SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The GLV-7 first and second stages were shipped from Middle River to Cape Kennedy on 9 October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 70 feet, 2.31 inches (21.395 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). It was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 19 feet (5.791 meters) and a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters) at the base of the adapter section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a diameter of 7.5 feet (2.347 meters). The weight of the Gemini varied from ship to ship. At launch, Gemini 10 weighed 8,295 pounds (3763 kilograms). Gemini Spacecraft. (NASA) The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 63 feet (19.202 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). The second stage was 27 feet (8.230 meters) long, with the same diameter. The 1st stage was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR-87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles with a single turbopump unit. The engine was fueled by a hypergolic combination of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Ignition occurred spontaneously as the two components were combined in the combustion chambers. The LR-87-7 produced 430,000 pounds of thrust.\u00b2 It was not throttled and could not be shut down and restarted. The 2nd stage used an Aerojet LR-91 engine which produced 100,000 pounds of thrust.\u00b3 The Gemini/Titan II GLV combination"}, {"title": "", "text": "built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a series of cone-shaped segments forming a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 18 feet, 9.84 inches (5.736 meters) and a maximum diameter of 10 feet, 0.00 inches (3.048 meters) at the base of the equipment section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a maximum diameter of 7 feet, 6.00 inches (2.347 meters). The Gemini re-entry heat shield was a spherical section with a radius of 12 feet, 0.00 inches (3.658 meters). The weight of the Gemini spacecraft varied from ship to ship. Gemini VII had a gross weight of 8,076.10 pounds (3,663.26 kilograms) at launch. It was shipped from St. Louis to Cape Kennedy in early October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin Marietta Corporation SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The GLV-7 first and second stages were shipped from Middle River to Cape Kennedy on 9 October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 70 feet, 2.31 inches (21.395 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). It was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles with a single turbopump unit. The engine was fueled by Aerozine"}, {"title": "", "text": "the date for the first launch of the N1. It also authorised Chelomei to stop work on Kosmoplan interplanetary probes and instead concentrate on a specific Raketoplan design - the LK-1 manned lunar flyby spacecraft. 21 March 1963 Raketoplan Chelomei Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Vehicle: R-12. First flight of Raketoplan Chelomei, launched at 16:40 Moscow Time. The reentry vehicle is destroyed during reentry. Maximum Altitude - 400 km. Maximum Speed - 14,400 kph. Distance of free flight - 1900 km. 22 May 1964 Kosmoplan and Raketoplan canceled, except for LK-1 manned circumlunar spacecraft. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On termination of work on the Kosmoplan and Raketoplan at OKB-52 and approval for the LK-1' was issued. 18 June 1964 USSR five-year military space plan issued. Ministry of Defence Decree 'On military space programs for 1964-69, including the R spaceplane' was issued. The decree was issued by Defence Ministry Marshal Rodiono Yakovlevich Malinovksiy. Included in this plan were new versions of the automatic Zenit, More-1 (US series) spacecraft, the Spiral spaceplane, the Soyuz-R manned combat spacecraft, and others. Chelomei's Raketoplan spaceplane was cancelled. 01 January 1965 Raketoplan canceled. Decree 'On end of work on the Raketoplan at OKB-52' was issued. This action was in accordance with the Five Year Military Space Plan approved on 18 June 1964. 98 - Suborbital flights listing (internet post), . 191 - Afanasyev, I B, Neizvestnie korabli, Kosmonavtika, Astronomiya, Znanie, 12-91.. 273 - Afanasyev, Igor, Novosti kosmonavtiki, \"35 let RN Proton\", 1998, Issue 5,"}, {"title": "", "text": "transmissions from the Apollo 8 spacecraft - 6 in all. Apollo 8's television camera was a 4.5 pound RCA black-and-white camera. There was no monitor or viewfinder on the camera - so framing the picture [...] Footage on every Saturn I launch from SA-1 through SA-10, and the Saturn IB launches from AS-201 through AS-210, most with multiple angles. Audio from Saturn launch audio in surround with intense low frequency effects. Demontrates GT-1 launch vehicle performance, launch vehicle and spacecraft structural integrity, and work in tracking and guidance network. Demontrates GT-II reentry heat protection during maximum heating reentry. Launch and onboard film which i[...] Contains the television transmissions, an onboard film with views taken of the ascent from the surface, the approach of Eagle after lunar liftoff, views from orbit and life aboard Columbia, and some bonus material of EVA and landing training. This disc contains the complete 16 mm motion picture film exposed onboard the Apollo 8 spacecraft. In addition to footage of life aboard the spacraft, incredible views of the moon from lunar orbit were captured. The onboard film on this disc is [...] This disc contains 35 separate views of the launch of AS-205, Apollo 7. Launched on October 11, 1968, Apollo 7 was the first manned launch of a Saturn vehicle. Wally Schirra, Don Eisele and Walt Cunningham spent just over 10 days in Earth orbit [...] The Saturn family of launch vehicles remains one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of mankind. From the clustered Saturn I using Reddstone"}, {"title": "", "text": "reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.. 1983 October 14 - . 10:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. Cosmos 1504 - . Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MOM. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Duration: 53.00 days. Decay Date: 1983-12-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 14403 . COSPAR: 1983-104A. Apogee: 304 km (188 mi). Perigee: 172 km (106 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.30 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.. 1983 November 30 - . 13:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: Plesetsk LC41/1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. Cosmos 1511 - . Payload: Yantar-4K1 s/n 249. Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MOM. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Duration: 44.00 days. Decay Date: 1984-01-13 . USAF Sat Cat: 14530 . COSPAR: 1983-117A. Apogee: 332 km (206 mi). Perigee: 182 km (113 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.60 min. Photo surveillance; 2 small film capsules recovered in course of flight and main reentry capsule with remaining film, camera, and computer systems at end of flight. Final flight of the Yantar-2K/Yantar-4K1 series. All 12 Yantar-4K1 flights were completely successful. 1983 December 27 - . 09:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1."}, {"title": "", "text": "31 km SSW of Johnston Atoll. A fireball formed, the colorful afterglow continued 30 minutes after the explosion. At the explosion's altitude, the extensive disruption of the ionosphere seen in later detonations did not occur. Four Honest John Nike sounding rockets launched from Johnston Island to an altitude of 100 km within 45 minutes of the Thor launch, and a Starfish radiation satellite launched into a 197 km orbit from Vandenberg six and a half hours later, collected the ionosphere data. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl#Bluegill_Triple_Prime The US Air Force launched the Starfish Radiation 1 satellite into a 197 km orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on a Thor Agena D booster, to collect artificial radiation data from atmospheric nuclear detonations. NASA announced definition studies of the Apollo X spacecraft were planned during Fiscal Year 1965. In an interview for Missiles and Rockets magazine on 26 October 1964, Associate Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr., stated that NASA planned to initiate program definition studies of an Apollo X spacecraft during Fiscal Year 1965. Seamans emphasized that such a long-duration space station program would not receive funding for actual hardware development until the 1970s. He stressed that NASA's Apollo X would not compete with the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program: \"MOL is important for the military as a method of determining what opportunities there are for men in space. It is not suitable to fulfill NASA requirements to gain scientific knowledge.\" https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4011/part1b.htm NASA astronaut Rusty Schweickart began eight days in a Gemini space suit to evaluate Gemini biomedical recording instruments. While in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ken Shirriff's blog Xerox Alto restoration, IC reverse engineering, chargers, and whatever Inside the digital clock from a Soyuz spacecraft We recently obtained a clock that flew on a Soyuz space mission.1 The clock, manufactured in 1984, contains over 100 integrated circuits on ten circuit boards. Why is the clock so complicated? In this blog post, I examine the clock's circuitry and explain why so many chips were needed. The clock also provides a glimpse into the little-known world of Soviet aerospace electronics and how it compares to American technology. \"Onboard space clock\" from a Soyuz mission. The clock provides the time, an alarm, and a stopwatch. The Soyuz series of spacecraft was designed for the Soviet space program as part of the race to the Moon. Soyuz first flew in 1966 and has made more than 140 flights over the past 50 years. The spacecraft (below) consists of three parts. The round section on the left is the orbital or habitation module, holding cargo, equipment, and living space. The descent module in the middle is the only part that returns to Earth; the astronauts are seated in the descent module during launch and reentry. Finally, the service module on the right has the main engine, solar panels, and other systems. Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft departing from the International Space Station, 2006. Photo from NASA. The descent module contains the spacecraft's control panel (below).2 Note the digital clock in the upper left. Early Soyuz spacecraft used an analog clock, but from 1996 to 2002, the spacecraft used"}, {"title": "", "text": "3.6 Fourth generation 3.6.1 Soyuz-TM (1986\u20132002) 3.6.2 Soyuz-TMA (2003\u20132012) 3.6.3 Soyuz TMA-M (2010\u20132016) 3.6.4 Soyuz MS (since 2016) 4 Related craft The first Soyuz flight was uncrewed and started on 28 November 1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but ended with a crash due to a parachute failure, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. The following flight was uncrewed. Soyuz 3, launched on 26 October 1968, became the program's first successful crewed mission. The only other flight to suffer a fatal accident, Soyuz 11, killed its crew of three when the cabin depressurized just before reentry. These are the only humans to date who are known to have died above the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line.[1] Despite these early incidents, Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle,[2] established by its unparalleled length of operational history.[3][4] Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked to ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency. The spacecraft is intended to be replaced by the six-person Orel spacecraft.[5] Design[edit] Diagram showing the three elements of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft. A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back): A spheroid orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during their mission; A small aerodynamic reentry module, which returns the crew to"}, {"title": "", "text": "the most hardy reader. However, there are odd and fascinating details to be found. For instance, during reentry in February 1974 the crew noticed that the pinkish plasma that formed around their spacecraft was not uniform but seemed concentrated in streaks, which concerned them because it indicated that the heat shield was not ablating equally. Although the Apollo program was mostly over, there was one more flight of an Apollo spacecraft planned. But perhaps the most interesting aspect of the crew debriefing is how their comments indicated that NASA\u2019s astronaut corps was changing. Skylab 4 was the first all rookie crew; the earlier crews were headed by Apollo moonwalkers. But the Skylab 4 crew of astronauts Carr, Gibson, and Pogue recognized that the astronaut job description was evolving. They were in space to do experiments, not to fly the spacecraft. Like many other books published by Apogee, these three each come with a DVD. The first DVD includes low-quality video of press interviews and the launch of both the workshop and Skylab 2. The second DVD includes a NASA \u201cSkylab 3\u201d documentary and launch footage. But this DVD includes perhaps the most interesting feature: a digital reconstruction of the workshop interior and a fly-through showing all the key equipment and experiments and other components. I kept wishing that the image was interactive and that I could stop and examine the equipment in greater detail. The final DVD includes launch footage, a status report, a couple of Skylab documentaries, NASA audio reports on the workshop\u2019s 1979 reentry,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shenzhou (spacecraft) Shenzhou (/\u02c8\u0283\u025bn\u02c8d\u0292o\u028a/;[1] Chinese: \u795e\u821f; pinyin: Sh\u00e9nzh\u014du) is a spacecraft developed and operated by China using Soyuz technology to support its crewed spaceflight program. The name is variously translated as Divine vessel,[2] Divine craft,[3] or Divine ship.[4] Its design resembles the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, but it is larger in size. The first launch was on 19 November 1999 and the first crewed launch was on 15 October 2003. In March 2005, an asteroid was named 8256 Shenzhou in honour of the spacecraft. Shenzhou spacecraft Diagram of the post-Shenzhou 7 spacecraft Crewed spaceflight 20 days[citation needed] Launch mass 9.25 x 2.8 m Low Earth Maiden launch Shenzhou 1, 1999 Last launch Shenzhou 11, 2016 Related spacecraft \u795e\u821f Literal meaning Divine Vessel/Craft Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sh\u00e9nzh\u014du Yue: Cantonese Jyutping san4 zau1 2.1 Orbital module 2.2 Reentry module 2.3 Service module 2.4 Comparison with Soyuz Main article: Shenzhou program China's first efforts at human spaceflight started in 1968 with a projected launch date of 1973.[5] Although China successfully launched an uncrewed satellite in 1970, its crewed spacecraft program was cancelled in 1980 due to a lack of funds.[6] The Chinese crewed spacecraft program was relaunched in 1992 with Project 921. The Phase One spacecraft followed the general layout of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, with three modules that could separate for reentry. China signed a deal with Russia in 1995 for the transfer of Soyuz technology, including life support and docking systems. The Phase One spacecraft was then modified with the new Russian technology.[6] The general designer of"}, {"title": "", "text": "both these Zond missions flew off-nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to humans. As a result, the Soviets secretly planned to continue uncrewed Zond tests until their reliability to support human flight had been demonstrated. However, due to NASA's continuing problems with the lunar module, and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet crewed circumlunar flight in late 1968, NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth-orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968. In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur, giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon. Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first human trip to the Moon. Ultimately, however, the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond/Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a crewed Soviet lunar mission. Their decision proved to be a wise one, since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another uncrewed test when it was finally launched several weeks later. By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun. Far more capable than the Zond, the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return"}, {"title": "", "text": "modified rounded-edge, splash-plate injector yielded better results. This configuration was tested to the 570-second mission duty cycle using a mixture ratio of 0.7:1; at the end of the test, uncharred material was left. Earlier TCAs using the same mixture ratio had failed after a maximum of 380 seconds. GPO now expected both 25- and 100-pound TCAs to be ready for installation in spacecraft 5 and up. Gemini Project Office reported that Ames Research Center had conducted a visual reentry control simulator program to evaluate the feasibility of controlling the spacecraft attitude during reentry by using the horizon as the only visual reference. Simulation confirmed previous analytical studies and showed that the reentry attitude control, using the horizon view alone, was well within astronaut capabilities. Blue Ribbon Sports was incorporated by Phil Knight, a former track and field athlete at the University of Oregon, and his coach, Bill Bowerman, to market its special brand, \"Tiger Shoes\" for runners. In 1971, the company would change its name to Nike, Inc., now the world's largest manufacturer of sports apparel. Died: Ross Milne, 19, Australian Olympic Alpine skier, in a training crash during preparations for Winter Olympics January 26, 1964 (Sunday) Indonesian Air Force airplanes dropped thousands of leaflets on the island of Borneo along the nation's border with Malaysia, each containing an order from President Sukarno directing Indonesian Army troops in the jungle to obey a cease-fire order. The annual telecasts of The Wizard of Oz in the United States resumed. Although the classic film had not been shown"}, {"title": "", "text": "Donate to Megadodo Publications Apollo command and service module (Redirected from Apollo service module) Apollo 15 command and service module Endeavour in lunar orbit North American Rockwell Maxime Faget Crewed cislunar flight and lunar orbit Skylab crew shuttle Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Spacecraft type Design life 32,390 lb (14,690 kg) Earth orbit 63,500 lb (28,800 kg) Lunar Dry mass 26,300 lb (11,900 kg) 2,320 lb (1,050 kg) Crew capacity 218 cu ft (6.2 m3) Low Earth orbit Cislunar space Lunar orbit 36.2 ft (11.0 m) 12.8 ft (3.9 m) Maiden launch February 26, 1966 (AS-201) Last launch July 15, 1975 (Apollo-Soyuz) Last retirement Related spacecraft Flown with Apollo Block II CSM diagram \u2190 Gemini spacecraft Orion (spacecraft) \u2192 The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The CSM functioned as a mother ship, which carried a crew of three astronauts and the second Apollo spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module, to lunar orbit, and brought the astronauts back to Earth. It consisted of two parts: the conical command module, a cabin that housed the crew and carried equipment needed for atmospheric reentry and splashdown; and the cylindrical service module which provided propulsion, electrical power and storage for various consumables required during a mission. An umbilical connection transferred power and consumables between the two modules. Just before reentry of the command module on the return home, the umbilical connection was severed and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a series of cone-shaped segments forming a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 18 feet, 9.84 inches (5.736 meters) and a maximum diameter of 10 feet, 0.00 inches (3.048 meters) at the base of the equipment section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a maximum diameter of 7 feet, 6.00 inches (2.347 meters). The Gemini re-entry heat shield was a spherical section with a radius of 12 feet, 0.00 inches (3.658 meters). The weight of the Gemini spacecraft varied from ship to ship. Gemini VII had a gross weight of 8,076.10 pounds (3,663.26 kilograms) at launch. It was shipped from St. Louis to Cape Kennedy in early October 1965. Gemini VII, photographed in Earth orbit from Gemini VI-A, 15\u201316 December 1965. (NASA) The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin Marietta\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The GLV-7 first and second stages were shipped from Middle River to Cape Kennedy on 9 October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 70 feet, 2.31 inches (21.395 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). It was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles"}, {"title": "", "text": "lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM, later shortened to LM (Lunar Module) but still pronounced ) which would take two individuals to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. Command and service module The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was tall, in diameter, and weighed approximately . A cylindrical service module (SM) supported the command module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The service module was discarded just before reentry. The module was long and in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately"}, {"title": "", "text": "Eight Days in a Garbage Can Forty-nine years ago this month, NASA astronauts Leroy Gordon Cooper and Charles M. \u201cPete\u201d Conrad set a new spaceflight endurance record during the flight of Gemini 5. It was the third of ten (10) missions in the historic Gemini spaceflight series. The motto for the mission was \u201cEight Days or Bust\u201d. The purpose of Project Gemini was to develop and flight-prove a myriad of technologies required to get to the Moon. Those technologies included spacecraft power systems, rendezvous and docking, orbital maneuvering, long duration spaceflight and extravehicular activity. The Gemini spacecraft weighed 8,500 pounds at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan V (GT-5) lifted-off at 13:59:59 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Saturday, 21 August 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle placed Gemini 5 into a 189 nautical mile x 87 nautical mile elliptical orbit. A primary purpose of the Gemini 5 mission was to stay in orbit at least eight (8) days. This was the minimum time it would take to fly to the Moon, land and return to the Earth. Other"}, {"title": "", "text": "unexpected main landing skid deployment. This was the third consecutive mission for X-15 Ship No. 2 and Rushworth to experience a thermally-induced landing gear or landing skid deployment anomaly. Happily, subsequent flights of the subject aircraft were free of such vexing issues. GT-5 \u2013 Eight Days or Bust Posted on August 8, 2017 by J. Terry White Fifty-two years ago this month, NASA astronauts Leroy Gordon \u201cGordo\u201d Cooper and Charles M. \u201cPete\u201d Conrad set a new spaceflight endurance record during the flight of Gemini 5. It was the third of ten (10) missions in the historic Gemini spaceflight series. The motto for the mission was \u201cEight Days or Bust\u201d. The purpose of Project Gemini was to develop and flight-prove a myriad of technologies required to get to the Moon. Those technologies included spacecraft power systems, rendezvous and docking, orbital maneuvering, long duration spaceflight and extravehicular activity. The Gemini spacecraft weighed 8,500 pounds at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan V (GT-5) lifted-off at 13:59:59 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Saturday, 21 August 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle"}, {"title": "", "text": "Eight Days in a Garbage Can Forty-nine years ago this month, NASA astronauts Leroy Gordon Cooper and Charles M. \u201cPete\u201d Conrad set a new spaceflight endurance record during the flight of Gemini 5. It was the third of ten (10) missions in the historic Gemini spaceflight series. The motto for the mission was \u201cEight Days or Bust\u201d. The purpose of Project Gemini was to develop and flight-prove a myriad of technologies required to get to the Moon. Those technologies included spacecraft power systems, rendezvous and docking, orbital maneuvering, long duration spaceflight and extravehicular activity. The Gemini spacecraft weighed 8,500 pounds at lift-off and measured 18.6 feet in length. Gemini consisted of a reentry module (RM), an adapter module (AM) and an equipment module (EM). The crew occupied the RM which also contained navigation, communication, telemetry, electrical and reentry reaction control systems. The AM contained maneuver thrusters and the deboost rocket system. The EM included the spacecraft orbit attitude control thrusters and the fuel cell system. Both the AM and EM were used in orbit only and discarded prior to entry. Gemini-Titan V (GT-5) lifted-off at 13:59:59 UTC from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Saturday, 21 August 1965. The two-stage Titan II launch vehicle placed Gemini 5 into a 189 nautical mile x 87 nautical mile elliptical orbit. A primary purpose of the Gemini 5 mission was to stay in orbit at least eight (8) days. This was the minimum time it would take to fly to the Moon, land and return to the Earth. Other"}, {"title": "", "text": "Soviet cosmonauts perish in reentry disaster The three Soviet cosmonauts who served as the first crew of the world\u2019s first space station die when their spacecraft depressurizes during reentry. On June 6, the cosmonauts Georgi Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev were launched into space aboard Soyuz 11 on a mission to dock and enter Salyut 1, the Soviet space station that had been placed in orbit in April. The spacecraft successfully docked with the station, and the cosmonauts spent 23 days orbiting the earth. On June 30, they left Salyut 1 and began reentry procedures. When they fired the explosive bolts to separate the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule from another stage of the spacecraft, a critical valve was jerked open. One hundred miles above the earth, the capsule was suddenly exposed to the nearly pressureless environment of space. As the capsule rapidly depressurized, Patsayev tried to close the valve by hand but failed. Minutes later, the cosmonauts were dead. As a result of the tragedy, the Soviet Union did not send any future crews to Salyut 1, and it was more than two years before they attempted another manned mission. READ MORE: The Space Race: Timeline, Cold War & Facts Vladimir Komarov Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (Russian: \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0301\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0301\u0432 , IPA: [vl\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2im\u02b2\u026ar m\u02b2\u026a\u02c8xajl\u0259v\u02b2\u026at\u0255 k\u0259m\u0250\u02c8rof] 16 March 1927 \u2013 24 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. In October 1964, he commanded Voskhod 1, the first spaceflight to carry more than one crew member. He became the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly"}, {"title": "", "text": "the transfer of experiments and experiment racks to the complex, and the transfer of items for return to Earth from the station to the shuttle were among the objectives. Endeavour also boosted the station's altitude and performed a flyaround survey of the complex, including recording views of the station with an IMAX cargo bay camera. All objectives were completed without incident, and reentry and landing happened uneventfully on 1 May 2001. During this mission, astronaut Chris Hadfield made the first spacewalk by a Canadian. Spacewalks Wake-up calls NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. See also List of human spaceflights List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Space Shuttle missions List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965\u20131999 Outline of space science References Sources External links NASA mission summary STS-100 Video Highlights STS-100 Edwards Air Force Base Spacecraft launched in 2001"}, {"title": "", "text": "the human organism, for a tandem flight with Vostok 6, and for improvement of spacecraft equipment and pilotage. (Some NASA records mistakenly list the launch date as 15 June.) The spacecraft consisted of a nearly spherical cabin covered with ablative material, three small portholes, and external radio antennas. Radios, a life support system, instrumentation, and an ejection seat were contained in the manned cabin. The cabin was attached to a service module that carried chemical batteries, orientation rockets, the main retro system, and added support equipment for the total system. The service module was separated from the manned cabin on reentry. Vostok 5, piloted by cosmonaut Lt. Col. Valery F. Bykovsky, was relatively unsuccessful. The launch was delayed repeatedly due to high solar activity and technical problems. Intended to be in orbit for a record eight days, Vostok 5 had troubles from the start. It was finally forced down after five days in space, landing northwest of Karaganda on 19 June 1963, after making only 81 orbits about the Earth; the mission still set a Soviet manned duration record of 119 hour 6 minutes. Problems encountered during the flight included the spacecraft ending up in a lower than planned orbit; the elevated levels of solar flare activity combined with the associated increased atmospheric activity to decay Vostok 5's orbit quickly; temperatures in the service module reached very high levels; a problem with the spacecraft's waste collection system, possibly a spill, made conditions \"unpleasant\" in the capsule; and, as on Vostoks 1 and 2, the reentry module"}, {"title": "", "text": "while modest, were nonetheless essential to the development of the launch vehicles and spacecraft that would take astronauts to the Moon by the end of the decade. Those efforts are described in various anecdotes, many humorous. Norman Chaffee, a chemical engineer, talked his way into a job in Houston in \u201cEnergy Systems,\u201d even though he wasn\u2019t sure exactly what that job entailed. (It turned out to involve propulsion and power systems on spacecraft.) Not long after he started, Chaffee was told to attend a meeting that would cover, among other issues, the reaction control system for Gemini. One of those other issues were the pressure suits for Gemini, where astronaut John Young criticized a proposal to eliminate a zipper in the suit\u2019s crotch that was part of a waste management system and instead have astronauts wear diapers. There are serious tales to go along with the funny ones, too, and somber ones, too, particularly surrounding the Apollo 1 accident. Overall, they give a sense of the work it took for Apollo to be a success: people working long hours on various systems, from propulsion to communications to even the facility needed to receive the lunar samples the Apollo astronauts would return (and, on the initial mission, quarantine the astronauts.) There\u2019s not much in Eight Years to the Moon that changes the overall narrative of the Apollo program (Atkinson does note a little-known issue during reentry of Apollo 11, and apparently also Apollos 8 and 10, where the service module passed close to the command module during"}, {"title": "", "text": "Spaceflight (6761 views - Astronomie & espace) Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous. Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites. A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft\u2014both when unpropelled and when under propulsion\u2014is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact. PARTcloud - spacecraft It has been suggested that Spacefaring be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2018. For other uses, see Spaceflight (disambiguation). Timeline of spaceflight Space probes Lunar missions Spy satellites Space colonization Robotic spacecraft Space probe Cargo spacecraft Human spaceflight Space capsule Spaceplane Expendable and reusable launch vehicles Non-rocket spacelaunch Sub-orbital Interplanetary spaceflight Interstellar travel"}, {"title": "", "text": "3 minute 20 second burn pushed the 5.987 tonne Boeing 702 series satellite into a 433 x 44,392 km x 27 deg transfer orbit. Spacecraft separation occurred about 36 minutes 50 seconds after liftoff. DCSS was slated to perform a deorbit burn at about T+1 hour 12 minutes, leading to destructive reentry at about T+12 hours 10 min. WGS-10 will provide more than 11 Gbps data transfer rates for the U.S. military using X-band and Ka-band transponders and on-board data processors. It was the second Delta 4 launch of 2019. This was the last WGS launch planned for Delta 4, and the penultimate Delta 4 Medium launch. Russia's Soyuz FG orbited the Soyuz MS-12 spacecraft from Baikonur, Kazakhstan with three International Space Station crew on March 14, 2019. It was the second crewed Soyuz flight since the MS-10 failure and crew-saving abort during October, 2018. The MS-10 crew, Aleksey Ovchinin and Nick Hague, rode MS-12 successfully to orbit this time, along with NASA's Christina Koch. They will serve as ISS Expedition 59-60 crew. Liftoff from Baikonur Cosmodrome Area 1 Pad 5 took place at 19:14 UTC. Soyuz MS-12 was slated to perform a four-orbit, six-hour ascent to ISS. It was the year's first crewed launch, and third R-7 flight. China's CZ-3B/E orbited Zhongxing 6C (ChinaSat 6C), a communications satellite, from Xichang satellite launch center on March 9, 2019. The \"Enhanced\" CZ-3B, currently China's heaviest GTO lifter in active service, launched from LC 3 at 16:28 UTC. The rocket's liquid hydrogen-fueled upper stage inserted the DFH-4 series"}, {"title": "", "text": "concern raised during the Ames conference was that ballistic reentry would be associated with high G-forces. In response, Faget invented a form-fitting \u201csurvival couch\u201d to help pilots withstand the crushing deceleration. When volunteers rode the contour couch in a Navy centrifuge, they endured more than 20 Gs. Faget knew the problem had been solved. Ultimately, one characteristic of the ballistic vehicle clinched its selection: It was lightweight enough to be launched by the Atlas missile, whose payload capacity was 2,000 pounds. (The orbital version of the X-15 would have required a launcher more powerful than anything in existence.) By the end of 1958, NACA had become NASA, and Faget\u2019s capsule had been chosen for the agency\u2019s new effort, now christened Project Mercury. The Mercury spacecraft went on to put the first Americans in orbit\u2014but not before Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, riding in a craft called Vostok, got there first. Taking advantage of the greater payload capacity of their R7 booster, the Soviets gave Vostok a spherical shape, like Harvey Allen\u2019s cannonball, so there was even less worry about controlling its orientation during reentry. But Faget\u2019s gently curved heat shield showed up in the next-generation Soviet spacecraft, called Soyuz\u2014just as it did in Gemini and Apollo. Even the space shuttle, the first winged spacecraft, reentered in the nose-high attitude of the X-15, using a modified blunt-body approach along with advanced insulating tiles to save its skin from the heat of reentry. And today, as the shuttle era draws to a close, NASA\u2019s newest manned vehicle, Orion, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "His team was responsible for completion of the complex pad close-out procedures just prior to spacecraft launch, and he was the last person the astronauts would see prior to closing the hatch. The astronauts appreciated his taking absolute authority over, and responsibility for, the condition of the spacecraft and developed a good-humored rapport with him.[8] A cutaway illustration of the Gemini spacecraft NASA selected McDonnell Aircraft, which had been the prime contractor for the Project Mercury capsule, in 1961 to build the Gemini capsule, the first of which was delivered in 1963. The spacecraft was 18 feet 5 inches (5.61 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with a launch weight varying from 7,100 to 8,350 pounds (3,220 to 3,790 kg).[9] The Gemini crew capsule (referred to as the Reentry Module) was essentially an enlarged version of the Mercury capsule. Unlike Mercury, the retrorockets, electrical power, propulsion systems, oxygen, and water were located in a detachable Adapter Module behind the Reentry Module. A major design improvement in Gemini was to locate all internal spacecraft systems in modular components, which could be independently tested and replaced when necessary, without removing or disturbing other already tested components. Reentry module Many components in the capsule itself were reachable through their own small access doors. Unlike Mercury, Gemini used completely solid-state electronics, and its modular design made it very easy to repair.[10] Gemini's emergency launch escape system did not use an escape tower powered by a solid-fuel rocket, but instead used aircraft-style ejection seats. The tower was heavy and"}, {"title": "", "text": "rocket launches the first prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft announced as Kosmos-146. April 6: NASA launches its second Applications Technology Satellites, ATS-2, but the second stage failure of the launch vehicle leaves the spacecraft slowly tumbling in the wrong orbit, though some useful data was returned. April 24: Vladimir Komarov dies on landing during a test flight of the Soyuz-1 spacecraft. June 12: Venera-4, the first probe to enter the atmosphere of Venus, blasts off from Baikonur. July 2: Vela satellites make first detection of a gamma-ray burst from deep space. Oct. 10: The Outer Space Treaty is signed to represent the basic legal framework of international space law. Oct. 12: USSR launches the VKZ probe 4,400 kilometers up to study ionosphere. Oct. 30: The 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186) and the 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188) spacecraft conduct the world's first automated docking in space. Nov. 9: The first Saturn-5 rocket blasts off, carrying the unmanned Apollo-4 spacecraft. Zond-5 Soyuz-2, -3 Earthrise over the Moon Feb. 20: The USSR launches its first Sfera geodesic satellite. March 2: Proton launches a prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft announced as Zond-4. March 27: Yuri Gagarin dies in a plane crash. April 4: The second Saturn-5 rocket launches an unmanned Apollo-6 spacecraft. April 9: The first sounding rocket (Veronique) is launched from Kourou, French Guiana, on a suborbital trajectory. April 15: A pair of unmanned Soyuz spacecraft completes a successful automated docking. April 23: The Proton rocket fails to deliver a prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft. May 6:"}, {"title": "", "text": "CANADIAN EVENTS IN SPACE **1. September 29, 1962** : Canada launches the Alouette I satellite to study the ionosphere. Although Alouette had to be sent into space from California, it was still the first satellite built entirely by a country other than the United States or the U.S.S.R. **2. July 20, 1969** : U.S. spacecraft Apollo 11 lands on the moon with Canadian-built landing gear. **3. November 9, 1972** : Launch of Anik A-1, the first of a series of Canadian satellites. Canada becomes the first country with a domestic communications satellite system in geostationary orbit (moving so as to remain above the same point on the Earth's surface). **4. November 13, 1981** : Launch of Canadarm aboard Space Shuttle _Columbia_. This remote manipulator system was mounted on the shuttle and successfully moved payloads in and out of the shuttle bay. **5. October 5, 1984** : Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space aboard Space Shuttle _Challenger_. **6. September 29, 1988** : Canada signs an intergovernmental agreement/memorandum of understanding to participate in the international space station project. **7. March 1, 1989** : Creation of the Canadian Space Agency to promote the peaceful use and development of space and ensure space science and technology provide social and economic benefits to Canada. **8. September 12, 1991** : Canada's Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) is launched aboard NASA's Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) to provide new measurements of the physical and chemical processes taking place at altitudes 10 to 300 kilometres above the Earth's surface. **9. January 22, 1992**"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Soviet space program, NASA and ESA. India became the first country to successfully get a spacecraft into Mars orbit on its maiden attempt. The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter arrived at Mars in 2016 and deployed the Schiaparelli EDM lander, a test lander that had partial success. Crash-landed on surface, but transmitted data during descent. The following entails a brief overview of Mars exploration, oriented towards orbiters and flybys; see also Mars landing and Mars rover. Mars 1M spacecraft. Between 1960 and 1969, the Soviet Union launched nine probes intended to reach Mars. They all failed: three at launch; three failed to reach near-Earth orbit; one during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory; and two during the interplanetary orbit. The Mars 1M programs (sometimes dubbed Marsnik in Western media) was the first Soviet unmanned spacecraft interplanetary exploration program, which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960, Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B (also known as Korabl 4 and Korabl 5 respectively). After launch, the third stage pumps on both launchers were unable to develop enough pressure to commence ignition, so Earth parking orbit was not achieved. The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry. Mars 1962A was a Mars fly-by mission, launched on October 24, 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission, launched in late December of the same year (1962). Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn"}, {"title": "", "text": "For satellites large enough to generate reentry debris that can reach the surface of the Earth, there are four choices: Manitowoc, WI, the Spacecraft Cemetery, a Graveyard Orbit, or the Space Garbage Truck. Let\u2019s look at these alternatives. Korabi-Sputnik 1 (aka Sputnik 4) was launched by the Soviet Union on 15 May 1960 and was reported to be a test of an orbital spacecraft with a recoverable, pressurized capsule capable of carrying a cosmonaut. At the time of its launch, Sputnik 4 was the largest satellite placed in orbit, with a weight of at least 5 tons. Sputnik 4 appears to have been a prototype of the Soviet Vostok spacecraft that carried the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit on 12 April 1961. Due to a failure in the control or reentry system, the Sputnik 4 capsule did not return to Earth as planned, but instead, remained in orbit until 5 September 1962. On that day, Sputnik 4 reentered the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and broke up, with fragments landing in Lake Michigan and in downtown Manitowoc, WI. The following diagram from the 3 December 1962 issue of Aviation Week magazine shows the paths for Sputnik 4 fragments that landed on the main street of Manitowoc, Wisconsin. On a recent trip, I visited the site in Manitowoc where a large, hot fragment landed and embedded itself into the asphalt pavement of a main street. That site is commemorated by a brass ring in the street and a granite plaque on the sidewalk. The Sputnik 4 debris was analyzed"}, {"title": "", "text": "burning for 5.5 seconds in sequence, with a slight overlap. These were mounted in the retrograde section of the adapter module, located just behind the capsule's heat shield.[3][4] Apollo program[edit] For lunar flights, the Apollo command and service module did not require retrorockets to return the command module to Earth, as the flight path took the module through the atmosphere, using atmospheric drag to reduce velocity. The test flights in Earth orbit required retrograde propulsion, which was provided by the large Service Propulsion Engine on the service module. The same engine was used as a retrorocket to slow the spacecraft for lunar orbit insertion. The Apollo Lunar Module used its descent stage engine to drop from orbit and land on the Moon. Retrorockets were used to back the S-IC and S-II stages off from the rest of the vehicle after their respective shutdowns during the Saturn V's launch to Earth parking orbit. Space Shuttle program[edit] The Space Shuttle Orbital maneuvering system provided the vehicle with a pair of powerful liquid-fueled rockets for both reentry and orbital maneuvering. One was sufficient for a successful reentry, and if both systems were to fail, the reaction control system could slow the vehicle enough for reentry. Landers[edit] Retrorockets are also used in landing spacecraft on other astronomical bodies, such as the Moon and Mars, as well as enabling a spacecraft to enter an orbit around such a body, when otherwise it would scoot past and off into space again. As pointed out above (in connection with Project Apollo) the main"}, {"title": "", "text": "portholes give him a view of space. At the end of his 108-minute ride, during which all flight controls are operated by ground crews, he parachutes to safety in Kazakhstan. 1962 John Glenn is the first American to circle Earth John Glenn becomes the first American to circle Earth, making three orbits in his Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft. Glenn flies parts of the last two orbits manually because of an autopilot failure and during reentry leaves the normally jettisoned retro-rocket pack attached to his capsule because of a loose heat shield. Nonetheless, the flight is enormously successful. The public, more than celebrating the technological success, embraces Glenn as the personification of heroism and dignity. 1963 Syncom communications satellites launched On February 14 NASA launches the first of a series of Syncom communications satellites into near-geosynchronous orbit, following procedures developed by Harold Rosen of Hughes Aircraft. In July, Syncom 2 is placed over the Atlantic Ocean and Brazil at 55 degrees longitude to demonstrate the feasibility of geosynchronous satellite communications. It successfully transmits voice, teletype, facsimile, and data between a ground station in Lakehurst, New Jersey, and the USNS Kingsport while the ship is off the coast of Africa. It also relays television transmissions from Lakehurst to a ground station in Andover, Maine. Forerunners of the Intelsat series of satellites, the Syncom satellites are cylinders covered with silicon solar cells that provide 29 watts of direct power when the craft is in sunlight (99 percent of the time). Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries provide power when the spacecraft is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shenzhou-1 through Shenzhou-5 was Qi Faren (\u621a\u53d1\u8f6b, 26 April 1933), and from Shenzhou-6 on, the general design was turned over to Zhang Bainan (\u5f20\u67cf\u6960, 23 June 1962).[citation needed] The first uncrewed flight of the spacecraft was launched on 19 November 1999, after which Project 921/1 was renamed Shenzhou, a name reportedly chosen by Jiang Zemin.[citation needed] A series of three additional uncrewed flights were carried out. The first crewed launch took place on 15 October 2003 with the Shenzhou 5 mission. The spacecraft has since become the mainstay of the Chinese crewed space program, being used for both crewed and uncrewed missions. DesignEdit Shenzhou consists of three modules: a forward orbital module (\u8f68\u9053\u8231), a reentry module (\u8fd4\u56de\u8231) in the middle, and an aft service module (\u63a8\u8fdb\u8231). This division is based on the principle of minimizing the amount of material to be returned to Earth. Anything placed in the orbital or service modules does not require heat shielding, increasing the space available in the spacecraft without increasing weight as much as it would if those modules were also able to withstand reentry. Complete spacecraft data Total mass: 7840 kg Length: 9.25 m Diameter: 2.80 m Span: 17.00 m Orbital moduleEdit Shenzhou's Orbital Module prior to S8 The orbital module (\u8f68\u9053\u8231) contains space for experiments, crew-serviced or crew-operated equipment, and in-orbit habitation. Without docking systems, Shenzhou 1\u20136 carried different kinds of payload on the top of their orbital modules for scientific experiments. Up until Shenzhou 8, the orbital module of the Shenzhou was equipped with its own propulsion,"}, {"title": "", "text": "communication, spy and weather satellites, and making a soft-landing on the Moon. A radio communication center needed to be built in the Crimea, near Simferopol and near Evpatoria to control the spacecraft. Many of these projects were not realized in his lifetime, and none of the planetary probes performed a completely successful mission until after his death. Human spaceflightEdit Although he was having ideas since 1948, Korolev's planning for the piloted mission began in 1958 with design studies for the future Vostok spacecraft. It was to hold a single passenger in a space suit, and be fully automated. The space suit, unlike the United States' pure oxygen system, was 80 percent nitrogen and only 20 percent oxygen.[22] The capsule had an escape mechanism for problems prior to launch, and a soft-landing and ejection system during the recovery. The spacecraft was spherical, just like the Sputnik design, and Korolev explained his reasoning for this by saying \"the spherical shape would be more stable dynamically\".[22] Beginning with work on the Vostok, Konstantin Feoktistov was recruited directly by Korolev to be the principal designer for manned spaceflight vehicles.[22] On 15 May 1960 an unmanned prototype performed 64 orbits of the Earth, but the reentry maneuver failed. On 28 July 1960, two dogs by the names of Chaika and Lishichka were launched into space, but the mission was unsuccessful when an explosion killed the dogs. However, on 19 August, the Soviet Union became the first to successfully recover living creatures back to Earth. The dogs, Belka and Strelka were successfully"}, {"title": "", "text": "wasn\u2019t airbourne). By 1977, a lot of the aircraft had reached their estimated airframe fatigue life and many were scrapped. A few remained in service for the Soviet Air Force until 1991. Space Shuttle Columbia Fastest Manually Controlled Flight Ever The Space Shuttle completely revolutionised space travel forever in its 30 year life. STS-1 was launched on April 12 1981 and heralded the first era of reusable spacecraft. The Shuttle was unique (and makes it on to this list) owing to the fact that after reentry, it was flown like a standard plane and landed as such, rather than the usual capsule parachuting into the sea seen on previous manned space missions. The Shuttle orbiter used in the first launch, Columbia, was also involved in our next record \u2013 the fastest manually controlled atmospheric flight ever. During re-entry of the second ever Shuttle mission, astronaut Joe Engle manually piloted the craft at 17,500mph, or over 4 miles per second. He is the only astronaut ever to pilot the entire re-entry procedure manually. Tragically, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated on re-entry in its 28th mission claiming the lives of all seven crew members on-board. The investigation concluded that a piece of foam from the external fuel tank came off during the launch two weeks prior and created a hole in the wing of the spacecraft. During the intense 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit heat of re-entry, this had proven fatal. Love aviation? Why not take a look at some of our roles in aerospace? If you enjoy our"}, {"title": "", "text": "Source: NASA/Jerome Bascom-Pipp Apollo 11's FRT began on June 6 with a simulation of propellant loading. The range safety officer sent a launch holdfire command prior to the start of the terminal countdown sequence, as a test of range safety communications. The countdown resumed, with simulated umbilical ejection, holddown arm release, retraction of the tail service masts and swing arms, and liftoff at 2:17 p.m. on June 6. Electrical power to the vehicle came from ground support equipment rather than the batteries and fuel cells aboard the vehicle. An abbreviated simulated mission followed the liftoff, covering CSM propulsion tests and major operations through command module splashdown. Next, the team performed a backup guidance simulated mission. In this scenario, the guidance systems on the launch vehicle and CSM switched over to backup systems. This was to identify any potential sources of interference between the launch vehicle and spacecraft systems. The launch vehicle portion of a simulated flight included tests of the propellant dispersion (vehicle destruct) command systems. After the flight readiness test, rescue teams conducted emergency egress walkthroughs with the prime and backup astronaut crews. These tests familiarized the astronauts with the escape systems at the launch pad (Fig. 7.14). 7.14 The crew of Apollo 10 inspects the gondola for the slide wire system during emergency egress training. Source: NASA/Jerome Bascom-Pipp ## Post-FRT work Data from the FRT was analyzed over the weekend. The spacecraft radar system was checked. The fuel jackets and LOX domes in the S-IC's main engines were flushed and purged with nitrogen. Thrust"}, {"title": "", "text": "November 18, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Staff prepare to check the reentry module of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft after its safe landing. Chinese astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong returned to Earth safely on November 18, completing the overwhelmingly successful Tiangong-2 and Shenzhou-11 manned space mission, which lasted over a month, making it the country\u2019s longest-ever manned space mission. At 1:11 p.m. Beijing Time that afternoon, Shenzhou-11\u2019s reentry module separated from the spacecraft\u2019s orbiting capsule before separating from the propelling capsule, ending the 33-day mission with a return to the planet. The reentry module landed safely at the expected site in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 1:59 p.m. This mission is a key step forward for China\u2019s plan to build a permanent manned space station. The core module of China\u2019s space station is expected to be launched around 2018, and the space station will enter full service around 2022, with capacity to continually operate for more than 10 years straight."}, {"title": "", "text": "Exploration of Mars The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry. Mars 1962A was a Mars fly-by mission, launched on October 24, 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission, launched in late December of the same year (1962). Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory. Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1), an automatic interplanetary spacecraft launched to Mars on November 1, 1962, was the first probe of the Soviet Mars probe program to achieve"}, {"title": "", "text": "could send two cosmonauts on a circumlunar flight (Box 3). This proved impractical with the Soyuz capsule, and in 1965 Korolev backtracked to a more modest goal, emphasizing Earth orbital missions of a type and complexity not yet demonstrated by the Americans. By the fall of 1966 Soyuz was ready for test flights, although Korolev, who had died that January, was not there to see it. The spacecraft that emerged consisted of three modules that weighed about 7.25 tons. The first module contained instruments and service components, as well as electrical and propulsion systems. A habitation module provided accommodation for the crew during its mission, and a small aerodynamic reentry module returned the crew to Earth. Soyuz made its first flight with a cosmonaut on April 23, 1967; Vladimir Komarov\u2019s Soyuz 1 was intended to rendezvous with a three-cosmonaut Soyuz 2, but the mission ran into all manner of problems\u2014not only did Soyuz 1\u2019s solar panels fail to extend, causing intermittent electrical outages, but attitude and stability systems also proved disastrously inadequate\u2014and Komarov had to return to Earth. During reentry Soyuz 1\u2019s primary and reserve parachutes also failed, causing a crash that killed Komarov on impact, the first Soviet fatality directly related to space exploration and the first inflight death during spaceflight. As his capsule plunged through the Box 3: Voskhod Specifications Spacecraft type Vostok-3KV Vostok-3KD Crew capacity 2 Regime Low Earth Number Built 5+ Launched 5 Retired 5 First launch 1964 Last launch 1965 Crew size 3 (without space suits) Service Life 14 days Overall"}, {"title": "", "text": "a fanatical mass movement that was able to gain a majority in the German parliament\u2013the Reichstag\u2013by legal means in 1932. In the same year, President Paul von Hindenburg defeated a presidential bid by Hitler, but in January 1933 he appointed Hitler chancellor, hoping that the powerful Nazi leader could be brought to heel as a member of the president\u2019s cabinet. However, Hindenburg underestimated Hitler\u2019s political audacity, and one of the new chancellor\u2019s first acts was to use the burning of the Reichstag building as a pretext for calling general elections. The police, under Nazi Hermann Goering, suppressed much of the party\u2019s opposition before the election, and the Nazis won a bare majority. Shortly after, Hitler took on absolute power through the Enabling Acts. In 1934, Hindenburg died, and the last remnants of Germany\u2019s democratic government were dismantled, leaving Hitler the sole master of a nation intent on war and genocide. Soviet cosmonauts perish in reentry disaster Previously posted at: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-cosmonauts-perish-in-reentry-disaster The three Soviet cosmonauts who served as the first crew of the world\u2019s first space station die when their spacecraft depressurizes during reentry. On June 6, the cosmonauts Georgi Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev were launched into space aboard Soyuz 11 on a mission to dock and enter Salyut 1, the Soviet space station that had been placed in orbit in April. The spacecraft successfully docked with the station, and the cosmonauts spent 23 days orbiting the earth. On June 30, they left Salyut 1 and began reentry procedures. When they fired the explosive bolts"}, {"title": "", "text": "How to Land A Space Shuttle [Image Courtesy of NASA] The space shuttle, officially named the Space Transportation System (STS) is perhaps the most magnificent engineering marvel that humanity has ever created. The program was launched shortly after President Nixon announced NASA's plan to develop a reusable space shuttle or space transportation system (STS). The plan prompted a massive overhaul of the Apollo program to develop a technology capable of resisting the intense heat and stress aircraft experience as they reenter Earth's atmosphere while preserving the craft to be used multiple times. The space shuttle is the leading forefront in technology and a marvel of human engineering. It was used to expand fundamental laws and restrictions currently hindering humanity from deep space exploration. Its rise of knowledge would become one of the most significant achievements mankind has ever accomplished. However, building the space shuttle challenged engineers across the world. On paper, it seemed inconceivable to create a spacecraft resilient enough to withstand reentry and be in a working condition after. Although, unphased by the challenge, engineers at NASA soon developed the Columbia, the first space shuttle which was to carry 11 astronauts and 27,000 kilograms into space atop a 56-meter tall rocket. While each orbiter was engineered to be used for 100 flights, the Columbia rocket infamously exploded on Feb. 1, 2003, when it broke up during reentry, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Difficulties in Reentry The most difficult and dangerous parts of space flight is reentry. Spacecraft engineers are challenged to develop a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Soyuz (spacecraft) For the launch vehicle of the same name, see Soyuz (rocket family). Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version) RKK Energia Soviet Union, Russian Federation Soviet space program (1967\u201391) Roscosmos (1991 onwards) Carry cosmonauts to orbit and back; originally intended for Soviet Moonshot and Salyut space station transportation. Up to six months docked to station Low Earth orbit (circumlunar spaceflight during early program) Maiden launch (Uncrewed) November 28, 1966 (Crewed) Soyuz 1 April 23, 1967 Related spacecraft Shenzhou, Progress Soyuz (Russian: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0301\u0437, IPA: [s\u0250\u02c8jus], lit. 'Union') is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today, having made more than 140 flights. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date.[1][2] The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Soyuz has served as the only means for Americans to make crewed space flights in the world since the retirement of the US Space Shuttle in 2011[3] and is heavily used in the International Space Station program. 2.1 Launch escape system 2.2 Orbital module 2.3 Descent module 2.4 Service module 2.5 Reentry procedure 2.6 Spacecraft systems 3.2 Soyuz 7K (part of the 7K-9K-11K circumlunar"}, {"title": "", "text": "Soyuz (spacecraft) For the launch vehicle of the same name, see Soyuz (rocket family). Soyuz (Russian: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0301\u0437, IPA: [s\u0250\u02c8jus], lit. 'Union') is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today, having made more than 140 flights. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date.[1][2] The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Soyuz has served as the only means for Americans to make crewed space flights in the world since the retirement of the US Space Shuttle in 2011[3] and is heavily used in the International Space Station program. Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version) RKK Energia Soviet Union, Russian Federation Soviet space program (1967\u201391) Roscosmos (1991 onwards) Carry cosmonauts to orbit and back; originally intended for Soviet Moonshot and Salyut space station transportation. Design life Up to six months docked to station Low Earth orbit (circumlunar spaceflight during early program) Maiden launch (Uncrewed) November 28, 1966 (Crewed) Soyuz 1 April 23, 1967 Related spacecraft Shenzhou, Progress 2.1 Launch escape system 2.2 Orbital module 2.3 Descent module 2.4 Service module 2.5 Reentry procedure 2.6 Spacecraft systems 3.2 Soyuz 7K (part of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "he spacecraft until it could be determined that the fuel cells could provide sufficient electrical power to continue the mission. Power was restored slowly over ten orbits. During the third day, the crew practiced orbital maneuvers for upcoming Agena rendezvous and docking missions. 16 of 17 planned experiments were carried out over the course of the mission. Reentery deceleration was 7.1 g. The actual landing point was 89 nautical miles short of predicted, at N. 29\u00b0 47\u2032, W. 69\u00b0 45\u2032. Total duration of the Gemini V mission was 190:55:17. The spacecraft and crew were recovered by the Essex-class aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain (CVS -39). Gemini Spacecraft. (NASA Gemini IV Mission Report, Figure 3\u20132 at Page 3\u201325) The two-man Gemini spacecraft was built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 19 feet (5.791 meters) and a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters) at the base of the adapter section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a diameter of 7.5 feet (2.347 meters). The weight of the Gemini varied from ship to ship. At launch. Gemini Spacecraft 5 weighed 7,947.17 pounds (3,604.78 kilograms). At touchdown, after the parachute was jettisoned, it weighed 4,244.75 pounds (1,925.39 kilograms). Titan II GLV, (NASA Gemini IV Mission Report, Figure 3-1, at Page 3\u201323) The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It"}, {"title": "", "text": "#3694; Z. Vavrova discovered asteroid #3732. USSR launched Cosmos 1686 from Baikonur, a modified version of the cancelled TKS manned ferry, which docked with the Salyut 7 space station. USSR launched Molniya 1-76 from Plesetsk for operation of the long range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR, and transmission of USSR Central Television programs to stations in the Orbita network. USSR launched the Progress M-5 unmanned resupply vessel from Baikonur to Mir, which included the first Progress recoverable capsule (VBK Raduga) for return of 150 kg of payload to Earth. USSR launched the Progress M-5 unmanned resupply vessel to the Mir space station on 27 September 1990, which included the first Progress recoverable capsule (VBK Raduga) for return of 150 kg of payload to Earth. Progress M-5 docked with Mir on 29 Sep 1990 12:26:50 GMT, and undocked on 28 Nov 1990 06:15:46 GMT. After its deorbit burn, the capsule separated for reentry with an expected landing in Kazakhstan at 28 Nov 1990 11:04:05 GMT. However, the recoverable capsule's beacon signal was never received after reentry. All experimental data and materials in the capsule were lost. Total free-flight time 2.28 days. Total docked time 59.74 days. NASA lost communications with the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft after nearly three months of operations on the Martian surface. A Delta booster launched from Vandenburg, California, carried 5 Iridium satellites (Iridium 19, 34, 35, 36, 37) into orbit, which were placed in the Plane 4 Ascending node at 262.5 degrees, +/- .1 degree. NASA's STS 86 (Atlantis 20,"}, {"title": "", "text": "come and go between the Gemini and the laboratory module mounted underneath. The project was killed before it ever carried astronauts. But a Soviet version of the same concept got much further and several reusable Almaz crew reentry vehicles were flown and then reflown unmanned. The RRVs went through nine flight tests, with two RRVs were launched to orbit several times, demonstrating their reusability. One MOL Gemini was also flown twice, once on a suborbital mission to demonstrate its reusability at least for test purposes. The Gemini flown twice with a hatch in its heat shield is on display in the U.S. Air Force Space Museum at Cape Canaveral, while a Soviet Almaz reentry vehicle is on display in Washington at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. It is these reentry vehicles minus their own service modules that that have been purchased by the U.S. venture. The service modules on the Russian spacecraft varied in mission design, but some were like the FGB module on the ISS. Chiao said the service modules for the new program will be much lighter and high tech than the old Soviet designs. The Russians will build them, to whatever design EA wishes. And like the originals, all have hatches in their heat shields to allow the crew to move between the service module and bell shaped reentry vehicle. The long neck on each RRV carries attitude control propellant and thrusters as well as the deorbit rockets and three large parachutes. All of the key components of the spacecraft's recovery"}, {"title": "", "text": "This was different from the undocking that took place before landing. In this case it would be an explosive jettison as much of the docking probe structure was now unneeded and will stay in the LM. There was some difficulty in getting the tunnel between the craft to depressurize. This suggested that there was an improperly sealed hatch, delaying the separation by one orbit. After checking the hatches the crew could not find a cause for the improper seal, but the tunnel now vented successfully. In his 2001 memoir, Flight Director Christopher Kraft wrote that some of these difficulties may have been the result of crew fatigue. Because of the longer lunar stay time, by this point Scott and Irwin had gone an arduous 22 hours without sleep, and both men had experienced some heart irregularities on the lunar surface after their EVAs. Kraft wrote that coordination between ground controllers and the crew broke down several times at this point in the mission, and he recalled this as one of the most stressful experiences during his career in mission control. A change in crew procedure had come after the deaths of three crewmembers of Soyuz 11 less than a month before the launch of Apollo 15. On Soyuz 11 the crew had been killed after a repressurization valve opened during the separation of the orbital and service modules from the reentry module of the Soyuz spacecraft. Mission planners for Apollo 15 decided that the crew should now wear their pressure suits during the separation of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "shuttle Columbia deserves to be better known and celebrated. On February 1, 2003, I was at home enjoying my retirement, when I received a phone call from my daughter Susan, who worked on the Space Shuttle Program at Johnson Space Center. She said, \"Dad, they've lost contact with Columbia.\" Her words felt like a heavy punch in my gut. Columbia was on reentry coming home from her STS-107 mission. Susan and I both knew that if they had lost contact during reentry, then the vehicle was lost. Only three days earlier, we had marked the seventeenth anniversary of the loss of Challenger. The Space Shuttle Program consumed a major portion of my life. I worked on the shuttle during its development, and I was fortunate enough to be selected to fly with John Young on Columbia during its maiden flight. That first flight was more successful than any of us involved with the program could have hoped for. This was the first time astronauts launched on a vehicle that had not first been tested in an unmanned flight. It was the first crewed vehicle to use solid rocket boosters, and it was the first spacecraft to return to a landing on a runway. John and I were very proud of Columbia's performance on that initial test flight. I flew three more times after my first mission, and I had been preparing to command the initial shuttle flight out of Vandenberg Air Force Base when the Challenger was lost. I became deeply involved with the accident investigation"}, {"title": "", "text": "the rest of reentry and recovery were uneventful. The destroyers USS Stormes and USS Compton and a P5M aircraft were waiting for the spacecraft at Station 8, the predicted landing point. Three hours and 13 minutes after launch and nine minutes before splashdown, the aircraft spotted the spacecraft at an altitude of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) descending on its main parachute. The information was relayed to Stormes and Compton, who were 30 miles (48 km) away. The spacecraft recovery aids were all functioning, except for the SARAH beacon. During the descent, the aircraft continued to circle and report landing events. It remained in the area until Stormes arrived, an hour and 15 minutes after the landing. Stormes hauled Enos and his spacecraft aboard. On the deck of Stormes, the MA-5 hatch was blown explosively. It was released from outside the capsule by pulling a lanyard. Blowing the hatch caused the spacecraft \"picture\" window to crack. Mercury spacecraft # 9, used in the Mercury-Atlas 5 mission, on display at the Museum of Life and Science, in Durham, North Carolina. The spacecraft and Enos were both found to have survived the mission in good condition, although the chimp had removed all of the medical electrodes and the urine collection device from his body. On November 4, 1962, Enos died of dysentery caused by shigellosis, which was resistant to antibiotics of the time. He had been under constant observation for two months before his death. Pathologists at Holloman reported that they found no symptom that could be attributed or"}, {"title": "", "text": "today and technology wordpress templates rotary hammer bosch \u201cNo Joy\u201d for Russian Progress Resupply Craft Author: Leonard David Progress M-27M \u2014 was launched April 28 from Area 31 of the Baikonur launch site. Credit: OAO RSC Energia Word is that Russian ground controllers have had \u201cno joy\u201d in attempting to establish control of the tumbling Russian Progress 59 supply ship. The logistics spacecraft \u2014 Progress M-27M \u2014 was launched April 28 from Area 31 of the Baikonur launch site at 10:09:50 Moscow Time. Progress M-27M being readied for launch. The spacecraft was to use a \u201cquick\u201d 4-orbit flight profile of 6 hours duration to rendezvous with the International Space Station (ISS). After launch, however, the Progress suffered a control problem, with this onboard video showing the spin-rate of the spacecraft. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMiNjHjpunU No word as yet on any solid prediction of a possible reentry of the Progress \u2013 if indeed the craft remains out-of-control. There are reports of dozens of pieces of spacecraft debris associated with the Progress now in orbit \u2013 a meaningful suggestion that adds to the view the spacecraft is surely headed for an early, destructive reentry \u2013 negating its intended mission. Onboard supplies According to OAO RSC Energia, onboard the supply craft are propellant components, compressed oxygen, additional equipment needed to maintain the station in good working order, equipment for science experiments, medical supplies, personal belongings and food for the crew. Altogether, more than 5,200 pounds (2,359 kg) of cargo is inside the Progress, including 3,075 pounds (1,395 kg) of dry cargo, 1,089"}, {"title": "", "text": "may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry. Capsules have been used in most of the manned space programs to date, including the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok and Mercury, as well as in later Soviet Voskhod, Soyuz, Zond/L1, L3, TKS, US Gemini, Apollo Command Module, Chinese Shenzhou and US, Russian and Indian manned spacecraft currently being developed. A capsule is the specified form for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. A manned space capsule must have everything necessary for everyday life, including air, water and food. The space capsule must also protect astronauts from the cold and radiation of space. A capsule must be well insulated and have a system that controls the inside temperature and environment. It also must have a way that the astronauts would not be knocked around during launch or reentry. Additionally, since the inside will be weightless, there must be a way for the astronauts to stay in their seats during the flight. For this each seat has a system of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Satellite Catalog Number 10979. Following launch, Progress 2 began two days of free flight. It subsequently docked with the aft port of the Salyut 6 space station at 12:58:59 UTC on 9 July. At the time of its docking, Soyuz 29 was docked to the forward port of the station. Soyuz 29 remained docked throughout the time Progress 2 was docked. Mission Progress 2 was the second of twelve Progress spacecraft used to supply the Salyut 6 space station between 1978 and 1981. It delivered cargo to the station, including Kristall a kiln used for experiments aboard the outpost. Progress 2 also transferred of propellant into Salyut 6's tanks. Whilst Progress 2 was docked, Salyut 6 was manned by the EO-2 crew, consisting of cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Aleksandr Ivanchenkov. On 29 July 1978, whilst docked to Salyut 6, Progress 2 was catalogued in a low Earth orbit with a perigee of and an apogee of , inclined at 51.66\u00b0 and with a period of 91.1 minutes. Progress 2 undocked from Salyut 6 at 04:57:44 UTC on 2 August. It remained in orbit until the early morning of 4 August 1978, when it was deorbited. The deorbit burn occurred at 01:31:07 UTC, with the spacecraft undergoing a destructive reentry at around 02:15 UTC. Less than four days after Progress 2 had been deorbited, Progress 3 was launched to replace it. See also 1978 in spaceflight List of Progress missions List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations References {{Progress (spacecraft)}} 1978 in the Soviet Union Progress"}, {"title": "", "text": "1963. The spacecraft was 18 feet 5 inches (5.61 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with a launch weight varying from 7,100 to 8,350 pounds (3,220 to 3,790 kg).[11] The Gemini crew capsule (referred to as the Reentry Module) was essentially an enlarged version of the Mercury capsule. Unlike Mercury, the retrorockets, electrical power, propulsion systems, oxygen, and water were located in a detachable Adapter Module behind the Reentry Module. A major design improvement in Gemini was to locate all internal spacecraft systems in modular components, which could be independently tested and replaced when necessary, without removing or disturbing other already tested components. Unablated Gemini heat shield Ablated Gemini heat shield Reentry module Many components in the capsule itself were reachable through their own small access doors. Unlike Mercury, Gemini used completely solid-state electronics, and its modular design made it easy to repair.[12] Gemini's emergency launch escape system did not use an escape tower powered by a solid-fuel rocket, but instead used aircraft-style ejection seats. The tower was heavy and complicated, and NASA engineers reasoned that they could do away with it as the Titan II's hypergolic propellants would burn immediately on contact. A Titan II booster explosion had a smaller blast effect and flame than on the cryogenically fueled Atlas and Saturn. Ejection seats were sufficient to separate the astronauts from a malfunctioning launch vehicle. At higher altitudes, where the ejection seats could not be used, the astronauts would return inside the spacecraft, which would separate from the launch vehicle.[13] The main proponent"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.14758309721946716, 0.046432435512542725, -0.13020434975624084, -0.0034302696585655212, 0.17703843116760254, -0.14812436699867249, -0.08011026680469513, 0.11073138564825058, 0.05147167295217514, -0.1613548845052719], "y": [0.005888286978006363, -0.027580570429563522, -0.09659572690725327, 0.049419838935136795, -0.04265905171632767, 0.04518856480717659, -0.058700717985630035, -0.02378222718834877, 0.16120508313179016, 0.02756977267563343], "mode": "markers", "name": "Centroids", "marker": {"size": 12, "symbol": "star", "color": "black"}, "text": ["Centroid 0", "Centroid 1", "Centroid 2", "Centroid 3", "Centroid 4", "Centroid 5", "Centroid 6", "Centroid 7", "Centroid 8", "Centroid 9"], "hoverinfo": "text"}], [{"x": [0.11592751741409302, 0.012903115712106228, 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"Document 959", "Document 963", "Document 964", "Document 1019", "Document 1020", "Document 1482"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "version of hell. It\u2019s wishing you could reach through the skin on your limbs and tear out enough flesh to change the way it feels to take those first steps every day. It\u2019s remembering the first, second and third time your friend said, \u201cI literally never think about food as the enemy,\u201d and realizing some people don\u2019t go through this every day. It\u2019s hearing you have the most beautiful eyes three times in three hours and wishing you could focus long enough on a compliment to stop hatred from seeping into your skin. It\u2019s loathing who you used to be and wishing you had her back in the same breath. It\u2019s those self-deprecating jokes. It\u2019s trying, over and over again, to explain that this has nothing to do with what you look like. It\u2019s blacking out from breakfast to bedtime because when you spend the whole day entrenched in perceived worthlessness, you remember nothing but that. It\u2019s trashing a perfectly good drink because it\u2019s against the \u201crules.\u201d It\u2019s telling your therapist you\u2019re good on Monday and that it\u2019s World War III on Wednesday. It\u2019s knowing how much you need your meds, but wanting to smash them into pieces for taking away your self-control. It\u2019s thinking back to when you couldn\u2019t go five minutes without an obsessive thought; and realizing you can\u2019t go five minutes today. It\u2019s being in the \u201cfun home\u201d of your actual nightmares \u2014 with no one but yourself. It\u2019s staring into mirrors that thwart every inch of your reflection. It\u2019s telling yourself it\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "me think about things in the past that I hated and don\u2019t want to see again. There are a lot of things to change and improve. It\u2019s going to be a bumpy road; I said that on the first day.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "of bed for good around 2:45 pm. I was out for about 19 of the previous 21 hours. This put rather a crimp in my plans to get back on track on Tuesday, and so today, Wednesday, is the first chance that I\u2019ve had to try and get back to the usual and customary. It\u2019s more likely that it\u2019ll be tomorrow or Friday before I can really stick to it, but I\u2019m making the effort today. I\u2019m going to miss my friend. She had a sharp wit and was a fierce protector of her son, as well as being a talented artisan. I didn\u2019t see her a lot for the last ten years of our friendship, and now I never will again. I went to see my therapist today. She asked how I\u2019ve been doing, and I was honest with her: the last few days have been filled with such deep seated self-hatred. I cannot shake the feeling that I\u2019m always doing something wrong or not doing enough for the people in my life or somehow screwing something up, and that quickly builds into completely polar thinking. I get distracted and things are just fine for a while, and then something happens and I remember I\u2019m supposed to be mad at myself, and the whole cycle starts over again. This is nothing new for me; in fact, it could be said that this is my modus operandi. Start with a faulty thought, let it cascade into a stream of faulty thoughts, hate myself for thinking that"}, {"title": "", "text": "everything, in a vain hope that I will find something that I can fix. I am left though with no other conclusion than the one I was running away from, that my health is now considerably worse than it was even just two months ago. The more I fight it, the more I am finding that I can\u2019t, not through lack of will, but through lack of ability, how do you fight what you can\u2019t quantify, pin down or even fully describe or explain. I don\u2019t believe there is an inch of my body that I can find that I can say I recognise as mine, both inside and out. I have gone so far from the body I was born with, that right now I haven\u2019t the slightest idea what it is I am supposed to do with it. It is all too easy to say, well do what it wants, go with it, what harm could it do, but if I did I don\u2019t know if I would ever be able to pull myself back. This isn\u2019t like a bad day that I can rest, take extra sleep or give into for a short while, if it was I wouldn\u2019t be where I am right now because it would have been fixed by all the days that I have done exactly that. I feel like I have to apologise, that I have to make excuses for the facts I can\u2019t change this, but that is just me, when all else fails, say sorry. My"}, {"title": "", "text": "The level of frustration I experienced on my day off, battling with my emotions, was unreal. I\u2019ve never paced so much in my life. But hey, I did quite a lot that day. For that, I feel better. I remember years ago when those days would hit me \u2013 my coping mechanisms were unhealthy. I used food and technology as a pacifier, which only made other problems worse. Now I have come to learn that acceptance, hard as it may be, is the only thing that will help me to change from the inside out. I am beginning to learn that I am my own best support, and it makes me feel both proud and alienated. That said, onto better things this week \u2013 a continued attempt to maintain solid routines, focus on self-care, and enjoyment of family around the holidays. Attached is a picture of me, in my nightly routine upon arrival home. I often take multiple pictures of myself to scrutinize different features, thanks to my body dysmorphia. Yes, this is a distressing disorder to have. Yes, the mirror is dirty. I am also out of toilet paper, what else is new? Time to write a list. Looking forward to seeing you soon. Big hug."}, {"title": "", "text": "are driving me up the walls. It'll pass eventually, I won't worry unless it gets much worse. I just have to do things and I'll feel better. A bit hard when you don't feel like doing things most of the time though. Oh well. After rereading my the beginning of this, I don't know what happened. I was full of hope, and motivated to make a change in my life. And now that I have, I can't find that desire to make a difference in my life again. I feel like overall, I have become a worse person at the core. But that just may be how I'm feeling right now. Back when I made that first post, it was me trying to rise from the ashes. I sort of have a phoenix-rising-from-the-ashes complex, where I always try to make things better after letting things get completely terrible first. Just let myself and everything in life go until I have just enough to hold onto to try to restart and pull myself back up. The thing is now, I have things I don't want to lose, so I can't do that. Not that it was healthy to begin with, but it makes life harder. I can't just give up when things get hard anymore, or when I feel at a dead end and want to back out and restart. This is what happens when I get lazy, or I let things build up. Usually, I have had nothing to hold on to, so I really have"}, {"title": "", "text": "were you thinking? your hair is awful. you\u2019re so lazy. you didn\u2019t have a shower yesterday and now look at you. gross. it\u2019s bad enough that you\u2019re ugly and scarred, but you can\u2019t even take care of yourself. you have no sense of style and no presentation. it\u2019s pathetic. you\u2019re pathetic. a failure. you\u2019ll never get out of this hole, never get better. your whole life you\u2019ve been like this. you\u2019re useless. a waste of skin. trust me when i tell you that it\u2019s unpleasant to deal with that voice ad infinitum, even less so when you haven\u2019t had coffee. knowing that, it seems that one inessential thing i could eliminate from my life is the harsh self-talk. i\u2019m trying. i debate with myself all day, correcting, reframing, and offering countering evidence. it\u2019s a tiring way to live. it\u2019s why i enjoyed my time on benzodiazepines; they shut down the noise and chaos in my brain, creating a nice, mellow chill. unfortunately, their usage for me was escalatory and habituating. one pill became two, then four, and before long i was popping them all day. wellness via dissociation. coming off them was problematic as well; the withdrawal was hard and prolonged, so i\u2019m not going there again but oh, on some days i wish i could. a quiet brain is so much easier. i\u2019m not particularly optimistic, mind you, but i\u2019ve decided that doesn\u2019t matter. i committed decades to living otherwise. i committed decades to starvation, purging, self-mutilation, and self-hatred and none of that made me"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cwhen I am feeling well enough\u201d, exercising the full spectrum of wellness rather than the finite \u201cbetter\u201d, and I think that\u2019s OK. More acceptable, anyway. \u201cWhen I am at my best\u201d is what I will allow myself to hear in my mind, whenever I feel the thought of \u201cwhen I\u2019m better\u201d pushing its way in. It simultaneously reduces present negative connotations and stimulates positive imagery for the future. I most certainly don\u2019t resent any time I\u2019ve wiled away because I know I\u2019m getting that back tenfold, due to the personal growth and extra zest for life this experience has afforded me, and what that will allow me to achieve. That\u2019s not even resentment masked with denial. I truly hold no resentment for the time that has passed. Whilst I need to continue listening carefully to my body and be mindful of the need for self care, I hereby declare that I will do my absolute best, between now until I reach the day I can say to myself \u201cI am at my best\u201d, and beyond. As I write this it\u2019s 11.40pm, on a weeknight, when I should be asleep. I\u2019ve had my fair share of nights like this; there was the month I slept with an ice cream container by my pillow earlier in the year, or even roll back to the beginning of last year when the medication kept me awake with a racing heart and the feeling of poison coursing through my veins \u2013 it\u2019s a wonder it took so long to realise how"}, {"title": "", "text": "but I don\u2019t like it sometimes. I feel like I could\u2019ve achieve more without your constant annoyance. 9125 days have been taken away from me. I can\u2019t get those back. Those days have been filled with some good, but some of the worst moments in my life. While everyone else is excelling in their fields, getting married, and making money; why am I still at the starting line? Oh, I know, because of you. I have zero motivation to do anything. Getting out of bed and out of the house are the most heroic things that I can do. Heading to work and dealing with the day-to-day can sometimes be a challenge. Especially when you\u2019re dealing with unruly people at times. I\u2019ve gained so much weight because of you. I once was slender and now I look like a whale. I binge eat because I\u2019m always hungry and need to destroy those feelings of being unwanted and hopelessness. I don\u2019t like staring back at the person that I\u2019m now in the mirror. I don\u2019t like staring at love handles on me. Most guys look at me and turn the different direction. I\u2019m no slender girl nor have a voluptuous body that some guys love so much. You\u2019ve caused so much physical pain that I have aches and pains in my body. I have sciatica in my lower back. I experience headaches sometimes. My stomach just loves it when you drive us nuts. I hope you enjoyed the pain that you\u2019ve caused me and other sufferers all"}, {"title": "", "text": "Try having faith that you can turn the corner and that you will be able to look at yourself in the mirror with self respect. I think we all know the dark times of staring into that abyss , unable to look in the mirror because of the disgust, BUT it does get better if we work towards for it ! Tryntryagain, I'm happy that you were able to leave the situation in Holland. It is time to work on yourself. I'm relieved to hear that you have taken the steps to begin taking care of yourself! Trust me, I know how hard it is. It does get better. I have experienced it and I thought I was that person that would never ever be able to stop the insanity. It gets better. Hello all, and thank you so much for your support. I saw the Dr again this morning. I am finding it hard to hear peoples words. I am finding myself \"not quite on the same wave length\" of others. Do you all think that if i go to sleep tonight, but if i lay on my left side, do you think it will make a difference? Perhaps when i wake in the morning, none of this will have happened and what i wish i wasn't i find out i'm not? It's a long shot, but i'll try anything right now. Bloody hell. If i was \"new\" at this, fair enough. But i'm not. I know what to do, somebody thump me? WHY AM"}, {"title": "", "text": "You don\u2019t know me yet but you will, I\u2019ll explain a bit about how. One day you\u2019re going to wake up feeling sad, and you are going to be sad all day, and the next day you will feel sadder still. Then out of nowhere you want to cry all the time and all these issues about your self appearence and personality will become an obsession. You will sit in your room all night and want to hide away. the world will be the scariest place around. You will have 2 paths to choose from at this point, they will be a) tell someone how bad you feel and that you don\u2019t know why b) keep it inside, you don\u2019t know why you feel sad so you won\u2019t be able to talk it over with anyone. You chose? You guessed it; path b, and you will follow this path, it\u2019s a bumpy one and your soul will be shredded along the way. Then I come in and befriend you. I take over your mind, I make you want to die, I make you hate yourself more than ever, and I control your life. I tell you not to eat and if you do eat I punish you by telling you what a fatty you are. You feel tired, but I don\u2019t let you sleep at night, I make you lay awake whilst I tell you what a worthless person you are, and make you realize this world isn\u2019t easy. I tell you how bad it is"}, {"title": "", "text": "thoughts were true and that I was entitled to the feelings that came with them. But at 5:00 a.m. yesterday morning, I knew that was a lie. I couldn't quite verbalize it, but I knew in the back of my mind, in the thoughts that were still good and whole, that what was happening wasn't something I just had to lie back and take. Because I'm sick of it. I'm sick of the spirals of ick that I can recycle hour after painful hour, and I'm sick of how I feel when I finally stagger out of bed and try to face the day. I'm sick of what it makes me think and especially how it makes me act toward others. How it fills me up with doubt and distrust and how all those feelings linger like a bad taste anytime I try to enter back into conversation with the people who were featured in my 5:00 a.m. horror show. It is torture. Deep, dark spiritual tortur, and here's the thing\u2014we do not have to let it happen to us. We are not helpless. But that's hard to remember at 5:00 a.m. when the house feels murky and your head feels battered. So I did the one thing I knew I could do\u2014I got out of bed. I simply stood up and walked out of the room and off the nauseating merry-go-round of angry thoughts that were battering me in the dark. I walked into the living room and sat down on the floor and felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "i\u2019ve noticed myself going in both directions \u2013 even with the long periods of sedation throughout my day there are those times when i am fully aware of everything and i don\u2019t seem to be hurting as bad. but the anxiety will erupt and once i take the atarax and my mind begins to get sleepy and there is no energy in there for it to be sad or anxious. but i\u2019ve found myself growing more distant from everything and everybody. i work and go home and then i get beneath the covers and just turn myself off. i\u2019ll lose myself in whatever requires me not to think. i\u2019ll try and fight through the hunger pains so i can stop looking so gross. i\u2019ll write and write and then erase and erase and frown and smoke and sometimes cry. i saved the message from the new therapist on my phone. sometimes i\u2019ll replay it and think about calling him to set up an appointment. i want to, but just can\u2019t. i don\u2019t know why. i really need to. i need to talk about all of this with somebody. somebody who can remind me that sometimes i am just being ridiculous and that sometimes it is perfectly okay for me to feel the way i feel. i\u2019ve been taking my medication like i should be. i haven\u2019t had a drink in eleven days. i\u2019m sure my skin looks better and my eyes. ~ by alltheavenueslookugly on 2013/07/25. i do think calling him would be a good idea"}, {"title": "", "text": "don\u2019t see it, it\u2019s not there. It\u2019s in my head. It\u2019s an excuse. Everyone has bad days. Life is hard. Stop whining and feeling sorry for yourself, buck up, pull yourself up by your bootstraps and deal with it. Be grateful for what you have. Count your blessings. Think positively. Be more optimistic. Change your attitude. Get up and do something. If you don\u2019t like your life, change it. Happiness is a choice. Put your head down and move forward. Nobody\u2019s perfect. Don\u2019t dwell on the negative. If I were physically ill, in a way that is visible and understood, you might offer to take over child care for the day. You would not question my need to stay in bed to get the rest I need. Perhaps you would make meals for my family. You would urge me to see a doctor, take medication, go to the hospital if necessary, undergo therapy. You would offer words of encouragement and hope. You would help me complete tasks too great for me. You would provide companionship and support. But although my agony is palpable and very real to me, it is not visible or widely understood. It is undetected, questioned, stigmatized, ignored, misunderstood, dismissed as a personal deficiency. And so I push on in silence. I fight my battle singlehandedly. I daydream of having some obvious illness or injury so that someone might notice and take care of me. That the camouflage that hides this villain beating the life out of me might fail for just a"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don't know if it's the weather (snow in MN on May 3rd, a few nice days, a few ridiculously hot days and then rainy and gross and cold) or something else. But the clouds are moving in. I can feel them covering me. I don't know when it started, or if it was forecasted. But I can tell you when I heard the sirens. The blaring sirens over head. My mom asked me to sing to my Oma today at her Nursing Rehab. To which I responded, \"I'm not good. No.\" She told me to have confidence (earlier I had told her I felt really fat). And I, for the first time in a long time, was honest and said something like, \"I can't. I can't think of anything I'm confident in. That I like.\" I can't think of one thing right now that I like about myself. I feel especially fat. Not good-looking. Not super smart. Disorganized. Self-centered. Like a Debbie Downer. Alone. Lonely. I could go on and on. But the one thing I can't do is thing of what I like about myself. Then I feel bad that I feel so bad. That I'm so sad. My mom says, \"then CHANGE it!\" Like it's a magical thing. A switch that I can flip. That I can magically like myself. In my head I know there are things that I can do. Things that I can change. But knowing, is so much harder than doing. So much of what I could do (going"}, {"title": "", "text": "depression may find it hard not to sleep all day. Even here I instinctively want to apologize for sharing :(. You may not even feel like you\u2019re worthy of being clean. Do you find yourself wondering, 'Why do I get annoyed so easily?' I avoid crowds. I'm just not quite there yet personally. For some, it\u2019s self-hatred. We do it because it feels good, and the reason we don\u2019t hate these behaviors is because we love them. SORRY I CAN\u2019T MESSAGE YOU ALL DAY EVERYDAY, TF IS YOUR ISSUE? Email or Phone: Password: Forgot account? But depression is like the devil on your shoulder, whispering until people hate themselves and are convinced that everyone else hates them too. If you bother someone, they wont make an effort to text you first or text you back. 17. \u201cBlasphemy!\u201d a few cried, as one man attempted to rip his Ralph Lauren polo. Having said that, there are several other possibilities, such as: Not Now. Life can have its ups and downs. Something my therapist told me that helps a lot is that every time you get that \u201cwhat if\u201d thought e.g \u201cwhat if he will think I\u2019m annoying\u201d, \u201cwhat if they won\u2019t respond\u201d , ask yourself - what PROOF do I have that this is true? I understand that the following feelings and activities may not make sense to everyone, but for people with depression, they\u2019re the hidden struggles. 6. Right. So, anytime you\u2019re going to talk with your partner about something you\u2019d like changed, start by reassuring"}, {"title": "", "text": "that dark desire inside myself just enough to stop the screaming, and then I can go back to the normal order of things. Feeding that dark desire is getting harder as old tricks don\u2019t work anymore. I have seen too much, experienced too much. That darkness wants more and it can\u2019t have it. It literally wants to surrender but no one is willing to step up and control it, to take it in hand and feed it regularly. No one wants the inevitable fight that will come with the wrestling over ultimate control. It takes strength and patience \u2013 so much of it that it can be tiring. That desire needs to be locked up again and then buried so far away it can never be found. It needs to almost disappear so that it never becomes an issue when pleasing others. It needs to stop being the obstacle that causes hurt and pain because it is not fair on everyone else. Today I want to tap out \u2013 instead I will complete my work, go to the second stage for part time work, clean my home and do my best to placate one I have hurt today. I will keep going hour for hour because there is no other option. And somehow I will drag myself into tonight and bury my head in the pillow as I wage war on the demons, so that I can face tomorrow again. Tagged depression, real world, relationships, self, tired. Previous: Previous post: What do you want? My heart"}, {"title": "", "text": "When you wake up and you realise that rather than the smile you had become so used to has gone, and has been replaced by a mouth that turns down at the edges. When it feels heavy and a smile feels like the hardest thing to do, it feels like so much energy and hard work to get those raised. When you wake up and realise that those eyes that have been so big with an extra sparkle recently are likely to be filled with tears, feel heavy and small...with a sparkle that has somehow disappeared. When you wake up and find that somehow your happiness is drained a little. You don't want to jump out of bed and get on with the day. You lay there, for as long as you can, wanting to close your eyes and for the day to just go quickly so that maybe you can wake up tomorrow being you again. I feel confused. I don't want to feel like this. I don't want to be that person. I want to be the one who has been so excited about life and about new things that have happened recently. New people, new opportunities. Instead today, I woke up with those feelings far from my mind. Instead feeling as though I am incapable of taking on those opportunities and not good enough for those new people. I want her back. I want me back."}, {"title": "", "text": "is normal or not, but even telling myself \u201cI want to\u201d hasn\u2019t been that successful in getting it done. On the few days I feel really good emotionally(These days happen about as often as most people have \u201cbad days,\u201d if that often) I do sometimes manage to get something done that I really want to do instead of have to do. On my good days I also feel good about anything I have accomplished that day and I can actually feel good about myself. It has been a life long struggle, and I expect it will always be that way. I feel your pain in the early morning thing, seeing as I too am a night person. And the after work thing is an even harder thing to accomplish, because by then all I want is food and sleep. Just keep trying, and don\u2019t beat up on yourself too much because in the end it just makes you feel bad and who needs that! It was nice to visit with you last night. Your post reflects a lot of the things that I\u2019ve been feeling too. Why does it have to be such a struggle? I\u2019ve come to realize that these down times are just a part of the process. The important thing is to keep fighting. You are right when you say the rest of your life is at stake \u2014 and sometimes I think the enormity of that mindset can be almost paralyzing. I guess the secret is to find a way to focus"}, {"title": "", "text": "Some days you\u2019re gonna hate yourself. You\u2019re going to wish that things came just a little bit easier. That maybe you can control your thoughts more or at least what you say outloud. Some days you can \u2013 you will be incredibly proud on those days. Other days you will fail and hurt those around you. On those days you hate yourself and wish you could punch your brain in the face. It happens. I apologize and that\u2019s all I can do at that point. Hoping that others can see that you\u2019re trying and improving and still be there."}, {"title": "", "text": "(my work clocks in at 9 A.M.) just so I could distract myself. That, or I would pretend everything was but a really bad dream, so I\u2019d try to sleep it off and wake up after 2 hours just 30 minutes before I start working only feeling worse. It\u2019s either I would try to see the light in this difficult situation or cry out of the blue every now and then. It was harder for me because I felt nobody really understood my pain, and even if some did, I had no one. I got panic attacks that scared me to death because I didn\u2019t know how to continue with life anymore. Everything was such a blur, I didn\u2019t care about how I looked, I lost my appetite, I felt everything was pointless, the things that used to make me happy didn\u2019t, and I just wanted to sleep for weeks on end since I didn\u2019t know how to handle my days. It was the time I craved for God\u2019s love and comfort the most. But now I\u2019m going through this phase where I\u2019m angry about almost everything, including God, and I get irritated easily. Frankly, I hate how I\u2019m being this person because I know I am not this. I don\u2019t want to hate God but I am doing exactly that, and the fact that I\u2019m starting to question everything and going back to finding fulfillment with material things is making me uncomfortable. I feel way better now than before but that\u2019s also because I\u2019m doing"}, {"title": "", "text": "reaffirmed and nourished the thing I feared most. I am not advocating that we enter into a state of denial. After all, one can hardly deny that muscles are wasting but what is to stop us acknowledging that \"The process that got me to here has already happened: this is a new day. My future has yet to arrive and all things are possible - even a cure\"? We are constantly presented with choices. You can be happy or sad - your choice. If I believed people or circumstance were able to dictate whether I would be happy or sad then I would have given in long before now. Each day I wake and decide, \"Today can be a good day or a bad day - my choice. I can feel sorry for myself or I can take charge and do what I can with what I've got - my choice.\" And so on and so on throughout the day. Another technique I use, if I fall into a mental black hole, is to assess the previous ten minutes of my life and resolve to do better in the next ten minutes. Almost everyone can handle life ten minutes at a time. Assessing and correcting mood, attitude and outlook can fine-tune your mind and your approach to the whole day - and life in general. After two or three repetitions I can usually turn my day around, or at very least improve my mood. The molecules in my body strive to remain healthy; my immune system"}, {"title": "", "text": "about myself, as you might have noticed from how much I update this blog (which I think at this point, isn\u2019t \u201cblog\u201d just Internet speak for \u201cold person text wall\u201d anyway?) [And, hell, it took me like four months and a middle-age milestone just to finish this solid wall of words, so, really, who knows what this blog is for.] {And now it\u2019s a month after I wrote that!} At any rate, I\u2019ve yet to schedule my TED Talk about how my depression taught me to live the journey of my tomorrow\u2019s yesterday\u2019s truth, or whatever. It\u2019s a thing I have. I get sad. I wake up wearing the metaphorical \u201cI\u2019M THE GUY WHO SUCKS\u201d t-shirt. I take meds for it, which helps all right, but not always. Sometimes I get mad at my kids for their fake mixed martial arts fights in the living room. Or I get mad when one sibling tells the other they hate the other and I\u2019m like, in my head, \u201cYou assholes you love each other and I love you both!\u201d And then, right after a stressor like that, my body just kind of calls it a day. Boom: I\u2019m tired, exhausted. And I hate myself. And I assume everyone else does too. You don\u2019t do you? Do you? Oh, you didn\u2019t before, but now that I\u2019m asking you incessantly, kinda?* (*But do you?) And, at those moments, I know I could be doing a better job of managing. But I have this aversion to going to therapy\u2013talking about my"}, {"title": "", "text": "at a time. I applaud you! That seems to be what helps me as well, telling myself \u201cYou\u2019re healthy, you\u2019re happy, act like it!\u201d. I\u2019m only 18 and have been suffering from anxiety and depression for about 4 years. I\u2019ve only been formally diagnosed with depression, and my doctor is trying to see if I can\u2019t get in the mind set and stay in the \u201cpositive\u201d mindset. That\u2019s my biggest problem. One day I have a ton of energy and the next day I have zero need or want to get through the day. I\u2019m going back and forth and keep negative thoughts out is very difficult, but I\u2019m trying! Congrats and I hope all is well and stays well! Well I applaud you for being able to recognize your anxiety at 18! I was still in such denial at that age. I couldn\u2019t admit that something was wrong or that I needed help. You are right that changing your thinking to a positive dialogue is SO important. It takes a lot of practice\u2026I know because I am still practicing! But, when I am really working on it I can definitely tell a difference. The days when you feel the most down are the worst, but it helps to remind yourself that it\u2019s in your head and to logically think \u201cwhat can I do to improve this situation?\u201d Good luck to you, it will get better! Just keep reminding yourself that!"}, {"title": "", "text": "with it all for too long. People ask \u201cHow are you? How was your day?\u201d Which is kind and caring, I know. The room starts moving. My head starts pounding and my stomach churns\u2026 They don\u2019t feel it. They thankfully don\u2019t seem to notice that the bed won\u2019t stop falling\u2026 Hold onto the side table, the wall - just to get up. Don\u2019t stumble... I have enough bruises already. Of course I know this movement is not real - but its effect on my body is as real as a SLAP in the face. I go for a drive when it all gets too much... The movement is somehow soothing for a bit - ironic I know. I get home to washing not done, to a floor not cleaned, because these easy chores have become impossibly difficult most days. I cancel my doctor\u2019s appointment... Again. Surely when you feel this bad that is what you do? Talking to a man who has had it for 8 years makes me feel pretty hopeless. I crawl back into my bed... exhausted from a shower that shouldn\u2019t be so hard. I AM JUST SO TIRED. Take more pills. Put on that happy mask - please let them believe I am OK today. Truth be told I would probably do anything to avoid you seeing how I really feel. The fridge is empty again, because shopping is like trying to navigate a fun house of mirrors with a trampoline floor, a sore head and churning stomach. But I get it"}, {"title": "", "text": "plans and cancel last minute. But it\u2019s the rut I\u2019m in. I want to have fun and socialise but the intense feeling of worry and impending disaster creep in at the last minute. It grips you and controls you, so I feel trapped. Left with no choice. I can\u2019t face the public \u2013 everyone hates me. I don\u2019t want my struggles to define me. But, I\u2019m at the stage where they\u2019re controlling me and coercing me. This is what it feels like to be at an absolute low. No hope. A black tunnel that has steep sloping sides. Will I ever get out? Maybe what\u2019s hampering recovery is the fact that I detest myself so much. The way I look, my personality. If I change, will people like me? Would I have more friends? If I lost weight would people start to pay me attention? Would they say hello in the corridor if I was taller, slimmer? I don\u2019t want to feel guilty for eating a piece of cake. But, that is so. The crying that follows isn\u2019t plesant. I\u2019ve had to pen my thoughts on paper to feel a release. I hope you understand that. I\u2019ve had to write how I feel in order to breathe again. I\u2019m not a bad person at all. I\u2019m just a girl who wants to feel happy and at peace with herself. So, let me think straight without making me doubt every single inch of my being. Let me see sunshine again. I\u2018m going to be free."}, {"title": "", "text": "sick all of a sudden and I went home instead of going out to dinner with them. I spent the night in that weird opium trance, not really sleeping but drifting in and out of dreams - which I used to like but it just annoyed me that night. Im actually glad this happened because I haven't been at all tempted since, and it all comes down to having a new life that is totally incompatible with my old ways. Thanks for the input. So what you mean is that I can't keep up with the habits I have now (when I don't feel well) after the flood and just expect that life will be immensely better. I have to change things to make the better mindset \"stick\". Got it. Thanks. edit: Like I mentioned before, with me the \"doing\" is not a problem, I've been trying pretty hard to make my life better in the past years, through meditation, yoga, exercise, diet, therapy, socializing etc etc, but nothing has really made a change in my mindset. There's a huge knot in my psyche that so far nothing has really touched. I feel like I need to be reborn, desperately. I hate who I am right now."}, {"title": "", "text": "symptoms are actually visible, so even though you feel like death, no one else can see it. Do you know how annoying that is? So not only do you feel lousy, but people can\u2019t even see it, so you feel like a damn attention seeker and like you\u2019re just lazy when you can\u2019t achieve the goals you\u2019ve set yourself. Still, there\u2019s always tomorrow, and you hope that you will wake up feeling better, and that maybe, you\u2019ll be able to accomplish something. So, that\u2019s what I\u2019m going to do. I\u2019m going to keep on making goals, and I\u2019m going to keep on trying, because it\u2019s only when I give up, that the illness truly wins."}, {"title": "", "text": "self-hatred, shame, guilt and self-harm that would have lasted two or three days. I would have cried, thrown a really attractive tantrum, then eventually resigned myself to relapse, all the while pretending that everything is fine. It\u2019s really, really hard. That cycle of self-hatred is exhausting, especially when paired with my need to appear at all times like I have my life together. Last semester this time, my life was brilliantly together. I was going to the gym four times a week and doing neat crossfit weight lifting things, then graduated in the summer to running the lakes in Winona. I lost about 30 pounds, and I was proud of how I looked. I took selfies from high angles to show off my new, fancy crossfit arms and bought pants a size smaller than I was used to. Then I started writing my thesis. That transition, from gym rat to library mole, was difficult. I felt guilty. I felt like I was letting someone down. I felt like I should be able to handle it all, do all the things, maintain the fitness and write the thesis and do the hard classes and plan my life\u2013 but at some point, I had to admit that I just\u2026couldn\u2019t. My depression had reared its ugly head, worse than ever before, telling me that I was awful, that I was a fuck-up for barely being able to get out of bed in the morning, that all the good actors wake up at 6am and go to the gym and"}, {"title": "", "text": "I snap at the people I love. I wake up with a headache and I cry myself to sleep. I feel an enormous weight on my shoulders. Constantly. I worry about money. Or lack thereof. I wonder if anyone will take us in when we're evicted. Or will some miracle happen enabling me to save my home from foreclosure? I worry that I won't be able to feed my kids. I feel seething anger toward my ex who doesn't live up to his responsibilities. I fear living like this for the rest of my life. I agonize over decisions that will affect me and my kids forever. I let these fears rule my life. I let them dictate my behavior. And I hate it. When you look in the mirror and don't like the person looking back, it can hurl you into a deep depression. Unless you look in that mirror and realize that you have the power to change the person looking back at you. I had to go to the store today. I absolutely detest going to this particular store that rhymes with Halmart. I push my cart around, loudly sighing and rolling my eyes every time I encounter another patron blocking the aisle or walking slowly in front of me. I grunt and snort and make other passive aggressive noises, getting more and more angry with every person I encounter. By the time I reach the check-out, which is always 419 people deep, I'm texting my friends, Stand by with bail money. I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "bed and get dressed, and I feel completely worn out when I've done that.\" \"When I look at myself in the bathroom mirror all I can see is an old, wrinkly woman who's wearing messy clothes and needs a good wash and a hair-do.\" \"Lots and lots of dark thoughts rattle around inside my head and it's very hard to stop them. Mostly I think about how useless I am, how I'm a failure and a complete waste of space. When I look at myself in the bathroom mirror all I can see is an old, wrinkly woman who's wearing messy clothes and needs a good wash and a hair-do. I feel guilty about everything. I tell myself I should pull myself together and get back to teaching history in school. I blame myself for not being a good enough mother and for letting Helen and Andy down. I either ignore them completely or else shout at them if they're late getting up for school or watching TV when they should be doing their homework. I worry I'm not giving them the love they need to grow up into happy and healthy adults. I think life is hopeless but there's no point in trying to do anything about it. If I do try to make things better I am bound to fail, and then I'll just be in an even worse mess than I already am. Sometimes I wonder if it'd be better for my family if I wasn't around anymore. I know they'd be a"}, {"title": "", "text": "be focused on you and how to improve the way you feel, even just a little bit. \u2013Sleeping! Lack of sleep and tiredness only make things look worse \u2013 excessive dramatization full on. It is really important that you do things that you like and nurture you. Be self-centered, don\u2019t feel guilty. The best care you can give to yourself, the sooner and the easier you will be back in shape. Also very very important: don\u2019t not judge yourself \u2013 be kind to yourself, embrace yourself the way you are right here right now because you are just perfect."}, {"title": "", "text": "in \u201cnew days.\u201d My first thought is \u201cI don\u2019t want to eat, but I have to\u2026 But I don\u2019t want to. I just ate a couple of hours ago. I\u2019ll be fine.\u201d I look in the mirror and hate what I see. Why did I have to wake just to deal with this? I get upset at Hashem. I don\u2019t even want to say Modeh Ani (a morning prayer). I ignore phone calls from my friends, and I hide under the covers so that no one sees my body. My mental illness affects me physically, emotionally, mentally, socially, and spiritually. It\u2019s intense, it\u2019s exhausting, and it\u2019s frustrating. Not just for me, but for everyone else in my life, too (family, friends, community, and treatment team). People think they understand completely, but they don\u2019t. They pressure me to get better, and say if I wanted to get better, I could do it in an instant. They say that I am not trying hard enough. They don\u2019t hear all the voices in my head. They don\u2019t see all the battles that I do win. They only know about the ones that I lose. People always ask me when this started or what caused it. Obviously, certain things made it worse, but I honestly think in a way, I was born into it. Ever since I can remember, my father has been dieting, and my parents have been extremely weight-conscious. I remember, at age five, my father telling me not to take dessert because I will get fat. Other"}, {"title": "", "text": "happiness. There may not be anything you can do about the situation you have found yourself in, but there may well be things you may be able to do to improve your lot. Instead of moaning or worrying about the things you can't change, save your energy and use it to look for solutions. As I was stuck in bed most of the morning, I used that time to look up things that might help my condition and connected with others with the same illness on a forum to ask my own questions and also offer them some support. Beats sitting around cursing my illness and wishing I felt better. Wishes waste energy. Only action can move you forward. Do what you can, when you can, to make things better, rather than dwelling on the toughness of your situation. Many people seem to believe that everyone else in the world is some kind of emotional Gladiator and they are only a weak little thing who can't cope as well as others. It's simply not true. Human beings have an amazing capacity for getting through things. And that includes you. If I look back to my previous life as an alcoholic with a massive anxiety disorder, I don't know how I got through that terrible time. At my worst, I weighed 6 stone, my hair was falling out in clumps and I was too afraid to leave the house most days. But I did get through it. I healed and here I am to tell the tale."}, {"title": "", "text": "There are days where my hands become incapable of working, where i don\u2019t want to move, where i want the world to cave in under me and swallow me whole, where my body feels as cold as ice and my blood feels like poison. I used to feel like a new person every year, but now, i get that feeling every night. Like most people, i\u2019m at a weird point in my life where everything is going amazing, yet dreadful at the same time. 2016 has been a wild ride so far for a lot of people, and the ride isn\u2019t over yet. As the year is coming to a close, i wanted to put a few thoughts on self-care and self-love out there, at least give out my own experience. To be blunt, hurting yourself is exhausting. It\u2019s absolutely horrible for your body, soul and mind. I\u2019ve been in a constant loop of telling myself everything is alright while everything is in shambles, forcing myself to look at the positives and shake off whats been eating me from the inside-out. I\u2019d find myself projecting a false image of who i thought i was, who i\u2019ve been telling myself i am, but there are still several steps i have to take to get to that point. People expect getting help relieving, but in reality, it\u2019s frightening and discomforting. You have no idea how people will act afterwards, if they may treat you differently in anyway. Change is hard, but it\u2019s necessary, no matter what the outcome."}, {"title": "", "text": "Just like that. Its on the point where i can\u2019t even look at myself in the mirror, it\u2019s not me anymore. I don\u2019t feel pain like before, now i just got used to this feeling. I truly don\u2019t wish this to anyone, not even my worst enemy. Continue reading I hate myself."}, {"title": "", "text": "I get in these moods where I want to start being better to myself. I don't know what brings them on and I normally don't follow through on my plans for all that long... but I'm thinking I'm in one of these moods again. * I generally feel like I want to go work out (run, ride my bike or *gasp* lift weights) at the beginning of a work day in the middle of the week and by the time I get home I don't feel like doing anything... so I don't do anything. * I feel like eating more healthy on days when they have the absolute worst (and usually most tasty) foods in the cafeteria for lunch. I'm still in the process of trying to simplify all of my material possessions, too. Over the past couple months I did manage to sell off a few CD's and misc. items on eBay and craigslist and give away 3 big garbage bags worth of stuff to Salvation Army/Goodwill."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cI can make it through today\u2026\u201d Then, \u201cI can make it through the next year\u2026\u201d Then, \u201cI can make it for ten more\u2026I think\u2026\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s all, that\u2019s all\u2026\u201d But that \u201call\u201d is everything. It\u2019s horrible to feel this way. It\u2019s heavy and dark and bitter and mean and uncomfortable. I want to escape me. Barring that, I want to go to bed and pull the covers over my head and just pass time. The day, the year, the ten years, the fifteen. However, there are always people around me. My husband would interrupt this. Not because he would be concerned, but because it would annoy him that I was in bed \u2018lolling about\u2019 while he was taking care of our child, our house, and \u2018business.\u2019 Then, of course, there\u2019s my son. My precocious, sweet, talkative boy who hums and sings to himself as he skips up the stairs, heads out the door, or plays by himself. He zones in on me like I\u2019m a beacon whenever he\u2019s home and demands I engage with him. Not in a pushy, aggressive manner, but because he likes me and wants to show me things, talk to me about what he has seen or done, and to hear what I have to say about it. He\u2019s still cuddly, even as I can see the man that he will become, and he\u2019s way too big for me to lift up. I try to engage with him. To pay attention to what he\u2019s saying. I try to put a smile on my"}, {"title": "", "text": "as something to hide behind. There are lots of things that could get me down related to my life \u2013 but I realised something this evening that I don\u2019t think I\u2019d appreciated the true depth of before. My attitudes -which for so many years I believed were formed by logical analysis \u2013 were often predicated on similar lies to the ones above. Lately I\u2019m surprising myself regularly by making the absolute opposite choices about almost everything in life compared to the ones I used to make. Yet the world around me hasn\u2019t changed dramatically. The people in it haven\u2019t changed. The fundamental shift is in me \u2013 and whilst it began with a mental choice in January last year the continued ripping up of my long held rule books isn\u2019t really a mental process it\u2019s a physical one. I\u2019m fitter, and I\u2019m healthier. I\u2019m more vital and energetic. I\u2019m happier, I generally sleep well. I don\u2019t feel pain every moment of every day in my back or legs. I don\u2019t have a constant dull hangover. My ankles aren\u2019t swollen and my calves don\u2019t feel tight and itchy. I can breathe quietly and deeply without sounding out of breath. I sweat less. I smell better. My skin has a healthy colour. I have better eyesight. The whites of my eyes aren\u2019t continually bloodshot. I\u2019m more alert and I think quicker. Physically the list goes on and on. It\u2019s this that\u2019s driving the differences my decision making process \u2013 and it was this list of problems (and many"}, {"title": "", "text": "The trouble with mental illness is that when I try to be optimistic and tell myself on a bad day that tomorrow will be better I\u2019m often disappointed. I don\u2019t know why I expect the next day to be better, I suppose it is something that keeps me going: the hope that it will. In my worst times if I hadn\u2019t told myself that tomorrow would be better there would have been no tomorrow. Today I am in an impossible fog of derealization. Insomnia is causing exhaustion that is eating away at my sanity and weakening my defenses so much that I struggle to feel like anything is real. Everything is strange and unfamiliar, even my voice: it sounds like it\u2019s coming from someone else. It catches me off guard. I think I said earlier that it seems unfair that I (and many others) have to work so hard at such basic things. These days when I\u2019m sleep-deprived my frustration about this is overwhelming. Every thought and action is a struggle. Not only is it difficult to just get from one thought to the next and one action to the next I am much more susceptible to negative thoughts and flashbacks and self-criticism. Thoughts come to my head: thoughts of my failures. Memories crash in with force: terrible memories. It is as if the demons I fight so hard to keep at bay are having a free-for-all. Old thoughts of drinking or self-harm resurface. I\u2019m weak and discouraged. I\u2019m gasping for air. It\u2019s difficult to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "am trying to stop doing as much. One of my main signs of depression is that I sleep too much but wake up exhausted. Luke came home and then we talked. Its only today, Saturday, that I felt like I could go to the local shop for a bit. There was only one moment , when I thought I was gonna relapse a bit. I was wearing my glasses to cover up my eyes and Luke took them off my face to clean them and I thought that with one look, people would be able to instantly tell that something was wrong. Its like one step in front of the other to try and recover. Reading is also really helping. I went through 200 pages yesterday. I guess it just building myself up slowly. I need to try and get into sleeping better, I am sleeping loads but having night terrors so waking up knackered. I think that I am going to start a dream tracker. Just to see what is going on up there. I will update again with how its all going. As I wanted to edit this post again before I actually posted it. Its now a week on ( Friday to be precise) - and things have massively changed. I have taken steps to see a doctor and have gone through a mental health assessment. I have started the fight to get everything back on track. Everyday is difficult as I can see little triggers popping up everywhere but I just try"}, {"title": "", "text": "him to bed so you can be alone with yourself and your thoughts , you realize when you go to bathroom and realize that you do not need to douse yourself in baby powder tonight because you actually took a shower. And then you feel like wow. Maybe I am getting better. But then you know. This is day was just too fuckkng exhausting and you are happy that you can at least get away without taking a shower for another few days. And. Still broken."}, {"title": "", "text": "This is an excerpt from my journal. During my darkest times I have poured these thoughts and feelings out of my heart and onto paper. Feels like the sobbing is coming from a place so deep I could vomit. My brain - overwhelmed, confused, so many voices, so many opinions. Never gives me a break. in my bed to never get up. Only wanting to close my eyes again and fall into a deep sleep to escape the hell. Exercise, eat well, sleep more, sleep less, pray, meditate. I have done everything I possibly can!!!!!! FRUSTRATION and sadness fill me. Pills, doctors, gluten free, sleeping, meditation, psychotherapy, praying, energy healers, reiki, church, exercise, journaling, drawing. One day I will be happy. I will never give up on my journey."}, {"title": "", "text": "finally live, I\u2019ve wasted too much time already I\u2019m not going to pretend its been easy, because it hasn\u2019t been, an I still find it hard, people might not understand unless they\u2019ve been there, but getting up everyday, getting washed, doing your hair, forcing yourself to look at your reflection in the mirror when you see everything you hate, an then having to present that person to the world while anxious an scared, its a struggle, but one I\u2019m fighting Saying that, lately you never know what you\u2019re going to get with me, my moods shift an swing so many times in a day, this is usually a problem for teenagers, but mental illness and depression especially for me create a mind field form of life, one minute I\u2019m angry, then i could be laughing the next I\u2019m crying I stopped taking my anti psychotic medication a few months ago, so perhaps that\u2019s why I\u2019ve been feeling less in control, but I\u2019d rather that, I\u2019d rather feel something than be drugged to feel another way I\u2019m holding a lot of stress, I\u2019m still jumping out of my sleep gasping for air, an my somatic disorder is causing havoc with my body, how have I stayed this sane? I think its denial, how did I make it through 2015\u2026 I never could have a few years ago, so I\u2019ve come a long way Anyway, enough about me, its family drama time again, I know you all love this part, I\u2019m not a good writer so bare with"}, {"title": "", "text": "whatever it may be, can be handled and we can live in the now much more. I have been through it myself, but I have also worked with these kinds of things with some of my clients and I see the transformation happen. Something I value highly is honesty, so I am not going to pretend you will never have a bad day again or a thought which is unhealthy or unwelcome, but what I can say is that those days, those thoughts will be less, or will be more fleeting when they do come, because what will happen is your self-esteem, your confidence, your sense of self-worth will grow and with it you will be much better equipped to notice those thoughts and feelings and tell them to get lost, you don\u2019t want them anymore and you are worthy, you are deserving, you are doing just fine and you are enough! If any of this resonated with you, or you know someone who may benefit from reading this, do share it with them and seek that support in whatever way shape or form it may be, you deserve to enjoy life now and it is possible, I know, because I\u2019ve done it and I have helped many of my clients do it too. Whether you are 7 or 70, everyone deserves to and can bring about change with the right help and support, not by being told to put it in a box, but by being nurtured, cared for and empowered, it may not be"}, {"title": "", "text": "days. Then it hits me; not only is this the second night of being haunted by my own emotions, it\u2019s also the consecutive 24 hour period during which I\u2019ve forgotten to take my antidepressant. Normally, I\u2019m very vigilant about taking my meds as soon as I get done getting ready for work in the morning, but the past few days I\u2019ve been running behind and have totally forgotten the two tiny, yet important, pills that keep my mind and emotions stable. Surely two missed doses couldn\u2019t cause this much emotional chaos though. My husband crawling out of bed interrupts my thoughts and I feel myself finally begin to succumb to the unconsciousness I have been praying for. My husband, thinking I have achieved more sleep than he did, is confused at my behavior when I stumble out of our bedroom three hours later. Every noise is irritating me and I choose to sit on the couch, absolutely silent, until I get in the shower. I don\u2019t have the desire to even put on lip balm, let alone follow my normal make-up routine and I know, as I\u2019m reluctantly heading out the door to work, that I\u2019m forgetting something. Once at work I begin to realize I should have just called in. The exhaustion is setting in and everything is making me that much more irritated. One colleague tries to help me and I bark at her for assuming I can\u2019t do my job on my own. Another makes a comment about how hard of a day"}, {"title": "", "text": "too many friends and colleagues to count and cut ties with most of my family. I have lost hope and begged God to let me die before he forced me to face another day of pain. All of this is me, too and I have come to accept that all of this is okay. Living this way is nothing I ever would have wished for. It is harder than any other challenge I\u2019ve ever confronted. And some nights, I have to force my brain to stop thinking when I consider that I will be like this for the rest of my life. There is no cure. There is no help. There is no fix. For a long time, in the beginning, that was all I could think about: I will be this way until I die. Except, what good was any of that doing? None. My \u201cawakening\u201d was hardly quick though, to realize that those lines of thinking were even more detrimental to me. For close to two years, I existed in a haze of anger, rage, hate, excruciating pain and self pity. I wish I could say that I will never get there again. I hope never to return to that purgatory, but I know that there are some things beyond my human control. So I take every day as it comes and I try hard to no longer consider the future or those pervasive, but true, thoughts of never getting better again. I force all of that down and away by choosing to live"}, {"title": "", "text": "c word sums it up perfectly ! Giddy Eagle- This is a pain that we will take to our grave. Some days are hell. Some days we can get distracted and it is not so hellish. But it is hell. I wake up every morning with my stomach trying to crawl out my bellybutton. Every damn morning. Fearful&loathing says Splinter, me too. Exactly this. Splinter, I like how you describe your mornings. I have been experiencing the same thing but my description has been different based on what I am feeling. The words that have thus far come close to describing it are: I wake up nearly every morning trying to run away from myself/my brain. Technically I feel screwed before I even get out of bed\u2026. Only cure is for me to get out of bed and on with my day. About the time I am ready for bed I am feeling \u2018normal\u2019 so I hate going to bed because I know the whole routine is only going to repeat itself in the morning. lemonhead says Yes \u2013 I wake up and remind myself \u201che stopped loving me along time ago\u201d. I still accepted a current appointment he scheduled for couples counseling (probably to make himself feel better). And I\u2019m continuing to pack up my stuff from marital home. This has been a nightmare. Eleanor E Vallone says You have an anger problem I was told. So I promptly went about learning to deal with my anger problem. No one looked at what might the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Don\u2019t live in someone else\u2019s shadow. Live in the real world not in your fantasy \u2013 it gets you no where. It really doesn\u2019t matter what other people think. The pain will lessen \u2013 and you will cope. Day 3: How I have changed over the past 2 years. In lots of ways \u2013 physically and emotionally and intellectually. I\u2019m \u2018at that age\u2019 where my body is \u2018hormonally challenged\u2019. The more I read about \u2018the change\u2019 the more confused I get \u2013 I just know I feel as if I\u2019m at that point sometimes and then at others not. Having heard the things friends have gone through I should count myself lucky \u2013 I seem to be going through it intermittently rather than as a constant. The urge to cry out of nowhere/ for no reason being the latest thing \u2026 ah the wonders of the human body! So maybe my challenge is to air one of these things \u2013 free it from my memories \u2013 free the space for a compliment \u2013 a nice word or two \u2013 the things that people say that I don\u2019t believe because they\u2019ve said it about me. I am slowly being able to take compliments \u2013 for a long time they just rang hollow with me \u2013 I was just doing stuff everyone else was so why single me out? No need for praise I just do it anyway \u2013 doesn\u2019t everyone? Then when I was at an all-time low \u2013 a very long time after the person I"}, {"title": "", "text": "bed, focusing on my breathing and just giving it some time to pass. I pray and sometimes read, but I don\u2019t like to wake up my wife, though I told her that if she does wake up, it helps to ground me if she will rest her hand on my arm or my back. Well, it\u2019s that time again. It\u2019s after midnight and I can\u2019t put it off forever. Hopefully this will be a night without any issues. @lilgrizz BTW-not an author, therapist nor a doc. Hope things are improving at times. Grasp the concept of returning to the same spot and also the fatigue. Self-pity does dawn its ugly face uninvited. Most days I feel like a conglomerate of negativity and incompetence. Just got a new laptop this past Wednesday and already giving me fits. A tech person I am not and the attitude of this contraption has proven to me it does not agree with requests by telling me \u201cunresponsive programs\u201d-this technological beast and the user have a lot in common!!! I will omit a streak of deleted expletives as this would be indicative of crudeness and a lacking vocabulary. Moving like a slug for now\u2026no salt-shakers needed\u2026grin. @parus I always look forward to your replies. It is like you can read my mind at times and your funny at times. Mule-headedness; I like that. lol. Since I became bipolar I love listening to lots of hard rock and roll when i\u2019m manic but I haven\u2019t been that high in some time. But for"}, {"title": "", "text": "you seem to think I have over my illnesses, I would choose to be in pain 24/7, choose to be too tired to go out with my friends and family, choose to feel so awful all the time that I have to convince myself to get out of bed, or choose to take so many pills and medications I\u2019ve lost track of them all? While you probably don\u2019t recall what you said or even remember that we had a conversation by the time you got home that day, I will never get that pleasure. Because now, every time I see you, all I will be able to think of is how you made me feel. When you tell me it\u2019s all in my head, sometimes I do wonder, \u201cWhat if they\u2019re right? What if this is all my fault?\u201d When you\u2019re questioned on an almost daily basis about your health and have been told there\u2019s nothing actually wrong with you by people who have never even heard of your condition, it really takes a toll. Every time someone says something negative about your health, a little piece of your self-belief gets chipped away. Every day, my happiness and self-confidence that I feel make life worth living are whittled away by other people\u2019s ignorance. I can\u2019t help but wonder if you would be so quick to judge if you had to live like me for a day, or for even just an hour. Would you find it so easy to say it was all part of my"}, {"title": "", "text": "I've put on a bit of weight during this episode - HT were right to ban egg banjos. I have said before that I hate my body, and it's true - none of this \"my body is a temple\" lark in this house, oh no. However, I have a reality gap - I still think of myself as slimmer. When I'm depressed, I don't care what I eat, I just try to remember to do it. My weight is one of the reasons I don't give up smoking - I daren't put any more on. There are two other reasons - a. I enjoy it and b. I don't want to go manic, as I did last time. So I carry on. The gloom is here, enveloping me again, like a dark mantle. It's always bang on time and I am unable to recall a life without it. I know I had a life, but where's it gone? My world has shrunk to the kitchen and the bedroom, and I spend little enough time in the latter. I love my bed - it's really comfortable and today I've got clean sheets, but it won't make me sleep. I imagine that losing sleep will take its toll as I'm stressed out by it, and I am not good at stress nowadays. Kate gave me a useful tip yesterday - not to say \"I can't\" but to say \"I don't\". So, \"I can't go to a morning meeting\" becomes \"I don't go to morning meetings\". It just shifts"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u200bHeyyyyyyy people of the world that read my emails. Which is probably just my parents but it's cool. I will still love the rest of you when I get home. Probably. That kind of became the theme of the week. Several different events the past couple of months piled up on Tuesday night to contribute to me sleeping about thirty minutes. I literally felt attacked. Every bad thing I've ever done in my life, every sin, every mistake, every bad moment was so clear in my head and I couldn't escape it. I spent the whole night questioning how I was even going to get up in the morning and act like everything was okay. The only thought going through my head as I watched these scenes replayed in my head over and over again was \"It doesn't matter how hard I try. I can't change. I will never be enough.\" I couldn't fathom even the thought that I would ever feel good about myself again. Well, obviously, all the thoughts of the paragraph above were stupid. But they were real and they were hard. Our run on Wednesday morning didn't clear my head like it normally does, and I knew I had to do something to fix myself before I could ever hope to talk to people that day. I came in from our run and prayed. I begged God to let me know what He needed from me and how I could ever become the person he needs me to be. Then I started"}, {"title": "", "text": "people I love through incredible trauma and pain. It put me through incredible trauma and pain. I wish every day I had never started on pills. Never switched to the needle. All sorts of things I wish I had never done. The mistakes of my past haunt me daily, and I'm in incredible pain over it still, even as I come up on one year clean soon. I'm not ready to forgive myself, and I'm not sure when I will be. Depression, which results in sadness, which results in anxiety, and which results in wishing to delete yourself. Laziness / Procrastination. The amount of stuff I could get done. OMG. We'll Always Have... My recent trip to Paris. I traveled there to meet my bf and came back to my town with him as my ex. Any excessive body weight. Being able to permanently maintain ideal body weight effortlessly would be awesome. Decisions, Decisons My indecisiveness with what I want in life and the doubts i have about everything. Some days I seem like I may know what I'm looking for/wanting for myself future wise or even silly things like what I want to do that day, but most days I just have no clue. It affects my relationship as well because I even second guess whether that's what I want one day and the next I'm head over heels in love with my partner again. It's so exhausting and it turns me into a horrible person at times because I push the people I love"}, {"title": "", "text": "there\u2019s another reason, and you know full well that you\u2019ll feel better when you say it out loud. It\u2019s akin to exorcising it from you body. Sure a similar feeling might come back to posses you later, but this one will be gone forever.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s a good way of thinking about it.\u201d \u201cI know\u2026now say it.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m bored shitless with life. I don\u2019t hate my life or the people in it and I\u2019m not fed up with the day to day any more than anyone else is, I\u2019m just bored at the way I perceive the world and I don\u2019t know how to change it. Look at me; I have a basic lens where I can\u2019t see beyond the family and job. The world looks the same every day and I don\u2019t have any impetus to see it any differently without destroying everything that\u2019s already there.\u201d \u201cWould it be worth it to see the world in a whole new light if it completely destroyed everything you already have?\u201d \u201cI think that\u2019s the route of the problem,\u201d he took a long hard draw from his bottle, \u201cthat most of the time the answer to that question is yes it would be worth it.\u201d There was a pause and then he swigged from the bottle until there was only about a shot left before asking himself, \u201cIf someone walked up to you and offered you a new life tonight you would take it?\u201d \u201cYeah, beyond a reasonable doubt; I\u2019d throw off the shackles of my current life without"}, {"title": "", "text": "and accept - and explain to others. They can't understand it, because I usually sound and look just fine. I have struggled with thinking that I can still do it all - because when I look in the mirror, or see me as others see me - I can't help think, WTF? Even though I live the reality everyday, I often find myself thinking I'm just taking the easy way out, there's really not THAT much wrong with me, etc. But, of late, I am coming into a much better place where I can forgive myself for not getting as much as I want to get done in a day, or week, or month. I feel okay now about resting when I'm too tired - even if I really haven't accomplished all that much. I am learning to let go, I am not struggling against myself anymore, I no longer care if I do things much slower, or can't remember everything I need to at any given moment. I know now that not wasting energy and emotions on things that just are the way they are - has given me greater strength and clarity of thought to actually feel better physically and cognitively. It's difficult to explain, I am getting more things done by just letting go of trying to be the person I no longer am. The best thing about letting go of the struggle was no longer feeling the need to explain to others the effects of this disease on me. To them, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "in bed, sob my eyes out, and eat a pint of ice cream. I used to feel guilty when that happened, like all hope was lost and I would never become the person I desire. But one day you are going to look around, and realize that you have more good days now than bad. And that those bad days used to be so much worse. You no longer feel guilty for having scars. You realize those scars are beauty marks that have made you who you are. You refused to quit making progress, and from the ashes you have risen. On the days when you thought you couldn\u2019t take one more step, you had people - safe, loving, trustworthy people - who came alongside you, held you, helped you up, and walked with you. You will get through this. It feels so hopeless and overwhelming right now, but the sun will break the darkness, and the warmth of its light will fill your soul and heal your heart. Just hang in there. Your day and life as you want it, is coming."}, {"title": "", "text": "yourself and within your body. I won\u2019t sugarcoat it, I still have bad days but that\u2019s because I\u2019m a human."}, {"title": "", "text": "longer see all the beauty that surrounds me but instead - I see whats Not working and Not right . In the past , this would have sent me tippling towards a negative spiral of despair and self-pity , feeling powerless and like nothing was going to turnaround for the better over the course of the day. Today - I check myself - don\u2019t fight the feelings ( that never works) but know I\u2019m in the grey zone and its not the things around me that are actually more negative than normal , but much more likely its my brain chemistry and thought processes that are not quite in harmony at the moment. That\u2019s ok - I had a bad nights sleep after all - it happens. Probably doesn\u2019t help that I got into a bit of a heated discussion ( that never got resolved) with my partner last night either. Normal stuff, but still the stuff of life that can come together to set a negative undertone to your day without the right tools to shift it. Years ago, I would have let the negativity dominate my mood and reactions with others the rest of the day - maybe even a few days after. Now, I know there are things which I can do to support myself to creating a shift towards the positive so that I can enjoy ( and send out more joy) the rest of the afternoon and evening. Just the awareness that the mood itself is transient and I have the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Some mornings the weight of your mind seems to add to the weight of the scale and you feel too heavy in your heart to move. Some days the voices in your head keep feeding you lies that sound too much like the truth to you, so you believe them. Some days you feel like you're the last in the race, that you should just stop running. So throw in the towel. Turn off the lights and leave the mess. Let yourself go to bed at 8 PM. Take a bath and waste all of your money on bath bombs that smell like roses or abstract thoughts like a cozy winter night. Use 3 at a time. Because tomorrow it will still be there. And tomorrow you will better know what monsters are under your bed or in your head so that you can invite them out for a cup of coffee. Everyone is afraid of something; maybe those monsters are afraid of you. I believe in giving up because loving yourself is hard. Loving the skin that sometimes may feel too big or too tight is hard work. I believe that when the going gets tough, you should keep going. But some days you are not tough. Some days you can feel yourself pushing the Earth and the Earth pushing back. Some days you need to be gentle with yourself and treat your body like an orchid. My mother loss orchids, and she taught me that you need to put a stick in the dirt"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ok. Some painful honesty today. I feel that it\u2019s necessary. There are a ton of good things I can pull from the wreckage\u2026 but I wouldn\u2019t be purely transparent if I didn\u2019t tell this side too. I had a rough night. I crashed and burned. A repeating cycle I\u2019ve relived since high-school. I don\u2019t really know what the trigger is, the original instance, but I get sick when a certain kind of anxiety rises in me. It\u2019s weird. I know. But even if you\u2019re like me and have battled something like this and can fully define and diagnose it, it\u2019s still FREAKING WEIRD. It\u2019s kind of like binge eating or binge sleeping. It\u2019s just like cutting or drug abuse. It\u2019s seemingly out of my control. My emotions take over and my body reacts and I dive into what I know. I don\u2019t want to be this way. I don\u2019t want to have fear of being who I am, openly\u2026 vulnerably. I don\u2019t want to be sick all the time. I\u2019ve worked pretty hard to balance rest, work and diet just to support my health! Before I even got up to play last night (I had a show) I had fierce darts hitting me right in the gut. They said things like \u201cYou don\u2019t belong here,\u201d \u201cYou aren\u2019t good enough,\u201d \u201cWho do you think you are?\u201d And as if I had no shield I let the arrows pierce right into my soul and bring me down. They. are. all. lies. I sat down this morning to write"}, {"title": "", "text": "Emotion was high and I was upset with myself. I shouldn't be reacting this way, but I couldn't stop. Who is this crazy person that I am? That goes here and thinks these selfish things. The real me knows this is wrong. But the root of these issues run too deep. I cannot yet just stop thinking and feeling what I know I shouldn't. I apologized to God for the way I felt. I did my best to leave it up to him. I know he has to be the one to heal this and in the meantime I will trust and give it to him. My new and oh so frequent line, \"This doesn't change anything.\" I will still follow God. I will still continue on the path he has me on. I heard a soft whisper last night. \"Emily this is not who you are. You are called to love. How much different would this night have been, if you responded in love?\" It was comforting and brought peace. There was no condescending tone to it. Instead it was full of grace. I crawled into bed and didn't say a word. I couldn't even change into my pajamas. I felt awful. Completely awful and used up. I didn't want to talk to anyone. Quickly I fell asleep. This morning I still felt the residue from the night before. I could feel the heaviness and the weight of depression at the edges. But it knows. It can't so easily consume as before. Now I have"}, {"title": "", "text": "of actual change...yet there is worth in seeking to feel better, stronger, and healthier. I suppose for me it is a struggle against the \"all or nothing\" mentality. Either I sit back and say, \"this is how I am\" and I give in to any lazy and unhealthy impulse/inertia, or I say, \"this is the day that I change everything!\" and I make seventeen lists for how things are going to be from now on. Shortly after that, I get overwhelmed and possibly physically injured. Sigh. I have to admit, I don't know how to be different than this. In a recent retreat, one of the teachers suggested that in a time like this, we should \"live the question.\" So, that's where I am right now with throwing way imaginary things and standing firm in that which I am. I don't really know how exactly to do it-- to keep being a seeker and at the same time to fully love and accept the person that I am at this moment. But I am intrigued enough to live the question-- to ponder and explore this idea of balance. Newer Post\"To go easy, to be filled with light, and to shine\""}, {"title": "", "text": "I know how to deal with them and why it's happening. I find it so helpful to ask myself those questions and to really think about whether I'm being rational or irrational. I also love writing things down, getting my thoughts out on paper or in a blog post - it helps clear my mind and see all of my thoughts clearly in front of me. At the end of the day, the more you realise that your thoughts and feelings are false, the more you can push yourself and learn to be who you are. So, continue to step away from situations and look at them with an outside point of view - what advice would you give your friend in that situation? Write things down, talk to someone and realise that you're a good person who's worth the fight. Do not allow the darker days to suffocate you, as much as it feels like they completely could. Pick yourself up and tell yourself that you're going to be okay, because you will be. It takes a lot of time to reprogram our brains into thinking rationally again, especially when it's been years of irrational thoughts, one after the other, but it does eventually happen and it's most uplifting feeling. An amazingly well written and thought provoking post, thank you. I hope more good days are coming your way. Great post, Holly. I think throughout our teen years and early twenties we definitely face a lot more pressure in regards to our appearances. It's important"}, {"title": "", "text": "up every hour of every day of my life. And I drink more water. If only improving our mental health was so simple. Some of us need to work harder at keeping our mental health on the lead than others. Whatever it is you need to do, even if you are not sure what that is, just keep bringing 'things' that are good for you into your line of sight over and over and over again. One day you will find a rhythm and one day you will harness the good days and ride them like a wild horse and one day you will see the bad days and just sit beside them until they abate. The hurt does lessen. Know that. And if you simply don't have any strength to know that, at this moment, then you can trust my word. It's taken me more than thirty years to glimpse it, learn about it and believe it, but now I know it. I'm not fixed or cured, I'm not sure I want to be, but I know I can cope with it. Your rhythm will come. It'll start with random beats. Hang on. Now do your Moodscope cards. They will illustrate your rhythm. My carpets all hoovered; my taps would all gleam. And you\u2019d be happy to eat your dinner from my floor. Papers would be tidied and the admin all done. And the bins would be emptied at the end of each day. We\u2019d eat five a day and sugar would be banned. And"}, {"title": "", "text": "any of this. This is day three of trying to put myself back together and I am getting there, yes there are still tears but there is also a relief that I have at last been forced to look at myself as I am now and put to bed the idea that I can some how claw my way back to who I was just 2 or 3 years ago, if not who I was 10 yrs ago. It is the old me that I am grieving for because I now see she has truly gone and can never return. This stage of my illness is a hard one and I doubt if it will be the last time that I put myself through this, yes I do realise it is me that is the root of this, not anyone else, everyone else saw the truth and politely worked with it. It is mad how much we can upset ourselves, and how much of our lives is spent trying to hide from what all other know. The simplest example of one we all do it the kidding ourselves daily when we look in the mirror to the fact we are growing older or that we have put on some weight, I was kidding myself about everything. I know I had written before about loss of concentration and so on before but I had sugar coated it, the stark reality was to hard for me to take, so I built a world that let me ignore it"}, {"title": "", "text": "It's funny how quickly emotions and humor can change. From one day loving the freedom of being an adult, loving life and feeling great... to the next day wanting life to be over, wanting to curl into a ball and refuse to do anything. Not wanting to be an adult or have to face life. In all honesty, i was one big negative mess yesterday and Sunday as well for that matter. Just everything felt wrong and awful, i dont really know what i felt or why... but i just know that i felt awful and life didnt feel so great. It is most probably due to stress, i do have alot going on right now as well as things that have happened in my personal life and thoughts in my mind which i have chosen to not write publicly, but they all weigh heavy on me, and i think i just reached a \"its all too much\" point. And those feelings and emotions were still heavy on my shoulders this morning. I didnt want to get out of bed, i didnt want to go for a walk, i didnt want to go to the gym, i didnt want to study... i wanted the day to be over before it had even started... but most of all, i just wanted everything to be over. To wake up with those negative thoughts and feelings, where you have barely been awake two minutes and you dont want to face another day... it can be tough to change those"}, {"title": "", "text": "The anger is still burning. I've tried few methods which used to work. But then... Not talking didn't help. Going out aldo didn't work. Making fun didn't do much either. What else can I do? I suddenly feel lonely in a crowded place. Even if I wanna talk, I know that there's no one to listen. Don't wanna feel any more pain in my chest, I chose to eat more and study less. I gain weigh and now shaking with tomorrow presenation. Damn it! I am not regret to be in this position. After all, tomorrow going to be today, later yesterday to never be remembered. Thanks god, time never stop!"}, {"title": "", "text": "but it\u2019s still okay to close your eyes, exhale, and contemplate your personal definition of desire. Stop taking into account the feelings of others when doing this: determine what you wish you could be, apart from any social influences. The smoke alarm has been ringing for days and you haven\u2019t bothered yet to turn it off. There\u2019s something incredibly intimidating about confronting your noisiest problems, and lately your solution to this has consisted of hiding under the covers with tattered photo albums and headphones. I\u2019m not saying that you have to immediately tackle every issue that wanders into your life, but a plan of action is always a good thing to have. Set manageable goals for yourself and try your best to stick to them. I promise, progress will make you feel better. So, another person let you down and you\u2019re busy feeling sorry for yourself. You\u2019ve fallen in love with how tragic your reflection becomes once you\u2019ve cried every night for a week straight. Adopting unhealthy habits has become a game, like how quickly can you ruin your life before anybody asks how you\u2019re doing. Maybe there\u2019s something thrilling about being reckless, but trust me when I say that there\u2019s nothing exciting about actively wrecking your chances for happiness. Allow yourself to heal. Stop punishing yourself for being alive. Your to-do lists are all written in permanent ink which says a lot about how confident you are in your ability to get things done; this is to say that your list keeps growing at an"}, {"title": "", "text": "little things, like not being physically able to tidy up the messy house, throws me into nausea, difficulty breathing. People who don\u2019t have compulsive disorders don\u2019t understand. \u201cJust don\u2019t do it.\u201d Yeah. And then I feel like I have inevitable doom looming directly over the horizon. I feel covered in filthy slime, pond scum, itching, choking off my airways. I have to deal with it though, or I will hurt myself by doing too much. Physical health versus sanity. I get to choose. I am going with the physical health and insanity for now. It is less expensive, and if I lose more of my physical health, the problems inside my mind will just get worse. I am not a danger to myself or others. I have enough resolve and pent up rage to not allow myself to slip up and end up in a mental ward. I will not scrub my skin until it bleeds. I will hold tight to what i know is real. I will take a Xanax and force myself to stay on the sofa, watching TV. I will just keep trying to improve. New doctors, new medications. Put on a happy face, even though it feels like the skin on my face is crawling."}, {"title": "", "text": "turning to chocolate to cure my problems, didn't work obviously...given it up now for 30 days, til May5th. I really really wish there was an anon function on here! I am so alone, and this iis just getting too much for me and everyone around me. I can't turn back, I want to be the person I was beforehand but I can't find her. I don't want to feel this way. Grrrr, this is ridiculous. I hate myself so much. I just can't cope anymore. Do you want to talk about what's going on or anything? I feel like absolute crap. I will regret this later but who cares. I don't care anymore. I feel like I'm in some sort of a boat which is constantly sinking. All I want to do is get out and kick the hell out of the boat and just let myself go down the water at my own pace. I'm so sick of feeling like this and wanting to die. I've too much coming at me and I hate it. I hate the way my life is right now. I'm told to think of those less fortunate but I'm living my life and experiencing all these horrible experiences. I had a bottle of pills earlier and kept opening and closing them, deliberating as to whether or not I should down the whole lot. There's just so much pain and hurt inside me and I don't know why I bother getting up when it all just comes back to push me"}, {"title": "", "text": "or invisible or something negative. It\u2019s not even like it\u2019s a constant depression or self-loathing. I go through phases of not thinking I\u2019m that bad, especially compared to some people. I know I\u2019m caring and considerate and loyal and vaguely talented in some ways, and I know I treat people as well as I can, and I\u2019m not selfish. Yet I can easily be set off by the smallest of things and suddenly start wondering why I even bother existing. I hate letting people down. I used to live in fear of disappointing my parents and I still feel incredibly awkward any time I do something wrong, personally or in work. What\u2019s the root of my problems? Going right back to being mocked at school for my weight or looks or any number of things probably. You\u2019d think I\u2019d be able to let that go after all this time but it hangs around and it\u2019s so difficult to detach yourself from the memory of being that person. I\u2019m fairly good at covering it up these days and seeming confident despite being incredibly shy. You just learn to adapt. I\u2019d love to actually BE that person though. Maybe one day. For now I remain a walking contradiction. Five Years On Five years. Sometimes I wonder where the time has gone. Memory is a strange thing \u2013 I probably couldn\u2019t tell you what I had for breakfast sometime last week, but I can still remember what I bought myself from the vending machine in the hospital that day."}, {"title": "", "text": "putting on makeup or changing clothes. The goal is to fall asleep as early as possible and wake up as late as possible to minimize the hours of torture. And since depression saps you of all energy and desire, it\u2019s imperative to take a lot of naps or at least lie motionless for prolonged periods of time. If you have obligations to others while you are depressed, you are grateful for the routines that force you out of bed. Drive the kids to school. Make breakfast and dinner. Do the laundry. Clean the kitchen. But if you have none, why bother doing anything for yourself? You are not worthy. Everything that you know is bad for you is what you crave when you are depressed, anything that will knock out the bleakness. Or hurt you. Alcohol. Cigarettes. Sleeping pills. Solitude. You need to be alone in your misery, so you stay inside and hide or escape to where no one you know will be. Who would want to hang out with the person you have become anyway? And how selfish it would be to inflict your own sick sadness on the people you care for. But sometimes there they are, despite your efforts to hide, questioning you, bothering you, forcing you to tell lies in order to spare them. Then one morning, after ten hours of sleep, you decide to go to the gym, wearing the same clothes you had on the day before, your hair unwashed, your face devoid of makeup. You can feel some"}, {"title": "", "text": "Make breakfast and dinner. Do the laundry. Clean the kitchen. But if you have none, why bother doing anything for yourself? You are not worthy. Everything that you know is bad for you is what you crave when you are depressed, anything that will knock out the bleakness. Or hurt you. Alcohol. Cigarettes. Sleeping pills. Solitude. You need to be alone in your misery, so you stay inside and hide or escape to where no one you know will be. Who would want to hang out with the person you have become anyway? And how selfish it would be to inflict your own sick sadness on the people you care for. But sometimes there they are, despite your efforts to hide, questioning you, bothering you, forcing you to tell lies in order to spare them. Then one morning, after ten hours of sleep, you decide to go to the gym, wearing the same clothes you had on the day before, your hair unwashed, your face devoid of makeup. You can feel some crusty gunk in the corners of your eyes from crying, and you hope no one notices. And who should be the first person you see as you settle into the inner thigh machine? Little old wart woman. She is making her slow, crooked approach to the chest machine that is right in front of you. For some reason, you force yourself to look at her, really look at her, past those strange ugly bumps that repel you. She is wearing a striped t-shirt and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Posted in anxiety, Depression, Musings by Hi! I'm Jen. \u201cGo easy on yourself,\u201d the hope-speaking counselor would say when I left his office. For months, I thought it was just his way of wrapping up. Then I began to hear. I heard how much I dwell on expectations I didn\u2019t even know I had. I heard my own bitter disappointment in being where I am, struggling desperately to climb my way out of depression and anxiety. Morning after morning I would wake and want to stay hidden. I would sleep long at night and then sleep my day away too. Tears ran and ran. Previous passions sat untouched. Phone calls went unanswered. I hurt desperately, while at the same time feeling so numb I can hardly breathe. Why is this happening again? What am I not doing right to have landed me in this place once more? Why can\u2019t I control it? Why can\u2019t I make it stop? I despise it. I despise that my body is preparing to flee what no longer endangers me. I\u2019m angry at the darkness washing over me. It holds me captive. But I can\u2019t choose, and I hate it. One day, it is too much. The demons are too loud. I sit in the hope-speaking counselor\u2019s office drowning in condemnation. He speaks compassion into me, and I hear it. Be kind to myself. It seems so obvious, but it isn\u2019t. Condemnation comes far more easily than compassion, and sometimes it sneaks in so subtly its presence is there before I"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have been for a while now, but I\u2019ve just tried to ignore it, hide it, think it\u2019s not really true. Trust me it\u2019s very real and it\u2019s very true. Some days are pretty normal for a 56 year old hippie chick, and other days are a living nightmare. Most people when they go to sleep at night have some idea of what their tomorrow will look like. Maybe they have to work, maybe they have fun plans with friends, maybe they are looking forward to doing something they love. I don\u2019t have that privilege I never know what tomorrow will bring for me. Some days I wake up feeling great and then a few minutes or hours later that takes a complete 180. Some days I wake up and know I won\u2019t be leaving my bed no matter what I had planned for the day. This makes me really unreliable. I honestly hate this part of my illness, I feel so much guilt for letting others down, but I\u2019m working on that.So if you\u2019re a person I have cancelled plans with I\u2019m truly sorry really I am. So let\u2019s talk about bad days, we all have those \u201cnormal\u201d bad days, maybe someone cuts you off in traffic and makes you late for an appointment, or maybe someone you work with spoils your day in some way.Those things are just expected to happen in life. My bad days are so different there\u2019s a raging war going on inside my own body. Some days taking a shower"}, {"title": "", "text": "have to stop what I am doing and think about how my thoughts are illogical, sometimes writing it out. The depression\u2026.could care less. Those are the mornings I wake up and can\u2019t even get out of bed, until my bladder threatens to explode. But then I crawl right back into bed. Some of those days are work days. Then my anxiety kicks in and I beat myself up for staying home. Why can\u2019t I just be like the people that get up and do the adulting. Responsibilities are important. Somehow in my state of mind, I was able to capture my avatar in the exact way I was feeling last night. To be honest, I couldn\u2019t even remember what the picture even looked like until I looked after work today. This my friends, is what my mental illness looks like. I hope to continue to use this blog as a source of voice for that. Don\u2019t worry, not every post will be so serious."}, {"title": "", "text": "worse. You are trapped on things that you cannot change which is not healthy for yourself at all. You have got to learn to be true to who you are and forget the things that are no longer serving a purpose in your life. The more you agree to the eviler things will become. Say no when you need to. When you are agreeing to do things you do not want to do is only going to bring you down more. You just do not feel like anyone deserves your help. You are detached even from yourself. You may find yourself sleeping more frequently. Be there for yourself especially in times like this. When you notice things like this you need to stop and meditate over what to do next. \u2022 avoid negative thoughts and self-criticism."}, {"title": "", "text": "Ok, so I admit that I do this thing where I build \u2018tomorrow\u2019 up like it\u2019s going to be this fabulous no muss, no fuss kind of day. Like it will somehow be the day to right all of the wrongs of the days before it. But, then, aren\u2019t I really setting it up just to watch it all crash and burn? Why I continue do this to myself is beyond me. I\u2019ve been doing it for so long now that I think I didn\u2019t even realize the kind of disappointment I end up setting up for myself. I mean, I can be hopeful- beyond hopeful sometimes. I swear there are times when the thought crosses my mind that I could wake up and this could all be gone. Like it\u2019s all been a bad dream or something. Wishful thinking, I know! The reality of it is that \u2018tomorrow\u2019 will probably be the same, or real close to the same as yesterday and today, which in my world is not typically good news. And, experience shows that when I struggle, I have a tendency to want to ignore the bad days. Maybe the problem is that I need to stop putting \u2018tomorrow\u2019 up on a pedestal, pretending like it\u2019s going to be so great. Maybe I need to be more realistic with my thoughts? Maybe? And, then I remember something that is very important in all of this. I really dolove to think about \u2018tomorrow\u2019. \u2018Tomorrow\u2019 is new and full of possibilities. It contains all of"}, {"title": "", "text": "now. No one's calling you back, are they? No one's going to ever call you back. Everyone will cancel their plans with you. This self-righteous freedom bullshit you speak of is not gonna happen. You're gonna lie down like you always did. You're gonna shut your mouth, suck it up and be the monkey boy for whoever will hire you. You won't be happy and you won't succeed, you'll simply...get by. And you'll squeak out your meager existence until the day you're completely forgotten and your name will be nothing more than the hundred millionth result of a Google search.\" Depression wants you to hurt. She wants you to be still. She wants you to attack yourself. She wants you to fail. She will cripple you and crush you into a ball on your couch, unable to move, unable to breathe. Unable. To. Do. Anything. You fight her and her tricks but she's got you in a hold that's so familiar, so effective, so sickening. You've felt this before. You fight to get your work done. You fight to push through. You must break her spell. You don't stop moving. You do your pushups and planks, your weights and rituals. You sweat it out. You tend your garden. You water your lawn. Clean house. Wash the dishes again. You write. You play your guitar. You read. You watch some TV. You listen to some music. You eat the right foods. You wait. Tomorrow, as they say, is a new day. So when I woke up this"}, {"title": "", "text": "myself, \u201cEvery day is fresh, with no mistakes in it.\u201d I will do better. I will try harder. I will get stronger! Cancer is inconvenient and I hate the many ugly faces it shows and the ways it threatens to rip apart and damage so many aspects of my life and health. But the truth is that for me (and I know that it is much uglier for many less fortunate people) I will only let it affect me to a small extent. It is a hurdle I get to jump over each day, but it is not an impassable obstacle. I feel like I have a new, better life in many ways. (I still deal with a ton of crap. A ton. But it just isn\u2019t worth acknowledging all the time.) I am optimistic. I no longer struggle with hypothyroid induced depression. I have a firm handle on my anxiety. I am actually beginning to like myself again. (It has been a while\u2026) I have goals again and I am pushing myself to become involved in more things once more. I\u2019m hoping and demanding that my energy levels keep up with me. I am fixing myself. I\u2019m looking forward to being allowed and able to kickbox and run again. I love being active and miss having the energy to be so and the energy which comes from being active. I\u2019m looking forward to seeing the old me in the mirror again. Lastly, my brain fog is slowly leaving. I am able to write again. Only"}, {"title": "", "text": "months now because of the irrational fears that I\u2019ll get into a wreck and that people are stupid and violent. This is no way to live. Changes are needed. Hi Zach! Another great window into your life! You do a fantastic job writing and have a real talent for putting the reader in your shoes! Keep up the good work buddy! I do not know what to say that would help you , setting an appointment to see your psych doctor is a very good first step , and you being aware of what is going on with you is also a positive thing, when I slide backwards my personal health takes a hit as well, the not showering every day , not being social , and so forth , I find blogging helps , and like you I watch a lot of youtube , I like to watch comedians , it seems to help at least for a brief moment in time. may you find your health and happy place my friend, best of luck . I\u2019m so sorry that things aren\u2019t going well and that you are housebound. Hopefully medication changes will make a big difference. Continue to eat well, cut back on caffeine, and strive for real sleep as you wait for improvements from different meds. We want you to feel better!"}, {"title": "", "text": "yet. The point is, it is what it is and I can\u2019t change it. I just have to accept it. Doesn\u2019t that sound so zen and mature of me? I wish I always felt this way. Some days I get mad or sad. Sometimes I scream or cry. But today I\u2019m handling it ok. Because the thing is, I should have realized it the second she invited me over: in the war of Brain vs. Body, Body always wins. Always. Every time. So I might as well just accept it today. I\u2019ll accept it today, but tomorrow I\u2019ll go back to fighting it with new treatments and more research! This entry was posted on Saturday, August 3rd, 2013 at 6:13 pm and is filed under Decisions, Expectations, Fatigue, Frustration, Isolation, Limitations, Pain, Rants, Symptoms, Unpredictable. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Hugs. I know exactly what you mean with the wishful thinking, I find myself doing that all the time, until my body reminds me that my life isn\u2019t like that. Currently having a bad day too, so am using all my efforts to force myself to rest, but almost five hours of it and I am sick and tired of having to lie down feeling nothing but pain, exhaustion and sickness (from exhaustion). I allowed my body to trick me into believing I could do a little bit more and didn\u2019t listen to my brain telling me"}, {"title": "", "text": "no interest in anything. I feel nothing other than total despair. Oh, I do feel amazingly, incredibly guilty about everything, as though I\u2019m lazy, incompetent, and everything wrong with the world is my fault. I deserve to suffer so much. Everything is overwhelming, and I am paralysed. I don\u2019t just have very low self-esteem, I am also full of self-hated. I am the lowest of the low and completely worthless; the world would be a better place without me. If I\u2019m depressed for any period of time self care tends to go a bit out of the window: what is the point of shaving? Can I really be bothered to wash my hair? Who cares if the kitchen sink is filthy? I overeat and overeat convenience food, because that\u2019s all I can be bothered to cook. I sit, finding myself in tears, and I\u2019m not sure why. I feel completely alone; no one can possibly understand how I feel just now, and even it there is a person who can, I couldn\u2019t be bothered to speak to them. And in one final little trick of the mind, time seems to slow down to prolong the agony. Every second is torture. So I try to sleep for as much of the day as possible, and I drink wine and take pills to make sure I can sleep. You feel physically ill as well, with aches and pains exaggerated to distraction. There\u2019s a tickle and lump in your throat. I perpetually tug at my eyebrows, and occasionally pull"}, {"title": "", "text": "myself become depressed. I believe that I didn\u2019t fight hard enough or long enough or well enough and, through laziness or lack of discipline, allowed depression to consume me. Blaming yourself for feeling bad is a slippery slope that never leads anywhere good. I often think about getting well. Most days it\u2019s the only thing I think about. The truth is, though, that I don\u2019t even know what well is, or what it looks like, let alone how to get there. If I\u2019m being honest with myself, the way that I\u2019m living now feels normal, because it\u2019s the same way that I\u2019ve been living for over half my life. I don\u2019t remember who I was before all this started, and I don\u2019t remember what it was like not to feel like this. I don\u2019t remember what it\u2019s like to get up in the morning and not dread every single thing that has to happen to me before I can finally make it back to bed again. Someone said to me recently, accusingly, that my problem is that I don\u2019t want to put the necessary work into getting better. The funny thing is, they\u2019re right. I don\u2019t. I\u2019m too tired to do any kind of work. It\u2019s bad enough that I have to get up every day and drag myself through yoga and parenting and writing; I don\u2019t want to have to do any extra work on top of that. Thinking about having to work in order to get well makes me feel exhausted before I\u2019ve even"}, {"title": "", "text": "even to do things that normally make me really happy \u2013 like writing, making videos and even working out, to some extent. And don\u2019t even get me started on feeling tired literally 100% of the time. That\u2019s why I couldn\u2019t stick to working out or actually rewriting my book \u2013 because I\u2019m genuinely afraid of failure and to face that I\u2019m already failing by being so behind, just makes me want to ignore it and not acknowledge it but I can\u2019t; I feel guilty for not being motivated. I\u2019m so scared of getting help, the thought of trying to tell another human being what goes on in my head, particularly when they\u2019re a GP Doctor who really doesn\u2019t care about me at all and won\u2019t believe anything I have to say as anything more than \u2018she\u2019s a hormonal student being melodramatic\u2019. I\u2019ve tried talking to people, people I trust and a couple of professionals but no one quite seems to get it and a lot of the time I get told that I\u2019m definitely feeling one way when I know that inside I\u2019m not. I can\u2019t go through that again. I don\u2019t really know what I\u2019m doing or the point of this post. I am getting better at handling myself and trying to push through the down days and pull myself out of it. I guess I\u2019m okay, just not right now."}, {"title": "", "text": "with a thick angst between us. The day would be hard and I wouldn\u2019t like myself, because I would think of all of the mothers who triumphed in the face of hardship, slaying that giant because \u201cI am f-ing woman, hear me roar.\u201d When I\u2026well, I was shrinking back, feeling crushed in a weight I didn\u2019t understand. I thought there would be one day. Just one where I would break open, letting loose my full rage and sorrow so wildly, then feel my soul infused with light and hope and have the strength to pick myself up and try again. But it hasn\u2019t been just one. It has been many. Again and again, over and over and over\u2026and over. Rhythm and habit, that is what I have been working on - the habit of dwelling on good thoughts, picking one bad habit to let go of at a time, picking one good habit. And part of practicing that habit is finding a rhythm to my days. When there is no rhythm I spin and have a million projects going at once and find that I am thinking about working when I am playing and playing when working, and it\u2019s just spinning. And depression can have a crazy hold on you when your days are a blur or you have a habit of negative thoughts. I\u2019m not much for New Year\u2019s resolutions; I didn\u2019t cross some invisible line at the strike of 2015. But since it\u2019s beginning, I was determined to try over and over again, to"}, {"title": "", "text": "understand that I am still trying to live my life. I have to do things a bit differently than other people, but my life isn\u2019t over, so please, keep your thoughts on my age to yourself. I am fully aware that there is nothing physically wrong with me, but my brain doesn\u2019t. According to my brain and my nervous system, there is some kind of catastrophic damage to whichever body part is hurting at any given time. You can try to override these signals, but in the end, there is no way to reason with your body. Want to know a secret? Sometimes, if I\u2019m feeling particularly bad, I put extra effort into my appearance to hide the fact that I feel terrible. Now, that being said, please DO NOT turn it around and say \u201cYou look great, are you in pain?\u201d. How about you just leave it at \u201cYou look great\u201d. That\u2019s all I really want to hear. Sometimes a change of scenery can help, but most of the time, all it does is give me a new setting to hurt in. I\u2019m not trying to be stubborn or anything, but sometimes, I just need to find a comfy spot to curl up in and wait for the misery to pass. Prodding at me to \u201cgo out and do something\u201d is only going to make me grumpy, which in turn makes the pain worse. If I feel that getting out of the house will help, I\u2019ll suggest it myself. Hopefully, this list will at least"}, {"title": "", "text": "never ceasing. You don\u2019t see the mornings where I cry as my boyfriend has to get me dressed because I just can\u2019t do it any more. You don\u2019t see the nights where I have to shower for half an hour in order to stop myself from doing something stupid like hurting myself. You don\u2019t see the panic attacks I get when leaving my flat, if I even can. You might think I am getting better. I\u2019m not. I want to get better, but I\u2019m not. Or at least I don\u2019t see any signs of feeling like a human again. I want to get through a whole day with out the incessant thoughts of inadequacy. I want to live again, be sociable, go out for evening walks, get excited for events. I want to be human. I want to breath again with out feeling the pain of living. This might sound like something that lives in a personal diary, but I feel like it needed to be said. Everyone thinks they know how I am operating and think they know how I should be feeling, but that isn\u2019t the case. If I could control any of this illness I would be doing it. I am not well. I haven\u2019t been for some time. That isn\u2019t going to change at the drop of a hat. I want to breath again with out feeling the pain of living. If I can get to that stage in the next few months then I will be so grateful for all the"}, {"title": "", "text": "full of self-loathing (even though I have a prescription for physio from the doctor; I\u2019m not able to go until I can drive again, which will happen\u2026???? I don\u2019t know when; and even then, I don\u2019t know how many visits I\u2019ll be able to squeeze in before I can\u2019t afford it again). I am a huge proponent of radical self-love, and I stand by that: but right now? I hate my body. I hate that it\u2019s broken. I hate that it\u2019s slowed me down so much. I hate that it doesn\u2019t listen to me, that the pain is constant, that I can only accomplish a few things each day. I hate that today it was too much for me to shower. And I hate myself, for being a klutz in the first place and breaking my leg. I hate myself for getting too drunk that night in 2009 to think to move out of the way before 2 people landed on my head and compressed my spine. I hate myself for being so broke that I can\u2019t afford the physio that will give me something resembling a normal life again, that will allow me to no longer be a burden on my loved ones. I am a broken spirit in a broken vessel, and this has been getting me down for quite some time. Until tonight. Tonight \u2014 I don\u2019t know why this happened, or why the catalyst for it was what it was \u2014 and the catalyst doesn\u2019t matter, not really. What matters is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "sometimes it does take over\u2014even when I\u2019m on meds. One night, probably eight years ago, my now husband, then boyfriend, Aaron and I had a fight. He stormed out of the house. Now, this sort of event upsetting for anyone. But I\u2019ve seen people deal with fights and be fine. I can\u2019t compartmentalize those feelings. I can\u2019t eat. I can\u2019t sleep. I breathe shame and self-hatred along with air. I hate myself so deeply and so much that the idea of someone else hating me seems to confirm how much space and energy my very existence is wasting. Even when online correspondents have gotten upset at me, I often lose sleep and am a ball of self-loathing for days. It\u2019s worse when it\u2019s someone I love. No there is no physical pain\u2014but that mental anguish can be just as unbearable. It\u2019s torture hating yourself that much\u2014every inch of your body feels offensive. The only relief would be oblivion, to curl into yourself and stop having to exist. Now, that night, when Aaron stormed out over some fight I don\u2019t even remember now, I had a full bottle of pills in the house. They were meant to calm my anxiety, to help me back down from those emotions I couldn\u2019t escape. I took one. I took two. And every second waiting for them to DO SOMETHING was excruciating. I didn\u2019t want to die\u2014I just couldn\u2019t endure being me. I wanted to sleep and hoped when I woke things would be better. I took a handful of pills."}, {"title": "", "text": "do this now or don\u2019t do that because it\u2019s happened in the past and I\u2019ve learned my lesson, and no I have absolutely no idea about the future. I live in the moment. I have absolutely no choice. Yes I\u2019m having to learn how to do things differently, and I\u2019m learning constantly my cans and cant\u2019s. Yes my moods change frequently because I can feel a little better today than yesterday, which made me feel like I accomplished something, but tomorrow I\u2019m going to be cranky and depressed because I\u2019m going to be feeling absolutely awful from doing the smallest things, and yes I\u2019ll be full of emotions because it makes me realize just how much my life has changed. Yes sometimes my mind is occupied so I forget about what tomorrow will bring but the same thoughts might scare the living crap out of me tomorrow because I\u2019ve actually had time to be in my head for a while and face whatever tomorrow may bring. Yes all of this does exhaust me, confuse me, depress me, frighten me, and no I really don\u2019t understand things any better than you do. Yes you do hurt my feelings when you scoff at me thinking I can do something in the future that I wasn\u2019t able to do yesterday, and can\u2019t even get out of bed today. Sometimes you just don\u2019t realize that sitting and resting like a \u201cnormal\u201d is actually really hard work and takes spoons just as much as walking or trying to do something. Yes,"}, {"title": "", "text": "what they are, I know what they feel like and yes...I am working on my thoughts and self esteem ....yet once again. What is so dangerous about feeling this way? Well, it is dangerous in lots of ways actually, it seems to taint all of your other thoughts, and pretty soon your whole perspective is out of whack. I only mention this, not to have you feel sorry for me, but to share with you things that maybe others have experienced too and if you haven't, then ways to help you avoid these situations in the future. I am working on it, I am tired and hurting anyway, and so that too takes a toll on your perspective, seems like it will feel like this forever. So where do I go from here? Back to the basics, get enough sleep, eat right, exercise each day, read my scriptures and other uplifting books, be a keeper of my thoughts, pay attention to the thoughts that come in ( almost without me knowing ), have happy thoughts ready to replace them. Then I get down on my knees everyday and say thanks for the body I do have left, thanks for the health I have and on and on. Gratitude is a great defense to bad thoughts and hard days, and last but not least....Serve someone else, that makes a huge difference on how you see your life, when you look or share the struggles of others. Sounds like I have done this before ...right? Oh yes, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "all that mumbo-jumbo. I was bummed, but was going to work through it. Then things got worse. This involved my little brother. I got an e-mail from one of his friends basically telling me what I had suspected and, yeah, here we go again. I lost it at that point. The day was just NOT a good one for me. I wish I could say that today was much better, but it wasn\u2019t. I have been cutting myself off from friends lately, and leaving my cell phone at home. I just don\u2019t feel like bringing others down with my piss-poor attitude. I do know that I am very capable of making the changes I want in my life. After all, I need to follow Ghandi\u2019s advice and be the change I want to see in the world. I am slowly trying to figure out what it is that I actually want though, and that is where I am struggling. I need to do some soul searching the rest of this weekend and find out what it is that I WANT. Here are some things that I already know I want. These are things that I want to live with for the rest of my life. Of course, I am a person of change, so these may change in the future, but for now\u2026. I want to wake up every morning being thankful for the beauty surrounding me. I want to go throughout my day staying positive and looking on the bright side of things. I want"}, {"title": "", "text": "or make a list of things I am looking forward to in the future. If that doesn\u2019t work either and my mood stays low, I tell myself that it will be better tomorrow. It sounds like giving up, but everything looks better by the fresh green light of day! Thank you for sharing, Haley! Don't forget to check out her blog to learn more about her WWOOF-ing experience."}, {"title": "", "text": "it now. Of course, I have the obsessive thoughts that come with it. Those thoughts trigger my paranoia. I feel like everyone is out to get me right now. I feel like people who say they care about me, really don't care at all. I absolutely hate this illness. I feel like not ever feeling again! But feelings are not facts. Depression, stress and anxiety thats reality for me rite now. (Legal issues) but im gonna pray do some deep breathing and do the next rite thing and come out the other side ok. \"I hope\" I hate never knowing when what symptom will happen. I find it hard to plan things and I stress will I be ok that day? I feel so normal sometimes for a couple days and then fall off a cliff, it\u2019s hard to keep things moving forward when you are constantly starting over again. The bully in my head is bad, I\u2019ve gone to therapy/CBT for a long time trying to work on it and gain confidence, it\u2019s a real struggle. It makes me not want to be in a relationship, or do other things because I have to believe in myself first and like myself. How can I ever have any of that if I don\u2019t?"}, {"title": "", "text": "will know me and hopefully will be able to be spared from that stigma within the five of us. I just hope that someone finds comfort in knowing they aren\u2019t alone. I hope that\u2019s the case. I hope this helps someone. Being this naked isn\u2019t easy but I appreciate you all giving me that opportunity and for being kind. This could have gone in a different direction than it has. At the very least, thank you for letting me be so wordy and self-righteous without being critical and abusive. I appreciate that more than you could ever know. Even if no one is reading this. Some days you wake up and can\u2019t remember why you felt so hopeless and why you had given up. You wake up and you\u2019ve snapped out of it and now you feel guilty and stupid for not being able to think positively enough to pull yourself out before. That guilt rises up in an instant because you felt sorry for yourself enough that you wanted to stop your heart from pumping blood into your organs. You wanted to stop the oxygen from reaching your brain, so you could slowly drift away. You made plans. And now those plans make you feel like such an asshole because you can\u2019t just look on the bright-side, and you think you should have been able to because today you can. And that\u2019s the problem. You couldn\u2019t control it a day ago, and the week was a constant battle and now you seem to have suddenly"}, {"title": "", "text": "me, or, I get annoyed with myself, and sad, as if my work is almost incomplete. Almost as if I am not living up to my own expectations. And every time upon my release from the hospital after my meds have been adjusted, I have to open a new door, learn to live a new life again. It\u2019s difficult, but I have endured this. I have survived. I remember that I have strategies, goals and actions. As my father did before me. I hate it that I blame him. I hate it when I say something that hurts him, and I see him wince as if I have slapped him very hard across the face. I mean, I am used to embarrassment, and humiliation, and people unfriending me with a kind of energetic efficiency. I have to work on self-love daily. I pray daily. I try to be kind but it is like making an anonymous donation. And every year I promise myself more self-love, more personal growth, more prayer and meditation, more reading, and I make an action plan out of it for the next six months. To the lighthouse. To the lighthouse I go. There are days when I talk and talk and talk. There are also days when I cannot meet your gaze. When people\u2019s faces look different to me in the morning light. When I\u2019m afraid of Virginia Woolf. Society allows many things to happen to you when you are mentally ill. I\u2019m always putting my trust in people, and being let"}, {"title": "", "text": "Because I want to be wholly improved, feel as though I should be completely cured by now (time has past, money has been spent on retreating, medicating, analyzing, and so on), I continue to be surprised by signs that I am not. I find it nearly impossible to get out of bed in the mornings. I can\u2019t fall asleep at night. My dreams are filled with nightmares. I feel a weight on my chest. I manage to make it through the motions of the day and get home at 5pm, 4pm, and collapse. Just getting through the day has drained me. The exhaustion is total. Everything irritates me. I can\u2019t focus. I can\u2019t function in the way I expect. So many things remain undone. I\u2019ve been doing all of the healthy recommendations to move past debilitating depression and anxiety: I\u2019ve seen medical doctors and have had batteries of tests; I\u2019ve gone away for a relaxing technology-free break; I take walks; I practice breathing; I eat flax seed and whole grain bread and vegetables; I take herbs; I burn aromatherapy oil; I lift weights; I sleep in; I see a psychologist; I take Xanax. And yet. I feel like a jerk. I have so much more than so many. And yet all I can do is complain. A friend said I shouldn\u2019t be so hard on myself. That maybe I have the foundation and the tip of Maslow\u2019s hierarcharcy of needs, but I\u2019m missing the middle. Can you have self-actualization without love, belonging, and safety? And from"}, {"title": "", "text": "I wasn\u2019t adapting well. So I took several Nytol sleeping tablets just to sleep the day away, and I repeated this process on several Sundays in those first few weeks living on my own. As the next few weeks passed, I threw myself into being a good parent. I felt it was the only thing I had left to offer. Making sure I was always there when I said I would be, providing for him and showing all the love and affection I had despite my own negative feelings for myself. I went to work and I functioned. I could perform for everyone else so I didn\u2019t need to worry about me, and wearing a mask was easy for me. I had the classic entertainers\u2019 curse, performing on the outside but crying and suffering on the inside. As I struggled to adapt to my new life and surroundings, the feelings of self-loathing grew. I felt horrendous guilt for, firstly, the pain I had caused and then I felt guilt for feeling guilty! I did feel sorry for myself, but then I kept telling myself that I had nothing to feel sorry for as everything was my own fault and doing, so the vicious cycle continued with me feeling more sorry for myself and hating myself more. It was a vicious spiral which got to me everyday. It soon got to the point where I hated the physical sight of me. The above picture will mean nothing to anyone looking at it, but I know what it"}, {"title": "", "text": "apart. There is so much inside of me that needs to get out. Worries, anxiety, memories, hope - and yet every time I attempt to put words to the chaos I feel inside my throat constricts, my stomach clenches, sweat begins to trickle down my neck, my eyes well up, and I feel frozen. In a word, I panic. I've spent the last two years reconstructing myself, blindly replacing the remnants of shattered dreams back into some resemblance of reality. Why is it not done? When is this journey going to be complete? New Year\u2019s resolutions have always been tricky for me. Being a perfectionist, albeit a recovering one, I am constantly attempting to improve myself. Every January, every Monday. Hell, every day, is a clean slate. The chance to start anew. It is the year, the week, the day I will finally________________. What exactly? I am not entirely sure. From losing weight, to calling my grandmother more often, to reading more nonfiction, drinking less wine, being nicer to my husband, I am constantly committing and recommitting to make a change. Here in lies the problem. My husband says I like \"shiny things.\" This is his way of saying that I am prone to getting super excited and getting REALLY into something, for about two weeks. Then my attention wanes and it's on to the next big self-improvement plan. He's not wrong. I am a fan of innovation. I like trying new things. I like discovering new bands, new restaurants, meeting new people, exploring new hobbies,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the wand. Change would be gradual, measured, something I had to actively choose. There would be easy days, the ones where happiness would stream through the window, throwing open my eyelids in excitement for another go at life; where I would feel lucky to foster two ragamuffin children, lucky to change diapers, do dishes, write songs, unloading heaps of love onto my husband, family and friends, giving my portion to world peace, feeling full at the end of that day when I kiss the girls goodnight, put my feet up next to this hunk of a husband\u2026then we\u2019d make out, and fall asleep in bliss. And then there would be the not-so-easy ones, where happiness is replaced by its crude nemesis. Where opening my eyes to get out of bed feels truly impossible. Where I would pray that those two ragamuffin girls would (for the love) stay asleep so I didn\u2019t have to give, because there was nothing to give. And I would be mad about it - that I had to change diapers or do the dishes for the thousandth time or change my shirt for the tenth because baby puke just keeps coming. Mad that I had to scavenge for any love to pour out of myself to that day before hunk-husband whom I just finished fighting with, pinpointing all the ways he is not living up the imaginary perfect person that is poised permanently in left back corner of my mind. And we wouldn\u2019t make out like teenagers, but instead would fall asleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don\u2019t necessarily feel different, but something is different. Today I woke up early and made myself a fruit smoothie, I laid out my outfit, and I am writing a blog. I have decided to do a few things differently. Or let me rephrase. Force my self to do things differently. I have decided to give up dairy and red meat (eat better in general) , to dress better, and stop beating myself up mentally. It\u2019s exhausting being this mean to myself. Eventually depression feels like this bully that you have to just say shut up to. As I sit here watching Fixer Upper passing some time before I get ready for another day. I am realizing that when someone says something mean or when I say something mean to myself I don\u2019t have to listen to it or even think it\u2019s true. I want to be someone that is confident. So here comes another day, another day where someone will say something mean and refuse to beat myself up for it. I\u2019m in currently in a job role where part of my job is listening to complaints. It is exhausting but it\u2019s a job not all I am. I can have weekend plans, I can choose a recipe and get cooking for Valentine\u2019s Day dinner, or just get on the treadmill and have a relaxing jog. A job sometimes is just not all of me. And it shouldn\u2019t take anything from me. Have a good hump day everyone! Previous PostMrs. Robot Next PostI know I"}, {"title": "", "text": "I am sore, in bed and in need of a distraction. And this rambling blog shall be the the task with the duty of giving me something to think about, other than my body wanting to hurt despite all the painkillers I have fed it. *rage* But I am trying to keep upbeat. It isn\u2019t working very well, as you may see. I am looking to try and change my life for the better. I am very lazy, and don\u2019t do a lot of what I set out to do. I am also very good at complaining about how I never get anything done, despite there being nothing to actually stop me. It\u2019s a very un-productive state I get into, because it just puts me down the \u2018shame spiral\u2019 where I belittle myself for not doing anything. And because it is some thing that makes me feel bad about myself, I really need to stop it. I need to stop being so harsh on myself when things don\u2019t go the way I want it to. But that will take time. I am doing it bit by bit. I have things that I want to do. Things that I want to do to make me better, as a person. I am not saying I am a bad person, but I know that I need to do things to make myself more reliable and such. I have already started, and have bought a diary to try and keep track of everything I need to do. This diary, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "favourite novel \u2013 if you can, try to do something that makes you feel happy, even if it's only for 15 mins Positive thinking and action Even though right now it may seem too big a hill to climb, you will get there and it will be ok - keep the faith in yourself and your ability to deal with it Switch up your language - so instead of this being a \u2018nightmare\u2019, start to describe it as \u2018interesting\u2019 and in other ways that put you in the position of power Tough situations can help you grow, bring about new opportunities and can help you build confidence, so try to see how this may positively impact you Focus on what you can do and can control, be creative with problem solving - and go grasp it with gusto If you'd like support and guidance in creating a healthful environment for your body and mind to better cope with challenging times, contact me about personalised health coaching. sian@sianstimson.com"}, {"title": "", "text": "favourite novel \u2013 if you can, try to do something that makes you feel happy, even if it's only for 15 mins Positive thinking and action Even though right now it may seem too big a hill to climb, you will get there and it will be ok - keep the faith in yourself and your ability to deal with it Switch up your language - so instead of this being a \u2018nightmare\u2019, start to describe it as \u2018interesting\u2019 and in other ways that put you in the position of power Tough situations can help you grow, bring about new opportunities and can help you build confidence, so try to see how this may positively impact you Focus on what you can do and can control, be creative with problem solving - and go grasp it with gusto If you'd like support and guidance in creating a healthful environment for your body and mind to better cope with challenging times, contact me about personalised health coaching. sian@sianstimson.com"}, {"title": "", "text": "not feel like checking my skin with a mirror I will recall today and reread this entry. So for now I am content to let myself be miserable. I do my best to hide my unhappiness from others though I am not effective all the time. With those I am close to I talk about this problem--I do not want to fall into the rabbit hole of depression that claims the lives of too many people. I do not think I am there yet meaning a depressed state. That is one place I do not want to go-ever. What am I doing to change my mood? I am going to do something, I just do not know what that something is. For now, I will try to look at the bright side of life. I envision myself skiing, I check the conditions in Vermont and New Hampshire at my favorite ski resorts. I look at pictures online and try to figure out where the people are. I am investigating custom multi use buckets for paralyzed people that can be used skiing, biking, or kayaking. I follow the New York Rangers closely and get satisfaction they are having a good season. I hope they make a deep run into the playoffs so perhaps I can attend a game with my son or brother. I try to talk to my son when he is not surgically attached to the couch, his computer or consuming mass quantities of food. I watch the birds of prey outside my window ride"}, {"title": "", "text": "for mange. So we have to cope, cope with nothingness, with isolation, with loneliness, with frustration and boredom. Cope with it until the day comes that I can change the bedding without inducing a heart attack or go to the shops without a rope, crampons and kendal mint cake to keep my energy up. These tiny things we all take for granted are as big as Everest for me at the moment. Yet I still don\u2019t think people understand how poorly I was/am. Aileen Wuornos hairdos aside, I look ok so the natural reaction is that I am obviously ok. I\u2019m not though, I\u2019m knackered."}, {"title": "", "text": "following day, still on track with recovery, and feeling pretty proud of myself. When people comment on how much they've watched me change in the space of a year, I cry. Every time, without fail, I cry. That's because I'm glad that someone else can see the change too. There are days that I don't see it, or I forget. One thing's for sure though, when I remember, there are mixed feelings. There's pain because I wish I could tell the girl that I once was that she is going to get through what she's feeling, that she isn't worthless. There's also joy that I'm no longer that girl."}, {"title": "", "text": "LIVE. LAUGH. LOVE. Fun / Amazing Hey, You. Keep Fighting By J-E-S \u2022 December 24, 2018 I know it's hard. I understand. You hate yourself. You're tired of looking at yourself in the mirror and not seeing a different person. You don't feel attractive. You hide yourself from the world. You care too much about what other people think about you. You look at other people and wish you were them. You want to change, but you feel like you're still the same person, no matter how much you try to change. You aren't consistent. Your past of failures and disappointments haunt you everyday. You want to be stronger; you want to feel stronger. You don't feel like you're living. You feel stuck, emotionally, spiritually, mentally, and physically. I understand. I don't know who you are, but I understand. The mental and emotional pain is unbearable. Some days you've even entertained the thought of ending it all, other days you feel like you're on top of the world. You have to fight. You have to fight. You have to fight. YOU decide how YOU perceive and journey through reality. Don't ever forget that. Don't feel bad for yourself. Cry a little or a lot, close your eyes, and tell yourself what you want to be, NOT what you aren't. YOU decide. YOU have that power. It's hard, I know, but please! Fight. Fight. Fight. PREVIOUS STORY NEXT STORY SHARE YOUR STORY Please consider making a donation to Sunny Skyz and help our mission to make the"}, {"title": "", "text": "shop next. My mom would bring me things a lot. Trash piled up in my kitchen because I would be too afraid to bring it to the dumpster. I was adverse to the idea of even running into a neighbor, because they would be able to see through my exterior, into the fear and hot mess that I was inside. I would buy cans of SlimFast and Starbucks because they wouldn\u2019t stink up the kitchen. I would triple-bag kitty litter. When I was actually able to go get my mail (at 3 in the morning), the box would be empty with a note inside. The mailman thought that I had gone on vacation. I would sleep in my closet during the days, because nobody could see me there. Blinds were drawn, curtains were pulled over them, but still, I thought everyone could see me. I lived at night. I could be me at night, in my apartment, with just the cat to see what a horrible state I was in. I could talk with people over the Internet without them really knowing how I lived. It had to stop. I became really determined to beat this. I was too damned young to let this rule my life. My life! I would push myself. Open the front door for an hour. Step outside at night for 10 minutes. Take out a load of trash. Walk to my car. Sit in the car. Drive to the end of the block and back. Wave hello to people. I had"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have to quit this, I can't keep on chasing the cheap thrills that only last me an hour and then make me feel down again. I need to be my productive self again. Where did my determination go to die? I need to be more disciplined, I keep saying it without action. I don't know why I'm doing this to myself. It's self sabotage. I need to work harder. I need to put in more effort. I need to be productive and work efficiently again. I'm not a happy person when I'm stressed and anxious. I can't keep up with this depressing routine of barely scraping through. I miss my old self. I need to find her. I need to be at my best again. Trying to keep in mind that none of these problems and none of these people will matter in two months. so much sh\u00eft is changing that I can\u2019t control and it\u2019s so f\u00fccking overwhelming. I don\u2019t like change, it scares the f\u00fccking sh\u00eft out of me. why do people have to f\u00fcck everything up? why does life have to beat the living sh\u00eft out of you? why does everything have to be a game or a joke or a lie? why can\u2019t things just be simple? why does everything have to hurt so f\u00fccking much? why do I even still care? I can\u2019t hold my sh\u00eft together anymore. I can\u2019t breathe, this is too much. I don't think about you instead I think about the memories we shared. As bad"}, {"title": "", "text": "myself what if I don\u2019t like who I am when I get through this? I still don\u2019t know. I used to share my thoughts and feelings more than I do but again, life changes. I feel alone. I feel awful inside actually. But I\u2019m not giving up. I refuse to let that dictate me. I am just going to go forward with my eyes open wide for a change."}, {"title": "", "text": "my medication, painting my nails, showering daily. I fully understand how some people cannot keep it together. It took every ounce of my energy to make my 45-minute commute both ways and work all day. One day, my body just couldn\u2019t handle it and I had to leave work early. That was the day I realized I had to start taking better care of myself. I am just now fixing my hair and doing my makeup every day for work again. I feel sorry for my co-workers\u2026 they saw me look disheveled A LOT. They\u2019re the real MVP\u2019s. I tried to keep going with the blog but I just sank lower and lower. I thought it was a good idea to try and start a business in the middle of all this mess, and of course it failed. That was a dumb idea on my part and I fully recognize it. Here\u2019s to more regular posts and catching you up on all of our adventures! Thanks for hanging in there with me!"}, {"title": "", "text": "of making myself suffer physically probably means that, on some level, my mood isn't as good as I think it is. And blogging coherently when your brain is in a fog? I wouldn't recommend it. But I would recommend practicing self-love on a daily basis, whether it's going to bed at a decent hour or giving yourself credit for the awesomeness that it takes just to get out of bed sometimes. No matter what, we only get one self. Find Tracey on Twitter, Facebook, and her personal blog. Image from nevrijem at DeviantArt Tags: loving yourself self-acceptance and mental illness Lloyd, T. (2012, January 6). Loving Yourself When You Have a Mental Illness, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2023, January 29 from https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/relationshipsandmentalillness/2012/01/loving-yourself-when-you-have-a-mental-illness Author: Tracey Lloyd New Year's Relationship Resolutions for People With Mental Illness Fear, Anxiety and Healthy Relationships September, 29 2014 at 3:01 pm Yea!!! I was able to check off some tasks on my goals list for the day. Didn't get everything, but I am proud of me! I remember the days of just being able to get out of the bed, to go right back. But hey, that was a good day. love_ November, 14 2013 at 10:00 am What if you were diagnosed with BP II and yet you really don't believe it. So you stop taking meds and all it feels like is bad depression and you just ignore the symptoms and move on and don't show noone what is going on in your head. Can you actually control the mood swings"}, {"title": "", "text": "in self-pity, or to do something about it. I chose to do something about it. It\u2019s amazing because the older I get, the more I realize that it\u2019s all in what you believe (and what you\u2019re willing to \u201cput up\u201d with). You totally have a choice. Granted, some moods are harder to get out of than others, but you must \u201cfight with all of your might\u201d (as I have written in my bedroom). You just can\u2019t give up. No way. Don\u2019t do it. Ever. Choose to do better. Be better than you were yesterday. That\u2019s my hope for you. Simple, yet strong\u2026I love this post! Thanks, \u201cRK\u201d. I\u2019ll try to keep it going. \u2190 Coming up next on Meat: The Press."}, {"title": "", "text": "Currently 21. Wake up every morning go to work, sit in a cold grey cubicle for 10 hours straight, go home, cook dinner, clean up from dinner, go to sleep and then do it all over the next day. My live in boyfriend of two years does not pay much attention to me and every day I think more and more of just ending my life. My dad died when I was 14, my mom is a psychopath that mentally and physically abused me for many years. Nothing in my life has turned out the way I wanted. I'm ugly,my weight fluctuates a lot, and more and more my characteristics/mannerisms resemble that of my mother's..which makes me hate myself for being like her. On top of all this I have no friends and some money issues. I feel more alone every day. I love my boyfriend but idk... im just unhappy with myself and my life. I feel lost. Your having a tough time but if I were you, dump your boyfriend, move into a smaller/cheaper place but fix it up nice, get a good routine and diet, leave friends out of the picture until your sorted, buy some cool stand up videos and comedy to watch when your alone, take up a new hobby, maybe start at night school or the open university, put loads of effort into your job so you can get promotions and bonuses, and see if you can just see someone about your mannerisms etc but just leave your childhood behind,"}, {"title": "", "text": "just sitting there like the Grinch who hated the world. I lose interest in everything, I lose interest in my passion. This new anguish led me to self pity and push me to further afflict myself by submerging to more work. And yes, after my daily work I would usually bake and sometimes ended baking until midnight with the thought that its my stress reliever but reality is I just can't sleep. I love to bake but I've used it as a gateway to self infliction instead of it as a fundamental foundation of one of my future goals. that day when a person close to me told me that I needed help and I was like \"I'm not crazy... I don't need help\" but these voices in my head is agreeing that I am losing my sanity. The thought of seeking professional help dreaded me and I was like - No.. I can begin to heal myself.. I can win the battle I've created myself. That night I cried my heart out. I know and God knows of the beast I am fighting in my head. I realized I miss a lot of things... I miss going on weekend trips, I miss going to the bookstore, I miss reading my favorite book, I miss my love note writing to God, I miss enjoying concocting new recipes, I miss my blogging, I miss Life itself. Realization finally dawned me that it's time for me to finally pull myself out of this abysmal isolation. Its time for"}, {"title": "", "text": "where I could make it through the entire day with just a few times needing to sing a hymn to myself to return my mind to the course I wanted it to be on. Then there were the other days; days where I felt that every five minutes I had to reign in thoughts, feelings, sexual yearnings, and self concepts that violated what I had determined to be what I wanted in life. This constant reversal of every fleeting thought and feeling lead to pure agony inside my mind. When the feelings seemed to betray me, and I allowed them space in my mind, I would inexorably spend the rest of the day, week, or month berating myself for allowing that feeling to hold sway inside my heart. I became more adept at hating myself than loving myself. I became better at being aware of every fleeting thought inside my own mind than paying attention to the world around me. I lived in long periods of constant anxiety, depression, and uneasiness. This battle was not refrained to the confines of my own mind. This battle turned into an all out war, waged against those around me. The tactics varied, and the assaults were never the same. Sometimes I engaged in covert war, seemingly calm, but calculating, and snidely acting others. Sometimes I was completely on the defensive, a war of attrition, and I wanted to ensure that my guerrilla attacks cost who I deemed to be an enemy dearly. Often, it was all out assault against"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lately, I\u2019ve been having more bad days. Days where things go wrong, days where I feel very much down on my appearance and days where I want to curl in a ball and sleep for a long time. It\u2019s okay to have days when you feel like this \u2013 it is those kind of days that remind us that we are only human. As much as I am saying it to you dear friends, I am saying it to myself \u2013 there is always hope for a fresh start and a new day."}, {"title": "", "text": "the haze of depression, but your mind will be so consumed with these thoughts of escaping and self destruction that you think you could explode. You will see a series of lines, and think of the lovely scars you could make, where you will make them. Your mind will be permanently spinning with thoughts of this pain, and different ways you might destroy yourself or, more precisely, this monster inside you. But of course none of this will work. You will still spend your night alone, sitting and staring at nothing, completing mindless tasks as if they have some importance, as if you are really there. Be careful where you let your mind wander. Night time is the darkest time in depression. That\u2019s when all the demons come out, when you become weaker. It is when you will hurt yourself simply to make the urges stop for 5 minutes. It is when you will spend hours crying or screaming for no reason other than the agony inside. You will shake and feel as though your whole body will cave in or explode. No one will understand. You do not have hospital beds, drips, bandages or needles to make people worry. To make them realize that this sad little girl is actually sick and needs help. Of course the depression will have destroyed any self esteem you might have had, so you\u2019ll be too scared to ask for the help you need. You just go on, hoping someone will notice your slow, meticulous self-destruction. Don\u2019t worry, it"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean my floor, and then the next day fold my clothes. I would never do too much at a time that could overwhelm me and make me want to get back in bed. I started cleaning because unconsciously, my mind was clearing as I was putting things away. Ever heard of not being able to think in a crowded area? I then talked to people that I trusted about what was going on to receive constructive criticism and sympathy. That way people could hold me accountable and help assist me. You have to decide if you want to get out of your depression. No one can determine this for you. I didn\u2019t wake up and decided to do better instantly. I chose to be better because life wasn\u2019t going to stop for my trials. I had to determine if it was worth remaining in an unhealthy state. The more I continued isolated and depressed the more work I had to catch up on. I realized the quicker I applied my coping skills and received a good support system, the sooner I would be able to overcome it all. And so I spoke to people that I knew who would encourage me and help me get back to my daily routine. It was a slow process, but each day I did something different and added something extra just to increase my progress in improving and moving forward. The mind is a powerful thing. So I forced myself to get better even when I didn\u2019t feel like it."}, {"title": "", "text": "be more frequent than we'd like. But isn't it wonderful that we get a fresh start every day? This too shall pass. Spending the night feeling sorry for myself is bound to happen, and it does happen, but I know it doesn't help anything. I get to start over tomorrow, hopefully feeling even better. And I get to start over in MOAB!! So my point is this: I wasn't going to pretend everything was perfect today and my life is awesome and we have our crap all together. That's not who I am. Today sucked. And I'm going to tell you that because everyone, everyone has sucky days and I think it helps us feel more normal to know we're not alone. But remember, they don't last forever. Go to bed, sleep it off, and start over tomorrow. That's my plan, and I may even tweak things by adding in a sleeping pill to that remedy, because dang it, I want sleep! And most importantly: a bad day is no reflection of who you are as a person. Remember that."}, {"title": "", "text": "things. 3. Try to find humor in everything. Laughter is truly the best medicine. My dedication to humor is really kept me from getting depressed and hopeless when I was sick. No matter what you are going through, I hope you find a reason to smile today. Your body feels and senses if your mind does not accept who you are. Your body might try to heal itself but it will not be in sink in a way that your body and mind is working. My best advice for people out there, that we cannot wait until your body is in perfect health you need to TAKE ACTION each day to get there and be more self-aware of all the things you do, think, and eat each day. You deserve to be loved, you deserve to invest in yourself because you are alive and the world needs you. If you are struggling with your health or any aspect of it, you can schedule a strategy session with us to see if we can help you..** Please do NOT book unless you can spend 5-10 minutes completing the application immediately**If your application is not completed within 30 minutes of booking, the call will be CANCELLED to accommodate others who are waiting for that time slot to open. We will try to disqualify you quickly and we won\u2019t tell you to do anything that is not good for you, but if you\u2019re a fit, we\u2019re going to invite you into our program."}, {"title": "", "text": "to focus on my own. I watched people come and go from my life but never noticed how angry I was. How hurtful of a person I could be. I didn\u2019t realize that pain from my past was causing me to focus all the pain on someone else, other than myself. I spent years focusing and fixing other people, that I never bothered to try and fix myself. As Spring was ending, I watched myself dig into a deep dark abyss. I watched a huge light switch inside of me turn off, and turn against everybody. I didn\u2019t believe in friendship. I didn\u2019t believe in family. I felt my insides turning themselves inside out, and watched how the days turned to nights, and how much I wanted to claw off my skin to show how I really felt. Thinking positively didn\u2019t help. Changing my attitude just made it worse. I could hear happiness, I could hear love, but I wasn\u2019t feeling it. I didn\u2019t want to talk to anyone because I knew it was my negativity that was pushing people away. It was my darkness that was turning people against me, and for once in my life, I didn\u2019t care. I wanted to lose everything and everyone, before I had to let them go. Before they saw me for who I really was: a terrible, miserable, hateful person, that truly hated herself. The demons from the dark carried over to the daylight and I watched them turn me into someone I hated. Someone I loathed. When"}, {"title": "", "text": "thing to do. Depression is like a ghost that attaches itself to you. At first, you don\u2019t really realize its presence around because it\u2019s faint; still trying to find its source of energy from within you. Then, slowly, you started noticing slight changes that you didn\u2019t make. Someone else made those changes. And while you know that those changes came from within you, you also know it wasn\u2019t entirely you\u2026yet. You\u2019re still afraid to acknowledge its presence, though because you\u2019re afraid you\u2019ll validate it; bring it to life. And so, you choose to go on denying it, without realizing how it\u2019s slowly taking over your soul. And then, as nights change to days, you notice how you don\u2019t feel like getting out of bed in the morning. Or, worse still; you don\u2019t feel like waking up at all. Your eyes open, and your first thought is, \u201cI don\u2019t want to be awake.\u201d And that\u2019s not just for another minute, or an hour, or even a day. It\u2019s for always. You come to embrace the darkness of slumber. You prefer the lights out because it\u2019s easier to not notice the wreckage you\u2019ve become. It\u2019s easier to stay quiet in the presence of others because you\u2019re afraid you might just start crying if you had to utter words. And so, you fake it. You\u2019ll fake the smile and you\u2019ll work so hard at it, you\u2019ll almost believe it\u2019s real. You\u2019ll try to drown yourself in your work because you\u2019re afraid of having any free time, lest you might"}, {"title": "", "text": "It was really quite eye-opening to start paying attention to these thoughts, not running from them or trying to push them away, but just noticing they were there, accepting their presence, and then calmly redirecting my attention. It made me realise just how much illness has become ingrained in my entire existence; my self-identity. And the trouble with this, is that it is a self-perpetuating cycle. How can you get better when you are constantly telling yourself, without even realising, that you and this illness are one? But after those difficult first couple of weeks, changes started to happen. The thoughts were cropping up a little less, and my brain was automatically picking the positive images over the negative ones. Don\u2019t get me wrong, the thoughts are still there. They\u2019ve been there for about ten years so I guess they\u2019re not going to go away overnight. But when I wake up in the morning, my first thought is no longer \u201cam I feeling sick today?\u201d. When I make plans for next week, I\u2019m no longer assuming that there\u2019s a good chance I won\u2019t be well enough. Of course, I know that realistically, there is still a good chance I won\u2019t be well enough, but I am no longer stressing, obsessing and expecting the worst. I imagine health. I picture energy. I believe, deep down in my soul, that I am on the road to recovery. And that may happen next month, it may happen in a year \u2013 it doesn\u2019t really matter. I am no longer"}, {"title": "", "text": "for a drive. I wish I could feel the way I did, I wish I could try it all again and do things differently, I wish I\u2019d been born to a loving family where I\u2019m welcome and encouraged and appreciated, I wish the cow was full of milk, I wish the house was full of gold, I wish a lot of things. I wish I could end this with something happy. I wish I wasn\u2019t such a miserable sod who probably depresses anyone who reads my writing. I wish that someone would love my writing and my music and help me grow and take me away into a happier world where I just know I can see all the things I\u2019ve been waiting for. I made it through the sickness, the black despair of lying in the hospital bed for ten hours, and the scar on my arm from the IV needle still hasn\u2019t faded entirely. I reorganized my room today. I\u2019m sitting in front of a television in my room in a chair that wasn\u2019t here before. There\u2019s a new book sitting on my bed. There are things to do tomorrow. There\u2019s a friend I love who I want to ask to be my boyfriend, because I\u2019m saddened by the thought of meeting someone else. I don\u2019t know if it\u2019s a functional kind of love or just more dysfunction from me, because really, when have I ever understood how to treat anyone with decency, much less myself? I feel so much shame for the person"}, {"title": "", "text": "know yourself better than anyone else - if you want to change then you can make that happen - no intention no change. It's your life and how you choose to live it will be up to you! I feel that I am me all the time I don't want to be like a materialistic kind of girl. I want to be unique in what I do and please myself and my lord! It's a struggle in life to change something about you but it's you who knows how much effort and your capability in doing something, so don't blame anyone other than yourself...Something that I feel I am aware of but need to take actions personally. So Today I'm just not feeling it. I didn't sleep so I just catched up on lost sleep and now I don't even feel like doing anything...I haven't done much of my jewellery making which I'm not really up for it. Although, I actually did do a canvas painting but I haven't had the chance to upload it (hence the feeling lazy part lol) however I have been more into my story and thinking up new ideas of what to write about so I think I'm going to be focusing more on that then anything at the moment. Anyways, I think I've rambled on too much so I'll just end here...keep posted on my other blog because I'll definitely be uploading something on that. did some cleaning today but it was just a room that felt like cleaning a"}, {"title": "", "text": "possibility you may never live a happy life. There is nothing compared to the stress you have as an adult to the stress you're having now, it's way worse. Try to put hurtful things behind you and be happy. Getting better is not going to happen over night. I am still not completely healed, I may never be, but I'm pretty close. I work on getting better a little more each and everyday. Yes, some days I am still depressed, and others I am the happiest girl in the world. Some days I hate myself, others I love myself. I've learned to have more good days than bad days. It's normal to have ups and downs. You just have to strive for having more good days than bad, like I did. Nothing will ever be perfect. Don't let your mind stop you from doing something you really want to do. No matter how bad you may want something if you don't make the effort to make it reality you will never be able to accomplish it. Just remember your actions speak way louder than your words. I really hope I was able to help someone with sharing some of my story. I don't really like thinking about the past, so it was kind of hard writing about the things I used to go through on a daily basis. Stop dwelling on the past, this is the present, worry about your future, things the happened to you in the past are in the past for a reason."}, {"title": "", "text": "I count nine days of nothing but turning on my bed, sleeping on the best of them, just clutching blankets on the worst. I run back and forth writing, thinking, and hiding under the covers for this one. That\u2019s my activity and I need to make more. I\u2019d be at the gym working out except I took two Ativan and do not wish to risk the drive. And it is too hot and unshaded for the walk around the condos that I have made my regimen. Coming \u201cback\u201d implies seemingly ridiculous victories. Today you brush your teeth. You take one less Ativan. You go for that walk twice at dawn like you should. You write in your journal. You blog. All in between visits to the bed, your teacher and your protector. I am not my depression. My depression is not me. The world is not my depression. This doesn\u2019t say that I lie under the covers for not discernible cause and it doesn\u2019t say to stop taking the meds as appropriate. It simply separates my disease in the same manner as one might separate the eye or the ear. My eye is not me. I am not my eye. My eye is not the world. We get into an ownership thing in Western thinking \u2014 if not throughout the whole world. We own our body parts and our diseases rather than seeing them as causes. They are neither separate of us nor part of us. They are facts. This gives me personal relief from this"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don\u2019t need to always understand everything about myself. In fact, it\u2019s probably healthier if I don\u2019t. What I do need to do is listen; just listen to what my body is saying, and practice being kinder, gentler, and more patient with me. Feelings will come and go, and I can\u2019t control that, but I can control how I speak to myself and choose to move forward. My experiences with depression have brought me into some very dark places of hating and blaming myself for how I felt, but that is just not true, nor is it helpful. The truth is that you are built of love, from the inside out. Your body loves you, your body wants to be healthy, your body is doing everything it can to support you. It might need a little help, so learn how to help it, not blame it. Your mind isn\u2019t the bad guy either; it\u2019s doing it\u2019s best, but it\u2019s not the most reliable- it\u2019s easily fooled. Life and emotions don\u2019t need to make sense, and they don\u2019t need to be understood in order to be felt or worked through. So, moving forward, I\u2019m going to practice letting go of the obsessive thoughts and desperate need to control everything. Instead, I\u2019ll focus my energy inward on being more present, more accepting, more compassionate, more loving\u2026 and I hope you\u2019ll join me. We deserve it, don\u2019t we?"}, {"title": "", "text": "sort of defeated feeling that feels like I accept that things are happy-ish and ok 'today', but as time goes on all will be lost. Maybe it is just because when I have a good morning I seem to reflect more on what has been lost, both permanently in things like my teeth and possibly my health in general, the things spiritually in how this dark time will forever hurt me emotionally if I do recover, and outside things, the things I seem to still be unable to attain or control. It feels like now I am ok with myself physically and in terms of my personality. I love me. And this is a place most people reach 25 years earlier in life. But because I didn't have that love and support around me growing up, it's taken forever to get here. And now that I am, I no longer have the resources to take care of things moving forward. And without an Xmas miracle, or outside help and opportunity, things seem unlikely to change. Today is New Year's Eve, the biggest thing people celebrate all year regardless of who or where they are. It is a celebration of what has passed and what may be. It is an eve of change where one feels things will be new and different just on the other side. But not for me. I suppose in a way it hasn't really felt that way for me for many years, even before I was homeless. But in these recent years,"}, {"title": "", "text": "and every day I still want to achieve something for my own self esteem. Somedays I have to be happy with being able to shower myself. Some days it\u2019s going to coffee. I feel better when this can include an outing, a visit with a friend, a movie or anything! \u2026 Some days I must be content with just managing to hold it together without drowning in pain and many other disabling symptoms. Goal making and goal achievements have become my inner demons. They haunt my days and I am facing the very real possibility that they always will. On the positive side it makes me keep trying. On the negative side, it is the means by which I torture myself when I can\u2019t do what I dearly want to. Some people may like to assume that as a chronically ill person that I enjoy sitting in bed and hiding out at home all day\u2026 But nothing could be further from my truth. 5. The future worries me for reasons that most may never understand. The loss of independence brings with it a multitude of worries and concerns that most people can\u2019t even begin to imagine. A \u2018friend\u2019 if mine, in a very frank and confronting moment, reminded me that if something happens to my husband \u201c\u2026 [you] will be f$&ked!\u2026\u201d I was speechless. This is a thought, that despite how often I can successfully push it away, will always keep coming back. It is a very real issue that does need a great deal of"}, {"title": "", "text": "years. Just so that nobody worries, I\u2019m doing quite well now compared to when all of this began. Praise God, the worst is behind me. I remember all too vividly, a little more than a year ago, shaking and crying uncontrollably, unable to move my own body for an hour, because of nothing more than a memory. Even today, sometimes a simple flash of a memory hits me physically like a violent push. I remember the temptation towards self-harm. I remember knowing that the pain of self-harm would have been far more bearable than what I was feeling and thinking about myself every day. I remember when the words \u201cI care about you\u201d sounded to me like someone trying to convince me 2+2=5. I remember assuming that everyone hated me subconsciously as much as I hated myself, that I would never be worthy of being anything more than a metaphorical punching bag to help other people recover from their own pain. For anyone reading this who knows these or any similar feelings, I am here for you and I care, no matter what your thoughts tell you. Even if I don\u2019t know you, or if you think I don\u2019t like you, or whatever else you think about me, I honestly do care. Email me, text me, reach out to me in any way, and I will gladly speak with you and help you in any way I can. Reach out to me or someone else you trust if you need help, because you matter. You have"}, {"title": "", "text": "accept myself for who I was before this happened, and now I have to start over and learn to accept this new self and I don\u2019t want to. I want the old one back and I\u2019m angry that I can\u2019t have her. I don\u2019t want to learn to like this diminished, broken, needy creature now living in the house I used to live in, who doesn\u2019t look right in my clothes and isn\u2019t comfortable my bed. It\u2019s not that my life was perfect before \u2013 far from it. But I\u2019d give anything to be back there dealing with the ordinary challenges of living. This burden I\u2019ve been saddled with is so heavy and I\u2019m so tired of dragging it around with me. I keep wishing someone could help me carry it rather than me having to do it all by myself. I keep waiting for the time to come when I can put it down and that time keeps getting farther and farther away. I\u2019m starting to realize I will never be able to put it down, that there isn\u2019t anywhere to put it, that I just have to hold it and wait until I get bigger, or it gets smaller, or maybe both, or maybe neither. I know that my life has undergone a permanent and significant change, but the idea of that is so overwhelming that I don\u2019t even want to approach it, never mind try to wrap my head around it and deal with it. I\u2019m afraid to let myself feel how upset"}, {"title": "", "text": "putting on makeup or changing clothes. The goal is to fall asleep as early as possible and wake up as late as possible to minimize the hours of torture. And since depression saps you of all energy and desire, it\u2019s imperative to take a lot of naps or at least lie motionless for prolonged periods of time. If you have obligations to others while you are depressed, you are grateful for the routines that force you out of bed. Drive the kids to school. Make breakfast and dinner. Do the laundry. Clean the kitchen. But if you have none, why bother doing anything for yourself? You are not worthy. Everything that you know is bad for you is what you crave when you are depressed, anything that will knock out the bleakness. Or hurt you. Alcohol. Cigarettes. Sleeping pills. Solitude. You need to be alone in your misery, so you stay inside and hide or escape to where no one you know will be. Who would want to hang out with the person you have become anyway? And how selfish it would be to inflict your own sick sadness on the people you care for. But sometimes there they are, despite your efforts to hide, questioning you, bothering you, forcing you to tell lies in order to spare them. Then one morning, after ten hours of sleep, you decide to go to the gym, wearing the same clothes you had on the day before, your hair unwashed, your face devoid of makeup. You can feel some"}, {"title": "", "text": "even without you actually noticing anything. To put it simply, you feel fine until you suddenly don\u2019t. One possibility for that is that your lifestyle and habits are actively working against you. Sure, you can continue walking around and smiling as though there is nothing wrong, but that\u2019s only because you are used to behaving this way. In that sense, the way that you act is a habit and nothing more \u2013 it means nothing. One way to combat this monotony is to bring change into your life. It doesn\u2019t have to be something big, but it should spice up your day. You are making some changes in your life, might as well try to make them positive ones. For example, try changing your sleeping habits. Try to go to sleep an hour earlier and wake up early as well, or perhaps start exercising in the morning. Instead of watching the TV after work, maybe you could spend some time with your partner, family or friends? There are many healthy and positive changes that you can make to your schedule. At the very least, getting more sleep at night would do you some good. Look, depression is not a pretty condition, regardless of how well you deal with it. Sure, you might be able to live your life just as well as anyone else, but you are still suffering on the inside. Even if you yourself don\u2019t know how much. The most simple, yet at the same time difficult, solution would be to overcome your condition."}, {"title": "", "text": "(my work clocks in at 9 A.M.) just so I could distract myself. That, or I would pretend everything was but a really bad dream, so I\u2019d try to sleep it off and wake up after 2 hours just 30 minutes before I start working only feeling worse. It\u2019s either I would try to see the light in this difficult situation or cry out of the blue every now and then. It was harder for me because I felt nobody really understood my pain, and even if some did, I had no one. I got panic attacks that scared me to death because I didn\u2019t know how to continue with life anymore. Everything was such a blur, I didn\u2019t care about how I looked, I lost my appetite, I felt everything was pointless, the things that used to make me happy didn\u2019t, and I just wanted to sleep for weeks on end since I didn\u2019t know how to handle my days. It was the time I craved for God\u2019s love and comfort the most. But now I\u2019m going through this phase where I\u2019m angry about almost everything, including God, and I get irritated easily. Frankly, I hate how I\u2019m being this person because I know I am not this. I don\u2019t want to hate God but I am doing exactly that, and the fact that I\u2019m starting to question everything and going back to finding fulfillment with material things is making me uncomfortable. I feel way better now than before but that\u2019s also because I\u2019m doing"}, {"title": "", "text": "(my work clocks in at 9 A.M.) just so I could distract myself. That, or I would pretend everything was but a really bad dream, so I\u2019d try to sleep it off and wake up after 2 hours just 30 minutes before I start working only feeling worse. It\u2019s either I would try to see the light in this difficult situation or cry out of the blue every now and then. It was harder for me because I felt nobody really understood my pain, and even if some did, I had no one. I got panic attacks that scared me to death because I didn\u2019t know how to continue with life anymore. Everything was such a blur, I didn\u2019t care about how I looked, I lost my appetite, I felt everything was pointless, the things that used to make me happy didn\u2019t, and I just wanted to sleep for weeks on end since I didn\u2019t know how to handle my days. It was the time I craved for God\u2019s love and comfort the most. But now I\u2019m going through this phase where I\u2019m angry about almost everything, including God, and I get irritated easily. Frankly, I hate how I\u2019m being this person because I know I am not this. I don\u2019t want to hate God but I am doing exactly that, and the fact that I\u2019m starting to question everything and going back to finding fulfillment with material things is making me uncomfortable. I feel way better now than before but that\u2019s also because I\u2019m doing"}, {"title": "", "text": "someone who profoundly hates them- selves.\u20180 You do not stop eating when you are full. You stop eating when you are sick. You retreat to the bed and lay in it moaning and holding your stomach, feeling the weight of the binge shift and stretch your insides. Suddenly, you realize that you are going to have diarrhea1 1, and you quickly spring up and rush to the bathroom to relieve yourself. Now fully awake, you look at your typewriter with disgust. Everything in your living space is covered in garbage and rotten food. The whole place smells like shit and you hate both it and yourself for letting it be like this. Before returning to bed, you turn on your HEPA filter.\u20182 You lay in bed and you think about your girlfriend.13 You then think about money.M You think about how the dog you had to get rid of when you were seven because of allergies is probably dead now.'5 You think about spaghettification.\u20186 You think about all of the homework you haven't done. The academic alerts sitting in your inbox. You think about failing a class.\u201d You think about marriage.18 Frustrated, you rise and head upstairs. Your mother is awake. It is almost six am. You go into the bath\u2014 room and draw yourself a both. You test the water and find its optimal temperature before sitting down in the tub and allowing the water to rise around you. Once it has reached its zenith, you cut the spigot and lay down.\u201d 9 All of"}, {"title": "", "text": "could only do body weight exercises and some yoga and stretching. Now, after a decade of being sick, I have trouble lifting a water glass. It has been a very humbling experience. But I try to look at it in a positive way \u2014 my body is weaker, but I\u2019ve gotten stronger mentally and emotionally. Speaking of, what does your day to day life look like right now? My days are rarely the same. I have really bad insomnia so sometimes I sleep a solid eight hours, other times I only get a few hours and basically just take three naps in a day, no deep sleep. Sometimes I sleep until 9am fairly well rested, other days I don\u2019t fall asleep until 9am. It\u2019s a mess. But usually I wake up and take my medications like hydrocortisone and Valcyte. Then I brush my teeth and eventually I take a bath using an inflatable tub on my bed because getting to the bathroom to take a shower is too difficult. Then I eat and try to relax before I brush my teeth again and try to sleep. I know that so often with a chronic illness such as M.E. the physical symptoms are often debilitating. How do you find time to invest in your mental health, when tasks such as getting out of bed, or making a meal feel impossible? Honestly, I should give more attention to my mental health. I\u2019m pretty sound mentally, but everyone has their breaking points, and having been through everything that I"}, {"title": "", "text": "longer see all the beauty that surrounds me but instead - I see whats Not working and Not right . In the past , this would have sent me tippling towards a negative spiral of despair and self-pity , feeling powerless and like nothing was going to turnaround for the better over the course of the day. Today - I check myself - don\u2019t fight the feelings ( that never works) but know I\u2019m in the grey zone and its not the things around me that are actually more negative than normal , but much more likely its my brain chemistry and thought processes that are not quite in harmony at the moment. That\u2019s ok - I had a bad nights sleep after all - it happens. Probably doesn\u2019t help that I got into a bit of a heated discussion ( that never got resolved) with my partner last night either. Normal stuff, but still the stuff of life that can come together to set a negative undertone to your day without the right tools to shift it. Years ago, I would have let the negativity dominate my mood and reactions with others the rest of the day - maybe even a few days after. Now, I know there are things which I can do to support myself to creating a shift towards the positive so that I can enjoy ( and send out more joy) the rest of the afternoon and evening. Just the awareness that the mood itself is transient and I have the"}, {"title": "", "text": "them. If I thought that they were a waste of space etc then I wouldn\u2019t care about their viewpoints of me. I confused my admiration for them as love because I was unaware of the differences when I was younger. I was in a mess for a long time because of my past and son\u2019s adoption. I wasn\u2019t mature enough to overcome any of those things. I can\u2019t shake these feelings and they constantly keep me awake. I can numb myself during the day but at night I will start self loathing because of the above and then I just cannot settle. Even though I am aware that I was let down and not supported when I should have been to prevent what happened regarding university; I blame myself all the time for everyone\u2019s else\u2019s part in it. I see it as my fault for not being \u2018normal\u2019 or struggling at that time. I\u2019m still not totally back to normal but I\u2019m feeling better than I used to be (apart from not sleeping which is a huge issue right now). It makes you feel absolutely terrible and nap for hours during the day when the tiredness gets overwhelming (which means you cannot sleep at night again). I just cannot stay awake any longer but I can\u2019t change what I need changing. I know that asking for forgiveness is probably too much but at least I\u2019d be able to rest then if I definitely know I\u2019m not hated as a person. Next Post There is going to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dean and Danny many times before setting off that I regularly get pissed off at myself for no apparent reason. I\u2019m almost positive that somewhere deep inside my abdomen dwell two quasi obsolete ovaries which release a little bit of oestrogen into my system every so often. I hate the fact I can change into a menstrual, miserable mess in the blink of an eye. It not only negatively affects my day, but it disturbs the dynamic of those close to me also. Having travelled with other people beforehand and realising that when I get this way I can be a real obnoxious tit, I made sure that the other lads were aware of its inevitability and to not take offence when it happened. I told them to ignore me and just leave me to it. I love my own space at the best of times \u2013 not really being a great people person as such \u2013 and when I begin to feel a bit low, solitude is often my only real comfort. On that first night in Swaziland I thought it best to just hide away in the empty dorm and sleep off my depression. If I took my pouting face away from the action then hopefully I wouldn\u2019t drag anybody else down with me. Waking up the next morning I felt fresh and full of the joys of spring. Or, more likely, I was enjoying the temporary loveliness from atop my bipolar based peak. But whatever it was, I was in grand spirits and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that escape my comprehension, and if I don\u2019t immediately catch on, it\u2019s hopeless. I feel so behind in the world. I am 26 barely scraping by while my friends are having children and careers. Some days I can\u2019t get out of bed because of the thought of standing, being outside of my house, my room, makes me feel disgusting. I constantly compare myself to others, and I am always cold in the shadows. The majority of the day is spent holding back tears of frustration, rage, depression. I am constantly in a twisting state of anxiety. I don\u2019t know how to talk to people, my social skills are embarrassing. Everyone around me probably thinks so little of me. I am constantly dwelling on things I can\u2019t change. And I hate everyone who looks at me. And I can feel both of these things in the span of two hours, two minutes, two seconds. It\u2019s exhausting. People who don\u2019t know me well know the first me. That goes along with most of us though. Most of us with mental illnesses suffer in secrecy. We don\u2019t want to come off as wanting attention. We also don\u2019t want people to think differently of us. You never know how someone is going to react. So we keep it to ourselves. It\u2019s no one\u2019s business anyway. When I was diagnosed with BPD, I had no idea what it was. While bouncing from doctor to doctor and illness to illness, I heard most of the common ones. I\u2019m bi-polar. Then I just"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have to rock myself just to feel a little better. Been doing it since I was a little kid.\u201d \u2014 Sarah M. 4. Being Unable to Get Out of Bed \u201cMy inability to get out of bed when my anxiety and depression are in full swing. I force myself to get up for work but on the weekends I will stay in bed from Friday night until Monday morning. It can be so horrible. I will make plans with friends and bail on them. I hate it.\u201d \u2014 Kisena A. 5. Skin Picking \u201cMy skin picking leaves wounds on my face and I sometimes have to put [Band-Aids] (yes, even during the day) on them so they can heal, which is kinda unusual and weird.\u201d \u2014 Anna Z. \u201cSkin picking, nail-biting, hair-pulling/hair twirling, not being able to socialize well with others and being on my phone as if I\u2019m actually doing something when I\u2019m not.\u201d \u2014 Robin W. 6. Over-eating \u201cOver-eating\u2026 When my mood starts to turn, I eat like there\u2019s no tomorrow. My weight and my physical health have taken a huge turn for the worse.\u201d \u2014 Deziree T. 7. Fearing You Will Cry in Public \u201cI always feel that I have to have my \u2018normal face\u2019 on! That I can\u2019t let anybody see the way I\u2019m feeling! I suppress the urge to cry and if I start crying, especially in public, I have to reign myself in! It\u2019s like I have to keep the barrier up because if I don\u2019t everything is going"}, {"title": "", "text": "F. 12. \u201cAfter everyone goes to bed is the worst time. My thoughts pop up, especially when I cannot sleep. I try my best to distract myself, but in reality, this is the time I will break down and cry to myself over everything, so no one will see me hurt or upset.\u201d \u2014 Tatauq M. 13. \u201cNot answering my phone calls. Canceling plans. Stopped showering regularly. Showed my kids more affection, like telling them they are loved and beautiful\u2026 But the difference between now and then is now my support is better and more understanding.\u201d \u2014 Diane S. 14. \u201cMaking plans to run away and start somewhere new with the kids, is what I\u2019ve identified as my trigger behavior. And even though it\u2019s completely implausible to do so, I can\u2019t stop thinking about doing it. Getting away from all of the negative thoughts people and places. On the outside, I stop caring about others, I default back to mean and thoughtless with my words. I have no impulse control, buying things, making poor choices like not doing laundry, brushing teeth before bed, letting the kids stay up too late. Making promises or agreements and not keeping to them.\u201d \u2014 Catriona W. 15. \u201cExtremely excessive cleaning.\u201d \u2014 Mary D. 16. \u201cIsolation. Crying in the shower when the kiddos are asleep because it was a constant battle. You have so much to live for but you can\u2019t get the thoughts away. I just wanted to be alone and not touched yet I would hold my babies close"}, {"title": "", "text": "the same way these lies, these split ends, make me weak, vulnerable, and brittle. Everyone wants lush, voluminous, shiny hair. Everyone, deep down, wants to live in integrity. But when I go into the supermarket, it\u2019s not fair to dump my problems on the girl at the register and say I feel terrible when she asks how I am, even if that\u2019s the truth. Link to episode below if the embed doesn\u2019t work What I can do is smile, tell the truth, then look for the silver lining. It\u2019s raining: \u201cIt\u2019s cold and wet, but I love the smell of the rain\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m uncomfortable in these wet clothes, but it\u2019s good weather for ducks and wheat exports\u201d. I\u2019m exhausted: \u201cI didn\u2019t sleep last night, but I\u2019m so grateful to have enough money to pay for these groceries\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m exhausted, but I know I\u2019ll sleep like a baby at 8pm tonight\u201d. I\u2019m miserable: \u201cI literally want to die right now, but I know this is a transitory state, and tomorrow I\u2019ll feel amazing when I go for my walk\u201d or \u201cMy life is so terrible, but there are these amazing moments where I feel like every cell in my body is singing with wonder\u201d. Someone was a dick to me: \u201cThat person was really rude, and I know I\u2019m still a human being who deserves love and affection\u201d or \u201cI can actually survive that person doing that and take action to avoid them rather than inflicting pain on them as retribution\u201d. Thanks for reading. Tell"}, {"title": "", "text": "I've put on a bit of weight during this episode - HT were right to ban egg banjos. I have said before that I hate my body, and it's true - none of this \"my body is a temple\" lark in this house, oh no. However, I have a reality gap - I still think of myself as slimmer. When I'm depressed, I don't care what I eat, I just try to remember to do it. My weight is one of the reasons I don't give up smoking - I daren't put any more on. There are two other reasons - a. I enjoy it and b. I don't want to go manic, as I did last time. So I carry on. The gloom is here, enveloping me again, like a dark mantle. It's always bang on time and I am unable to recall a life without it. I know I had a life, but where's it gone? My world has shrunk to the kitchen and the bedroom, and I spend little enough time in the latter. I love my bed - it's really comfortable and today I've got clean sheets, but it won't make me sleep. I imagine that losing sleep will take its toll as I'm stressed out by it, and I am not good at stress nowadays. Kate gave me a useful tip yesterday - not to say \"I can't\" but to say \"I don't\". So, \"I can't go to a morning meeting\" becomes \"I don't go to morning meetings\". It just shifts"}, {"title": "", "text": "I've put on a bit of weight during this episode - HT were right to ban egg banjos. I have said before that I hate my body, and it's true - none of this \"my body is a temple\" lark in this house, oh no. However, I have a reality gap - I still think of myself as slimmer. When I'm depressed, I don't care what I eat, I just try to remember to do it. My weight is one of the reasons I don't give up smoking - I daren't put any more on. There are two other reasons - a. I enjoy it and b. I don't want to go manic, as I did last time. So I carry on. The gloom is here, enveloping me again, like a dark mantle. It's always bang on time and I am unable to recall a life without it. I know I had a life, but where's it gone? My world has shrunk to the kitchen and the bedroom, and I spend little enough time in the latter. I love my bed - it's really comfortable and today I've got clean sheets, but it won't make me sleep. I imagine that losing sleep will take its toll as I'm stressed out by it, and I am not good at stress nowadays. Kate gave me a useful tip yesterday - not to say \"I can't\" but to say \"I don't\". So, \"I can't go to a morning meeting\" becomes \"I don't go to morning meetings\". It just shifts"}, {"title": "", "text": "But then there were a couple more (minor) incidents that provoked my health anxiety and each one brought with it greater and deeper angst than the last. By the time Christmas rolled around, I didn\u2019t need the excuse of a minor incident any more. I was having white nights of overwhelming anxiety, sitting downstairs too agitated to be in bed and just waiting for the dawn. It takes a long time to come in midwinter. I wanted to get past it on my own, but in the end I rang my GP who allowed me to increase the anti-anxiety I take for four weeks. And he said it was time for some therapy, so here I am a few months later with online Henry, who likes to tell me I have to challenge my thoughts with evidence \u2013 as if reason had any real purchase on the irrational. I\u2019ve had one bad virus that made me debilitatingly ill for well over a decade. It\u2019s quite hard to be sensible once something like that has happened to you. But, and here we come to the useful part of this post, I am beginning to see properly for once that when you are up against it, you must stop faffing about and actually attempt the difficult things that scare you. I am very guilty of thinking I can both change and stay the same. As someone who loves their routines and the old familiar and accepts powerful default settings, I have the biggest tendency to sit around waiting"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hating life is a bit of a misnomer it seems: in the media, in education, in every aspect of our lives, we\u2019re shown visions of a perfect world, one where everyone is happy and life is a decades-long dream. Unfortunately, it isn\u2019t. Life can and is hard and tough and painful at times. I have first-hand experience of this: at this time years ago I was a recent university graduate, unemployed and aimless. All of this was having a knock-on effect on my social and mental wellbeing\u2014I wasn\u2019t sleeping, I wasn\u2019t seeing my friends as often, I was snappy to family members and I could barely drag myself out of bed in the morning. That doesn\u2019t mean it can\u2019t change. Life goes through ebbs and flows all the time and the key to getting through it all without cutting off your social circle and eating your local grocery store out of Ben & Jerry\u2019s, is to cultivate some techniques and methods of going through life with some stability and grace. It\u2019s not a guarantee against life\u2019s hardships but take the steps you want to use and you won\u2019t hate life. Seriously, you\u2019re obviously going to be grouchy as hell and more inclined towards the more miserable side, if you\u2019re not getting your recommended seven or more hours of sleep a night. I have had a real issue with eating healthily for years and it wasn\u2019t until I was hospitalised a few years ago (for a condition unrelated to my eating for the sake of disclosure), that"}, {"title": "", "text": "Make breakfast and dinner. Do the laundry. Clean the kitchen. But if you have none, why bother doing anything for yourself? You are not worthy. Everything that you know is bad for you is what you crave when you are depressed, anything that will knock out the bleakness. Or hurt you. Alcohol. Cigarettes. Sleeping pills. Solitude. You need to be alone in your misery, so you stay inside and hide or escape to where no one you know will be. Who would want to hang out with the person you have become anyway? And how selfish it would be to inflict your own sick sadness on the people you care for. But sometimes there they are, despite your efforts to hide, questioning you, bothering you, forcing you to tell lies in order to spare them. Then one morning, after ten hours of sleep, you decide to go to the gym, wearing the same clothes you had on the day before, your hair unwashed, your face devoid of makeup. You can feel some crusty gunk in the corners of your eyes from crying, and you hope no one notices. And who should be the first person you see as you settle into the inner thigh machine? Little old wart woman. She is making her slow, crooked approach to the chest machine that is right in front of you. For some reason, you force yourself to look at her, really look at her, past those strange ugly bumps that repel you. She is wearing a striped t-shirt and"}, {"title": "", "text": "This post is a little out of my comfort zone, its pretty personal and shows a very vulnerable part of myself I prefer to keep hidden away under lock and key. I have since 2013 been living with a hidden chronic illness, this means I know its there and I'm in constant debilitating pain almost every hour of every day, yet no one else can see it. I look like everyone else and unless you took a look at my medication or my medical records you would think I was perfectly healthy. I find I am constantly judged by everyone, this can span from friends, strangers to professionals. I am in a constant state of defence, having to prove myself and my disability, for heavens forbid i have a good day where i can walk unaided, or get into a bath safely, or take less than two hours to get up dressed and ready to leave the house without the help of y 4 year old daughter. I don't look ill or disabled every single day. Some days in fact I actually look normal on the outside (whatever normal is?). However on the inside I feel like I'm being consumed by the pain, breathing, eating, sleeping and moving all makes me want to scream at the top of my lungs.... however I'm sure if I actually did that it would be frowned upon so I put on my best fake smile which is the front for a painful grimiest. I get strange looks when I use"}, {"title": "", "text": "Try having faith that you can turn the corner and that you will be able to look at yourself in the mirror with self respect. I think we all know the dark times of staring into that abyss , unable to look in the mirror because of the disgust, BUT it does get better if we work towards for it ! Tryntryagain, I'm happy that you were able to leave the situation in Holland. It is time to work on yourself. I'm relieved to hear that you have taken the steps to begin taking care of yourself! Trust me, I know how hard it is. It does get better. I have experienced it and I thought I was that person that would never ever be able to stop the insanity. It gets better. Hello all, and thank you so much for your support. I saw the Dr again this morning. I am finding it hard to hear peoples words. I am finding myself \"not quite on the same wave length\" of others. Do you all think that if i go to sleep tonight, but if i lay on my left side, do you think it will make a difference? Perhaps when i wake in the morning, none of this will have happened and what i wish i wasn't i find out i'm not? It's a long shot, but i'll try anything right now. Bloody hell. If i was \"new\" at this, fair enough. But i'm not. I know what to do, somebody thump me? WHY AM"}, {"title": "", "text": "Try having faith that you can turn the corner and that you will be able to look at yourself in the mirror with self respect. I think we all know the dark times of staring into that abyss , unable to look in the mirror because of the disgust, BUT it does get better if we work towards for it ! Tryntryagain, I'm happy that you were able to leave the situation in Holland. It is time to work on yourself. I'm relieved to hear that you have taken the steps to begin taking care of yourself! Trust me, I know how hard it is. It does get better. I have experienced it and I thought I was that person that would never ever be able to stop the insanity. It gets better. Hello all, and thank you so much for your support. I saw the Dr again this morning. I am finding it hard to hear peoples words. I am finding myself \"not quite on the same wave length\" of others. Do you all think that if i go to sleep tonight, but if i lay on my left side, do you think it will make a difference? Perhaps when i wake in the morning, none of this will have happened and what i wish i wasn't i find out i'm not? It's a long shot, but i'll try anything right now. Bloody hell. If i was \"new\" at this, fair enough. But i'm not. I know what to do, somebody thump me? WHY AM"}, {"title": "", "text": "Before I was diagnosed I had no direction for my future. I didn\u2019t know what I wanted to do, I didn\u2019t really look towards the future with my boyfriend and was just living in the past. I would feel ashamed of my past and let it bring me down, I would then wallow in my feelings in that the moment with no hope in getting any better. I can\u2019t say what exactly changed and it definitely didn\u2019t just click one day but I started to look more into my future and think of things that I wanted to achieve and how I wanted my life to look. I then started to feel a lot better and found myself sleeping through the night, then getting more motivation then finally I felt deeply happy. I truely believe that having these goals in place made a huge difference and here is why. Instead of dwelling on those negative feelings, if you have something that you are actively working towards it will take your mind off of the bad thoughts. If you are serious about these goals and putting in the work then your focus will be on working harder and moving closer and not on what isn\u2019t working out. Having something to distract you from the negativity will do wonders for your mental health. The less you allow your mind to run low, the less likely it will take over completely. So find something that you can turn your attention to, that can take your mind off of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Before I was diagnosed I had no direction for my future. I didn\u2019t know what I wanted to do, I didn\u2019t really look towards the future with my boyfriend and was just living in the past. I would feel ashamed of my past and let it bring me down, I would then wallow in my feelings in that the moment with no hope in getting any better. I can\u2019t say what exactly changed and it definitely didn\u2019t just click one day but I started to look more into my future and think of things that I wanted to achieve and how I wanted my life to look. I then started to feel a lot better and found myself sleeping through the night, then getting more motivation then finally I felt deeply happy. I truely believe that having these goals in place made a huge difference and here is why. Instead of dwelling on those negative feelings, if you have something that you are actively working towards it will take your mind off of the bad thoughts. If you are serious about these goals and putting in the work then your focus will be on working harder and moving closer and not on what isn\u2019t working out. Having something to distract you from the negativity will do wonders for your mental health. The less you allow your mind to run low, the less likely it will take over completely. So find something that you can turn your attention to, that can take your mind off of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "the holidays. Then again, there doesn't seem to be much of anything I care about. Like when I used your bathroom before our session today and caught sight of myself in the mirror. Before all this crap happened I couldn't walk by a store window without glancing at my reflection. Now when I look in a mirror I see a stranger. That woman's eyes look like dried-out mud and her hair lies limp on her shoulders. I should get a haircut, but even thinking about it wears me out. Worse, I've become one of them\u2014the whiny, depressing people who have no problem telling you exactly how shitty their end of the stick is. All delivered in a tone of voice that makes it clear they not only got the wrong end, you got the one that was supposed to be theirs. Hell, probably the exact tone I'm using right now. I want to say something about how pretty all the stores look lit up or how friendly everyone is this time of year, and they do, and they are, but I just can't seem to stop spewing bitter words. Sleeping in my closet last night probably didn't help my attitude or the dark circles under my eyes. I started off on my bed\u2014tossed and turned until it looked like a war zone\u2014but I just couldn't feel safe. So I crawled into the closet and curled up on the floor, with Emma just outside the door. Poor dog thinks she's guarding me. When The Freak came out"}, {"title": "", "text": "or two staring at the bathtub drain as you listen to the sound of our own breathing. Pound your head rhythmically against the cold white refrigerator door as you moan plaintively. Lay in bed in a fetal position and rock back and forth. Pass out with your head underneath the toilet bowl. Watch Pink Floyd--The Wall obsessively and listen to NIN's 'The Downward Spiral' simultaneously. Try to always think of life as a swirling, sucking eddy of absurd despair punctuated by brief moments of false hope. 4. Alienate others. Ask questions but don't listen to the answers. Become immersed in your own inner little world. Act rude and insensitively and then blame the consequences on other people or better yet, take it as evidence of your own lack of worth. Randomly cross clearly drawn personal boundaries. Lose all sense of appropriateness. Lose your temper unpredictably or weep uncontrollably in order to manipulate others. Hate yourself for doing this. Then, beat yourself up for hating yourself. 5. Sleep all the time. Get a good 20 hours of sleep a day. This way you won't have to deal with a painful life and only have to deal with the world of dreams and fantasies. Remember, your bed is your friend and will always sustain and comfort you unlike the cruel outside world. 6. Avoid all physical activity. Again, staying in bed is good for this. Try to stay on your back at all times. Lying on the floor is acceptable too. Get a good fetal position going. Whine"}, {"title": "", "text": "or two staring at the bathtub drain as you listen to the sound of our own breathing. Pound your head rhythmically against the cold white refrigerator door as you moan plaintively. Lay in bed in a fetal position and rock back and forth. Pass out with your head underneath the toilet bowl. Watch Pink Floyd--The Wall obsessively and listen to NIN's 'The Downward Spiral' simultaneously. Try to always think of life as a swirling, sucking eddy of absurd despair punctuated by brief moments of false hope. 4. Alienate others. Ask questions but don't listen to the answers. Become immersed in your own inner little world. Act rude and insensitively and then blame the consequences on other people or better yet, take it as evidence of your own lack of worth. Randomly cross clearly drawn personal boundaries. Lose all sense of appropriateness. Lose your temper unpredictably or weep uncontrollably in order to manipulate others. Hate yourself for doing this. Then, beat yourself up for hating yourself. 5. Sleep all the time. Get a good 20 hours of sleep a day. This way you won't have to deal with a painful life and only have to deal with the world of dreams and fantasies. Remember, your bed is your friend and will always sustain and comfort you unlike the cruel outside world. 6. Avoid all physical activity. Again, staying in bed is good for this. Try to stay on your back at all times. Lying on the floor is acceptable too. Get a good fetal position going. Whine"}, {"title": "", "text": "Couldn't say it better I use to have a some what honorable life, use to be a fire fighter talking about jumping out the bed in the middle of the night. Now I can't even seem to wake up till late noon. It's a damn shame life doesn't have re start buttons. Youd think though as much as people have said that and understood you cannot re do **** in life that they would be merciful knowing if you could do it all over again you would. I turn most of my assignments in late because I am always unmotivated. My professors don\u2019t understand anything about depression or wtf I go through, so they don\u2019t cut me a break. My medication helps me a ton, without it I hate everything and everything pisses me off because everything is ****ing stupid and pointless as ****. My dad has Alzheimer\u2019s disease and I can\u2019t find the motivation to help my mom out more than one or two days a week. My only friends are my 6 and 8 year old and half the time they hate me because I don\u2019t always give them what they want. I think I have a social problem anyway, I find small talk boring and a waste of time. Me, too. :( Insomnia's a ****, so I didn't get out of bed until after 3pm today. I'm super depressed on top of sad for specific reasons. I hate this. I don't feel motivated to do anything at all. I used to be the"}, {"title": "", "text": "has concluded that no one loves you and that the past was miserable, then those become \u201cfacts\u201d. From there on it\u2019s just as difficult to convince yourself that you are loved as it is to convince yourself that the sky is red. After your past has been devastated, depression comes for your present. Nothing is enjoyable anymore. Big hockey fan? Now you have no interest in sitting through more than five minutes (and not just because your team is complete garbage at the moment). Video games that you once loved feel like a chore to play. TV shows suddenly seem boring. Your favourite foods all taste like cardboard. Hanging out with friends feels hollow \u2013 you\u2019re laughing outwardly, but on the inside you feel numb. Because none of these things make you feel good anymore, eventually you just stop doing them. Instead, you wake up, struggle desperately to find ways to kill eight minutes here and five minutes there until it\u2019s late enough to go to bed. Every day feels sixty hours long, and by the end of it you\u2019re exhausted from the effort of pretending that everything is okay. If you\u2019re lucky, you\u2019ll sleep and dream of nothing. If you\u2019re not, you\u2019ll spend half the night having nightmares and the other half lying awake, too scared to fall asleep again. Then you get to do it all again the next day. And the next day. And the day after that. With the past and present both consumed, the last thing to fall is the future."}, {"title": "", "text": "so terrifying to feel like there simply isn't enough of the real you left to live in a way that reflects the person that you were before and the person that you know you want to be. I suppose how I view my eating disorder has changed at different periods of the illness. At times when I've been really psychiatrically overwhelmed, it has felt like I was possessed. That something else had taken over my body and mind. Then at less-intense times, I suppose I saw it more as sort of a devil on my shoulder trying to tempt me to do the wrong thing. I mean, there's the internal conflict which rings around your ears 24/7, and I'm talking day and night. There were months and months where I just didn't sleep because you just start - You cannot switch off the thoughts. I remember just in the middle of the night just saying to my husband, \"Look, something really awful is going on in my head and I can't switch it off. If I could just switch it off for 20 minutes, then I could work out what to do about it,\" but you can't. I think you've got this certain amount of insight and objectivity, but you're unable to tap into it because it feels like this external force is putting something between you and your right mind, I suppose. Ella: Thank you to all of our speakers today for sharing their stories of eating disorders and for helping to educate us on"}, {"title": "", "text": "sometimes it does take over\u2014even when I\u2019m on meds. One night, probably eight years ago, my now husband, then boyfriend, Aaron and I had a fight. He stormed out of the house. Now, this sort of event upsetting for anyone. But I\u2019ve seen people deal with fights and be fine. I can\u2019t compartmentalize those feelings. I can\u2019t eat. I can\u2019t sleep. I breathe shame and self-hatred along with air. I hate myself so deeply and so much that the idea of someone else hating me seems to confirm how much space and energy my very existence is wasting. Even when online correspondents have gotten upset at me, I often lose sleep and am a ball of self-loathing for days. It\u2019s worse when it\u2019s someone I love. No there is no physical pain\u2014but that mental anguish can be just as unbearable. It\u2019s torture hating yourself that much\u2014every inch of your body feels offensive. The only relief would be oblivion, to curl into yourself and stop having to exist. Now, that night, when Aaron stormed out over some fight I don\u2019t even remember now, I had a full bottle of pills in the house. They were meant to calm my anxiety, to help me back down from those emotions I couldn\u2019t escape. I took one. I took two. And every second waiting for them to DO SOMETHING was excruciating. I didn\u2019t want to die\u2014I just couldn\u2019t endure being me. I wanted to sleep and hoped when I woke things would be better. I took a handful of pills."}, {"title": "", "text": "no matter what I looked like or how antisocially I behaved. I realized she was probably the only person who didn't see the weight loss, emaciated body or slack spirit. She saw instead her little sister\u2014someone she'd always see the same way, regardless of what I did, said, or looked like. I have no idea how she was able to treat me so fairly. I think, had the situation been reversed, I would have felt scared around her and been tempted to blame her for making my life so difficult. I was ridiculously, annoyingly naive. I was innocent about what I'd soon experience and about the gravity of my disease. I gave no thought to a future time when I might want to combat my anorexia, but was instead full of anger regarding my current situation, and those belligerent thoughts kept me up all night. That night, in the hotel room, my mom was fidgeting and sighing in the bed next to mine\u2014no one really left me alone anymore\u2014and at about three in the morning we faced each other, eyes open, staring unblinkingly without uttering a word, until I finally severed the connection and turned around. I would think about that moment for years to come. When I was broken, alone, and tossing in the middle of the night she was the only one there with me, while the rest of the world slept. Everyone seemed to have turned their backs on us anorexics. We'd become outsiders, outcasts, the butt of jokes, objects of fascination. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "But it doesn\u2019t work that way. (Side note: it also doesn\u2019t work that way when it comes to body image.) It wasn\u2019t until I welcomed the Big Sad and recognized that it wasn\u2019t dangerous, and didn\u2019t pose a threat to my relationship, that it became manageable. It wasn\u2019t until I truly accepted and embraced the sad and anxious hurricane that I was able to access feelings of joy and safety again. And it wasn\u2019t until I stopped trying to get rid of it that the depression clouds thinned out. As we move into 2021, please consider my story to be a reminder that rejecting and hating your dark material only has one possible outcome: feeling worse. There is quite literally nothing about you which will be improved by rejecting it, and the only way to move through your dark material is ultimately to welcome it, accept it, and embrace it. (And by the way if you\u2019re looking for support in this area, you can apply for private or small group coaching with me here.) Wishing everyone a most wonderful New Year. \u2190 Healthier Sleep Habits & Stress Management W/PMR Body Image & Disgust \u2192"}, {"title": "", "text": "They make knots in my hair. Ew. In the same way these lies, these split ends, make me weak, vulnerable, and brittle. Everyone wants lush, voluminous, shiny hair. Everyone, deep down, wants to live in integrity. But when I go into the supermarket, it\u2019s not fair to dump my problems on the girl at the register and say I feel terrible when she asks how I am, even if that\u2019s the truth. Link to episode below if the embed doesn\u2019t work What I can do is smile, tell the truth, then look for the silver lining. It\u2019s raining: \u201cIt\u2019s cold and wet, but I love the smell of the rain\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m uncomfortable in these wet clothes, but it\u2019s good weather for ducks and wheat exports\u201d. I\u2019m exhausted: \u201cI didn\u2019t sleep last night, but I\u2019m so grateful to have enough money to pay for these groceries\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m exhausted, but I know I\u2019ll sleep like a baby at 8pm tonight\u201d. I\u2019m miserable: \u201cI literally want to die right now, but I know this is a transitory state, and tomorrow I\u2019ll feel amazing when I go for my walk\u201d or \u201cMy life is so terrible, but there are these amazing moments where I feel like every cell in my body is singing with wonder\u201d. Someone was a dick to me: \u201cThat person was really rude, and I know I\u2019m still a human being who deserves love and affection\u201d or \u201cI can actually survive that person doing that and take action to avoid them rather than inflicting pain"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Anorexia and Bulimia. I told her I haven\u2019t done the eating disorder stuff in 15 years. She said she was proud of me. That\u2019s the only two things we talked about regarding my mental health. The cool thing was that we talked about work. Not just about my job and my job seeking to become a peer counselor but her work as well. She is now the lead social worker on a one of the psych wards of the only Level 1 Trauma Center in my state. It was nice to see someone who once worked with me when I was at my worst and can now see how far I have come in my recovery. Recovery is not an easy process. In fact I think is will be life long process and I am fine with that. Well, it\u2019s now 11:51pm(pacific time) on Tuesday night and I need to get to bed. I am a little tired. I have to get up early in the morning to have breakfast with a friend of mine. I am sure most of you are already in bed at the moment. Let me rephrase that, if you live in North America I am sure that most of you are asleep. If you are still up this time of night please enjoy the last 9 minutes of Tuesday. I hope to blog sometime tomorrow. Peace out and have a good nights sleep (and don\u2019t let the bed bugs bite). As I am blogging this Tuesday evening I am sitting"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Anorexia and Bulimia. I told her I haven\u2019t done the eating disorder stuff in 15 years. She said she was proud of me. That\u2019s the only two things we talked about regarding my mental health. The cool thing was that we talked about work. Not just about my job and my job seeking to become a peer counselor but her work as well. She is now the lead social worker on a one of the psych wards of the only Level 1 Trauma Center in my state. It was nice to see someone who once worked with me when I was at my worst and can now see how far I have come in my recovery. Recovery is not an easy process. In fact I think is will be life long process and I am fine with that. Well, it\u2019s now 11:51pm(pacific time) on Tuesday night and I need to get to bed. I am a little tired. I have to get up early in the morning to have breakfast with a friend of mine. I am sure most of you are already in bed at the moment. Let me rephrase that, if you live in North America I am sure that most of you are asleep. If you are still up this time of night please enjoy the last 9 minutes of Tuesday. I hope to blog sometime tomorrow. Peace out and have a good nights sleep (and don\u2019t let the bed bugs bite). As I am blogging this Tuesday evening I am sitting"}, {"title": "", "text": "I hate how dumb I look when I\u2019m put on the spot and can\u2019t figure out what to say. I hate how rude I look when someone tries to talk to me and it\u2019s too hard for me to talk back. I hate how early in advance I worry about upcoming events. How it makes me physically ill to think about a party or a trip or a hair appointment. I hate how I should be excited, but am terrified instead. I hate how much time I spend waiting. Waiting for someone to text me first, to prove they care. Waiting for someone to ask me out, so I don\u2019t have to face rejection. Waiting for my anxiety to shrink, so I can actually leave the house. I hate missing out on things. Not going to a concert I really wanted to see, because I\u2019m too scared to go alone. Not buying the burger I wanted, because I\u2019m too scared to enter the drive-through. Not going to a party, because I\u2019m scared I\u2019ll make a fool of myself. I hate making excuses to cover up my anxiety. Telling people that I\u2019m not feeling well or that I didn\u2019t get a good night\u2019s sleep, so that they stop questioning why I\u2019m being so unsocial. I hate living a lie. I hate how often my hands shake. I hate how strong my stomachaches are. I hate how fierce my headaches get. I hate that my anxiety has mental and physical control over me. I hate how I have"}, {"title": "", "text": "I hate how dumb I look when I\u2019m put on the spot and can\u2019t figure out what to say. I hate how rude I look when someone tries to talk to me and it\u2019s too hard for me to talk back. I hate how early in advance I worry about upcoming events. How it makes me physically ill to think about a party or a trip or a hair appointment. I hate how I should be excited, but am terrified instead. I hate how much time I spend waiting. Waiting for someone to text me first, to prove they care. Waiting for someone to ask me out, so I don\u2019t have to face rejection. Waiting for my anxiety to shrink, so I can actually leave the house. I hate missing out on things. Not going to a concert I really wanted to see, because I\u2019m too scared to go alone. Not buying the burger I wanted, because I\u2019m too scared to enter the drive-through. Not going to a party, because I\u2019m scared I\u2019ll make a fool of myself. I hate making excuses to cover up my anxiety. Telling people that I\u2019m not feeling well or that I didn\u2019t get a good night\u2019s sleep, so that they stop questioning why I\u2019m being so unsocial. I hate living a lie. I hate how often my hands shake. I hate how strong my stomachaches are. I hate how fierce my headaches get. I hate that my anxiety has mental and physical control over me. I hate how I have"}, {"title": "", "text": "about almost everything I try do,\" writes Melzeebub92. 5. It physically hurts. \"Sometimes you have to go somewhere to be alone to have a sob and your chest will tighten up and you will be in physical pain until you let it pass,\" writes Unholynik. 6. Even the slightest activity leaves you feeling exhausted. \"You will be tired all the time, no matter how little you do,\" shares mochi_chan. 7. But you won't be able to sleep. Yes, some depressed people snooze for 12 hours a day, but others find a good night's rest incredibly elusive. \"I lie there wishing I could sleep, begging to sleep, and sleep rarely comes,\" writes angelofsecrets. 8. You forget what you're saying in the middle of a sentence. \"It seriously [affects] your memory. I'll walk by the sink and see the dishes think \"I'll do those in a minute\" and within five minutes I literally forget that the dishes need to be done,\" writes Xsirenitix 9. Your personal hygiene takes a backseat. \"I can go days without brushing my hair, my teeth, or having a shower. Same goes with wearing dirty clothes,\" writes ilovegofry. \"When I'm feeling fine, I can't fathom going a day without having a long shower.\" 10. You feel guilty for things that aren't your fault. \"I used to feel guilty because I didn't want to leave the house, and on top of everything else I felt like I was letting people down,\" Delanium shares. 11. It's not always rainclouds and roadkill. \"There are good times, sometimes"}, {"title": "", "text": "spend your nights alone, sitting and staring at nothing. Completing mindless tasks over and over as if they have any sort of importance, some sort of relevance to your life, when really you are resolving something that is broken in the attempt to mend a hole that will never be filled. Mental illness will consume any self-worth that you exhibit inside your body like a flesh eating piranha. You\u2019ll be too scared to seek support and ask for help until it\u2019s too late. As days and days pass somebody will notice your slow meticulous self-destruction. So imagine fighting your own battles everyday but that is not enough? Everyday public figures have to deal with an onslaught from the general public and national newspapers for the way they act, dress and face an invasion of privacy each day. I can\u2019t imagine what the past few months were like for Caroline, all I can say is something needs to change. Tragedies like this are way too familiar in the modern era of social media. People do not realise the power they have with their words, one statement of judgement can impact somebody\u2019s happiness completely. Think before you speak, breathe before you react, take time before you express any anger, as Ed Sheeran once said \u2018It takes more time and effort to be an arsehole than just being nice and smile.\u2019 Please remember, it is impossible to be happy all the time and that is okay. Just remember to always be nice to people as it can be very"}, {"title": "", "text": "you. When depression hits me I\u2019m in not much more than a catatonic state. I\u2019m a zombie and I lose all desire to be clean, to eat, to drink, to think, to do anything in fact. My capabilities are limited to staying in bed all day and reluctantly dragging myself to the toilet, but only if absolutely necessary. 6. 10 oz of Progress As you can imagine, fluctuating in between these three different states of mind can be draining and exhausting. Anytime I feel the slightest bit of energy I grab it with both hands. This of course means that functioning as a normal human being is an art I have lost touch with. So I take baby steps. If I wake up and feel that the only thing I can manage to do is take a shower, I\u2019ll take that and that is something for me to be proud of. If I get up, have a shower, get dressed and go outside then wow, I deserve a medal quite frankly, even if it takes me ten costume changes, five touch ups of make-up and three different hairstyles before I can leave the house, then so be it. 7. 1 lb of Friendship I really can\u2019t stress enough how valuable having a strong support network is. Although the stigma attached to mental illness is still present today, I think you\u2019d be surprised as to how many people are so open-minded, non-judgemental and understanding. It really makes the world of difference when you let people know what"}, {"title": "", "text": "you. When depression hits me I\u2019m in not much more than a catatonic state. I\u2019m a zombie and I lose all desire to be clean, to eat, to drink, to think, to do anything in fact. My capabilities are limited to staying in bed all day and reluctantly dragging myself to the toilet, but only if absolutely necessary. 6. 10 oz of Progress As you can imagine, fluctuating in between these three different states of mind can be draining and exhausting. Anytime I feel the slightest bit of energy I grab it with both hands. This of course means that functioning as a normal human being is an art I have lost touch with. So I take baby steps. If I wake up and feel that the only thing I can manage to do is take a shower, I\u2019ll take that and that is something for me to be proud of. If I get up, have a shower, get dressed and go outside then wow, I deserve a medal quite frankly, even if it takes me ten costume changes, five touch ups of make-up and three different hairstyles before I can leave the house, then so be it. 7. 1 lb of Friendship I really can\u2019t stress enough how valuable having a strong support network is. Although the stigma attached to mental illness is still present today, I think you\u2019d be surprised as to how many people are so open-minded, non-judgemental and understanding. It really makes the world of difference when you let people know what"}, {"title": "", "text": "you. When depression hits me I\u2019m in not much more than a catatonic state. I\u2019m a zombie and I lose all desire to be clean, to eat, to drink, to think, to do anything in fact. My capabilities are limited to staying in bed all day and reluctantly dragging myself to the toilet, but only if absolutely necessary. 6. 10 oz of Progress As you can imagine, fluctuating in between these three different states of mind can be draining and exhausting. Anytime I feel the slightest bit of energy I grab it with both hands. This of course means that functioning as a normal human being is an art I have lost touch with. So I take baby steps. If I wake up and feel that the only thing I can manage to do is take a shower, I\u2019ll take that and that is something for me to be proud of. If I get up, have a shower, get dressed and go outside then wow, I deserve a medal quite frankly, even if it takes me ten costume changes, five touch ups of make-up and three different hairstyles before I can leave the house, then so be it. 7. 1 lb of Friendship I really can\u2019t stress enough how valuable having a strong support network is. Although the stigma attached to mental illness is still present today, I think you\u2019d be surprised as to how many people are so open-minded, non-judgemental and understanding. It really makes the world of difference when you let people know what"}, {"title": "", "text": "me busy. My hectic schedule allowed me to hide my illness well. It provided me with an outlet to express what I was feeling, by being able to label it as stress. From the outside, I appeared strong and cold, refusing to accept any notion of weakness. Yet, now I realize how true strength comes from vulnerability. The simplest task uses all my energy. Some days I struggle to tame my monster, which leads me to a major depressive episode. When this happens, I lock myself up. All enjoyment and motivation, even for the things I love completely disappear. The little acts, such as getting out of bed or visiting a friend seem impossible. Often, I find myself crying for no apparent reason other than the fact that I can\u2019t stop the emotions inside my head. The self-loathing begins and I am filled with a sense of worthlessness and guilt. When I look in the mirror, I criticize every detail about the girl looking back at me. Next, the physical symptoms begin to settle in. When I wake-up in the morning, I already feel depleted. The simplest task uses all my energy, leaving me exhausted and fatigued. And so, I spend most of my days sleeping. My senses become dulled and I find even the taste of food unbearable. Filled with a sense of nausea and limited appetite, I refuse to take even one bite. Next my body tries to fight back, but I am only left with unexplainable aches and pains. My concentration diminishes and"}, {"title": "", "text": "whole notion of me being intrinsically either good or bad evaporated. I'm not even somewhere between the two. I'm neither \u2013 not even on the scale. So where does that leave me in practical day-to-day living? It leaves me with total responsibility for deciding how to act and how I feel about myself as a result. We can do a lot of work on our own. Here is another example: Lorna: I was feeling pretty terrible. Nothing seemed to feel right. I was plagued with regrets about the past and anxiety about the future. What seemed to make it worse was that I was staying in a perfect place. I could look out of my bedroom window down to a great lake, glowing with autumn colour. The haunting calls of loons echoed across the water in the early hours and the sky was a crisp blue. I was loved and looked after and had only beauty in front of me and friends at my side; yet everything, everything, looked bleak and lost and bad. And one time I woke at 4 a.m., my heart pounding, feeling worse than ever, disappointment nagging at me, numb to the moonlight on the water, and I sat up and thought that I must deal with this. If this state of 'everything is bad' was not going to tarnish my every waking hour, and sleeping hour, given my vivid dreams, then I would have to tackle it, there and then. So I sat and contemplated the opposites, just 'everything's good' and"}, {"title": "", "text": "hate that I have gained, weight, I hate that I can\u2019t go running across a parking lot just for the fun of it, I hate that I cannot come home from work and cook a lovely dinner for my husband every night, I hate that I feel like time is slipping away. According to Buddhist thinking, the mental/emotional suffering I experience is rooted in my desires. And the mental suffering truly exacerbates the physical pain. The word desire makes me think of something elicit, but in my case, the desires are pretty mundane. I want my size 2 pants to fit, I want to hop on my bike or run a bit without considering the ramifications for my body, I want to care for my Love, recklessly and lavishly everyday. Letting go of these desires is supposed to help me be better at living well with the way my life is\u2026the way it has change to fit my pain. So this is my work, and I must work hard at this. In my notes I wrote, open your heart to suffering, open yourself to the intense emotions that this illness brings. So all these desires and hatreds, and despares I will try to just be with them. in the infinite ocean of samsara (suffering filled life). I will continue to contemplate these lines today, and I rest my body and mind in peace\u2026I hope. Yesterday, checking my email and finding the Chronic Babe newsletter. I happened upon an interesting book title. If you are not aware"}, {"title": "", "text": "hate that I have gained, weight, I hate that I can\u2019t go running across a parking lot just for the fun of it, I hate that I cannot come home from work and cook a lovely dinner for my husband every night, I hate that I feel like time is slipping away. According to Buddhist thinking, the mental/emotional suffering I experience is rooted in my desires. And the mental suffering truly exacerbates the physical pain. The word desire makes me think of something elicit, but in my case, the desires are pretty mundane. I want my size 2 pants to fit, I want to hop on my bike or run a bit without considering the ramifications for my body, I want to care for my Love, recklessly and lavishly everyday. Letting go of these desires is supposed to help me be better at living well with the way my life is\u2026the way it has change to fit my pain. So this is my work, and I must work hard at this. In my notes I wrote, open your heart to suffering, open yourself to the intense emotions that this illness brings. So all these desires and hatreds, and despares I will try to just be with them. in the infinite ocean of samsara (suffering filled life). I will continue to contemplate these lines today, and I rest my body and mind in peace\u2026I hope. Yesterday, checking my email and finding the Chronic Babe newsletter. I happened upon an interesting book title. If you are not aware"}, {"title": "", "text": "you to be more self-destructive. I\u2019ve seen your dark thoughts, the devastating drop-stomach ends-of-the-worlds you\u2019ve experienced, all your rock bottoms. I have most of your memories of Andy. I have your memories of _you_. Wildly, you also manage to prove _me_ wrong, spending days teleporting inch by inch, ripping your own brain apart by the seams. It\u2019s fascinating to watch. \u201dDid you know,\u201d I say each night, \u201dthat it's your fault?\u201d You weep, but you have no tears. You're dehydrated and shriveled like you've been left in the sun too long. --- For a moment, I think you're dead for good. Then you rally, take a rattling breath, and drop onto the teleporter. You move three feet, and I have a moment to think about what a fucking waste of time that was before your last scraps of personality body-slam me. The last memories of Andy fill up my eyes. He comes in the night. You argue about the teleporter. You shove him into it. It rips him apart like a meat grinder. _This_ is what you've been hiding from yourself? It\u2019s pathetic, the way you never take responsibility for anything. The rest is frail and confusing, and I hate it, but I swallow the pill just the same. Your \u2014 my \u2014 last moments are mostly blank and fuzzy around the edges. It doesn't surprise me. I stand over my empty shell and watch it collapse in on itself. Then I dismantle the teleporter and pack it gently in a suitcase. I collapse in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "you to be more self-destructive. I\u2019ve seen your dark thoughts, the devastating drop-stomach ends-of-the-worlds you\u2019ve experienced, all your rock bottoms. I have most of your memories of Andy. I have your memories of _you_. Wildly, you also manage to prove _me_ wrong, spending days teleporting inch by inch, ripping your own brain apart by the seams. It\u2019s fascinating to watch. \u201dDid you know,\u201d I say each night, \u201dthat it's your fault?\u201d You weep, but you have no tears. You're dehydrated and shriveled like you've been left in the sun too long. --- For a moment, I think you're dead for good. Then you rally, take a rattling breath, and drop onto the teleporter. You move three feet, and I have a moment to think about what a fucking waste of time that was before your last scraps of personality body-slam me. The last memories of Andy fill up my eyes. He comes in the night. You argue about the teleporter. You shove him into it. It rips him apart like a meat grinder. _This_ is what you've been hiding from yourself? It\u2019s pathetic, the way you never take responsibility for anything. The rest is frail and confusing, and I hate it, but I swallow the pill just the same. Your \u2014 my \u2014 last moments are mostly blank and fuzzy around the edges. It doesn't surprise me. I stand over my empty shell and watch it collapse in on itself. Then I dismantle the teleporter and pack it gently in a suitcase. I collapse in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "depression dominates their body and mind. Mornings were described as a struggle to get up from bed, move the legs and begin the day. Young mothers related being unable to care for the children or even feel any joy from them, because of the enveloping depression. Those who were beginning to recover feared sinking once again into that depression. It was apparent that the group activity was meaningful for the participants. This at times entailed discussion and sharing, and at times was accompanied by psychodramatic techniques such as role-reversal or doubling: Daniel was hospitalized 2 days ago because of his depression. This has already happened to him multiple times before. Last night he didn't sleep at all, despite his sleeping pill. Elena also talks about her depression. She says that mornings are the hardest for her. She cries all morning, and improves throughout the day. We discuss depression a little; about how Daniel and others have been in this situation before, and recovered from it. Daniel says, \"This doesn't mean anything about the future.\" I \"double\" for Daniel: \"When I am depressed, I cannot see how things will get better. I can't see the light at the end of the tunnel. In my mind I know that [in the past] it has always been temporary and I [always] got better, but when I am inside the depression, it's hard to feel that things could be good again.\" Here, Daniel shared his story of coping with depression. This was followed by a similar story by Elena. 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I sit in bed and listen to my heart beat and wonder if it's going too fast, is that pain in my chest in my chest or do I just have a tummy ache? There is something wrong with me...seems like it anyway at the time. I don't want to be too tired to take care of me anymore. I'm too tired to go to the gym, take the dog for a walk, hell I hate going to the mailbox anymore because I have to exert energy that could be used to get to the kitchen to make a bottle. I'm embarassed at how I look and I always promise myself that I will make a \"change\" tomorrow. But when tomorrow comes, it's just too crazy and when I get the chance to go or to do something about it I'm just exhausted. Good thing we have stairs that's about the only real exercise I get anymore besides chasing babies around the damn house and cleaning it all the time. I dread the sun going down. I believe this has a lot to do with living with my dad when I was little, since most nights I was alone. I wish that I wasn't embarrassed at my house. No hallway floor upstairs, the girls have no door knob on their door, let alone paint on it, their baseboard is still a mess, I need a new couch in the den, I need a dog gate so that the dog can't"}, {"title": "", "text": "Whenever I used to frown, my mom would say \u201cDon\u2019t do that, your face will stay that way.\u201d She was right \u2013 the picture above is a self-portrait. That\u2019s not true \u2013 I only mildly resemble a sharpei. But you do get my point. Depending upon the success of my nights in the arms of Morpheus (I love that line), I can wake up with a start, my brain flitting through the worries du jour, the have-tos that I neglected to do the day before (which I realize diminished their importance as obligations) and the \u2018should have dones\u2019 that didn\u2019t even register. Once I have coffee, all bets are off and I wave the white flag because my mind begins to travel at a speed that has yet to be measured scientifically. Perhaps I have a bionic brain \u2013 the thoughts fly with the speed of sound, I just don\u2019t necessarily get anywhere. I\u2019ve reached the point though where I can laugh at this (btw, in the picture above I am laughing \u2013 can you tell?). These exercises in self-flagellation are futile, and bear nothing like those scenes in \u201cFifty Shades Of Grey\u201d where ostensibly everyone is enjoying the experience far more than me, and their vocalizations don\u2019t resemble my \u201cOh damn\u201d or \u201cI can\u2019t believe I forgot to do that \u2013 you dummy\u201d. Sometimes I say things even worse, but no need to repeat them here. Why do we do this to ourselves? We know better. We know it is better to step back, breathe,"}, {"title": "", "text": "to that no longer serve me. I seem driven by forces that are not satisfied with the status quo of my person-hood. I remember that this has happened to me before, (sleepless nights from an induced restless mind), and during that time I began a quest of change, a transformation of a former self. During this younger self I focused on behaviors that would improve my physical appearance (my health and well-being). I acquired a job that would allow me to fund my intellectual goals and maintain my financial autonomy. I also found quality friends for my social development. Those were sound choices at the time, but what I didn\u2019t account for was the hidden injuries and baggage of my mind that became more evident as I aged only to resurface again later on in my life. Thus again I must pursue a path to cleanse me of these burdens that weigh me down and impede my development. I must say I have much work to do since I have allowed myself to derail from previous developments. We cannot always predict what we will encounter in this life, and things happen that swedes us into disbanding some of our best efforts and behaviors. I could honestly say on occasion that the \u2018two steps forward and one step back\u2019 clich\u00e9 in my case translates more like stumbling on my way forward only to fall back into a past footprint! I have previously written on this topic, but what I have not detailed is the sleepless nights where"}, {"title": "", "text": "decently successful but still-striving nontroll\u2014who relentlessly beats herself up. Stop being such a wimp, I told myself. Talk back to that motherfugger. So I told Stan off, starting with my skin (\"It does not look like pizza\"), then moved on to my wardrobe (\"Nobody sees my muffin top because I wear shirts long enough to cover it\") and my friends (\"If they think I'm so boring, why do they always call me for advice?\"). Stan didn't have a good comeback for me. And that's when it happened: For the first time, I forgot about him entirely for a full two hours. I treated myself to a short nap, and when I woke up, I felt refreshed and dove into my work. That made me feel so good that, later in the evening, when I bent over to pick up a dog toy, inadvertently exposing my midriff, I didn't even tug disgustedly at the waistband of my jeans. I vowed to talk back to Stan every day, though he was such a part of my comings and goings that it was easy to simply let him blab on. To silence him permanently, I had to be vigilant. I discovered this strategy was easier to enact when I was rested, had eaten well and was aglow from exercising. It was harder when I kept working despite needing a break, when I worried that someone was angry with me or when I felt overwhelmed. 3 Things to Do When You Wake Up at 3 A.M. and Hate Everything By"}, {"title": "", "text": "struggle some times . I know thank you. I think I\u2019m just constantly worried about this. About my brain. About what I\u2019ve lost. I\u2019m now terrified to go to sleep. I need to flip this. I\u2019m just thinking for 21 hours straight. It\u2019s too much! yep you will need to flip it eventually ,it all comes down to that word Acceptance and its hard ,in the first year of this mess I was still hiking and working ,the last 6 months have been the worst because I never accepted the situation ,I mite of pushed myself into the ground to keep up with the joneses ,learn when to ease up on yourself ,ile spend the rest of my life doing this . having horrible thoughts watching my dog sleep. I\u2019m pissed off at her. At everyone in the world who can sleep. I feel like I\u2019m losing my mind. I stayed up until about 7:30. Had a terrible headache, i ALMOST took a Tylenol PM. But didn\u2019t. I laid on the couch listening to bedtime stories head pounding half conscious until either 10:30 or 12:30 and then went into my room and fell asleep for a little while. Once i woke up (around 3am) i laid there relaxed and listening to meditation app until 6am. Very nauseous. i think you should pick a time and stick to it. Probably picking a time that works more with the circadian rhythms of the world around you as so many things affect the rhythm. (Especially light). My circadian rhythm"}, {"title": "", "text": "pretty often, too. If you feel like you need someone else to talk to or even just write an email - I'll be happy to be your pal. Please let me know if I can be of any help! I sometimes hate nighttime and going to bed because I'm afraid of thinking and the thoughts and images overtaking my head. It gets worse and I feel tired and totally frustrated but then it goes away and seems like I just imagined it. I'm starting yoga classes tomorrow, maybe it'll help me stay more in control of my thoughts and moods....? Sorry for the bit of a ramble, my friend linked me to your blog last night and I fell in love! Then I saw this post this morning and decided to comment <3 I hope you feel better. Only you know what will make you better and how much time it can take."}, {"title": "", "text": "8. Wash my sheets. I\u2019ll become paranoid about things like bed bugs and diseases on my pillowcases and I\u2019ll also figure hey if I\u2019m just laying around the house being a piece of shit I might as well be productive. Right? 9. Lose any motivation whatsoever to put the sheets back onto my bed. Productivity has its limits I guess. 10. Peel the enamel off of my nails. And rip my cuticles to shreds. And then rip off my split ends, fuck with my pores, and dig out ingrown hairs until everything is irritated, bloody, and I still don\u2019t feel anything. 11. Try to envision what would happen if I went to the hospital and told them, \u201cHey I think about not waking up an awful lot.\u201d But I won\u2019t go because like, ER bills are expensive. 12. Formulate 450 word text manifestos that I ultimately end up deleting. Usually to people I\u2019ve at one time or another tried to use as a bandaid for my own problems. But I never, never send them. 13. Tweet hysterical things like \u201cemotional breakdowns are the new black\u201d in an attempt to make my ambivalence more palatable. Look how quirky I am!!! 14. Wonder if I\u2019d be happier bartending. If things were simpler and I didn\u2019t have to worry about what it\u2019s like when you theoretically have the dream and think, \u201cNow what?\u201d all the time. 15. Decide, probably not. That much access to alcohol cannot end well. 16. Count down the days until I wake up and feel"}, {"title": "", "text": "my condition will get worse. Once I changed my priorities I also acknowledged that I can\u2019t make any massive changes right now. As much as I would love to wake up tomorrow with a different body that doesn\u2019t hurt and a set of life goals that I can work towards without a problem \u2013 that\u2019s not my reality right now. Right now I\u2019ve got a sore body and a messed up head. I have a job and homework that I\u2019m really far behind on and I\u2019ve got three half finished writing ideas. So if I can\u2019t make that huge change in my life overnight I guess I\u2019ll have to start with small changes. Which is why on Monday night I drafted up a 30 minute routine that I decided will be the base of my life from here off on. It\u2019s not something that will use a ton of my energy points but it consists out of things that will give me more energy points and ultimately have a real impact on my life. I have an alarm that goes off on my phone and when I hear it I go to drink all my medications. I put on pyjamas, wash my face, make myself hot chocolate and a hot water bottle (a must for anyone struggling with pain) then get into bed and read bible. All this takes me between half an hour and an hour, depending on what bible verses I\u2019m reading. But at the end of it I\u2019ve wholly relaxed myself and then"}, {"title": "", "text": "all day, but as soon as your head hits the pillow the monsters begin to crawl out from under your bed to play games with your mind, with your heart and keep you awake \u2013 knowing that your exhaustion will make it that much harder for you to fight them off tomorrow. There is a monster that shows up to point out all of the mistakes you have made. There is a monster that loves to remind you of every cruel word that anyone ever said to you. (\u201cYou run like a fat girl.\u201d \u201cThunder thighs.\u201d \u201cShe made the whole gym shake.\u201d \u201cLook she\u2019s so fat she can\u2019t even feel it.\u201d). Another reminds you of every cruel thing anyone ever did you. All the parties you weren\u2019t invited to. All the terrible things said behind your back. The rejection, always the rejection. They come in with their monster claws and rip open all of those old wounds. The meanest monster of all likes to show up and tell you about all the reasons no one loves you. You\u2019re fat. You\u2019re too opinionated. You\u2019re ugly. You\u2019re not friendly enough. You think too much. You\u2019re a narcissist. You\u2019re too loud. You\u2019re too smart. You\u2019re not smart enough. Your nose is too big. You laugh too loud. You aren\u2019t funny. Your body is disgusting. You\u2019re selfish. You are socially awkward. Your mere presence makes other people uncomfortable. You are, to your very core, an aberration. You are intrinsically worthless, disgusting, and an all around horrible human being. You hold"}, {"title": "", "text": "actually. You've already forgotten about it. No time for any anything else, time for bed, you have to get up early for work tomorrow, to do that thing you don't really enjoy so that you can do things that you do enjoy, but don't really do. Something's nagging you though and you're having some trouble sleeping. You don't really know what happened today. It just kinda happened. You don't really know how it was. You're still alive, but that's all. It dawns on you that I [switch to first person from here] haven't paid attention or noticed anything today. I haven't really done anything enjoyable today either. Knowing this is as good a start as any. Problem is that tomorrow morning I run the risk of mulling over that fact so much that I'm still not going to see all the interesting stuff that's going on around me, or do any of those fun things. Maybe the day after will work out better. Did I mention I was a procrastinator?"}, {"title": "", "text": "waking up tomorrow; or maybe you just sleep 14 hours straight, dreaming dreams about being abducted by a sexual predator (one of my actual, recurrent dreams) and you\u2019re so sad you start to cry when you wake up, because you *want* so desperately to be back in the dream. Where you felt happy. Where you felt something. Imagine that *any* day when you feel happy, you talk too much and laugh too loudly and hit on anything that moves, because for a few hours or maybe, at most, for a couple of days, it just feels so GOOD to be alive. Or you just feel alive, and that\u2019s good. Something like that. But by the third day, you can feel yourself slowly spiralling back down, into a feeling that\u2019s so grey and dank and leaves you feeling so helpless, you wonder what\u2019s even the point? Why be miserable for two, three, four weeks at a time, to then spend maybe one weekend feeling good about yourself, about life in general, before you go back to feeling like getting out of bed every morning is too much trouble? And you try to motivate yourself. You try to cajole yourself out of bed with promises of treats and rewards, you try to interest yourself in something, anything, to get yourself up, but\u2026. *sigh* Really, what is the point? You\u2019re so tired you can barely roll over or pull the blanket up to your chin, and you\u2019re supposed to get up and dress your kids and pack their schoolbags"}, {"title": "", "text": "and I hate that groggy feeling of wasting hours watching Netflix offerings; and reading takes more mental energy than I can afford. So I putter about, trying to find something that even a zombie could manage, but when I have a bad day like this (or two or four), I'm consumed by apathy and if I actually start something, I find it impossible to concentrate, and I'm without energy to finish. I try to rest, but it's too late, I'm already in the burn zone when my body is quivering with energy it doesn't actually have. I'm baking from the inside out. And my mind is spinning with all the things on my desk, the completion of which suddenly seems very urgent. Lying in bed, I feel myself falling backward, hundreds of papers with scribbled writing topics and phone call reminders floating down on top of me. I actually feel guilty for being sick, again. Friends call wanting to hang out and when I say \"I'm not feeling well today,\" they say, \"Oh, sorry. Is there anything I can do?\" But there isn't anything they can do, so I go back to bed wishing more people knew how to do nothing, with me. It's better than it used to be. I've come a long way and a few years since that first phone consultation with Dr. N. I've had a lifestyle overhaul. I'm not doing what I used to do, not making nearly as much money, and sometimes a ride on my bike and an afternoon"}, {"title": "", "text": "day, so that I often feel I have \"nothing left\" at the end of the day; nothing for myself. This has been an ongoing problem and has manifested in all the challenges with which I have been dealing for months: fatigue, low energy, ennui, poor sleep, lack of motivation, decreased strength, decreased exercise, weight gain, injury, illness... inability or to do ANYTHING...! It's a vicious cycle I have not been able to break! The less energy I have, the less I can exercise and change, which results in a further decrease in energy and ability to change! It's not that I lack desire! Every day I visualize how I want to change my life, but when I come home, all I am able to do, very often, is recline and restore on a superficial or false level with physical rest and a mind/soul/body-numbing activity. In the end, the numbing has just made it all worse. I have tools to combat all of this, but I am too tired to use them! I know that if I just exercise regularly, I will feel better, but I don't have any energy at the end of the day, and I can't seem to get myself up and motivated to work out early, as is my habit of 20 years past! The lack of energy has morphed into lack of motivation and desire. I just \"don't feel\" like meditating or doing the re-grounding exercises that have worked. Again: vicious cycle. At the end of the day, I feel dissipated and"}, {"title": "", "text": "it. No time for any anything else, time for bed, you have to get up early for work tomorrow, to do that thing you don't really enjoy so that you can do things that you do enjoy, but don't really do. Something's nagging you though and you're having some trouble sleeping. You don't really know what happened today. It just kinda happened. You don't really know how it was. You're still alive, but that's all. It dawns on you that I [switch to first person from here] haven't paid attention or noticed anything today. I haven't really done anything enjoyable today either. Knowing this is as good a start as any. Problem is that tomorrow morning I run the risk of mulling over that fact so much that I'm still not going to see all the interesting stuff that's going on around me, or do any of those fun things. Maybe the day after will work out better. Did I mention I was a procrastinator?"}, {"title": "", "text": "myself as a 26-year-old\u2026If you round up my age, I\u2019m practically 30! AHH!!! Okay, so one day, I was like, no, I need to DO something about this waking up thing, and I realized that the way to take action to have an ACTUAL change in my daily life means that it\u2019s not enough just to change the ONE thing that I want to change \u2013 doing so would probably not work in the long run anyway. I have to dig deep and get to the root of the problem. Surely there must be several factors contributing to the struggle of waking up just a little earlier so that I could actually have time to take care of my appearance adequately and have time to eat breakfast. Clearly I\u2019ve been a mess. I don\u2019t think this is what a successful person\u2019s life looks like. But, I decided that I have the potential to be whoever I want to be, and to live the way I want to live rather than living a life directed by \u201chow I feel.\u201d For me this is definitely easier said than done because clinical depression, keyword clinical, is a medical condition. It\u2019s a sickness. It\u2019s a legitimate PHYSICAL illness. And it\u2019s powerful, but it\u2019s invisible, so many people don\u2019t seem to consider it as a real issue. To many, especially to Asians (which is my ethnic background), the symptoms of depression are attributed to laziness and lack of self discipline. Ouch, that hurts. I am still figuring out how to attain"}, {"title": "", "text": "it and will start writing it all out first thing in the morning. Of course when I wake up, I can only remember that I am already running behind, and I forgot to refill my water pill yesterday, which means my face will have an extra chin today. Another sick trick my brain likes to pull on me is telling me how tired I am all day long. Signals are sent resulting in my barely being able to make it through work and dinner. I force myself to stay awake until there is at least a semblance of darkness outside. Then I hop in bed, get under the covers, turn out the light, and my mind says, \u201cSURPRISE! I FOOLED YOU! WE ARE GOING TO STAY UP ALL NIGHT AND WORRY!\u201d If anyone has an answer to this mystery of life, I am all ears. What do you need more of right now? Willpower! I am the easiest pushover in Kentucky. I have such good intentions to eat well, exercise, write two hours daily, keep my house clean, wash my car, get to work on time, etc. All it takes is to glance at a Facebook notification or to hear the familiar \u201ctweet\u201d ushering in a text, and I am sucked into a time wormhole that blindsides my day. How I wish I could be disciplined, productive, and, oh look, Sean Hayes is broadcasting live on Facebook! If you were to start a collection now, what would it be? Each year at Christmas, I compile a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Not so long ago, I was seriously struggling to get up each morning. I\u2019d fight with my alarm, consumed by anxiety about the coming day. I knew that it would just be the same crap over and over again, and I didn\u2019t want to face it. So I would hop on my phone and dive into a long downward spiral that could consume my whole morning and leave me to start my day as a walking cocktail of fear, anger, and guilt. I hate to admit this now, but I was a sadass. I was searching desperately but I was going nowhere. I read as many self-improvement articles and books as I could find, but that only made me feel overwhelmed. Suddenly, I had dozens of random tips and tricks that I couldn\u2019t get myself to implement, and that piled on even more guilt when I wasn\u2019t able to act upon them. I couldn\u2019t shake the \u201coff\u201d feeling all day long. I did mindfulness meditations, but they only helped me minimize my stress, not transform it into productivity. Some days I would go right onto YouTube or Facebook, get sucked in, and time would disappear. I would always feel like today was another \u201cgroundhog day\u201d - nothing exciting to get me focused. I felt like nothing I did mattered, and that no day was important or significant. I had no day to day purpose. It got so bad, I started to resent people who were happy in the morning, and I vowed to never be that"}, {"title": "", "text": "you don\u2019t even really like speaking to people in the outside world. The fact that he gets up at 5:45 every morning means nothing in that moment, because HE GETS A LUNCH BREAK! Then you have a pepsi, and take a shower, and put on some makeup, with the bits of brushes that haven\u2019t been relocated or re-purposed by your toddler, and you put on jeans instead of yoga pants, and you feel better. At least until you walk downstairs and see the house that looks like it has been looted by wild animals, and realize that you have not managed to accomplish a single thing on your to-do list, 90% of which was pretty damn important. Then your stress level rises, and no amount of denim wearing and pepsi can stop it. You realize that something has to give\u2026\u2026..You argue that everything has already had to give\u2026\u2026\u2026.You get mad\u2026\u2026You get sad\u2026\u2026\u2026You get mopey\u2026\u2026.You get crabby\u2026\u2026\u2026.You get mad because you are sad, mopey, and crabby. You wonder how the hell everyone else manages to handle their lives, while you are constantly running around in damage control mode. You blame their competence on pinterest and unhealthy levels of caffeine consumption. They must never sleep, right? No, that can\u2019t be it. Can it? You wonder why you are the only person that is still in pajamas at dinner time. And speaking of dinner\u2026.why have you never made a crock pot meal, or frozen a month\u2019s worth of healthy meals? Slacker. Geez. Then you just want to take a"}, {"title": "", "text": "night. I got a chance to talk to God and listen to Him and it healed a lot of my frustrations and made me peaceful again. Now I\u2019ve been planning to change my life in a major way but I just haven\u2019t had the strength to do it. And every time I tried to make major changes in my life, I would just get exhausted and fall back into the pattern that my pain created. I would wake up and push myself out of bed despite being cold and sore. I\u2019d drink water and look over my homework. I\u2019d feel exhausted and overwhelmed and then just get back to bed. It seemed really pathetic to me because I use to be, and still am, the kind of person who simply doesn\u2019t stop working. My old mindset was that I can use sheer will power to get through anything but these days if I sit longer than say an hour my back starts to hurt very intensely and I can barely do anything except lie down. So how I explain this to myself now is that life is like a video game where I get a certain number of energy points at the beginning of each day. Normally I could use these energy points on things such as school work and my job and my writing and then still have a little bit of energy points left at the end of the day. Now those same amounts of energy points have to be distributed between more things."}, {"title": "", "text": "Here's the pattern. I wake-up optimistic and end the day collapsed in defeat. I wake-up every morning like your neighbor's annoying dog, brimming with pep and vim, only to feel that enthusiasm fade into disappointment. I know, I know... It's annoying to be a morning person but I love the idea of a fresh start and relish the chance to begin again. Who doesn't love a do-over? Mornings are my romance. They embrace that do-over love story but unfortunately, somewhere around noon I start picking fights with the day. I develop a restlessness and it starts encroaching on my mood, echoing reminders that today is just like yesterday and it will likely end in rout. True to form, it often does. Luckily, I've never been good at grudges so come morning, that bad attitude is nothing but a bad dream, until noon, and then here we go again... It's cyclical. I know this, and yet it's been impossible to break. We all have habits we're not proud of but habits themselves are telling of something more deeply seeded in our character. They are these little comfort zones that will never change without effort. Well, good news! For the past month I can honestly say I have been putting in the effort and I feel a shift. The failures are still abundant but the cycle has been disrupted. There is a freshness that's emerging for the first time in years. Caregiving (and I imagine parenting) is so all consuming that its immersive nature leaves little room for"}, {"title": "", "text": "about it. No time for any anything else, time for bed, you have to get up early for work tomorrow, to do that thing you don't really enjoy so that you can do things that you do enjoy, but don't really do. Something's nagging you though and you're having some trouble sleeping. You don't really know what happened today. It just kinda happened. You don't really know how it was. You're still alive, but that's all. It dawns on you that I [switch to first person from here] haven't paid attention or noticed anything today. I haven't really done anything enjoyable today either. Knowing this is as good a start as any. Problem is that tomorrow morning I run the risk of mulling over that fact so much that I'm still not going to see all the interesting stuff that's going on around me, or do any of those fun things. Maybe the day after will work out better. Did I mention I was a procrastinator?"}, {"title": "", "text": "became very emotional, very negative. I would joke that being in that state would make me suicidal \u2013 but that wasn\u2019t far from the truth. I just wanted to drop everything and go to bed. I was a person who needed eight hours \u2013 seven minimum. Now I\u2019m a teacher. I have to be on campus by 7:30. My daily commute is thirty minutes. But I like getting to work early, even knocking out a kettlebell workout real quick. And I also like to make time to eat a good sit down breakfast, and watch a little CNN. So in order to do all that, I need to be up by 4. I try to be in bed by eight pm. Regular weekend nights out no longer exist for me, even just staying up late reading, or watching TV \u2013 those are pleasures I can simply no longer indulge in. But sleep, glorious, languid descents into the deepest, darkest caverns of Oblivion \u2013 a darkness so complete, I rarely remember my dreams \u2013 that is a pleasure I now long for daily. It\u2019s funny, but I had to change the person I was to save the person I could be, the person I\u2019m supposed to be. And there\u2019s still more changing I need to do. But the sedentary, junk-food-eating, unfocused night-owl is dead. Because all that I did and was doing to myself was making me miserable physically and mentally. I was like a smoker with lung cancer, a diabetic who kept eating sugary sweets. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "Learning to live my days without trying to cram as much as possible into them. Figuring out that, no matter how hard I concentrate, thinking about situations over and over and over is not going to make things happen. I keep planning to get to into bed around 9pm, then that time rolls around and I find myself sitting on the couch, mindlessly surfing the web, and slowly getting grumpier and grumpier until I either go find something to eat to cheer me up, or I snap at the hubby for something stupidly minor. That's the signal that I need to drag myself up to bed. I think that this week, I'm going to really try hard to go upstairs at 9, and that way I'll be in bed and won't have to contemplate the stairs in my exhaustion. Small challenge within the big one, here we go. I had one night during the week when I woke up and remembered something I'd done wrong at work. I lay there, thinking about it over and over. One side of my brain said, \"This is no big deal. It will all be fine.\" And yet the other side of my brain just kept bringing it up, like an annoying relative that brings up all the embarrassing moments of your life at family gatherings. I struggled with myself to think about something else. \"Hey, what about that sweater you wanted to make? Don't you wanna think about that?\" \"Yeah, in a minute. I need to think about that"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lately, I\u2019ve found myself slipping more and more often into that nasty little place where everything is annoying and everyone is a moron. People can be so thoughtless, and my tolerance for it, normally rather generous, has been burned down to about zero. I wish I could blame the pain, but I\u2019m in a lot less pain than I was before, for the most part. I\u2019m still not sleeping through the night, but part of the reason is that I stopped taking the medicine I take for my insomnia because it was interacting poorly with the muscle relaxants I take at night. But maybe that\u2019s not the only reason my sleep is such a mess. My dreams are awful, vivid experiences which inevitably involve me being thwarted in what I\u2019m doing, or blamed for hurting someone, or trying to put something together or get someone to understand what I\u2019m saying and they and everyone around them all insist that I\u2019m doing it wrong. I wake up tensed and cramped, and as exhausted as I was before I went to sleep, and this happens two or three times a night, sometimes more. I\u2019ve started staying up later because my bed hasn\u2019t been much of a refuge, so my sleep schedule is getting perturbed and I\u2019m sure that\u2019s not helpful, either. I\u2019m not angry at everyone else, though. I\u2019m angry at myself for not handling this better, and when I\u2019m angry about something, it usually means that I\u2019m upset or afraid. My life is starting to come apart"}, {"title": "", "text": "Okay I know it\u2019s really late or early (I\u2019m writing this blog post at 3:00am) I would have waited until later on but I felt like this couldn\u2019t wait, I need to just write everything down and hopefully I\u2019ll feel better afterwards. I\u2019m so mad at myself, I fail at so many things. I\u2019ve failed to get through college, I\u2019ve failed at keeping promises I make to myself, I\u2019m failing at being happy and I\u2019ve let so many people down. I hate myself for being so darn stupid all the time. I\u2019m awake right now because I don\u2019t want to sleep, if I sleep I\u2019ll find it really difficult to wake up and then I\u2018ll probably waste another day sleeping instead of actually accomplishing anything. At least there is one thing I succeed in \u2026 failing."}, {"title": "", "text": "it. I have to also allow my body to stay up during the day in hope that I will fill a urge to go to bed at night and ACCEPT IT & GO! This is a update with what is going on in my current life and I THANK EACH PERSON WHO TAKES THE TIME TO PASS BY! For those who may be new to my site check out my past post to see what my site is all about!"}, {"title": "", "text": "it had been beat up and in turmoil. And I think trying to figure this out for a long time and you know, for a while, I was like, maybe this is all the inner conflict. This, you know, now feed them all the emotions. I don\u2019t know. Maybe I feel that my inner anger at night when I\u2019m not fully conscious. And I don\u2019t know, I went through many different theories, none of them, and none of the things I did had any significant impact on the way I feel when I wake up in the morning. Recently for the past two or three days, I did something quite unexpected in the morning. Usually I wake up my mind. My mind is actually playing pop sauce, right. Is actually like in this, let\u2019s go, let\u2019s go. Let\u2019s go mood. But my face is so tense and so tired and exhausted. My body feels so tense and tired that I walk on and I barely can optimize it. Doesn\u2019t matter if I slept six hours, eight hours, 12 hours, [00:26:00] I wake up and I\u2019m always like, ah, exhausted. And it takes so much time to get me going. Then in that time, sometimes if I don\u2019t pay attention, I might, you know, I might let that physical sensation get me into just a bad mood where I just don\u2019t want to do anything. Right. And then maybe make some bad choices. Maybe I\u2019ll choose to eat food. That\u2019s not as healthy because it just feels"}, {"title": "", "text": "motivate myself to eat well or the right amounts and it really concerns me all the stress and downward emotions are having serious impacts on more than my mental wellbeing. And also I\u2019m starting to wonder what a good nights sleep even is anymore and most of my blog posts for the last couple of weeks got written and scheduled at about 4am after I couldn\u2019t get to sleep (or not for more than about 15 minute intervals). I don\u2019t feel beautiful inside or out and my mental health continues to decline (not that I honestly thought that was possible) and now I have chipped nails and an unconvincing looking foot. I think I might ask for a simple and more stress-free life for Christmas \u2013 reckon that\u2019s possible? This entry was posted in Health, Lifestyle, Mental Health, My Life, Physical Health and tagged bad luck, Beauty, beauty blogger, beauty bloggers, body, boiling water, cake, depression, eating, fashion, food, friends, good luck, habits, hair, hot water, injury, kettle, lblogger, lbloggers, life, Lifestyle, lifestyle blogger, lifestyle bloggers, living, Mental Health, shopping, sleep, tired, town. Bookmark the permalink."}, {"title": "", "text": "or worrying about no cooking, no shopping, or walks, or bike rides, or emails. Just lying in bed scrolling, watching TV. I barely made it out the bedroom, the day settling like a miasma, fitting for the time period. And felt just as shit at the end of the day. I hope that that\u2019s it now, got it out the system. As night falls I count my worries, as if checking for wounds -26 of them, assigned to tabs that must be closed down slowly in order to sleep. Many of them chasing refunds from the 3 holidays canceled, the furloughing that work will likely instate tomorrow, the family, the flat. These threads of bureaucracy becoming binding, that slowly make you sink. Oh the fucking horror. Small weights add up, the curtains never open, nor close. And something is always behind, beyond. And festering. I sometimes think there is a certain pitch between reality and imagination, sleep and awake, looking and not looking that makes everything possible, and what you put into it changes that path on the multiverse. I feel if I stare into that reflection, at that certain time, at that certain pitch, and recognise that kernel as truth\u2026 the nightmare will become real, that this insanity will become sanity. They say if you don\u2019t wake up in time you go mad. -What is it that we fear then? That it is real? Or that it isn\u2019t? The darkest part of the mind may not be so black and hidden, but grey and inconsistent,"}, {"title": "", "text": "carry emotional burdens that aren\u2019t yours to bear! My jaw hurts from all that teeth-grinding you do at night when you stay up worrying and over-analyzing instead of letting me rest! My eyes hurt in bright light from all the times you were too busy to stop and buy sunglasses to provide adequate protection! My body is angry at me, and it is rebelling. It won\u2019t let me get out of bed and do the things I want to do anymore. My body is finally making itself heard, and it\u2019s yelling so loudly that I can\u2019t help but be the one to submit this time. Over the last few months, I have begun to learn to listen to my body. I sleep when I am tired. I eat when I am hungry, and when I can\u2019t tell if I\u2019m hungry or not, I try to eat anyway. I wear sunglasses pretty much all the time, even when I drive at night. I wear a mouth guard to keep myself from grinding my teeth even though it makes me look ridiculous and hard to understand when I talk. I stay in bed and rest instead of \u201cbeing productive.\u201d I do my prescribed stretches and ball exercises to help loosen up my back. I lie down or stand instead of sitting to ease the pressure on my sciatic nerve. These may seem like little things, small changes that don\u2019t matter much. But the change isn\u2019t small at all. It\u2019s huge. I have lived so much of my life"}, {"title": "", "text": "but you can\u2019t deny the truth. \u201cJust shut up,\u201d you say. But, the feelings keep coming back, and come back stronger, until you can\u2019t get away from them. \u201cShut up, just shut up!\u201d you say again, but you are the only person in the room. You toss and turn and put the pillow over your head, trying to retreat back into sleep. After 15 minutes, you throw the soaked covers off and walk over to the bathroom. You switch on the light and look at your stubbly face in the mirror. You piss. You wash your face and contemplate going for a walk, but then realize it is five degrees outside and decide to go back to bed. Retreat. A shadow of a car passes along the wall and the bedroom ceiling and then zooms away. You wash your face and run your hands through your hair. What are you doing here? Why don\u2019t you just go back home and forget this ever happened? You have a job. Some people don\u2019t have that. You just want to know why this is happening to you. Why this thing won\u2019t leave you alone. You keep putting off every important goal. You do realize this, don\u2019t you? You must. \u201cI\u2019m not talking about some metaphorical issue, although I know how much you\u2019d like to.\u201d You say the words aloud to the TV. It helps you, makes you feel better to think in the abstract. \u201cOh, okay,\u201d you say aloud. \u201cYou\u2019ve got it all figured out.\u201d You finally sleep, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "Of course, it\u2019s Sunday evening. Whenever I look, it always the end of a day. I only want to stay in my room and hide for the rest of the week. I\u2019m anxious because I have so many changes that I am working on implementing in my life. I get highly annoyed with myself because it\u2019s like I want things to stay the same crappy way that they have always been. I know this isn\u2019t the case, I want change. But when I think about all of the different factors that have to change, I get really nervous. I can\u2019t seem to control it. I\u2019m afraid that things are gonna fall apart, that the attempt of change will just be too tough. I worry that I\u2019m going to make things worse than they already are. I\u2019m afraid that I am never going to be able to figure it out, that things are going to stay as they are. I think this line of thinking comes from failing so much in my personal projects. These projects sometimes seem like my only way out. And when they fail, I feel like I really have nothing after that."}, {"title": "", "text": "I only sleep half the night. I felt ready for bed at 22:00, but by 23:15 I was wise awake again. I therefore made a start on this blog and browsed Tumblr until by 01:30 I felt sleepy enough to return to bed. But by 05:10 I was awake again, and horny! It's great to be horny without chemical assistance but at 05:10 after a broken night's sleep it's not particularly convenient. All this is of course part of ageing - you lose those smooth circadian rhythms. Fortunately I feel no distress - I simply accept it and let my body do what it does. No doubt it will catch up on sleep in due course. At least while body is erratic, mind has never been better. A major breakthrough has been living intuitively, virtually eliminating internal conflict and greatly enhancing my ability to practice Acceptance. Focus however is and always has been hard work to control. Whether I've had a good or bad day largely depends on how effectively I reined in focus. I need to work on keeping it on a very tight lead, to prepare for less benign circumstances. I want to make the best response in any situation, and that requires keeping focus firmly grounded, not \"going off on one\". There are plenty of dark memories and scenarios for focus to wander into, so it's crucial to wellbeing that I am tip-top at the Discipline of Grounding. How do you protect yourself from your own vulnerabilities? Of all the things life has"}, {"title": "", "text": "cells, that is. At that basic core level our bodies, in a constant flux of jettisoning old and dividing anew, purges and begins again. So if true, why can't I get out of bed in the morning without feeling like I'd spent the night being drug behind a truck? Surely after my 20,440 or so nights on this earth, prying myself up from the sheets should be old hat, right? But all too often, my spirit feels the same as my 6:30 am body - sore and lifeless, and the bad habits I've been working on all these years don't go away just because I sing soulful songs at SouthHills. Why is that? The Apostle Paul said as much in Romans 7 in his classic description of the epic struggle of spirit vs. flesh. His lament: \"I do what I don't want to do, and I don't do as I should.\u201d Sound familiar? I am no psychologist, but it seems to be an issue of both our willingness and our readiness for change. At first glance these brothers seem like twins, but although similar, they are not the same. They work in tandem and must come together at the same time. Sometimes I am willing to change, but not ready. Other times the reverse is true. I think I am ready - tired of the pain, but not willing to do what it takes to step away. It's been said that there is a certain safety in our emotional pain. I think we settle for less"}, {"title": "", "text": "thinking\u2026if I could get to sleep now I will be okay in the morning. You have lost the pleasure in the things that you love to do. You are on edge all the time and your patience is gone. You can\u2019t wait to go back to bed and sleep\u2026 but you know sleep may only be a wishful thought as the cycle of tossing and turning begins. This is a \u201ctiresome\u201d cycle that many people endure at some points in their life. The good news is that there is a way out. The better news is that you are one of the bold ones! You have made the decision to take the first step in your journey back to you. In working together, we will cultivate growth by understanding the obstacles that you face and develop solutions that can help you gain control of your life and achieve your goals."}, {"title": "", "text": "run on 6 hours sleep a day and be a complete night owl. Now days I\u2019m up with the sun and feel better then ever. a low functioning thing is always low functioning no matter how well the thing next to it works, no? Oh. I forgot to mention that my issues with hygiene are pretty much non-existent since two years back or so. Sleep, hunger, excretion and many other physical matters are still more or less dysfunctional, though. Yeah I have had to resort to make strict habits and diet/exercise plans to make me handle it better. Still it is not an easy thing, I just spent half a year working some stressful projects and ended up losing 5kg weight without really feeling like I changed my diet in anyway. I think I\u2019m just completely unaware of how my body feels sometimes. I agree, but I think since personality traits and these types of things vary a great deal between people and are still a pretty theoretical model, these issues exist. My brother suggested I may like this blog. He was once totally right. This submit truly made my day. You cann\u2019t imagine just how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks! hey Daniel! I fit exactly the same description!"}, {"title": "", "text": "yourself seriously. You bring up so many issues that might warrant real consideration and yet you hate yourself for having the thoughts, somehow feeling that the thoughts aren\u2019t allowed. It sounds as though you strictly censor your thoughts all day but, at night, when the censors relax a bit, all the serious issues of your life come to the fore. Perhaps if you really talked these things through with a therapist, really addressed the things that obviously worry you, you might find they didn\u2019t keep you awake at night. You are worried about moving house. It will be a huge upheaval and it would be odd if you weren\u2019t worried about it. You are 34 and are perhaps moving into a house which is supposed to be forever. This is bringing up acute anxiety about death, about the new house representing the end of things. There is, of course, existential angst here, the futility of life in general and fear of death, but you may also be talking about a real reluctance to commit to this life, to your partner, to this family future. You are unhappy. This isn\u2019t a choice you feel you made freely and you\u2019re sounding trapped. Why you dismiss these issues as some kind of condition that besieges you at night and might be cured by imagining your thoughts as passing clouds or some rubbish like that, I don\u2019t know. It sounds as though nobody has ever really listened to you or taken your thoughts and feelings seriously before. \u2018None of my"}, {"title": "", "text": "On nights like tonight. I listen to my body. I\u2019m completely drained. I am just exhausted. I ache all over. On nights like this, all of the things that stare me in the face must wait. On nights like this I must take care of myself. I just cannot push my body any further. On nights like this once upon a time, I\u2019d keep going. Not anymore. I know the consequences of doing so. On nights like this I count my blessings instead of feeling anger over the event that caused my body such damage. On nights like this I rest and remember that tomorrow is another day. Thank you. I had a little nap and little fuzzy girl woke me to go out. Lol! Feel bit better. But now Im awake! Take care of yourself and good night! Good. \ud83d\ude42 Common sense is a wonderful, and sadly rare thing. Here\u2019s hoping tomorrow is less draining."}, {"title": "", "text": "the outside. Inside I have so much to say. I have a need to release what is bubbling up inside. Normally I would take a drive to help clear my head. But I cannot do that due to my car acting up. And I dont even want to deal with that right now. I need to but I just want it to magically work for me. Everyone says you look tired. I am. Physically, emotionally and mentally. Last thurs and fri I couldnt sleep. Caught an hour here and there. I normally spend a few days a week working 16hr days. So I am tired. If they only knew the emotional portion is taking the greatest toll on me. So it is nearly 3am. I am writing this because I really want to go for a long walk and cry. I am writing this to not cause physical harm. I am writing thisbecause using my voice is too difficult. I am writing this so I get it out. I am writing this because drinking wont solve anything. I am writing this because I want a semi-peaceful sleep. I am writing this because I am hurting. I am writing this becauseI want a hug but cant accept it. I am writing this because it is 3am and I cant stop thinking. @GaleH You may not have stated it properly. While I found myself planning it, I recognized later that this was not productive. Although I have thoughts, I am able to keep myself from planning anything. No"}, {"title": "", "text": "do anything that prepares me for it. I don\u2019t want to lie down and have my brain go into overdrive. Tonight is not the night to beat myself up for taking a xanax for three days straight on top of my other meds to fall asleep. Tonight is not the night to beat myself up for just bingeing and now feeling so sick. To analyze all the implications, to analyze anything really because I can\u2019t get to that place. I need to zone out. Stay enclosed. Safe. My mind unable to concentrate so it can\u2019t try to analyze what might be happening. Tomorrow will be here and I can figure it out then. I just need more time away from myself, I can\u2019t fall overboard. I can\u2019t do it again. I can do this, because I can\u2019t do anything else. I can\u2019t believe it\u2019s only midnight."}, {"title": "", "text": "will you wake up and try to discern whether you have, or have not, needlessly alienated someone due to the previous evening's conversation? Admit that you take a perverse satisfaction in saying things that most people would prefer not to hear. You enjoy writing things that confound the reader. You often seek to be misunderstood, or understood only partially. Why this impulse to shock and push the limits of civility? Why the frequent resort to sarcasm, irony, and double entendre? Perhaps it is a manifestation of insecurity. Perhaps you find it comforting to hide behind semantic trickery. You have no good excuse for that. Grow up. Say what you mean, but do not speak for the purpose of meanness. **4** Sleep often comes to you only with significant difficulty, and sometimes not for the whole night. It is no simple matter for you to allow the stream of consciousness to wind down for the evening, lay your head upon the pillow, and switch off for rejuvenating rest. Imaginary conversations fill your head, as do imaginary deeds, and imaginary adventures. It is almost as if sleep frightens you. Do you find reality so dissatisfying that you need to indulge in adolescent flights of fancy? If so, you have no one other than yourself to blame. There are techniques for moving from the wake to the sleep cycle. You even know a few of them. Learn to calm down when it is time for calm. **5** Nagging pains are not a legitimate reason for complaint\u2014even when the whining"}, {"title": "", "text": "or taking your meds make it easier to stick to your habits, but it also frees up energy for more enjoyable activities. It\u2019s a bitter feeling, always having to spend the little energy you have on doing things you must do instead of on what you\u2019d like to do. You may not be able to change anything about your to-do list, but you can change how you tackle it. Listen to audiobooks or podcasts while hanging your laundry to dry. Turn mandatory bed rest into a pajama party \u2013 watch a movie, have a facial or paint your nails (if you can). Combine trips to the dentist or therapy with a short visit to the library or a break at your favourite coffee shop. In the spirit of \u2018whistle while you work\u2019: singing makes any activity more enjoyable \u2013 and it\u2019s actually good for you too! Bring a book of magazine with you to the doctor\u2019s office so you can do something you enjoy instead of scrolling your phone while you wait. Starting your days with \u2018Miracle Morning\u2019 routines like exercising and visualisations will surely optimize your days and boost your health. But if that\u2019s not doable for you, why not come up with simple self-care acts that require little time and energy? Take a deep breath. Inhale through your nose and feel how your belly expands. Let go of all the tension in your body when you exhale through your mouth. Do one yoga exercise in bed. Sit in the sun, even if it\u2019s by"}, {"title": "", "text": "your head but you can\u2019t deny the truth. \u201cJust shut up,\u201d you say. But, the feelings keep coming back, and come back stronger, until you can\u2019t get away from them. \u201cShut up, just shut up!\u201d you say again, but you are the only person in the room. You toss and turn and put the pillow over your head, trying to retreat back into sleep. After 15 minutes, you throw the soaked covers off and walk over to the bathroom. You switch on the light and look at your stubbly face in the mirror. You piss. You wash your face and contemplate going for a walk, but then realize it is five degrees outside and decide to go back to bed. Retreat. A shadow of a car passes along the wall and the bedroom ceiling and then zooms away. You wash your face and run your hands through your hair. What are you doing here? Why don\u2019t you just go back home and forget this ever happened? You have a job. Some people don\u2019t have that. You just want to know why this is happening to you. Why this thing won\u2019t leave you alone. You keep putting off every important goal. You do realize this, don\u2019t you? You must. \u201cI\u2019m not talking about some metaphorical issue, although I know how much you\u2019d like to.\u201d You say the words aloud to the TV. It helps you, makes you feel better to think in the abstract. \u201cOh, okay,\u201d you say aloud. \u201cYou\u2019ve got it all figured out.\u201d You finally"}, {"title": "", "text": "live. 3. You wake up in the morning only to find that during the night you\u2019ve been digging the nails of your left hand into the palm of your right. The resulting marks take all day to fade. There is not a lot you can do about this apart from not waving at people across the office because then they\u2019ll realise you\u2019ve been maiming yourself in your sleep (again). If this becomes a regular occurrence you need to keep your nails short and consider wearing gloves in bed. Seriously. 4. You forget that you\u2019ve promised to go to Hot Yoga with your Yoga BFF, and now you feel mortified and embarrassed and daren\u2019t phone her because you are a total stressed out mess. This comes from not really knowing what day it is. A solution would be to try to keep a paper diary with your appointments in your handbag (providing it has not been left in a supermarket trolley), and then actually LOOK AT IT so you can see where you are supposed to be. 5. Going to bed seems like the best course of action, even though it\u2019s only 3.30pm. Cuddling up with a good book and the cat at 3.30pm in the afternoon seems like a good idea. Where do you think I am while writing this? However, if it happens too often you might need to have a think about why you are in bed. 6. Knocking over a cup of tea results in an apoplectic-raging-beast-screaming-crying-fit that causes you to nearly pass"}, {"title": "", "text": "being able to stay asleep once I finally do. Completing four or five tasks which exhaust me within two hours, encouraging napping by early afternoon. Nausea creeping up at the most uncomfortable timing, while bowels aren\u2019t cooperating either. And not to mention the menstrual issues. The list goes on. When I decline an outing, it\u2019s not because I don\u2019t want to go, it\u2019s because I\u2019m not mentally and physically prepared to leave the emotional safety that my home provides me. I wish I could do the \u201cnormal people things\u201d as easily as others, but most days I just can\u2019t. It\u2019s a vicious cycle in every way; my mental health is affected by my physical health and vice versa. Hashi\u2019s creates such a feeling of isolation and I don\u2019t think anyone really gets it, myself included. Everyday is a battle between my head, heart, and well, my immune system. I do want to help myself and heal myself, but this is so huge and new to me. I don\u2019t even know where to begin. Think about your last cold, and how icky you felt all week. Think about your anxiety sitting on a roller coaster waiting for it to start. Think about how you felt trying to fit in first week of high school. Think about your last morning after a horrible sleep. Think about the guilt you felt last time you let someone down. These are the things I feel every day, and they just spring up on me with no just cause. Sure there are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Maybe I ate dinner too late or I should have exercised more or had less to do or think about. I have never had trouble sleeping but I do now. All the time. The air is wrong or the bed feels too small. Or there is a mosquito whose wings hum at a frequency only I can hear. Only I am here. My sleeplessness ranges from that jolt resulting from the expired snooze button--all night long. Or nights like to night. I go to bed out of ceremony but I am wide awake and I stay that way. It is 4:37 in the morning. I wonder what will happen to me tomorrow. It is my day of no meetings. I have a precise list of everything I have to do. It is long and varied. I have a list of things to worry about but worry can't be scheduled. I command myself to compartmentalize. Sleep now. Worry later. Do later. Then the internal snooze button goes off. Get up. I read somewhere that if you can't sleep, you should get up. In the compounded silence I notice that my houseboat, which was \"characterful\" when we bought it, is starting to appear shabby and slipshod. It was so poorly built and I see all its many irreparable flaws. At least getting up shuts off the \"what ifs\" that live no where in reality. They are churned out in the assembly line of my imagination, which in this horizontal fitful state I cannot control. My alarm is going"}, {"title": "", "text": "insomnia, so obviously this is still a struggle of mine. But, I will tell you what I\u2019m doing right now. I\u2019m going to stop thinking right now about the past and the future and think about right now."}, {"title": "", "text": "still invincible, and an overall desire to believe that if I just go along doing things the way I always have that everything will be fine in the end. Silly. Go to bed at a reasonable time, jerkface. Reasonable bedtimes are defined as before 10:30p. Eat more food, even when you feel nauseous. The meds just make you feel gross, they don\u2019t make you actually throw up, so stop worrying about it and eat through the queasy days. Also eat more diversely: a woman cannot live on fruit, coffee, Snickers bars and steak alone. EAT BREAKFAST. Yoga. Bring a mat and use it. Don\u2019t let one sad and wretched person stop you from taking care of your body. Those long drives crunch up muscles- they need stretching! Daily meditation- let\u2019s get back into a damn schedule, already. This catch- as- catch- can thing is not working out. It\u2019s a good starting point, at least, especially when on the road. I\u2019m tempted to add more, but let\u2019s just start here. I have more in my head- there\u2019s something kicking around, but it\u2019s still a Think Being Thunk\u2014- not quite finished yet. I left Chicago with a few things to mull over, actually, and was very grateful for the long drive home to chew them over. It\u2019s been a busy year for major overhauls in thinking, actually. What\u2019s that all about? I wish I were the sort of girl to lay it all on the positions of the stars, or something like that. Instead, I just get to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Tonight I gazed upon you and saw utter exhaustion. It may have been the guilt. It hurts me to see you this way. Yet no one can talk to you about it, about financial issues, or even hold conversation about life in general for more than five minutes. It's as though we're boring you. Maybe it's because we're interrupting whatever plans you're contemplating in your head. Most days, when I look at you I see a troubled man. A man that has dug himself in so deep. He doesn't know how to get out. However, he's afraid to admit that he needs help. The right help that is: Mental help. Before all of this exhaustion, I saw a handsome young man. A man with dreams and possibilities. A man that at the same time was afraid to move forward. If I wasn't there to do it for him, he would not budge. I wanted to hold your hand and guide you, but you just wanted me to do it all for you. I don't understand the physics of this way of thinking. The more I tried to push you to do it for yourself, it's as if it's the more you distance yourself. Then the sleep deprivation begins to produce unreal images of thoughts that you think are real. Now it's been so long, there's no way to start fresh\u2014for you at a least. I understand it's a constant fight for you. That your own thoughts must be attacking you. But you are strong. You can"}, {"title": "", "text": "and get up at a reasonable time again, as I am sleeping onto early afternoon or later and that takes over a whole day. My body clock is all over the place as I don\u2019t sleep at night because I have had a lot of terrible nightmares. I was put on different medication called Quetipin, as I was suffering a lot with depression this year and at one point very suicidal. However, I want my blogs to continue to be successful and relative to those who like this blog site. I want to live life and not exist which I have written in a lot of blog posts this year, but is true. I was with someone who was obsessed with cleaning, but am I going to get remembered for being the person always washed up after herself? NO! I want to be seen as a successful writer who was never afraid to show her feelings to those who she loved and made it clear that no matter how much I put myself down sometimes I do have respect for myself and others. I want to work on TV and have one of my books made into a TV series and is a real ambition of mine and would like to write and publish more books and want two to be publised by the end of this year. I have a new Online Course which is a Child Safety course so I will let you know when this is ready to be launched and published. Please"}, {"title": "", "text": "You've already forgotten about it. No time for any anything else, time for bed, you have to get up early for work tomorrow, to do that thing you don't really enjoy so that you can do things that you do enjoy, but don't really do. Something's nagging you though and you're having some trouble sleeping. You don't really know what happened today. It just kinda happened. You don't really know how it was. You're still alive, but that's all. It dawns on you that I [switch to first person from here] haven't paid attention or noticed anything today. I haven't really done anything enjoyable today either. Knowing this is as good a start as any. Problem is that tomorrow morning I run the risk of mulling over that fact so much that I'm still not going to see all the interesting stuff that's going on around me, or do any of those fun things. Maybe the day after will work out better. Did I mention I was a procrastinator?"}, {"title": "", "text": "to sleep. Other times I fall into bed and sleep for fourteen hours and still be tired. Some nights I\u2019ll toss and turn and not be able to sleep at all. Every little thing will keep me awake. I\u2019m sure that\u2019s confusing to be around, and I know there are times when my tossing and turning and getting up and down to go to the bathroom disturbs you. We can talk about solutions to this. All these symptoms and the chemical changes in my brain from pain and fatigue can make me depressed as you\u2019d imagine. I get angry and frustrated and I have mood swings. Sometimes I know I\u2019m being unreasonable but I can\u2019t admit it. Sometimes I just want to pull the covers over my head and stay in bed. These emotions are all very strong and powerful. I know this is a very hard thing about being with me. Every time you put up with me when I\u2019m in one of my moods, secretly I\u2019m grateful. I can\u2019t always admit it at the time, but I\u2019m admitting it now. One thing I can tell you is it won\u2019t help to tell me I\u2019m irrational. I know I am, but I can\u2019t help it when it\u2019s happening. Some of these symptoms are embarrassing and hard to talk about but I promise to try. I hope that you will have the patience to see me through these things. It\u2019s very hard for me too because I love you and I want to spend time with"}, {"title": "", "text": "avoid all the other things I have to do, but then I don\u2019t sleep at night. So instead, I try and make lists of things from waking up, eating, brushing teeth and so on, so I can see what I have to do in what time frame.\u201d \u2014 Peyton M. \u201cI tend to isolate myself and just sleep. When I\u2019m having a bad day, I can\u2019t even leave my bed to eat. I just lie there hoping that with enough sleep all my problems will disappear.\u201d \u2014 Karla A. \u201cI find myself sleeping a lot. And ignoring everything around me. Isolating myself in my bed to try to sleep and hinder the emotion. I try to battle this by getting up and at least getting dressed for the day and doing one thing on my to-do list. Doing one thing gives me the confidence to keep moving forward.\u201d \u2014 Abigail Y. \u201cLiterally wanting to sleep all day long and not take care of myself and do the things I need to do. I\u2019ve been struggling with that lately and just yesterday, I had to just force myself to get up and shower. I had to just do it. Otherwise I would have laid there all day.\u201d \u2014 Christa O. 7. Letting Go of Cleaning \u201cLetting all of my chores slide. The laundry mounts up, the sink gets full, the floors dirty. I don\u2019t want to cook meals, so food spoils. I don\u2019t take care of myself either. As bad as it sounds, I go days without"}, {"title": "", "text": "to worry every morning about what I'd do to my body during the course of the day. It's an incredible feeling of power. I hope this helped."}, {"title": "", "text": "was happy. Then I woke up, remembered that you'd fallen asleep on the couch again, that we hadn't had sex. Not last night, not for days, weeks actually. And I was miserable. Again. But it was better than the nights where you actually reject me in my dreams. Sometimes it's so bad that I just dream of masturbating. And of course, even though you said we'd have sex in the morning, you just slept all day. Woke up at noon, ate lunch, and went right back to sleep. Cause you were tired. No, of course I love you. Stop fucking saying that. You always whine that I don't love you, but I'm the one making all the effort. I'm the one trying to fix this. And you don't help. You must see there's something wrong and you don't make any effort. I'm the one doing all the work around here, making all the sacrifices, trying to figure out how to make you happy. I try to find stuff to do together, plan for the shows and the games and the massages and the vacations. I do as much as I can so you don't have to. So you can relax. So you can stop worrying. And what do I get? Fucking nothing. You can't be bothered. You can't even sacrifice twenty fucking minutes on the fucking chore of sex. So I blame myself. I try to get better. I bust my ass trying to lose weight. But you just fucking let yourself go. You eat whatever"}, {"title": "", "text": "pretty often, too. If you feel like you need someone else to talk to or even just write an email - I'll be happy to be your pal. Please let me know if I can be of any help! I sometimes hate nighttime and going to bed because I'm afraid of thinking and the thoughts and images overtaking my head. It gets worse and I feel tired and totally frustrated but then it goes away and seems like I just imagined it. I'm starting yoga classes tomorrow, maybe it'll help me stay more in control of my thoughts and moods....? Sorry for the bit of a ramble, my friend linked me to your blog last night and I fell in love! Then I saw this post this morning and decided to comment <3 I hope you feel better. Only you know what will make you better and how much time it can take."}, {"title": "", "text": "Working as a health professional by day; sleeping rough by night. It is 6am, still dark outside. Darkness that will provide me some cover from prying eyes as I get myself ready for work. My head is groaning from the after-effects of the night before. A night where I sat in my car eating pizza with a bottle of wine clasped between my thighs. Having no glass meant I necked the wine straight from the bottle. At night I am unable to hide from the reality of my life. A few years ago I found myself alone. For four weeks I woke on the back seat of my car, and each day I was surprised to be there. In the freezing darkness I gathered my clothes from the pile in my boot and snuck into work. I hid my situation from all those around me: from work colleagues, from trusted friends and from family. At the time I managed to convince myself I was coping, that I could handle this interruption to the smooth, planned path of my life. But the truth was that I was spiralling downwards. I had lost rational perspective and saw no incongruity between my nights sleeping rough and days working as a senior health professional. I step out of my car and groan softly as I straighten. All night I have struggled with a pain in my side as I lay scrunched on the back seat. I search around the jumble in my boot for my remaining clean clothes. As always,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Working as a health professional by day; sleeping rough by night. It is 6am, still dark outside. Darkness that will provide me some cover from prying eyes as I get myself ready for work. My head is groaning from the after-effects of the night before. A night where I sat in my car eating pizza with a bottle of wine clasped between my thighs. Having no glass meant I necked the wine straight from the bottle. At night I am unable to hide from the reality of my life. A few years ago I found myself alone. For four weeks I woke on the back seat of my car, and each day I was surprised to be there. In the freezing darkness I gathered my clothes from the pile in my boot and snuck into work. I hid my situation from all those around me: from work colleagues, from trusted friends and from family. At the time I managed to convince myself I was coping, that I could handle this interruption to the smooth, planned path of my life. But the truth was that I was spiralling downwards. I had lost rational perspective and saw no incongruity between my nights sleeping rough and days working as a senior health professional. I step out of my car and groan softly as I straighten. All night I have struggled with a pain in my side as I lay scrunched on the back seat. I search around the jumble in my boot for my remaining clean clothes. As always,"}, {"title": "", "text": "that most of us hate getting out of bed on Monday mornings. But, there\u2019s a difference between not wanting to get up and struggling to pull yourself out of bed and dreading it the night before. If you spend your Sunday evenings worrying about going back to work and absolutely hate setting your alarm, you might not be in the right place. Another sign that it\u2019s time for a career change is that your current job is affecting your health. Going home after a bad day and having a little moan is perfectly normal. But, when it\u2019s more than this, it\u2019s a problem. If you find that you are so stressed out that you can\u2019t sleep, and you\u2019ve started to exhibit physical symptoms it\u2019s gone too far. Our personalities and skills change all of the time. A job that suited you perfectly five years ago might not always. If it feels wrong and you don\u2019t feel like you are using your skills and talents, look for something where you can. We all have boring days. That\u2019s fine. It\u2019s not the same as being bored. When was the last time you enjoyed being at work? The last time that you had to focus and think? Do you just do your job on autopilot without thinking at all? Some people like this, if you don\u2019t, make a change."}, {"title": "", "text": "that most of us hate getting out of bed on Monday mornings. But, there\u2019s a difference between not wanting to get up and struggling to pull yourself out of bed and dreading it the night before. If you spend your Sunday evenings worrying about going back to work and absolutely hate setting your alarm, you might not be in the right place. Another sign that it\u2019s time for a career change is that your current job is affecting your health. Going home after a bad day and having a little moan is perfectly normal. But, when it\u2019s more than this, it\u2019s a problem. If you find that you are so stressed out that you can\u2019t sleep, and you\u2019ve started to exhibit physical symptoms it\u2019s gone too far. Our personalities and skills change all of the time. A job that suited you perfectly five years ago might not always. If it feels wrong and you don\u2019t feel like you are using your skills and talents, look for something where you can. We all have boring days. That\u2019s fine. It\u2019s not the same as being bored. When was the last time you enjoyed being at work? The last time that you had to focus and think? Do you just do your job on autopilot without thinking at all? Some people like this, if you don\u2019t, make a change."}, {"title": "", "text": "go to parties and the thought of being seen by people from work during work time makes me feel worse, another reason why I shop at night (If I can afford it) I feel bad that I am at home all day when they have to go to work. Mental Health definitely brings lack of self-care and risky behaviours for me, however, the risky behaviours are very mild. I hate how I do not look after myself as much as I should because of my mental health, washing, getting dressed and eating/exercise can be near impossible. (You may find it disgusting but it is the reality). This is definitely something I have been feeling lately. The work situation and not working does not help, however being at work was equally overwhelming. Like I said above, this isn\u2019t the case and each individual has their own unique warning signs. Identifying them can be hard and they are not set in stone \u2013 things change!!"}, {"title": "", "text": "go to parties and the thought of being seen by people from work during work time makes me feel worse, another reason why I shop at night (If I can afford it) I feel bad that I am at home all day when they have to go to work. Mental Health definitely brings lack of self-care and risky behaviours for me, however, the risky behaviours are very mild. I hate how I do not look after myself as much as I should because of my mental health, washing, getting dressed and eating/exercise can be near impossible. (You may find it disgusting but it is the reality). This is definitely something I have been feeling lately. The work situation and not working does not help, however being at work was equally overwhelming. Like I said above, this isn\u2019t the case and each individual has their own unique warning signs. Identifying them can be hard and they are not set in stone \u2013 things change!!"}, {"title": "", "text": "than rude people sometimes because at least I know where a rude person is coming from but fake people you always have to read between the lines. Bad wardrobe days \u2013 My whole day is off when my outfit is not right. Somedays I just don\u2019t make it happen with my outfit and I feel off all day. I love when I feel good about my outfit and I can walk around and not feel uncomfortable. Weight gain \u2013 I am always on a diet because I\u2019ve either fallen off of the wagon and started eating badly or I have put on a pound or two. I\u2019m always analyzing my weight and I feel best when I am at my comfortable weight. Waking up early \u2013 I am not a morning person and I dread it every morning when my alarm clock sounds at 5:30. Right now I am on break so its nice to sleep in as long as I want to but in a few more weeks I will be back to my 5:30 am mornings\u2026ugh! People that come to your house unannounced\u2013 This is a big pet peeve of mine. I think it is common courtesy to phone a person to see if it\u2019s okay to stop by before stopping by!! Being sick \u2013 I don\u2019t even need to explain this one I just hate it! Cooking \u2013 I think cooking gets so boring and I do not like having to plan out meals like 7 days a week. I am happy all"}, {"title": "", "text": "another thing Shaumbra tend to have in common \u2013 to the great relief of \u201cnewbies\u201d who have spent years thinking they are the only ones \u2013 is our mutual weirdness. \u2026when you find yourself awake at 3 AM, realizing you are \u2018not quite alone\u2019 in the early morning darkness. So, instead of going back to sleep \u2013 which you can\u2019t seem to do anyway \u2013 you have a lovely conversation with the shadows on the wall. \u2026then you get up, fiddle with your email, dawdle around the house, and finally go back to sleep right about when the rest of the world is getting up. \u2026when your body is asking for food but nothing sounds appealing, you mutter something about wishing for some Atlantean food \u2013 and then have another talk with your body, your aspects, your brain and even your divinity, making it clear that they are just going to have to deal with the 21st century. \u2026after finding the salt in the refrigerator and the yogurt in the cupboard again, you wonder why our buddies keep telling us to get out of our minds \u2013 because you\u2019re sure that yours left the building six months ago! \u2026you finally get around to getting showered and dressed, only to discover that the clothes you wore last week don\u2019t fit anymore! How can this happen when you\u2019re hardly even eating anything? \u2026one day you\u2019ve just had it with all this ascension and consciousness work. You rant, rave and cry, deciding that it\u2019s time to give up, go"}, {"title": "", "text": "reasonable hour. Some days I throw a vegetable in their general direction and I huff and puff as I trip over the mountain of dirty socks piled in the middle of the floor. There are too many screens and not enough protein and my voice gets progressively higher and higher until I'm squeaking like a furious mouse to \"brush your teeth or go straight to bed and let the sugar-bugs eat them!\" I hope they appreciate how much work it is raising them to not be tiny psychopaths. I hope they remember the in-between times. The nights where we all pile in the big bed and take turns giving each other back tickles before bedtime. The movie nights and pancake breakfasts and kitchen dance parties. Mainly I hope they grow up knowing how badly I wanted to do it right for them. And how many times I screwed up, fell down, and made a mess of it all, but kept going because they're worth it. When I had cancer, no one told me to just think positively and I would get over it. No one told me to use diet and exercise, to get more sleep, to focus on the good things in my life, to stop dwelling on the sad things, to change who I choose to spend time with, to meditate, and I would be healed. I was sick. I got treatment. People accepted it as what was going on in my life. I don't have a thyroid. I take a tiny pill every"}, {"title": "", "text": "personal reasons and reasons out of my control, I didn\u2019t sleep the night before, and I had major asthma attacks all night from chemical imbalances in the pool in Chicago. I went to my coach the next morning, haggard, and said, I feel TERRIBLE. He told me to lie down for 30 minutes, pretend and visualize that I\u2019d gotten the best rest of my life and that it was a champion day, and then come back. When I came back he said, \u201cHere\u2019s the thing. If you had perfect circumstances, you could own this race. You could win. The bigger challenge is winning even when you\u2019re down\u2014even when you\u2019re fatigued. Get out there and fight, despite the circumstances.\u201d He taught me that no one has perfect circumstances \u2014 and you\u2019re allowed to go on and do incredible things even if you\u2019re not feeling perfect about it. Often we get so wedded to a routine that we forget that things can all go haywire and you can still do an incredible job. Of course I\u2019d rather get a great night\u2019s sleep \u2013 but when the routine shifts, I just remember that we\u2019re allowed to shift and respond to it in a multitude of ways."}, {"title": "", "text": "and grow old before your time, and that your affairs at home will suffer. You must live in the world like one in the world. They will say that you can save your soul without going to such extremes, and a thousand similar trivialities. Philothea, all this is mere foolish, empty babbling. These people aren\u2019t interested in your health or welfare. \u201cIf you were of the world, the world would love what is its own but because you are not of the world, therefore the world hates you,\u201d says the Savior. We have seen gentlemen and ladies spend the whole night, even many nights one after another, playing chess or cards. Is there any concentration more absurd, gloomy, or depressing than this last? Yet worldly people don\u2019t say a word and the players\u2019 friends don\u2019t bother their heads about it. If we spend an hour in meditation or get up a little earlier than usual in the morning to prepare for Holy Communion, everyone runs for a doctor to cure us of hypochondria and jaundice. People can pass thirty nights in dancing and no one complains about it, but if they watch through a single Christmas night they cough and claim their stomach is upset the next morning. Does anyone fail to see that the world is an unjust judge, gracious and well disposed to its own children but harsh and rigorous towards the children of God? We can never please the world unless we lose ourselves together with it. It is so demanding that it"}, {"title": "", "text": "what you`re doing, you`re very excited doing it. 2. You will sleep less. When I tell people how little I sleep, they usually wonder if it were possible. For instance when I was on campus, I would sleep around 11pm and wake up around 3:30am. I remember how I would jump up from my bed as if I was late for an appointment. I was having about three other things I joined with my academics (campus politics, talking and researching business, reading motivational/business books, 30-50 each year), yet I was doing all of these wonderfully well. 3. You don`t really feel like you`re working. Have you not found this to be true? Has it not occur to you that you forget food as you`re working? Not only that, you just have a little need for food. I think this happens because if you love what you`re doing, you`re not exhausting so much energy as when you hate what you are doing. I noticed that when I was doing the work I hated, I could eat four solid meals per day, why now, I sometimes eat an egg and a cup of tea for my breakfast. 5. You won`t need much entertainment. So many people waste so many hours sitting before movies and television shows every day. I have a secret to tell you. it`s because they have not found their loved vocation. Since I was around 14 years till the time of writing this, I have never seen the need for movies or television in my"}, {"title": "", "text": "members and friends who throw your evening schedule off because they're incapable of having a short conversation. 14. So now you\u2019re stuck playing therapist for the next hour. 15. And the only silver lining is you now can see who's liking whose photos on Instagram when they think no one's watching. The \"Following\" tab is a dangerous place. 16. This of course leads you down a rabbit hole that somehow ends up with you looking through IG photos of the guy your crush\u2019s ex left him for. 17. Which obviously means you have to text your best friend and share your research findings so the both of you can create conspiracy theories of how it all came to be. 18. Sometimes, though, social media has nothing to do with it. Like those nights you\u2019re reading a book so good you can\u2019t put it down. 19. Or the ones when it's homework, work, or your desire to have your inbox reach zero unread emails before bed that keeps you up into the wee hours of the morning. 21. ...that you\u2019re now mentally going through as you lie in your bed tossing and turning, wondering why your brain hates you so much. 22. Eventually your body wins out, you fall asleep, and all feels right with the world. Until 30 minutes later when it\u2019s time for you to wake up."}, {"title": "", "text": "even eat until dinner, I haven\u2019t been able to keep that down lately, usually because my stomach just feels wrong. I have to worry about having issues in public, at any given time. I want to not be embarrassed to show my face or skin, and I want to be able to feel \u2018well\u2019. To some, staying at home and not working would be an ideal lifestyle, but some have no idea what I am dealing with every day. These issues are a big deal to my family and my future, and they can lead to even more problems, like more emergency surgeries or hospital stays. But to you, I\u2019m just angry and dramatic. Truthfulness about my disease is not negativity. Imagine your life with an ailment or illness of any kind. Imagine how it would affect you, and how it would affect other participants in your life. These diseases and illnesses don\u2019t just happen, they happen to you and to your family \u2014 you do not get a choice. For2+ years, I\u2019ve dealt with feeling bad, fatigue, night sweats, headaches, skin sores, joint pain, vomiting, stomach cramps, insomnia, and overall bowel issues. They\u2019re the worst. On top of that is the stress and worry that comes with living with these issues every day. But to you, I\u2019m just sick and expect something from the world. Think about the years this \u2018young\u2019 person has to look forward to. That\u2019s why I\u2019m bothered. I am afraid these issues will never get better. But to you, I\u2019m just"}, {"title": "", "text": "even eat until dinner, I haven\u2019t been able to keep that down lately, usually because my stomach just feels wrong. I have to worry about having issues in public, at any given time. I want to not be embarrassed to show my face or skin, and I want to be able to feel \u2018well\u2019. To some, staying at home and not working would be an ideal lifestyle, but some have no idea what I am dealing with every day. These issues are a big deal to my family and my future, and they can lead to even more problems, like more emergency surgeries or hospital stays. But to you, I\u2019m just angry and dramatic. Truthfulness about my disease is not negativity. Imagine your life with an ailment or illness of any kind. Imagine how it would affect you, and how it would affect other participants in your life. These diseases and illnesses don\u2019t just happen, they happen to you and to your family \u2014 you do not get a choice. For2+ years, I\u2019ve dealt with feeling bad, fatigue, night sweats, headaches, skin sores, joint pain, vomiting, stomach cramps, insomnia, and overall bowel issues. They\u2019re the worst. On top of that is the stress and worry that comes with living with these issues every day. But to you, I\u2019m just sick and expect something from the world. Think about the years this \u2018young\u2019 person has to look forward to. That\u2019s why I\u2019m bothered. I am afraid these issues will never get better. But to you, I\u2019m just"}, {"title": "", "text": "feel like I am good at anything. If someone as stupid as I am can figure something out, then everyone else should be able to as well, right? Yes, I have a very low self esteem. And what makes it worse is when people congratulate me for my accomplishments as they\u2019re obviously just saying nice things to make me shut up, right? There are a lot of projects that I don\u2019t undertake at work as I know that I am too stupid to get them done. And if they do by some miracle get done, my mind tells me that they won\u2019t be liked, or that they will fail. Sleeping. I sleep a lot. I always have. I\u2019m sure that constantly waking up with night terrors or in a panic doesn\u2019t help. But even in periods when I am able to sleep without these interruptions I still don\u2019t like waking up or getting out of bed. I get home from work, I sleep. I hate getting out of bed in the morning. It\u2019s not that my bed is nice and warm and I find it too seductive to get out of. I just don\u2019t have any reason to get out of bed. There is no drive. The most I\u2019ve slept was on a vacation a few years ago. I spent almost 14 days in bed getting out just for food and the bathroom. No movies, mo music, no nothing. Just sleeping and going off to dream land. I am habitually late for work. I always have"}, {"title": "", "text": "wonder how you will pay attention to you lessons tomorrow. You wonder how all the other people up this late at night are occupying their time. You wonder what the streets of quiet neighborhood are like this late at night. You get a sinking feeling that the clock might as well read 2:28 AM for the rest of your goddamn life. You think of all the time passed since your childhood room. You think of all the nights, in all the rooms that led to this one. Childhood, childhood\u2019s end, and adolescence and onto the rigors and ruins of adulthood. Each year, you swear is gonna be different. Each year you find yourself right here; in another empty feeling room, late at night holding court with your own ruined nerves. You think about them. Oh, how you hate thinking about them. Really, you just hate thinking about love. You loathe thinking about anyone you\u2019ve ever thought you loved, or said you loved, convinced yourself you loved. You convince yourself that love is just some bullshit word lesser humans say. Something we say to justify our appetites, or fill our cavernous voids. The thought of being vulnerable right now makes you shudder. The hours crawl, and you convince yourself you\u2019re so above it all. You find a certain sickness in being soft. You hate yourself only a little bit for letting them in. You marvel at how we reach into each other and sink our teeth into the most tender parts. We get a taste of forever."}, {"title": "", "text": "wonder how you will pay attention to you lessons tomorrow. You wonder how all the other people up this late at night are occupying their time. You wonder what the streets of quiet neighborhood are like this late at night. You get a sinking feeling that the clock might as well read 2:28 AM for the rest of your goddamn life. You think of all the time passed since your childhood room. You think of all the nights, in all the rooms that led to this one. Childhood, childhood\u2019s end, and adolescence and onto the rigors and ruins of adulthood. Each year, you swear is gonna be different. Each year you find yourself right here; in another empty feeling room, late at night holding court with your own ruined nerves. You think about them. Oh, how you hate thinking about them. Really, you just hate thinking about love. You loathe thinking about anyone you\u2019ve ever thought you loved, or said you loved, convinced yourself you loved. You convince yourself that love is just some bullshit word lesser humans say. Something we say to justify our appetites, or fill our cavernous voids. The thought of being vulnerable right now makes you shudder. The hours crawl, and you convince yourself you\u2019re so above it all. You find a certain sickness in being soft. You hate yourself only a little bit for letting them in. You marvel at how we reach into each other and sink our teeth into the most tender parts. We get a taste of forever."}, {"title": "", "text": "a half hours before morning. I awoke with no problem, but my eyes were bloodshot as usual and defined with a heavy black crease which under each which I had to hide with a ton of concealer before leaving the house. By purplecompton, December 26, 2014. I can feel the tiredness inside me like a worm, slowly but deliberately draining my life. I'm alive, but I'm not really living. I hear, but I'm not really listening. Everything seems to move in a dragged pace, all submerged into a hazy fuzz that is my vision. Insomnia has this effect on you; it turns you into a living zombie. You've been awake and working for the last fifteen hours. Your body begs and begs for you to rest. But you can't. You must work; you must finish this now, or you will spend the rest of the night tossing and turning and stressing over it. And then you'll get the comments, the questions. \"Why do you look so tired?\" \"Get some sleep.\" \"You look like you hate life.\" Oh, I'm sorry that it terribly bothered you that I've been thinking about how our modern society has caged us into this vicious cycle as we steadily succumb to our cruel biology and dying humanity. By ethereaal, October 1, 2017. %username%, %age%. Background by cc Helgi Halld\u00f3rsson \u00a9 Everything Stops For Tea, 2012-2020 \u22c5 About \u22c5 Contact Us \u22c5 Advertise With Us \u22c5 Terms \u22c5 Privacy \u22c5 Guidelines \u22c5 | classic | low bandwidth Sign in or sign up for"}, {"title": "", "text": "So, I had another one. They don\u2019t care about location, they don\u2019t care about weather or gratitude. They just want to be heard, and seen and felt. It crept up at brunch, started nagging at the museum and then full-blown knocked me out in the apartment. After a 30 min breakdown in the shower and 8 HOURS in bed..I was finally able to reemerge for dinner. That was 12 hours before these photos were taken. I was experiencing the worse day of my existence a mere 12 hours from Beau and I\u2019s best Sunday yet. My breakdowns have taught me a few things over the years: that nothing is forever, the storm will pass, and sleep can heal almost anything. I closed the bedroom door, layed down, and started crying and sleeping. Not usually at the same time, but alternating. Like a good and evil tag team. I\u2019d wake up, be comsumed with bad thoughts about how lost I am, why am I not happy, I have a great life , WHY AM I CRYING!?, why am I upset, I dont deserve to feel upset..yada yada until I\u2019d eventually pass out again. This went on from 12pm until 7:45pm. I could have slept the whole night, but Beau made dinner and I gotta say, I was starving. I zombie walked over the the table, stared off into nothing as I tend to do when I\u2019m in this state, and just sat. I didnt talk, didnt thank him for dinner, just sat. As I was eating dinner"}, {"title": "", "text": "lie around for a while, putting off the inevitable. The first time that I noticed my morning achiness, I wrote it off to a particularly long night at work. After a while, I started to wonder if it was just age, catching up to me. And a while after that, well, I kind of forgot about it. It just became a part of my daily routine: wake up, lounge around in bed for a bit, too exhausted to start the day, then finally drag myself out and hobble around for a while until my bones and muscles settled into the day. It wasn't until I didn't feel this way that I realized how crappy I had been feeling for a few weeks. While I was in that state, I stopped noticing. Once I felt better, I started to get kind of pissed at myself: why had I wasted the past few weeks feeling so decrepit when I could have prevented it with some self-care? Of all people, I should know better. I talk to my patients all the time about living on a level of existence that is below what it could be, and taking the steps to change that-and here I was, a stupid black pot calling all these kettles black. So, today's blog is both an admission of guilt, and a lesson learned. Even I, a person who makes her living promoting self-care, has been guilty of putting myself last. Of pushing myself to keep going despite getting more and more drained. Sometimes we"}, {"title": "", "text": "acid and watched casually EHEC scandal because ultimately a plausible explanation for his aversion to vegetables.You thought that the structure of sick children and lives in the body emerging from an adult while ordering a magical medical aid ever given. However, if one adds even able to take care of our bodies that we have worldwide awareness necessary to take care of the only habitable planet we know get our whole universe? How could shake, considered and sustainable face of our planet if we do not do that, even with our own body of lust? You can opt for a healthy diet or decides to stay for a plan that can get sick. You can opt for a nervous and decide psychotropic crisis, as it has in reducing the pressure on interest. However, instead you can use the opportunity to learn about the healthy management of stress. You can check the number of years to stay healthy, even when you sleep only four hours and the rest of the night spent drinking and heavy computer games. Of course, you may want to find just good and it feels every night, twice the number of hours to rest. Maybe you\u2019ve always hated the sport and thus move if they can not be avoided. Why not forget, finally, physical education hated school and find a movement that really funny? Walken example, in a fun group, diving in your yard, likeminded Yoga, cycling around the lake or swimming in the Spa. Therefore, a comprehensive care of the health of"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cock ticked over to forty. I suddenly became a very old, man. It's everything everything about the schedule that I used to be very proud of in terms of because I mentioned earlier, you know, working always working multiple jobs, and then writing a book on the side and all that stuff and in working till two and three AM anyone who's worked with me at crack, you can confirm this. But like the day after my fortieth birthday. I swear it was immediately. Like, oh my God. I now feel I don't drink, and I was like I feel hung over. I get two hours less sleep last night than I should have an. Instead of before where you like I'd be kind of sluggish in the morning, and then eventually get going now, I feel like I have the flu. Now, it's like I'm in like, physical pain. I'm telling you and things you're doing in your twenties. If you try to maintain that schedule for very long at some point, it will it will hit you. There's no free energy like you're drawing from somewhere the night before you're drawing from the next day and in your youth. You're trying from your middle hate you like you will be hurting yourself in the long term. And that's where you know. Like yet earlier the suicide statistics from some of the countries where there's so much pressure to not sleep and all that. Like depression anxiety. All those things are made worse because"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cock ticked over to forty. I suddenly became a very old, man. It's everything everything about the schedule that I used to be very proud of in terms of because I mentioned earlier, you know, working always working multiple jobs, and then writing a book on the side and all that stuff and in working till two and three AM anyone who's worked with me at crack, you can confirm this. But like the day after my fortieth birthday. I swear it was immediately. Like, oh my God. I now feel I don't drink, and I was like I feel hung over. I get two hours less sleep last night than I should have an. Instead of before where you like I'd be kind of sluggish in the morning, and then eventually get going now, I feel like I have the flu. Now, it's like I'm in like, physical pain. I'm telling you and things you're doing in your twenties. If you try to maintain that schedule for very long at some point, it will it will hit you. There's no free energy like you're drawing from somewhere the night before you're drawing from the next day and in your youth. You're trying from your middle hate you like you will be hurting yourself in the long term. And that's where you know. Like yet earlier the suicide statistics from some of the countries where there's so much pressure to not sleep and all that. Like depression anxiety. All those things are made worse because"}, {"title": "", "text": "mom, who had to work that day, never found out because I made a mess of the house to fake a party. I ate so much cake I puked. Still can't stand birthday cake. ...I hate insomnia. Night time just becomes Highlight Reel of Terrible Life Moments in your head. /rant is trying to save sick people more important than making sure healthy people didn't wish they were dead? why is mental health not being talked about? why is it covid this and covid that. stay away from family. don't have activities. don't go outside. keep a mask on. protect your neighbor that could be high risk.... meanwhile thousands and millions are deprived of love and security, they're suffering from the inside out and no one cares because the only important people are those who caught a lung infection. hateopinionsdepressed the impact were causing is worse than the virus itself and people dont realize. why are people being ok with this. were being asked to surrender our humanity Unfortunately I can agree with you. Having been locked inside for the faults of others while you have given up more and more of your freedom to protect others while being told to be just grateful...its getting harder and harder every day Today I developed a crush... Well multiple crushes but for the first time since I firmly rejected the guy so badly wanted to be in a relationship with me.... I felt romantic feelings for someone else without guilt. Me and him were too similar, and even"}, {"title": "", "text": "tough time imagining a tomorrow that is terribly different from today, and we find it particularly difficult to imagine that we will ever think, want, or feel differently than we do now. We cannot feel good about an imaginary future when we are busy feeling bad about an actual present. But rather than recognizing that this is the inevitable result of the Reality First policy, we mistakenly assume that the future event is the cause of the unhappiness we feel when we think about it. Anyone on a diet has experienced this phenomenon, but I find it is especially strong when you are tired. When my alarm wakes me up in the morning, I am groggy. The last thing I want to do is get out of my nice warm bed and I couldn\u2019t possible imagine putting on my clothes, running out in the 17-degree weather, and going to the gym. Just thinking about my afternoon ice bath is enough to make me curl up in blankets and go back to sleep. Basically, I project my fatigued state onto my future activities. Seneca recognized this was true with \u201cdiseases of the soul.\u201d When you don\u2019t feel sinful, you can\u2019t imagine that you\u2019ll behave sinfully in the future. The opposite holds true of diseases of the soul; the worse one is, the less one perceives it. You need not be surprised, my beloved Lucilius. For he whose sleep is light pursues visions during slumber, and sometimes, though asleep, is conscious that he is asleep; but sound slumber"}, {"title": "", "text": "tough time imagining a tomorrow that is terribly different from today, and we find it particularly difficult to imagine that we will ever think, want, or feel differently than we do now. We cannot feel good about an imaginary future when we are busy feeling bad about an actual present. But rather than recognizing that this is the inevitable result of the Reality First policy, we mistakenly assume that the future event is the cause of the unhappiness we feel when we think about it. Anyone on a diet has experienced this phenomenon, but I find it is especially strong when you are tired. When my alarm wakes me up in the morning, I am groggy. The last thing I want to do is get out of my nice warm bed and I couldn\u2019t possible imagine putting on my clothes, running out in the 17-degree weather, and going to the gym. Just thinking about my afternoon ice bath is enough to make me curl up in blankets and go back to sleep. Basically, I project my fatigued state onto my future activities. Seneca recognized this was true with \u201cdiseases of the soul.\u201d When you don\u2019t feel sinful, you can\u2019t imagine that you\u2019ll behave sinfully in the future. The opposite holds true of diseases of the soul; the worse one is, the less one perceives it. You need not be surprised, my beloved Lucilius. For he whose sleep is light pursues visions during slumber, and sometimes, though asleep, is conscious that he is asleep; but sound slumber"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have been told, by the Warriors I know, the woman who have beaten Breast Cancer or are still in the throes of it, that this period I am in\u2013the one between diagnosis and surgery\u2014is the most brutal. Every night I go through the motions of a normal nighttime routine. I wash my face, brush my teeth, set my alarm clock and crawl, exhausted, under the covers; only to lie there and listen to the endless parade of horrible thoughts that march through my brain. Sleep is not even a factor anymore. Each night my stomach churns as if it were the evening before the start of a brand new job. Unfortunately, though, I don\u2019t get to wake up, don a crisp suit and meet my new co-workers. A friend sent me a quote recently; \u201cFear is just a lack of imagination\u201d. This I truly believe \u2013 in the daytime. But when the dark surrounds you and your family is sound asleep and the dog is happily snoring next to you, it is imagination that takes over and elicits such intense fear that sleep becomes comical. My imagination tells me that the cancer is growing. That somehow it has jumped onto the nearest lymph node like the big Kahuna catching a ride on a radical wave and is surfing through my bloodstream. I watch it in my mind; I actually feel it happening in the quiet hours of the night. When my imagination is not messing with me, it is the facts. The information I read"}, {"title": "", "text": "for them and an altered one for me. I suppose knowing that what I put in my mouth could devastate my insides scares me from straying. It also gives me back a feeling of control, and I believe it keeps my worst symptoms to a minimum, all while I maintain my everything-is-great front. RELATED: 20 Reasons Why Your Stomach Hurts Making adjustments at work and at home The only change in me anyone would notice is that I ask waiters for salads without feta cheese and sandwiches minus bread, and I turn down pecan pie and ice cream after holiday dinners with relatives. In private, though, even when my disease is in remission, my day to day is totally altered. Take my morning routine. In my past life, I started out by unloading the dishwasher; that changed after a couple of mortifying incidents when the urge to go to the bathroom came on so strongly that even sucking in my breath and squeezing my butt cheeks together during the 10 steps to the guest bathroom failed. I now set my alarm 20 minutes earlier, stumbling straight from bed to the bathroom so I can head to work confident (I'm a writer with no coworkers to navigate around) that I\u2019ve given myself plenty of time to take care of business. The downside of this new routine is that it interferes with another type of business: With night-owl teenagers, my husband and I have taken to fooling around in the mornings. But with my brain reprogrammed to wake"}, {"title": "", "text": "November 18, 2011 by LindaJoy Rose . Posted in \" Mind Recipes, Motivational \" . It\u2019s 5:00 pm and you feel completely drained. The prospect of going home and facing household chores, children, or spouse exhausts you even more. You wish you could just sleep for a week. Waking up each morning you dread the day, wondering how you can cope. Or, as much as you\u2019d like to enroll in that college course, get an exercise routine going, or take up a hobby, you don\u2019t think you have enough energy to spare. Any of this sound familiar? If so, there\u2019s a good chance that the balance in your energy bank account is alarmingly low. As you practice the visual experiment below, you will probably be surprised to discover how your vital force leaks away in ways that you haven\u2019t even imagined. Over the past few months one of my repeating themes is that we lose masses of vital energy on a daily basis on things that we hadn\u2019t even thought were draining us. While some things may be obvious, like over-working and bad eating habits \u2014 our energy reserves are also enormously affected by fearful thoughts, worry, negative mental scenarios, judgments, self-criticism and emotional outbursts. Having such visual proof of the after-affects of such negativity might be the impetus to take greater responsibility for what goes on in our heads! At a workshop I attended in Orlando with Caroline Myss (author of the best-seller, Anatomy of a Spirit) several years back, she introduced a metaphor to"}, {"title": "", "text": "change your mode of life.\" \"What must I do?\" \"I fear you will only laugh when I tell you, and call me a silly old fool.\" \"No, I sha'n't; I promise.\" \"You must go to bed before eleven every night. You must be up by half-past seven. You must walk or ride every morning, drink no wine, tea, or coffee, eat plain food, and read no novels. You must develop an interest in your household affairs, get a wholesome occupation for every hour of the day, and take no more medicine. When you feel a headache go into the fresh air; when you feel depressed, throw the mood off by finding some work to do.\" \"But, Doctor, I had almost sooner die than do all that. I could never live in such a routine of the commonplace.\" \"I know that is very hard, but perhaps it is not all,\" said the Doctor. \"You have no children, Mrs. Sanderson.\" \"No, thank heaven. I am worried enough without that.\" \"Unfortunately we are confronted in this world with a certain amount of worry. I think experience proves that it is better to accept the worries nature intended than to create worse ones by trying to circumvent her. However, I see you weary of my preaching. Think it over until Monday, and then I shall give you some more advice provided you think your nerves can bear it.\" \"You are just as bad as Dr. Thompson.\" \"Only I have no choir boys and spring bonnets to attract an audience,\" replied"}, {"title": "", "text": "woman,\" she said. \"I am going to help you take care of this. But you need to stop. You need to slow down. You need to sleep. You need to take care of yourself.\" She told me to crawl into bed and only get out of it in order to come and see her. She said that if I followed these valuable instructions I would get well. She explained to me that I work too much and take care of everyone except myself. She made it crystal clear that I needed to stop immediately or I wouldn't be around to take care of anyone else. Immediately, I knew she was right. This was my wakeup call! So, I went home and stayed in bed for weeks, only leaving the comfort of my apartment a handful of times. I slept and slept and slept. Within the first week, I already felt something shift. My internal clock was becoming normal. I started to get tired at night and get up naturally with the sun in the morning. Today, when I feel tired or sick, I cancel everything and crawl into bed until I feel rested, clear-headed, and ready to get back to business. This is a complete 180 from my old self who survived on only four hours of sleep, juggling single motherhood, school and a full-time job. The conference I attended with Arianna Huffington was shortly after my health scare. I found myself nodding in agreement and applauding when Arianna said, \"With sleep and proper rest --"}, {"title": "", "text": "woman,\" she said. \"I am going to help you take care of this. But you need to stop. You need to slow down. You need to sleep. You need to take care of yourself.\" She told me to crawl into bed and only get out of it in order to come and see her. She said that if I followed these valuable instructions I would get well. She explained to me that I work too much and take care of everyone except myself. She made it crystal clear that I needed to stop immediately or I wouldn't be around to take care of anyone else. Immediately, I knew she was right. This was my wakeup call! So, I went home and stayed in bed for weeks, only leaving the comfort of my apartment a handful of times. I slept and slept and slept. Within the first week, I already felt something shift. My internal clock was becoming normal. I started to get tired at night and get up naturally with the sun in the morning. Today, when I feel tired or sick, I cancel everything and crawl into bed until I feel rested, clear-headed, and ready to get back to business. This is a complete 180 from my old self who survived on only four hours of sleep, juggling single motherhood, school and a full-time job. The conference I attended with Arianna Huffington was shortly after my health scare. I found myself nodding in agreement and applauding when Arianna said, \"With sleep and proper rest --"}, {"title": "", "text": "it holds. Like I said, even I skipped over it in class, but I have come to realize that I cannot function well without time for myself. I actively try to find at least 15 minutes for myself each day to do something I love and enjoy. Sometimes I write or read; maybe I will paint my nails one night before bed. Often, it is just 15 minutes of silence as I reflect on the day\u2019s events and plan for the rest of the week. I have been working hard to stop comparing myself to those around me, but it isn\u2019t easy. When I see someone working a twelve hour day I automatically feel that I need to be working more, doing more, accomplishing more, even if my work is already done. Now, let me clarify a few things. First, it is okay to be busy. Filling your life with jobs, friends and family is not a bad thing, we need these to survive. Second, you don\u2019t need a diagnosed disorder to benefit from self-care. Everyone deserves a chance to relax and everyone can relate to the feeling of needing to do more. We can become so consumed in our accomplishments that we start to let our mental health deteriorate day by day, and before we know it we are snapping at our boss, yelling at our family, and sleeping less and less. My best friend works in IT and I constantly come to him with my computer problems, which are never user error, and he"}, {"title": "", "text": "OK, one last crunch-mode gripe: The final insult to injury comes when your sleep cycle goes totally haywire, and you just can\u2019t get to sleep anymore until 5:00am. Then you can\u2019t get up in the morning, and when you finally get into work it\u2019s almost noon. People look at you funny and say, \u201cWell, look who decided to come in today,\u201d somehow forgetting they\u2019ve made this same joke every morning for the last month. I want to stop and stand on their toes, poke their wishbones, and yell, \u201cHey! I was here late!\u201d but it just seems so petty and insecure. I do it anyway, but I don\u2019t like the way it sounds. I thought about wearing an \u201cI WORKED UNTIL 4:00am\u201d T-shirt, but then I\u2019d just have to wash it, and who has time? Then I had an ingenious idea: To let everyone know that I\u2019m working these vampire hours, I\u2019ve started wearing a cape to work. Get it? Believe me, it has stopped the funny looks! In fact, now when I walk the halls, with my cape swirling dramatically around my ankles, people don\u2019t even look at me at all. Sometimes they even look at their feet!"}, {"title": "", "text": "OK, one last crunch-mode gripe: The final insult to injury comes when your sleep cycle goes totally haywire, and you just can\u2019t get to sleep anymore until 5:00am. Then you can\u2019t get up in the morning, and when you finally get into work it\u2019s almost noon. People look at you funny and say, \u201cWell, look who decided to come in today,\u201d somehow forgetting they\u2019ve made this same joke every morning for the last month. I want to stop and stand on their toes, poke their wishbones, and yell, \u201cHey! I was here late!\u201d but it just seems so petty and insecure. I do it anyway, but I don\u2019t like the way it sounds. I thought about wearing an \u201cI WORKED UNTIL 4:00am\u201d T-shirt, but then I\u2019d just have to wash it, and who has time? Then I had an ingenious idea: To let everyone know that I\u2019m working these vampire hours, I\u2019ve started wearing a cape to work. Get it? Believe me, it has stopped the funny looks! In fact, now when I walk the halls, with my cape swirling dramatically around my ankles, people don\u2019t even look at me at all. Sometimes they even look at their feet!"}, {"title": "", "text": "contributed to these ideas. I did go back and re-read my post about time. And it was a nice reminder. It wasn't anything I don't already firmly believe, that's why I wrote about it, and that further supports my theory that I was being altered by sleep deprivation and giddiness. Woo-hooo! Sorry, couldn't help that. I'm just really excited about the next six pounds. The thought of losing 200 pounds was a million miles away when I started, or so I thought, turns out it was only about 500 miles and eleven months away. I can't wait to be able to say \u201cI weigh two something.\u201d From \u201cfive something\u201d to \u201ctwo something,\u201d What a fantastic journey. I'm completely blessed, and believe me I give thanks for these blessings every day. I'm actually writing this blog in the middle of the afternoon. (nice suggestion Anson W!) I'll wait to post until I get home later tonight. My plan is to be in bed by 11:00pm, not a minute later. No TV on either...lights out, tv off...sleepy town. The negative effects of sleep deprivation totally play against everything this journey is about. It effects our metabolism and overall health and immune system. So just understand, I'm correcting this glaring flaw before it becomes an even bigger issue. I haven't yet mentioned how the Team Radio downtown home office building collapsed the other night. Well, the entire front of the building at least. It's an old historic building, and the mortar between those bricks have had nearly a century"}, {"title": "", "text": "deeper and deeper until one evening you go to bed and literally explode. Not only is that bad because \u2013 hello, dead \u2013 but also because you\u2019re leaving a hell of a mess for someone else to tidy up and well, that\u2019s just not good manners. Another thing to consider is looking at our other areas of your life such as exercise and dietary requirement. Are you getting enough fresh air? Every day? Have your blood pressure checked and a physical done if you feel your rage is detrimental to the state of your health. Also, if the impulse to use the Vulcan death grip is growing stronger, I\u2019d suggest perhaps seeking a therapist or doctor who can guide you towards a life of serenity and/or discuss other options. Your sanity and heart health are not worth turning over to the jerk who cuts in front at the returns line in Home Depot and then forces you to stand in his fart cloud with nothing to do but count the warts on his hairy earlobe. In the meantime, make sure that your heart is getting lots of positive stimuli \u2013 appreciate art in any form you can find it, spend calm and loving time with your friends and family \u2013 preferably outdoors in the sunshine \u2013 and treat yourself gently. No one is perfect, Poppy; not even me. PS. Only people who I\u2019m sleeping with can call me \u201cMilli.\u201d You seem perfectly lovely, but I just don\u2019t like you in that way."}, {"title": "", "text": "sadly I am no different from the next person who keeps pushing their bodies beyond their limits, thinking that a high metabolism is a free ticket to ravage their insides without any repercussions. So the whole debacle really made me appreciate how fragile our bodies really are \u2013 especially as we get older. And with the daily chaos of life, it\u2019s hard being down and out even for a day or two \u2013 because everything gets thrown off that quickly \u2013 and the stress of being dysfunctional even for a day made me feel even worse, but at the same time made me determined to make some real changes. Some of those changes were unexpected yet welcoming: for example, since then, I\u2019ve had little to no desire for coffee when it\u2019s usually the first thing I crave every morning. This could be a short-lived feeling, but I could get used to it. I\u2019ve been drinking more juice and tea which are much easier on the tummy. Also, before I was taught my lesson, I had this bad habit of eating all kinds of nonsense right up until going to bed. Now, I make sure I\u2019ve ceased eating completely at least one or two hours before bed to allow my stomach to settle. It has already made a world of a difference. If my stomach could talk, I\u2019m sure it would say \u201cthank you\u201d. I would think it\u2019s better to go to bed slightly hungry anyway because that way you\u2019ll likely be hungrier in the morning and"}, {"title": "", "text": "the bed spread, in my clothes, and with the telly on. Glaring at me through the darkness was the same old repetitious twaddle of CNN International. Living in this fashion may be fine if you\u2019re single and determined to remain so for the rest of your life. But if you\u2019re married, or in a committed relationship then it can become taxing, not to mention detrimental to both of you. People who live out of suitcases often fantasize about a life where they can stand still and not have to keep their guard up continually. Those who live the more \u2018conventional\u2019 (if there is such a term nowadays), lifestyle, fantasize about the opportunity to travel. For those of you who hop on an aircraft in the morning, arrive in a foreign city at night, drag yourselves out of bed the next morning to go sit in an office with people whom you don\u2019t know, or worse, detest, then that afternoon head back to the airport to fly home, just to repeat the exercise several days later; I admire you! But hope you have a plethora of psychiatric insurance coverage! For those of you who drag yourselves out of bed in the morning, get the kiddies ready for school, then head off to work, then come home to receive your children, wash clothes, clean the house, prepare dinner, then drop off to sleep from exhaustion; I admire you too! Without either of you, our world would be a lesser place. Labels: boredom at marriott hotels, How to escape"}, {"title": "", "text": "the bed spread, in my clothes, and with the telly on. Glaring at me through the darkness was the same old repetitious twaddle of CNN International. Living in this fashion may be fine if you\u2019re single and determined to remain so for the rest of your life. But if you\u2019re married, or in a committed relationship then it can become taxing, not to mention detrimental to both of you. People who live out of suitcases often fantasize about a life where they can stand still and not have to keep their guard up continually. Those who live the more \u2018conventional\u2019 (if there is such a term nowadays), lifestyle, fantasize about the opportunity to travel. For those of you who hop on an aircraft in the morning, arrive in a foreign city at night, drag yourselves out of bed the next morning to go sit in an office with people whom you don\u2019t know, or worse, detest, then that afternoon head back to the airport to fly home, just to repeat the exercise several days later; I admire you! But hope you have a plethora of psychiatric insurance coverage! For those of you who drag yourselves out of bed in the morning, get the kiddies ready for school, then head off to work, then come home to receive your children, wash clothes, clean the house, prepare dinner, then drop off to sleep from exhaustion; I admire you too! Without either of you, our world would be a lesser place. Labels: boredom at marriott hotels, How to escape"}, {"title": "", "text": "I really hate being away from the house when the day/night changeover happens because I get this anxious impending doom feeling and I have no idea why! I love nighttime and actually love driving in the dark even more than the daylight. I\u2019m not scared to be out at night whether alone or not. People aren\u2019t waiting on me, no urgency, etc. It doesn\u2019t happen if I get home before dark, then leave again after dark. It doesn\u2019t happen if I\u2019m out for the night/day changeover. But damn, when it\u2019s dark by 5:30-7pm and I don\u2019t close the shop and leave until at least 8pm in the fall and winter, I get anxiety that can sometimes flip over into a full blown anxiety attack. No idea why this happens, but there ya go! Mental issues YAY!! YES! Back when I was going to counseling, some of them let me schedule at the front desk after a session, but others insisted on me calling. I would\u2019ve loved either online or texting for scheduling an appointment! I don\u2019t realize I\u2019m freaking out, so when someone calmly mentions it (and doesn\u2019t flip out on me), I start in with my anti-anxiety exercises (breathing, visualization, getting myself to a part of the room where I don\u2019t feel like people are behind me or looking at me). Sometimes the exercises don\u2019t work and I just have to get out of where I am, but if someone tells me early enough, I can stop it before it gets bad."}, {"title": "", "text": "ever going to get a job or even a job interview because I swear I do not want to spend another day wondering if I will be able to hold my head up and act like the man I pretend to be from the shame of not being able to provide for myself and loved ones. It was also the first morning in a couple weeks that I woke up because my body got the proper amount of sleep and not because the new neighbors above me were stomping over top my head or the stress of facing another day dealing with that situation and not going up to the roof and giving them a little bit of their own medicine which would have probably felt better than the actual good nights sleep. I could bang on the ceiling and start a war of attrition but I do realize that my karma just like the United States can't afford another war and not too mention I have to realize that I have absolutely no control of what someone else does. Maybe they don't realize that what comes around goes around or they don't think about that. More than likely the latter. I know there is a simple solution to this and just about any conflict that may arise and that is to simply think about how you yourself would want to be treated and act accordingly but I guess when people are caught up in the moment they really do not think about that or rather"}, {"title": "", "text": "to me.\u201d \u201cYou get doors and microwaves that talk, don\u2019t you?\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s because someone\u2019s made them that way!\u201d It\u2019s gone seven o\u2019clock. Cooking can be a pain when I\u2019m on my own. (CHAIR doesn\u2019t eat anything, you see.) And my diet is horrific. I suppose I hate fresh fruit and veg because my mum was always telling me to get my five-a-day in. She\u2019d always be saying, \u201cIt\u2019s good for your looks. Ugly girls need all the help they can get!\u201d So, three pieces of stale cake it is\u2014straight in my gob. \u201cAren\u2019t you going out?\u201d She knows everything. I take a bath, which makes me sleepy. I put my pajamas on and lie in bed. The clock by my bedside reads a little before eight. \u201cGet dressed, do your make-up!\u201d \u201cI\u2019m shattered. Be quiet for a bit.\u201d \u201cYou\u2019re scared, aren\u2019t you? That\u2019s what it\u2019s really about. You\u2019re worried you\u2019ll mess it up again.\u201d I hear mockery in her voice. \u201cSure, maybe. But why did it happen before?\u201d \u201cBecause you had no self-confidence. Naoshi\u2019s always surrounded by girls, looking bored, right? And you were just too damn proud to let anyone know how that made you feel. You hid it from him. Never even occurred to you that he might doubt himself too.\u201d \u201cWhat did you say?\u201d I ask, leaping up. I\u2019d heard CHAIR\u2019s words, though\u2014we both know that. So she says nothing more. It\u2019s way past eight o\u2019clock. Emi must\u2019ve left by now. I consider calling her . . . But only consider. I don\u2019t"}, {"title": "", "text": "Frankly, I hate sleeping....err, rather, lying there awake staring at the ceiling listening to music....until 3:30 in the morning. After every surgery I have problems sleeping, but this is the worst, by far. It makes me crabby and annoyed at every small thing. I hate being like this. Life's too short to be like this, but, I just can't help it. Another thing I have noticed is that I cannot stop eating. I literally have an appetite of two grown men. I usually have to eat two dinners as I won't make it through the night if I don't. I don't know what is wrong with me. I was texting with another Dr. P patient who had surgery a week or so before me and he said he has the same problem with the appetite. It's voracious! I'm gonna end up on Biggest Loser soon. When I return back to school from my medical leave I'm gonna be a two ton Tessy! Ahhhh! I seem to chalk it up to the fact that a) I'm bored and home all of the time b) I'm in a protein deficient state and this is my body telling me that I need to eat more protein. I suppose this is no reason to shove nachos, ice cream, chips, chocolate down my throat. But, I still do it anyway! I love eating so much that it may become problematic when my metabolism slows down in the future. Until then....bring on the cookies!!!!!"}, {"title": "", "text": "not happen at the highest level without basic self-care. It can be difficult to make these changes for a variety of factors, which can be addressed in therapy, but remember that feeling better physically, can help alter depression, anxiety, irritability and lack of focus or direction. As you work to make these positive changes, know that you are fighting against a cultural norm that does not support this. Currently, you are supposed to work constantly, sleep less, \u201cbe productive\u201d all the time, have the \u201cperfect\u201d body and keep pushing and pushing yourself. I\u2019d recommend taking time to figure out what you need and how much you want to buy into these values. Only you can make these changes happen. And your well being actually benefits us all. Living in a society of happy, fulfilled, healthy, vibrant, thoughtful, rested people can only lead to positive things for all of us. So, please help support yourselves and each other so that we can break the cycle of depriving ourselves and wearing ourselves out! As my final example, I am typically in bed by 8.40 pm. and wake up at 4.40 am. so that I have time to exercise, eat breakfast and get ready for work. I run my own business and work full days but I always have an hour off for my home-made lunch. I've made the choice to prioritize my health, family, sports and actually enjoying nature and the adventures that life offers. I was able to get a doctorate degree with sleep (no all nighters"}, {"title": "", "text": "not happen at the highest level without basic self-care. It can be difficult to make these changes for a variety of factors, which can be addressed in therapy, but remember that feeling better physically, can help alter depression, anxiety, irritability and lack of focus or direction. As you work to make these positive changes, know that you are fighting against a cultural norm that does not support this. Currently, you are supposed to work constantly, sleep less, \u201cbe productive\u201d all the time, have the \u201cperfect\u201d body and keep pushing and pushing yourself. I\u2019d recommend taking time to figure out what you need and how much you want to buy into these values. Only you can make these changes happen. And your well being actually benefits us all. Living in a society of happy, fulfilled, healthy, vibrant, thoughtful, rested people can only lead to positive things for all of us. So, please help support yourselves and each other so that we can break the cycle of depriving ourselves and wearing ourselves out! As my final example, I am typically in bed by 8.40 pm. and wake up at 4.40 am. so that I have time to exercise, eat breakfast and get ready for work. I run my own business and work full days but I always have an hour off for my home-made lunch. I've made the choice to prioritize my health, family, sports and actually enjoying nature and the adventures that life offers. I was able to get a doctorate degree with sleep (no all nighters"}, {"title": "", "text": "he posted a kind of cry for help on Medium: I have anger issues. I\u2019ve touched on them, here in there, but I need to own that. I\u2019ve patched the holes in my walls that I put there, and I\u2019ve fixed the cabinet doors that I\u2019ve destroyed. But I still know myself well enough to know, I should avoid public places where I may lose control of myself, my temper. It\u2019s not that I want to feel that way. Just that, I know it happens and best to avoid it. I drink more than I used to. The first good night of sleep I\u2019ve had in probably three or four years was last week, when I drank half a bottle of gin, a healthy slug of nyquil and 40 oz of \u201csleep tea.\u201d I blacked out, and didn\u2019t dream. Dreamless sleep, a good eight hours, I miss that from before overnights. But my solution is not sustainable. . . I struggle with whether my feelings now are valid. Whether this is normal, whether this is to be expected or whether I should just man up and quit being a bitch about it. So what, I went to murders and shootings. Experiences be damned, this is just life, so don\u2019t dwell on it. . . So. Here I am. If I\u2019m being honest, and I\u2019ve been forcing myself to be honest as a way of reckoning with my mental health and my future, I can\u2019t deny my feelings. I can\u2019t deny my failures to my loved ones"}, {"title": "", "text": "he posted a kind of cry for help on Medium: I have anger issues. I\u2019ve touched on them, here in there, but I need to own that. I\u2019ve patched the holes in my walls that I put there, and I\u2019ve fixed the cabinet doors that I\u2019ve destroyed. But I still know myself well enough to know, I should avoid public places where I may lose control of myself, my temper. It\u2019s not that I want to feel that way. Just that, I know it happens and best to avoid it. I drink more than I used to. The first good night of sleep I\u2019ve had in probably three or four years was last week, when I drank half a bottle of gin, a healthy slug of nyquil and 40 oz of \u201csleep tea.\u201d I blacked out, and didn\u2019t dream. Dreamless sleep, a good eight hours, I miss that from before overnights. But my solution is not sustainable. . . I struggle with whether my feelings now are valid. Whether this is normal, whether this is to be expected or whether I should just man up and quit being a bitch about it. So what, I went to murders and shootings. Experiences be damned, this is just life, so don\u2019t dwell on it. . . So. Here I am. If I\u2019m being honest, and I\u2019ve been forcing myself to be honest as a way of reckoning with my mental health and my future, I can\u2019t deny my feelings. I can\u2019t deny my failures to my loved ones"}, {"title": "", "text": "months. It was an important night for me, personally and professionally. It was time to trade in my velour loungewear, fuzzy slippers, and messy hair for a black backless pantsuit, heels, and mascara. It was time to bring it! Nobody knew that I'd had to cancel my morning meetings so I could stay in bed all day and rest up for the night, and that I was completely wiped out the day after the gala. All people knew was that I was away from work on medical leave one day, and at a fancy party the next, and that my picture was all over our Facebook page and the web site. I felt like I had to justify my big comeback to everyone I saw at work who had something to say about me, the gala, Jim Cuddy, and my black backless pantsuit. That's the tricky thing about thyroid cancer: you can look fine on the outside, but it takes all of your reserve energy to look that way. My energy levels, which used to seem like an endless resource, have limits now. The next week I officially went back to work in the clinics, doing what I love to do: cutting out cancer and trying to make my patients comfortable and my clients happy. It is hard to describe how much I missed doing surgery. It is exhausting, though, because I don't have my stamina back yet. I love my clients but they demand a lot of my energy, and if I give up too"}, {"title": "", "text": "routine. You don\u2019t have to rise at 5 a.m. so you can go to the gym before work, but getting up every morning at 6 a.m. to take a walk, eat breakfast, and get out of the house would be much more productive than sleeping until 10 every morning. You\u2019ll feel much better if you are productive than you would if you rose late and watched television all day. I honestly believe that developing a routine is essential to your mental health \u2013 and to finding a job. You\u2019ll probably experience many feelings, such as anger, fear, and self-doubt. If you become consumed with these feelings, it might be best to seek the help of a therapist. This is not unusual \u2013 trust me. I went through a plethora of feelings and, yes, I did talk with a professional. It allowed me to clear my mind. If it gets to the point where you can\u2019t see the future \u2013 where all you can think about are the past and present \u2013 this may indicate you\u2019re experiencing depression. It\u2019s worth talking to a therapist when you reach this stage. It\u2019s hard for some people to understand how difficult unemployment can be. It hurts your self-esteem, destroys your familiar routine, and can even cause embarrassment. Following the above steps can help you mitigate this negative experience. Look for part 2, Know Thyself, next week. This entry was posted in Career Search, Interviewing and tagged interview, interviewing, job search, Mentally Prepared on September 26, 2017 by Things Career Related."}, {"title": "", "text": "out of bed one night and didn\u2019t wake up. He didn\u2019t notice. I didn\u2019t enjoy my son. I feel robbed of his early years, not just because he was a nightmare baby, but because I didn\u2019t have time to appreciate him. I cried every day, usually in the bath at midnight after I fell asleep and dropped my phone in the water. So what do you think of my coping strategy? It\u2019s pretty pathetic looking back. Many of us do this in the belief that we\u2019re soldiering on, but in fact we\u2019re destroying our health. After discussions with my husband we decided to make some cutbacks so I could give up my civil service job. The thought of us both commuting and juggling a school run with a traffic jam was the deal breaker. I was to concentrate on my home business instead. I realize I was fortunate to be able to drop my job and focus on my son and my business, and that not everyone can do that. But I believe everyone can start restoring their health and their sanity by making these choices and lifestyle changes. Skip that TV program and go to bed. I started getting ready for bed at 10:00. By the time I was asleep it was 11ish, but this was a lot better than my midnight to 1:00am routine. When my son woke in the night, instead of putting him back in his own bed (with an hour of fighting), I just let him in with us. It\u2019s quite"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recently my entire life seems to have become a series of to-do lists \u2013 which is good in the obvious sense of proactivity but bad in the sense that I can\u2019t dedicate more time and energy to certain things \u2013 \u2018This weeks blog\u2019 (item 4 on todays list) being one of them. Week 37 has been rather forgettable to be honest. I spent most of it being under the weather, trying and failing to write songs and generally hating life. As you\u2019d expect it\u2019s the songs that bug me the most and right now there are 3 or 4 crackers that I can\u2019t quite seem to finish \u2013 and it\u2019s driving me piano loco. I think a lot of it comes back to looking after myself better \u2013 when I eat and sleep well the songs come easier, as does my general zest for life. I\u2019m not saying I\u2019d like to go on a full detox over-night and start hitting the gym every morning but I do need to start taking my body and it\u2019s health more seriously. The problem is that I\u2019ve never been very good at eating or sleeping and I\u2019d consider myself an expert in smoking and staying up late. I\u2019ve said all this before (it\u2019s hardly rocket science) and that makes it even worse. I hate myself for running away from the problem and that state of mind won\u2019t change until I turn around and look it square in the face. Step 1 \u2013 Pre-order my first ever iPhone. Step 2 \u2013"}, {"title": "", "text": "are beginning to dread tasks that normally you find enjoyable. Sleep Issues \u2013 you can\u2019t sleep; can\u2019t stay asleep; or you want to do nothing but sleep. Irritability \u2013 you snap at loved ones unjustly; you find yourself \u2018just one more stupid driver\u2019 short of total road rage. Health Issues \u2013 you have migraines or stomach problems on a daily basis; your acne, arthritis or asthma flares more frequently. You don\u2019t want to know how up-close and personal I know all those warning signs. Really, you don\u2019t. \ud83d\ude42 But you do want to know what you can do when you recognize the warning signs in yourself. Are you fatigued despite getting 7 or 8 hours of sleep? Is your urine dark? The first sign of dehydration is fatigue. Be certain to drink plenty of water every day. Is your resting heart rate up? Is your blood pressure up? If yes, be certain you get more sleep and more exercise. It\u2019s not a matter of \u2018when I can fit it in,\u2019 it\u2019s a matter of get it done or pay a price. 2. Re-prioritize \u2013 take a day to look at what you want to accomplish. Look hard at your list. Are there some things that really don\u2019t need to be done right now? Put them aside. Is there some pieces of what you do that you can outsource? Hire a laundry lady or a housekeeper; have the secretary type up those letters; or you can ask family to help with tasks for a while. 3. Make"}, {"title": "", "text": "~200 lbs, so I don\u2019t look like it). This basically makes me feel like I\u2019ve come down with a bad case of the flu 24/7. I suffer from chronic pain in many places, sensory processing issues, cysts on my ovaries and pre-diabetes. With these things and everything else I have going on, there is never a day that I feel like healthy. It is almost impossible for me to participate in everyday life activities. When I work a 3-hour shift (the maximum amount I can work per day as determined by doctors), it feels like I worked a 9-hour shift (which I used to do before I got sick). I can barely get out of bed for the rest of the day. Laundry is a daunting task that I usually have to span over multiple days by washing on one day, drying on another day, folding and putting away over the next few days. I\u2019m lucky if I can shower once a week. The pain builds when I cook food to the point where I\u2019m in too much pain to eat what I cooked, and have to stick it in the fridge for later. Same goes for grocery shopping. I usually do it late at night so I can sleep off the pain after completing the task. I\u2019m sick, and it rules my life. I do my best to live life to the fullest despite being sick. I carefully plan out my week so I have at least 2 days a week where I don\u2019t have"}, {"title": "", "text": "~200 lbs, so I don\u2019t look like it). This basically makes me feel like I\u2019ve come down with a bad case of the flu 24/7. I suffer from chronic pain in many places, sensory processing issues, cysts on my ovaries and pre-diabetes. With these things and everything else I have going on, there is never a day that I feel like healthy. It is almost impossible for me to participate in everyday life activities. When I work a 3-hour shift (the maximum amount I can work per day as determined by doctors), it feels like I worked a 9-hour shift (which I used to do before I got sick). I can barely get out of bed for the rest of the day. Laundry is a daunting task that I usually have to span over multiple days by washing on one day, drying on another day, folding and putting away over the next few days. I\u2019m lucky if I can shower once a week. The pain builds when I cook food to the point where I\u2019m in too much pain to eat what I cooked, and have to stick it in the fridge for later. Same goes for grocery shopping. I usually do it late at night so I can sleep off the pain after completing the task. I\u2019m sick, and it rules my life. I do my best to live life to the fullest despite being sick. I carefully plan out my week so I have at least 2 days a week where I don\u2019t have"}, {"title": "", "text": "I know what it feels like to love again. I love you so much, I can't sleep at night. Sometimes I forget to breathe. And in a hundred years, that's never going to change. \u2014 Susan Wiggs You can't lose sleep over should-of's and could-of's. \u2014 S.A. Tawks They will tell you that the Americans who sleep in the streets and beg for food got there because they're all lazy or weak of spirit. That the inner-city children who are trapped in dilapidated schools can't learn and won't learn and so we should just give up on them entirely. That the innocent people being slaughtered and expelled from their homes half a world away are somebody else's problem to take care of. \u2014 Barack Obama I have lost my rhythm. I can't sleep. I can't eat. I have been robbed of my filth. \u2014 Charles Bukowski You can pretend none of this ever happened when you leave, or pretend you had no choice. I don't give a fuck what you have to tell yourself to sleep at night. For the next two weeks you belong to me. \u2014 Teresa Mummert I tilt my head sideways so I can look him straight on. \"What firsts have we already passed?\" \"The easy ones. First hug, first date, first fight, first time we slept together, although I wasn't the one sleeping . Now we barely have any left. First kiss. First time to sleep together when we're both actually awake. First marriage. First kid. We're done after that. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "before your alarm, not able to sleep from excitement and anticipation. You ALWAYS have time, energy, money for those things that are important to you. If you have kids, no matter how exhausted you are, you don\u2019t need anyone to remind you to get up to look after your children, do you? Or to come home and make them dinner? If you love shopping and fashion, you don\u2019t need to be reminded to read the emails about the latest designer sales, or to check Pinterest or Instagram for fashion ideas. You just do it because you love it. If you\u2019re struggling with exercise and eating well, or with quitting smoking for example, it\u2019s because your health just isn\u2019t that important to you right now. It\u2019s not right or wrong, it\u2019s just that you don\u2019t really care about it. However if you suddenly got diagnosed with cancer or some other big killer disease, most likely health would jump to the top of your values and you would be researching and reading and spending money on trying to save your health. If you don\u2019t care about your health now, then that means you are healthy enough to do whatever else is important to you. As soon as your health dips low enough to affect those other things you will become concerned with that instead. TIP: any time you say I SHOULD\u2026 you\u2019re injecting someone else\u2019s values onto your own. 2. You don\u2019t have clarity about what you truly care about. Anytime you don\u2019t have clarity in your life"}, {"title": "", "text": "before your alarm, not able to sleep from excitement and anticipation. You ALWAYS have time, energy, money for those things that are important to you. If you have kids, no matter how exhausted you are, you don\u2019t need anyone to remind you to get up to look after your children, do you? Or to come home and make them dinner? If you love shopping and fashion, you don\u2019t need to be reminded to read the emails about the latest designer sales, or to check Pinterest or Instagram for fashion ideas. You just do it because you love it. If you\u2019re struggling with exercise and eating well, or with quitting smoking for example, it\u2019s because your health just isn\u2019t that important to you right now. It\u2019s not right or wrong, it\u2019s just that you don\u2019t really care about it. However if you suddenly got diagnosed with cancer or some other big killer disease, most likely health would jump to the top of your values and you would be researching and reading and spending money on trying to save your health. If you don\u2019t care about your health now, then that means you are healthy enough to do whatever else is important to you. As soon as your health dips low enough to affect those other things you will become concerned with that instead. TIP: any time you say I SHOULD\u2026 you\u2019re injecting someone else\u2019s values onto your own. 2. You don\u2019t have clarity about what you truly care about. Anytime you don\u2019t have clarity in your life"}, {"title": "", "text": "Learn more about , or contact us at. Preach the funerals for my Mom, Grandfather, Uncle, and Father in Law. You can expect a lot of varied responses from anyone in their thirties and beyond. God has made such a huge positive impact in our lives. Resist diversion like daydreaming when there is a task to do 9. Sharing a home and a bank account after marriage are fine, but changing our identities \u2014 as women \u2014 presents a mental hurdle for many. If you were the richest person alive, would you really have any friends? Make sure you measure your achievements against your goals and not by the opinion of others. This can be as simple as a relaxing bath with Epsom salts and relaxing bath oils think lavender or as complex as going for a massage or other spa service. Types of illness caused by the most stressful life events The types of illness that top stressors can cause are not particularly surprising. I have trouble getting these posts out there where people will notice them. The racing mind at night is tomorrow gonna be a better day, what employee is going to be crazy , is everyone doing what they are supposed to, are my kids ok, what will people think if I do my work in bed again today on and on so most nights I get 3 or 4 hours of sleep and feel like I crash at 6 am and sleep til noon. What are the questions that made the"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are always the last person up at night and cannot remember the last time you were tucked up in bed and asleep by midnight. You are only just starting to wind down at 12am, when all is quiet and calm. You wonder how on earth you managed to get to school by 8.30am every morning as a child because seeing the world before 10am is truly terrible. Perhaps you work flexi-hours or work from home so you can avoid the morning rush? Do you find you get your best work done when you\u2019re left alone to concentrate? Does this normally happen after 10pm, when people begin to go to bed? Whether it\u2019s homework, doing the laundry or working on the laptop, you might focus best when the sun goes down and distractions lessen. You feel at ease when the moon and stars come out and have a fascination for all things to do with space, planets, the moon and the stars. You love the chats that occur late at night with fellow night owls who get it too. People seem to open up and discover much more about themselves and others when having these late-night talks. You do adore your bed, just not when you\u2019re supposed to. You are your most comfortable at 7am and don\u2019t plan to shift anytime soon. The best and most comfortable clothing is anything that can double as pyjamas or even better, your actual pyjamas! There is a peaceful tranquillity about the night. Perhaps it\u2019s more relaxing because there is"}, {"title": "", "text": "It\u2019s not happening. I just can\u2019t sleep. Currently it\u2019s 2.45am and I\u2019m unable to clear my mind. It\u2019s just continually racing from one topic to the next. I knew that I was preoccupied last night when my stomach started playing its \u2018I bet you can\u2019t fill me\u2018 game. In the end I showed it who\u2019s boss. It was a hollow victory though because I just wound up feeling a bit sick after putting its challenge to bed. A combination of the spicy foods I consumed and other day to day concerns therefore are currently conspiring together to disturb my sleep. Both my stomach and mind are relentlessly churning away like a washing machine. There\u2019s nothing serious happening though. Everything is ok in the grand scheme of things. The issue is that by nature I\u2019m someone that likes to have a relatively logical order and process in the world around me. When I\u2019m confronted with something that I consider to be a barrier to that, which is a bit chaotic or temporarily defies my attempts to understand or explain it I try endlessly in my head to turn it over and over, find ways around the problem and make sense of what it all means. Since 1am I\u2019ve been doing just that \u2013 drawing logic diagrams in my head, mentally screwing them up and then starting over. Yesterday I consumed a lot of protein. Way too much in fact. I got a large amount of chicken bargains in Tesco on Thursday that were close to out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "another night ahead of you, on into infinity. If you suffer too many of these nights in a row, you begin to think: Why _not_ uncap the bottle of gin and keep going until it's all gone? Why _not_ skip dinner and just eat dessert? Why _not_ say to hell with bed and just pass out here on the couch with the television still going? Why not? I don't know why not, which may explain why I ended up doing pretty much that most nights. This is a problem you never get out in front of, loneliness, and a success one night guarantees no victory the next. Eventually the afflicted begins to lose the will to even attempt to fight back, the will to say, I will have a sensible night, watch a little television, read in bed, then click off the light before midnight. You lose the will to say this and instead begin seeking convenient forms of anesthetic relief. These are booze, food, writing, wine, the telephone, action flicks, chocolate, and other things. Anything that activates the id. Used in moderation, these things aren't harmful. But what happens when you lose the will to fight back, and the anesthetic becomes the _first_ thing you reach for? When that happens, Saturday evening finds you stretched out on the floor in your boxer shorts, one hand buried in a bag of chips, the other gripping a third martini by the throat, and your head propped up on an unpublished manuscript as you watch yet another episode"}, {"title": "", "text": "and it goes late into the evening. And so, you're constantly, every single day, measuring: \"How's it going to go?\" Today I got up early. I'm here. I will go home, and I will spend the rest of the day in bed. I'll get up, as I always do, at five in the evening, because if you stay past five and you fall asleep, you're in big trouble. So, I get up at five and we eat dinner at six, then I go back to bed at seven, and then I get up the next morning at nine. Then I will try and work for a couple hours, and then I go back to bed. My life has gone from this kind of outward vision about, \"What do I want to contribute to the world I live in,\" to being, \"How is it going to be for me, and how can I protect myself?\" You know, I've had a blessed life. I'm someone with no bucket-list, because every day I'm fulfilling my dreams, even though it may be for only a few minutes. I'm fortunate in that I'm part of a community that cares about me. My family. I have two gentlemen who've been coaching me, counselling me, one of whom's been sick for 25 years with a s-kind of situation, and the other who's a dear friend who coaches me with respect to my life and my art and so on. What's it like when you lose your life? What's it like when you go"}, {"title": "", "text": "stop finding the solution\u2026.If we truly accept it then, the whirlpool of thought will start to fade away\u2026little by little\u2026\u2026.by itself. Give your brain a break! | At least 2 hours before bed, stay relax as much as possible. Our brains need a break after a long day by just switch off your working mode to get a full sleep and wake up with great energy. If you have an important meeting in the next morning, plan well to finish it earlier! Live like we were dying | I often worry about the future, it creeps into my nerve, my fear and turn into the pressure. It always telling me that I need more of this, more of that. I know there are lots of things going on out there, we have schedule for 3 months, 6 months or even a year ahead. But the future is the future, there is nothing to gain by wasting our energy on worrying about things that not yet coming. Isn\u2019t it better living with our full energy in the present time day by day or live like we were dying? And YES\u2026it\u2019s much happier as well!!! The tough time is just like a big boss that come and challenge our egos, be humble and learn from our mistakes. Then, the peaceful life will be offered. Next Post Down to Earth.."}, {"title": "", "text": "The Sleeping Beauty Syndrome by Marlena Tyldesley My junior year of high school, I got the flu. I was sick for about a week and then began to feel abnormally sleepy, falling asleep for 5 hours after school every day and frequently in classes. One weekend, I tried to stand up and was too dizzy to stay upright without falling. From there, my health went downhill quickly. As the months went by, I started sleeping more and eating less. I slept for 12, 15, 17 hours a night. When I made it to school, I struggled to keep my eyes open or to engage in conversations. Alarms stopped waking me up and I developed chronic nausea with pain when I tried to eat. By that summer, I was asleep for 20 out of 24 hours a day and unable to eat anything. During this time, I saw every specialist under the moon, and tried a whole host of medications and therapies. Two years later, I finally began to wake up. The medication that I took in the end was a powerful sedative, with the intention of putting me so deeply to sleep that I would wake up refreshed and awake in the morning. A year has passed now, and while most days I feel fully myself, just last week I missed an appointment because nothing - from my alarm to my roommates banging on my bedroom door - could wake me up. I searched every corner of the internet between doctors appointments to try to find"}, {"title": "", "text": "do you dislike people saying to you, as disabled person? People can be such dicks. Great post. Some people really can be inconsiderate & just don't think ! Fab post lovely ! True! I just wish there was a reply to the ever present pitying looks. When I use a device, I can count at least a dozen of those per hour. And there's no response, except to scowl. Oh I can't stand the pitying looks, especially when I'm having a fun day out and people just assume I must be miserable because I'm disabled! Really?! Okay, you take my vacuum of energy and I'll have your family life, social life, and anything else you do that requires actually being awake. I'll warn you, though, it's actually pretty pants having LITERALLY NO CHOICE in the matter when you just can't wake up until the evening, and feel like you have lead limbs and a drained battery when you finally do. But hey, you'll like it, right? You sais it yourself, it *must* be nice to sleep all weekend. Nope, no exchanges when the novelty wears off - I did try to warn you, it's not my fault you didn't listen! The same goes for 'I wish I could nap when I get home from work'. No, you want to choose to take a nap. You don't want to be forced to do so when your body just shuts down."}, {"title": "", "text": "why my clients don't change behaviors, because their mindset sucks, of course. And they also just keep on giving themselves excuses over and over again. So you have to actually work on people's mindsets, and then need to figure out what's underneath the behavior that's contributing you to not be like what's really underneath this, like behavior that you're doing at night? Like, what's really underneath that? What, why, why does your body craving sugar in the middle of the night? You know, it's because you're insulin resistant. Why are you insulin resistant? Well, you spent COVID sitting, and you used to be really active, and now you're not. And you used to eat healthier. And maybe you've been eaten a little bit and drink more. And before you know it, there's 10 pounds of your body, right? And it's your body's way of protecting itself. It's like I need more fuel, because I don't know what tomorrow is gonna be. I know what's gonna happen tomorrow. And so like, part of what healing is about is actually sending safety signals to your body. Yep. Through tribe. Like, it's the ultimate safety signal. It's like, I've got people who will take care of me, cool, I'm not gonna die. Like, really important. Apparently, it's like, loneliness is like, as bad as smoking. Now we're saying, Yeah, so like, you need to tribe. And you also need to, like, really learn to feel your body and like, learn to feel when something's off, right. And I knew"}, {"title": "", "text": "mental health. I can\u2019t believe I have gone weeks with no exercise earlier this year. I now work out or run or train every 6 days. Sometimes it\u2019s really hard to get out of bed in the morning, but I never regret pushing myself to work out. \u00b7 I don\u2019t know how much weight I\u2019ve lost, but I have visibly become more shredded. \u00b7 I saved a ton of money. Restaurant bills were easily half of what I used to pay. And I go out to eat less now too. I just find it easier to cook at home. \u00b7 The quality of my sleep has gone up significantly. I\u2019ve realized I had problems sleeping even after a single glass of wine. \u00b7 It\u2019s really not difficult to socialize without alcohol. By some osmosis-like process you start feeling lose and giggly around people who are drinking. The difficult thing is staying out late. Come 11pm, I feel I am ready for bed just as everyone is ready to hit the bar. I\u2019ve missed out on these late nights. I simply had no interest in partaking. \u00b7 I can have plans for Saturday and Sunday morning. I don\u2019t have to worry that I will go to bed super late and be exhausted or have a headache the next day. These 30 days aren\u2019t a huge accomplishment but they\u2019re a start. Having wrapped up the challenge, I\u2019ve decided to just keep going and see how long I can last. Stay tuned for updates! Would love to hear your"}, {"title": "", "text": "a lot, and only cried in the bathroom. My boss was a nightmare. He had a huge boner for himself and wanted me to get him write-ups in the _New York Times,_ the _Washington Post,_ and _Wired._ I wanted to be like, \"Um, no one cares that you made a show about pet psychics, and I have no idea what your wife sees in you.\" I soaked up the dark, sad, angry energy in the office. I'd own it and even feel responsible for it. My mom always told me, \"You're too sensitive.\" She was right, but there was nothing I could do it about. I didn't know how to change this about myself. I wish I could have been like, \"Hey, mind, body, and soul, reprogram yourself and maybe build an outer robotic shell that deflects dark energy. Thank you so much.\" At one point I stopped being afraid of getting fired, because I didn't care. I became combative and less eager to please people at work. I was drinking until 4 a.m. almost every night and was still drunk when I went to work in the morning. By the time the afternoon would roll around, I'd be soooooo tired and worried and shaky and stressed. I started taking more and more cigarette breaks because it was impossible for me to sit at a computer and think of ways to promote that media monger. Our company had a cool roof-top deck and I'd always stand in a spot where no one could see me because"}, {"title": "", "text": "tonight or the weekend and who knows how in the hell I/ll feel? Get stuck spending a night with someone youre bored with. Dont have to spend the night. But thats always expected. Even if they dont want to, or cant, they get upset if you dont want to. So you have to play the game and suppose its not a game, they just say, Lets go. Your place or mine? Terrific. What do I do, yawn in their face? Or ask them if they can shrink their boobs for a while? One way ticket to the asylum. Why bother, its all so pointless. You go to bed, make love for a few hours, get up in the morning and youre still faced with the first day of the rest of your life. What good is a diversion? Postponing the inevitable. Suppose I could work for a while. Why? Even if I could get up how in the hell do I walk all the way to my office, turn on the machine, review my work, see what has to be done, look\u2014impossible. Got to breakfast. Thats it. Maybe for the week. Dont have to eat every day. The thought of eating is nauseating. Howd I get to breakfast? Oh god, my bodys feeling heavier and heavier. Dragging me down. Everything feels so black. What the hell is happening? Cant be happening again. Cant feel like that. I got past that. Life cant do that to me again. I wont let it. I wont tolerate it. Just"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleeping patterns? Do you sleep more or less than the usual? Answering yes to these questions might mean that you\u2019re living with a mental health problem. When you have depression, you tend to feel exhausted all the time and sleep can be your avenue to be relieved from the tension. Instead of sleeping for eight hours every night, you might end up sleeping for ten and still feel tired afterwards. 4. You feel removed and numb from situations: Mental health problems come in different types. When you have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), you might feel like you\u2019re removed from reality. You\u2019ll have a hard time connecting to your surroundings and the people around you. A common example of this is when you find it difficult to keep up with what your bosses are telling you during a meeting. Sure, you might be physically present but your mind is drifting elsewhere. 5. Your mood changes drastically: Everyone is entitled to feel different emotions. This is a fact but when everything and everyone around you irritates you easily, take note. Drastic mood changes especially without any valid reason, is a clear sign that you have a mental health problem. This is especially true when you, yourself can\u2019t understand the reason for your mood swings. If you see yourself guilty in any of the situations listed above, you should seek professional help right away. Endeavour Wellness, for example, offers counseling services which can aid in treating your mental health problems. In Conclusion: Your mental health is essential in all"}, {"title": "", "text": "relax. I would be up until midnight every night working to catch up on my to do list and somehow, it never seemed finished. Then, I started to feel incredibly exhausted and like I didn\u2019t want to do anything, which is totally unlike me. I started to feel unmotivated and just flat out tired all. the. time. I\u2019ve always gotten 8-9 hours of sleep but it never seemed like enough. I started falling asleep during the day\u2026while I was working! I started napping on the weekends for hours at a time (multiple times a day sometimes!) because I couldn\u2019t keep my eyes open. I thought it might be because I was staying up late all the time, but no matter how hard I tried, I couldn\u2019t fall asleep before midnight. I started taking melatonin and it only made me wake up more tired. Then came the digestive issues. I continued to gain weight out of nowhere. I barely ate and was still gaining. I stopped going to the gym because I just didn\u2019t have the energy. I started to become bloated after every single meal, no matter what I ate, which is extremely frustrating for someone who has always been fairly fit. It felt completely out of my control and this caused me to feel extremely insecure and my self-esteem took a hit. Interestingly enough, I went through some life changes during this time. I became completely overwhelmed and burnt out. My blog started to become more and more demanding (a good thing!) but I felt"}, {"title": "", "text": "How to stop caring what people think about you If you find yourself caring a lot about how others perceive you, there are things you can do. Image: vicky leta / mashable By Rachel Thompson 2020-02-26 10:00:00 UTC Around 11 p.m. every night, I lie alone with my thoughts and contemplate the very worst things about myself. I know I should be doing something more supposedly restful like counting sheep. Instead, night after night, I lie wide awake in the dark, facing the wall, worrying about what people think of me. As if turning the pages of a frustratingly dull book, I'll leaf through my shortcomings as a friend \u2014 text messages I haven't responded to, birthdays I've missed, nights out I've bailed on. I think about how I disappoint my extended family \u2014 forgetting to call elderly relatives, leaving too long between visits, for being too \"difficult\" and assertive when I do visit. When my mind turns to work, and specifically my own writing, that's when things get darker. I imagine every possible criticism someone could levy and convince myself that my peers, journalist friends, and even colleagues all think those things about my work. I relive minor interactions with complete strangers \u2014 was I rude to the man on the Tube? Should I have been more friendly when I ordered my coffee? These thoughts don't just come to me as I'm trying to drift off to sleep. When I message guys on dating apps, I wonder if saying no to a last-minute date will"}, {"title": "", "text": "and \u201cDid you watch Project Runway?\u201d and \u201cI kind of want to crash my car into a tree so I don\u2019t have to go to the office.\u201d It\u2019s not because I\u2019m lazy. I love what I do. I love to work hard. I\u2019ve clocked off in open paddocks in the middle of the night, so I could sleep for three hours before working again. The thing I find hardest to convey to an employer is that I want nothing more than to do the work, I\u2019m just bad at hanging my flesh on my skeleton some days. Disclosing a mental health problem to employers I\u2019ve recently had cause to have this conversation at my new job. One Friday afternoon, after I\u2019d been out for a very nice lunch, I found myself in a dark place brought on by nothing in particular. I went into my boss\u2019s office and I said, \u201cI have to talk to you.\u201d I didn\u2019t tell him everything \u2013 just that I sometimes find myself sitting at my desk while it crashes down a ravine, and that I might need a quiet space sometimes. I was nervous, because my illness tells me I\u2019m a burden on everyone and couldn\u2019t possibly be worth the enormous undertaking. But to my surprise, he said: \u201cI don\u2019t want to lose you.\u201d I felt a great relief because I don\u2019t want to lose me, either. My work is part of who I am. It\u2019s part of the reason I get out of bed in the morning, because I"}, {"title": "", "text": "insomniac, I never go to bed early and I don't sleep in. Not because I don't want to but because I just physically can't. My mind and body won't let me. I can easily operate on very little sleep. On the weekends I'm usually up by 830AM. I like it that way because I have the entire day to enjoy, why sleep a whole day away? For the record, I don't snore. 6. Fears? Heights. I can get on an airplane but I will never jump off a bridge or sky drive. I won't go to Six Flags which makes me sound like a total bore ( I promise I'm fun ) but no matter what I can't help the sick feeling I get when I think about being upside down on a roller coaster. Many have tried to help cure me and many have failed as well. It's not happening. 7. What's your clothing style and one tip for the fashionable challenged? I like comfort. If you are not confident in what you wear then your not comfortable and it will show. I love to wear dresses! I like black. I do think everyone should introduce color into their wardrobe but don't be ashamed to admit you love wearing black, I'm not. My favorite store is H&M. They have a variety of sections to suit everyones style. I enjoy shopping online from random places that have items you can't find in stores. If you are fashionable challenged, walk into a store and just copy the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Karen Nimmo Nothing Left in the Tank \u2014 How Do You Find Your Way Back You can recover from burnout if you play smart. \u2014 \u201cI no longer have enough in the tank.\u201d Many of us feel that way about work from at times but we gained a high profile ally when New Zealand\u2019s Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern resigned from the country\u2019s top political role. In an emotional announcement she said: \u201cI know what this\u2026 LB Brown Smart, Successful, and Miserable: How to Prioritize Happiness When You Love Work Stop prioritizing productivity above all else and put your health and happiness first. \u2014 I wake up at 5 AM. I hop out of bed, turn off the alarm and begin my day. Goosebumps prick my skin still recovering from the sudden temperature change from a comfy bed. After a workout, I take a cold shower, breathing in deeply Wim Hoff-style. And then, like\u2026 Murtaza Ali 4 Simple and Subtle Ways to Make Your Days Mentally Easier These easily adopted behaviors can have a big impact on your mental state. \u2014 Your alarm goes off; you\u2019re dreading getting out of bed. Your blankets are warm and comfortable; it\u2019s so cold out there. Out in the world there are problems and stressors \u2014 in here, you are safe. But get up you must. You brush your teeth, get dressed, and make your\u2026 Your Destiny is Set in Childhood. Or Is That a Myth? How to know you\u2019re on your own right path. \u2014 Your destiny is laid down"}, {"title": "", "text": "Karen Nimmo Nothing Left in the Tank \u2014 How Do You Find Your Way Back You can recover from burnout if you play smart. \u2014 \u201cI no longer have enough in the tank.\u201d Many of us feel that way about work from at times but we gained a high profile ally when New Zealand\u2019s Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern resigned from the country\u2019s top political role. In an emotional announcement she said: \u201cI know what this\u2026 LB Brown Smart, Successful, and Miserable: How to Prioritize Happiness When You Love Work Stop prioritizing productivity above all else and put your health and happiness first. \u2014 I wake up at 5 AM. I hop out of bed, turn off the alarm and begin my day. Goosebumps prick my skin still recovering from the sudden temperature change from a comfy bed. After a workout, I take a cold shower, breathing in deeply Wim Hoff-style. And then, like\u2026 Murtaza Ali 4 Simple and Subtle Ways to Make Your Days Mentally Easier These easily adopted behaviors can have a big impact on your mental state. \u2014 Your alarm goes off; you\u2019re dreading getting out of bed. Your blankets are warm and comfortable; it\u2019s so cold out there. Out in the world there are problems and stressors \u2014 in here, you are safe. But get up you must. You brush your teeth, get dressed, and make your\u2026 Your Destiny is Set in Childhood. Or Is That a Myth? How to know you\u2019re on your own right path. \u2014 Your destiny is laid down"}, {"title": "", "text": "lamenting all the time that could have been spent cultivating relationships, working on projects, or just exploring my surroundings. Something stops me, though, whether it\u2019s fear of rejection, a sense of inadequacy, perfectionism, or exhaustion (physical or emotional). Maybe it\u2019s a reaction to the powerlessness I feel about world events or certain politicians, or reminders of mortality. I think a lot about what happened to Katie Beaton\u2019s sister, even more so as more people I know, people my age, go through cancer treatment. You\u2019re living your life, you notice something\u2019s off with your body, and bam, you get bad news from your doctor. As far as I know I\u2019m not ill, but neither is my body in the shape it was 10 years ago. This is middle age, I guess. Despite this, I rallied the next night for a planned get-together at the Foggy Goggle and was able to enjoy the company of others (not to mention the Foggy Spuds and beer). I wish I was more able to make myself meet up with people outside of the periodic nights out that I schedule, and my body and wallet can\u2019t handle too many of these too often. Even at these events, I let the other people do most of the talking. Maybe this is my misguided way of trying to get all my socializing in at the same time, or maybe I just want other people I know to meet each other. I still don\u2019t know what I need or want in regard to my relationships."}, {"title": "", "text": "lamenting all the time that could have been spent cultivating relationships, working on projects, or just exploring my surroundings. Something stops me, though, whether it\u2019s fear of rejection, a sense of inadequacy, perfectionism, or exhaustion (physical or emotional). Maybe it\u2019s a reaction to the powerlessness I feel about world events or certain politicians, or reminders of mortality. I think a lot about what happened to Katie Beaton\u2019s sister, even more so as more people I know, people my age, go through cancer treatment. You\u2019re living your life, you notice something\u2019s off with your body, and bam, you get bad news from your doctor. As far as I know I\u2019m not ill, but neither is my body in the shape it was 10 years ago. This is middle age, I guess. Despite this, I rallied the next night for a planned get-together at the Foggy Goggle and was able to enjoy the company of others (not to mention the Foggy Spuds and beer). I wish I was more able to make myself meet up with people outside of the periodic nights out that I schedule, and my body and wallet can\u2019t handle too many of these too often. Even at these events, I let the other people do most of the talking. Maybe this is my misguided way of trying to get all my socializing in at the same time, or maybe I just want other people I know to meet each other. I still don\u2019t know what I need or want in regard to my relationships."}, {"title": "", "text": "opinion, and insisted on having a CA125 blood test. From there, I had ultrasound scans and found out I had advanced ovarian cancer. \u201cToo many women get fobbed off and told they have bladder infections, IBS, that it\u2019s to do with the menopause. This must change.\u201d Woman bedbound for two years says doctors told her chronic illness was \u2018all in her head\u2019 Another local news story for ME awareness week, this one from Hull Daily Mail: \u201cIn every country around the world patients with ME are ignored, disbelieved and stigmatised,\u201d said KT, who spoke out as part of ME Awareness Week. \u201cImagine you have been gardening, doing DIY all day or hiking on holiday when you are not used to it. Think how it feels when you lie down at the end day \u2013 how every bone in your body aches, how every muscle feels bruised, how you can\u2019t wait to feel the bed supporting you at last. \u201cWell, that\u2019s how we feel all day, every day without even having gotten out of bed. \u201cImagine that you cannot earn a living, cannot raise a family, your relationships break down and without family support you at risk of becoming homeless and at worst commit suicide \u2013 no-one believes you are ill. \u201cOne issue with being believed is that the way we feel fluctuates so much. We have good days, medium days, bad days and horrific days. You might see us out and about on a good day, you\u2019ll never see us on a bad day.\u201d KT suffered"}, {"title": "", "text": "effects of uncertainty and conflict will build up over time to make you uneasy. A steady flow of income, people you can count on, and finding a place in the world are all fundamental to a satisfying life. Yes, good food is the basis of living a comfortable life. You would feel utterly miserable if you ate nothing but cabbage soup for the rest of your days, and for good reason. Out of all five senses, taste is the one that is coupled most closely to an essential requirement of contentment. So, eat whatever you\u2019ve always wanted to while you still can. As long your health is still acceptably maintained, that is. You\u2019ll also need all the essential nutrients and vitamins to sustain your well-being. Remember to eat when you actually feel hungry, not just to comfort yourself or because you can. This is the most relaxing state you can be in. Nothing is more comfortable than fluffy pillows and a warm quilt, especially while the cat is already providing extra warmth. Sleeping too many hours is detrimental, but not sleeping enough is much more damaging. You may not feel the ill effects the day after, but the continued lack of sleep will build up and eventually cause you to crash. Not sleeping also makes your outward appearance terrible, causing the dreaded eye bag phenomenon. If you have trouble getting a solid 7-8 hours of sleep a night, consider getting a more spacious bed and appealing quilt covers. Should the reason for your lack of sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "effects of uncertainty and conflict will build up over time to make you uneasy. A steady flow of income, people you can count on, and finding a place in the world are all fundamental to a satisfying life. Yes, good food is the basis of living a comfortable life. You would feel utterly miserable if you ate nothing but cabbage soup for the rest of your days, and for good reason. Out of all five senses, taste is the one that is coupled most closely to an essential requirement of contentment. So, eat whatever you\u2019ve always wanted to while you still can. As long your health is still acceptably maintained, that is. You\u2019ll also need all the essential nutrients and vitamins to sustain your well-being. Remember to eat when you actually feel hungry, not just to comfort yourself or because you can. This is the most relaxing state you can be in. Nothing is more comfortable than fluffy pillows and a warm quilt, especially while the cat is already providing extra warmth. Sleeping too many hours is detrimental, but not sleeping enough is much more damaging. You may not feel the ill effects the day after, but the continued lack of sleep will build up and eventually cause you to crash. Not sleeping also makes your outward appearance terrible, causing the dreaded eye bag phenomenon. If you have trouble getting a solid 7-8 hours of sleep a night, consider getting a more spacious bed and appealing quilt covers. Should the reason for your lack of sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "When I try on an outfit and it doesn't make me look good, I just throw it on the floor. Like, no, you don't deserve to be hung up, think about what you've done. Dear automatic flushing toilet... I appreciate the enthusiasm, but I wasn't done yet. It takes real skills to choke on air, fall up the stairs and trip over nothing. I have those skills. I hate it when I turn on the car in the morning and the music starts blasting... It's like, woah, I'm not the same person I was last night. I hate it when my body decides to get sick. I gave you a vegetable last week, how dare you. If I say \"First of all,\" run away, because I have prepared research, data, charts and I will totally prove you wrong. The older I get, the less surprised I'd be if a random body part just fell off one day. Displayed 51-75 of 236 quotes."}, {"title": "", "text": "When I try on an outfit and it doesn't make me look good, I just throw it on the floor. Like, no, you don't deserve to be hung up, think about what you've done. Dear automatic flushing toilet... I appreciate the enthusiasm, but I wasn't done yet. It takes real skills to choke on air, fall up the stairs and trip over nothing. I have those skills. I hate it when I turn on the car in the morning and the music starts blasting... It's like, woah, I'm not the same person I was last night. I hate it when my body decides to get sick. I gave you a vegetable last week, how dare you. If I say \"First of all,\" run away, because I have prepared research, data, charts and I will totally prove you wrong. The older I get, the less surprised I'd be if a random body part just fell off one day. Displayed 51-75 of 236 quotes."}, {"title": "", "text": "then, more importantly, How do I make sure I never, ever come back? After a few days, a notion began to emerge for me. Each night I was woken by various alarms going off. That there were lights on seemingly everywhere didn\u2019t help my sleep either. And the food was about as unhealthy as you can get outside of a fast food restaurant. The more I lay around, undergoing various tests, the worse I felt. I was depressed about my health and state of being: I couldn\u2019t sleep or eat healthily, plus I was pretty much immobile. My mental state was deteriorating. I realized that my experience in the hospital, which should be a place of healing, was a metaphor for the health challenges faced by the entire world. Our world is facing four interrelated grand epidemics\u2014sleeplessness, obesity, inactivity, and mental illness\u2014that are causing people to struggle on a daily basis. Consider this: \u2022We are in a global sleeplessness epidemic that affects close to 20% of the population.\u00b9 \u2022Non-communicable diseases that can be caused by poor nutrition and physical inactivity such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are now the leading cause of death in all parts of the world except Africa.\u00b2 \u2022Almost 60% of Canadians and 70% of Americans are now overweight or obese.\u00b3 \u2022The World Health Organization has identified physical inactivity as one of the greatest threats to human health.\u2074 \u2022One in five Canadians will suffer from mental illness in their lifetime.\u2075 What does this mean? That billions of people are missing"}, {"title": "", "text": "'You are a terribly real thing in a terribly false world, and that, I believe, is why you are in so much pain. I can\u2019t sleep. I haven\u2019t slept in days. I hate this, hate insomnia more than anything, just lying there, brain going round, tick, tick, tick, tick. I itch all over. I want to shave my head. I can't eat, I can't sleep, all I can see is that giant red sun in the shape of a chicken. I do not sleep. I half-exist. What do you get when you cross a dyslexic, an insomniac, and an agnostic? Someone who lies awake at night wondering if there is a dog. You just bought yourself a lifetime supply of insomnia. Now you get your fat carcass out of here before I book you for violating the ecology. I lose sleep over climate change almost every single night. I can\u2019t remember how long this has been happening, but it\u2019s been quite a while, and it\u2019s only getting worse. I confess: I need help. I think the most common cause of insomnia is simple; it\u2019s loneliness. I stay up at night as long as it takes me to fall asleep or pass out from the hooch or from whatever we have at the time. \u2014 bjr4life, What do you get when you cross an insomniac, an agnostic, and a dyslexic? And now he\u2019s president and you still can\u2019t sleep. And now you\u2019d like to get under the bed. You\u2019re right to be scared. You\u2019ve gotta be scared."}, {"title": "", "text": "'You are a terribly real thing in a terribly false world, and that, I believe, is why you are in so much pain. I can\u2019t sleep. I haven\u2019t slept in days. I hate this, hate insomnia more than anything, just lying there, brain going round, tick, tick, tick, tick. I itch all over. I want to shave my head. I can't eat, I can't sleep, all I can see is that giant red sun in the shape of a chicken. I do not sleep. I half-exist. What do you get when you cross a dyslexic, an insomniac, and an agnostic? Someone who lies awake at night wondering if there is a dog. You just bought yourself a lifetime supply of insomnia. Now you get your fat carcass out of here before I book you for violating the ecology. I lose sleep over climate change almost every single night. I can\u2019t remember how long this has been happening, but it\u2019s been quite a while, and it\u2019s only getting worse. I confess: I need help. I think the most common cause of insomnia is simple; it\u2019s loneliness. I stay up at night as long as it takes me to fall asleep or pass out from the hooch or from whatever we have at the time. \u2014 bjr4life, What do you get when you cross an insomniac, an agnostic, and a dyslexic? And now he\u2019s president and you still can\u2019t sleep. And now you\u2019d like to get under the bed. You\u2019re right to be scared. You\u2019ve gotta be scared."}, {"title": "", "text": "not good, often waking unrefreshed. She says she feels weak in the morning and needs time to \u2018come round\u2019 before tackling the business of the day. She feels better as the day progresses and can be quite busy and energetic. She usually goes to bed around midnight and when in bed can sometimes feel a tightening in her chest around the heart region. And in the past? Her Menses have been absent for around twelve months but she used to have very painful periods when she was unable bear any tight clothing around the abdomen. She also suffered from P.M.S., experiencing left sided headaches as well as becoming depressed and irritable before her period. She tends to over indulge with alcohol, especially white wine, and loves to eat pasta dishes She comes across as a very intense woman who hardly stopped talking throughout the consultation. Using Dr Herscu\u2019s system of analysis by cycles and segments I put the following rubrics into five segments that exemplified this patient. (To understand more about this system of analysis please read the other articles or visit www.nesh.com) 1. Inflammation Skin. eruptions. herpes zoster Skin. eruptions. herpetic. red Mind. Hatred. revengeful. hatred and. 2. Discharges Mind. loquacity Generals. heat. flushes of. daytime Face. heat. flushes Generals. weakness. morning. waking on Sleep. unrefreshing 4. Suspicion/Jealousy Mind. suspicious Mind. jealousy.quarrelling. reproaches and scolding with Mind. jealousy. strikes his wife. driving to 5. Constriction/Closing off Chest. constriction. heart Extremeties. Coldness. icy cold Upon repertorization five remedies were present in all five segments. Arsenicum, Causticum,"}, {"title": "", "text": "not good, often waking unrefreshed. She says she feels weak in the morning and needs time to \u2018come round\u2019 before tackling the business of the day. She feels better as the day progresses and can be quite busy and energetic. She usually goes to bed around midnight and when in bed can sometimes feel a tightening in her chest around the heart region. And in the past? Her Menses have been absent for around twelve months but she used to have very painful periods when she was unable bear any tight clothing around the abdomen. She also suffered from P.M.S., experiencing left sided headaches as well as becoming depressed and irritable before her period. She tends to over indulge with alcohol, especially white wine, and loves to eat pasta dishes She comes across as a very intense woman who hardly stopped talking throughout the consultation. Using Dr Herscu\u2019s system of analysis by cycles and segments I put the following rubrics into five segments that exemplified this patient. (To understand more about this system of analysis please read the other articles or visit www.nesh.com) 1. Inflammation Skin. eruptions. herpes zoster Skin. eruptions. herpetic. red Mind. Hatred. revengeful. hatred and. 2. Discharges Mind. loquacity Generals. heat. flushes of. daytime Face. heat. flushes Generals. weakness. morning. waking on Sleep. unrefreshing 4. Suspicion/Jealousy Mind. suspicious Mind. jealousy.quarrelling. reproaches and scolding with Mind. jealousy. strikes his wife. driving to 5. Constriction/Closing off Chest. constriction. heart Extremeties. Coldness. icy cold Upon repertorization five remedies were present in all five segments. Arsenicum, Causticum,"}, {"title": "", "text": "in this case, putting pressure on ourselves to snap back to normality like it's absolutely nothing \u2013 that we're setting ourselves unrealistic goals which we can never achieve. We're setting ourselves up to feel like failures. Instead, try practicing compassion and kind self-talk. Allow yourself time to adjust, and remind yourself that you don't need to be super skilled at everything straight away. You may be a little rusty at first, and that's OK. Avoid comparing the old you to the new you Similarly, don't fall into the trap of constantly comparing yourself to the pre-pandemic you. She may have been able to get up at 6am every morning, go to a gym class, put some makeup on, do her commute, grab a Starbucks and be sat at her desk before 8.30 \u2013 but you might not be that woman anymore. Again, that is OK. You've lived through a pandemic, your body has been through a lot emotionally and physically, and you survived. That is enough. Reframe your 'what if?' thoughts When you think of your future and returning to the office, instead of wasting your energy worrying about all the things that might go wrong, think of all the things that might go right. It's all about reframing your thought process. So, replace 'What if I mess up that presentation?' with 'What if I smash that presentation?' and 'What if I practice enough that there's no way that IRL presentation can go wrong?' Instead of 'What if I'm cringe and awkward around my colleagues?', think"}, {"title": "", "text": "in this case, putting pressure on ourselves to snap back to normality like it's absolutely nothing \u2013 that we're setting ourselves unrealistic goals which we can never achieve. We're setting ourselves up to feel like failures. Instead, try practicing compassion and kind self-talk. Allow yourself time to adjust, and remind yourself that you don't need to be super skilled at everything straight away. You may be a little rusty at first, and that's OK. Avoid comparing the old you to the new you Similarly, don't fall into the trap of constantly comparing yourself to the pre-pandemic you. She may have been able to get up at 6am every morning, go to a gym class, put some makeup on, do her commute, grab a Starbucks and be sat at her desk before 8.30 \u2013 but you might not be that woman anymore. Again, that is OK. You've lived through a pandemic, your body has been through a lot emotionally and physically, and you survived. That is enough. Reframe your 'what if?' thoughts When you think of your future and returning to the office, instead of wasting your energy worrying about all the things that might go wrong, think of all the things that might go right. It's all about reframing your thought process. So, replace 'What if I mess up that presentation?' with 'What if I smash that presentation?' and 'What if I practice enough that there's no way that IRL presentation can go wrong?' Instead of 'What if I'm cringe and awkward around my colleagues?', think"}, {"title": "", "text": "a page out of both of our (bedtime story) books and do the same, please have at 'er (then come back here and post a comment letting me know that you have so that I can pop over and read your post right away). Thank you again immensely. I hope that you have a sunny, stellar weekend! Hi sweet Melanie, I don't think that everyone has to nesessarily fall into one camp or another. I can think of various relatives and friends over the years, and even Tony to a degree (though he's more night owl than morning lark), who didn't have strong leanings either way. At times I envy such folks, as it would be amazing to have your body readily want to go to bed and get up at regular times. That must be incredibly handy, assuming you work a job that is in keeping with those sorts of hours, too. From the bottom of my heart, I'm sincerely sorry that you're affected by painsomnia, too. It a brutal side effect of so many chronic illnesses and chronic pain situations, and you have my total understanding and sympathy there. Thank you very much for sharing about your own morning routine with me. I really enjoyed reading your comment and nodding over everything that we share in common. Me too! I like taking my time dressing up. Putting on makeup (if I have to that day). There's a certain serenity to it. I too found myself answering these questions in my head as I read"}, {"title": "", "text": "medical check-up which he sometimes presents himself for, twice a year. For these and other reasons, he hates to look into the mirror for fear that he might be confronted with a physical attribute that is looking untoward. \u201cUpon all the troubles from the shows, I am lucky to enjoy good health. I don\u2019t drink or smoke. I am yet to sleep now for the past three days. If I go to bed, for two hours, the sleep may not come. If I am lucky to sleep and you wake me up, for four days I may not sleep again. I don\u2019t want to go to anywhere to regularise it because if I try to regularise it, it will affect me. It will come to a new pattern. My sleeping has never been regulated before now and I don\u2019t want to ask my God why because I don\u2019t want to copy anybody as long as I am ok. Coming to my country home does not mean I came here to sleep. Music has already taken over that side of my life. I relax a little when I can and then I am awake. If I don\u2019t have anything to do I will lie down on the bed or go and sit down somewhere.\u201d I don\u2019t know how to use drugs. Sometimes I go to the pharmacy, until when it is getting to the expiry date, then I will be forced to give it out, particularly the multi-vitamins or supplement. Why do I need to buy all"}, {"title": "", "text": "tonight when you get home. One of the problems keeping you awake last night was the night sweats. You awoke several times in a cold sweat. You usually sleep on a towel, so when you wake up in a sweat, you can just remove the towel and then lie back down on the dry sheets below. But it's not comfortable sleeping on a towel \u2014 there's a reason sheets don't have a nap. Last night you forgot about your little towel trick entirely. Maybe you were just hoping that this night would be different. You hit your snooze button again. You were exhausted when you came home from work last night. Sometimes you're so tired and feel sick and feverish as if you have the flu. You don't have the flu, but you make yourself some soup and climb into bed as soon as you're able to anyway. You don't get any chores accomplished, and you don't get to go out to dinner or drinks with friends. You're barely able to hold it together enough to eat your soup and find the remote so that you can at least watch TV while you're waiting for sleep to come. But sleep takes time, even through the exhaustion, because you're up and down to the bathroom over and over. You try to delay it. You lie there, wishing it would end, just wanting to go to sleep. You want to stay in your bed where it's warm and comfortable. Every time you do go to the bathroom, you're"}, {"title": "", "text": "When my alarm shrilled, long before sunrise, negativity dominated my thoughts and emotions: You didn\u2019t get enough sleep. You\u2019ll be too tired to even enjoy it. You\u2019re feeling sick, so sleep in and let your body rest. The skiing is probably no good anyway. You could sleep in and ski the resort. It is easy to listen to the voice of negativity when the outside world is cold and dark, and your feet complain from weeks of being alternately crammed into frosty ski-boots, stale mountaineering boots, and damp climbing shoes. The Dalai Lama said \u201cEvery day, think as you wake up, today I am fortunate to be alive, I have a precious human life, I am not going to waste it.\u201d With those words in mind, I pushed myself out of my warm bed, gathered my gear, and started up the road. During the drive, that voice of negativity was louder than I had experienced in a long time: Turn back. Go home and sleep. What are you doing waking up so early for no reason? I had been on a streak of early morning training and touring, so this bombardment of discouragement hit like a surprise left-hook. It is amazing how your mind can be your best support crew or your worst enemy. Over time, I have learned of the malleability of the mind. I know my dwelling on negative thoughts and feelings only gives them power, but it remains a constant battle to overcome them, step outside of my comfort zone, and face headlong"}, {"title": "", "text": "that\u2019s me. But he was still getting shit done, as was I, which is one way that everything still seems okay, making the stuff that isn\u2019t okay seem avoidable and silly. My old boss actually cottoned on to me long before I did, once suggesting that a sunrise alarm lamp that helps seasonal affective disorder might help me get up in the mornings (it does). That dovetailed gently with the semi-fictional \u2018insomnia\u2019 I\u2019d been using as an excuse when I phoned in sick at 5pm, when I knew I could probably just speak to her directly, instead of before 9am like I was supposed to, when anyone might answer. I could truthfully say I\u2019d been awake all night and in bed all day, and that I would be back at work when I had reset my body clock. But insomnia was just a symptom and a convenient scapegoat, and she saw through that. So one person suspected, and helped, by navigating me through the sickness bureaucracy \u2014 that I was a dedicated, diligent and valued worker helped \u2014 and urging me to get a grip of whatever was causing this \u2018insomnia\u2019, while never delving further. My urge to never face up to what lay behind that was powerful, in how it would force me to work hard as a disguise and a defence, and how I\u2019d end up diving down side streets and walking twenty minutes out of my way if I spotted even a close friend at the other end of the street, who might"}, {"title": "", "text": "that\u2019s me. But he was still getting shit done, as was I, which is one way that everything still seems okay, making the stuff that isn\u2019t okay seem avoidable and silly. My old boss actually cottoned on to me long before I did, once suggesting that a sunrise alarm lamp that helps seasonal affective disorder might help me get up in the mornings (it does). That dovetailed gently with the semi-fictional \u2018insomnia\u2019 I\u2019d been using as an excuse when I phoned in sick at 5pm, when I knew I could probably just speak to her directly, instead of before 9am like I was supposed to, when anyone might answer. I could truthfully say I\u2019d been awake all night and in bed all day, and that I would be back at work when I had reset my body clock. But insomnia was just a symptom and a convenient scapegoat, and she saw through that. So one person suspected, and helped, by navigating me through the sickness bureaucracy \u2014 that I was a dedicated, diligent and valued worker helped \u2014 and urging me to get a grip of whatever was causing this \u2018insomnia\u2019, while never delving further. My urge to never face up to what lay behind that was powerful, in how it would force me to work hard as a disguise and a defence, and how I\u2019d end up diving down side streets and walking twenty minutes out of my way if I spotted even a close friend at the other end of the street, who might"}, {"title": "", "text": "shortcomings (everyone does), but I don't lose any sleep over them and I don't have this drive for self improvement that some seem to have (perhaps that's another weakness, but does it *actually* matter if I'm not always striving to be better? That sounds exhausting). I know I'm a good person, I treat people well and can be relied upon. That stuff comes naturally, and everything else is more about my perception of myself than how other people see me. I don't worry about what other people think of me because they're almost certainly thinking about me even less than I think about myself. I can be really lazy and I wish I was more motivated or driven, but I get done what needs to be done. I wish I was fitter, but I manage to walk every day at a minimum. I wish I was more confident and better at forging new connections, but I've got lots of good friends and am good at maintaining my existing friendships. I wish I could get out of bed earlier in the morning, but I log on for work at the right time so does it *really* matter? I felt the same way too, but by last July I'd got up to a full 60 minutes (which admittedly I've never repeated) and I routinely do 30min now! You really will get there. When do I tell him? Hi u/EboysThot, this has been removed for violation of the following rule(s):"}, {"title": "", "text": "shortcomings (everyone does), but I don't lose any sleep over them and I don't have this drive for self improvement that some seem to have (perhaps that's another weakness, but does it *actually* matter if I'm not always striving to be better? That sounds exhausting). I know I'm a good person, I treat people well and can be relied upon. That stuff comes naturally, and everything else is more about my perception of myself than how other people see me. I don't worry about what other people think of me because they're almost certainly thinking about me even less than I think about myself. I can be really lazy and I wish I was more motivated or driven, but I get done what needs to be done. I wish I was fitter, but I manage to walk every day at a minimum. I wish I was more confident and better at forging new connections, but I've got lots of good friends and am good at maintaining my existing friendships. I wish I could get out of bed earlier in the morning, but I log on for work at the right time so does it *really* matter? I felt the same way too, but by last July I'd got up to a full 60 minutes (which admittedly I've never repeated) and I routinely do 30min now! You really will get there. When do I tell him? Hi u/EboysThot, this has been removed for violation of the following rule(s):"}, {"title": "", "text": "it! \"Confidence \u2014 that\u2019s what was missing, and that\u2019s what\u2019s returning. I say returning \u2014 I\u2019m not sure I ever had any. Just weeks ago, I was depressed, anxious, hugely daunted by so much. I knew I had potential \u2014 I knew that much, but realising even 1% of it seemed Herculean. You can have 1,000 people cheering you on, recognising your successes, telling you that you can, but while you\u2019re saying you can\u2019t, you\u2019re finished. I was exhausted by self-doubt and self-recrimination, hadn\u2019t eaten or slept properly in a long while. To sleep soundly again \u2014 what a blessing. A good night\u2019s sleep and already I feel readier to face the day. Follow that up with a proper breakfast and I\u2019m starting to feel like I\u2019m the one who\u2019s Hercules. I can\u2019t believe I\u2019d forgotten the basics of survival \u2014 to eat and sleep, to have your body as fit as possible. And that takes discipline, of course it does \u2014 to listen to the relaxation CD each night, to eat breakfast, to want to change, but by God! I wanted change so badly. And that change is tangible now. I\u2019m daring to dream, to embrace life, to listen to new music, explore new literature and play the guitar again. It\u2019s early days for me \u2014 just weeks into this change, but I recognise a momentum gathering. And when that momentum is mine, comes from me, that\u2019s unbelievably rewarding. From there, and with the growing confidence I spoke of, it feels like a fuse has"}, {"title": "", "text": "frankly \u2013 not feeding anyone, being woken up 10 times every night, not putting them to bed, or arguing with them about their text messaging habits \u2013 rocks. God will take care of the nursing home issue I\u2019m sure. I\u2019ve heard your time described as a pie \u2013 and that you have to decide how you are going to divide it up. Without \u201cfamily\u201d (husband, kids, etc) I can go to God with the whole thing and ask how He\u2019d like to see it sliced. As a single woman \u2013 I get to be emotional almost anytime the mood hits me. If I\u2019m having a quiet day, nobody really bugs me about what is wrong. If I want to spend the evening having a pity party in the bathtub until my fingers and toes are raisins \u2026 nobody is going to talk me out of it. And when the mood strikes me laugh uncontrollably at something that just struck me funny \u2013 nobody is around to tell me I\u2019m crazy. I don\u2019t have to talk to anyone before that first cup of coffee when I get up on the wrong side of the bed \u2026 and if I wake up exuberant \u2026 I\u2019m not bothering anyone. I get to eat when I feel like it. I don\u2019t have to worry about someone else being hungry, or wanting an actual meal rather than a bowl of soup. Granted \u2013 I also eat leftovers for about two weeks if I decide to cook something. If I want to"}, {"title": "", "text": "is fairly minor but gets blown out of proportion by stress, anxiety, exhaustion, etc. and seems way more important at the time. I fell asleep before we'd worked it out. He'd left for work before I woke up. What if something happened to him before I saw him again? What if the last time I saw him I was mad at him? Never again. I won't live my life feeling fear and regret. Next time I don't care if we are up all night - we will be working it out before we go to sleep. I realized today that I'm not ruled my fear nearly as much as I used to be. I realized it because today I felt a bit like the 'old' me and I didn't like it. Tonight when my husband comes home, I'm going to hug him and tell him I love him and apologize not making it right last night. I gave my fear an excuse to make an appearance and I don't plan on doing that again any time soon."}, {"title": "", "text": "is fairly minor but gets blown out of proportion by stress, anxiety, exhaustion, etc. and seems way more important at the time. I fell asleep before we'd worked it out. He'd left for work before I woke up. What if something happened to him before I saw him again? What if the last time I saw him I was mad at him? Never again. I won't live my life feeling fear and regret. Next time I don't care if we are up all night - we will be working it out before we go to sleep. I realized today that I'm not ruled my fear nearly as much as I used to be. I realized it because today I felt a bit like the 'old' me and I didn't like it. Tonight when my husband comes home, I'm going to hug him and tell him I love him and apologize not making it right last night. I gave my fear an excuse to make an appearance and I don't plan on doing that again any time soon."}, {"title": "", "text": "run on 6 hours sleep a day and be a complete night owl. Now days I\u2019m up with the sun and feel better then ever. a low functioning thing is always low functioning no matter how well the thing next to it works, no? Oh. I forgot to mention that my issues with hygiene are pretty much non-existent since two years back or so. Sleep, hunger, excretion and many other physical matters are still more or less dysfunctional, though. Yeah I have had to resort to make strict habits and diet/exercise plans to make me handle it better. Still it is not an easy thing, I just spent half a year working some stressful projects and ended up losing 5kg weight without really feeling like I changed my diet in anyway. I think I\u2019m just completely unaware of how my body feels sometimes. I agree, but I think since personality traits and these types of things vary a great deal between people and are still a pretty theoretical model, these issues exist. My brother suggested I may like this blog. He was once totally right. This submit truly made my day. You cann\u2019t imagine just how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks! hey Daniel! I fit exactly the same description!"}, {"title": "", "text": "and I hate that groggy feeling of wasting hours watching Netflix offerings; and reading takes more mental energy than I can afford. So I putter about, trying to find something that even a zombie could manage, but when I have a bad day like this (or two or four), I'm consumed by apathy and if I actually start something, I find it impossible to concentrate, and I'm without energy to finish. I try to rest, but it's too late, I'm already in the burn zone when my body is quivering with energy it doesn't actually have. I'm baking from the inside out. And my mind is spinning with all the things on my desk, the completion of which suddenly seems very urgent. Lying in bed, I feel myself falling backward, hundreds of papers with scribbled writing topics and phone call reminders floating down on top of me. I actually feel guilty for being sick, again. Friends call wanting to hang out and when I say \"I'm not feeling well today,\" they say, \"Oh, sorry. Is there anything I can do?\" But there isn't anything they can do, so I go back to bed wishing more people knew how to do nothing, with me. It's better than it used to be. I've come a long way and a few years since that first phone consultation with Dr. N. I've had a lifestyle overhaul. I'm not doing what I used to do, not making nearly as much money, and sometimes a ride on my bike and an afternoon"}, {"title": "", "text": "her answer startled me with its immediacy, like the question is one she\u2019s had a long time to consider. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult,\u201d she says. \u201cI don\u2019t get a lot of sleep and that definitely takes a toll on me. So I know every show I finish I kinda crash for a little bit to reboot for the next one. So, my phone\u2019s always on. So if someone\u2019s flight gets delayed or something, that interrupts my sleep at night.\u201d For Kristen, a long and unpredictable work schedule doesn\u2019t just mean interrupted sleep, but the inability to establish patterns of any sort in her life, patterns that the majority of us take for granted, like regular meals, sleep, or exercise. The lack of predictably takes a toll on her. She tells me, \u201cIf I work until midnight then I don\u2019t eat dinner. You know what I mean? So I think it\u2019s just the hours in general make it difficult to just establish anything. Because I can say I\u2019m going to work out tonight, think I\u2019m leaving at seven and then I get home at midnight. So it\u2019s definitely the unpredictability that is in the way. I don\u2019t have time to cook, so I get fast food. That definitely effects a lot of people here. I know a lot of people, they smoke or they drink just to keep going, so that adds on, when they\u2019ve already been stressed.\u201d When I ask if safety is something she has to consider in her job, she answers with a scenario that"}, {"title": "", "text": "What is tomorrow when your mind is mayhem? Thinking of things they wish they would have said. The toss and turn, count all the sheep, one-man-pillow-fighters. I wish you one night sleep or one night peace or 4-6 benadryl. Here\u2019s to hoping sleep fixes you or you find whatever will. Is this where everyone jumps in with their own, personal tales of woe? For 40 years of BP1, (when stable).Same old story here. Depression = too much sleep; manic 2 hrs per night. For three month blocks. #TNS all the way. Great poem, very enjoyable and amusing, love the images too and great to see right now when I can\u2019t sleep for the umpteenth night in a row. Sorry I get sidetracked easy, I had not said the I love the piece you have written about not sleeping.. I hope you get to sleep soon. I hate not sleeping (though really it\u2019s often my fault I\u2019m not sleeping when I\u2019m scared to go to sleep for the thoughts before I fall asleep). True! Lol\u2026 And, I love your picture! I love this! It describes me so well! \ud83d\ude02\ud83e\udd23\ud83d\ude02 I am definitely a night owl, and I always wonder how everyone around me falls asleep so early and so fast! So relevant and well spoken!"}, {"title": "", "text": "two options in front of me: never show up and let time hide this pompous goal or logically state reasons so that you can politely excuse yourself. Could I call in sick? I could always tell them that there are more important works to do\u2026 But all I did was one simple thing. There is one thing that you have to do when you feel like quitting \u2013 Never discuss with someone else. I was baffled by how much I could do! At the end of the hack, I had slept for 6.5 hours in total and had 2 hours to spare. With the assumption shattered I was not only left with the single document but also have a priceless confidence; confidence of being able to step into the impossible. You\u2019d be surprised when you find out how capable your mind and body are. We often under-utilise them. It is a known fact that depriving ourselves of sound sleep is deleterious to our health. I am in no way recommending or asking you to follow this approach. However, it is cardinal to understand that our mind and body can outperform our mental assumptions. You already have boundaries built. Push them by trying out challenges that in turn pushes you. Would have been nice to know your feelings at regular intervals\u2026. Am glad you did. Thank you so much! Good job Arun! Nice post. Good one! Congrats on accomplishing 24 tasks! I have had 2 sleepless nights and a day (around 38 hours) and ended up with"}, {"title": "", "text": "two options in front of me: never show up and let time hide this pompous goal or logically state reasons so that you can politely excuse yourself. Could I call in sick? I could always tell them that there are more important works to do\u2026 But all I did was one simple thing. There is one thing that you have to do when you feel like quitting \u2013 Never discuss with someone else. I was baffled by how much I could do! At the end of the hack, I had slept for 6.5 hours in total and had 2 hours to spare. With the assumption shattered I was not only left with the single document but also have a priceless confidence; confidence of being able to step into the impossible. You\u2019d be surprised when you find out how capable your mind and body are. We often under-utilise them. It is a known fact that depriving ourselves of sound sleep is deleterious to our health. I am in no way recommending or asking you to follow this approach. However, it is cardinal to understand that our mind and body can outperform our mental assumptions. You already have boundaries built. Push them by trying out challenges that in turn pushes you. Would have been nice to know your feelings at regular intervals\u2026. Am glad you did. Thank you so much! Good job Arun! Nice post. Good one! Congrats on accomplishing 24 tasks! I have had 2 sleepless nights and a day (around 38 hours) and ended up with"}, {"title": "", "text": "obvious, but the most obvious signs of the world can be impossible to find, if you're not looking, if you're refusing to have a look. So drinking, in in, in one non destructive way, drinking, rather than drinking as a choice. That was a sign. Other huge clanging bell that I managed to totally ignore was routine insomnia. So my wife goes to sleep really easily, always has done like she has been tranquilized with an elephant gun, to her head hit the pillow, she's asleep five seconds later. It's really annoying, but good for her. And I would read my book, one two or three hours after she'd gone to sleep, because I'd have to read long enough to be tired enough to be able to go to sleep. So it's trying to tire out my brain sufficiently so that sleep would come. So routinely not going to sleep until 2am. Even though I've gone to bed at 11. And waking up three or four times a night, anyway, four or five days a week. And one or two of those awakenings in the night, I'd be completely soaked in sweat. So like big night sweats, three several times a week, if not several times a night. So sweaty, I'd have to tell tell myself off, and then sleep on the towel, because we're very close with soaking wet. And that passed for normal? Again, I didn't start off like that. But I ended up like that. And the change was so small in terms"}, {"title": "", "text": "The morning after the night before Well. I slept for 8 hours, and I can't describe the feeling that things might one day get better. When you're trapped in Dante's seventh circle of Hell, it's mostly impossible to think beyond it as each minute is agony. Getting sleep becomes one's life's aim. All one can think about is sleep, but to go to bed is frightening in case it doesn't happen, and then the long, dark night awaits. 8 hours was beyond my wildest dreams and expectations. But it happened - result. AND I didn't have any nightmares, which usually inhabit my sleeping mind. Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care. Chief nourisher in life's feast. How true. The Bard must have been bipolar to know how accurate those sayings are. People denied sleep go mad - the mad just get worse. For those who don't suffer insomnia, it is impossible to describe it, in the same way that one does not really have words to describe pain. Agony? Not strong enough for prolonged lack of sleep. Home Treatment are ringing at 0900 and then one of them will visit this morning. Tesco's (lifeline) deliver later - I'm living on fags and coffee. Having said that, Nick brought me round chicken and chips last night, and said some very kind things, so thanks to Nick. And Erle, for just being around. People talk about the kindness of strangers, but it's the kindness of friends that counts. I'm very lucky."}, {"title": "", "text": "The morning after the night before Well. I slept for 8 hours, and I can't describe the feeling that things might one day get better. When you're trapped in Dante's seventh circle of Hell, it's mostly impossible to think beyond it as each minute is agony. Getting sleep becomes one's life's aim. All one can think about is sleep, but to go to bed is frightening in case it doesn't happen, and then the long, dark night awaits. 8 hours was beyond my wildest dreams and expectations. But it happened - result. AND I didn't have any nightmares, which usually inhabit my sleeping mind. Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care. Chief nourisher in life's feast. How true. The Bard must have been bipolar to know how accurate those sayings are. People denied sleep go mad - the mad just get worse. For those who don't suffer insomnia, it is impossible to describe it, in the same way that one does not really have words to describe pain. Agony? Not strong enough for prolonged lack of sleep. Home Treatment are ringing at 0900 and then one of them will visit this morning. Tesco's (lifeline) deliver later - I'm living on fags and coffee. Having said that, Nick brought me round chicken and chips last night, and said some very kind things, so thanks to Nick. And Erle, for just being around. People talk about the kindness of strangers, but it's the kindness of friends that counts. I'm very lucky."}, {"title": "", "text": "The morning after the night before Well. I slept for 8 hours, and I can't describe the feeling that things might one day get better. When you're trapped in Dante's seventh circle of Hell, it's mostly impossible to think beyond it as each minute is agony. Getting sleep becomes one's life's aim. All one can think about is sleep, but to go to bed is frightening in case it doesn't happen, and then the long, dark night awaits. 8 hours was beyond my wildest dreams and expectations. But it happened - result. AND I didn't have any nightmares, which usually inhabit my sleeping mind. Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care. Chief nourisher in life's feast. How true. The Bard must have been bipolar to know how accurate those sayings are. People denied sleep go mad - the mad just get worse. For those who don't suffer insomnia, it is impossible to describe it, in the same way that one does not really have words to describe pain. Agony? Not strong enough for prolonged lack of sleep. Home Treatment are ringing at 0900 and then one of them will visit this morning. Tesco's (lifeline) deliver later - I'm living on fags and coffee. Having said that, Nick brought me round chicken and chips last night, and said some very kind things, so thanks to Nick. And Erle, for just being around. People talk about the kindness of strangers, but it's the kindness of friends that counts. I'm very lucky."}, {"title": "", "text": "The morning after the night before Well. I slept for 8 hours, and I can't describe the feeling that things might one day get better. When you're trapped in Dante's seventh circle of Hell, it's mostly impossible to think beyond it as each minute is agony. Getting sleep becomes one's life's aim. All one can think about is sleep, but to go to bed is frightening in case it doesn't happen, and then the long, dark night awaits. 8 hours was beyond my wildest dreams and expectations. But it happened - result. AND I didn't have any nightmares, which usually inhabit my sleeping mind. Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care. Chief nourisher in life's feast. How true. The Bard must have been bipolar to know how accurate those sayings are. People denied sleep go mad - the mad just get worse. For those who don't suffer insomnia, it is impossible to describe it, in the same way that one does not really have words to describe pain. Agony? Not strong enough for prolonged lack of sleep. Home Treatment are ringing at 0900 and then one of them will visit this morning. Tesco's (lifeline) deliver later - I'm living on fags and coffee. Having said that, Nick brought me round chicken and chips last night, and said some very kind things, so thanks to Nick. And Erle, for just being around. People talk about the kindness of strangers, but it's the kindness of friends that counts. I'm very lucky."}, {"title": "", "text": "The morning after the night before Well. I slept for 8 hours, and I can't describe the feeling that things might one day get better. When you're trapped in Dante's seventh circle of Hell, it's mostly impossible to think beyond it as each minute is agony. Getting sleep becomes one's life's aim. All one can think about is sleep, but to go to bed is frightening in case it doesn't happen, and then the long, dark night awaits. 8 hours was beyond my wildest dreams and expectations. But it happened - result. AND I didn't have any nightmares, which usually inhabit my sleeping mind. Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care. Chief nourisher in life's feast. How true. The Bard must have been bipolar to know how accurate those sayings are. People denied sleep go mad - the mad just get worse. For those who don't suffer insomnia, it is impossible to describe it, in the same way that one does not really have words to describe pain. Agony? Not strong enough for prolonged lack of sleep. Home Treatment are ringing at 0900 and then one of them will visit this morning. Tesco's (lifeline) deliver later - I'm living on fags and coffee. Having said that, Nick brought me round chicken and chips last night, and said some very kind things, so thanks to Nick. And Erle, for just being around. People talk about the kindness of strangers, but it's the kindness of friends that counts. I'm very lucky."}, {"title": "", "text": "problem. The fear of not sleeping before important events can seem impossible to overcome. This was the last aspect of my problem to be eliminated, lingering long after I had otherwise recovered. And even though my sleep at this point was generally very good, I was still terrified of making plans. I never invited friends to dinner, or organised a night out or a party. I wouldn't even arrange a shopping trip or meeting someone for coffee or lunch. I stopped going on holiday and never, never stayed overnight at a friend's house. When invited to an event I would answer in the most disinterested way. 'I'm not sure what I'm doing yet', I would nonchalantly reply; 'can I let you know on the day?' A cast-iron plan was simply too frightening and by not committing myself to anything, I had a better chance of sleeping. To my close friends and family I even gave a set of rules: if you want to plan anything with me tell me about it on that morning. Don't tell me beforehand. Bless them; they stuck to my ridiculous rules. Any occasional breach of the rules would result in an angry response. I remember shouting at a friend for telling me about a future dinner party plan. 'Don't you know what you have done?' I shouted, 'You have condemned me to a sleepless night! How could you be so thoughtless?' What a nightmare I was living, and what a nightmare I was to live with! I eventually found out that"}, {"title": "", "text": "have been the worst offender. For thirty years I lived in an almost constant state of high adrenaline. I loved it, I craved it. I am a wife, a mother, and a grandmother first. Plus I work, travel, entertain, lecture, have seven businesses, remodel, decorate, write, perform\u2014and oh, yes, I still cook and give perfect dinner parties for family and friends. Watching me go like the Energizer Bunny, my husband would tell me to slow down. But my body did not want to slow down! If I had some time left, it would be hard for me to relax. I would clean the house, organize a desk, or answer e-mail. Finally, my adrenals burned out. I vowed never to do that to myself again. Though it was a big adjustment, I had to change my life. I reprioritized my daily schedule, made time for sleep, did yoga three or four times a week, and learned that relaxation time was as important as being so busy. I no longer stay up late at night, whereas I used to write until the wee hours of the morning. Now I try my best to be in bed by 9:00 p.m. and asleep by 10:00 p.m. It takes retraining. I have readjusted my social schedule so that I do not go out two nights in a row, and I try not to go out more than two nights a week. Had I not done this, I would have run into trouble down the road, since burned-out adrenals lead to chronic"}, {"title": "", "text": "My Insights & Experiences Mood Diary Ruta Ka Don't Go To Work If You Are Sick Those days when you wake up in the morning and just really don't feel like going to work - don't go to work! Most of us, we have this feeling of guilt encoded in us, which says that we need to show up 100% everywhere... It is just that it is actually impossible. OK, if you know someone who has absolutely perfect health (both emotionally and physically) you are probably quite lucky to have met such a rare example on this earth! \ud83d\ude01 However, most of us aren't really that privileged... Or I would like to say most of us are simply human beings who are doing our best every day and sometimes we still get ill, get tired, feel down - it is a normal part of life. The thing that makes things worse (in my opinion) is when we are already down and we are forcing ourselves to use effort and energy to maintain a standard who is really unhealthy: sacrificing ourselves (our health included) for the workplace. We don't live to work, we work to live (I'm talking about the jobs that we do to pay our bills rather than careers that we feel absolutely passionate about) so then if the work kills us, what's the point? Anyway - enjoy the video! Let the love be with you.\u2764\ud83d\ude4c\ud83d\udc96 When It Is Time To Stop Our Spiritual Practice Being Spiritual and Being Controlling vs Surrendering Q & A."}, {"title": "", "text": "My Insights & Experiences Mood Diary Ruta Ka Don't Go To Work If You Are Sick Those days when you wake up in the morning and just really don't feel like going to work - don't go to work! Most of us, we have this feeling of guilt encoded in us, which says that we need to show up 100% everywhere... It is just that it is actually impossible. OK, if you know someone who has absolutely perfect health (both emotionally and physically) you are probably quite lucky to have met such a rare example on this earth! \ud83d\ude01 However, most of us aren't really that privileged... Or I would like to say most of us are simply human beings who are doing our best every day and sometimes we still get ill, get tired, feel down - it is a normal part of life. The thing that makes things worse (in my opinion) is when we are already down and we are forcing ourselves to use effort and energy to maintain a standard who is really unhealthy: sacrificing ourselves (our health included) for the workplace. We don't live to work, we work to live (I'm talking about the jobs that we do to pay our bills rather than careers that we feel absolutely passionate about) so then if the work kills us, what's the point? Anyway - enjoy the video! Let the love be with you.\u2764\ud83d\ude4c\ud83d\udc96 When It Is Time To Stop Our Spiritual Practice Being Spiritual and Being Controlling vs Surrendering Q & A."}, {"title": "", "text": "When I was told the good news back in April I thought I would just jump back into the swing of things, get back in shape, back to work, actually enjoying married life, and being thankful everyday for being a survivor. Unfortunately, that's not the case. I haven't worked since December, the job I did have before I got too sick to work is still out there, it just doesn't have benefits. And given my current state, we need benefits. So, I've been applying for everything I can possibly think of in the Murray area with no luck. I thought I had a job at the hospital here in Murray with the marketing department. Even made it to the second interview and felt pretty confident about it but, alas they went with someone else. Being jobless weighs on you. I wake up every morning and am in a constant state of cabin fever. I mean, a house can only be so clean. It's driving me nuts. I'm also having difficulties sleeping at night. I'll go to bed around midnight, and have no trouble falling asleep. But, around 3 am I'll wake up for no apparent reason and not be able to go back to sleep until 5 sometimes 6 am. I've tried sleep aids such as Unisom, and Midnite. I've even tried taking Melatonin. I don't eat too late, and it doesn't matter if I've worked all day or just laid around. I don't sleep. The only other thing I can think of is stress. But"}, {"title": "", "text": "When I was told the good news back in April I thought I would just jump back into the swing of things, get back in shape, back to work, actually enjoying married life, and being thankful everyday for being a survivor. Unfortunately, that's not the case. I haven't worked since December, the job I did have before I got too sick to work is still out there, it just doesn't have benefits. And given my current state, we need benefits. So, I've been applying for everything I can possibly think of in the Murray area with no luck. I thought I had a job at the hospital here in Murray with the marketing department. Even made it to the second interview and felt pretty confident about it but, alas they went with someone else. Being jobless weighs on you. I wake up every morning and am in a constant state of cabin fever. I mean, a house can only be so clean. It's driving me nuts. I'm also having difficulties sleeping at night. I'll go to bed around midnight, and have no trouble falling asleep. But, around 3 am I'll wake up for no apparent reason and not be able to go back to sleep until 5 sometimes 6 am. I've tried sleep aids such as Unisom, and Midnite. I've even tried taking Melatonin. I don't eat too late, and it doesn't matter if I've worked all day or just laid around. I don't sleep. The only other thing I can think of is stress. But"}, {"title": "", "text": "in survival mode, I just wanted to know how to survive. And that's a terrible way to have to live. We want you to have long life that we want you to have quality of life. And once you can figure out how to get the right foods in that will give you sustained energy throughout the day, you're going to be like I am now not like I was before, but like I am now where I'm having to force myself to go to bed at night, because I still have enough energy. And I want to be up getting things done. Well that living has made you very bad at guessing time, especially at night. She'll, she'll ask me what time it is. And she always feels like it's about an hour or sometimes even two earlier than what it actually is. I oh my goodness, I gotta go to bed. I have no idea. It's terrible. And the time sneaks up on me because I don't feel exhausted. Like I used to when I would feel exhausted. I was always looking forward to bed. And now I'm just going still at night because I feel refreshed and lively. And just Yeah, good. Like I should have a finely tuned engine. It's wonderful. And I want that for you, Jared and I care about you. And we want you to have the most fulfilling, productive, vibrant life possible so that you can do all the things that you dream about doing. And we want"}, {"title": "", "text": "The majority of you live a life filled with routines. You get up, brush your teeth, get dressed, get the kids up and dressed, eat breakfast, go to work at a job that the majority of you don\u2019t like, then go home, eat dinner, put the kids to bed, go to bed and start all over again the next day. It is like you are living in ground hog day. Since the majority of you are working a job you don\u2019t like, or may even hate, chances are you are bringing stress and aggravation back to your home life. With that said, it only makes sense that if you improve your work life, the life that you live at eight or more hours a day, then your home life will improve as well. So you have a job that you don\u2019t like, or even hate. It is the same old thing everyday, you boss is a jerk to you. He doesn\u2019t utilize you for the talent that you have to offer. You have skills that are getting stale and you are miserable. You start to feel that you are not useful or successful. It is not true though. Sadly, over achievers who work in a dysfunctional environment are many times pushed down because your talent is a threat to those around you most likely your manager. You can\u2019t fix people like that. You can fix you. Dysfunctional employers tend to move bar of success so you never seem to meet the success you feel you deserve."}, {"title": "", "text": "night's sleep. The next day, she still looked pale and despondent but went to work without saying much. It was during the second night that the patient started to repeat her comments about her maltreatments at work, and suggested that her colleagues were now hiding behind the house next door, trying to drive her mad or to \u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "I could do anything to get back to sleep, I did attend to removing some layers, so as to be cooler, and straightening out my bed so it would be flatter and more comfortable. And you know what? I feel asleep for an additional five hours and caught up on my sleep. I know, this sounds like a silly example. But if you understand like I do the roots of our apocalypse and the utter self-destructive stupidity of humans\u2019 behavior and the mind-blowing absurdity of the reality we have constructed in order to keep from seeing our problems, you can\u2019t help but be struck with how simple and obvious and everywhere about is both evidence of the dire state we are in but also the obvious solutions. So, I\u2019ve allowed myself to be facetious, to make this point: In order to solve a problem, you need to face it. We will continue making air pollution and suffering from it until we face our unresolved inner problems, just as we will have air pollution (and any other problem) until we face it and deal with it. The idea that we can make problems go away by ignoring them and acting as if they don\u2019t exist is nonsensical and an insanity in us. It is an irrationality borne of desperation, which we act upon but mostly deny that we do. It is that part of ourselves that continues to bring suffering upon ourselves and others. This part, this thing about what can be done about our situation, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "I could do anything to get back to sleep, I did attend to removing some layers, so as to be cooler, and straightening out my bed so it would be flatter and more comfortable. And you know what? I feel asleep for an additional five hours and caught up on my sleep. I know, this sounds like a silly example. But if you understand like I do the roots of our apocalypse and the utter self-destructive stupidity of humans\u2019 behavior and the mind-blowing absurdity of the reality we have constructed in order to keep from seeing our problems, you can\u2019t help but be struck with how simple and obvious and everywhere about is both evidence of the dire state we are in but also the obvious solutions. So, I\u2019ve allowed myself to be facetious, to make this point: In order to solve a problem, you need to face it. We will continue making air pollution and suffering from it until we face our unresolved inner problems, just as we will have air pollution (and any other problem) until we face it and deal with it. The idea that we can make problems go away by ignoring them and acting as if they don\u2019t exist is nonsensical and an insanity in us. It is an irrationality borne of desperation, which we act upon but mostly deny that we do. It is that part of ourselves that continues to bring suffering upon ourselves and others. This part, this thing about what can be done about our situation, is"}, {"title": "", "text": "and before bed and how easily do you fall asleep? [laughs] The time in bed in the morning and at night tells you all you need to know. It's not a purely intellectual reasoning. It's not a pro and con list. It's not a spreadsheet. It\u2019s not a Venn diagram. It's like, how do you feel? And are you even aware of how you're feeling? How much energy have you spent blocking out feeling, because you don't want to feel certain things? To borrow from Tarah Brach, she said to me once, \u201cThere was a wise old sage who said, \u2018There's really only one question worth considering and that is: What are you unwilling to feel?\u2019\u201d So I really check in, in the morning and at night. Do you wake up with a sense of foreboding and anxiety and a desire to stay in bed? When you go to bed, is it full of anxiety and worries and preoccupation about what happened, or what's going to happen the next day? If so, that's an issue. I would find it difficult to call myself successful if I'm experiencing anxiety, fear, regret when I'm in bed in the morning or before I go to bed. So that's simple\u2014and it's not so much a metric because not everything that is meaningful can be measured easily. And you can force fit it, sure. You could give yourself a 1 to 10 scale and blah, blah, blah\u2014you could do all of that. But this is an exercise in really truthfully feeling"}, {"title": "", "text": "ironing or sitting in front of rubbish telly, do something fun. Invite friends round for a catch up, have a movie night with the family or have a romantic evening with your partner once the kids are tucked up in bed. The main thing is you try to relax and distract yourself from the dread. While you\u2019re at it, make fun plans for during the week. Having something to look forward to, even if it\u2019s just meeting a friend for a post-work coffee, can make the coming week seem much less menacing. It breaks up the week and makes your routine a little less monotonous. Granted, we already said you should enjoy a Sunday night but for your own good, keep your alcohol intake pretty low. Hangovers and Monday mornings don\u2019t mix. Getting up and going to work will be ten times worse if you are feeling rough. Sometimes the Sunday dread happens because you are anxious about tasks you know you\u2019ll have to face, you are bored of performing the same routine every week or perhaps you\u2019re being bullied in the workplace. If you can put your finger on a specific reason for your feelings then you\u2019ll be happier if you face up to issues and tackle them. This one may seem a little drastic, but if you seriously dread going to work every day then perhaps it\u2019s time to make a change. Consider whether it\u2019s the job itself or the working environment that you hate. Maybe you\u2019d be happier doing a similar role for"}, {"title": "", "text": "ironing or sitting in front of rubbish telly, do something fun. Invite friends round for a catch up, have a movie night with the family or have a romantic evening with your partner once the kids are tucked up in bed. The main thing is you try to relax and distract yourself from the dread. While you\u2019re at it, make fun plans for during the week. Having something to look forward to, even if it\u2019s just meeting a friend for a post-work coffee, can make the coming week seem much less menacing. It breaks up the week and makes your routine a little less monotonous. Granted, we already said you should enjoy a Sunday night but for your own good, keep your alcohol intake pretty low. Hangovers and Monday mornings don\u2019t mix. Getting up and going to work will be ten times worse if you are feeling rough. Sometimes the Sunday dread happens because you are anxious about tasks you know you\u2019ll have to face, you are bored of performing the same routine every week or perhaps you\u2019re being bullied in the workplace. If you can put your finger on a specific reason for your feelings then you\u2019ll be happier if you face up to issues and tackle them. This one may seem a little drastic, but if you seriously dread going to work every day then perhaps it\u2019s time to make a change. Consider whether it\u2019s the job itself or the working environment that you hate. Maybe you\u2019d be happier doing a similar role for"}, {"title": "", "text": "with and people to talk to. At night, though, everyone goes to bed and you\u2019re expected to stop talking and thinking and just go to sleep. Up until that night, this was easy, but the night I realized I would die, I just sat up in bed for hours, shaking and crying and turning lights off and on. I closed the toilet lid and stood on the toilet so I could watch my face swell and contort while I cried into the bathroom mirror, washed with dull yellow from the night light. I was too young and dumb to realize that just because an opium addict in the 18th century didn\u2019t live for more than 74 years, it didn\u2019t mean that I would be resigned to the exact same life span. I was also too scared to realize that 74 years is nothin\u2019 to sneeze at. I was more obsessed with the whole \u201cthis is about the span of a normal human life and that\u2019s because death exists.\u201d So I stayed up, night after night, thinking about dying. I remember the house as being empty and creaky, of smelling different and feeling cavernous and lonely. I can barely remember resisting sleep as a child and not knowing why, or thinking of bedtime as a sad time, something to be avoided as long as possible. But also, being awake after everyone else seemed very sad, too. As an adult who understands more about how a child\u2019s brain works, I\u2019ve spent some time thinking about what was probably"}, {"title": "", "text": "with and people to talk to. At night, though, everyone goes to bed and you\u2019re expected to stop talking and thinking and just go to sleep. Up until that night, this was easy, but the night I realized I would die, I just sat up in bed for hours, shaking and crying and turning lights off and on. I closed the toilet lid and stood on the toilet so I could watch my face swell and contort while I cried into the bathroom mirror, washed with dull yellow from the night light. I was too young and dumb to realize that just because an opium addict in the 18th century didn\u2019t live for more than 74 years, it didn\u2019t mean that I would be resigned to the exact same life span. I was also too scared to realize that 74 years is nothin\u2019 to sneeze at. I was more obsessed with the whole \u201cthis is about the span of a normal human life and that\u2019s because death exists.\u201d So I stayed up, night after night, thinking about dying. I remember the house as being empty and creaky, of smelling different and feeling cavernous and lonely. I can barely remember resisting sleep as a child and not knowing why, or thinking of bedtime as a sad time, something to be avoided as long as possible. But also, being awake after everyone else seemed very sad, too. As an adult who understands more about how a child\u2019s brain works, I\u2019ve spent some time thinking about what was probably"}, {"title": "", "text": "Why leaving apple People who work here dedicate all their life and energy Examples: -Getting mad at me because I was missing a late night conference call to see apartments -Giving stinkeye when wanting to leave at 7pm with jetlag -N71 p1 story: can\u2019t eat, can\u2019t sleep, multiple all-nighters -The expectation of tremendous personal sacrifice: told to cancel vacations, warn significant others, etc No real work being done; only system integration, vendors do the hard work. This is true across all the teams I\u2019ve interacted with Rapid growth led to incompetent middle managers being promoted Travel ruining everything 1. i have no faith in my direct manager, who have disappointed me in every situation 2. i am no longer challenged or engaged. 3. i can no longer business travel as it is damaging to my personal life and health Could not find new job spending all day in meetings and conference calls. I needed to burn the boats Found journal entry from college stating I wanted to work at Apple, and how I imagined Apple before I joined. Ultimately, I realized that there were a hundred reasons I wanted to leave, and only one reason to stay. Money can be made, but time cannot be. I did a rundown of my savings and expenses and it all made sense. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jordan-price/why-i-quit-my-job-at-apple_b_4769885.html what it felt like https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3Dz6FOE_Gk Confessionals: https://www.reddit.com/r/MorbidReality/comments/4vot0e/japanese_people_dying_from_overwork_by_putting_in/ Get to have cake and eat it too Write this in third person"}, {"title": "", "text": "few years before the first description of burnout, he noted that working from 08:00 A.M. to 06:00 P.M. and daily additional practice led to a deterioration in his relationship with his wife [14,15]. He later wrote: \"I continued to deny that anything was wrong despite my lingering cold, my fatigue, and my constant irritability. During the Christmas holiday my wife insisted that we take a vacation with the children, and much as I hated to be away from the clinic, I felt I should go to make up for all the time I had spent away from home. My wife made the hotel and plane reservations. All I had to do the night before we left was pack my own clothes, but when I dragged myself through the door at 2 A.M., I was too exhausted to do anything except fall into bed. I told my wife that I would pack into the morning, but in the morning I couldn't get up. We never got to the airport. I slept for two solid days and ruined the family vacation. On the third day, I was still not able to get out of the bed, but I was able to begin reflecting on how I had been behaving\" [16]. The detailed description of emotional burnout is due not only to the author's careful observation of colleagues, but also to his own experience of this syndrome. The p ap er \" St af f bur n-out \" f ocu s e d on Fr eudenb er ger 's"}, {"title": "", "text": "very directly engaged with my faith has been helpful.\" One aide identified setting boundaries and being assertive about caring for herself. \"I set boundaries for sure, 100%. Today, can you do this? No, my shift ends at 3:30. It's going to be my last patient and I cannot help you. I just set boundaries. I just have to, because if not they will just keep adding and adding and adding and keep asking and asking and asking. This is all I can do for today. That's it. And then I go home, and I don't think about work. I put my tablet away. I put my phone away, and I don't look at it until the next day.\" Participants who had worked in hospice for longer duration and self-monitored were able to mindfully identify when things were reaching capacity appeared better able to take steps to prevent burnout symptoms from escalating. These more senior clinicians (meaning those who have worked in their current role for more than 10 years) reported they had developed practices of self-care that they learned are necessary to protect personal time, such as resisting the urge to check email on nights and weekends. As an example, a social worker identified: \"I've been doing this a long time and I have learned through the years to recognize when I'm getting to the point where I need to take care of myself and I'll work at doing that as much as I can. So I have learned to prevent that [burnout] from happening.\" Organizational"}, {"title": "", "text": "well-known term for a \u201c24 hours\" schedule is \u201c007\u201d, which means work for 24 hours, 7 day per week. This is an obvious exaggeration but captures the perception of many of our participants. P9 reported having trouble with her manager: \"My leader thought I can be called at any time since I always stayed at home.\" (P9). P2 complained about receiving work assignments any time of the day: \u201cSometimes I don't have any task during the day, and then in the evening suddenly a task came, and I had to work until midnight to finish it.\" (P2). \\subsubsection{Mental Health} The epidemic also affected mental health. From previous work~~\\cite{cava2005experience}, we know that people placed in quarantine may show depressive symptoms. People in China were overall worried about the frightening evolution of the public health crisis. P4 was worried about getting infected: \u201cwhen someone was suspected to be infected, they were brought to be quarantined immediately.\u201d P1 reports that the epidemic was on \u201ceveryone\u2019s mind\u201d. P10, as a manager, also tried to give her subordinates some psychological reassurance. P2 highlighted that \u201cliving with my parents when WFH brought [me] comfort but I was still sleepless at night and extremely depressed at the early stages of the epidemic\u201d. P4 also reported increasing fear \u201cwhile working in isolation, I think my fear was magnified 10 times.\u201d (P4). P2 felt distressed with the daily bad news: \u201cEvery day when I read the bad news, someone died, someone was infected. I felt very distressed.\u201d (P2). All of these issues combined together took"}, {"title": "", "text": "the past, I would only stop working when my body gave out. For example, there were a few weeks in college when I was so wired from stress that I was sleeping only six nights a week. One day every week I wouldn\u2019t sleep the entire night or day because I refused to rest. Needless to say I\u2019ve experienced some scary symptoms of sleep deprivation including dissociation and hallucinations, I do not recommend it.

          Hustle as I knew it

          After settling into corporate life for a few years, I forced myself to hustle harder. I was less social around the office, worked later, took less breaks, and starved myself at times \u2013 all in the name of working harder. Instead of enjoying accomplishments throughout my career, I began to feel worse after achieving a goal than I did while working on it. After a promotion or completing a project, I would slow down for about 2 hours before anxiety about the next thing kicked in. I did everything by brute force, if I couldn\u2019t figure something out I\u2019d spend more time and effort instead of working smarter.

          At the time of writing this, accomplishments do not motivate me. What keeps me going these days is the experience of flow, getting totally lost in a project while time flies by. I worked super hard, sacrificed everything including my health, and didn\u2019t even enjoy the accomplishments? Wait a damn minute\u2026

          For over a decade, hustle was my life. Now it\u2019s time for something new.

          My"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"Participants described two main types, an underlying \"constant but dull\" (I/V 2) \"constant nagging pain\" (I/V 6) that \"just wouldn't go away (I/V 19) and a seriously intense pain upon/after certain movements: \"when I put my wallet in my back pocket\u2026\u2026it was so painful I couldn't even put my hand there\" (I/V12) Figure 1 Diagrammatic summary of living with a rotator cuff tear. This diagram shows how, like ripples spreading out from a stone thrown into a pool, pain from a symptomatic rotator cuff tear can impact upon, and change, all areas of a participant's life. \"if I do too much with it I think 'Oh ****' , it's afterwards it's burning\" (I/V7). Participants explained how the pain \"was frightening\" (I/V12) and lived with \"the fear of that intense pain hitting you again\" (I/V 12). Sleep Most participants repeatedly recounted how sleep was severely detrimentally affected by rotator cuff tears: \"I couldn't sleep on the night\" (I/V9). For some, night pain and lack of sleep was \"what prompted me to go to the doctors in the first place\" (I/V 17). Participants' expressed problems in getting, and then staying, asleep: \"trying to find a comfortable position to sleep, terrible\u2026. then turn over suddenly and it was painful (I/V11) \"When I was in bed sometimes, my arm would drop out and the pain was really really bad, I would scream out\" (I/V15) Sleep was often broken \"if I\u2026. turn the wrong way in bed at night it'll wake me up\" (I/V 15) which \"really was horrible\" (I/V 6)."}, {"title": "", "text": "4. Unlike coping high utilisers, these patients typically did not appear to have recovered from the traumatic experiences they talked about. One middle aged female parttime insurance agent (Participant 4) said she was inexpressive emotionally because \"I think I shut my feelings off quite a while ago. My dad died when I was 10...\" Participant 1, a 44-year-old single mother described how she and her siblings tried to cope with constant parental discord: \"I can remember being a little kid and they would come home late at night screaming and arguing and throwing things. We'd wake up and that was kind of scary to go through that...\" Asked how she and her siblings responded, she simply said, \"We would try to go back to sleep.\" As an adult, she continued to use avoidance, \"I come home from work and everything's a mess and I don't want to poke in the mess and figure out what... I just escape.\" Participant 6 admitted there were a lot of unresolved issues in her family, \"there are a lot of things that I probably haven't even told my family that I went through, my brothers and my sisters, but I went through a lot.\" Participant 18, whose affect had been flat through out the interview, was visibly upset when she said: \"mom and dad would argue sometimes, and I absolutely hated to see it and I hate dissension... Dad will never argue until mother just, you know, pushed him so far, and dad was soft spoken; mother was argumentative, she,"}, {"title": "", "text": "For example, many (n = 11) related a long period of feeling a constant state of alert following the disaster. Other negative effects reported by participants included sleeping disorders (n = 11), manifestations of anxiety and nervousness (n = 4), and a decrease in the frequency of contacts with family and friends (n = 4). I think I have a sleeping disorder since the earthquake. Now I sleep very lightly. Before I slept really well, nothing could wake me up quickly! I could be let's say beside a loud tractor or anything else making noise could be close and I wouldn't wake up. But now, the smallest noises wake me up. There's all kinds of noises I hear when I'm falling asleep that make me think of those I heard the night of the earthquake in 2010; even today I still feel like this! If I hear a strange noise, the first thought that comes into my mind is that it might be another earthquake! It hurts. (Juan) One thing I feel happening now that was never part of my life before is that I feel as if constantly in a state of alert, as if another earthquake were about to happen all the time! For example, when night falls, I always make sure to unlock the front door in case we need to leave quickly, you see! (Carlos) Perceptions of Physical Health A More Fragile Health. According to respondents' testimonies, many physical health problems have appeared since their exposure to the earthquake/tsunami. They therefore considered"}, {"title": "", "text": "in. Apparently Holly had come in a couple of times to try and wake me up and I just slept through it. I will say that it adds up fast. That, being the lack of sleep. I still haven't found a groove that fits since moving. Both of us have been pretty tired since moving in together. We get up on her schedule and we go to bed on mine. That's a solid 7am-Midnight+ day every day. Those days don't tend to have much downtime either. We were remarking over dinner last night that we couldn't remember the last time that we just had a weekend to ourselves when we didn't have something that had to be done. This weekend is no different since we will both be going away. Next weekend we were supposed to have a get together. Finally invite some friends over to see the place and how it has changed as we merge our things together. It looks like we are probably going to postpone it though. We need that weekend of rest. Of course, the stress of everything going on hasn't helped much with sleep. What would it mean to move again? I am a restless wanderer. Traditionally I have never stayed anywhere for very long. I do know that I want to someday though. I want to stop and settle. Plant some roots. I know that in Holly I've found the woman that I want to spend my life with. I just don't know if I'm at the location that"}, {"title": "", "text": "with my wife, I had open-heart surgery and was in intensive care for eight days, during which I developed a severe infection raging through my body. Our grown children were summoned home after the doctor told my wife that I probably had 72 hours to get the infection under control. Along the way I developed pneumonia and double vision. I lost all sense of time, not knowing what was going on and was very uncomfortable with a tube in my mouth, cutting off any way to speak and ask questions. The perpetual night of isolation was dreadful. A sense of terror seeped into my world. I desperately wanted a drink of water. It seemed hours went by without anyone coming to see me. Figures would be next to the bed but no one spoke, they just looked and walked out. I began to see bugs crawling on the walls and ceiling. They were very real to me and I questioned why a hospital had such unsanitary conditions. The nurse assured me that there were no bugs and ran her hands over the walls and touched the ceiling to prove it. Finally, they went away. The tube was in my mouth for days and I still remember (I have never told anyone until now) that the discomfort of not being able to talk or drink water was so severe, that I reasoned that death would be better than having to carry on. The senses of isolation coupled with terror were palpable. I never want to experience it"}, {"title": "", "text": "end, I managed to fly back to the UK on Saturday evening. It was a shit flight, everyone was fed up and everyone had had enough. I saw a few Brits that were at the refuge the other night. As I was driving towards the airport, I was thinking about the article I'm writing now. I had started writing it on Tuesday, and was very pissed off with Ryanair. Then I had continued writing it on Wednesday, and was even more pissed off with them. Since then, I've been writing at this on Saturday, and maybe a dozen other times ever since. Now? I'm flying from Sydney to Brisbane, and snow is just a bad dream now. I hear China is having a pretty bad streak, but I don't care. I've done enough in one night. As I was thinking about the article, I was thinking I shouldn't be pissed off. People are doing very hard work, and it's not because management is incompetent as a whole that the whole company should be shitcanned. Then I changed my mind again. Fuck it, yes; the whole company should be sacked. Kill the bastards, every single one of them. I will never, EVER, fly with Ryanair again. I did send them a very eloquent fax asking them for a commercial gesture, saying that I had been a pretty regular customer of theirs, as was my family, and that this streak of bad luck could surely be taken care of. I received a phone call not even twenty minutes"}, {"title": "", "text": "when I see my child in bed unable to talk and feed himself. He follows me with his eyes in the room and this breaks my heart most. My life turned upside down, I can't sleep at night or leave home during the day.\" Aisha cried again. \"I am hopeless creature. What did I sin to get such a punishment?\" She wiped her tears and continued after a long sigh, \"\u2026First, it is a job they are paid for and above all it is a matter of life and death for us. If they don't like the profession they should change it, otherwise it is not decent to play with our lives. Why are they in a white coat if they are not keen to help others? I would have stayed home if I could manage it alone; it broke my heart when they abandoned me.\" Loss of trust on care providers \"When I gave birth to my second child six months ago, I carefully chose the facility where my relative works and she took good care of me. If not for her, I would have given birth at home. I didn't allowed any staff came near me except her. How can I trust care providers and give birth in their hands after all what they did to me? Look, I am an educated urban woman and understand well the risks of home birth. Likewise, I had bad experience in hospital; the care providers were very mean to me. Their bad attitude deters women from seeking"}, {"title": "", "text": "their day around public transport, although there was an acknowledgement that this would not be possible for everyone. I feel strongly about it, rightly or wrongly, I think it's \u2026 emasculatingyou know, for a man to lose his driving licence\u2026.I'd been driving for 45 years\u2026. I'm a very bad passenger because my wife has to drive me all the time. (M1) ** We're using public transport now, mostly\u2026It's safer, it's less hassle and it takes strain off my husband who has to do any driving at night or day\u2026 So we are adapting. (F4) ** I don't drive in the dark is one of the main ways I've adapted, in that I just don't feel safe, I haven't done for some time. I find the bright lights of oncoming vehicles very disturbing, so I decided probably four or five years ago that I just wasn't going to drive at night. (F5) For those still driving, eye and head movement adjustments were used as a mechanism to \"take extra care\" or to compensate for lack of vision when driving. For some, the nature of the adjustments were specific to a certain part of the VF, thus requiring an in depth understanding into the characteristics of their own VF loss. There was some indication that certain coping behaviours may not evolve until the person had experienced at least one adverse event relating to their vision loss. So, I think there are minor adjustments that once you've done it once like hitting your head on the cupboard, I think,"}, {"title": "", "text": "but that was overall not helpful. I was there to study, not for someone to try and teach me social skills for the 27th time. (Mauricio) Theme: the strain on mental health. Another theme highlighted how participants experienced mental health difficulties, often for several years beforehand, which worsened at university: I didn't feel happy [at university], but that was at least 75% due to my mental health being so poor -my PTSD became shockingly bad there, until I was too scared to lock my bedroom door at night in case I couldn't get out. (Siobhan) Circumstances at university built upon pre-existing mental health difficulties and left participants with limited resources to cope, often leaving participants overwhelmed: I'd got myself into such a state about it, and then I just ended up having some sort of meltdown over it. And I think just the stress of it had been building and it's such an intense feeling. The kind of response is to just run away and go well I just don't want to feel like that again. So, I thought I just can't do it [the degree]. (June) I was really struggling to cope with it [the course], because I'm also a mum. And the course was actually affecting my ability, well the anxiety related to the course and the stress related to the course, was affecting my ability to function dayto-day in all aspects of my life. (Arya) Theme: my outsider status. Participants described difficulties in navigating social spaces at university. Across these social difficulties, 'my"}, {"title": "", "text": "other jobs.\" (White, Female, Server) \"Yeah, the financial security that was already kind of iffy being a bartender/server, 'cause if you had a good night, you made money. If you had a bad night-so you never quite you could gauge what you would kind of make in a week.\" (Asian, Male, Server) Lack of consistency in pay and hours in general but also due to the impact of the pandemic \"I'm doing more jobs than before, and less hours and less pay, still, you know, we have the place open.\" (LatinX, Female, Executive Chef) \"Because there's so many hands in the pot and because people are so overworked, there's no way that we can go back and try to, on top of all our duties, be janitors or just sanitize everything.\" (Black, Female, Server) Financial insecurity due to changes in hours, layoffs, and fear about losing job \"So some other friends that are going back to work have told me how they've worked the same shift and only made $100.00 where they used to make $500.00 or $600.00.\" (White, Male, Bartender) Lack of benefits such as employer-sponsored health insurance, sick days, and paid time off \"[E]veryone should have health insurance, I think that should never be like a concern. So I think especially in the restaurant industry too, I think that's so crucial. Because it's such a hard industry in general and I feel like sometimes it can become like toxic in like mental, emotional, physical ways. Like no one should be coming into work sick"}, {"title": "", "text": "want to ask like 'hey, how are you really? Because I see this and this.'\" Fifth, participants expressed feeling a deep connection with other people, including family, friends, and people they do not know. They actively look for ways to create these feelings of connection and want to share these feelings with others. Some participants mentioned a downside of this characteristic: P19: \"When I am really good friends with someone, that can be a real deep feeling you know? A true connection, as if it's family I guess. So, when something negative happens or there's a fight one time or something, then it kinda really hits me hard.\" Thinking (n = 25) SPS characteristics related to thinking were categorised into three subthemes. First, participants indicated they worried and ruminated more than others about both private and societal events. This worry includes a tendency to relate (negative) things that are being said to themselves. One participant mentioned that rumination prevents him from falling asleep: P14: \"Like when I finally lie in bed and go to sleep, everything keeps like rolling around in my head and I keep mulling things over. And yes, I do mean every time, I can never get to sleep in one go. For example, my ex, they always said good night and they were gone within ten seconds, but I would keep thinking for an hour before I fell asleep.\" Second, participants mentioned thinking and reflecting a lot. For example, they tended to need more time to make decisions: P6: \"Sometimes it takes"}, {"title": "", "text": "A crime against mental health? Twenty-one years ago I was practising as a rural GP in the village where my family had lived and worked as doctors for over 60 years. In those days we visited our patients 24 hours, each doctor in the practice covering every fourth night. Late one August night I returned to the surgery to collect some drugs for a very sick patient I was visiting. I was mugged and raped in the surgery by a young man who happened to be in the area as I arrived. His accomplice, who had stolen the motorbike that they were using, broke into my car and kept watch outside. As a direct result of that experience my life was changed irrevocably. I managed to carry on, terrified by the night duty, until inevitably after a couple of years my mental health broke down. I didn't work again as a doctor for 15 years. Rape is not simply a physical crime. Rape is a crime that affects the mind to such an extent that it could be called a crime against mental health; and the professionals who deal with the consequences of rape know this. And rape is widespread How do I know this? I know this because I read about it, but I understand this because it happened to me; and because it happened to me I joined a group of people who admit their experiences to each other, experiences that otherwise are never spoken about. Women and men who had been raped and"}, {"title": "", "text": "indicated that they felt that other patients with or survivors of cancer would have no difficulty in accessing or using the app, although a participant stressed that older people with little experience in using apps might have a little more difficulty: Depending on the age, younger ones no problem whatsoever. You start getting into people that are maybe Baby Boomer age...it's probably a little bit more for them to learn. Anybody who's familiar with apps, it's pretty easy. Mental or Physical Benefits In all, 83% (5/6) of participants mentioned that using the app helped them deal with the stress or anxiety of their condition: Before my diagnosis, I had anxiety. That was something that was helpful for me to have this schedule at night to listen to these meditations and get out of my own thoughts for a minute and just really focus. I felt myself not only calm during the app, during a meditation, but I felt myself more calm throughout the day. A total of 33% (2/6) of participants had experienced better sleep when using the app to meditate: I was waking up feeling better because I was going to sleep better, instead of reading and being on my phone for an hour and then just rolling over and trying to go to sleep. I think having this schedule and listening to this before bed helped with the overall night of sleep, for sure. When asked specifically whether the app had helped them to sleep better, 50% (3/6) of participants reported that they had"}, {"title": "", "text": "Many of them wrote about sleepdeprivation and difficulties in falling asleep: I was feeling a bit tired from the night before, I didn't get enough sleep, \u2026 just tired from not sleeping well and trying to go to bed at a decent hour every day it was kinda hard to make myself sleep. Some journal entries were about difficulty in focusing their mind and paying attention. Examples of such notes included: Mind boggled; a little restless, my mind was wondering (sic) scatter-brained and I had a lot on my mind. Anxious and stressed Students also reported feeling anxious and stressed. For instance, test anxiety was often mentioned as a stressor, especially before tests and upon receiving grades. For example, a student mentioned: It felt horrible because I had a test at 8 am the next day and I was freaking out, while another wrote: My mind was overwhelmed. I just found out one of my exam grades. a third student commented: I feel a little antsy. anxiety left some students in fear: Stressed and dreading the next class. Students used words like 'uptight' and 'tense' often in their journals to describe their state before the mindfulness practice. Overwhelmed a related theme to anxiety was that of feeling overwhelmed by all the things that the students needed to get done within a specific deadline. Most of them wrote about being overwhelmed by academic work, especially homework, but some also touched upon having to manage work-life balance. For instance, one student wrote down: I felt really overwhelmed by"}, {"title": "", "text": "clean the house and looked for a brighter place to move into.\" \"Now I feel completely at ease, the experience I have never had before.\" Changes in emotional symptoms The main content: \"I was waking up in a state of panic.\" \"It was difficult for me to fall asleep at night, even with the help of medicine.\" \"I had severe headaches during the day, which was very irritating.\" 2) Being respected and understood: \"He was vulnerable and afraid of being rejected, so the first step was to build up the relationship between us was to make him feel respected and understood.\" \"Let him know that he is understood and has my empathy, to a profounder extent than he had ever experienced before.\" \"I could tell that my client had a stronger connection with me knowing how I empathized with his suffering.\" \"I promised to help him and suggested that medication is not a long-term solution. I asked if he would consider giving the combined Chinese/Western short-term psychotherapy a try. He agreed without hesitating.\" \"Our relationship became closer when he told me that I discovered how his great fear of being defeated had deepened in his heart when he himself didn't even realize it.\" 2.2. Changes in cognitive behavior 1) Cognitive conversion: \"I used to think that psychiatry and psychology are the only ways for solving psychological problems. Yet, after looking into it, I found that, in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), psychological issues were not set apart from others that comes from the body. There is no"}, {"title": "", "text": "seems possible.\" I have to talk myself into going for a run every day. HANDLE IT First, rule out physical causes like sleep deprivation and health issues (a lingering cold, low iron levels). If those issues aren't to blame, you're likely burned out. \"Find a new trail, a different town, a place you've never been before to run,\" Karp says. You could also sign up for a race, or plan to meet a friend instead of going alone. \"Runners' motivation wanes all the time,\" Karp says. \"But that's no reason to take a week off.\" Or is it? \"I think it's good every once in awhile to step away completely,\" says Udewitz. \"When you resume running, you'll feel excited about it again.\" How KAMI SEMICK, USATF's 2009 ultrarunner of the year, finds the energy to run all day and night. I can have the worst night's sleep and still hit my workout the next day. But if it's been several days in a row with a lack of sleep, or if I feel really fatigued, I'd consider skipping a run. Ten days before a race, I go to bed 20 minutes earlier, and I try to stay in bed longer in the morning. I incrementally move up my bedtime, so that the night before the race, I'm in bed by 9. My head's fuzzy sometimes in the morning, even after a really good night's sleep. Coffee wakes me up. I don't go on supertechnical runs when I'm tired. 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Spend The Night Toni Braxton - How Many Ways 04. How Many Ways (Remix) 1995 Quincy Jones - Q's Jook Joins 11. Heavens Girl Michael Jackson - HIStory 09. You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson - You Are Not Alone (single) 02. You Are Not Alone (R. Kelly Remix) 1996 The Isley Brothers - Mission to Please 03. Let's Lay Together 05. Can I Have A Kiss (For Old Time's Sake)? 06. Mission To Please You Johnny Gill - Let's Get the Mood Right 09. Someone To Love MC Lyte - Bad As I Wanna B 10. Two Seater A Thin Line Between Love and Hate OST 04. R. Kelly - Freak Tonight Toni Braxton - Secrets 10. I Don't Want To 1997 Changing Faces - All Day, All Night 02. G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T. 07. All Of My Days 08. All Day, All Night 09. G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T. (Pt. 2) Mary J. Blige - Share My World 08. It's On Vanessa Williams - Next 10. Start Again 1998 Celine Dion - These Are Special Times 14. I'm Your Angel Luther Vandross - One Night with You: The Best of Love, Volume 2 02. When You Call On Me Sparkle - Sparkle 01. Good Life 02. Time To Move On 03. Lean On Me 04. I'm Gone 05. Turn Away 06. What About 07. Be Careful 08. Nothing Can Compare 09. Quiet Place 10. Lovin' You 11. Straight Up 12. Vegas 13. No Greater 14. Play On 15. Plenty Good Lovin' Trin-I-Tee 5:7 - Trin-I-Tee 5:7 02."}, {"title": "", "text": "the show to The Neon Lights Tour, Lovato said, \"The Neon Lights Tour was amazing and I had so much fun, but I'm constantly thinking, 'How can I step up my game and how can I take my shows to the next level?' so that's what we're doing with this tour, I'm changing some of the songs, adding new songs, adding new covers. I just want it to be fun and I want it to be everything that I didn't get to do with the Neon Lights Tour.\" Promotion On April 28, 2014, Lovato announced a partnership with Shazam. The promotion asked European fans to tag the song \"Neon Lights\" on Shazam, and this information would be used to book her European tour dates. It allowed fans to play a significant part in where her shows would be played. Regarding the partnership, Shazam's head of music said, \"This is a fantastic way for Shazam to help Demi Lovato fans across Europe easily cast their vote to have [them] play in a city near them.\" Lovato made appearances on Late Night with Seth Meyers on June 4, 2014, and Good Morning America as part of their Summer Concert Series on June 6, 2014, to promote the Demi World Tour. Set list This set list is from the show on October 25, 2014. It is not intended to represent of all concerts for the duration of the tour. \"Really Don't Care\" \"The Middle\" \"Fire Starter\" \"Remember December\" \"Heart Attack\" \"My Love is Like a Star\" \"Don't Forget\" \"Catch"}, {"title": "", "text": "for a while to do this record. [...] We literally were waking up in the morning and just making music all day and all night. [...] It just started to wear on me in so many different ways. I started having these crazy panic attacks.\" Solange explained how she made sacrifices \"mentally, emotionally and financially\", and continued, \"It's more than an album to me. It's a transitional time in my life.\" Regarding the musical direction of the album, she said the inspiration came from new wave and stated, \"This is a dance record, but the lyrics can get pretty dark at times.\" The extended play was recorded in five cities including Santa Barbara, LA, Houston, NYC, and on the German autobahn. Dev Hynes began work with Theophilus London, who called Solange stating that he had just been working on a record with Hynes and thought she should have been a part of it. Following the call, Solange visited Theophilus at the studio, where she met Dev and after hearing his music, the two embarked on a friendship and a working relationship. Solange stated that the EP's recording process was done over a two-year period, but the first six months was a period where Solange and Dev Hynes swapped ideas and established a cohesive sound. Over the next two years, the pair co-wrote and co-produced thirty songs, with \"Locked in Closets\" and \"Don't Let Me Down\" being the first two songs to be recorded. During the recording of True, Solange worked with Pharrell Williams amongst other producers,"}, {"title": "", "text": "mom do some shit OUTSIDE. Brb gonna go melt ???? ]]> But you shook in laughter, and you took me up with you. >

          The song goes on to talk about how a relationship with someone is like climbing tandem in a harness, how one person supports the other, and how she challenges him as a climbing partner, a lover, and a friend.

          I remembered this song because every time I listen to it, I think of myself. I haven’t done anything extraordinarily crazy in my life. I would be too terrified to go skydiving or even stand on that glass platform thing they have over the Grand Canyon now. The highest I’ve been is on a horse. Oh, right, and the earthquake at work.

          But every weekend when I’m doing homework or in class, every morning when I’m writing my novel on the train, every Tuesday night when I’m at the gym, and every Wednesday night when I’m at Weight Watchers, I ask myself why. Why do I do all of this to myself? I could be perfectly content sitting on the couch, planning out my week based on fall previews, living life the way I understand most middle-class Americans to be living life. I can see Elbrus just as well from an airplane as climb it.

          The answer is that when I live that way, I feel bored. I feel like I’m cheating myself. There’s more to life than"}, {"title": "", "text": "last of Barrett's privateers.

          Now here I lay in my 23rd year. *How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! It's been six long years since we sailed away, and I just made Halifax yesterday.

          *God damn them all ...

          As I went home on Monday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a horse outside the door where my old horse should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns that horse outside the door where my old horse should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk, you silly old fool. Still you can not see, that's a lovely sow that me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, but a saddle on a sow, sure I never saw before.

          And as I went home on Tuesday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a coat behind the door where my old coat should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns that coat behind the door where my old coat should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk you silly old fool. Still you can not see, that's a woollen blanket that me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a"}, {"title": "", "text": " Sean Connery English To cultivate an English accent is already a departure away from what you are Sean Connery English I like women. I don't understand them, but I like them Sean Connery English There's one major difference between James Bond and me. He is able to sort out problems! Sean Connery English More than anything else, I'd like to be an old man with a good face, like Hitchcock or Picasso Sean Hannity English Can we pray for the re-election of George Bush? Sean Hannity English Is it that you hate this president or that you hate America? Sean Hannity English Why should one U.S. airman give up his life when our national security is not in imminent danger? Sean Hannity English It doesn't say anywhere in the Constitution this idea of the separation of church and state Sean Hannity English See what I have to put up with every night? Sean Hannity English I hate when people use my tactics against me Sean Hannity English My wife does wish I dressed better Sean Hannity English I'm at peace with myself because what I talk about is the way I live Sean Hannity English So the mayor of New Orleans would have used his own buses had the people had been white? Sean Hannity English I don't think we should proselytize a"}, {"title": "", "text": "nothing more than always keeping you by my side! Be sure about this love As I am sure of you... Oh life, oh my life... Oh heart of this heart... You were the first love... and the first and last you will be for me! How many nights have I not seen you, not felt you in my arms, not kissed your face, not held you tight in my arms?! But, waking from these dreams, you make me cry for you... Oh life, oh my life [...] Always write and be happy: I can only think of you... One thought comforts me, that you only think of me... The most beautiful woman of all, is never more beautiful than you! Oh life, oh my life [...] The Corrs when performing with Luciano Pavarotti used the following English lyrics for the second verse: So many nights without you without you in my arms I can kiss you, I can draw you close to me but wake up from your slumber you make me cry for you! Notable performances and recordings Mario Lanza Mario! 1958 Sergio Franchi on Romantic Italian Songs. 1962 RCA Victor Red Seal album. Billboard Top 200 (number seventeen) Franco Corelli on Passione. 1963 Giuseppe di Stefano on Neapolitan Songs III 1965 Anna Magnani's performance of the song, in the film La sciantosa (1971), is well known, as is the version of Massimo Ranieri. Luciano Pavarotti on Favourite Neapolitan songs 1981 Luciano Pavarotti duet with the Corrs. The middle verse is sung in English Andrea"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the wrong places A. A. Milne English To the uneducated, an A is just three sticks A. A. Milne English You will be better advised to watch what we do instead of what we say A. A. Milne English Some people care too much. I think it's called love A. A. Milne English Never forget me, because if I thought you would, I'd never leave A. J. McLean English Music is love, love is music, music is life, and I love my life. Thank you and good night A. J. McLean English Keep your head up and be patient A. J. McLean English But people who really know me, know that I am not a bad boy at heart... I am a big teddy bear A. J. McLean English I pray to God I get inside a girl's head one day and see what in the WORLD they are thinking A. J. McLean English I look good. I feel good and not to sound conceited I sound great A. J. McLean English I'm the type of guy who likes to be there 24-7. I'm Mr. Roses A. J. McLean English Be very, very patient and very open-minded, and listen to what people have to say A. J. McLean English Once I went to bed in Orlando and I woke up in Atlanta. I have no idea how that happened "}, {"title": "", "text": "his best known compositions up to that time, such as \u201cNight Life\u201d and \u201cFunny How Time Slips Away,\u201d as well as newer songs like \"Healing Hands of Time.\" Nelson later said of \"One Day at a Time\" and \"It Should Be Easier Now,\" \"These are songs of a very personal nature, but everyone can apply them to their own situation.\" Nelson biographer Joe Nick Potoski observes: The album also introduced originals, such as the spiritual-on-the-surface but creepy-when-you-think-about-it \u201cHealing Hands of Time,\u201d along with \u201cDarkness on the Face of the Earth\u201d and two numbers that spoke of Willie\u2019s evolving personal philosophy, \u201cMy Own Peculiar Way\u201d and \u201cOne Day at a Time.\u201d The songs were wrapped in over-wrought semi-orchestral arrangements not unlike what Ernie Freeman did for his Liberty recordings. In his 2015 memoir, Nelson said of the LP: At RCA, I tried to follow Chet Atkins as best I could. I went along with his suggestion that we call my first album for the label Country Willie: His Own Songs. I also went along with his idea that I rerecord some of my songs that had been hits for other artists...On all of them, though, Chet added the requisite sweeteners \u2013 heavy string sections and heavenly choirs that were supposedly making my music more palatable. It didn\u2019t work. In 1975, a similarly-titled compilation album was released on United Artists. Titled simply Country Willie, it was a collection of B-sides and album tracks from Nelson's tenure at Liberty Records. Reception AllMusic writes, \"While some of these tunes showed"}, {"title": "", "text": "beginning to actually think, 'If it doesn't work this time, I'm gonna dump it.' I've wasted far too much of my life doing it. If you're going to do Quixote, you have to become as mad as Quixote. [...] I've wasted how many years? Fifteen? Yeah, there's a certain point. It's kind of the determination to be crazy and unreasonable. Every intelligent person around me says, 'Walk away from it.' But those are reasonable people.\" In November 2014, Jack O'Connell was cast as Toby. Commenting on the changes on the script compared to the original version, Gilliam stated, \"It all takes place now, it's contemporary. It's more about how movies can damage people.\" On 9 June 2015, Gilliam obtained a deal with Amazon Studios to release the film theatrically, followed by a streaming Amazon d\u00e9but. Gilliam said of the deal: \"I'm intrigued by their way of doing it. They go into the cinemas first and then a month or two afterwards they go into streaming. And I think that's good because you get a chance to see it on the big screen, and yet I know that more people have seen my films on DVD than they have in the cinemas and that's the reality of life now.\" In September 2015, the film's production was suspended once again, due to Hurt being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer shortly before filming. He eventually died from his cancer on 25 January 2017. Gilliam paid homage to him on Facebook, stating, \"Sadly, the earthly marvel that was John Hurt has"}, {"title": "", "text": "work with Britney Spears, Pink, Rihanna, Mariah Carey, and Selena Gomez. Espinosa stated \"it was a great learning experience, she's the top of the top,\" commenting \"Dance-wise, (she taught me) how to become a better dancer and performer, and that you also have your good and bad days. Most of all you can\u2019t take things personally.\" Backing dancer Tiana Brown was inspired to pursue a professional dancing career after watching the tour. So You Think You Can Dance finalist Jessica King included the tour among her \"favorite dance moments.\" It was also the first concert attended by So You Think You Can Dance choreographer Travis Wall. Choreographer Shaun Evaristo cited the tour as an inspiration, saying \"That show changed my life and so did the dancers.\" Awards and nominations The Velvet Rope Tour was nominated for 4 Emmy Awards. Set list The following set list is from the April 16, 1998, show in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is not intended to represent all dates throughout the tour. \"Velvet Rope\" \"If\" \"You\" \"Let's Wait Awhile\" / \"Again\" \"Control\" / \"The Pleasure Principle\" / \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\" \"Nasty\" (contain elements of \"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See\") \"Throb\" \"Escapade\" / \"When I Think of You\" / \"Miss You Much\" \"Runaway\" / \"Whoops Now\" \"Alright\" \"I Get Lonely\" \"Any Time, Any Place\" \"Rope Burn\" \"Black Cat\" \"What About\" \"Jungle Boogie\" \"Rhythm Nation\" \"Special\" Encore \"That's the Way Love Goes\" \"Got 'til It's Gone\" \"Together Again\" Tour dates Box office score data Personnel Band Musical"}, {"title": "", "text": "paintings. Many of these memories are pulled from her childhood, and most centre around Slave Lake, the small town in Northern Alberta where she grew up. What emerges from the canvas are cloud-like pictures, isolated moments and constellations of ambiguous but connected associations. In addition to the strong colours, what is most remarkable about Draney\u2019s work is the expanse of raw or empty canvas. These blank spaces reflect her (and our) inability to recall everything. Draney subjects her own memory to the test, painting only what she can remember: fleeting flashes of actions and events, glimmers of people and moments. Draney offers the following explanation for this way of working:It's about the uncertainty of memory, when you remember something one time and then you remember it another time and other parts get informed and replaced and changed. I also think it's about things we're not supposed to talk about, or things that aren't my business to talk about--about a story I may not have the authority to tell. Those are things that may not necessarily be available to the viewer but that are part of my process. Part of my hesitation in answering questions about my paintings is because I think a lot about how much I should disclose about the specifics of narrative. It feels a little heavy-handed or dramatic to say this, but I\u2019m trying to cultivate desire. If I confirm it for you, you can put it to bed. And if I tell you you\u2019re wrong, then I\u2019ve pushed you out and said"}, {"title": "", "text": "Song\" \"He\" \"Heartbreak Hotel\" \"Heart of Rome\" \"Hearts of Stone\" \"He Is My Everything\" \"He Knows Just What I Need\" \"He'll Have to Go\" \"Help Me\" \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" \"Here Comes Santa Claus\" \"He's Your Uncle Not Your Dad\" \"He Touched Me\" \"Hey Little Girl\" \"Hey, Hey, Hey\" \"Hey Jude\" \"Hide Thou Me\" \"Hi Heel Sneakers\" \"His Hand In Mine\" \"His Latest Flame\" \"Holly Leaves and Christmas Trees\" \"Home Is Where the Heart Is\" \"Hot Dog\" \"Hound Dog\" \"House of Sand\" \"How Can You Lose What You Never Had\" \"How Do You Think I Feel\" \"How Great Thou Art\" \"How's the World Treating You\" \"How the Web Was Woven\" \"How Would You Like to Be\" \"Hurt\" \"Husky Dusky Day\" I \"I Ain't About to Sing\" \"I Apologize\" \"I Asked the Lord (He's Only a Prayer Away)\" \"I Beg of You\" \"I Believe\" \"I Believe in the Man in the Sky\" \"I Can Help\" \"I Can't Help it (If I'm Still in Love with You)\" \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" \"I Didn't Make It On Playing Guitar\" \"I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine\" \"I Don't Wanna Be Tied\" \"I Don't Want To\" \"I Feel So Bad\" \"I Feel That I've Known You Forever\" \"If Every Day Was Like Christmas\" \"If I Can Dream\" \"If I Get Home on Christmas Day\" \"If I Loved You\" \"If I'm a Fool (For Loving You)\" \"If I Were You\" \"I Forgot to Remember to Forget\" \"If That Isn't Love\" \"If the Lord Wasn't Walking by"}, {"title": "", "text": "separate. Two days after coming home from their trip, Turcotte left the family residence. Gaston and the children stayed in the house, and both parents agreed to share custody. During the separation, conversations between Turcotte and Gaston were often spiteful. On February 8, 2009, Turcotte found out that \"the children had been to the Carnaval de Qu\u00e9bec with their mother and Huot. The Carnaval reportedly had special meaning to him since he had lived in Quebec City for many years.\" Turcotte testified that \"[a] hammer to the head would have hurt less.... I could not accept that Martin spent time with my children... as if I was being replaced\". The next day, a former neighbour told Turcotte that the day he left, Huot had spent the night with his family and had been staying there almost every night for the previous two weeks. Turcotte said during his testimony that the information \"made him flip\". On February 10, 2009, he went to his family's residence to fetch his son's sweater and found Huot in the kitchen. Turcotte said, \"You stole my wife. You betrayed me, you were my friend\" and punched Huot in the face before leaving the house. On February 20, 2009, Turcotte drove by his old house, and Gaston ordered him to leave, telling him, \"you are going to stop controlling my life... now, if I want to, I can change the children's names... I can get custody, I can move anywhere in Quebec.\" Turcotte was terrified of losing his children. That day, while he"}, {"title": "", "text": "people all over the world who don't have the privilege of being able to say what they think.\" He also spoke for Amnesty about positive mental health being a Human Right alongside Joe Pantoliano and Colm O'Gorman during Ireland's \"First Fortnight\" arts festival. In 2010 Semple spoke for the first time about how his life changed after a near death experience a decade earlier. \"Up until that day I was a normal kid, I went to art school, I was like everyone else ... Then I had this awful week when I had a huge allergic reaction, my tongue swelled up so big I could hardly breathe and I found myself in a hospital bed, dying.\" 2011 Semple was made an Ambassador for mental health charity Mind. He initiated the Creative Therapies fund within the organisation which he launched with Stephen Fry and Melvyn Bragg and curated the exhibition & auction \"Mindful\" that included works from Jake & Dinos Chapman, Mat Collishaw, Tracey Emin, Mona Hatoum, Sarah Lucas and Sebastian Horsley. Semple recently created a whole body of work and short film for a solo booth at London's ART13 with all proceeds in aid of the Mind Creative Therapies fund For Mind's Time To Change campaign he designed a series of well wishing e-cards and temporary tattoos \"My Happy Place\" was a citywide exhibition in Coventry that coincided with 2015 World Mental Health Day and saw live events, film, food, art and sculpture initiated and created by Semple with Coventry's The Pod collective. Semple's Happy Place"}, {"title": "", "text": "communal venom in young children.\" He tweeted a picture of schoolgirls in Kerala wearing hijabs. Kamal Haasan stated, \"What's happening in Karnataka shouldn't be allowed in Tamil Nadu.\" Citizen group Bahutva Karnataka alleged that the violence related to the Hijab controversy was perpetrated by members of Hindutva organisations associated with the RSS and that these organisations coaxed, exhorted and threatened youth. They also claimed that the statewide incidents of anti-hijab protests in colleges appeared to be coordinated. They stated that they came to these conclusions after visiting the spots where religious violence had occurred. Congress leader Mukarram Khan gave a statement that those who opposed the hijab would be chopped into pieces. A FIR was lodged against him on 16 February but he went into hiding. He was arrested in Hyderabad but had to be admitted in a hospital for health issues. Journalist and author Rana Ayyub in an interview with the BBC allegedly referred to the hijab counter-protesters as \"hindu terrorists\" . A FIR was lodged against her under section 295 of IPC (insult to religion with malicious intent). Miss Universe 2021 Harnaaz Sandhu said \"Let them live the way they choose to. I think I just gave my perspective to it. And at the end of the day, that girl is dominated by the patriarchy system or if that girl is wearing a hijab, that's her choice. Even if she's getting dominated, she needs to come and speak.\" Until she doesn't support herself, how can I support her? And if that's her choice, then"}, {"title": "", "text": "Surprise Swing Hostess (Lewis Bellin, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) T.C. Roundup Take a Giant Step Take Your Time Tammy Tell My Love (Victor Young, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) Temple Thank You All Thanks to You That Ain't Right That Travelin' Two Beat That's How It Is That's Loneliness (Song After Sundown) (David Raskin, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) That's Not the Knot That's the News! That's the News! That's the News! That's You (Juan Calderon, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) There's No One Like You There's Something About a Home They Obviously Want Me to Sing This Could Have Been Mine This Happy Feeling This Is Greater Than I Thought Those Bad Old Days (David Raskin, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) Thousand Violins, A Three Paradises Times a Wastin' (Harold Johnson, Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) To Each His Own To Rome with Love Todado Tonight My Love (Theme from A Place in the Sun) Two Little Bears Unconquered Vaquers Vertigo Inspired by the Movie Very Proper Town, A Wait Until Dark (I Wait Until Dark) Waiting in the Wings Warm and Willing Warm as Wine Warm Sun, Cold Moon We'll Love Again We're Not Children We've Loved Before What a Deal What Did We Do Last Night What Do You Think About Me? What Price Glory What's My Name What's Yours Wheels When World's Collide When You Love Someone Where Can You Be Where Do I Go from Here Who's Doing What to Erwin Whoop Diddy Ay Why Should I Believe in Love Wildcat Smathers Window Wiper Song Wing"}, {"title": "", "text": "video for the song was shot in late 1967 in the Anglers Rest Pub in the Strawberry Beds. Charts Lyrics and story Different versions of the lyrics exist right from the start of the song though variation increases for the last two nights. Nights 1\u20135 On the first night (generally Monday), the narrator sees a strange horse outside the door: As I went home on Monday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a horse outside the door where my old horse should be. Well, I called me wife and I said to her: \"Will you kindly tell to me Who owns that horse outside the door where my old horse should be?\" His wife tells him it is merely a sow, a gift from her mother: \"Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk, you silly old fool, still you can not see That's a lovely sow that me mother sent to me.\" In each verse the narrator notices a flaw in each explanation, but seems content to let the matter rest: Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, But a saddle on a sow sure I never saw before. The next four nights involve a coat (actually a blanket according to the wife, upon which he notices buttons), a pipe (a tin whistle, filled with tobacco), two boots (flower pots, with laces), and finally, this being the last verse often sung, a head peering out from beneath the covers. Again his wife tells him it is a baby boy, leading"}, {"title": "", "text": "Always am I asked now to play wicked women... On the Continent I'm thought of always in connection with parts like that. Bit of a change from the old Rank Orgy. But I'm not ambitions anymore. I don't care any more to be a big star. I used to be so ambitious \u2013 now it means nothing to me. Now I just wanted to make some money. So I can live the way I want to.\" In August 1959 Lee was in Marie of the Isles (1959), a French-Italian adventure tale where she played the real life Marie Bonnard du Parquet. This was followed by Vacations in Majorca (1959), an Italian comedy and Messalina (1960), an Italian Ancient history epic where Lee played the title role, shot in late 1959. In December she was in Munich to film Satan Tempts with Love (1960) when she announced her relationship with Orsini was over. Orsini later wrote that when Lee went to Germany to make a movie \"she felt would be important to her career\" he refused to come, which ended their relationship. Lee went back to Italy to make Long Night in 1943 (1960), a critically acclaimed war drama, and had a cameo in Love, the Italian Way (1960), a comedy with Walter Chiari, shot in mid 1960. In May 1960 she said \"all they wanted when I was filming in England were dewey-eyed little innocents and sexy big-bosomed blondes and I didn't think I fitted either bill.\" She appeared opposite Cornel Wilde in Constantine and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Jim Morrison: \"He blesses you, he blesses me/The day the night caresses,/Caresses you, caresses me,/Can you follow me?/I cannot understand the way I feel/Until I rest on lawns of dawns\u2014/Can you follow me?\" Nico explained the peyote-induced experience which inspired the lyrics: \"The light of the dawn was a very deep green and I believed I was upside down and the sky was the desert which had become a garden and then the ocean. I do not swim and I was frightened when it was water and more resolved when it was land. I felt embraced by the sky-garden.\" The lyrics of the next song, \"No One Is There\", have been described as \"in all probability influenced by Jim Morrison\" (\"Some are calling/Some are sad/Some are calling mad\") and are sung over Cale's classical quartet of violas darting in and out of her unusual vocal tempo. \"Ari's Song\" was dedicated to Nico's young son, Christian Aaron \"Ari\" Boulogne, her only child with French actor Alain Delon, and has been called \"the least-comforting lullaby ever recorded\". It begins with the harmonium's clipped, whistling tones as she sings softly, \"Sail away/Sail away my little boy\". \"Facing the Wind\" is supported by \"Cale-banged piano clusters, scraping of percussion or walls and off-beat tympani\"; Nico's voice sounds filtered (possibly through a Leslie speaker), with the \"somnambulistic toiling\" of her pipe organ accompanied by viola and strident piano. Side two opens with \"Julius Caesar (Memento Hodi\u00e9)\", which lyrically explores myths and gods. It features Nico's low, droning harmonium accompanied by Cale's"}, {"title": "", "text": "module.exports = function () { const spellfucker = require('../src/spellfucker'); const text = [ 'If I had to live my life without you near me', 'The days would all be empty', 'The nights would seem so long', 'With you I see forever, oh, so clearly', 'I might have been in love before', 'But it never felt this strong', 'Our dreams are young and we both know', \"They'll take us where we want to go\", 'Hold me now, touch me now', \"I don't want to live without you\", \"Nothing's gonna change my love for you\", 'You oughta know by now how much I love you', 'One thing you can be sure of', \"I'll never ask for more than your love\" ].join('\\n'); try { return spellfucker(text); } catch (error) { return error; } };"}, {"title": "", "text": "change when he decided to try out a new song which he had written, \"The Black Sheep of the Family\", at the Hackney Empire in 1907. It was a huge success and was to remain Barnes' most popular song. As Barnes said in his account of his life ('How success ruined me'), his name was 'made in a single night'. With this impressive start to his career he spent the next few years establishing himself. By 1911, he was top of the bill on all of the major circuits and principal boy in a number of pantomimes. In 1913, his father committed suicide. Two weeks later, Barnes performed at the Birmingham Hippodrome, 'a place full of memories of my father. To this day I don't know how I got through that week'. The Birmingham Gazette of 30 August commented, 'Fred Barnes has this week proved the hollowness of the old saying that an artiste is never appreciated in his own town. He has gone a long way towards packing the house at every performance at the Hippodrome'. Following his father's death, Fred's career continued to improve, and he toured widely, including visits to Australia and South Africa. His other successful songs included \"Give Me the Moonlight\" (1917) and \"On Mother Kelly's Doorstep\". Private life Barnes was openly gay. In an interview with The Era in 1914 he stated that he had no vacant dates for the next three years and held contracts for the next ten. This was when his personal problems, namely spending and drinking"}, {"title": "", "text": "and says, \"This is me, after being hit by a drunk driver.\" When asked why she appeared in the campaign, Saburido stated \"I feel very good to do it because I know people can understand a little more what happened to me \u2013 why my life changed completely. So I think for me, for everybody, it's a good opportunity.\" To ensure the material involving Saburido that was used in an ad campaign by the Texas Department of Transportation could also be used in schools, the videos and photos taken of her involved the use of soft lighting to improve her appearance and consultation with child psychologists to ensure the material, although graphic, would not frighten children. Regarding her life after the accident, Saburido said that she never gave up: \"If a person stumbles, he must pick himself up and keep going. I believe this is very important; if not, life would not have much sense.\" She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on 17 November 2003. She was also interviewed on the Australian 60 Minutes on 14 March 2004, and was featured in a Discovery Health documentary on face transplants. Oprah Winfrey called Saburido the one person she had met who defined \"inner beauty\" and that she is \"a woman who defines survival.\" When Stephey was released from the Huntsville Unit in Texas on 24 June 2008, Saburido stated: \"I don't hate him, I don't feel bad because he's out, he can reconstruct his life again.\" On 20 May 2011, Saburido appeared in one of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "that I lost my husband last February, I\u2019m having a hard time feeling like a whole person, because it had been sixty-three years of a really good, happy marriage, and once you\u2019ve had that kind of thing, you feel: 'Where\u2019s the rest of me? He\u2019s gone, suddenly there\u2019s nobody on the other pillow.' I don\u2019t think that feminism consists in thinking of yourself as nobody\u2019s anything. I think it consists in precisely being somebody\u2019s something and counting. Whatever doors you open for yourself are fine, but I think what really matters is whatever doors you succeed in opening for other people. Whatever good you do in the world makes you a person. I don\u2019t think that existing for yourself alone is all that valuable. So maybe I\u2019m a backward person. I guess I\u2019m an unfeminist in that sense, but I don\u2019t care.\" Current status While being interviewed by New Formalist poet and literary critic William Baer, Espaillat expressed an intense dislike of political poetry, \"I don't think poetry should be asked to change political systems or rectify the economy, even though poets can certainly express how they feel about such things. Poets can, of course, write about their fears and hopes and wishes, but I don't think that poetry should be used for political sloganeering. I personally don't care for that kind of poetry, regardless of which side of the political spectrum it comes from.\" According to Leslie Monsour, \"If an issue of social injustice is encountered, she approaches it through ironic observation, clever conceit, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the writer and translator Stephen Mitchell. Katie is the mother of record producer Ross Robinson. Teachings She describes her 1986 epiphany as follows: Katie calls her process of self-inquiry \"The Work\". Katie's experience, as described in her book Loving What Is, is that all suffering is caused by believing our stressful thoughts. This, she says, puts people into painful positions that lead to suffering, as she recognized to be the case with herself. Through self-inquiry, she describes how a different, less-known capacity of the mind can end this suffering. Specifically, The Work is a way of identifying and questioning any stressful thought. It consists of four questions and what is referred to as the \"turnarounds\". The four questions are: Is it true? Can you absolutely know that it's true? How do you react, what happens, when you believe that thought? Who would you be without the thought? The next step of The Work, the turnarounds, are a way of experiencing the opposite of the thought that one is believing. For example, the thought \"My husband should listen to me\", can be turned around to \"I should listen to my husband\", \"I should listen to myself\", and \"My husband shouldn't listen to me\". Then one finds specific examples of how each turnaround might be \"just as true\" as the original stress-producing thought. Bibliography Loving What Is: Four Questions That Can Change Your Life, with Stephen Mitchell, Harmony Books, 2002, (HC) I Need Your Love\u2014Is That True? How to Stop Seeking Love, Appreciation, and Approval and Start"}, {"title": "", "text": "audience interested. Cherry cited the Lynette storyline as an example of this strategy: \"Lynette will have a job next season (returning to her advertising roots), so I want to address how difficult it is to go to work all day and then come home and be expected to also take care of your house.\" Huffman recognized that her character's storylines needed a change of pace, but hoped that Lynette's domestic life would still play an integral role this season. \"My hope is to not get lost in the corporate world; that it's still a home and family/husband and children story,\" she explained. \"But how many times can you go, 'Kids, clear your plates!'\" The episode also introduced Joely Fisher as Lynette's new boss, Nina Fletcher. Fisher describes her character as \"nasty,\" elaborating: \"Lynette suddenly has to come up against this tiger lady who never stops reminding Lynette that she's childless by choice. Even though Nina is not a housewife, she is desperate in her own way.\" Due to the death of his character, Steven Culp did not return to the series for the second season. For the open casket scene in \"Next\", producers created a life mask of the actor. Savant was promoted to series regular after appearing as a recurring guest star throughout the first season. The episode is the first to feature Alfre Woodard and Mehcad Brooks as series regulars after they were introduced in the final two episodes of the first season. Woodard played Betty Applewhite, a \"deeply religious, overbearing single mother\" while"}, {"title": "", "text": "add her vocals]\". During an interview streamed live via his Instagram account, Shelton described working with Stefani on the track: I'm still learning when it comes to recording with Gwen. We\u2019ve only recorded literally a handful of songs together. But the thing that I think that I'm blown away with Gwen is just how hard she works when she gets into the studio. She's not willing to take anything less than greatness... and she's willing to put in the work. I don't think Gwen knows how great of a vocalist she really is. Announcement and release \"Nobody but You\" was first teased by Shelton's Instagram, where he posted a snippet of the song the day before its scheduled premiere. It was Shelton and Stefani's third collaboration. Stefani first appeared as a guest vocalist on the promotional single \"Go Ahead and Break My Heart\" for his tenth studio album, If I'm Honest, in 2016. The next year, Shelton teamed up with Stefani for the title track to her fourth studio album and first Christmas album, You Make It Feel Like Christmas (2017). In the United States, \"Nobody but You\" was sent to various digital retailers as a paid download, along with the rest of Fully Loaded: God's Country, on December 13, 2019. After the release of \"Nobody but You\", Shelton announced that he considered it to be the most meaningful and important song of his career. Following this announcement, it was revealed that the song would be released to country radio stations as the third single from"}, {"title": "", "text": "my point of view. It's a peek behind the curtain ... honestly, more than no makeup, the emotions and just being so real and raw, I don't think I'd be able to let down my guard the way I did if anybody was in the room.\" The last minutes of the film get very sentimental, with a performance of Etta James's classic \"At Last\" set to the backdrop of Civil Rights-era footage, followed by a close-up moment when Beyonc\u00e9 admits that her life can be overwhelming, although she is blessed, stating, \"I'm grateful... I'm alive and I'm living my dreams.\" The film's final performance shows Beyonc\u00e9 performing \"Halo\" and sees her paying tribute to Michael Jackson. She also splices in footage of an old video from the night she attended her first Michael Jackson concert as a child. At the end of the performance, the whole production wraps as Beyonc\u00e9 throws up the Roc sign and exits the stage. Release and promotion After Beyonc\u00e9 finished her concert at the Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, England on November 20, 2009, she announced to the crowd that a new album would be released the next year. I Am... World Tour features performances from Beyonc\u00e9's tour. She explained that the idea of filming her worldwide performances came when she realized that she was feeling lonely, stating \"there was one moment I was in China and I was in this huge suite and I looked out the window and there were just thousands of people walking and I couldn't believe"}, {"title": "", "text": "No Mercy 11. \"Everything on Me\" Diddy-Dirty Money - Last Train to Paris 03. \"Yeah Yeah You Would\" (feat. Grace Jones) 06. \"Hate You Now\" 14. \"Hello Good Morning\" (feat. T.I.) Keri Hilson - No Boys Allowed 07. \"Toy Soldier\" (co-written with Keri) 16. \"So Good\" (Target Deluxe Edition Track) Jamie Foxx - Best Night of My Life 05. \"Freak\" (feat. Rico Love) M.I.A. - Vicki Leekx 12. \"Bad Girls\" 2011 Jennifer Lopez - Love? 11. \"Starting Over\" DJ Khaled - We the Best Forever 07. \"Sleep When I'm Gone\" Feat. Cee-Lo Green, Game & Busta Rhymes Cody Simpson - Coast to Coast 01. \"Good As It Gets\" 02. \"Crazy But True\" Joe Jonas - Fastlife 01. \"All This Time\" 04. \"Love Slayer\" 06. \"Make You Mine\" 09. \"Not Right Now\" 10. \"Take It And Run\" Mary J. Blige - My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1) 04. \"Next Level\" (featuring Busta Rhymes) 08. \"No Condition\" 2012 Usher - Looking 4 Myself 04. \"I Care for U\" 05. \"Show Me\" Tank - This Is How I Feel 07. \"This Is How I Feel\" Chris Brown - Fortune 03. \"Till I Die\" (featuring Big Sean and Wiz Khalifa) Brandy - Two Eleven 14. \"Can You Hear Me Now?\" Wiz Khalifa - O.N.I.F.C. 17. \"Medicated\" (featuring Chevy Woods & Juicy J) Luke James - Whispers in the Dark 01. \"Intro\" 02. \"Hurt Me\" 03. \"Oh God Feat. Hit-Boy\" 04. \"Be Bad\" 05. \"Heart Beat\" 06. \"Strawberry Vapors\" 08. \"Love Chile\" 09. \"The Audacity (Interlude)\" 11. \"Outro\" 2013"}, {"title": "", "text": "ends in the bedroom\". Courtney Bryant of Parle gave a positive review to the song saying it \"has a sensual vibe to it\" and \"definitely delivers just as much as his past work, if not better\". Promotion The music video for \"When We\" premiered via Tank's YouTube channel on August 16, 2017. While talking about the video in an interview with Billboard, Tank said: \"Well, I wanted the song to sound literal. But, I also wanted people to explore their horizons, in terms of their sexuality. I think sometimes people can be basic in these moments. And, it is not because they are trying to be basic. Sometimes, you just get accustomed to doing a certain thing all the time. And it works for you. Sometimes we forget to be creative [in bed]. We forget to use our imagination. So, even though the song has a very literal word, that word can go so many different ways. That is what I wanted to show. How deep, and how dark this word can be. And, how beautiful at the same time.\" Tank performed the song live at the Soul Train Music Awards in November 2017. On February 2, 2018, in an Instagram livestream Tank teased the remix of \"When We\" featuring American singers Trey Songz and Ty Dolla Sign. He released it on February 13, 2018. The music video for the remix, directed by J Valentine and BenMarc, premiered on March 16, 2018. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References External links 2017 singles 2017"}, {"title": "", "text": "in Mosinee, Wisconsin, on October 24, during the height of the mailings. He said of the bombings: The next day, Trump claimed on Twitter that the mainstream media were largely responsible for anger present in American society. His comments were echoed by former White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who said that Trump had urged the public to come together and had sent a very clear, strong unmistakable message that acts or threats of political violence had no standing in the United States. Sanders then attacked statements by CNN President Jeff Zucker, claiming that he \"chose to attack and divide.\" Trump also tweeted against the media, on October 24, stating, \"Funny how lowly rated CNN, and others, can criticize me at will, even blame me for the current state of Bombs and ridiculously comparing this to September 11th and the Oklahoma City bombing, yet when I criticize them they go wild and scream, 'it's just not Presidential! Appearing before a group of young black conservatives an hour after the arrest, Trump praised the swift action by law enforcement and promised \"swift and certain justice.\" He added, \"We must never allow political violence to take root in America. We cannot let it happen. I am committed to do everything in my power as president to stop it and stop it now.\" A few minutes later he attacked Democrats and the media, to cheers from the crowd. Later in the day he told reporters that he was in no way to blame for the attacks and had"}, {"title": "", "text": "/ \"There Was a Time\" 1964: \"Lollipops Shake\" / \"Look at This Boy\" 1965: \"Little Bad Boy\" / \"Don't Matter What You Do\" 1965: \"I'll Stay By Your Side\" / \"That's All\" 1965: \"Oh Girl\" / \"Are You Lonesome Just Like Me\" 1965: \"I See It Now\" / \"Oh Girl\" 1966: \"Words Ain't Enough\" / \"Who Cares About Me\" 1966: \"Naked When You Come\" / \"Little Cat Lost\" 1967: \"Another Girl\" / \"You Don't Have to Go\" 1967: \"Swing and Sway\" / \"I Can't Live Without Your Lovin'\" 1967: \"Stop (Before You Break My Heart)\" / \"Lies\" 1967: \"Sussy Moore\" / \"Love Is a Game for Two\" 1968: \"I Feel the Sun Up There\" / \"Love Me, Love Me\" 1968: \"Ha Ha Ha - Hee Hee Hee\" / \"Marry Her Tonight\" 1968: \"S\u00e5dan en som dig\" / \"Nu er det glemt\" 1968: \"A Freight Train to Boston\" / \"Your Eyes Are Shining\" 1969: \"Good Times Baby\" / \"On My Way\" 1973: \"Living in a World of Sorrow\" / \"How Can I Live (Without You)\" 1973: \"Walk Away\" / \"T.J.R.\" 1974: \"Lorna\" / \"What a Day - What a Night\" 1975: \"Goodbye My Baby\" / \"Rich Man's Daughter\" 1975: \"Jenny\" / \"Feelings\" 1975: \"Lonely Love\" / \"Bella Mia\" 1975: \"Ung k\u00e6rlighed / \"Kristina\" 1979: \"Stjerne Parade\" 1982: \"Se p\u00e5 mit fj\u00e6s\" Referencer Eksterne henvisninger S\u00e5dan gik det dem \u2013 The Lollipops The Boy Choir & Soloist Directory Hvad blev der af Lollipops Lollipops Boybands Popgrupper fra Danmark Musikgrupper fra 1960 Deltagere ved Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1980"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Leighton Meester's character. I kind of was the wrench that Chuck and Blair threw in their relationship. I gave Chuck somebody to think about but in the end, the joke was on me and the game they were playing. That was something they enjoy doing, so it was kind of funny.\" DJ Alexandra Richards, daughter of musician Keith Richards, makes a cameo appearance in a role that would also catch the eye of Chuck Bass. Richards also filmed her scenes at the Greenwich Polo Club separately from polo player, Nacho Figueras. When approached for the role, Figueras accepted the offer. \"Amazing, that's great. But I will only do it if I'm Nacho the polo player and I can wear my Black Watch shirt.\" And they agreed to let me do that.\" Reception \"Reversals of Fortune\" was watched by 2.55 million viewers and received mixed reviews. New York Magazine hailed the return of the third season and praised the premiere's theme of change as \"Last night's episode was all about new beginnings. About taking on new roles \u2014 or shaking off old ones.\" and \"a fresh start, a chance to do something, to be something different.\" Michelle Graham from Film School Rejects reviewed the episode unfavorably, noting a lack of interesting storylines. \"For a season premiere, this episode lacked a lot of the punch designed to motivate viewers to stick with the show.\" but judged the premiere as a \"calm before the storm lull\" further stating that \"Of course, with college just around the corner, things"}, {"title": "", "text": "was moved back to its original Sunday night airtime for the remaining episodes of the series. The show returned to Sunday on April 25, and the final episode aired on May 19. Three of these episodes drew over 16 million viewers and the finale finished in the top 20 programs for the week. The network also agreed to commission four Murder, She Wrote movies over the next few years. The first was South by Southwest (1997), with three more following as A Story to Die For (2000), The Last Free Man (2001), and The Celtic Riddle (2003). Lansbury stated in May 2011 that she would like to make a comeback appearance as Jessica Fletcher. However, in a 2015 interview, she quashed the idea of reprising the much beloved character, stating, \"I think it would be a downer. In some way, we\u2019d have to show her as a much older woman, and I think it\u2019s better to maintain that picture we have in our mind\u2019s eye of her as a vigorous person. I\u2019m still pretty vigorous, especially in the garden \u2026 but if I wanted to transform myself back into the woman I looked like then, it would be ridiculous. And I can't do that.\" Lansbury died on October 11, 2022, five days before her 97th birthday. Cast Regular cast Angela Lansbury as Jessica Fletcher (1984\u20131996; 264 episodes), a retired English teacher who, after being widowed in her early 50s, becomes a very successful mystery writer. The only cast member to appear in every episode as the"}, {"title": "", "text": "turns in driving. We stopped everywhere for a tea or tender coconut. We talked politics, philosophies, cricket.

          When we were reaching Chennai, I drove him to Meridian. He asked me, " Why to meridian? Let's go home for dinner. I will ask Priya to prepare something". "Surprise uncle! Ask Aunty not to prepare anything. You are going to enjoy the evening" When we entered meridian, he made a call. The call took a while. I was afraid that her mom isn't happy about me. As soon as we entered the concert hall, Mahesh showed his excitement in a loud voice, "Woooow! You made my day, Son!". They had several round tables with seats around. Roshan had booked a couple of seats for us, very near to the stage. They were serving drinks. Mahesh was hyper excited. He socialised with table mates so easily. They went on for a toast, after each track. He enjoyed every bit of it. He was literally living his day. A 50 year old man could drive all the way back and forth to Pondicherry in classic 350 in a single day and he could party the same night. He had so much energy! More than everything, he was doing every possible thing as if he will have no regrets at all. "I think Jyotsna likes me because I am a small reflection of Mahesh" I told to myself.

          Roshan took the mike and said, "this is our last song. We are dedicating this one for our special friend, Mahesh"."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"It's a Long, Long Way to the U.S.A (And the Girl I Left Behind)\" is a World War I era song released in 1917. Val Trainor wrote the lyrics. Harry Von Tilzer composed the music. The song was published by Harry Von Tilzer Publishing Company of New York, New York. It was written for both voice and piano. Edward H. Pfeiffer designed the sheet music cover. Pfeiffer illustrated more than 1,500 covers throughout his career. This one in particular featured soldiers sitting around a campfire. One of the soldiers is dreaming about a woman, whose image is seen in the smoke clouds. The title of the song was borrowed from the popular march, \"It's a Long, Long Way to Tipperary.\" The song was successful in 1917. It is one of Tilzer's 22 war-inspired songs. The song tells the story of a wounded soldier giving his friend a verbal message to deliver to his \"little girl\" and mother. It appears as though the soldier is near death as he speaks softly and says, \"Night and day how I was praying her dear face once more to see.\" The chorus is as follows: \"It's a long, long way to U.S.A. And the girl I left behind; And if you get back some day, Give my love to her and say That her boy was true; Tell dear mother, too, Just to always treat her kind. It's a long, long way to the U.S.A. And the girl I left behind.\" The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military"}, {"title": "", "text": "Boognish wept that day.\" Freeman announced to Rolling Stone on May 29, 2012, that he was \"retiring Gene Ween\", and a few days later, Ween's manager, Greg Frey, told fans on Facebook that Freeman had decided to \"end his musical relationship with Ween\", in order to \"more fully explore and pursue his solo career\". Melchiondo appeared to be unaware of this, stating, \"This is news to me, all I can say for now I guess\". On July 20, Melchiondo addressed the supposed \"breakup\" and stated \"I can only speak for myself, but as far as I'm concerned, as long as Aaron and I are both alive on this planet, Ween is still together. We've never broken up. The idea of quitting is just laughable. This isn't something you can quit. This is a life sentence.\" Later, Freeman confirmed his departure from Ween was triggered by his desire to remain sober, saying \"All that matters to me is that I'm getting sober. Becoming an out of control drug addict and alcoholic is my own fault and I take responsibility for it. I HAD to leave the Ween organization to stay sober.\" Although no one knew it at the time, Ween's final performances for more than four years were a three-night run at Denver's Fillmore Auditorium December 29\u201331, 2011, with \"The Blarney Stone\" being the final song performed by the band until their 2016 reunion. Melchiondo quickly re-formed Moistboyz, which had been on a six-year hiatus, and also started a new band, The Dean Ween Group. Freeman played"}, {"title": "", "text": "seems to be a huge vacuum in the public debate and I guess this is one of the few times I felt a movie could actually help. The funny thing is, everybody who sees it thinks it puts their point of view across, and I was expecting exactly the opposite. We had a screening in Washington for Customs, DEA, and the Department of Justice and they all came out saying they really liked it. The following night, there was some hardcore leftie NPR/PBS [!!!!] screening in L.A. and some guy stands up and goes, 'Thank you for making the first pro-legalization movie.' Then the other night, Commissioner Safir came to a screening and said he thought it was the most accurate representation of law enforcement he'd seen in a long time. And I have, you know, stoner friends who are going, like, 'Dude, yeah, great . . . '\"

          Nobody could possibly accuse Soderbergh of coming off like he had answers. But one might have hoped that he would have had a more open-eyed view of the cops in the United States, who appear in the film to be the Mexican police's only reliable ally.

          Since Soderbergh is based in Los Angeles, one can only conclude that he has not been reading a newspaper for the past few years. Otherwise, he would have felt the need to introduce a little bit of reality into his script, based on the gargantuan Ramparts Division scandal.

          It turns out that over the past decade or so, the LAPD anti-drug"}, {"title": "", "text": "one single day: \"Even if it took half an hour for each make-up, it would still mean 6 hours of being 'manipulated' by others, I felt like a puppet, very exhausting.\" Kitty Zhang plays Tang Lu, a corporate businesswoman, who tends to follow her head, not her heart. Zhang commented on the character, and how her friends relate to Tang Lu: \"I've got female friends like that. They're actually very happy and think they're doing very well. Only other people think that they're sad and lonely, and society portrays them as such.\" To prepare her for the role, director Tsui Hark hired an expert to give Zhang some training. Zhang admitted to having some pressure on the film's set as she feared destroying the expensive costumes and props. Gwei Lun-mei plays Tie Ling, a 19-year-old boxer, internet novelist, and punk rock singer. She has an \"imaginary\" boyfriend, unaware that no one else can see him. To prepare for the role, Kwai learned how to ride a motorbike, and weave through traffic on it: \"I was scared out of my wits. A lot of money had to be spent as I ended up scratching lots of vehicles along the way.\" Kwai also commented on the costumes for the film: \"It's the first time I realised a costume designer can be so miraculous. Putting on the clothes by William Chang, I felt as if I were transformed into another person...this is a far cry from my usual self.\" Godfrey Gao plays X, a famous rock superstar, who is"}, {"title": "", "text": "will climb up o'er the hill I will quench my thirst I will drink my fill O'er the hill But while I'm here Reason makes the rhyme The heart keeps the time The rooster tells us when to fall asleep It's so simple it's so easy You can sit all night and grin And when the child knocks, you let him in #### untitled love song She is ready, she is Tona She says, I like you, I wanna\u2026 You know what I mean Yes, I know what you mean all too well That's the garden where I was forbidden to dwell But if you hold the gate awhile I'll be along to share your smile And I'll bring you a rose A cutting for the garden The sun sets, and you tire The wind through the leaves Like fingers on a lyre But tarry longer Let the gold fire wane I'm walking straight down the lane To bring you a rose A cutting for the garden I come at dark, you look down You point the way I plant the branch in the ground There I sleep While you go off to bed In the morning You'll see the rose is red And you'll bar the gate The entrance to the garden Where I want to live The rest of my life #### Roots Where are my roots? I take off my shoes I take off my socks To find with my feet what we what I have lost I splash in the mud I"}, {"title": "", "text": "his concerns before the play's debut. After this occurrence, Jarrow and Timbers' attorneys advised them to insert the word Unauthorized into the title of the play. This was done to avoid potential litigation from the Church of Scientology. In an interview with The New York Times, Carmichael later stated: \"These folks have a right to write whatever play they want ... but they've sunk to clich\u00e9s.\" Plot summary The characters gather on a cold winter night to rejoice in telling the story of L. Ron Hubbard. \"Hey! It's a Happy Day!\" A narrator notes: \"Today we relate the life of L. Ron Hubbard: Teacher, author, explorer, atomic physicist, nautical engineer, choreographer, horticulturist, and father of Scientology!\" Hubbard is born in a nativity scene, surrounded by parents and barnyard animals, as an angel proclaims, \"Billions of years of evolution had climaxed with his birth.\" He begins to question the nature of his existence. He is adrift on a boat in the Pacific Ocean during his service in World War II, when he begins to think about starting a religion. Hubbard tells his followers about what he has learned through his travels in \"Science of the Mind\", singing about \"the key to being free, the way to be happy\". He tells his followers that during the war \"I saw how emotion can make you blind\", and he begins to teach his followers about the reactive mind. Hubbard thanks the analytical mind (portrayed by two characters) for helping him to find the answers he was searching for, and proclaims:"}, {"title": "", "text": "the show by offering heartfelt advice to his viewers in his farewell address, stating: All I ask of you is one thing ... I ask this particularly of the young people who watch. Please don't be cynical. I hate cynicism. For the record, it's my least favorite quality and it doesn't lead anywhere. Nobody in life gets exactly what they thought they were going to get. But if you work really hard and you're kind, amazing things will happen. I'm telling you, amazing things will happen. Following the taping, the studio set was used one final time for a party thrown by staff. O'Brien's monologue spot from the floor was framed and signed by his staff as a gift. 10.3 million people watched the final episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, a notably high number for live late-night viewing and on a Friday night. The final episode scored a 7.0 household rating and a 4.4 rating in the 18\u201349 demo. Not only did O'Brien's final show beat all late night competition, it outscored all prime time shows in the 18\u201349 demo from that night and the night before. The network confirmed that Leno would officially resume as host of The Tonight Show on March 1, and reruns from O'Brien's time as host aired until NBC began airing the Winter Olympics on February 15. Leno's first Tonight Show back pulled in 6.6 million viewers, and his margin over Letterman again held for much of the rest of his run until his second Tonight Show departure"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"This Time /I Can't Stop Loving You\" \"Three Corn Patches\" \"Thrill of Your Love\" \"Tiger Man\" \"Today, Tomorrow and Forever\" \"Tomorrow Is a Long Time\" \"Tomorrow Never Comes\" \"Tomorrow Night\" \"Tonight Is So Right for Love\" \"Tonight's All Right for Love\" \"Too Much\" \"Too Much Monkey Business\" \"Treat Me Nice\" \"Trouble\" \"T-R-O-U-B-L-E\" \"True Love\" \"True Love Travels on a Gravel Road\" \"Tryin' to Get to You\" \"Tumblin' Tumbleweeds\" \"Turn Around, Look at Me\" \"Turn Your Eyes upon Jesus/ Nearer, My God, to Thee\" \"Tutti Frutti\" \"Tweedle Dee\" \"Twenty Days and Twenty Nights\" U \"Unchained Melody\" \"Until It's Time for You to Go\" \"Up Above My Head\" \"U.S. Male\" V \"Vino, Dinero y Amor\" \"Violet\" \"Viva Las Vegas\" W \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" \"Way Down\" \"Wearin' That Loved-on Look\" \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\" \"We Call On Him\" \"We Can Make the Morning\" \"Welcome to My World\" \"We'll Be Together\" \"We're Coming in Loaded\" \"We're Gonna Move\" \"Western Union\" \"What a Wonderful Life\" \"What'd I Say\" \"What Every Woman Lives For\" \"What Now My Love\" \"What Now What Next Where To\" \"What's She Really Like\" \"Wheels on My Heels\" \"When God Dips His Love in My Heart\" \"When I'm Over You\" \"When It Rains, It Really Pours\" \"When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again\" \"When the Saints Go Marching In\" \"When the Snow Is on the Roses\" \"When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano\" \"Where Could I Go But to the Lord\" \"Where Did They Go Lord\" \"Where Do I Go From Here\""}, {"title": "", "text": "Changing Faces is an American female R&B duo that was initially active between the years 1994 until their hiatus in 2000. Career Early days Lucas and Rose were backing vocalists for Sybil for two years before they formed Changing Faces. The pair returned to New York, where they worked at a dermatologist's office in Manhattan during the day while recording demos at night with producer Dinky Bingham. A local record producer heard the duo singing on the street and signed them to Big Beat Records, a subsidiary of Atlantic. Changing Faces' first two singles\u2014\"Stroke You Up\" and \"Foolin' Around\"\u2014were written and produced by R. Kelly. The two singles reached the R&B Top Ten in late 1994, with \"Stroke You Up\" peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. Changing Faces's eponymous debut was released in 1994 and went gold on the strength of the two hits. Following the success of their debut, they participated in the \u201cFreedom\u201d single for the \u2018\u2019Panther\u2019\u2019 film as well as released soundtrack singles \u201cWe Got It Goin\u2019 On\u201d (\u2018\u2019White Man\u2019s Burden\u2019\u2019) and \u201cI\u2019ve Got Somebody Else\u2019 (\u2018\u2019High School High\u2019\u2019). All Day, All Night and Jodeci's Mentorship Changing Faces returned in 1997 with their second album, All Day, All Night. Kelly produced \"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T.,\" the first single from the album and their biggest R&B hit to date, reaching number one on the R&B chart, and number eight on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single from the album, \"All of My Days\", also appeared on the soundtrack to Space Jam. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "the No. 1 non-fiction spot. The book sold more than 5 million copies worldwide \u2014 2.5 million from 1952 to 1956 \u2014 and was eventually translated into over 40 languages. Other books published by Peale around 1952 include The Art of Real Happiness, published in 1950, and Inspiring Messages for Daily Living, published in 1955. The Power of Positive Thinking appeared at a time when Christian church attendance was drastically increasing, national views of spirituality, individuality, and religion were shifting, and the Cold War was a growing concern for many Americans. These factors, as well as Peale's growing popularity as a motivational public figure and the book's clear prose, propelled The Power of Positive Thinking into a self-help book still popular today. Synopsis Peale begins by stating ten rules for \u201covercoming inadequacy attitudes and learning to practice faith\u201d. The rules include the following: Picture yourself succeeding. Think a positive thought to drown out a negative thought. Minimize obstacles. Do not attempt to copy others. Repeat \u201cIf God be for us, who can be against us?\u201d ten times every day. Work with a counselor. Repeat \u201cI can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me\u201d ten times every day. Develop a strong self-respect. Affirm that you are in God's hands. Believe that you receive power from God. The next chapter describes the importance of creating a peaceful mind, which can be done through inspirational reading, clearing one's mind, or visualization. Peale continues with how to obtain consistent energy, saying that \u201cGod is the source of all energy\u201d."}, {"title": "", "text": "Midnight Prayer \u00e4r Bad Cash Quartets tredje och sista studioalbum, utgivet 2003. L\u00e5tlista \"I Can Wait Until Spring\" - 2:39 \"Dirty Days\" - 2:57 \"Midnight Prayer\" - 2:43 \"Searching Is Killing Me\" - 3:10 \"Twenty Two\" - 3:46 \"I Care About You All\" - 2:50 \"Nights Are Mine\" 2:38 \"Valentine\" 2:55 \"I Don't Hesitate to Say Who I Hate\" 2:55 \"Sunny Day\" 1:11 \"Freeze Out\" - 3:41 Listplaceringar K\u00e4llor Fotnoter Musikalbum 2003 Album av Bad Cash Quartet"}, {"title": "", "text": "Nine Inch Nails and Tool; I think I could probably go on all day. I mean if you looked at our record collection you probably wouldn't think it.\" An often-stated influence is Cardiacs, whose leader Tim Smith produced the Relapse EP in 2002. Vennart has said of the band, \"It wasn\u2019t until I saw Cardiacs three times that I realised they are the greatest band of them all. I don\u2019t say that lightly. There\u2019s simply no-one like them [...] once you understand them, and have felt them in your heart, you will struggle to find anything that will ever come so close for the rest of your life.\" In 2002, Oceansize supported Cardiacs at the London Astoria, and came on stage during Cardiacs' set to cover their song \"Eat It Up Worms Hero\". In 2010, Oceansize contributed a cover of \"Fear\" by Tim Smith's Spratleys Rats (formerly Spratleys Japs) to the tribute album Leader of the Starry Skies: A Tribute to Tim Smith, Songbook 1. The album was released to raise funds for Smith's ongoing care and recovery after a heart attack in 2008. Another influence is Black Sabbath, of whom Vennart said: \"It\u2019s impossible to quantify what this band means to me. I can literally bring myself to tears imagining what would\u2019ve become of me had they never existed. They were my first musical obsession from age 8, and they haven\u2019t left me throughout this whole topsy turvy freakshow of a life.\" The title of the Oceansize song \"I/B/O/W\" is an abbreviation of the surnames"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the state in search of Todd Rundgren, another target of obsession. Chapman was wearing a promotional T-shirt for Rundgren's album Hermit of Mink Hollow when he was arrested and had a copy of Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren in his Manhattan hotel room. Rundgren was not aware of the connections until much later. On the day of the murder, singer David Bowie was appearing on Broadway in the play The Elephant Man. \"I was second on his list,\" Bowie later said. \"Chapman had a front-row ticket to The Elephant Man the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can't tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn't make it through the performance.\" October\u2013December 1980 Chapman went to New York in late October 1980 intending to kill Lennon, but left to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend in Atlanta before returning in November. During his October trip to New York, Chapman was inspired by the film Ordinary People to stop his plans. He returned to Hawaii and told his wife that he had been obsessed with killing Lennon. Chapman showed her the gun and bullets, but she did not inform the police or mental health services. Chapman later said that the commandment \"thou shalt not kill\" flashed on the television at him and was on a wall hanging that his wife put up in their apartment. He"}, {"title": "", "text": "production, while Audie Gemora, Aicelle Santos, and Jona Viray were selected as special guests. During a press conference for the concert series, Velasquez revealed that the show was initially conceived two years earlier at the suggestion of her late father, Gerry Velasquez. The project was later shelved due to scheduling conflicts. She stated that one of the reasons for the delay was her suffering from acid reflux which affected her singing. Velasquez further explained that her condition has since improved and that she can resume performing multiple shows. During rehearsals and preparation, she described the selection process as a \"tedious\" undertaking, saying, \"We want to get the right mix [of] new songs and some expected songs and songs that I want to sing\". Synopsis and reception The concert opened with Velasquez, accompanied by the piano, singing the first verses of the show tune \"I Am What I Am\" from the musical La Cage aux Folles. The number continued with \"The Heat Is On in Saigon\" and \"Singin' in the Rain\" alternately mashed into the track, incorporating the chorus lines. She followed this with a performance of the West Side Storys \"Somewhere\". She then performed a medley of the Broadway musical themes: \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" from Jesus Christ Superstar, \"What I Did for Love\" from A Chorus Line, and \"Someone like You\" from Jekyll & Hyde. Next she performed My Fair Ladys \"I Could Have Danced All Night\", before continuing with a medley of songs from Miss Saigon. She then sang the ballad"}, {"title": "", "text": "Monica: I know, but y'know, this time you're gonna definitely know whether or not you did it!

          Big Nosed Rachel: I know, I know. And oh, and this time Chip promised that-that this time it will last at least for an entire song!

          [Cut to the kitchen, Ross and Chandler are doing the dishes.]

          Ross: So I’m thinking about asking Rachel out tonight. Y'know maybe play her that song we wrote last week.

          Chandler: Emotional Knapsack?

          Ross: Yeah.

          Chandler: Right on! Oh! Uh, but, don’t take to long okay? 'Cause uh, we're gonna test out our fake ID's tonight, right Clifford Alverez.

          Ross: Listen, Roland Chang, if things go well, I’m gonna be out with her all night.

          Chandler: Dude, don't do that too me!

          (Monica enters behind them.)

          Ross: All right, it's cool you can stay here. My parents won't mind.

          (Monica suddenly gets very happy.)

          Chandler: No, it's not that, I just don't want to be stuck here all night with your fat sister.

          Ross: Hey!

          (Upon hearing this, Monica starts to break down and storms out. Only to be stopped by her parents.)

          Mrs. Geller: (holding two pies) Monica, why don't you finish off these pies? I don't have any more room left in the fridge.

          Fat Monica: No. No, thank you!

          Mr. Geller: Well Judy, you did it! She's finally full!

          Commercial Break

          [Scene: Monica and Rachel's, back to the present day.]

          Chandler: I called you fat?! I don't even remember that!

          Monica: Well, I do.

          Chandler: I am so sorry."}, {"title": "", "text": "return to the distinctive smooth, sultry balladry of previous albums. Brandy can be heard to be warmly wearing her heart on her sleeve as her love interest plays hard-to-get. \"Borderline\" sees Brandy confront her own insecurities and weaknesses within relationships, with her professing to be \"the most jealous girl\" and ultimately illustrating the darker, emotional loneliness that can take over a romantic relationship Of the song, Brandy stated that \"if another artist were to have that song, were to sing that song, I would wish that song was my song.\" In an interview with the New York Post, she shared the story behind the single, \"I loved someone that was not available to be loved by me, and so that drove me crazy,\" adding, \"I wanted to use my music as a way to start more conversations about mental health and how that's something that we all need to work on every day.\" On \"I Am More\", Brandy references rapper Eminem's lyrics from The Notorious B.I.G.'s posthumous single, \"Dead Wrong\" (1999). Additionally on \"High Heels\", she duets with her daughter Sy'rai and also raps one of the verses. Brandy previously introduced her rapping skills under the alter-ego Bran'Nu. The album closes with \"Bye BiPolar\" \u2014- a piano-led ballad which utilises a metaphor that Brandy has been using for her own love life, discussing the way that her mental health struggles have been exacerbated by toxic relationships. Lyrically, in freeing herself from them, the singer discusses how her own mental health has improved. Brandy told the New"}, {"title": "", "text": "love that stuff Shaun White English I trip walking down the stairs, but I can skate them probably Shaun White English Every time I've had a bad performance at an event, I've come back more determined and focused Shaun White English I usually eat a pretty big steak the night before I compete Shaun White English I've had dreams about tricks Shaun White English I'm not too big on moisturisers and fancy skin products. I keep my grooming regime nice and simple Shaun White English Getting into music has changed my personality and way of doing things. I'm far more open now Shaun White English I'm on the road a lot so when I get some time to relax I definitely take advantage Shaun White English If you think I've got a lot of sponsors, you should see the stuff I turn down Shawn Mendes English I'm not the best singer in the world; I'm just good at picking up what I want to sound like Shawn Mendes English There's nothing that scares me more than, like, being in the ocean by myself Shawn Mendes English I carry around this little lion named Leo, which I've had for as long as I can remember Shawn Mendes English People made fun of my skinny legs Shawn Mendes English I like funny girls Shawn Mendes English I'm all over the"}, {"title": "", "text": "These are lists of every song recorded by the gospel blues musician Blind Willie Johnson (18971945), arranged both in alphabetical order by title and in chronological order by recording date. All were originally released by Columbia Records as 10-inch 78-rpm singles. Additional information is given in parentheses. Alphabetic list \"Bye and Bye I'm Goin' to See the King\" (December 10, 1929, New Orleans, Louisiana; Columbia 14504-D) \"Can't Nobody Hide from God\" (April 20, 1930, Atlanta, Georgia; Columbia 14556-D) \"Church, I'm Fully Saved To-Day\" (April 20, 1930, Atlanta, Georgia; Columbia 14582-D) \"Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground\" (December 3, 1927, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14303-D) \"Everybody Ought to Treat a Stranger Right\" (April 20, 1930, Atlanta, Georgia; Columbia 14597-D) \"Go with Me to That Land\" (April 20, 1930, Atlanta, Georgia; Columbia 14597-D) \"God Don't Never Change\" (December 10, 1929, New Orleans, Louisiana; Columbia 14490-D) \"God Moves on the Water\" (December 11, 1929, New Orleans, Louisiana; Columbia 14520-D) \"I Know His Blood Can Make Me Whole\" (December 3, 1927, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14276-D) \"I'm Gonna Run to the City of Refuge\" (December 5, 1928, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14391-D) \"If I Had My Way I'd Tear the Building Down\" (\"Oh Lord if I Had My Way\") (December 3, 1927, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14343-D) \"If It Had Not Been For Jesus\" (April 20, 1930, Atlanta, Georgia; Columbia 14556-D) \"It's Nobody's Fault but Mine\" (December 3, 1927, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14303-D) \"Jesus Is Coming Soon\" (December 5, 1928, Dallas, Texas; Columbia 14391-D) \"Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed\" (December 3,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Rock Video at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards. Twitter controversy In May 2020, following the Murder of George Floyd, Healy tweeted in support of the Black Lives Matter movement condemning those tweeting All Lives Matter: \"If you truly believe that \u2018ALL LIVES MATTER\u2019 you need to stop facilitating the end of black ones\". In the same tweet he included a link to the 'Love It If We Made It' music video, on account of its relevant lyrical content towards racism and police brutality, which resulted to users accusing him of using the Black Lives Matter movement as an excuse to promote his music. Healy deleted the tweet and responded to the backlash in a subsequent tweet before deleting his account: \u201cSorry I did not link my song in that tweet to make it about me it\u2019s just that the song is literally about this disgusting situation and speaks more eloquently than I can on Twitter\". Reflecting on the backlash two years later in 2022, Healy stated: \"By that point, my reaction in the room to all that Twitter shit was like, \u2018Oh fuck off! You know that I\u2019m not using this as an opportunity to monetise the half-a-pence I get paid for a fucking YouTube play\u2019. What I\u2019m saying is, \u2018Here\u2019s something I\u2019ve really thought about\u2019, and all you\u2019ve been asking for four days is \u2018Say something about it!\u2019 So I said, \u2018Here\u2019s what I think\u2019\". Healy argued that a song is more considered than a tweet, self-proclaiming himself as \u201cthe best writer in music"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          Summer Days

          Summer days, summer nights are gone,
          Summer days and the summer nights are gone,
          I know a place where there's still something going on.

          I got a house on a hill, I got hogs out in the mud,
          I got a house on the hill, I got hogs all out in the mud,
          I got a long-haired woman, she got royal Indian blood.

          Everybody, get ready, lift up your glasses and sing,
          Everybody, get ready to lift up your glasses and sing,
          Well, I'm standing on the table, I'm proposing a toast to the king.

          Well, I'm driving in the flats in a Cadillac car,
          The girls all say, \"You're a worn-out star.\"
          My pockets are loaded and I'm spending every dime.
          How can you say you love someone else? You know it's me all the time.

          Well, the fog's so thick you can't spy the land,
          The fog is so thick that you can't even spy the land.
          What good are you anyway if you can't stand up to some old businessman?

          Wedding bells're ringing, the choir is beginning to sing,
          Yes, the wedding bells're ringing and the choir's beginning to sing,
          What"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lovato described the song in her interview with Zane Lowe as a \"cry for help\" after the release of her song \"Sober\", a song that had been written months prior and which had failed to result in meaningful change for Lovato in regard to her addiction and mental health: \"I almost listen back and hear these lyrics as a cry for help\", she said. \"You kind of listen back to it and you kind of think, how did nobody listen to this song and think, 'Let's help this girl'. I even think that I was recording it in a state of mind where I felt like I was okay, but clearly I wasn't. And I even listened back to it and I'm like, 'Gosh, I wish I could go back in time and help that version of myself'\". In regard to the opening lyrics of the song \"I tried to talk to my piano / I tried to talk to my guitar\", Lovato has interpreted the lyrics to convey the futility of music as a coping mechanism during the time when she was struggling, saying \"There's only so much that music can do before you have to take responsibility and you have to take the initiative to get the help that you need\". She also said that \"I didn't spend a lot of time perfecting it, just because it isn't... if you were to hear anything, like doubles, or if it's over-produced, it would take away from the emotion of the song, so I wanted to"}, {"title": "", "text": "plane crash at age seventeen. With D'banj's love for music being greater than his parents' military aspirations, he struggled for his parents' approval; this can be best heard through an album track, All Da Way from his debut album. Following the death of his 17-year-old brother, D'banj arranged all his possessions on his bed after they were brought home and just picked up his harmonica. \"I'd play it to remember him.\" Later, at university, he realised the potential of his new skills with the instrument. \"I'd go to the female hostel after lectures, and even if there was no electricity I could play there.\" He remembers learning Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" after Titanic came out \u2013 \"and that got me a lot of girls!\" D'banj then proceeded to study mechanical engineering at the Lagos State University, but due to the constant strikes and several irregularities in the school he decided to withdraw. Plans to continue his studies as a mechanical engineer in London were derailed when he arrived in the UK in 2001, and met Don Jazzy who was trying for a breakthrough as a songwriter and producer. D'Banj started hanging around the studio, making ends meet while working as a security guard. \"It was OK, because I did nights,\" he says, \"so I could listen to music on my headphones.\" Don Jazzy told Kokomaster he thought he was a star in the making, and sensing that the music scene in Nigeria was \"blossoming,\" the pair returned to Lagos in 2005. That same"}, {"title": "", "text": "were the top four. The last two spots were chosen by a committee. They chose Morgan Hamm and John Roethlisberger, who had finished sixth and seventh, respectively; Natalie was named as the alternate. After the announcement, Natalie and Roethlisberger were stunned. Roethlisberger pulled Natalie aside for a private conversation before the team answered questions. When he emerged, Natalie told the press: They could just pick the top six guys, but that might not be the best team. You have to put the best team on the floor. I can see where they\u2019re coming from. Morgan is absolutely great on floor and vault. And John is great on the other four events. It\u2019s a no-brainer. The head of the selection committee and the coach for the 2000 delegation was Peter Kormann, who had been the Ohio State coach until Natalie's freshman year. He said the committee had only considered the value of all gymnasts on different events in order to help the team, and not the all around scores after the top four were chosen. We went with the guys we thought could get the job done. It's not because of brothers like the Hamms or personalities. This was about what was best for the team. This is the team we believe can bring home a medal. Later after the athletes had met with coach Kormann, Natalie said: I'm just chilling, No, I don't think the process was flawed. I had my best night and it just wasn't enough. They had the numbers. I'm happy to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "on Bunton's Christmas Tour at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane concert. In January 2023, Chisholm starred in a dance production at Sadler's Wells Theatre. The show, how did we get here, is choreographed by Julie Cunningham and features Chisholm, Cunningham and Harry Alexander. In March 2023, it was announced that Chisholm would headline that year's Godiva Festival in Coventry, with a host of appearances at festivals in England, Mexico and mainland Europe in the summer of 2023. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In a 2022 interview with The Cut, Chisholm elaborated, \"It took me such a long time to recover. I would never want to be arrogant enough to say I'm all better because I'm always aware that they could come back. I've really learned how to look after myself. Sometimes, a healthy work-life balance is impossible to maintain. There are times, if I'm very tired or work's very stressful, I can feel things slipping. We all talk about self-care, but it is so vital for me to keep me on track with everything\". In 1997, Chisholm had"}, {"title": "", "text": "and just made more of what Fair to Midland is supposed to be. And that also kind of goes back to Joe\u2019s production. Oh yeah, completely. He brought that out of the band. What was the influence for the album as a whole, or just for you personally? My influences is always nothing. See, I\u2019m the worst interviewee for this. Nah, you\u2019re fine! Because, uh\u2026 I don\u2019t listen to music. Literally, these guys hate me because I\u2019ll drive\u2014I\u2019m the night driver\u2014and I\u2019ll drive ten hours all night long with no music, and these guys have to go to bed with music so they will just lay there for ten minutes and realize there\u2019s no music and they\u2019re like, \u201cDude, what the fuck? Turn something on, I don\u2019t care if it\u2019s country, I don\u2019t give a shit. Classical, do something,\u201d and I just zone out. That\u2019s my time to think, you know? I just take care of business in my head, and take care of it when I wake up. That\u2019s just how I deal with things. Literally, before Fables I didn\u2019t listen to anything for a solid year. Before writing all the material for it. I believe it\u2019s the only way to have a fresh start on a song. I can get that, actually. There are certain things that I will take aspects from, you know, childhood. Enjoying certain ways that songs did this or that\u2014like Soundgarden for instance; I love time signatures and everything they do in music, but most of that is just kind"}, {"title": "", "text": "down the government, they praise it. The next, I suggest we pay more to the government, and they praise it. A sane man would think that what I did was completely insane and would tank our nation, but everything I did made it better. Last night, I went completely naked on live television during my address and instead of getting condemned and arrested for indecent exposure, I was heralded as a hero for every group known to man. They called me a visionary for removing illusions of needs for clothing and material. We now have no industry for clothing, because everyone is nude, which in turn saved money on income for all of our citizens. I would normally think that the people are only following me to see how much I can humiliate myself, but everything I seem to do is actually improving the nation as a whole. I said we should power our cars with farts and scientists actually developed a fart powered car. Our dependency on foreign oil is dwindling. I've won more awards for the most stupid ideas. I have patents on Galchoopas, Kerflickdas, and Ladugas, and I don't even know what they do (all of them from my presidential address). I apparently described them in so much detail during my babbling that scientists had the devices ready by the next day. I only want to quit. The people are begging me to stay for another term. I'm going to begin shooting people at the address to get them to impeach me. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "The History of The Dave Clark Five is a compilation album by The Dave Clark Five, released in 1993. Released at the same time as its UK counterpart Glad All Over Again, it features a different track listing. It spent a week on the Billboard charts in August 1993 at #127. All of the DC5's Top 40 hits are featured (with the exception of \"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\") as well as classic album tracks, non-LP tracks and UK-only releases. Track listing CD one \"Glad All Over\" \"Bits and Pieces\" \"Do You Love Me\" \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" \"Because\" \"Don't Let Me Down\" \"Any Way You Want It\" \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" \"Anytime You Want Love\" \"Thinking of You Baby\" \"Whenever You're Around\" \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" \"Crying Over You\" \"Don't Be Taken In\" \"When\" \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" \"Come Home\" \"Mighty Good Loving\" \"Hurting Inside\" \"Having a Wild Weekend\" \"Till the Right One Comes Along\" (Edited with instrumental break removed) \"Catch Us If You Can\" \"I'll Be Yours (My Love)\" \"I Am on My Own\" \"I Need Love CD two \"Try Too Hard\" \"All Night Long\" \"Look Before You Leap\" \"Please Tell Me Why\" \"Somebody Find a New Love\" (Edited with bass intro removed) \"Satisfied with You\" \"At the Scene\" \"I Miss You\" \"Do You Still Love Me\" \"Nineteen Days\" \"I've Got to Have a Reason\" \"I Like It Like That\" \"Over and Over\" \"You Got What It Takes\" \"Doctor Rhythm\" \"Small Talk\" \"Concentration Baby\" (Single version) \"Everybody Knows\" \"Inside"}, {"title": "", "text": "Know Is I Like You Blood Suckin' Postman 31 Cents Praise I'm Your Man Red Hot Rap Miles & Miles Farm Boys Hazy Day Fish Used To... I Don't Know Mailman Song Rabbit Valley Looking For Grandpa (1997) Where's My River? In The Pouch of a Kangaroo Four Years of High School Spanish The Lobster Quadrille The Pied Piper I've Gotta Tan... What I Am Indian She's 17... I Wanna Dance It's All About Me Catbox Baby Jesus What Can I Do? I Bought You Dinner... Rabbit Valley I'm Your Man Lost Vegas Hit Record (2001) Sleep What's Your Favrit #, Baby? Pornostar Now (The) Chainsaw Juggler Dinner Of Love Gentleman A I'd Have To Be Drunk I Got My Eye On You I Want My Money Back Let Me Make You Smile In Bed M-A-L-E Man She Is Walking Away Something To Squeeze There Are Things When Man Was A Monkey Why? How? Who? (The) Horrible Movie Song What the Hell Happened? (2004) The Three Postmen Corn Forgive Me, Love No Banjo! The Dirty Show A Gentleman's Heart I Asked You Joke Band Girl Take Me From Behind The Lemon Tree Thump Co-Dependent Geoff Speaks The Drinking Song The Underwear Song A Piece of Ass I'm Gonna Die My Christian Love No One Thinks the Way I Do Thanks Get Off The Stage! \u20335-Pack: Volume 1\u2033 (2007) The Karaoke King Bed A' Nails Drivin' Me Coffee Girl Parachute \u20335-Pak: Vol. 2\u2033 (2012) Man V Woman Dr. Tell Me Bug Bloodline Procrastinate Assembly Line References External"}, {"title": "", "text": "to explore the way that the tabloid press made celebrities out of violent criminals in the song, saying that the Krays \"exemplify\" the \"way notorious people can be quite glamorous.\" He elaborated in a separate interview, \"The Last of the Famous International Playboys\" and follow-up single \"Interesting Drug\" are notable for featuring three of Morrissey's former colleagues in the Smiths\u2014Andy Rourke, Mike Joyce and one-time Smiths rhythm guitarist Craig Gannon. For his previous solo work on the Viva Hate album, Morrissey consciously chose not to work with his former bandmates; Street commented, \"I think he thought it would cloud the issue.\" All three sidemen also appear on the B-side, \"Lucky Lisp\". As on Morrissey's previous solo songs, Street composed the music for \"The Last of the Famous International Playboys\". This included the song's bassline, in spite of the presence of Rourke. Street explained, \"The songs I gave them to work on, 'Interesting Drug' and '...International Playboys' you know, they were my bass lines and such. I mean, Andy did his own version of it, but they were my bass lines. ... Andy is such a lovely guy, he would add to it, and he is such a great bass player.\" Street described the song \"as a Fall type droning dirge,\" recalling, \"Morrissey heard it and to my surprise said he'd like to use it. He came back a while later, suggested speeding it up, and presented 'Last of the Famous International Playboys'. I was stunned.\" Release Morrissey explained in a 1989 interview that he had high"}, {"title": "", "text": "late fall night and raining...I was there naked in the bed and I sprang up. I went to my typewriter and began to write. It was there, under those circumstances, myself sitting near an open window, the rain occasionally blowing in and wetting my bare back, that I did my first writing...I wrote it, as I wrote them all, complete in the one sitting...The rest of the stories in the book came out of me on succeeding evenings, and sometimes during the day while I worked in the advertising office...\" Study of his manuscripts shows that, though it is probably true that most of the stories were written within a relatively short span of time in late 1915, like a number of facts in Anderson's retelling of his writing process (for instance, his claim that he had written the Winesburg, Ohio stories after his earlier books were already published), it is inaccurate to say that the final versions of the stories published in 1919 were exactly the same as the ones written whole four years earlier. In fact, in his seminal article \"How Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio,\" William L. Phillips wrote that the manuscript of \"Hands\" contained \"...almost two hundred instances in which earlier words and phrases are deleted, changed, or added to...\" though no major structural changes to the story were detected. Additionally, slightly different versions of ten stories that ended up in the book were published by three literary magazines between 1916 and 1918 as follows: Though the stories were published to some"}, {"title": "", "text": "are plentiful enough throughout Beckett's work. Joe suffers his father's 'ghost' for years until he realises that he can affect it, that by an act of will he can stop the words, to make the literally dead also figuratively dead. In a letter sent to MacGreevy on 6 April 1965, Beckett writes: \"I shake at the thought of the ordeal you have been through. At least you are through it. You mustn't give up. Putting down memories is enough to make anyone crack.\" This is what Beckett means by the expression \"All your dead dead\", those 'ghosts' that he has exorcised in this way. This is reminiscent of the following lines from The Expelled: Memories are killing. So you must not think of certain things, or those that are dear to you, or rather you must think of them, for if you don't there is the danger of finding them, in your mind, little by little. That is to say, you must think of them for a while, a good while, every day several times a day, until they sink forever in the mud. That's an order. \"The play is full of verbs conveying what Joe\u2019s voice describes as 'mental thuggee\u2019: throttle, muzzle, spike, squeeze, tighten, silence, garrotte, finish, mum, strangle, stamp out, exterminate, still, kill, lay, choke\". \u201c'It is his passion to kill the voices which he cannot kill,\u2019 said Beckett\". The religious subtext did not exist in the earliest drafts. Beckett incorporated it after a two-week break in working on the play. He makes"}, {"title": "", "text": "the basement. Dan can do the repairs himself and have enough left over for Roseanne's surgery. Darlene starts writing again, Dan and Chuck form a partnership. Roseanne worries about the surgery. Production The idea for Roseanne to have a knee problem was inspired by Roseanne Barr's own knee problem that she had prior to the start of the season, and she wondered how her character would deal with it. Barr also wanted to shed light on the health care issues in the United States, and the producers, including Barr, felt the best way to do this was to have Roseanne have a problem, because they felt that she \"was going to get the most attention and [that they] could have easily put it onto any of the characters, but the fact that Roseanne is dealing with it [was their] way of speaking to the level of importance of this issue in America today\". Reception Viewing figures In the United States, the episode was watched live by 10.58 million viewers, making it the second most watched show of the night in terms of number of viewers, behind only NCIS. It was the most watched show of the night in terms of 18-49 rating, with a 2.5, and in terms of ratings share, with a 12. Within seven days, the episode was watched by a total of 15.64 million viewers. Critical response Kimberly Potts with Vulture said, \"A season-ender that would have been satisfying even if ABC hadn\u2019t renewed Roseanne after this batch of nine episodes.\" She also"}, {"title": "", "text": "younger. \"Pheromone Cvlt\" is about a one-night stand Butler had, telling the woman the following morning that he loved her but later realizing that was a lie, the song acting as his \"apology\" to the woman. In an intro before playing the song at the Electric Ballroom, Butler described the song; \"Imagine yourself in bed, lying next to someone that believes that you're in love with them. And then imagine walking up in the middle of the night while they're asleep and feeling compelled to write a song about how you don't know what the fuck it means to be in love. Imagine turning around in your bedroom, and looking at your bed that lies in the corner of your room and that person is still sleeping, and you want to wake that person up and you wanna tell that person your sorry for saying all the things that you said to make them believe that you were in love with them. That's kinda where I'm at right now it's um\u2026 It's a very difficult thing for me to tell this person that, \"I'm sorry. I don't\u2013I never loved you to begin with and I'm sorry that I told you that I did.\" Instead of telling that person exactly how I feel, I wrote a song instead, and I'm playing in front of about 1,200 people at the Electric Ballroom. So maybe, maybe she'll just hear about the song and understand that I'm sorry. I don't know.\"\". Butler commented how the lyrics of \"27 Club\" focus"}, {"title": "", "text": "Be Somebody is a 2016 romantic comedy film, directed by Joshua Caldwell. The film stars Vine blogger Matthew Espinosa as Jordan Jaye, a pop star who disappears from his own tour to escape his demanding mother. Plot Jordan Jaye (Matthew Espinosa) is a teenage pop star on tour. While at a pit stop, Jordan gets off the bus, but the bus takes off before he can get back on. As he walks around town, he stops to take a look at a poster until a group of fans sees him and chases him. As he runs away, he bumps into Emily Lowe (Sarah Jeffery), who couldn't care less about Jordan and his status as a star, while she is delivering pizzas. Jordan convinces Emily to give him a ride away. After Emily drives him away, Jordan convinces her to hide him for the night. Emily reluctantly agrees and the two hide out at a bowling ally until Emily's parents go to bed. Emily then sneaks Jordan into her room for the night. The following day, Jordan convinces Emily to use her interest in art, and specifically her interest in street art, and share her designs with people by tagging the school. Before they go and do that, they bump into a former friend of Emily's, taking her down a notch. Then, as she has gotten through to her parents (thanks to Jordan), her parents convince them to have a sit-down meal together. Later, as they tag the school, the two bond over their feelings of not"}, {"title": "", "text": " Review for Kansas City (1996)

          Kansas City (1996)

          reviewed by
          James Brundage


          Kansas City

          Directed by Robert Altman (The Player)

          Starring Jennifer Jason Leigh, Miranda Richardson, Harry Belafonte, Steve Buscemi, Dermont Mulroney

          As Reviewed by James Brundage

          I'll be honest, Kansas City is Robert Altman's worst film. Normally, when I open a review with a line like that, I follow it up with an explanation of how, even though it was his worst film, it still is mediocre. But, I'll be honest once again, Kansas City isn't even a good film.

          Kansas City follows Blondie (Jennifer Jason Leigh), a desperate wife of Johnny O'Hara (Mulroney) in her quest to get him back. Johnny O'Hara is a thief who robbed a black gambler only to be quickly caught and imprisoned by Seldom Seen (Belafonte). Blondie decides to kidnap Caroline (Richardson) and use her as leverage against her connected husband to have him send in Italians to free Johnny.

          Now, you're probably thinking what I was thinking. How the hell does that turn into a movie two hours long. The answer, of course, is a series on unnecessary plot devices and intercut jazz soundtrack. The jazz soundtrack, in fact, is the only thing that kept me from turning the video off and watching Mother Night, my other film for my snowed-in day.

          Like Short Cuts, Kansas City incorporates jazz into the story. In Short Cuts it was part of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "opposed same-sex marriage, saying, \"I think it's a wake-up call to those who feel like we are redesigning the family in a way that is not good for society,\" in response to the ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that led to the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts; has opposed same-sex adoption, stating that, \"I simply can't affirm homosexuality. My compass won't go there, knowing what I know biblically,\u201d in voting against a bill that repealed the prohibition on the adoption of children by LGBT parents in Florida that had been ruled unconstitutional by the Florida Third District Court of Appeal in In re Gill that led to the legal recognition of same-sex adoption in Florida; has compared lesbian mothers to abusive fathers, alcoholics, and drug abusers, and categorized lesbian families as \"atypical\" and \"dysfunctional,\" saying that \"this child has got serial men coming through the house, this one has two mommies, this one has an abusive father whose home, this has alcoholism, this one has drug abuse. It was a casualty warfare event to hear -- just her classroom -- how many dysfunctional, atypical -- to me -- uh, structures are in the way of a kid having a chance to learn\"; and has compared transgender people to a hypothetical version of himself who believes that he is an automobile, saying, \"I can stand out here in the garage all day, convinced that I am an automobile. But it doesn't make me an automobile.\" Garcia"}, {"title": "", "text": "had spoken to young gay men and had e-mail conversations with people about his character and that it \"really\" opened his eyes to how difficult it can be and that \"there is still prejudice out there and there are still people who are living this.\" He added, \"We call it Middle England way out here. I don\u2019t know what you call it\", a reference to Middle America. When asked how popular his John Paul character is in the United Kingdom, Sutton relayed, \"It's incredibly, incredibly popular over here, the show. We broadcast an omnibus edition Sunday morning, which every student watches. Right now we\u2019re on five nights a week and it's an incredibly popular show, especially with young people.\" Sutton stated that the reaction he and the cast get is \"sometimes a bit frightening, but it's really, really big business\". Detailing how recognized he is when walking down the streets of Liverpool or London, Sutton revealed, \"Oh, pretty recognizable. Pretty recognizable. My girlfriend gets it worse than I do, actually. She gets pushed out of the way by people trying to get to me sometimes. She's my girlfriend and my official photographer. All these f**king cameras \u2013 pardon my language \u2013 these camera phones that people have right now. The bane of my existence.\" Virgin Media compiled a list of their \"Sexiest soap opera couples\", they included John Paul and Craig in the list and stated: \"The love affair between the Hollyoaks students gripped viewers so much that they started their own campaign for the pair"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Night and Fog. \"The two films revolve around the mundane lives of the inhabitants of Tin Shui Wai's public housing blocks.\" In an interview with Muse magazine, Hui explains how she sees the two films as about something uniquely Hong Kong: \"[on Night and Fog] I think that this film can represent something; it can express a kind of feeling about the middle and lower class, and maybe even Hong Kong as a whole. Everyone can eat at McDonald's or shop at malls. That's a way of life, but spiritually, there's dissatisfaction, especially with families on welfare. They don't really have any worries about life, but there's an unspeakable feeling of depression. A Simple Life (2011) premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival where it was nominated for the Golden Lion. The film centres around the relationship of two characters, Ah Tao (Deanie Ip) and Roger (Andy Lau). It is a tale about a master and his long-time servant and was based on the relationship producer Roger Lee had with his servant. The film was chosen as Hong Kong's submission to the Academy Awards but did not make the shortlist. Hui could not afford to film A Simple Life until she found Andy Lau. \"You make a movie and a lot of people ask you why you do it, and this time I was moved by one person's behavior, by the script.\" \"Because she has always shot a very authentic Hong Kong theme, the reaction on the mainland will not be too special\", said"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Toriyama's rejected manga, called . The author stated that Torishima enjoys romance and that the relationships of Arale and Obotchaman, Akane and Tsukutsun, and Taro and Tsururin in Dr. Slump were all his ideas. Toriyama's editor Torishima was the model for the evil character Dr. Mashirito. Torishima later explained that when Toriyama decided to have a \"mad scientist\" appear, he told him the character's initial design was \"too weak\" and to come up with someone \"nasty\" to have a big impact, and to imagine the person he hates the most in the world. Having not received the manuscript until just before the deadline, Torishima did not have any time to change it with Toriyama having given the character Torishima's face and changed the name to his with the syllables reversed. The editor hoped the character would be unpopular and therefore a one-off, but everyone loved it because Toriyama had previously written about his editor and the audience knew who it was based on. The character Nikochan, an alien species with their buttocks on their heads, was hastily created after Toriyama was pressed for time having played too many video games and was initially rejected as \"filth\", with him given another night to re-work it. Having continued to play games instead, Toriyama sent in the same manuscript the next day with Torishima accepting, apparently having not noticed that it was the same. However, in a later volume Toriyama said that Torishima thought Nikochan was disgusting, but accepted because it was too close to the deadline to"}, {"title": "", "text": "cause for speculation about each character's sanity. Waters concedes that although her novels are all period pieces, they are not meant to instill an overwhelming romantic sense of nostalgia: \"I'd hate to think that my writing's escapist. For me, my interest in the past is closely linked to my interest in the present, in the historical process of how things lead to others.\" Plot Twist Waters' writing was well-received upon the publication of her first novel,Tipping the Velvet, a story set in Victorian London. She began writing in her early thirties while completing a dissertation in English literature about gay and lesbian fiction from the 1870s onward. Not enjoying expository writing, she attempted fiction and finding that she liked it, followed Tipping the Velvet with Affinity, another Victorian-set novel with gothic themes, and Fingersmith, also Victorian yet more of a Dickensian crime drama. All three have significant lesbian themes and characters; Waters often labels them as \"Victorian lesbo romps\". To avoid being pigeonholed as a niche writer, however (asking \"Why, oh why, did I ever allow the phrase 'lesbo Victorian romp' to cross my lips?\"), she followed these with The Night Watch, which also has gay and lesbian characters, but is set in the 1940s. For The Little Stranger, Waters diverted from overt lesbian themes, but incorporated other elements from previous books. A character in Affinity talks to spirits of the dead; the setting of Fingersmith is a large country estate inhabited by a small family and house staff; The Night Watch is set in post-WWII"}, {"title": "", "text": "G Well, I woke up Sunday morning C D G With no way to hold my head that didn't hurt G Em And the beer I had for breakfast wasn't bad D So I had one more for dessert G C Then I fumbled in my closet through my clothes G Em And found my cleanest dirty shirt C D Then I washed my face and combed my hair C D ...And stumbled down the stairs to meet the day G I'd smoked my mind the night before C G With... cigarettes and songs I'd been picking G Em But I lit my first and watched a small kid playing D Playing with a can that he was kicking G Then I walked across the street C G Em And caught the Sunday smell of someone's frying chicken C D And Lord, it took me back to something C D G That I'd lost somewhere, somehow... along the way G C ...On a Sunday morning sidewalk G I'm wishing, Lord, that I was stoned D 'Cause there's something in a Sunday G That makes a body feel alone C And there's nothing short of dying G That's half as lonesome as the sound D Of the sleeping city sidewalk G And Sunday morning coming down In the park I saw a daddy With a laughing little girl that he was swinging And I stopped beside a Sunday school And listened to the songs they were singing Then I headed down the street And somewhere far away"}, {"title": "", "text": "Get Through To You\", Kolovoz, 1965. \"This Year Next Year\", \"Not Sleeping Too Well Lately\", Studeni, 1965. \"Who Is Sylvia\", \"How Will I Know\", Velja\u010da, 1966. \"It's So Hard\", \"I Fell In Love\", Srpanj, 1966. \"That Loving Feeling\", \"Should A Man Cry\", Rujan, 1966. Albumi The Honeycombs (Pye NPL 18097, 1964.) Colour Slide / Once You Know / Without You It Is Night / That's The Way / I Want To Be Free / How The Mighty Have Fallen / Have I The Right? // Just A Face In The Crowd / Nice While It Lasted / Leslie Anne / She's Too Way Out / It Ain't Necessarily So / This Too Shall Pass Away All Systems - Go! (Pye NPL 18132, 1965.) I Can't Stop / Don't Love Her No More / All Systems Go / Totem Pole / Emptiness / Ooee Train / She Ain't Coming Back // Something I Gotta Tell You / Our Day Will Come / Nobody But Me / There's Always Me / Love In Tokyo / If You Should / My Prayer In Tokyo (Nippon Columbia PS-1277, 1966.) (snimljeno u \u017eivo samo za Japan) Colour Slide / I'll Go Crazy / She's About A Mover / There's Always Me / Wipe Out / Lucille // If You Should / Have I The Right? / Goldfinger / Kansas City / My Prayer / What'd I Say Into the 21st Century (EP/CD, snimljeno 2007.) Have I The Right / Colour Slide / Something Better Beginning / Without You It Is Night"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"Shout\" \"Since I Lost My Baby\" \"Speedo\" \"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)\" \"The Way You Do the Things You Do\" \"War\" \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\" \"You Can\u2019t Hurry Love\" \"You're My Everything\" Original Broadway production Act I \"The Way You Do The Things You Do\" \"Runaway Child, Running Wild\" \"Gloria\" \"In The Still Of The Night\"/\"Speedo\" \"Shout\" \"I Want A Love I Can See\" \"My Girl\" \"Get Ready\" Supremes Medley: \"You Can't Hurry Love\"/\"Come See About Me\"/\"Baby Love\" \"Since I Lost My Baby \" \"Ain't Too Proud To Beg\" \"Don't Look Back\"/\"You're My Everything\" \"If I Could Build My Whole World Around You\" \"If You Don't Know Me By Now\" \"(I Know) I'm Losing You\" \"I Wish It Would Rain\" \"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)\" Act II \"I Can't Get Next To You\" \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" \"War\" \"Ball Of Confusion (That's What The World Is Today)\" \"Just My Imagination (Running Away With Me)\" \"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)\" \"For Once In My Life\" \"Papa Was A Rollin' Stone\", Pt. 1 \"Cloud Nine\" \"Papa Was A Rollin' Stone\", Pt. 2 \"What Becomes Of The Brokenhearted\" \"I Can't Get Next To You\" Recording The original Broadway cast recording of Ain't Too Proud was recorded January 19\u201322, 2019 at Sound on Sound Studios, Montclair, NJ, and digitally released on March 22, 2019. The physical album released on April 19, and a double-LP vinyl was released on June 7. Awards and nominations Broadway production References External links"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have more control that way. People have no idea that I'm doing this. But when I'm snowboarding and my feet are strapped in, my brain seems to have a direct connection to my legs. After snowboarding it's night and day for my balance and walking. There's a real physical change before I get up the mountain and when I come down. The benefits last for days. \". Williams was hospitalized on May 30, 2018, when he had a cerebellar hemorrhagic stroke while working out at a gym. Bibliography References External links Montel Media Group Living Well with Montel Montel Show Website Living Well With Montel Health Master PPARX press release 1956 births African-American United States Navy personnel African-American television producers American television producers African-American television personalities African-American television talk show hosts American cannabis activists American television talk show hosts Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host winners Former Roman Catholics American LGBT rights activists Living people Male actors from Baltimore Maryland Independents Maryland Republicans People from Linthicum, Maryland People with multiple sclerosis United States Marines United States Naval Academy alumni United States Navy officers 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.17614921927452087, 0.18996357917785645, 0.18323040008544922, 0.19967208802700043, 0.15207873284816742, 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I hope you\u2019re having an awesome day so far. Do you ever wake up in bed and instantly tell yourself your fat? Or you wished you hadn\u2019t eaten so much the day before? Do you ever bash yourself first thing? Maybe you walk into the bathroom and look at your stomach to see if it\u2019s as flat as you want it to be? Or maybe you hop on your cell phone first thing to look at OTHER people\u2019s lives. These things are not wrong. They\u2019re human nature! Once you become aware that you are doing these things you can start to change so you start your day in a way that sets you up for the way you WANT to feel. Tomorrow, and from now on \u2013 I challenge you to wake up & the second those negative thoughts pop in take a deep breath. Tell yourself the OPPOSITE of what you were thinking (you might even want to write a positive thought in/on your alarm to remind you). This one, simple, kind of silly thing can TOTALLY change the course of your day and how you treat yourselves. When we bash ourselves first thing in the morning, that ADDS up over time to hating our bodies, and treating them like crap. Change your course! Change your attitude. Eventually, your actions will change & so will your BODY. What we focus on gets bigger. For example \u2013 you stub your toe. As long as you\u2019re thinking about it, you will feel the pain. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "that you\u2019re unhappy with your body. Force yourself to really think about that. Approach it the same way that you might with any other kind of bad day: Remind yourself that a day is only 24 hours long, and tomorrow might be different. Accept what you have no control over, and then focus on what you can change about your outlook. Address it. Stare it in the face. 2. Look At It This goes back to the question of whether or not ignoring your problems has ever helped them dissipate. And I think that when we try to avoid mirrors, it makes them all the more tempting \u2013 and that\u2019s the opposite of what we need. Just like sitting with your negative feelings, looking at the body that you\u2019re unhappy with puts you in the position of being the boss of your situation. It\u2019s a way of reminding the voices in your head that you are the one in charge here \u2014 and that the smallest shift in thought or intent can turn your whole day around. Do it fully clothed if you want to, but also feel free to do it naked. Run your hands down every part of you. Jiggle your jiggly bits. Show off your musculature (or lack thereof). Hit your hand against your thigh to hear that smack sound. Twist and turn and watch how gravity affects where your skin lies. Look at it. Saddle up to your vanity or your full-length and do the one thing you\u2019re dreading \u2014 because once"}, {"title": "", "text": "and you can't make me!\" Some days I just want to feel like it's OK to feel bad about myself for a little while. That's the truth of the moment, and trying to pretend it doesn't exist does nothing but sweep it under the rug. (If I'm not careful, I can end up with a big pile under that rug!) Rather than hide the negativity from myself, my strategy is to work toward _accepting and allowing it._ \"Today I hate how I look.\" There it is. That's the reality. The liberation is in the allowing! Start from where you are without judgment. Approach the thought with curiosity instead of disdain. Try simply observing it: \"Hmmm . . . I hate how I look today. I wonder why. Am I feeling bad about some other aspect of my life? Am I stressed about work, my relationship or lack of a relationship? Do I feel like I have to look like a model in order to be lovable?\" Just ask the questions and see if any answers come. If there are no answers today, let that be OK, too. Embrace where you are now without the need for instant change. _Right now, in this moment, it's all good!_ Remember that your negative thoughts don't have to go anywhere; you just need to add positive thoughts to the mix. Yes, once again, I know the positive mantras might feel silly at first. You might feel uncomfortable saying, \"I love my body,\" because in truth, you don't\u2014not in that moment."}, {"title": "", "text": "to just do it's thanggg. It's a long process, but it's slowly working. I definitely like myself a lot more than I used to. The most recent thing I've learnt to do, is to just 'let go' a little bit. A mixture of Anxiety and OCD were taking over my life. I had a sacred routine that I couldn't break free from and I was over analyzing ever situation. One day I really just had to push myself and change things. I thought that by controlling timings and hiding away I was protecting myself, but really I was just causing myself more pain. I wasn't placing the responsibility for the pain on myself and my irrational thoughts, but instead placing them on the situations I was hiding from or the people who 'wouldn't co-ordinate' with my 'routine'. I think a good question to ask yourself is 'what is causing me to feel this way?' or 'what is causing me to hate myself?'. Think about the thoughts you're having, the emotions you're feeling and the way that you're acting and learn to understand where it's coming from. Where is the hate, the fear, the depression, the anger coming from? Once you detach yourself from your own situation, it's so much easier to figure out. Try giving yourself advice as if you were giving it to someone else. It does make me feel incredibly sad to think that I will most likely spend the majority of my life dealing with different aspects of different illnesses, but at least"}, {"title": "", "text": "affirmations. Learning to alter negative thoughts that sometimes went under the radar and switching them to positive ones is a long process, and I won't claim that I changed over night. But once I realized how powerful my thoughts and words were I knew that I had to alter this if I wanted to heal. I couldn't be stuck in this negative head space any longer. We are humans, so that means we will ALL have bad days and we are allowed to sulk or have sorrow over how things are. We are allowed to vent and be frustrated sometimes. That's normal. But working to use our words to help lift us up is something I truly believe has a place in everyone's recovery. So the next time you find yourself getting angry with your body, try to rewire that thought and instead tell your body you love it for fighting hard every day. Post positive quotes and inspirational imagery all around your room or in your car. Do whatever you need to keep you reminding yourself to change the dialogue in your mind. What do I do? Well I started off by implementing times during my day when I do a daily devotional, and times when I do spoken prayer with my mom. I speak to myself in the mirror whenever I am washing my hands and tell myself that I am a fighter and I will get through the battles of the day. I stopped belittling myself for looking lifeless and instead commended my"}, {"title": "", "text": "thoughts so make them count and think good ones! Tell your body that you love and appreciate it. (Yes, you may feel silly, even downright stupid doing some of this at first. Just humor me.) Go stand in the mirror. Look at yourself and say \u201cI love you. You are a wonderful body and I am thankful you are mine.\u201d If you are really brave, do it naked. Think to yourself. \u201cI am healthy, I am well.\u201d \u201cEvery day in every way I am getting better and better and better.\u201d \u201cEverything I eat turns to health and beauty\u201d, and so on. If you catch yourself thinking something negative \u2013 celebrate! For that is a wonderful sign of progress. It means you are becoming aware! Use these as opportunities and as a tool to clear old negative programming and replace it with new, fresh, better for you thoughts, when you do. Be easy on yourself. No one gets this 100% right just out of the gate. When you notice a negative thought, simply stop. Say \u201cCancel, cancel, cancel\u201d and then replace it with a more positive one. For example, if the thought crept into your mind,, \u201cUgh, I feel so lazy and tired.\u201d say out loud or in your head, \u201ccancel, cancel, cancel\u201d and replace it with something along the lines of \u201cEvery day I have more and more energy.\u201d After a while, you will no longer need to say or think the cancel part. It is merely a tool that helps you direct your thoughts as"}, {"title": "", "text": "It\u2019ll never be enough to simply stand in front of a mirror and repeat: \u201cI love myself, I love myself, I love myself\u2026\u201d No matter how well-intentioned or dedicated you are to the common practice, it won\u2019t dispel that sense of self-hatred that refuses to budge. It\u2019s as if on a bright, sunny morning you looked out the window and proclaimed: \u201cIt\u2019s nighttime, it\u2019s nighttime, it\u2019s nighttime.\u201d No matter how many times you repeat that phrase, you won\u2019t convince yourself otherwise. I asked myself a million times over: What would it take to love myself? What am I supposed to do to get there? Just tell me what to do and I\u2019ll do it was the gist of my attitude. The issue wasn\u2019t that I didn\u2019t try hard enough to change my thought processes, but rather that I didn\u2019t act in ways congruent with loving myself. I didn\u2019t put myself first. I didn\u2019t focus on my mental and physical health above all else. I didn\u2019t allow myself the space to simply enjoy life and find a reasonable balance. It turns out that attitudes don\u2019t necessarily change behavior, but rather its your behavior that has greater power to change your attitudes. Behavior and attitude feed off of each other. If you were to look at my life as an outsider during my worst moments a couple years ago, it really would have seemed like I hated myself. I dragged myself around campus when I didn\u2019t feel well. I ate as fast as possible to avoid \u2018wasting time.\u2019"}, {"title": "", "text": "Most days I\u2019m completely happy and positive about how I look, but every once in a while I find negative thoughts creeping into my mind for whatever reason! Perhaps I\u2019m stressed, or I feel like certain things are moving out of my control, so these negative thoughts take over. Fortunately, I\u2019ve learned that only I can break myself free from this cycle of negativity. To do this, I had to re-train myself to think positively about how I look and feel. Just remember that only you have the power to stop this negative cycle. In order to change the way you think, you need to make an effort every day to reinforce positive thoughts. Don\u2019t dwell on the negative and as soon as you catch yourself thinking negatively, force yourself to focus on positive thoughts about you and your life. This change can\u2019t happen overnight but it will get easier! Do you suffer from body image issues? \u00ab Why I love social media!"}, {"title": "", "text": "been doing anything for a long time, it will take time for you to change the behavior. Thoughts can be changed quickly, but you will still think in a negative way. This is because you have been thinking in a negative way for so long that it\u2019s very natural. I want you to give yourself enough time to change your thoughts. It will be different for everyone on how much time it will take to change your thoughts. For me, it took a little over a month to notice a difference in my thinking. When I was feeling low, I would automatically think in a negative way. When I would wake up, I would think to myself what a crappy day, and I feel depressed. When I changed my thinking to be more positive, it was not overnight. I had this shift. It took a month to see small changes. I am telling you this so, after a few weeks of you not noticing any difference in your life and your thinking, you won\u2019t give up. Giving up is not an option. It takes time to change your life, and in the end, you will be a great, happy person because you did not give up. Remember the affirmations above, \u201cI hate my life\u201d and \u201cI feel sad or depressed\u201d are examples of negative affirmations. These are just examples, but you have to change these negative affirmations to be more positive. I would say, \u201cYes, I feel happy and healthy\u201d and \u201cYes, I love my life.\u201d"}, {"title": "", "text": "but wasn't near as bad off as the one which was all black. Now, you might ask if this has been recreated. There are many videos of people who did this themselves, including here, here, and here if you are interested in watching the documentation of this experiment by every day people (non-scientists). If words can do this to rice and water, imagine what it can do to our bodies (which are made up of 80% water by the way). When you have a chronic illness it's easy to be stressed out 24 hours a day. I used to find myself getting mad at my body for not cooperating. I would say things like, \"My stupid stomach hurts,\" and negatively speaking to my body because it fatigued and hurting. I was angry that this was happening and I dealt with it by having these awful thoughts about myself. I would look in the mirror and analyze how horrid my pores looked and how lifeless my skin was. Day in and day out I didn't love myself deep down, and I didn't realize how detrimental it was to me until recently. Everyone talks about \"positive thinking,\" as if saying one positive thing a day will change things. It won't. It takes a complete overhaul to change old habits, and that begins by starting your day off looking in a mirror and complimenting yourself. And every time you start to have a negative thought (especially during a bad flare or bad pain), get a mirror and repeat positive"}, {"title": "", "text": "have a bit of a breakdown because I don\u2019t like what I see! We\u2019ve all been there right? But here\u2019s the thing I\u2019ve come to realise, It happens to me now every 3 or 4 months\u2026\u2026..It used to happen nearly every day!!! How\u2019s that for progress? And I bet even Kate Moss has her moments where she doesn\u2019t like what she sees in the mirror \u2013 we all have our off days! Listen to the way you talk to yourself. Ask yourself how you would feel if you heard someone talking to your mum/best friend/daughter in the same way? If you\u2019re anything like me, you\u2019d be outraged. So don\u2019t do it! Focus on changing your inner script. Be nice to yourself. Use positive affirmations. It will feel really odd at first, but I promise you, it works. Remember: Our thoughts create our reality. Understand that loving and accepting yourself doesn\u2019t mean that you\u2019ll suddenly feel compelled to enter Miss Baywatch Bikini 2016\u2026\u2026 (Although, if you do, crack on and best of luck to you, I\u2019m sure you\u2019ll rock!!!) And neither does it mean that you have to stop striving to make you feel like the best version of you. On the contrary, once you have accepted where you are, right now, you can then figure out all of the marvellous things you can do to make yourself feel even better. Self love is fuelled by self care, and that comes in many wonderful guises. Do you know what? As soon as I started writing this list,"}, {"title": "", "text": "(the actual thought itself, not the feeling or emotion) for a day or two and see what comes up. Following that, take the time to notice the thoughts about yourself that are occurring and what feelings those thoughts trigger. For example a negative thought like \u201cI hate my body\u201d might trigger emotions such as sadness, frustration or anger. 01Once you\u2019ve identified those negative thoughts, then you can work to either stop them with a sentence like \u201cthis thought is hurting me, not helping me\u201d. 03Each time you notice and hear the critical thought in your mind, then replace it with something that resonates. Find more tips here on how to love your body. My wish for you today is to start to send love to your body in your words and thoughts."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cI\u2019m exhausted, but isn\u2019t it great that I\u2019m healthy and strong enough to make it through the day!\u201d? And what would happen if you flashed yourself a big smile in that same mirror and said \u201cI\u2019ll be back home in no time and tonight, I\u2019ll treat myself to an early bedtime!\u201d Just changing the dialogue changes the thought and the way you present yourself. Now, once again, notice the way you\u2019re feeling and notice your posture. If you want to immediately improve your mood and the way you\u2019re feeling, pull your shoulders back and pick your chin up. Now, put a smile on your face. Take in a deep breath and notice how hard it is to feel lousy when you\u2019re sitting up straight or standing tall. It\u2019s hard to have a bad day when you smile at yourself in the mirror. It\u2019s hard to slump in the chair when you\u2019re thinking positive thoughts about yourself. Both say the exact same thing, but changing the presentation changes the feel. Next time you find yourself dragging through the day, try taking in a deep breath, pulling your shoulders back and thinking about the positive spin on your situation. One simple shift in your thought can change your entire reality and improve your day."}, {"title": "", "text": "Or I was going to do it the right way, because that's the only way that will last. That attitude helped save my health in the long run.\" Make progress bit by bit \"When I'm taking a physical step\u2014not just wishing mindlessly, I wish things were different\u2014I feel better. You actually have to take a step. It doesn't have to be the whole mountain that you're conquering that day, but take a step toward it, and that will give you some comfort that you're getting toward your goal. As long as you do one every day, you are going to get there.\" Journal before bed \"I find it calming to take five minutes and write the things that I was thankful for that day, or what I hope to achieve the next day. So often, you just feel like a zombie, going day to day, that you sort of forget to be present. I even write in my BlackBerry if that's what I have on me before I go to bed. It makes me feel peaceful and happy.\" Flip the positive 'light switch' \"Whenever I feel like my destiny is in my hands, I feel the healthiest. And I really learned that whenI was homeless [at age 18]. ... You talk about a really hopeless feeling? But I turned it around by learning to change my thoughts. I decided that my fear was a lot like the feeling of excitement. So I painted a 'light switch' in my brain and every time I was gripped by"}, {"title": "", "text": "I get upset about the problem. I blame myself or someone else. I want to escape from my situation. I attempt to control, dominate and manipulate people to get them to change. I whine and complain to others. Feeling upset, I may take action that inevitable hurts me or others. I never find the solution because I\u2019m focused on the problem. Lacking faith, I feel hopeless & angry. I get hopeful that this can be solve. I get creative about how to solve it. I open my mind to new ideas. I ask for help from others. I get excited that I can solve this. I turn it over to God if I can\u2019t figure it out, which is a great solution, until such time as I\u2019m inspired with another solution. Naturally, I invite abundance in. Get to bed before 10pm. Listen to inspiration words on arising. Stretch/do some yoga first thing. Affirm ILML and am excited for the day. Turn on some fun music \u2013 dance and sing while getting ready for the day. Shower, brush my teeth, hang up my towel nicely on the rack, use mouthwash, shave, get my hair looking good. Have a conversation with myself, talking to both \u201cBig Me\u201d and \u201cLittle Me\u201d telling them I love them and they are awesome. Smile and laugh. A lot. Keep my mouth shut, unless I have something nice to say. Dress nicely in unwrinkled, clean clothes that match and reflect the very best me I can be as I go out in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "change my mindset was a major part of loving myself. Something you can try is looking in the mirror and telling yourself positive things. Loving yourself isn\u2019t an instant process, but making the first step is the best place to start. Getting enough sleep is such an important healthy habit. Your hunger levels, energy levels, and mood are all effected by how much sleep you get. Having a bedtime routine such as going to sleep at the same time each night and waking up at the same time could be impacting on your sleep. If you\u2019re struggling with sleep, you may find this post of 7 Simple Ways To Get A Better Nights Sleep beneficial."}, {"title": "", "text": "I wanted to write this post on Friday. On Friday, I made the decision to make some positive changes in my day to day life, including writing more. Friday was not a good day. I was in a weird and depressed mood. I have been in this mood for a long time, on and off. As hard as I fight it and as much as I try to push it away, it stays. This mood, or whatever it is, really drags me down. It causes me to criticize myself even more than I already do and makes me second guess every decision I make. Anyway, on Friday I was stuck in this yucky mood and struggling to get up off the couch as my daughter played and watched movies all day. Finally, when my husband got home from work (after I pouted for another hour or so, still in my pajamas), I picked out a cute outfit to wear, took a shower, and did my makeup. Doing that alone made me feel a little better. After that, my husband cleaned the kitchen while I cleaned the living room and Annabella's room. We made dinner, bathed Annabella, and put her to bed. Sometime in that time I decided that I don't want to have anymore days like that. Realistically, I am probably going to have more days like Friday. Starting now, I am going to get better. I am going to take better care of myself. I will love myself. Spiritually, physically, mentally, I will care for"}, {"title": "", "text": "are negative. When you approve of yourself, your changes are positive. Stop terrorizing yourself with your thoughts. It\u2019s a dreadful way to live. Find a mental image that gives you pleasure (mine is yellow roses), and immediately switch your scary thought to a pleasure thought. Be gentle with yourself. Be kind to yourself. Be patient with yourself as you learn the new ways of thinking. Treat yourself as you would someone you really loved. Criticism breaks down the inner spirit. Praise builds it up. Praise yourself as much as you can. Tell yourself how well you are doing with every little thing. Self hatred is only hating your own thoughts. Don\u2019t hate yourself for having the thoughts. Gently change your thoughts. Find ways to support yourself. Reach out to friends and allow them to help you. It is being strong to ask for help when you need it. Acknowledge that you created them to fulfill a need. Now you are finding new, positive ways to fulfill those needs. So, lovingly release the old negative patterns. Learn about nutrition. What kind of fuel does your body need to have optimum energy and vitality? Learn about exercise. What kind of exercise can you enjoy? Cherish and revere the temple you live in. Don\u2019t wait until you get well, or lose the weight, or get the new job, or the new relationship. Begin now, and do the best you can. Life is our to use for inspiration. I remember I am here to be inspired to inspire. I know"}, {"title": "", "text": "up one day just feeling amazing like you\u2019ve been practicing self love your whole life. It takes time and radical acceptance, humility, gentleness, and patience. The second you look in the mirror and that negative thought pops up \u2013 take that chance to reframe your thoughts and practice self love. Recognize the negative thought and then replace it with something you DO like about yourself (physical or non physical). Then thoughtfully choose to move along with your day and to focus on that. When the feeling of worthlessness creeps in \u2013 choose to fight it. Choose to focus on what you\u2019re good at. Or simply focus on what you\u2019re doing and be in the moment. Just choose to let the gentleness towards yourself grow. After time, practice, and patience, you might start to notice changes. Maybe you\u2019ll think to yourself, \u201cI\u2019m okay being me today\u201d. Sometime after that you may think, \u201cI kinda actually like me\u201d. Eventually (and hopefully) one day after all of this practice and softness towards yourself, the \u201cI love me\u201d will finally break through."}, {"title": "", "text": "back to unkind ways of treating myself, I have a morning ritual. It\u2019s very simple: I go to the sink in the bathroom, turn on the hot water and put a washcloth in the sink. Then I look up at myself and talk to myself as if I was just meeting a friend who had spent the night. I smile at myself and say with authentic loving feelings, \u201cGood morning, Linda. I love you.\u201c If my monkey mind starts saying, \u201cMy God, you\u2019re looking so old and wrinkled?\u201d I push the thought away and smile at myself and say something like, \u201cLinda, you are so beautiful. You are so talented. You\u2019re doing great. Keep going, I\u2019m with you all the way.\u201d I want to speak to myself in the morning the same way I would speak to a child I was greeting first thing in the morning. I wouldn\u2019t do it thinking judgmental thoughts, thus sending out downer vibes! I\u2019d do it with love and positive regard. So, I give that to myself. It helps me start the day off knowing it is about uplifting my soul and spirit and hopefully, I remember to keep that attitude throughout the day. It is the only way I can contribute my best to the world and the only way I can trust I\u2019ll treat others with the same love and respect. Doesn\u2019t always work. I can fall into self-denigrating thoughts that stem from my family constellation, or get frustrated, tired, at the end of my rope and lose"}, {"title": "", "text": "to a small degree within my control, but I had no idea at the time. My mom was my biggest cheerleader and my coach... either giving me the love and cheer I needed or the shove and push to snap out of it. Hot or cold. Both worked at different times. When I would reach the bathroom I would make it a point to stand in front of the mirror (my counselor suggested me do this as well) and then tell myself some of the affirmations to my own face. This was much more challenging that one would think and whether or not you think you need it, I suggest you try it anyway. I didn't like what I had physically become and I did not like looking at myself in the mirror. Not that I did before all of this but at this point, I tried to steer clear of reflections. Maybe I'm the only one that saw myself like this, I don't know. I didn't like myself. I saw some other being in the mirror. Someone puffy, sad, worn out, obviously torn apart, discolored, weak, unmotivated, ugly and dark. I'm pretty sure I could come up with more negative descriptions of myself than I could affirmations. As I would say these affirmations to myself in the mirror, I felt bad for myself because I didn't believe any of them and I absolutely did not consider the possibility that this exercise would help in any way. I got out of bed today- NINE YEARS LATER"}, {"title": "", "text": "Apple Tree'. I was in Chicagoland at the time. Health & Wellness: How do you feel about yourself in the evening, versus in the morning? My guess is that you don't feel the same way about yourself throughout the day, especially from morning as opposed to at night. Why? Because of our internal dialogue, our daily experiences, our interactions with other humans, and our outlook in general, our mind will change on our self love/like/dislike/hate throughout the day. What can we do to help ourselves have more self love throughout our day? Gratitude practice and Affirmations. When you practice these throughout your day you will find that your brain gets rewired toward positive thoughts, which helps your internal voice view you as lovable. Practice daily gratitude (writing down at least ten items you are grateful for), as well as affirmations (at least ten, writing them, reading them, saying them out loud) each day. You will notice a huge difference! Love story: ...continued from last post... After he asked me, I don't remember a lot from that night. I think we went to his mom's house to show her that I had said yes. I don't remember going home or telling my parents, although I know that I did. You know, the blur when things happen that are amazing and frightening at the same time. The planning began. We didn't have long. The date was December 30th and it was already mid-October. Again for the note: no I was not pregnant. Just the culture to get married"}, {"title": "", "text": "to themselves, \u201cI\u2019m the perfect version of me.\u201d So, don\u2019t aim for that. It\u2019s an impossible standard. My advice is to aim to be a slightly better version of yourself tomorrow than you are today. How? I used to say the meanest things to myself in my head. I never thought to correct that because they were just thoughts. But I still heard them. And it still affects me. Be nice to yourself. Sleeping, eating and exercising are big factors in not only how we look, but also how we feel and how we function. Your brain works differently when you eat differently. The better you eat, the better you sleep, and the better you move (exercise) the better you\u2019ll feel, look and act. If you want to start meditating, try doing it for 30 seconds. Or ten seconds. Get in the habit of doing that every day. And then up it to 45 seconds or 15 seconds. Don\u2019t ever feel bad about how small your goal is. They will grow over time. In 2014 if I was depressed for 45 minutes I would feel like the whole day was wasted and I would write it off as such. Now I realize that while 45 minutes is a good chunk of time, it\u2019s less than 1/16th of my waking time for any given day. This also applies to if you do have a bad day or a bad week. Try again tomorrow. These are just a few of the many things I\u2019ve encountered that have helped"}, {"title": "", "text": "particular person, how fat you\u2019ve become, or how depressed you are over your financial situation, you are only digging yourself a monstrous hole to lay in. You will get even more angry, fatter, or more depressed\u2026or all three! Instead of focusing on what is bad in your life, focus on the good! Trust me, you\u2019ll be a whole lot happier! If you want to change your eating habits and sculpt your body, keep a mental picture of what you want to look like! Spend at least 5 minutes looking at a picture of the body you desire every morning. Go through the feelings you would have if you were in that position. What could you do? Think of the confidence you would enjoy! Be sure to do the same thing right before you go to bed. But, because pain is probably the best motivator I know, I would also like you to think about what not changing will cost you. If you keep going where you\u2019re headed, what will it cost you physically, mentally, emotionally and financially? What will not changing cost your loved ones? If you keep smoking, drinking, overeating, doing watever it is that is causing you your discomfort, what will you feel like? What will you look like? What will the quality of your life be? Theses are all great questions to ask yourself to light that fire deep inside. So light the fire right now and look at that inspiring picture every day to keep it burning! If you constantly feel tired,"}, {"title": "", "text": "have is \u2018I really love having you as a friend. Every time we\u2019re together I feel like this is a conversation that we wind up having and I think it makes us both feel bad. What do you think about that?\u2019\u201d 2. Put Action Before Appearance Shift your focus from what your body looks like to what it can do, Silverman says. \u201cInstead of saying \u2018I hate my thighs,\u2019 ask yourself: What do your thighs allow you to do?\u201d she says. \u201cMaybe it becomes \u2018my legs allow me to take Zumba class, which makes me feel awesome.\u2019 \u201cWhen you can talk positively about yourself in terms of what your body can do, you start to view your body in a very different way,\u201d she says. 3. Identify Body Parts You Love Make sure you\u2019re also focusing on the things that you love about yourself, Silverman suggests. \u201cSome people look at themselves in the mirror and say horrible things. If they\u2019re saying it out loud, then they\u2019re hearing that\u2014they\u2019re underscoring the problem.\u201d Pick a body part that you love\u2014your breasts, your shoulders, your butt\u2014and talk out loud about it. \u201cIn the same way, if you\u2019re saying \u2018My butt looks great in these jeans,\u2019 then you\u2019re hearing that, too.\u201d 4. Bust Out the Post-Its Changing how you talk to yourself is a habit that you have to both break and create, so expect it to take a month before positive self-talk feels like second nature. \u201cIf you\u2019re struggling with it and you think \u2018I feel like I\u2019m lying"}, {"title": "", "text": "have is \u2018I really love having you as a friend. Every time we\u2019re together I feel like this is a conversation that we wind up having and I think it makes us both feel bad. What do you think about that?\u2019\u201d 2. Put Action Before Appearance Shift your focus from what your body looks like to what it can do, Silverman says. \u201cInstead of saying \u2018I hate my thighs,\u2019 ask yourself: What do your thighs allow you to do?\u201d she says. \u201cMaybe it becomes \u2018my legs allow me to take Zumba class, which makes me feel awesome.\u2019 \u201cWhen you can talk positively about yourself in terms of what your body can do, you start to view your body in a very different way,\u201d she says. 3. Identify Body Parts You Love Make sure you\u2019re also focusing on the things that you love about yourself, Silverman suggests. \u201cSome people look at themselves in the mirror and say horrible things. If they\u2019re saying it out loud, then they\u2019re hearing that\u2014they\u2019re underscoring the problem.\u201d Pick a body part that you love\u2014your breasts, your shoulders, your butt\u2014and talk out loud about it. \u201cIn the same way, if you\u2019re saying \u2018My butt looks great in these jeans,\u2019 then you\u2019re hearing that, too.\u201d 4. Bust Out the Post-Its Changing how you talk to yourself is a habit that you have to both break and create, so expect it to take a month before positive self-talk feels like second nature. \u201cIf you\u2019re struggling with it and you think \u2018I feel like I\u2019m lying"}, {"title": "", "text": "or something that may be weighing you down. Don\u2019t feel like you have to be ashamed of this emotion. If you have a personal shortcoming, forgive yourself. This is not indicative of your behavior and who you are as a person. Encourage yourself with healthier habits. Don\u2019t be afraid to say no to people. Oppression of your own health and emotional wellbeing puts you in a fragile circumstance that could lead you to depend too heavily on the approval of others. While telling yourself to simply \u201ccheer up\u201d won\u2019t cut it most of the time, it\u2019s important to know your self-worth and understand what places you in a negative mindset. You can learn of these negative associations by simply journaling your thoughts to evaluate what happened throughout the day that made you feel the self-hatred coming on. It\u2019s through this personal review that you can discover what kind of interaction, activity, or social involvement is triggering your behavior. In the moments of a negative thought, learn to be your own hype man or woman. Think of something that makes you feel good, or look for some sort of levity to distract from what\u2019s trying to send you into a sullen state. Some people have found success in keeping a list of their favorite things on standby to put a smile on their face and create a warmer personal environment. Don\u2019t be afraid to reward yourself just for being you. Something as simple as a haircut or a manicure can be a boost to self-esteem, as can"}, {"title": "", "text": "second you get distracted your pain will diminish until you totally forget about it. Instead of walking into the bathroom and checking out your stomach; look yourself in the eye and say your name, \u201c________, you are beautiful. You are worthy of feeling amazing.\u201d Even if you DON\u2019T believe it. I totally get that this sounds cheesy \u2013 I\u2019m right there with you. It feels so good though, and the changes we can make using this kind of thinking is incredible. So trust me ;), and trust this process. Let me know in the comments below: are you going to try this? Is this something you need to work on? I would love to hear what you think!! No Comments on \"How You Wake Up Changes What You Eat\""}, {"title": "", "text": "fun. If you're not happy about your shape, take time tomorrow to set up a workout plan\u2014but don't focus on these negative thoughts today. Instead, appreciate how your legs let you chase your kids in the sand and your arms help you launch that volleyball clear over that net. Instead of: \"I wish I looked more like\u2026\" SAY THIS: \"I'm so lucky to have my\u2026\" There are bits of inspiration you can take from friends or celebrities, like a fitness routine, a recipe, or a beauty trick. But the thing I try to keep in mind when I wish I could be more like someone else is that they don't have all the good things I do. Sure, they might have the time to work out with a trainer every morning, but they don't get to wake up to my wonderful husband or have breakfast with my kids\u2014and I wouldn't give that up for hard abs any day. Remind yourself of what you have, and other people's looks won't matter as much. Instead of: \"It's too late for me to make a change\" SAY THIS: \"Yes, I can\" The fear of not achieving our goals is exactly what prevents us from taking the first step. Yes, you can eat heathier, you can learn to cook, and you can quit smoking. I have probably made 1,000 excuses over the course of my adult life, but once I started picking goals that were realistic for me\u2014to drink one less soda a day, or take a short walk during"}, {"title": "", "text": "life was the way it was. It was all because of what I was thinking. All I had to do is change the way I was thinking. It didn\u2019t happen overnight. I still have good days and bad days, but I am learning every day. Now, when I get angry, I am learning to accept it, and release it. When I am sad, I am learning to be sad, and cry. When I am happy, I am learning to have fun, to just smile and feel good for once. The happier I am, and the more I love ME and I am proud of ME, and everything else around me changes. When the negative thoughts pop back in, I acknowledge them, and then I let them go. I change my thinking and I think good thoughts. I smile at ME in the mirror. I am proud of ME when I do something right. I no longer dread the next day because I am excited about all the things I get to do that I would not allow myself to do before. I no longer want to hurt ME. I am thankful to be alive. I am thankful that I get to live the rest of my life the easy way, instead of the hard way. The more I love Me \u2013 the more I realize that all this time, I always felt so alone. Now I know the truth. I was never alone, I just thought I was. I had ME right there all along. And"}, {"title": "", "text": "mirror, and notice what comes up. Are there still any negative feelings or thoughts there? If so, tap them out until they flip. You don\u2019t dislike those things about yourself because there\u2019s something actually wrong with them. Although the feelings may seem very real, and whatever you think is wrong may seem obvious. The truth is \u2013 the only reason you don\u2019t like those things is because you have subconscious records that prove they\u2019re \u201cwrong\u201d. Change the records, and you\u2019ll change the way you feel. As you change the way you feel about your body, you will start making different choices about how you take care of it. Changing those records will change the way you eat, the way you exercise, and other choices you make daily that affect your health. And this will happen automatically \u2013 as an automatic result of the changes you\u2019ve made within you. Learning how to love yourself means learning how to forgive yourself. We all blame ourselves for things that have happened, or bad choices we made in the past. But, whatever those things are, they\u2019re not happening now. They\u2019re over, and it\u2019s time to stop repeating them in your mind, and let them go. Go to the memory, and tap until it flips to something good. Change how you represent that event in your mind. It won\u2019t change what happened \u2013 you can\u2019t change the past, but you can change how you hold it. You can change the records inside yourself that are affecting your life in so many"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a lot of goodness inside you, I am sure, and I hope that one day you will be able to see that too. You sound so dejected that I wonder how long you have been feeling this way about yourself? Was this used as a defense type of mechanism? I am so sorry that you believe these things or that someone at some point in your life made you believe these terrible things about yourself. There are times in life when it has to be mind over matter. If you think positive thoughts then they will come your way; when you think negative thoughts, then you can guess how much negativity will then enter your life. It has to be hard to change the way you have always thought, I get that this becomes habitual and there are often few ways to talk yourself out of feeling like this. However for your own peace of mind and to better your self worth I hope that you can find a way to change all of this. I am all for being realistic but I am not so hyped up on feeling like this is something that cannot be changed because it certainly can be. Do you honestly think that you have been dealt a bad hand or do you in any way take any kind of ownership of the things happening in your life and see how your actions could have played a role in this? I am not blaming you, but I would like for"}, {"title": "", "text": "love? Another area we can struggle with is simply in our appearance. It is far too easy to find fault with our appearance. We live in a world of air brushed perfection being thrown in our faces 24 hours, 7 days a week. We are told what is beautiful and if we are falling short in our own estimation of this standard it can affect our self esteem. It can be very easy to look in the mirror and to start telling yourself things like \"You are fat\", \"you are ugly\", \"your hair is too thin\" and the list goes on. How much better it would be to rewire your thinking into positive thoughts and affirmations about your appearance. Maybe you are a bit overweight, or maybe you have acne, or you are unhappy with new wrinkles or sagging skin where once the flesh was taut. It's OK to notice these things; it's even OK to wish them to be different. But, the crucial part is in not taking away from your self love because of your perception of falling short of the ideal you wish for. You can say to yourself \"I wish I were closer to my ideal weight, and I'm going to work on that; but for now, I look really good and am doing the best that I can\". This gives your brain the message that you are still a good person and you are still valid and deserving of love and friendship. You are also owning that you aren't exactly as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Stop terrorizing yourself with your thoughts. It's a dreadful way to live. Find a mental image that gives you pleasure (mine is yellow roses), and immediately switch your scary thought to a pleasure thought. 3. Be gentle and kind and patient. Self-hatred is only hating your own thoughts. Don't hate yourself for having the thoughts. Gently change the thoughts. Criticism breaks the inner spirit. Praise builds it up. Praise yourself as much as you can. Tell yourself how well you are doing with every little thing. Find ways to support yourself. Reach out to friends, and allow them to help you. It is being strong to ask for help when you need it. 7. Be loving to your negatives. Acknowledge that you created them to fulfill a need. Now you are finding new, positive ways to fulfill those needs. So. lovingly release the old negative patterns. Look into your own eyes often. Express this growing sense of love you have for yourself. Forgive yourself looking into the mirror. Talk to your parents looking into the mirror. Forgive them, too. At least once a day, say: \"I love you, I really love you!\" 10. LOVE YOURSELF - DO IT NOW! Don't wait until you get well or lose the weight, or get the new job, or find the new relationship. Begin NOW - do the best you can."}, {"title": "", "text": "it wasn't accomplishing anything other than making me feel bad... so why do it? And so looking at things from another perspective and asking why is helping me to get over the frustration and self doubt that had been building up inside of me for a while. I'm not completely over it yet, I still get angry at myself and depressed when I puff out within minutes of starting a workout, or can't remember things in an exam or when I look at myself in the mirror. But I'm working on it. And I'm feeling happier and happier and less frustrated every day. It can be hard seeing another way of looking at things, especially when your brain is against you. It's even harder when you've made negativity a habit, something you reflexively feel and do. But if you can share your feelings with someone else, if you can do positive, reinforcing things like setting an alarm, going for a job or if it comes to it, re-reading these posts when you're at your lowest - you CAN be happy and you CAN accomplish whatever you want to. All you've got to do is give it take a step back and give it some time. Hopefully the next one won't take as long to post up. This one took a very long time to write with the fuzzy head and I'm honestly not sure if it's that good or if I keep repeating myself... the next one won't take as long hopefully and will probably be"}, {"title": "", "text": "need of love, care and affection is, the person in the mirror and I remind myself of that every day. Spending more time in positive thoughts and activities allows for less time and energy for negativity. Breaking the habit of beating yourself up can be tough, but it can be done. Start with letting yourself feel good about the times you do well, and give yourself a break when you mess up. It does not count how many times you mess up - what counts is that you keep on trying!"}, {"title": "", "text": "having negative thoughts about yourself\u201d but that\u2019s easier said than done. Negative thoughts will arrive in your head and there\u2019s not much you can do about that. What you can do is dismiss them, rather than paying them any attention. Sometimes we take a negative thought on board and run with it, giving it legs and feet when it would have just drifted away. You know the kind of conversation in your head that you need to stop, don\u2019t you? Phrases like \u201cHow stupid can you be? Why didn\u2019t you do this/say this\u201d and \u201cYou look so fat. Why do you eat so much? What\u2019s wrong with you?\u201d are the type of things that keep you feeling low. When your best friend starts being down on herself, you never join in the party and start saying \u201cAnd another thing why can\u2019t you ever\u2026\u201d So start speaking to yourself like someone you care about who needs a boost. Pretend you\u2019re your own best friend or favorite child. Show your subconscious how much you value yourself by taking care of your health and looks. This doesn\u2019t mean going mad at the gym, following a starvation diet or not setting a foot outside the door without spending hours doing your hair and makeup. It simply means caring what you put into your body, taking moderate exercise, and making sure you look presentable. A few pampering sessions wouldn\u2019t go amiss either. It\u2019s all about doing what makes you feel good and cared for, rather than about following a tough regime"}, {"title": "", "text": "at once. My love life was nonexistent, my finances was gone my friends all gone too and I was completely and utterly alone in this horrible deep dark hole. For a while I thought someone cursed me, but then after a while I decided to pick myself up and find out what is going on. First I just cleaned myself to get rid of any curses, I do believe in those\u2026. Then I started to take a good hard look at my life, and at myself. I realized its all me, I was doing all this to myself. I made my choice, I started to consciously change me. First of all I got some help, I got some mild antidepressants from the pharmacy to just help me, as a crutch would when you\u2019ve broken your leg. I used it for about two months only, just to get my mind right first. During that time I was determined to get my mind fixed first. I worked at it, every day, day and night. I would catch myself with the wrong negative thinking, and I would change it right there and then, and then I would repeat it to myself out loud seven times. I believe in the number seven for some reason, but I\u2019ll go into that some other time. After a while it started to become easier and it became more natural to me. Things started to change. I changed, and it was awesome. The moment you start to change yourself, you have already started to"}, {"title": "", "text": "self love. It's going to be hard, since you have drilled bad thoughts into your brain for years, but it is going to change your life. You need to repeat to yourself throughout the day that you love one simple part of your body that it\u2019s absolutely perfect to you in your mind. Start with your brain and say, \u201cMy brain is full of beautiful electrons that give me the power to be beautiful!\u201d Do this for a week and when you feel ready move on through the top of your head down to the tips of your toes. It may take a long time, but you will feel immensely better. Start to use the raw things you were born with that makes you unique. For a week embrace what makes you unique, whether that be your natural hair, face, or personality. You have full freedom to be you, don\u2019t think about what other people see you as, their thoughts and words will not matter in the future. They won\u2019t affect who you can become, or who you truly are. They\u2019re just words; sounds that go through the air and can mean nothing to you. You are in control of what you bring into your mind, and if a condescending phrase is said, just let it be. Don\u2019t take it. . Keeping up with the lion's roar We're Just Friends Michelle Rushton and Briton Wilson Have you ever found yourself in a situation with a friend where everyone thinks that you are dating or that you"}, {"title": "", "text": "part of me, I HATED that. Growing up in a home though where so often we were taught to love ourselves, it made it better at times. It didn\u2019t make it totally easy, and I had to work hard to remember that although I felt like I had a face that was absolutely gross, it didn\u2019t make me any less of a person on the inside. And that knowledge helped me still live a happy life throughout some really difficult high school and early college years. Now I still have days where sometimes I feel like I could be better. That I could do more, look a certain way, or accomplish cooler things, but those days are the days I actively tell my thoughts to SHUT UP and I work hard to realize that my happiness starts with me, and loving myself for who I really am. Those days that I don\u2019t love myself, those are the days that I don\u2019t feel happy. The days that things go wrong in life, but I love who I am and where I am in this crazy world, I am able to more easily bounce back from it all. I\u2019ll also be honest that somedays I just want to wallow, and although I don\u2019t think that is always the answer, sometimes I just want to wallow and I let myself. I think that can be healthy if done in the right way. It\u2019s okay to let our emotions take over. So if you aren\u2019t happy 100% of the time,"}, {"title": "", "text": "to as inner dialogue or self-talk. Increasing the positivity of your self-talk has been found to improve self-esteem and ease some depression and anxiety. But as you found, trying to just ignore negative self-talk usually doesn\u2019t work. A more effective approach is to hear what it is saying and then find a way to rob that message of its power. Here we go. For a day or two, write down every thought you have about yourself\u2014no matter how small. \u201cMy teeth look weird.\u201d \u201cWhy am I always late?\u201d \u201cThat shirt looks nice.\u201d Positive and negative, write them all down. It may be overwhelming to hear just how tough you are on yourself, so line up a friend for emotional support. Also, try not to berate yourself for having the negative thoughts. Lots of us struggle with this; you are in good company. Now that you are aware of the messages you send yourself, it is time to start robbing them of their power. A good first step is to question their validity. Start with one statement. Is it true? Are you sure? Now, take a look at your reaction to that thought. How does it make you feel? Does it dictate your action in a way that is positive? For example, does thinking you are a fraud make you want to show the world your true self or does it make you want to hide? Practice responding to negative thoughts by replacing them with positive versions. It will feel awkward at first, but if you stick"}, {"title": "", "text": "them both. I recognize behavioral patterns, as hard as it is to face those sometimes, and sincerely seek ways to change them or accept them. Currently, I am facing two aspects that need further contemplation and then a plan... and so that's what I'm doing. Even at 6:30 in the morning, when I'm dog-tired I can consider: what can I change, where can I do better, what actions can I take, is this pattern of my own doing? I am grateful for my courage to look within and my determination to act!"}, {"title": "", "text": "to change how you feel about yourself and your future.."}, {"title": "", "text": "are fleeting. All life experiences are fleeting as well. Don't obsess over one feeling. Instead, think about your life as a vast timeline, with point A starting years and years ago when you were a child--and point B happening right now. What happened in between those points to make you hate yourself? Was it a particular event? Was there one person in your life who said something so awful that it's stayed with you ever since? Your timeline is massive. There's so much you can do between point A and point B. Because point B is always moving. It's not over yet. What would it take for you to change your life story? What event could you help bring forward to change the trajectory--and the timeline--of your life? 4. Mine your \"I Hate Myself\" behaviors to find the hidden culprits Much like you can find the root cause of your self-hatred by carving out thinking time, you can also find your root, most destructive behaviors. What makes a behavior so incredibly destructive that it contributes to extreme self-hatred? It's anything that you do that, immediately after, you regret or feel intense shame. For me, it's picking at my skin and obsessing over blemishes on my body. Without a doubt, I feel intense regret after I do this. But I've been able to identify this as a source of great shame and hatred. As a result, I've orchestrated new routines to avoid this bad behavior and replace it with a good one. This is another technique from"}, {"title": "", "text": "into your body. Be more mindful of the self-talk that happens every day in your head. It\u2019s pretty gruesome isn\u2019t it? Can you imagine saying to your nine-year-old daughter or niece what you say to yourself all day long? Imagine walking up to her and looking into her sweet, innocent eyes and then exclaiming, \u201cGod your arms are fat! And what\u2019s with that outfit? Don\u2019t you know print shirts make your stomach look ridiculously big? Why are you crying? God I hate it when you cry \u2013 you look so weak when you cry.\u201d No, you simply would NEVER say these things to a loved one, especially a child, so why not treat yourself like a child that you love? You would never allow your nine-year-old niece to eat nothing but fast food and ice cream and smoke a pack of cigarettes every day because it will make her unbelievably sick. And yet, you may not bat an eye at making these choices for yourself. Be mindful of the thoughts that move around in your head. When you catch yourself being cruel, stop and treat yourself like a loved child. You will be floored with the amount of love and respect you are capable of showing yourself. When you notice yourself having a negative thought about your body (I still can\u2019t fit into those jeans!), stop in the moment, release the negative thought and replace it with a positive visualization \u2013 in this instance, see yourself wearing that pair of jeans. How do you feel in"}, {"title": "", "text": "being harassed or you witness someone else being harassed at work? Is break time part of working hours? Is 2pm too late for lunch? Is 10 too early for lunch? Similarly, What do you do when you don\u2019t like your life? Follow these steps if you want to quit hating your life and start loving it: Get a lot of rest. Eat a balanced diet. Make a list of everything. Take a Deep Breath. Get some physical activity. Take care of yourself. Remove Negative Triggers from Your Life. Dance. Also, it is asked, How do I stop hating myself? So, what\u2019s next? Begin small. You don\u2019t have to love yourself completely right now. Don\u2019t let your imperfections or errors define you. Flaws are characteristics that you possess. Make positive self-talk a habit. Positive things about oneself should be spoken aloud, even if it\u2019s only to yourself. Accept praises from others. Enhance your mental well-being. Secondly, Why do I not like myself? A mental health issue such as depression or anxiety may also cause feelings of self-hatred. Depression, for example, may produce feelings of despair, remorse, and humiliation, making you feel as if you aren\u2019t good enough. Also, Why do I hate my body? Everyone has moments when they are self-conscious about their appearance. However, you may have body dysmorphic disorder if you despise anything about your body and these thoughts are interfering with your daily life. People also ask, Why does my mind feel disconnected from my body? When you experience the persistent or recurring impression"}, {"title": "", "text": "being harassed or you witness someone else being harassed at work? Is break time part of working hours? Is 2pm too late for lunch? Is 10 too early for lunch? Similarly, What do you do when you don\u2019t like your life? Follow these steps if you want to quit hating your life and start loving it: Get a lot of rest. Eat a balanced diet. Make a list of everything. Take a Deep Breath. Get some physical activity. Take care of yourself. Remove Negative Triggers from Your Life. Dance. Also, it is asked, How do I stop hating myself? So, what\u2019s next? Begin small. You don\u2019t have to love yourself completely right now. Don\u2019t let your imperfections or errors define you. Flaws are characteristics that you possess. Make positive self-talk a habit. Positive things about oneself should be spoken aloud, even if it\u2019s only to yourself. Accept praises from others. Enhance your mental well-being. Secondly, Why do I not like myself? A mental health issue such as depression or anxiety may also cause feelings of self-hatred. Depression, for example, may produce feelings of despair, remorse, and humiliation, making you feel as if you aren\u2019t good enough. Also, Why do I hate my body? Everyone has moments when they are self-conscious about their appearance. However, you may have body dysmorphic disorder if you despise anything about your body and these thoughts are interfering with your daily life. People also ask, Why does my mind feel disconnected from my body? When you experience the persistent or recurring impression"}, {"title": "", "text": "are not the only one and when I started to get rid of my self-hatred I feel better. My best wishes. kowhte, Jul 2, 2022 onceaking likes this."}, {"title": "", "text": "don\u2019t have (your relationship), so much so that you miss all of the amazing things that are going on around you. The more that you add in positivity and focus on it, the less time you have to allow the negativity to consume you. Something that you can start daily is a gratitude practice. Every morning when you wake up, let the first thought be, \u201cthank you.\u201d If you\u2019re religious you can thank God that you woke up and that you have another day on this earth. If you want to skip the religious part, just say thank you to your body for working, for breathing, and to the universe for allowing you another day. Then make a mental or written list of 5-10 things that you are grateful for before your feet even hit the floor. In that moment where you aren\u2019t yet ready to open your eyes and take a stretch, and are typically thinking about how badly you need more sleep, think of the things you have to be grateful for \u2013 a place to live, running water, a warm bed, your health, your family. These things can be big or small, but they deserve to be acknowledged, and those acknowledgements will change your attitude and help combat that sadness you feel. Practice this exercise for at least one full week and notice how it makes you feel. If you\u2019re feeling like overachieving, when you get into bed at night, think of 5-10 different things that happened throughout your day that you are"}, {"title": "", "text": "I never have known who I am. My whole life has been filled with feelings of being worthless, unlovable, and not really having anything to bring to the table.\" To change this.... only one way I know of is STOP thinking about your past negatively.... throw it out.... it no longer serves you... everytime you think about that pull yourself up and tell yourself you dont need to think about that anymore... you got the message... and leave your past where it belongs.... and STOP thinking about your present and your future using your past as a reference point.... there are many ways you can do this... and one I used as I didnt have much money to buy therapy was to look myself in the mirror eyeball to eyeball and tell myself I loved me... over and over everyday until I stopped squirming inside and started to believe it... ...telling myself I was worth the effort I was putting in... and closing out all thoughts of feeling silly, stupid, idiotic, foolish, selfishness, ego, self indulgence etc etc, and any desire to stop doing it........ this was my rescue line and I could do it myself without help or cost financially and it worked.... I started feeling better and better... I started counting my blessings everyday looking for them in everything I saw touched and felt... simple things... a fine day... a cloud ... a little rain... sunshine... a tree, a flower, a hat, a blouse, eyes, hair, clothes...old wrinkles, young faces, animals...... etc etc... and"}, {"title": "", "text": "sucked down the drain at the end of the bath. Ask Jophiel to help you replace any pain or judgment with love. Repeat the quote by Mother Teresa, \"If you judge people, you have no time to love them.\" Say, \"When I judge myself, I have no time to love myself.\" Challenge every negative thought you've had about your body with an affirmation like \"I have beautiful eyes,\" \"I am attractive,\" or \"Being short is cute.\" Create affirmations to replace any limiting beliefs about your body. Here are some examples: \"I'm getting old\" becomes \"I'm wiser and more beautiful every day.\" \"I need surgery for my tummy fat\" becomes \"I choose to love and accept every inch of me.\" Do this for every limiting belief. If there are some that really resonate, write them in your journal afterward and practice the accompanying affirmation. Louise Hay has helpful tools. See the recommended resources section at the end of the book. Allow all negativity to escape down the drain so all that's left is love and approval. How great does it feel when your love for your body is unconditional? This is completely under your control, unlike a partner saying mean things to you. You're feeding your body the words and thoughts you say about it, not just the foods that you buy. Are you willing to work on how you speak and what thoughts you entertain? By now your criticism is so habitual that it will take consistent practice to make this shift permanent. Promise your body"}, {"title": "", "text": "trying to get rid of some of the emotional clutter too. Due to issues in my past, I have some pretty big issues with self-hatred and am often calling myself names. But 2 weeks ago I did kind of a ritual cleansing. I used some exfoiliating body wash and washed away all those names. Then, I used some goat milk soap I recently got that\u2019s extra moisturizing and I washed in more positive words. Words my best friend and other friends and family would use to describe me. It\u2019s a process, as is anything that\u2019s worth doing. Rome wasn\u2019t built in a day. Neither were my self-hatred issues. My room didn\u2019t get this messy in one day and neither did my finances, but I\u2019m determined to get at least some of it under control in 2017. What are you working on changing right now? Sounds like you\u2019re taking good steps this week. Sorting into bins does make it so much easier! Good luck. And I\u2019m glad you found nice stuff about yourself. You\u2019ve got great posts and advice on here, so add that to the positive column! Thanks, Jay! \ud83d\ude42 The last 5-7 years have been about keeping my head above water with my mental illnesses. Now I feel like I can move forward in some areas. It feels good to be able to do that. Good for you! The first steps in a new direction are always the hardest. I started working with a personal trainer this year, not so much to loose weight (which"}, {"title": "", "text": "Why\u2019d I do that? That was so dumb of me! There I go again, always ruining opportunities. What\u2019s wrong with me? These are the kinds of thoughts that bombard your mind daily. The voices in your head that follow you like a dark cloud, filling you with guilt, regret, and self-pity. It\u2019s no wonder you\u2019re stressed. Your mind tries to compensate for all this negative self-talk by giving you goals: I\u2019ll always be on time. I\u2019ll come to work prepared. I\u2019ll exercise five days a week. Then the instant you fall off track, you\u2019re back to beating yourself up again. \u201cWhy can\u2019t I change?\u201d you ask yourself. It seems like you\u2019re always repeating the same bad habits, no matter how hard you try to get rid of them. You long for one of those makeovers like you see on TV, only this wouldn\u2019t just be a weight-loss or wardrobe makeover. It would be a totally NEW YOU. But the distance between yourself and the NEW YOU seems insurmountable. It\u2019s not just you who can\u2019t change. You notice it in others as well. We all know people who keep getting involved in relationships that crash and burn, can\u2019t keep a job, can\u2019t hang onto their money. It seems like as humans, we\u2019re hardwired to resist change. Think back to when you were a child. Your life was an infinite horizon of possibilities. It seemed like every year you were transforming into someone new, taking on new roles. Not only did you become a new person outwardly, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "Confession over ... move on! I look forward to reading another update tomorrow telling me how good your day was. Hello, Sounds like self sabotage to me. I used to do it all the time, with everything, not just food. You will get there, just give it time. You could also go to your doctor and he may able to help you with a bit of a boost? take care."}, {"title": "", "text": "take a few moments to think of something you really like. Keep a small photo album of happy times in your life, have a list of tunes that make you feel happy, keep a copy of a favourite and funny film in your room. Go for a walk in the sun, or even in the rain, take your wellies and jump in puddles. Keeping busy and taking your mind off the problem will quickly break these habits of negative thinking. Take care of the skin you\u2019re in! There is a clear link between a healthy attitude and a healthy body. So ditch the junk food, eat well and do something every day that makes you a little out of breath. Mirror, Mirror on the wall. Who is the fairest of them all? It should be you! So get into the habit of looking in the mirror every morning, say \u201cI love you and I\u2019m going to prove it to you today\u201d. Sounds silly I know, but by saying the words you are already making a conscious promise to have a good day. Have a little conversation with yourself, ensuring only positive feedback is given. Love, love me do! Don\u2019t feel guilty for loving yourself, and remember until you learn to love yourself you probably won\u2019t be able to love someone else. Being kind to oneself and offering praise and positive thoughts are a great way to teach yourself to give love and accept love from others. I was hoping this would be useful because so far"}, {"title": "", "text": "Monday, I found myself making more excuses for not even starting my goals. Much less reaching them. You can't hate yourself into health. True healing comes through love. It's a universal law. Love is the only force in the world that can transform your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. We can't fool ourselves into thinking that the more we despise our situation, the more motivation we will have to change. Hate and guilt cannot ever provide lasting motivation and change. The minute you decide to truly love and accept yourself for who you are right now, healing begins. In a world centered around guilt and self loathing, I want to remind you that you are perfectly whole and healthy just the way you are. Right now. Today. You don't have to earn love or self acceptance. You are already loved. God designed you to be happy and healthy. Don't waste another day by putting your life on hold until everything is perfect. Your mission isn't to be miserable. You are created to be full of joy."}, {"title": "", "text": "fruitful day and subsequently a fruitful happy life in the long run. Rather than wasting your time constantly feeling dissatisfied over what you see, try asking yourself how you can treat yourself better in order to heal the turmoil that is rocking your inner balance. Each person has their own reasons for their repressed emotions. Finding the answers and making the efforts towards healing yourself is an important step in living deliberately. Your immediate purpose is to be honest with yourself and respect yourself in order to find out how to treat yourself better. While you undergo your healing process, enhance it by practising self-love \u2013 eating healthily and exercising regularly. Look after yourself the best you can and you will not have unnecessary reason to dislike what you see. You will regain your self-esteem and notice the person in the mirror smiling back at you with growing confidence. To boot, you will most definitely smile back at the person in the mirror."}, {"title": "", "text": "to pull ourselves together, make a good appearance, and to not be a \u201cburden\u201d on others. If we aren\u2019t looking and feeling perfect, then we shouldn\u2019t open our mouths. That message is what most of us received as children, and this goes back many generations. What does that leave us with? Stuffing away our pain, which comes out in other ways. We tell ourselves to hurry up and get better, so we can do and be good productive citizens. When we repress the need for rest and the healing process, we become resentful, angry, or hopeless. This extends our suffering and the healing timeline. We even feel self-hatred because, \u2018Why aren\u2019t we better?\u2019, or \u2018Why aren\u2019t we doing this or that?\u2019 Beating ourselves up is common, but it ends with awareness. Self love is a journey. I recently awoke in the middle of the night and couldn\u2019t get back to sleep for a very long time. I started to get irritated with myself after two hours, and was thinking, \u2018What am I doing wrong?\u2019 Then I realized, this was what my body and mind wanted. I was needing to think and process something. Once I allowed the time and space to do so, I was back to sleep within a short time. No, I haven\u2019t mastered this practice of self love yet. Some days I still abandon myself. But, over all in my progress, I have more days of self love than not. This is possible for you too. We get to keep using this process"}, {"title": "", "text": "best. I just want you to know that you are not the only one and when I started to get rid of my self-hatred I feel better. My best wishes. kowhte, Jul 2, 2022 onceaking likes this."}, {"title": "", "text": "a true impact. \u201cYou can\u2019t go from one end of the spectrum to the opposite,\u201d she says. \u201cMeaningI can\u2019t go from \u2018I hate my body and I\u2019m so ugly\u2019 to \u2018I love my body and I\u2019m beautiful\u2019. You don\u2019t believe that thought yet, but I\u2019m here to tell you that you don\u2019t have to.\u201d Sam says one of the first ways to change your way of thinking is by becoming aware of the thought and pinpointing what words are in your head. \u201cWhat is your brain saying? And actually, write these down,\u201d she advises. \u201cIt doesn\u2019t matter if they\u2019re not positive, it doesn\u2019t matter if you don\u2019t like what they say, just write them down so you actually know what\u2019s going on up there.\u201d Next, Sam says people should pick the phrase that causes them \u201cthe most pain\u201d and invert this statement and turn it into a \u201cwhat if question\u201d. Here you\u2019ll be able to focus on a negative thought you have and pose a question to yourself about what it\u2019d be like to feel differently about this. \u201cSit for at least five minutes and imagine this feeling in your body. Something should eventually shift,\u201d she says. \u201cYou should feel a burden being lifted, a lightness moving through your body and then get on with your day.\u201d Sam says that after questioning how one thinks and feels you can then begin to reflect these in your actions \u2013 even if you\u2019re not entirely where you want to be in your way of thinking, you can still"}, {"title": "", "text": "Yesterday I stood in the bathroom, brushing my teeth. I caught my own glance in the mirror and smiled at myself, feeling so much love all of a sudden. I didn\u2019t think about that moment, just went back to bed and slept. And woke up in the middle of the night, lying awake for hours, again. I could get mad at myself as my usual response has been to insomnia. But all I feel is love for myself. I love being me. For so many years I have focused so much on the negativity in my life. In a way, I have continued bullying myself after the girls who used to do it disappeared from my life. It became a pattern so ingrained in my daily life that turning it around has been a struggle. Not now though. Something has changed since that moment I locked eyes with myself in the mirror and smiled. I love myself. I love my creativity and my weirdness and my introvertedness (yes, I know that is not a word. It should be though). I love where I am right now in life. It is a result of my journey and I am so grateful. As I write this, my husband sleeps next to me. I couldn\u2019t love him more. He is the love of my life and loving him is the easiest, most natural thing in the world. Earlier this morning I thought of how sick and tired I was of stopping myself to do things out of fear. My"}, {"title": "", "text": "that leads to sabotage. And when I listen, the answers are there. Or, not so much answers, as lies. I found myself saying things like, \"It doesn't matter\", \"I'll start fresh tomorrow\", \"It's only a string cheese\" (if only it stopped there), \"But I want it\", \"I don't care.\" Some of these are old favorites, others are relatively new to me. In any case, once I started listening, I could start challenging. So that's where I've been putting my energy. And I'm happy to report, I'm course correcting. The evening snacking is slowing down, the random food choice situation is improving. Because it does matter; starting fresh tomorrow is useless if I stop cold by 10pm; if I'm eating out of a bad habit it doesn't matter what I'm eating, it's the behavior that's the problem, not the food; I think I want it, and maybe I do in that moment, but what else do I want? and don't I want that more?; and I care. I CARE, dammit! So no more lies, no more denial. Also, I heard of this little trick to change your most-used password to something positive you want for yourself, like WHOLEFOODS24!, and that by typing the positive phrase all the time you subliminally influence yourself. So I picked a phrase for my phone and it might seem silly, but I think it's helping. Mostly though, I had to get my head out of the sand and that's what I'm doing. So...what else am I doing? Keeping busy. Marek started playing"}, {"title": "", "text": "Recognize when you are beating your self up about what you did/ate/said and stop. The same mental energy used to generate self-depreciating thoughts can be used to create positive affirmations. You have the power to channel that energy as you choose. First allow yourself to feel your feelings without judgment and then DECIDE what you want to do about them. Replace negative self talk with positive truths. It helps no one to replace one negative with another negative \u201cyou shouldn\u2019t think that\u201d or equivalent. If you catch yourself thinking something you don\u2019t want to think, stop, and work on finding a positive replacement thought. Feelings are just feelings, experience them fully. If you\u2019re not used to doing this, they can feel overwhelming but know you can\u2019t die from a feeling. The unpleasantness passes more quickly when it\u2019s acknowledged and processed than when it\u2019s stifled. Allow yourself time to grow, there\u2019s no time limit. Lasting change WILL happen on the outside when you change your thinking on the inside. You are in this place, in this moment for a reason, embrace it! You are such a lovely person, inside and out. THANK YOU, Casey! You made me realize how negative my self talk was and helped me turn it around when I needed it most to change for the better!"}, {"title": "", "text": "I found an article on Psychology Today and I now use it every night along with AIG to keep my mind and body on track! Every night before I go to bed, I fill out a printout version of the below. I have added questions to make it more personal and I would recommend doing the same for you! At the bottom I always write my AIG(Affirmation, Intention, and Gratefulness). This has helped me SIGNIFICANTLY in falling asleep faster and having clear intentions for the next day. When writing this, be honest with yourself. This is for no one but you. People who have more self-love tend to know what they think, feel and want. They are mindful of who they are and act on this knowledge, rather than on what others want for them. What did I want today? Act on what you need rather than what you want. You love yourself when you can turn away from something that feels good and exciting to what you need to stay strong, centered, and moving forward in your life, instead. By staying focused on what you need, you turn away from automatic behavior patterns that get you into trouble, keep you stuck in the past, and lessen self-love. Did I make purchases I wanted but did not need? Have I had good hygiene today? Did I sleep 6-8 hours last night? Was I a good friend today? You\u2019ll love yourself more when you set limits or say no to work, love, or activities that deplete or"}, {"title": "", "text": "you not hurt you. Have you ever laid in bed regretting all the decisions you have made or the mistakes you have made throughout the years? I do, all the time! It\u2019s so hard not to hate yourself due to all the stupid mistakes! It\u2019s tome for you to start to let go of these past mistakes and move on. Dwelling on the past can be really negative to your mental health. Move on from the past by simple meditation or even just talking it through with someone. We are all human. None of us is perfect and we all make mistakes throughout our lives. Start loving yourself. Getting lessons to learn something new or improve the skills you already have. You are your worst critic. It can be difficult to compliment yourself or think of positive things or be confident but it is time for you to start being kind to yourself! Start each morning with a positive affirmation or two. At first, it will be difficult and feel really stupid saying these things to yourself but after a little while, you will see the benefits of doing this. Having a passion of any kind is great. When I started my blog I had no clue that I would love it so much. Find something that makes you excited to get up each morning. Use your skills or start to improve the things you are weaker at. We are human. We will never ever be perfect and that\u2019s okay! You are perfectly imperfect and it\u2019s"}, {"title": "", "text": "But it's harder to practice that preach. it's not always as simple as an affirmation or turning on your 'positive thinking' cap. Sometimes bodies can feel like they're betraying us, being uncooperative, or out of control. One of mine right now? (A year ago I didn't even know that was a thing! IT IS). I know my hair will grow back and it's the cause of something positive in my life, but in the moment, it feels bad. CONFESSION: I'm not having loving thoughts toward my body when I see bald spots on my head and handfuls of my hair on the floor. Maybe you've experienced something like this or maybe you've experienced something more drastic or permanent. How can we make peace with our bodies when it feels like they're turning against us? I believe it is possible to love yourself and at the same time desperately want your body to change. It's going to take more transitional steps than just proclaiming 'I LOVE MYSELF'. Practice recognizing where you are (right here, right now) without the extra commentary. When I started doing that with my hair loss, I noticed I felt more compassionate, more loving, more kind to myself - without forcing it. I even began to put one hand on my forearm, as if a friend were comforting me. I still don't L O V E losing my hair, but it's... shifted. Where are you at in your body right now? \u201cThis is where I\u2019m at. Today, in my body ___________.\u201d? PS - I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "appreciation for the fact that it does no good to flog a dead horse, so you\u2019re happy to move on to something else worth appreciating. It\u2019s not like the universe is stingy with those unless you get picky about the one you want. Do not expect, do not become attached, manage your reactions to change instead. It won\u2019t be classically good or classically bad in a health state of mind. It can be happy to be working on a solution or direction change with gratitude; or it can be painfully wishing for what you expected and got attached to. One hurts, one feels good. Your choice. Either way, you create the reality you live in. Find today\u2019s attachments. They\u2019re inside you. Find ways to manage them now so that when they come up you have an actual strategy you believe in to execute, because those feelings originate inside of you, meaning you have total control over them. Trying to fix the external world, on the other hand, is like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic. Forget the outside. Become your own Captain. Take control of the inside. You have places to go. If you\u2019re really struggling with altering your thinking try setting it up more in the first place. Make a list if you have to. Instead of thinking thoughts about your own wants and desires try spending the day by thinking about someone else instead of yourself. As soon as you finish thinking about Sara start thinking about Ali. Just leave you out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cCare, affection, recognition, respect, commitment.\u201d I\u2019d figured my PEP routine counted as \u201ccare,\u201d but hooks helped me realize that \u201cloving\u201d actions are cancelled out when coupled with anger and negative self-talk. It\u2019s okay to want to better myself, but I had to do it out of love, not out of disappointment or insecurity. I could desire change without being self-hating, but it had to start with a foundation of genuine confidence\u2014not the fleeting (and addictive) kind that comes from a magic acne cream or a sparkly Instagram filter. I spent the rest of the ride making a list of things I wanted to do for myself, while cathartically weeping to Crazy Rich Asians. I wish I could say I had a miraculous recovery, but that\u2019s not what happened. Low self-esteem isn\u2019t something that goes away on a plane ride; it takes time and effort and love. Since that trip, I\u2019ve taken up watercolor painting, because trying new things makes me happy. Instead of treating my face like a piece of furniture I want to sand down before staining, I\u2019ve switched to a gentle cleanser and moisturizer and otherwise leave my skin alone. (Okay, I do still love the gloves.) I wear mascara because I like my eyelashes, but I\u2019ve ditched the foundation. My diet consists of foods that are colorful and delicious because I want my insides to feel colorful and delicious. Drinking copious cups of water while sitting in a bath is my happy place (I am Pisces and PROUD). I try to run or"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cCare, affection, recognition, respect, commitment.\u201d I\u2019d figured my PEP routine counted as \u201ccare,\u201d but hooks helped me realize that \u201cloving\u201d actions are cancelled out when coupled with anger and negative self-talk. It\u2019s okay to want to better myself, but I had to do it out of love, not out of disappointment or insecurity. I could desire change without being self-hating, but it had to start with a foundation of genuine confidence\u2014not the fleeting (and addictive) kind that comes from a magic acne cream or a sparkly Instagram filter. I spent the rest of the ride making a list of things I wanted to do for myself, while cathartically weeping to Crazy Rich Asians. I wish I could say I had a miraculous recovery, but that\u2019s not what happened. Low self-esteem isn\u2019t something that goes away on a plane ride; it takes time and effort and love. Since that trip, I\u2019ve taken up watercolor painting, because trying new things makes me happy. Instead of treating my face like a piece of furniture I want to sand down before staining, I\u2019ve switched to a gentle cleanser and moisturizer and otherwise leave my skin alone. (Okay, I do still love the gloves.) I wear mascara because I like my eyelashes, but I\u2019ve ditched the foundation. My diet consists of foods that are colorful and delicious because I want my insides to feel colorful and delicious. Drinking copious cups of water while sitting in a bath is my happy place (I am Pisces and PROUD). I try to run or"}, {"title": "", "text": "showered in hot water, you have eaten, you have maybe had a nice talk with someone, when you think and give thanks it will stop you from turning over and over in your bed thinking about your problems. Get rid of things you no longer need, make a space for what is to come, if you hold on to clothes waiting to slim down, it will only remind you about the weight you have gained, We need to clear things away that do not please us any longer, our home is a place where we enjoy to be and gives us well being. Always hold on to hope and illusion, two things you should never lose, when we are attempting to achieve our goals, we always must believe that things can change, with the help of our work input, our strength, and intuition, don\u2019t wait for others to find the solution in life for us. Keep life simple, make it easier, and a good way to do this is to have relationships with good kind people, who will help you to achieve this\u2026\u2026We can at times complicate things, we become frustrated and do not value other people or objects. we have to be guided in our own lives, and not someone who puts up resistance when things don\u2019t work out, every day is another attempt. We need to work through our daily work and stop feeling guilty for things, it is not unusual to fail, however,it is more usual to be always trying to be perfect\u2026\u2026\u2026..If"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the mirror every morning and saying something positive. For example, I have long eyelashes; I would tell myself some women would love to have lashes like mine. Then, look at myself in the mirror and say \u201cI love my eyelashes\u201d. Instead of thinking of the things in life I didn't have, I would start being thankful for the things I did have, a roof over my head, a job, a loving family. Everyday I would force myself to do these rituals. In order for me to love myself, I had to let go of the negative things I was doing to myself. Instead of working out multiple times a day, I made a schedule to do my exercises a few times a week and eat full meal portions. I started to gain weight and a surprise to me was I still loved myself. It didn't happen overnight, it took years for me to get this far. It is an everyday process. I still have my bad days as we all do, but I am able to get out of the negativity much easier now. It seemed just as I was completely happy with myself, I met my husband. I share this because I don\u2019t want anyone else to live in a tunnel of negativity. If I can help one person believe in themselves, it is worth it. \u2665 Celebrate your past. This is one of the hardest ones. However, everything that happened in the past made you the person you are today, so embrace and"}, {"title": "", "text": "and self-doubt, you are not alone. Many people live this way, but there is a better way to live! Try this 3-day challenge to empower you to make a crucial shift in your life. You may find that as you implement these steps you will begin to love yourself. At the end of the challenge you will be able to see your divinity each time you look in the mirror. \u2013 Before you do anything else take the time to meditate or pray. Express gratitude for the blessings in your life and imagine how you want your day to go. How do you want feel? \u2013 After your meditation or prayer, write down your intention for the day in your journal. Pick one specific thing you would like to have happen that day. \u2013 During the course of the day, reflect often on who you want to be and what you want to accomplish. This will be especially hard, but very helpful, when you find yourself in a less than desirable situation and you are put to the test. \u2013 Before you go to bed, take time to reflect on your day. This can be done through prayer or meditation. \u2013 Notice all the good things that happen to you throughout the day, however small they may be. \u2013 Before bed, record in your journal all of the good things that happened that day. \u2013 Sit in front of a mirror for 10 minutes without thinking any critical thoughts or finding any flaws. You may only"}, {"title": "", "text": "more time? What loving words about yourself would your best friend tell you? Write those encouraging words on your bathroom mirror in red lipstick. ## PRAYER Obstacles are opportunities in disguise\u2014let me know them when I see them. ## AFFIRMATION I accept and love myself as I am. I believe in me. ## GOD POD MAINTENANCE Get a haircut, invest in some new duds, be Madonna and reinvent yourself. By now you've probably lost a few pounds, your skin looks dewy and youthful, and your attitude shines. Get a style to match the magic. ## TIP Give yourself a belly rub. Your pooper will thank you. Lie on your back with your knees bent, feet on the floor. Apply moderate pressure and slowly rub in a circular clockwise motion. Start on your right side, then work across your belly (under your rib cage) and down your left side. Repeat several times. If you're having trouble with trapped gas, try using a hot-water bottle atop your tum tum. **Day 18 21-DAY CLEANSE** Vision boards help focus our intentions so that we can manifest our desires. I bow to the universal wizardry that is my vision board! If you don't already have one, today is a great time to start one. If you do have a vision board, renovate it. Imbue it with love and reverence, keep it alive and active, and know that it contains major mojo. It's not enough to post stuff and then sit on your sofa and do nothing. Plot and plan your attack!"}, {"title": "", "text": "mean to, but I wonder if we do. We hate what they carry that we lack, and we hate what they don\u2019t carry that we can\u2019t seem to drop. Hatred is a horrible thing. What if we dropped hatred instead? Can we really claim to love those around us if we can\u2019t even look at ourselves? I\u2019ve been in counselling for several months and at my last session my therapist got me to speak aloud some of my growth. I was surprised to hear myself speak without hesitating, to agree with some of the healing instead of just wishing it to come. I gave myself a challenge for November. 20 mins of activity everyday. For my #nolazynovember moment today I walked for about an hour and a half. Not always fast. Not always slow. Mindful of a body that\u2019s trying its best. Mindful of the leaps and bounds I wish I could move forward to the places I want to be. Mindful of the love of God which is never ending. My thinking is still occurring. Why do we hate our bodies? Why do we hate our faces, our bellies, our thighs? I don\u2019t understand this. How dare we be so cruel to ourselves? Would I ever be so cruel to another as I\u2019ve been to the woman I am? Why do we stamp disapproval onto our own selves? Here\u2019s where I am now. I\u2019ve stopped hating my reflection (and I make myself look long and hard). I\u2019ve stopped being angry at the numbers written by"}, {"title": "", "text": "tell yourself that there are galaxies within you, a unique beauty that only you can give. it may not be easy. it may be something that we fight for every day, but i know that it'll be worth the fight. i've always considered myself to be self-aware, which for me also includes being incredibly insecure. i have memories of being very young, looking in the mirror, and only seeing things i wished i could change. still not a day goes by that i don't think about the smallest details of me that i wish were different. but what good can come from just sitting around thinking these thoughts? really, i'm only slowly sipping at poison. so while i'm working on taking care of myself, i thought about how i could grab onto these thoughts as though they're balloons, let some go, and take others and shape them into something beautiful. while these words are so often thrown around, they hold a life changing amount of truth: nobody's perfect. a human is a human, we all struggle and suffer and cry and wish we could change. so let's take that desire for change and let it fuel a fire of love and passion within us. let's find what we have the power to change and set realistic goals to change them. emphasis on realistic. if you wish had a different sleep schedule, that you could wake up earlier than noon on your days off, maybe don't set your alarm for 6am and expect a change overnight. or"}, {"title": "", "text": "creates conflict in mind and action and results in hatefulness or self-guilt. So, following the above guidelines might be useful to change life towards betterment. If loving yourself and your life is your prime goal, you will never again feel like I hate my life. Expect less from life and spend time giving back to the other people, the society and make people around you happy. If someone else can succeed in something, why can\u2019t you do the same? Find someone ways to spend less time online and follow him or her. If you set your goal, work every day to achieve that goal and never feel like failing, you will find success someday and will love your life. So, never again feel like I hate my life. I hope now you know how not to hate your life."}, {"title": "", "text": "or catch a negative thought\u2026 Rather than try to squash it, I notice it, I hear it, I feel it, and then I either reframe it, or replace it with something positive. It hasn\u2019t necessarily stopped the pattern fully, but it\u2019s a step in the right direction. Another saving grace for me is having a husband who is good about pointing out when I\u2019m putting myself down \u2013 I need that reminder. I need to be called on the behavior. Even if I don\u2019t believe the jab I\u2019ve aimed at myself\u2026I spoke it. And the Universe hears EVERYTHING. We also need to accept and allow that help is OKAY. Uncovering the true reasons as to why we are \u201cself medicating,\u201d seeking a \u201cbetter looking / skinner\u201d version of ourselves, spewing negative things to ourselves about ourselves\u2026is necessary for growth and \u201cre-wiring.\u201d Having a professional to guide us through that process of discovery is a massive help \u2013 there are countless variations and modalities available, ensuring that no matter what works best for you, you are sure to find something. Getting back to the specifics of the quotation above\u2026 Health is important, and looking great helps us feel more confident \u2013 it\u2019s both mind and body at work, and really can\u2019t be contested. Having the goal to lose weight, for example, and with it gain more energy, better health, more confidence\u2026that\u2019s GREAT. It\u2019s a wonderful goal, and no one should feel badly about it. What one must understand, however, is that no one thing is responsible for"}, {"title": "", "text": "falling dusk, and her mind, too, filled with the impending gloom of night. Despair settled in as she experienced the weight of her faults; she didn't like herself very much right now. Over the past months she had begun to notice how much she judged herself, how she remembered the sins of her past, even of her childhood. She saw the energy that it took to continually keep the secret loathing at bay. She passionately longed to be free of the judging, to feel proud of herself, to fully appreciate her path to now. But in recent months ill health and financial troubles had wrought deep changes in her: she could no longer pretend; she could not maintain a fa\u00e7ade or gloss things over anymore. The searing light of self-honesty shone frequently now. In it she saw the smallness, the unworthiness of many of her actions. She shrank away from herself as she contemplated what she saw. Her heart cried out for relief, for the love she sought. Her soul heard the cry and spoke gently: \"Shhhh, it is all right. You will see. Look fearlessly at yourself, yes, but learn to do so with unfailing kindness. Then you will find a way to bring the change you so desire.\" As she rallied to this, she began to feel hope. She thought of an exercise she had heard about from a friend's Alcoholics Anonymous group. She left the bed and went to the table. As the last of the daylight drained away, she picked up a"}, {"title": "", "text": "and then to have days when you throw yourself a pity party. It\u2019s helpful to set a time limit for when you will put a stop to negative thoughts and allow yourself to feel better again. I\u2019ve noticed that I pick fights and get grumpy and whiny when I get PMS. I\u2019ve learned to accept that this is a reoccurring phenomenon and so I make an effort to remind myself that my body image will be better in a few days. Remember that what happens in your life is part of a phase or rhythm, and leave it at that. If a specific issue is driving you crazy, how about setting a time limit to stop fussing about it by, say, tomorrow morning at 7 a.m.? Then, let it go. Setting time limits for your negative thoughts might be hard for you. It\u2019s entirely possible that you can\u2019t believe that your situation will improve within the time frame you\u2019ve set. One reason might be that you know you\u2019re not being realistic with your time frame. You\u2019ll know instinctively what is realistic and what is unachievable. Once you give yourself the time you need to succeed in achieving your own set of benchmarks, you\u2019ll find that making it happen feels pretty good. If you\u2019re still having trouble, then you\u2019ll need to double up on your efforts to accept the things that are fabulous about you, things that people around you compliment you on. Is this all there is? No, of course not. Still having a hard time"}, {"title": "", "text": "know that you haven\u2019t noticed a change. It will be hard to stay positive when you try to keep telling yourself how amazing you look. Instead, you have to find some other happy thought to have. Maybe you do seem to look the same in the mirror, but you notice that your jeans are looser or the measurement around your waist shows it is getting smaller. Focus on these things as your happy thoughts. When they are real and you truly believe them, the thoughts will carry you much further than if you try to lie your way through them. Going back to the start where I talked about how your thoughts, actions and mood are all related, so too are your words. After all, many of the things we speak are simply our thoughts aloud. So, you have to make sure you start talking in a positive way as well so that you more easily have happy thoughts. For example, instead of saying things like \u201cI haven\u2019t lost any weight\u201d say \u201cI feel so much better\u201d or \u201cmy clothes are much looser\u201d. Take negative words and find ways to turn them into a positive sentence. I do this all of the time myself. Lastly, just know that will all of the tricks mentioned above, you still will have negative thoughts. Accept this. It is who we are \u2013 we make mistakes. The key is to not dwell on the fact that we are having a negative thought but instead catch ourselves when it happens and"}, {"title": "", "text": "I get the awful urge to do something stupid, perhaps revert to an old habit, I play out the entire scenario in my head. I make a mental check of my affirmations and I visualize the life I planned, the life I deserve. I no longer act on an emotional impulse. Instead, I cautiously and carefully consider my \u201cself\u201d as I have made a promise to protect her, to love her and hold her in highest esteem. I am not perfect. I doubt myself every day. I know there are mistakes in my future. And yes, occasionally, I do feel stuck. But I know it\u2019s temporary. . . . These are my words; this is my life, my heart and my true path. Well, now I know why I woke up so early this morning. Thank you, C. Beautiful caring-heart girl. You will get there love.. I hate waking up everyday feeling like the walking dead.. it\u2019s been 6 months now.. This learning to love yourself more is hard!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Make a list of the ways that you reject yourself during any given day. Begin to eliminate them one by one. Make a conscious effort to replace the self-rejection with a positive feeling. Write some affirmations stating positive feelings to yourself, and practice them several times a day. You can even post them where you can read them, like on your bedpost, refrigerator, or bathroom mirror. **_Some good affirmations are:_** I love myself. I love myself in my imperfections. I am a strong, creative individual with lots of love. I love my spouse, child, family, animals. I accept the life I have created for myself and can change the parts of it that I don't like. I can continue to love those I strongly disagree with and also not betray myself by forcing myself to agree, or pretending I agree. I am a beautiful, radiant being of light. I am full of love. I remember who I am. These small reminders of who you are help build a very positive attitude toward the self. Karen worked to clear her negative attitudes, and it helped her a great deal: I think the operation helped me to love my body. It forced me to incarnate in ways that I hadn't and that helped me. I had to love and accept myself in new ways. I had to mean something to myself. I think probably one of the greatest pains people must go through in facing an operation is that they split from their bodies, and then this thing"}, {"title": "", "text": "a good question. I guess I\u2019ll start by saying one of the best ways to, you\u2019re right. Changing our thought patterns is one of the hardest things to do. A couple of, a couple ideas. One is, don\u2019t underestimate the importance of behavioral change in making it possible to make cognitive change. So being kind to yourself, it\u2019s so much easier to talk yourself out of something, some negative thinking pattern when you\u2019ve had a decent night\u2019s sleep. Don\u2019t do that when you\u2019re stressed. If you\u2019re low on sleep and you haven\u2019t been eating adequately and you haven\u2019t exercised in three weeks, it\u2019s probably not the right time just having those conversations with yourself to try to change your thinking patterns. It\u2019s not going to work, everything\u2019s inflamed. You want to settle things down first and then have those conversations. In terms of the next one, it\u2019s being aware of it. I have this exercise I\u2019ve had with some of my patients which is just to count the number of times that they say out loud something negative about themselves every day. Even if it\u2019s like, \u201cOh, that was so stupid.\u201d That\u2019s one. You know, \u201cI can\u2019t believe I did that,\u201d two. \u201cI\u2019m an idiot,\u201d three. Even, don\u2019t, four. I\u2019ll count that one. Some sort of verbal expression of negativity towards oneself. \u201cI hate how this looks on me,\u201d five. And being aware of it. And if you can\u2019t... They say, \u201cIf you can\u2019t measure it, you can\u2019t change it.\u201d So just measuring it, just being"}, {"title": "", "text": "a good question. I guess I\u2019ll start by saying one of the best ways to, you\u2019re right. Changing our thought patterns is one of the hardest things to do. A couple of, a couple ideas. One is, don\u2019t underestimate the importance of behavioral change in making it possible to make cognitive change. So being kind to yourself, it\u2019s so much easier to talk yourself out of something, some negative thinking pattern when you\u2019ve had a decent night\u2019s sleep. Don\u2019t do that when you\u2019re stressed. If you\u2019re low on sleep and you haven\u2019t been eating adequately and you haven\u2019t exercised in three weeks, it\u2019s probably not the right time just having those conversations with yourself to try to change your thinking patterns. It\u2019s not going to work, everything\u2019s inflamed. You want to settle things down first and then have those conversations. In terms of the next one, it\u2019s being aware of it. I have this exercise I\u2019ve had with some of my patients which is just to count the number of times that they say out loud something negative about themselves every day. Even if it\u2019s like, \u201cOh, that was so stupid.\u201d That\u2019s one. You know, \u201cI can\u2019t believe I did that,\u201d two. \u201cI\u2019m an idiot,\u201d three. Even, don\u2019t, four. I\u2019ll count that one. Some sort of verbal expression of negativity towards oneself. \u201cI hate how this looks on me,\u201d five. And being aware of it. And if you can\u2019t... They say, \u201cIf you can\u2019t measure it, you can\u2019t change it.\u201d So just measuring it, just being"}, {"title": "", "text": "seek advice from yourself about it. Reply to your real self as if your soul is replying to your questions. This may be awkward or uncomfortable at first but will get easy with practice. If you just can\u2019t make yourself do it, you can also write to yourself in a blog, diary, or journal. This serves as a reminder. I glance at the quote every morning while getting ready, and it floats around in my mind throughout the day as a constant motivation to care for my well-being. Accept yourself as you are. The world is a cruel place to live in. People will judge you for being imperfect, but everyone is just that\u2026imperfect. The idea of an ideal shape, size, or personality, etc. is a fallacy. Remind yourself that you are a divine creation. Be kind to your body and soul. Practice things that are good for your body, such as exercise and healthy eating, and things that are good for your soul, like meditation or spirituality. You are responsible for your inner universe; nurture it, and it will reward you with constant discoveries about yourself. Need help putting self-love into practice? FitLife Revolution can help! Sign-up for a FREE Strategy Session to get started!"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the mirror \u2014 I was too afraid. But over time, as I began to heal, I learned to look at myself with love, affection, and appreciation. My advice is to be easy with yourself. You can practice looking at yourself in the mirror with your clothes on, appreciating your body. As you heal, you will gradually be able to complete this exercise in its entirety. As you become more comfortable with this exercise, find specific areas of your body that you like and start praising them individually. Every night before bed, practice this exercise, offering your body gratitude and appreciation. It is also helpful to offer yourself gratitude and appreciation for other accomplishments and achievements of the day. Congratulate yourself for giving your friend a hug or a compliment; offer yourself appreciation when you held the door open for someone. Offer yourself love for no reason at all, simply because you are a beautiful, unique, worthy, worthwhile individual. We all have a deep longing to be loved, acknowledged, and appreciated. The surest way to get the love you need is to begin to offer it to yourself on a regular basis. Be sure to practice this every night, even if it feels awkward at first. Many of us have never received this unconditional love. Repetition is essential as you reprogram your relationship with yourself. Spend Time in Nature **Key Affirmation: \"As nature is, so am I.\"** Do you look at a flower and marvel at its intricate beauty? Do you stand in front of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "exercise enough to make a significant change? If not, then you are needlessly beating yourself up every day and all you have to do is relax and stop doing that \u2013 your mind sees a false ideal state. In the event that you see that change is needed, make that choice. Say it out loud and also write it down. It is an empowering feeling when you have realized something so significant. You need this sense of regaining power type feeling now more than any other time. Frustration, depression, anxiety, etc are all feelings that cause you to think you do not have power. Taking a step forward and making a self-sufficient choice is the antidote against that. I wrote about this topic before and it held the key for me regaining control over my life. Holding grudges and outright hatred for people that you think did you wrong will automatically lead away from making rational and ultimately sustainable decisions. These are such deep emotions taps into our ancient lizard brain that is supposed to protect us from harm when we feel threatened. Guess what, it makes at times horrific decisions when you are not threatened and you do not rein it in. Instead actively forgive the person in question. This can be in person, but even if that cannot happen, make sure to do this on your own, in private and out loud. I sat at the corner of my bed, said a prayer and actively forgave my dad what he had done to our"}, {"title": "", "text": "out thinking time for yourself. Make it a dedicated amount of time on your calendar. If not, it's just going to blend in with all the other blobs of feelings and tasks you have going on. Setting aside time to quietly think about why you hate yourself seems like it's just adding insult to injury, but it's actually astonishingly powerful. Before you can act, you must know. Make a list of all the thoughts, feelings, and experiences that could be contributing to how you feel about yourself. 2. Make your Analysis Time more productive Here's a little trick stolen from the Wide World of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Carry a notepad or a piece of paper around with you for a few days. Each time you have feelings of self-loathing, write on your paper what is happening in those particular moments. Where are you? What are you doing? Who are you with? What time of day is it? All of these details can help you pinpoint what's going on and if there's anything in particular that's causing your self-hatred. It's all data. It's all grist for the mill. Get the data in front of you so you can get a better picture of what's going on. 3. Get some entire-life perspective (If you hate your life...) This next one is interesting because it helps you zoom out and get a grip on where you are in your life. When people say that they hate themselves, they normally are talking about a particular moment in time. All feelings"}, {"title": "", "text": "minutes. I could have made it. I actually told Pat last night I was working more hours than my mental health could handle. Now in fairness, half of that is because of the degree in which I despise my job. Which I only despise because I loved my last 2 jobs, so in comparison, it is the epitome of evil. But still, how weak have I become? Wow, this is going down the slope of what do I hate about myself. I should have thought of this for day 1. Am I right? So what do I love about myself? I guess I love my drive. Once I set out to accomplish something, be it for good or evil, I get it done. I just have to convince myself that I want something, and it\u2019s mine. And that is that. I wish I could think of examples but I don\u2019t have any. Pat could probably list a few dozen, but this isn\u2019t his post. Wow, the hate was longer than the love. That is ten kinds of messed up. But, there is more love coming on day 30. So this will be all for now."}, {"title": "", "text": "to. Some of us never wake up, and go through life like this. How can we fix this? By paying attention to what we are thinking, thus eliminating the negative and taking action on the positive. Some things I do to combat negative patterns. Before I go to sleep, I write down my next-day goals. Now I write goals for the whole week but I start with daily goals which I recommend for beginners. Once I have written down my goals, I read them before I sleep. I imagine how I want my day to be and go to sleep with those thoughts. I often review my notes. I often think about my goals to remind myself where I\u2019m going in life. This helps me get into a better attitude. I often write down the things I\u2019m grateful for. This helps me appreciate everything I have, even the bad experiences which I learn from. Life is not perfect and we are not perfect, but we can try to think more good things than bad ones. We can set goals and accomplish them one by one. It\u2019s up to us what we do in 2018 and the rest of our lives. 21 comments On Everything is how you see it! I once was myself was in such a situation. I had for the first time moved out of my home place. As soon as I did that I started to cultivate bad habits from other people around me. At that time, it felt very cool to be"}, {"title": "", "text": "is that they are different from who we were when we first picked up the book. Most of the time, we never reach that ideal reformation that we visualized. Somewhere along the line we give up. Echoes of \"loving yourself as you are\" begin to grow louder, and soon enough it turns from an affirmation to a justification. That's pretty much how the self-help business stays in business. \"Eh, I don't need to be (fill in the blank)er, I should just be happy with how I am.\" If it's a sincere sentiment, I admire the stance of those more confident than I am. But it's important to distinguish whether it's truth, or an excuse. You can usually tell by how you feel 5 days after you've given up. Change is hard. Change is painful. Sometimes we underestimate the struggle, and overestimate our ambition. And sometimes the fantasy is better than the reality. At the very least, it's easier. Jumping off a bridge Sometimes I daydream during times that I shouldn\u2019t about all the people that have wronged me or took pleasure in wronging others even in the slightest way. Times where they probably didn\u2019t notice but I did. And made it a whole deal. I think about them and create drawn out scenarios where I ask them, rhetorically, what they\u2019ve ever contributed to the world. I ask them, to think about all the pain they\u2019ve caused physically or emotionally, directly or indirectly, pause, and tell them the world needs less people like you. I fixate on"}, {"title": "", "text": "that it was just that one thing, and it can happen to everyone? Yes, you treat your loved ones with respect and with love. So why are you being such an arrogant and ruthless critic when it comes to judging your own behavior, abilities and feelings? When a friend is feeling down, you don\u2019t try to beat them even more. But you keep doing that to yourself. So, how about trying to be nicer to the person you see in the mirror? Look, no matter how skeptical you may be, the fact stays that for as long as you keep beating yourself up, imagining only the negative outcomes, expecting the worse\u2026 as long as you insist on sticking to the thoughts that make your life miserable, nothing will change in your life. You won\u2019t change. And even if the world turned all pink tomorrow morning, you still wouldn\u2019t be able to notice it. Your world would stay the same. You\u2019re putting so much effort to keeping it that way. So why wouldn\u2019t you try to put the same effort to making yourself feel better , to making your world look good and making your options broader? It\u2019s only a matter of what you feed your mind with. Yes, that simple. Those sugary sweet sentences may just help you make that shift. They won\u2019t work at first. They can\u2019t, you are too used to the negative things you\u2019ve been saying to yourself, so your mind will need some training, some time to get accustomed to hearing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "I was doing this, you know, well, it\u2019s easy to give advice a lot harder to follow it for yourself, but just like every now and then just be like, You know what this is this day, it\u2019s just a disaster. You know, like, be able to say that and be like, I\u2019m not going to fight that and say, Why isn\u2019t my life you know, going? Well, I\u2019ll say that. But at least like have that reminder. Maybe write it on your phone, like some days are are just gonna suck. And it\u2019s gonna take time if you expect this to just flip in a month, three months a year, that expectation is what might be holding you back. Like you have to just sit in it for a little while longer than you want to. Yeah. And I always tell people to the emergency text I get are between eight and 10 o\u2019clock at night. Right? Okay, so have you ever been on a diet? You know, we do great for breakfast. We have our chicken and broccoli for lunch. We do great. But at eight o\u2019clock at night? Well, we haven\u2019t even had an Oreo. So we eat the whole pack. Right? Because we\u2019re tired. We\u2019re exhausted our mind is so you\u2019re gonna find that at night is when your brain spins. Well, I tell everybody go to bed. Because I promise when you get up in the morning. This is gonna seem so little compared to what it feels like tonight. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "let the words and actions of selfish, childish people control my life. It was time for me to realise I am doing this for myself, and the only person who can change how I'm feeling is me. I basically gave myself a pep talk I truly needed months ago, but maybe I needed this rollercoaster ride too. I have been talking a lot about self-care this year, and I knew exactly what I needed to do to dig through the surface and find myself again. I took the day off and took care of my body, inside and out. I drank lots of water and made sure I ate 3 healthy meals. I pampered my body and did the things I missed doing. The things I thought were pretty pointless just 24 hours before. I went to bed that night with a smile on my heart, and I woke up the next day with it beaming through. I started to feel positive again, so much so, I managed to overcome another difficulty; shopping. I am a clothing enthusiast, but shopping for me can be hard. I'm always worried nothing is going to fit, so I don't bother trying on anything as I don't like to feel that disappointment and yet another confirmation that I look like a mess. Shopping that weekend went a little different than usual. I not only tried on 3 tops, but they were 3 crop tops from Topshop. I haven't shopped clothing from Topshop in years as I just expected nothing would"}, {"title": "", "text": "of you, so you can see them every day. Place them on the fridge, on your bathroom mirror, in a journal entry you can read every night, or on a lockscreen for your phone. Place them on a free printable from us, available only to our subscribers, so you can set them on your desk or bedside table, hang them by the front door. You could put them ALL of these places if you want. Your brain is very visual, so find some photos to correspond to each goal you set. Your body has a difficult time accomplishing what your mind can\u2019t visualize. This is a tough one, but it is absolutely essential both to your success and for your happiness. Speak positive things, any chance you get. \u201cBut I don\u2019t want to be fake!\u201d Don\u2019t be. If you are struggling with something, rather than talking down to yourself by saying things like, \u201cI\u2019ll never change. I\u2019m so stupid. I\u2019m sick and tired of my life.\u201d Say things like, \u201cI\u2019m a work in progress. I have the mind of Christ. I have a wonderful life.\u201d Because we are all works in progress, the Bible tells us we have the mind of Christ according to 1 Corinthians 2:16, and regardless of your circumstances, you have a wonderful life. To be breathing air at all is a wonderful thing and something to be grateful for. We have a tendency to be a walking self fulfilling prophesy. Your mind believes the things it hears most often, and do you"}, {"title": "", "text": "habit of saying \u201cThings are not going to be good today\u201d, I now note that things where at one time, much better and things will continue to get better. I am able to admit honestly that I had expected them to go well, but now I no longer am afraid to expect the best. I want the best, I expect the best, deserve the best, and I will get the best. I am now picturing and imagining that I am in a situation where I used to react with profound disinterest, perhaps even with pessimism and gloom. I am picturing and imagining now myself reacting with an abundance of happiness, excitement and enthusiasm. I am noticing now how this enthusiasm seems to fill me with feelings of confidence, hope and expectations for a new and better life. This is something that I would never trade back for my old pessimism and gloom. I feel now an enormous surge of power, and new and tremendous motivation, and an abundance and abounding joy and enthusiasm which is extending to all areas of my life, personal , professional, an and social. This surge of power will help me become that person I want to be, deserve to be and will be. I will accept these suggestions knowing that they are for my own good and for my own benefit. Now in a moment I am going to awaken and on the count of five my eyes will open and I will be bright and alert. I will be filled"}, {"title": "", "text": "and if you don\u2019t use it you may feel like a zombie treading through life on auto-pilot (Dolores O\u2019Riordan got that one). Feel the negative, recognise it, let it pass through then let it go. When the negative keeps coming up now think of what you love! Place your attention on what it is that you really do want to be or have. I don\u2019t want to be fat. I am slender and skinny, it\u2019s easy for me to be thin. I don\u2019t want to be broke. I am prosperous and attract money all the time. I love finding new ways to save and make money. I don\u2019t want to be old. I am eternally young, vital and beautiful. My body feels better every day! I don\u2019t want to live here. I now move to a better place, in the perfect location at a price I can easily afford surrounded by great people. I don\u2019t want to have this relationship. I have a wonderful new relationship. I don\u2019t want to be like my mother/father. I am my own person and I honour my values and beliefs. I am authentic unto myself, I love myself for who I am. I don\u2019t want to have this hair/nose/body. I love my hair/nose/body and how it has served me my whole life! I am grateful that I am alive and have them. I don\u2019t want to be lonely. I am filled with love and affection, I attract people that I love and bring value and inspiration into my life. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "whole, unprocessed food. Drinking water. Going to bed at the same time every single day and getting up at the same time every single morning and beginning the day with a good, hard, pushing myself workout. I need to do this. I know I can do it. I just need to make myself want to do this. Feeling inspired at night, when it\u2019s too late to do anything about it, isn\u2019t enough. I need to carry this determined feeling through the night and into the morning when it\u2019s time to begin. Only then will I make some progress. Tomorrow it\u2019s time to begin. It\u2019s the rest of my life at stake. I love you Karen! You are so so right about this!! I feel it in you.. I hear it in your voice\u2026 It is early and it is difficult.. but it will be worth it!! You need a mantra, my friend! Until then know that you are not alone.. although it is you that has to get outta bed and lace up those workout shoes! Spring is on it\u2019s way and this womanly week will pass. You are looking and doing so great!! I\u2019m cheering for tomorrows! It is the \u201cWant to\u201d part that is the problem. Every time you say \u201cI have to\u201d do something, whatever it is, It become something that is overwhelming to do. My life has been full of \u201cHave tos\u201d instead of \u201cWant tos\u201d. I have never had much luck changing the haves to wants. I don\u2019t know if it"}, {"title": "", "text": "This is a note to all of us prone to self-loathing. To cringing at the face we see in the mirror. Why, oh why is it so difficult to simply like ourselves \u2013 just the way we are? One theory is that we are evolutionarily predisposed to nitpick at our failings. We are so damn hard on ourselves and we can be our very own worst critic. As if life wasn\u2019t problematic enough, we still insist on comparing our lives to others and beating ourselves up most every day. How did we create this fantasy that if we punish ourselves enough with negative thoughts, we\u2019ll change? What we should become more critical of is our own thoughts. If you are going to criticize anything about yourself and your place in the world, it should be the bleak narrative you have looping around your brain. Question your assumptions, your biases, choices. Learn how to clarify your thoughts by uncovering the logic that upholds what you believe, rather than just accepting your muddled ideas of the truth. The next time you catch yourself cutting your self-worth down, filling your head with self-doubt, ask yourself \u2013Why do I believe this to be true? you begin to become the best self-critic you can be. What purpose do your current thoughts serve you? What are you assuming to be true to think this way? From which perspective are you thinking from? What evidence do you have to draw the conclusions you do? Very true and so well articulated. Our greatest power"}, {"title": "", "text": "it has to be a daily practice to change the way to view and treat ourselves. Start treating yourself with more compassion. You are beautiful and have so much to offer to other people. Don\u2019t let others or even yourself make you believe otherwise."}, {"title": "", "text": "resolution for 2019 that I had to stop speaking negatively about my body to myself or to anyone else. I made the active practice daily of saying something positive to myself, either out loud or in my mind. I\u2019m not suggesting that everything was fine all of a sudden. Everybody can tell you something that they hate about themselves, but anytime I had one of those thoughts, I would try and notice that it was happening and replace it with a positive thought. I can say 15 things that I hate about my body but I can also tell you 15 things that I love about it. Just focusing on those things that I love has made such a shift for me. It really did change my life to implement that kind of daily practice. I started speaking about it out loud. I would be in a conversation with somebody and would just throw out that \u201cI have the best butt in the game. It\u2019s so hot.\u201d It disarms people when you speak about yourself in that way. As women, we have it programmed that if you speak about yourself too positively, then you are bragging or conceited and I think that\u2019s just bullshit. I remember trying to go on a diet when I was eight years old. The fact that enters your mind as a child is such proof that this programming is bigger than all of us. It took me until my mid-thirties before I thought you have to stop this. Once I made"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are not alone!! I go through the same thing. It\u2019s so human. It\u2019s actually refreshing to know I\u2019m not the only one who puts myself down so\u2026 and knowing that you don\u2019t deserve it sure informs me that I don\u2019t either! I recently heard that one way to see the idea of discipline is to become our own disciples. Be our own disciples! Everyday for the past year, the minute I get up and see myself in one of my mirrors, I go close to it and say, \u201cGood morning, beautiful, Linda, I love you.\u201d It helps a lot! Chris: I have a friend you have to meet, Kurt, he is a deep practitioner of Zen. He goes on 28-day meditations, where folks meditate 16 hours a day, in total darkness. When he comes back, he\u2019s just the same guy as when he left. One day, I asked him if there are any insights that happen for him there, or things he\u2019s learned or something he can share, and he said in a beautiful kind of honesty, \u201cI don\u2019t know, I just do it.\u201d A couple weeks ago, we were sitting around a campfire and he came forth with this insight that was the sum total of all his years of meditation. It was such an incredibly astute insight. He said, \u201cHave you ever been doing something, like doing the dishes or just sitting around, whatever, and you suddenly go, \u201cWhat is happening? What is this?\u201d And on the deepest level, you\u2019re just thinking, \u201cWhat"}, {"title": "", "text": "reason to self-hate ever, let alone because you were forced into some incredibly complex emotional situation. Hating yourself in a mirror is something a lot of innocent egos do because somehow they were accidentally taught that it\u2019s possible to make it through life without having to make some very ugly decisions. There is no life like that. That\u2019s what life is\u2013a series of decisions. Some of them easy some of them hard. But regardless of which they are, they happen in the moment they are in and they are made by the person you are then. So just like other people\u2019s views on that decision don\u2019t matter much, neither do the opinions of later versions of you\u2013because that person will have the benefit of the wisdom you gained from making the decision that later-you is commenting on. But you didn\u2019t have that wisdom then so the criticism doesn\u2019t even make sense. Every face you see has made decisions that involved pain and suffering and complication. Sometimes we will choose something painful. But that\u2019s no reason to talk to yourself negatively. There would be zero happy people if everyone did that. If you want to live your life successfully you do not study and discuss or self-discuss your worst and darkest days. If you want a successful life you have to focus on your successes and build off those. And that\u2019s nice, because it not only works better than beating yourself up, it feels better too. Now go have a great week."}, {"title": "", "text": "I spend a lot of time thinking...and not acting. During my commute, I spend my time in my car thinking about all the great things I'm going to do, and then I don't. Every night before bed, I set out my workout clothes and plan to get up...and I don't. I look in the mirror in the morning and think about how puffy my face is and how unflattering my haircut is now...and do nothing. I see myself in a picture and get depressed...and still do nothing. I just don't seem to know how to get past the negative and focus on the positive. I don't know how to make those thoughts change into positive actions. I don't know how to love myself for what I am now...and in doing so, take care of myself. I'm writing this now just in hopes of getting the thoughts out and in the open. I worry about myself. I worry about diabetes. I've been diagnosed as prediabetic and still do nothing. I'm certain I'm diabetic now...but am afraid to find out. And I do nothing. So, here I am...returning to Spark. Trying to find my Spark. The one that is inside of me...dim...but there. I want to get past this. I want to be healthy. I want to be a success story! I just don't know how to get there. Today, I'm going to take 1 small step. I'll restart the Spark program. I have to do this...for me...for my sanity...for my health...for my kids...for my family...for my husband."}, {"title": "", "text": "Criticism never changes a thing. Refuse to criticize yourself. Accept yourself exactly as you are. Everybody changes. When you criticize yourself, your changes are negative. When you approve of yourself, your changes are always positive. Stop terrorizing yourself with your thoughts. It's a dreadful way to live. Find a mental image that gives you pleasure (like yellow roses or a waterfall), and immediately switch your scary thought to a pleasure thought. Self hatred is only hating your own thoughts. Don't hate yourself for having the thoughts. Gently change your thoughts. Criticism breaks down the inner spirit. Praise builds it up. Praise yourself as much as you can. Tell yourself how well you are doing with every little thing. Remember that recovery is a process; sometimes you will falter, slip into old, unhealthy behaviors, or fall back into self-destructive patterns. Don't give up and don't beat yourself up! Instead, remind yourself that the learning curve is never straight, and then get back on the right track. There is a difference between \"slipping up\" and being a failure! Find ways to support yourself. Reach out to friends and allow them to help you. It is being strong to ask for help when you need it most. Acknowledge that you created them to fulfill a need. Now you are finding new positive ways to fulfill those needs. So, lovingly release the old negative patterns. Look into your eyes often. Express this growing sense of love you have for yourself. Forgive yourself while looking into the mirror. At least once"}, {"title": "", "text": "Practice: Write out your \"fix it\" list and what it is you think you'll achieve if the issue is fixed? You may be surprised by what comes up if you just let yourself write without judgment and uncover the thoughts driving the non-acceptance. Despondency shows up when you let disappointment and self-defeat take over. It sounds something like, \"Why bother trying? It's not going to make that much of a difference anyway.\" So many women beat themselves up saying the reason they don't wear makeup, have perfect hair or look like a fitness god is because they're lazy. Most women I know are anything but lazy \u2014 their days are packed with meaningful activities. By calling yourself lazy, you've just sent your brain another message about how bad you are for not trying harder to look prettier, that you aren't good enough. All of that negative thinking is a way of feeling defeated, powerless and hopeless. Practice: Acknowledge you made a choice to direct your time towards other priorities and allow yourself to feel pleased about all the wonderful ways in which your life works well. Really, how much more of your life energy (and money) are you willing to spend chasing the mirage? When you free yourself from the un-kind shackles of unrealistic perfectionism, you'll possess true beauty. Then it won't matter what anyone else thinks because you'll feel so damn good in your own skin!"}, {"title": "", "text": "be), but I most certainly changed the way I thought about myself. It\u2019s like having lived all my life up to then with a mask I hated and despised, but the only thing I did was to take a good look at this mask and ask myself: \u201cwhat\u2019s so terrible about it? It\u2019s just a mask. Who cares? Nobody but me; so if I don\u2019t care about it either, I won\u2019t be frustrated.\u201d Surprisingly \u2014 very surprisingly, in fact \u2014 this worked well, even though I thought it would be quite impossible to do again. What was the secret? Over a whole year, I just focused on looking at the mask differently. Every day I thought about caring less and less about how ugly that mask was. After a year or so, well, I really didn\u2019t care much about it any more. Sounds too simple? Or like magic? Well, I just attributed it to the plasticity of the mind when one\u2019s young, and, as said, I didn\u2019t expect it to work again."}, {"title": "", "text": "You acknowledge your emotions\u2014feel your feelings\u2014but they don\u2019t have to dictate your actions. I feel like I have a good handle on my actions and meditation/mindfulness has helped me with acknowledging my feelings, but I haven\u2019t been able to let go of wanting to eradicate the thoughts and feelings in the first place. Your comment helped me see that that\u2019s what I need to work on. I am loving these posts. Short, thoughtful, very well written. I was thinking of this very topic this morning. Feeling some revulsion for the jiggly, the dimpled as I watched myself dress. Then I picked up a big load of laundry and felt grateful to move throughout my life without physical pain. The best solution I\u2019ve found is to focus on what my body does and now how it looks. It\u2019s not a perfect fix, but it\u2019s workable for me. Amen. Every time I\u2019m reminded of all the things I *can* do, the things I don\u2019t have seem much less important. And thank you, I\u2019m enjoying the focus on the process with this space, instead of the outcome/response. I hope my writing will improve over time, that will be a nice benefit, but for now it\u2019s about writing to write with no other goals in mind."}, {"title": "", "text": "that day blank and gives me a feeling of closure \u2013 woo hoo!). I take a look at my calendar and my \u201cmaybe I\u2019ll do list\u201d to assess what my priorities are for the following day and add them to the next day\u2019s list. Then I clean off my desk and go pick up my kids. Granted, there will be days where all heck breaks loose and I\u2019m unable to follow my system the way I\u2019ve planned it. And that\u2019s OK. The more I follow it, the more engrained and natural it will become. My goal is to change my feeling of being out of control to become more intentional and conscious about the way I use my time. So any little change will be progress. I encourage you to be kind to yourself as you endeavor to change your habits and patterns as well. You can start this before you go to bed at night. Envision yourself waking with energy, enthusiasm and inspiration. I like to take a quick glance at my \u201cTHINGS TO DO LIST\u201d for the next day with gratitude that I will have everything I need to accomplish it. I believe this allows my subconscious mind to begin working on things while I sleep \u2013 which will potentially lead to new insights when I awaken. As you begin your day, get very clear on what you\u2019d like to experience by day\u2019s end \u2014 and every moment in between and see if you can experience that state before you even begin. See if"}, {"title": "", "text": "they are just jealous and think by putting you down it will make them feel better about themselves. Something you should do is keep positive if you are feeling bad about yourself, positive thinking is the way forward! This is something I've done recently as my friend suggested, is every night think about something good about your day, it could be the weather, where you've been, who you saw, if you liked your hair etc. Just something happy about your day so you'll be in a happy state of mind before bed. Believe in yourself! Stop doubting your abilities, it'll just bring you down even more. If you have a career you want to pursue go for it and do what makes you happy. Embrace those flaws that you have and keep smiling!"}, {"title": "", "text": "because your tinder picture is prettier than you are without the aid of a filter. When you are talking to yourself negatively, try to understand why you're doing it. Hopefully, once you figure that out, you can come up with strategies to help you combat those negative ideas. Some people harshly criticize themselves if they do something they perceive as wrong - say, pigging out on junk food when they've been trying to eat healthier - because they think this will dissuade them from making the same mistake in the future. Unfortunately, this doesn't often work, and reprimanding yourself doesn't provide you with motivation to do better but instead causes you to feel demoralized, defeated, or like a failure. The more we practice communicating with ourselves, especially in positive ways, the more in tune we are with our thoughts and emotions, the easier it will be to acknowledge but not give power to negative thoughts when they come into our heads. It will also be easier to boost the encouraging, reassuring, helpful thoughts. Being mindful of yourself, your body, your thoughts, and your feelings plays a large role in this. And one of the ways to be in tune with yourself is to ask yourself seemingly simple questions - how do I feel right now? What do I keep thinking about? When we focus on particular thoughts, whether good or bad, they tend to become our reality, or at least our perception of it. So being mindful of what thoughts we keep coming back to is"}, {"title": "", "text": "you stuck in a negative state of both mind and body. The more you do this the more you will increasingly be affirming to yourself that you are weak and not good enough; this will dent your confidence, diminish your social abilities and lower your self esteem. If you live your life by your bad memories you will create scary futures. There are only two parts to us, positive things or negative things, you are either feeling good or bad, you are healthy or unhealthy you are successful or unsuccessful. You will either be having a good day or bad day. All good and positive things stem from the most powerful emotion of love and the good thing is we can quite quickly switch from a negative state to a positive feel good state by switching your thinking. We all get knocked down but we have the choice to get back up again. Think about all the things you love about your life, focus on a positive future, try and build up some good feelings then amplify those feelings, spend some time thinking about stuff that makes you feel good or has made you feel good in the past, return to your happy memories and drum up some happy feelings. All that is good comes from love, all that is bad comes from a lack of love.\" Love your life, love yourself and love all the good things that surround you. Love is an energy and it is powerful, much more powerful than negativity. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Well hello, Lottie things is back\u2026 Finally. I\u2019ve decided to kick it all back off with one of my favourite things to talk about. Loving yourself, helping yourself feel better, and just all round being happy! I was planning on getting a lot done during the week off, but it did not work out! I ended up getting ill once again, and basically not wanting to do anything at all. Now i feel awful, i have wasted so much potential productive time doing totally unproductive things. I am telling myself it is okay, it was a break, and now i am feeling a whole lot better. After being ill for the one millionth time this year, I have made some changes. I have some things planned in order to give me a healthier and happier life. I know i have some previous posts on this subject here on Lottie things, but this is a topic that helps me with my emotions and how i am feeling. Hopefully it helps you too. I feel like this time of the year is the perfect chance for you to start re-evaluating yourself and how you feel. Making changes that you think you need to make, especially if those things are making you feel upset, or not helping you at all. For example, it could be as simple as the time you go to sleep. If you do not get into bed until 2am then that is the reason why you are feeling so crappy, so change it. I will"}, {"title": "", "text": "You in front of the mirror. When you just look like crap no matter what you try. That is when is best you don\u2019t try to take a picture of yourself. Just leave it. Forget it. Do something to raise your motivation. Make a drawing or paint something instead, for example. It will reveal beauty from a different perspective. It will make you see things differently. You might take some moments to reflect the image resulted on the piece of paper. Does it reflect what you see in the mirror?"}, {"title": "", "text": "are or how you look. So start taking the steps toward loving yourself, rather than simply telling other people that they should love themselves. And maybe part of taking those steps is, quite simply, pretending to love yourself. Not necessarily in front of other people \u2013 you might do that already, telling them that you love yourself just to prove a point, to pretend to be an example, but when it really counts is when you\u2019re alone. When no one else can hear you, and you have to force yourself to change the language that you use to describe yourself. When you catch yourself thinking something like \u201cugh, I\u2019m so gross\u201d, change that around to be something positive, something like \u201cI\u2019m really cute today\u201d. Because when you force yourself to think that way, eventually you won\u2019t be forcing yourself anymore \u2013 you\u2019ll just start to think that way. And you should. You are beautiful. You are loveable and unique and amazing and strong. You come complete with so much experience that nobody else has but you \u2013 because nobody has lived their lives in quite the same way that you have. You deserve so much more than you think you do, and you deserve to feel comfortable in your own skin. So allow yourself. And don\u2019t do it for me, and don\u2019t do it to prove to others that it is possible to love yourself; do it for yourself. Do it selfishly. Do it because you are amazing, and because it will make you even better."}, {"title": "", "text": "practice looking in the mirror at yourself with loving thoughts. This is especially hard to do when you\u2019re in the buff with no enhancements but give it a try. Look and try to see love reflected back at you in your eyes, smile at yourself, drop the criticism and tendency to look for faults. Try being excited to see yourself \u2013 like the feeling of when you run into a friend you love unexpectedly or see someone you love that you don\u2019t get to see often. Do this daily and start to see yourself through loving eyes. Let go of criticism, self-judgement, and perfectionism \u2013 All these practices diminish us and make us feel we are unworthy unless we do something to earn it. Try being kind to yourself in your internal dialogue. Think supportive loving thoughts. Be compassionate with yourself. Treat yourself like you treat your best friend when they\u2019re going through a hard time. Be your BFF. Let these thoughts go like a helium balloon into the air and breathe the sigh of relief that comes with shutting down your inner critic. Think of something nice to say about yourself to yourself everyday \u2013 start to replace the old negative critical comments with loving comments noticing things about yourself you take for granted. It can be physical, emotional or spiritual qualities or recognizing your qualities in action. Notice the energy drains \u2013 As you work on building yourself up and filling yourself up with positive energy you may start to be very sensitive or"}, {"title": "", "text": "years, but it is possible. The way you talk to yourself is a big part of solving your problem. Your sub-conscious is amazing, it believes whatever it is told, when it is told often enough. The way to help yourself get rid of your low self esteem is to start telling yourself that you are the way you want to be. Affirmations said often throughout the day can help you. Choose the ones that will make you the way you want to be. For instance if you feel no one likes you try saying \"everyone likes me\" or \"I am very popular\" which will help you to feel better about yourself. If you feel you lack confidence, try \"I am a very confident person\" or \"I have faith in my ability.\" Make sure your affirmation is about the way you already are, so not, \"I am going to be a confident person\" but \"I am a confident person.\" Change your thought pattern from negative to positive. Every time you have a negative thought replace it with a positive one. Feed your sub-conscious all this wonderful positive information about yourself. First thing in the morning, all times during the day, and last thing at night, tell yourself what a wonderful worthwhile person you are. In time, you will start to feel stronger within yourself. This is a sign that your sub-conscious is starting to accept the information it is being fed. This will not be an overnight fix, but if you can keep on with your positive"}, {"title": "", "text": "any judgments about my body, just let it be. That\u2019s because I began to notice that I was looking at myself a lot in mirrors, but each time I did so, I had a negative thought. So Friday I focused on just looking and not thinking bad things. Very hard to do, but very good to attempt."}, {"title": "", "text": "how I can manage my time better.\u201d Or instead of \u201cmy body feels so heavy, slow and old,\u201d try \u201cI\u2019m noticing myself moving more slowly with more effort than I\u2019d like, but I\u2019m doing my best and with a little more activity every day, I know I will increase my strength and vitality.\u201d This is not sugar-coating anything, just responding to your thoughts with more love and appreciation, which will initiate the changes you want to bring about faster. You can do this! I hope this post helps you find more moments of Zen in your day!"}, {"title": "", "text": "saying, \"Well I'm just so ...[you name it, lonely, fat, undervalued, confused, scared]\". Maybe it's something you've never admitted before, or maybe it's something you've always been aware of. But, while fasting, your reaction to this thought may now be different. Instead of sitting under the weight of this horrible feeling, like you usually do, there is a new lightness to it. An air-iness. There is an awareness that this just happens to be how you're feeling right now, that this is just a moment in time, and that the next moment may be different. You realize how fleeting this awful feeling can be, and should be, and will be. That there is light in your world even while you're surrounded by this particular darkness. Perhaps you will \"see\" in a flash of insight how you've designed and created your life almost as if you were TRYING to make yourself feel this way. \"Well, no wonder I feel confused, look at what I surround myself with\", you might think as you consider all the people, the attitudes, the circumstances you've invited and allowed in your life. In this flash you might see how you could chose a few things differently, and how some of the really little things have a really huge impact on you, and how easy it would be to make these few little changes and how the energy would open up more for you and for the potential you know you have. You open the same bathroom drawer you open every day, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "affected by anything. That\u2019s not telling you to be a cold fish, but to take a step back and realise that most things aren\u2019t improtant and it\u2019s only you placing importance on them through conditioning and the narrative you\u2019ve told yourself. If you have any existing trauma, work through it. This can be done by working in sessions with myself available here or by accessing the various parts of your life that you are unhappy about. The key isn\u2019t to beat yourself up, if you\u2019ve been like this, but now you are aware you need to take control and force the habit of change. It\u2019s not an easy thing to do, but when you monitor yourself it\u2019s a lot easier to put in place. Try the one day challenge \u2013 which is going through an entire day without negatively emotionally reacting to the world, if you are able to do this then rinse and repeat the process until you get to a week. You will be much stronger and less likely to repeat those actions there after. Although it takes a solid month to change a habit, the suggested steps are a great place to start! So why not start today? Please also check out my YouTube video on Emotional Self Control below for more information. Remember emotional self control, or you are fucked!"}, {"title": "", "text": "productive etc. in the new year. But what I have finally accepted is that these changes will not happen over night and all big changes are about commitment, dedication and making these changes into a habit or ritual. A little back story. If you saw me on December 22nd last year, you would have seen a pretty haggard excuse for a person. I was most probably hunched over my sewing machine or computer (or maybe even both by that stage ... There was a moment when I'd become so overwhelmed by my to-do list that I had my sewing machine set up in front of my computer, and would jump between the two) and had given up on wearing make-up or anything apart from jersey sacks, or even washing my hair. Not good. Obviously. On this particular day I spoke to a friend about how exhausted I was, how little time I had to do anything for myself (including exercise, grocery shopping, seeing friends or even washing said hair) and how burned out I was feeling. I loved my little business, but it was literally taking over my life. Yet I was persistent that I was just going to work through the holiday period, convincing myself (and no one else) that I would feel better in the new year if I just kept soldiering on and knocking things of my ever growing to-do list. After I said it out loud, I realised how stupid it sounded. Did I think some magical New Years Fairy was going"}, {"title": "", "text": "6am every day. Waking up at 4:30am or 5am is probably going to feel very unnatural until you reorient your body\u2019s natural rhythms and sleep cycles. What if you\u2019ve never exercised a day in your life and you decide that you want to start today? Running for two blocks might feel like immanent death. Until your body starts to get into a decent fitness routine, even a mild jog is going to feel very unnatural. If you\u2019re accustomed to complaining everyday about everything that goes wrong, it\u2019s probably going to feel a bit exaggerated when you try to describe your experiences in a more positive light. That doesn\u2019t mean you\u2019re being fake. It just might mean that you\u2019re spiritually or mentally out of shape and you could use a bit of conditioning in those areas. You may have become so accustomed to interpreting events in a negative way that it now seems like the normal, healthy, natural thing to do. If you can be patient with yourself and commit to self-development as a process, you\u2019ll be surprised and pleased with how much you can proactively accelerate your spiritual evolution. We are never stuck with the present day version of our personalities. We have the power to recondition our thought patterns, retrain our reactionary instincts, and reinvent our emotional processing habits. The PURSUIT of happiness can only be fulfilled by the PRACTICE of happiness. Happiness doesn\u2019t just \u201chappen\u201d. It\u2019s the reward we receive for investing in our own well~being. From someone who has grit his teeth on"}, {"title": "", "text": "the day. Helping me to glow with positivity for myself and others. I then take my toner and rub it all over my skin and neck asking that all my unkind thoughts expressed to be washed away as I learn the lesson to speak with love, kindness and respect to myself and my family. I then massage my face with my night cream and ask for forgiveness as I wipe away all the years of disappointment and judgement I\u2019ve felt or given. I\u2019m mindful in the moment as I pick up my brush and comb my hair thanking God for my blessings and to continue to be a better person than I was yesterday. With each brush stroke I thank myself for everyone I helped and who helped me. I also vow to appreciate all the abundance I have instead of wanting things I don\u2019t. I reach for my toothbrush and squeeze out the toothpaste and swipe away all the mean words I\u2019ve said and deeds done in my past and present. I then take my dental floss and clean carefully in between my teeth. I pray for patience when my bucket was empty and the stress overwhelmed me. Causing me to clench my jaw and lash out with meanness . I think about all the foods I have eaten today and thank God for the ability to purchase it and a home to store it in. I pray that I\u2019ll make better decisions if I chose to indulge in junk food and I thank myself"}, {"title": "", "text": "not be easy especially if you had a life-long habit of being tough on yourself. Your subconscious mind on occasions will present you 100\u2019s of excuses to skip it or avoid it \u2013 but be persistent! Here we\u2019re talking the power of Universe and, if you will, the Power of God working 100% on your side. Stand in front of the mirror and look at yourself, deep in your eyes. While looking say out loud to yourself: \u201cI Love you \u2026(your name)\u201d. Say it and do your best to feel love toward yourself. If love feelings are not coming or deeply negative emotions are surfacing \u2013 do your best to stay conscious, observe flowing emotional energy and letting it go. And then go back toward shifting your inner feelings onto the higher, more positive level. Strive for feelings of love. Keep looking in your eyes and saying \u201cI Love you \u2026(your name)\u201d. Pronouncing your name is important here. Keep steering your emotions toward approval, appreciation, gratitude, toward feelings of love. \u201cI Love how creative I was today\u201d \u2026 \u201cI love how easily I managed this part\u201d \u2026 \u201cI love \u2026.. about myself\u201d. Keep feeling love and flow relevant thoughts easily, without pressure. If no thoughts are coming just keep saying: \u201cI Love you \u2026(your name)\u201d powered by feelings of love. To complete this exercise look yourself deeply in your eyes and say the final time: \u201cI Love you \u2026(your name)\u201d powered by feelings of love to the best of your abilities. It is enough to this"}, {"title": "", "text": "more loudly than sweet words of love, so they have claimed my attention. Out of bad habit, I have accepted the critical voice in my head and come to believe that the solidity offered by resentment is the only way out of tiredness and passivity that threatened to drown me. I have gone out of my way to find things to feel resentful about, even though most of this drama was running in my own head. Believing that strife and unhappiness were inevitable, I have put up with half-heartedness, sorrow, and frustration. I have run away many times, from bullies, from unloving boyfriends, from piss-poor jobs. Getting away from the critic in my head is altogether more difficult. What I can use to help me is recognition. At least I now understand what I am doing and I can use my anger to propel myself away from the habits of self-hatred that are taking too long to die. They are so entrenched that I don't even notice them until they pile up in front of me so that I can hardly move: isolation, insomnia, ill temper, bad food, boredom\u2014all familiar signs that I need to make changes. There is no time like the present, they say. So tomorrow I may buy a silk scarf\u2014what a gorgeous idea\u2014and a new pair of soft leather gloves to shield my hands from a fresh bout of disapproval; one of my thumbs is badly bitten again, and I want it to heal up quickly. I renew a vow I have"}, {"title": "", "text": "It\u2019s been said that with patience and persistence, one can achieve almost anything. But to be persistent, you\u2019ve got to be motivated and if you\u2019re like many people that can be a tough thing to do. Here\u2019s a little trick that can help you stay motivated to change how you look and feel. Each day on a little Post-It note, write down one reason why you want to look and feel different and tape it to a sheet of paper. Do the same thing each day for 21 days. Look at all the previous days and reasons you wrote down and do so first thing in the morning and last thing at night before bed. Thinking of new reasons will get easier with each day you do this. At the end of 21 days, don\u2019t be surprised if you feel some positive changes inside \u2013 thinking, believing and acting differently \u2013 that can help change your body and life. Whenever you find yourself feeling a bit less motivated, simply look at all the reasons you wrote why you want this for your life and that\u2019ll put back on the right road again and help keep you there."}, {"title": "", "text": "yourself and having positive mental health, you CAN and will see changes. It does take perseverance and determination, but simply starting to have positive conversations with yourself and doing activities that promote mental wellness can make a world of difference. Practices such as meditation and yoga, for instance, have proven highly beneficial for many types of ailments and disorders. However, if you need additional help outside of healing practices and improving your relationship with yourself, don\u2019t hesitate to ask for it. Everyone falls down sometimes and needs help getting back on their feet, and you shouldn\u2019t feel ashamed about that. We\u2019re all in this together, but you have to take responsibility for your own health and realize when you need assistance. So, our overall message to you in 2017 is, get out there and live your dreams, love yourself, do what makes you happy, and don\u2019t ever give up on you. Rekindle that fire in your soul, and don\u2019t ever let anyone extinguish it \u2013 especially yourself."}, {"title": "", "text": "room before I go to work in the morning. Focusing on how many cookies you ate yesterday, doesn't get you any closer to your goal. A better answer would be to think, \"I could empty my cupboards of all the cookies so I'm not tempted like I was yesterday\". This way, you're learning from the past and you're taking action to move forwards. There's no more beating yourself up for something you did in the past. By doing this, you're going to instantly feel so much more positive and in control of your life. So, the next time you run into an issue, pay attention to how you're asking yourself those internal questions. This is another one of these very subtle changes but it will make a huge difference to how you feel about yourself and how you solve any challenges you come across in your life. What's New On Life With Confidence So, you may have noticed that I've been very delinquent and haven't sent out a newsletter for awhile. I have a good excuse though. : - ) One of my goals this year was to finally finish a book I'd started on how to stop caring so much what others think about you. This is something that I know so very well from personal experience. Constantly seeking approval from people will drive you completely insane. You try so hard to please everybody and to do what everyone else wants, and you just sort of lose yourself and often end up not liking yourself"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hi there! I hope you\u2019re having an awesome day so far. Do you ever wake up in bed and instantly tell yourself your fat? Or you wished you hadn\u2019t eaten so much the day before? Do you ever bash yourself first thing? Maybe you walk into the bathroom and look at your stomach to see if it\u2019s as flat as you want it to be? Or maybe you hop on your cell phone first thing to look at OTHER people\u2019s lives. These things are not wrong. They\u2019re human nature! Once you become aware that you are doing these things you can start to change so you start your day in a way that sets you up for the way you WANT to feel. Tomorrow, and from now on \u2013 I challenge you to wake up & the second those negative thoughts pop in take a deep breath. Tell yourself the OPPOSITE of what you were thinking (you might even want to write a positive thought in/on your alarm to remind you). This one, simple, kind of silly thing can TOTALLY change the course of your day and how you treat yourselves. When we bash ourselves first thing in the morning, that ADDS up over time to hating our bodies, and treating them like crap. Change your course! Change your attitude. Eventually, your actions will change & so will your BODY. What we focus on gets bigger. For example \u2013 you stub your toe. As long as you\u2019re thinking about it, you will feel the pain. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hi there! I hope you\u2019re having an awesome day so far. Do you ever wake up in bed and instantly tell yourself your fat? Or you wished you hadn\u2019t eaten so much the day before? Do you ever bash yourself first thing? Maybe you walk into the bathroom and look at your stomach to see if it\u2019s as flat as you want it to be? Or maybe you hop on your cell phone first thing to look at OTHER people\u2019s lives. These things are not wrong. They\u2019re human nature! Once you become aware that you are doing these things you can start to change so you start your day in a way that sets you up for the way you WANT to feel. Tomorrow, and from now on \u2013 I challenge you to wake up & the second those negative thoughts pop in take a deep breath. Tell yourself the OPPOSITE of what you were thinking (you might even want to write a positive thought in/on your alarm to remind you). This one, simple, kind of silly thing can TOTALLY change the course of your day and how you treat yourselves. When we bash ourselves first thing in the morning, that ADDS up over time to hating our bodies, and treating them like crap. Change your course! Change your attitude. Eventually, your actions will change & so will your BODY. What we focus on gets bigger. For example \u2013 you stub your toe. As long as you\u2019re thinking about it, you will feel the pain. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "the first step would be to remove all the clutter which has been fed into our mind, the thoughts which has made us believe of our personality types, likes, dislikes and our potentiality of performing certain acts with limitations. Here are a few steps to try for a change and it should really start immediately, the very next morning when we wake up! Or may be at this moment! It\u2019s akin to the slogan by Nike \u2026just do it! If you want to lose weight just start that forty five minutes\u2019 walk now! Decide what time you want to wake up tomorrow, do not set an alarm, and in case you set it up, get up within five seconds, as after that your mind may give you logic and excuses for not getting up then. You may keep your morning gears and shoes etc. in the night before near the bed as a \u201cTotka\u201d (or a firm belief of yours of your intentions, the night before). Immediately, start the intended activity. Go out and feel the freshness of the air, observe anything which you can see or feel more closely. The intensity of the breeze, the trees and the activities of the birds or other creatures around and appreciate the feel and the sight. Try to be in \u201cnow\u201d with no thoughts of the task in hand at office today or on the events of yesterday. Just be there and feel the present with no thought attached to it. While bathing, imagine all clutters and toxins"}, {"title": "", "text": "We often focus so much on the things we don\u2019t like about our face and body that we miss the features that we should love. This doesn\u2019t mean you have to completely fall in love with yourself and spend each day taking bathroom-mirror selfies, but you should find something uplifting about your appearance, at least one thing. At first you\u2019ll feel a little silly standing in front of the mirror and saying \u201cI love you,\u201d but over time, you\u2019ll internalize the notion that you and most of your features are entirely lovable. The idea that you\u2019re going to embrace every aspect of your appearance just isn\u2019t realistic, so don\u2019t force it. If you do find yourself over-analyzing a particular feature, make certain it\u2019s one that you have the ability to change. If you cannot change it, you\u2019re not allowed to criticize it. Most things we don't\u2019 like about ourselves are temporary and changeable anyway - for example, a bad hair day, or a bad haircut, feeling bloated, a zit breakout, a wrong shade of makeup, you get the point! Take action for what you can change and don\u2019t dwell on temporary setbacks - when you\u2019re getting ready, gaze at your own reflection with gratitude, fixate on your best features and just rock your favorite outfit anyway. Confidence is in character, not a perfect reflection. Resolution #1: Find one feature you love about yourself. Wake up and repeat. We\u2019re in the age when everyone\u2019s social media is flooded with photoshopped images and seemingly picture-perfect lives. We\u2019re fooled"}, {"title": "", "text": "but wasn't near as bad off as the one which was all black. Now, you might ask if this has been recreated. There are many videos of people who did this themselves, including here, here, and here if you are interested in watching the documentation of this experiment by every day people (non-scientists). If words can do this to rice and water, imagine what it can do to our bodies (which are made up of 80% water by the way). When you have a chronic illness it's easy to be stressed out 24 hours a day. I used to find myself getting mad at my body for not cooperating. I would say things like, \"My stupid stomach hurts,\" and negatively speaking to my body because it fatigued and hurting. I was angry that this was happening and I dealt with it by having these awful thoughts about myself. I would look in the mirror and analyze how horrid my pores looked and how lifeless my skin was. Day in and day out I didn't love myself deep down, and I didn't realize how detrimental it was to me until recently. Everyone talks about \"positive thinking,\" as if saying one positive thing a day will change things. It won't. It takes a complete overhaul to change old habits, and that begins by starting your day off looking in a mirror and complimenting yourself. And every time you start to have a negative thought (especially during a bad flare or bad pain), get a mirror and repeat positive"}, {"title": "", "text": "but wasn't near as bad off as the one which was all black. Now, you might ask if this has been recreated. There are many videos of people who did this themselves, including here, here, and here if you are interested in watching the documentation of this experiment by every day people (non-scientists). If words can do this to rice and water, imagine what it can do to our bodies (which are made up of 80% water by the way). When you have a chronic illness it's easy to be stressed out 24 hours a day. I used to find myself getting mad at my body for not cooperating. I would say things like, \"My stupid stomach hurts,\" and negatively speaking to my body because it fatigued and hurting. I was angry that this was happening and I dealt with it by having these awful thoughts about myself. I would look in the mirror and analyze how horrid my pores looked and how lifeless my skin was. Day in and day out I didn't love myself deep down, and I didn't realize how detrimental it was to me until recently. Everyone talks about \"positive thinking,\" as if saying one positive thing a day will change things. It won't. It takes a complete overhaul to change old habits, and that begins by starting your day off looking in a mirror and complimenting yourself. And every time you start to have a negative thought (especially during a bad flare or bad pain), get a mirror and repeat positive"}, {"title": "", "text": "love? Another area we can struggle with is simply in our appearance. It is far too easy to find fault with our appearance. We live in a world of air brushed perfection being thrown in our faces 24 hours, 7 days a week. We are told what is beautiful and if we are falling short in our own estimation of this standard it can affect our self esteem. It can be very easy to look in the mirror and to start telling yourself things like \"You are fat\", \"you are ugly\", \"your hair is too thin\" and the list goes on. How much better it would be to rewire your thinking into positive thoughts and affirmations about your appearance. Maybe you are a bit overweight, or maybe you have acne, or you are unhappy with new wrinkles or sagging skin where once the flesh was taut. It's OK to notice these things; it's even OK to wish them to be different. But, the crucial part is in not taking away from your self love because of your perception of falling short of the ideal you wish for. You can say to yourself \"I wish I were closer to my ideal weight, and I'm going to work on that; but for now, I look really good and am doing the best that I can\". This gives your brain the message that you are still a good person and you are still valid and deserving of love and friendship. You are also owning that you aren't exactly as"}, {"title": "", "text": "that you\u2019re unhappy with your body. Force yourself to really think about that. Approach it the same way that you might with any other kind of bad day: Remind yourself that a day is only 24 hours long, and tomorrow might be different. Accept what you have no control over, and then focus on what you can change about your outlook. Address it. Stare it in the face. 2. Look At It This goes back to the question of whether or not ignoring your problems has ever helped them dissipate. And I think that when we try to avoid mirrors, it makes them all the more tempting \u2013 and that\u2019s the opposite of what we need. Just like sitting with your negative feelings, looking at the body that you\u2019re unhappy with puts you in the position of being the boss of your situation. It\u2019s a way of reminding the voices in your head that you are the one in charge here \u2014 and that the smallest shift in thought or intent can turn your whole day around. Do it fully clothed if you want to, but also feel free to do it naked. Run your hands down every part of you. Jiggle your jiggly bits. Show off your musculature (or lack thereof). Hit your hand against your thigh to hear that smack sound. Twist and turn and watch how gravity affects where your skin lies. Look at it. Saddle up to your vanity or your full-length and do the one thing you\u2019re dreading \u2014 because once"}, {"title": "", "text": "anything if it fits into your life right? And if you can do it without stressing out, without exhausting yourself and without frustrating yourself because the task appears too difficult for you. Let\u2019s say you want to begin to get healthier by taking care of your body. Right now you rate your physical health at a 6. You choose to eliminate eating bedtime snacks for one month. Repeat that behavior every night for 28 days. Each day you succeed you will increase your motivation to continue that new behavior. And you will do it without causing yourself pain or feelings of deprivation. Re-evaluate your rating for your physical health at that time\u2014after establishing your bedtime behavior. You will notice your health gain of at least 1 point. Now you will find yourself at a level 7 or even higher. You do not learn how to be happy. No book can tell you what to do. There is no step-by-step. To be happy you decide to be happy. Then you monitor your thoughts and always move to happy thoughts when you find yourself thinking inaccurately. Only inaccurate thinking leads to states other than happiness. How do you monitor your thoughts? Pay attention to how you feel. When you feel good you are thinking (perhaps not consciously) happy thoughts. The reverse is also true. It does not matter what those thoughts were. Just switch to happy ones that leave you feeling good. Mind your moods and thoughts for 28 days straight and you will create the happiness habit."}, {"title": "", "text": "anything if it fits into your life right? And if you can do it without stressing out, without exhausting yourself and without frustrating yourself because the task appears too difficult for you. Let\u2019s say you want to begin to get healthier by taking care of your body. Right now you rate your physical health at a 6. You choose to eliminate eating bedtime snacks for one month. Repeat that behavior every night for 28 days. Each day you succeed you will increase your motivation to continue that new behavior. And you will do it without causing yourself pain or feelings of deprivation. Re-evaluate your rating for your physical health at that time\u2014after establishing your bedtime behavior. You will notice your health gain of at least 1 point. Now you will find yourself at a level 7 or even higher. You do not learn how to be happy. No book can tell you what to do. There is no step-by-step. To be happy you decide to be happy. Then you monitor your thoughts and always move to happy thoughts when you find yourself thinking inaccurately. Only inaccurate thinking leads to states other than happiness. How do you monitor your thoughts? Pay attention to how you feel. When you feel good you are thinking (perhaps not consciously) happy thoughts. The reverse is also true. It does not matter what those thoughts were. Just switch to happy ones that leave you feeling good. Mind your moods and thoughts for 28 days straight and you will create the happiness habit."}, {"title": "", "text": "is nice outside, or that you saw something funny on the Internet. It doesn't really matter what you feel grateful for, just so long as you acknowledge it. If you keep a mental list of at least 5 things your thankful for every day for the next 30 days, your mindset will start to shift to a more positive outlook. To be your most positive and happy self, you must take care of yourself both mentally and physically. An hour before you go to sleep, put your phone on silent and get in the habit of winding down for the night. When you step away from the glow of your phone screen, you are setting yourself up for a good night's sleep. In the morning, take a few minutes to simply stare out your window and take in the dawn. It's in the quiet mornings where you can find peace and clarity. Eating healthy foods and exercising on a regular basis also fuels us to the be the best versions of ourselves. When you take care of your body, you sharpen the mind and gain more energy to carry you through the day. We're all guilty of having dark thoughts every once and a while. You think nothing could go right today. You think you are wasting your time. You think you're a failure. Yes, we've all had those negative interrupters in our day. The problem is that these negative thoughts can lead you down a thought spiral that never ends. Before you know it, you've"}, {"title": "", "text": "recommend you read every one of them. These tips are jam-packed with valuable information and will give you an extra edge as you face each week. ## **_You Are Beautiful_** When you think things like \"I'm lazy\" or \"I hate my body\" or \"I'm never going to get in shape,\" you're setting yourself up for failure. When you repeat something over and over again, your mind actually begins to accept it as a statement of fact. Your thoughts are incredibly powerful and can set the tone for how you feel about yourself and help determine the choices you make. Creating the right affirmation can be key to achieving a positive and hopeful state of mind. Let's say you want to stop eating carbs at night. Instead of saying, \"I will not eat carbs at night,\" try something positive like \"I will make healthy eating choices at night.\" Or suppose you miss your workout and you keep thinking to yourself, \"I'm a loser... I can't even get a 20-minute workout in\"\u2014it's time to take control of that negative voice in your head. Will yourself into believing you _can_ do it: \"I am beautiful and strong and I will make choices today that make me feel accomplished and empowered.\" For a great collection of affirmations, check out my friend Louise L. Hay's _Power Thought Cards_ (Hay House, 1999). ## **_Get Organized_** If you're like me, you love to shop. I especially love to buy books, which is great, but there's just one problem\u2014I have to find room to"}, {"title": "", "text": "to find delusions that serve us. Here's an example: Imagine a holiday meal in which a relative does something rude. You can let it ruin the night and complain afterward. Or you can divert your attention from the one percent that was bad and not allow it to ruin the 99 percent that was good. Reframing can be surprisingly effective. A caution, however: Reframing will not make a long-term problem go away. * **Limit your exposure.** Avoid if you need to. For example, if you shop at the same place frequently, go out of your way to avoid the mean clerks. By limiting how often and intensely you face jerks, you create a buffer against their demeaning behavior. In a work context, Sutton offers additional strategies, like building pockets of safety, support and sanity; and seeking and fighting battles that you have a good chance of winning. # **CHAPTER EIGHT** Your Body As an example to others, and not that I care for moderation myself, it has always been my rule never to smoke when asleep, and never to refrain when awake. \u2014MARK TWAIN # Rule 8 Be Healthy Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants. \u2014MICHAEL POLLAN The day I was diagnosed with late-stage cancer, I changed my diet. That same day. Not an easy thing to do after a lifetime of scanning the dessert menu _before_ the dinner menu, and consuming a steady diet of breads and coffees and cakes and candy bars and burgers and\u2014oh, that first, delightfully fresh and fizzy swig of"}, {"title": "", "text": "healthier,\u201d Collier says. You also want to avoid the all-or-nothing mindset, which leads to quick burnout, and instead take micro-steps toward your goal, Marques says. If you stay up until midnight but want to be in bed at 10, the reasonable progression is: start with 11:45; the next night 11:30; the next 11:15 \u2026 It builds success and minimizes avoiding the new habit. It also helps to remember that urges follow a cycle. They\u2019re initially intense, then wane, and usually go away in about 20 minutes. Collier suggests to set a timer and focus on \u201cjust getting through that.\u201d In that waiting period, seeking new sensations can provide useful distraction. You can go outside and feel the wind and smell the air. You can do something physical. Collier also likes using hot and cold. In the extreme, it\u2019s submerging your face into a bowl of water, which can slow down your heart rate. But it could also be holding an ice cube or taking a hot shower. \u201cYou\u2019re focused on the sensation and not the urge,\u201d she says. Accept that success isn\u2019t a straight line As you try to change, there will be bumps and setbacks, which are part of the process of lasting change. The problem is that we\u2019re our own worst critics, and some people view anything except total success as complete failure. Marques says to try to take a third-person perspective and think about how you\u2019d react to a friend who said that having one bag of chips had ruined their whole diet."}, {"title": "", "text": "would look, feel and smell like (hopefully it does not smell). Write it down. Exercise 2: Write down 3 things or 3 beliefs that are currently enabling you to live in a manner that does not serve you. 1. I don\u2019t go to the gym when I am tired. When I get done with work, there is no way I could go to the gym and exercise. I will go tomorrow when I have energy. 2. I don\u2019t have time or energy to make healthy food. I will start eating better next week. Did you hear about the lemonade and cayenne pepper diet? Beyonc\u00e9 did it and she\u2019s hot. 3. I\u2019m too busy to get quality sleep. I\u2019ll sleep when I\u2019m dead. 1. I have a ton of extra energy to go to the gym. See these love handles, that is stored energy baby! 2. All I want to eat is healthy homemade food. It tastes better, makes me feel better and look better. 3. I love going to bed at a good time and getting quality sleep. It makes the next day that much better. I\u2019m more productive, smarter, have more energy and present for the entire day. Do the exercises listed above and notice how you feel over the course of 1 week. If necessary do them every single day when you wake up (I do). Do you see a shift in your mindset or mood? Are you more productive? Are you calling yourself out on your BS and excuses? This would be a"}, {"title": "", "text": "would look, feel and smell like (hopefully it does not smell). Write it down. Exercise 2: Write down 3 things or 3 beliefs that are currently enabling you to live in a manner that does not serve you. 1. I don\u2019t go to the gym when I am tired. When I get done with work, there is no way I could go to the gym and exercise. I will go tomorrow when I have energy. 2. I don\u2019t have time or energy to make healthy food. I will start eating better next week. Did you hear about the lemonade and cayenne pepper diet? Beyonc\u00e9 did it and she\u2019s hot. 3. I\u2019m too busy to get quality sleep. I\u2019ll sleep when I\u2019m dead. 1. I have a ton of extra energy to go to the gym. See these love handles, that is stored energy baby! 2. All I want to eat is healthy homemade food. It tastes better, makes me feel better and look better. 3. I love going to bed at a good time and getting quality sleep. It makes the next day that much better. I\u2019m more productive, smarter, have more energy and present for the entire day. Do the exercises listed above and notice how you feel over the course of 1 week. If necessary do them every single day when you wake up (I do). Do you see a shift in your mindset or mood? Are you more productive? Are you calling yourself out on your BS and excuses? This would be a"}, {"title": "", "text": "if I feel that I have nothing to say before starting a session, I end up with an enormous feeling of accomplishment, which in turn feeds my ego (and believe me, my ego likes to be fed). And I am happy when it is me doing the feeding, and not someone else. I have a nice love-hate relationship with my ego. I know what a pig she really is, but I love her anyway. One of the things that can really wear away at your sense of self is when you find yourself doing work that you can't stand. If you are in a dead-end job that is killing your soul, then take steps to get out of it. It can't happen overnight, it could take months\u2014or even years, if it involves going back to school\u2014but even doing research on what kind of job could make you happier is a step in the right direction. Getting on an exercise regimen when you are overweight and out of shape may seem like a lost cause, but it isn't. You just have to remember to stick with it. If you do, you will begin to see results. There is no way not to. (Unless you cheat and eat a box of Ho Hos in front of the TV at night. When it comes to getting in shape, diet really does matter. There's no way around it.) Another way to fall in love with yourself is to become involved with a charity. Find something you feel passionate about, whether"}, {"title": "", "text": "by not focusing on the negative your energy is then shifted to completing goals and moving forward with life. When you love yourself what others think and how they act become irrelevant to your life. I love myself by respecting my mind and body. Every day I exercise, I eat healthy and practise gratitude wherever possible. I\u2019ve noticed when I don\u2019t follow through with these my moods alter and become erratic. The negative energy has such a knock on effect to so many things in life so I find it is key for me to make sure my eating habits are clean. Eating unhealthy leads to tiredness, which means I\u2019ll skip the gym, then I start feeling like a little fatty, which means I don\u2019t feel like dressing up, that leads to me feeling yucky and my skin starts to show it and then when I look in the mirror I feel crappy, all of this turns me in to a sour faced Mitika. Whereas when I eat well, I am motivated to exercise; after having a successful workout I am more inclined to spend extra time on my appearance; if I feel like I look good I\u2019m more confident and determined to achieve my goals. I\u2019m sure you get my drift but it\u2019s so easy to snowball either way. Have you ever told anyone but your partner you love them? I have, I whisper it to my dog every other 5 minutes :) but jokes aside, a saying I've popped up in conversations lately is"}, {"title": "", "text": "here). Many have been rejected by our crushes (talking to myself again). Many have had bad relationships (unfortunately). Many have had low funds in the bank and felt the darkest night of the soul night wondering how to get out of this (talking to myself for the third time). These situations are tough, there\u2019s no denying that, but they aren\u2019t unique. What\u2019s unique and left open to the possibilities is how you respond to those disappointments and setbacks. That\u2019s where the mental fitness comes into play. None of us are more deserving than the next person. Focus on efforts and how you respond, not your perceived importance. Living in today\u2019s microwave generation is dangerous to our egos and psyche. Patience is a past time. We overestimate our abilities. We underestimate how long transformations and change takes. This combination leads to prematurely quitting and giving up because we can\u2019t wait\u2014not that we\u2019re not capable. When you have expectations for immediate results and want everything yesterday, when you don\u2019t get those results, you\u2019re tempted to take shortcuts and cheat your future (hello fad diets and other short-term fitness tactics). Skewed and unrealistic expectations potentially lead you to deduce the wrong conclusions, negative emotions, low self-worth, and behaviors that set you back even further. Let go of the need for immediacy. Commit to the long haul. If it\u2019s worthwhile, then isn\u2019t it going to be worth it down the line (I tell myself this every day)? Don\u2019t underestimate just how damn difficult it is to change. Be mindful that"}, {"title": "", "text": "here). Many have been rejected by our crushes (talking to myself again). Many have had bad relationships (unfortunately). Many have had low funds in the bank and felt the darkest night of the soul night wondering how to get out of this (talking to myself for the third time). These situations are tough, there\u2019s no denying that, but they aren\u2019t unique. What\u2019s unique and left open to the possibilities is how you respond to those disappointments and setbacks. That\u2019s where the mental fitness comes into play. None of us are more deserving than the next person. Focus on efforts and how you respond, not your perceived importance. Living in today\u2019s microwave generation is dangerous to our egos and psyche. Patience is a past time. We overestimate our abilities. We underestimate how long transformations and change takes. This combination leads to prematurely quitting and giving up because we can\u2019t wait\u2014not that we\u2019re not capable. When you have expectations for immediate results and want everything yesterday, when you don\u2019t get those results, you\u2019re tempted to take shortcuts and cheat your future (hello fad diets and other short-term fitness tactics). Skewed and unrealistic expectations potentially lead you to deduce the wrong conclusions, negative emotions, low self-worth, and behaviors that set you back even further. Let go of the need for immediacy. Commit to the long haul. If it\u2019s worthwhile, then isn\u2019t it going to be worth it down the line (I tell myself this every day)? Don\u2019t underestimate just how damn difficult it is to change. Be mindful that"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cost of cigarettes), feeling ill and less good looking with no energy any more to enjoy yourself. Your marriage, sex life, social life and job is going down the stank. He\u2019s not your friend at all. He\u2019s your worst enemy. Go over this part over and over again. Five minutes approx. If your mind drifts no problem just get back to Mr/Mrs nasty. He\u2019s robbing you blind, destroying your health and life in general. He\u2019s trying to KILL you. He\u2019s a demon in disguise. You make a decision, open your front door and throw him out followed by the last of your cigarettes. He\u2019s gone. The cigarettes are gone. Now visualise your new life. You are richer (work out how much you\u2019ve spent in a year and what you can do with it \u2013 holiday abroad etc), fitter, healthier, better looking, sexier, more sociable, more successful and happier. Three minutes minimum. The longer the better. Ten minutes roughly once a day for a week or so to change your life. This visualisation can also help people dependent on drugs and alcohol. It helped me. I hope it helps you. Best of luck Yesindyref2 (and others) in getting rid of that demon. Your greatest enemy right out of your life for evermore. This is what I\u2019m trained in, this is part of my profession. So it really rips my knitting when my credibility is questioned by my own side. If you had read any of my contribution to this thread, or even dipped your toe, you\u2019d"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the grocery store I was reminded why I hate the act. People are all in such a rush, the cashier\u2019s automatic responses grind on you, and when you\u2019re there at 5 P.M. everybody just got off work and so they\u2019re tired, not paying attention, or else annoyed and hate being there. Despite all this I tried to remain pleasant and consider them and the reasons they were there. I could have just crept inside of my head, but instead I opened myself up and talked to the cashiers and tried to make them laugh. The reason was because of another passage Wallace gives: Again, please don\u2019t think that I\u2019m giving you moral advice, or that I\u2019m saying you\u2019re \u201csupposed to\u201d think this way, or that anyone expects you to just automatically do it, because it\u2019s hard, it takes will and mental effort, and if you\u2019re like me, some days you won\u2019t be able to do it, or you just flat-out won\u2019t want to. But most days, if you\u2019re aware enough to give yourself a choice, you can choose to look differently at this fat, dead-eyed, over-made-lady who just screamed at her little child in the checkout line-maybe she\u2019s not usually like this; maybe she\u2019s been up three straight nights holding the hand of her husband who\u2019s dying of bone cancer, or maybe this very lady is the low-wage clerk at the Motor Vehicles Department who just yesterday helped your spouse resolve a nightmarish red-tape problem through some small act of bureaucratic kindness. Of course, none"}, {"title": "", "text": "through the grocery store I was reminded why I hate the act. People are all in such a rush, the cashier\u2019s automatic responses grind on you, and when you\u2019re there at 5 P.M. everybody just got off work and so they\u2019re tired, not paying attention, or else annoyed and hate being there. Despite all this I tried to remain pleasant and consider them and the reasons they were there. I could have just crept inside of my head, but instead I opened myself up and talked to the cashiers and tried to make them laugh. The reason was because of another passage Wallace gives: Again, please don\u2019t think that I\u2019m giving you moral advice, or that I\u2019m saying you\u2019re \u201csupposed to\u201d think this way, or that anyone expects you to just automatically do it, because it\u2019s hard, it takes will and mental effort, and if you\u2019re like me, some days you won\u2019t be able to do it, or you just flat-out won\u2019t want to. But most days, if you\u2019re aware enough to give yourself a choice, you can choose to look differently at this fat, dead-eyed, over-made-lady who just screamed at her little child in the checkout line-maybe she\u2019s not usually like this; maybe she\u2019s been up three straight nights holding the hand of her husband who\u2019s dying of bone cancer, or maybe this very lady is the low-wage clerk at the Motor Vehicles Department who just yesterday helped your spouse resolve a nightmarish red-tape problem through some small act of bureaucratic kindness. Of course, none"}, {"title": "", "text": "excuse to hate me. All. Of. The. Time. 1. Think of a recent situation where you took things personally. Then think about how you\u2019ll remember that situation five years from now. Will it matter? 2. Change your thought patterns. Next time your boss snaps at you, instead of thinking \u2018She hates me,\u2019 ask yourself if there\u2019s anything going on in her life that could be behind her reaction. For instance, is she tired or stressed out? 3. Try to find the positives. Being rejected from your dream job is horrible, but maybe the next one will be even better. 4. Take yourself out of the situation and try to look at yourself impartially from above. It\u2019s highly likely that things aren\u2019t as bad as you imagine. 5. Ask yourself if it\u2019s within your power to change things. If your friend is short-tempered because she\u2019s tired, can you fix that? No, you can\u2019t."}, {"title": "", "text": "to gain something. It\u2019s a gift. It is to love others even though there is nothing in return. It is an investment in a relationship that may or may not work at all. I am pouring my heart and soul into this blind shot in the dark all in the hope that it will help someone in their life to find love, peace, truth, purpose, and happiness. I am betting everything to get nothing and it is fine by me because I am happy to love first.

          Love is Happiness

          Love is probably one of the strongest emotion. It dominates and dissipates all doubts, hates, politics, and the dramas of human\u2019s life. You will be surprised how quickly can love turn your day around.

          We always think that we would be happy if others love us. But what we do not realise is that we would be just as happy if we were to love others. So stop wanting to be loved, and start looking for ways to love. Look no further to find True Happiness because True Happiness is in the very act of love.

          Dalai Lama once said:

          \"If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion.\"

          We all have the capacity for love. So exercise it. And exercise it often epecially on those who you dislike. Exercise it on yourself and everything that come into your life until it becomes your nature to love.

          When you look at someone, always ask the question of \u201cHow"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Empty Promises tags: sorry not sorry, promises --- I made a lot of promises to myself this year, and I haven\u2019t been good at keeping them. So, I want to apologize to myself: I\u2019m sorry, that I haven\u2019t written more for myself on this blog. I let the excuses of schoolwork, and certification tests and travel get in the way of my own creativity. I\u2019m sorry, that I haven\u2019t been sticking to my exercise goals. But, I\u2019m more sorry that I have been feeling bad about myself because I haven\u2019t had time to run. I shouldn\u2019t connect feeling good about myself to the amount I can run in a week. I\u2019m sorry I haven\u2019t been keeping to my budgeting plans as best as I could be. I could skip some dinners or trips to get ice cream, in the name of future financial security. I\u2019m sorry I don\u2019t stick to study plans for the day, even when I know that it would only benefit me to do so. Sometimes, YouTube or breaks with friends seem better than reading for hours on end. I\u2019m sorry, that I have let my phone keep me in bed for hours in the morning to escape from my responsibilities for the day. More specifically, I have let social media and games keep me from being my best self each and every day. I\u2019m sorry that I haven\u2019t been spending time for myself. I haven\u2019t strengthened my sense of self worth, or taken care of my mental health in"}, {"title": "", "text": "couldn\u2019t go on, and I was getting ready to quit, but instead of letting me quit or even coast, my coach pushed me to do even more. > It made me think about how easy it is to quit \u2014 and how rare it is to find someone who\u2019ll push you harder than you even thought was possible. > You're capable of 20 times what you think you are.\u201d > \u201cEverything is figure-out-able.\u201d > With each step, your confidence builds, slowly creating powerful, unshakable confidence. > \u201cfailing forward,\u201d because each failure propels your business another step ahead, until it\u2019s inevitable that you become successful. > I strongly recommend you set a tiny, realistic goal for the day. When you achieve it, then move on to the next tiny, realistic goal. Your business is going to see better results from taking action on small goals then dreaming about unrealistic big goals that you never achieve. > nobody cares what you did. They only care what you\u2019re doing.\u201d > Then we look at the other entrepreneurs around us and use them for support. We ask for help. We ask excellent questions. And together, we all grow. > All he cares about is the solution that you can offer him."}, {"title": "", "text": "and care to change a negative thought into a positive one, so give yourself some time...but know that it is very doable and does not require you to do much.

          It all starts with curious observation rather than usual judgment. In your daily life, if you tend to judge others\u2019 behaviors and way of living, you will surely do the same with your own thinking, and if you tend to judge...so be it, let\u2019s accept it.

          Sometimes it can get confusing to understand what is really non-judgmental observation. Here is an example:

          Judgmental thought A: \u201cMy feet hurt and I don't like that\u201d

          When you see that thought, you are observing it and being aware of its existence. If you stop there and just observe, great...but if you judge that thought because you don\u2019t like it, you might have the following thought:

          A -> Judgmental Thought B: \u201cI shouldn\u2019t have a judging thought\u201d

          This is just another jugement. It can go on and on for quite some time...this judgmental perspective, but with practice you will get less reactive in your thinking and allow your thoughts to come and go as they please...and they will change more positively from doing this.

          Now, let\u2019s practice

          Like we said before, thoughts will start to change and be less out of control when we learn to observe them non-judgmentally. Observation of thoughts is a skill that can be trained and improved with time, no matter how bad you are at it...and that\u2019s excellent news. Each and every one of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "But your subconscious protective mind starts spewing all sorts of doubts and limiting beliefs about your abilities to deal with it. This is where self-sabotage resides. It\u2019s when we start thinking: this is so hard; I can\u2019t do it. Or I hate this; it\u2019s not fun anymore. The reason it\u2019s not fun is because you feel conflicted, part of you wants to keep going, and another part wants you to stop and give up. **Inconsistent or infrequent effort** Regardless of what it is to you want to accomplish, if you don\u2019t do it on a regular basis (preferably daily), you will not get the results you hope for and you will eventually stop\u2014before completing the project. I stopped working on the finance project for a few days and had a heck of a time picking up again. I had to go back and remind myself of where I stopped. The longer you stop, the harder it is to motivate yourself to start again. You will find other things to occupy your time; the project eventually gets tucked away in some corner of your mind. ## How to complete your project The steps that you need to take are designed to address the issues mentioned above. **Estimate more time.** In my example it\u2019s probably going to take me 6 weeks instead of 6 days to complete organizing all of my finances in a way that is satisfactory to me. Whether you want to learn a new skill or organize part of your home, give yourself more time"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.04082470387220383, -0.12469043582677841, -0.12798061966896057, -0.12798061966896057, -0.14884689450263977, -0.1488465517759323, -0.0691126137971878, -0.11597176641225815, -0.0682222843170166, -0.09332245588302612, -0.09332245588302612, -0.15843795239925385, -0.10166922956705093, -0.024786673486232758, -0.11002187430858612, -0.12395593523979187, -0.10499203950166702, -0.17457416653633118, -0.1034475788474083, -0.13609343767166138, -0.13609343767166138, -0.12447050213813782, -0.14821049571037292, -0.17040112614631653, -0.1756764054298401, -0.17213459312915802, -0.2410392165184021, -0.23477938771247864, -0.14314980804920197, -0.16819162666797638, -0.1262921541929245, -0.1266646683216095, -0.19271981716156006, -0.18289412558078766, -0.16298706829547882, -0.21449147164821625, -0.15223705768585205, -0.16020824015140533, -0.21823111176490784, -0.23699922859668732, 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You tell yourself to shut up and after awhile, you do and wipe away the tears. A few minutes later, you're asleep, having a nightmare that you're running from vampires- your hair in the nightmare is a gorgeous red color and you're skinny- curvy still, but skinny- and you can run more than you can in real life and just as you're starting to think this is a good dream and not a nightmare, the vampires catch up and they kill you and you wake up to your average body with your average looks and your dull brown hair. You get up, groggy, and go to the restroom then lay back down on your bed, message that special guy... but he doesn't answer, he's probably sleeping still, so you fall asleep again to then wake up at noon. You stand and walk out to the computer, fart around for a little, and think about writing this, and by the end you're out of things to say... And you want to delete it because it's stupid and you feel weak again because you told everyone you cried last night. That's supposed to be secret, you think, but you submit it anyway and you hope no one's too harsh on you about your weakness and your idiocy. You're harsh enough on yourself. No, you should be harsher. No, you're too harsh. No. You're gorgeous. (No, I'm ugly) Colors_of_the_Wind Musings thoughts emotional crud nighttime doubts etcetera"}, {"title": "", "text": "knowledge will prove more useful than your discovery, for perhaps it will help me to become wiser.\"

          After this violent tirade I left her, and as she did not call me back retired to my room. In the hope that sleep would bring calm, I undressed and went to bed. In such moments a lover hates the object of his love, and his heart distils only contempt and hatred. I could not go to sleep, and when I was sent for at supper-time I answered that I was ill. The night passed off without my eyes being visited by sleep, and feeling weak and low I thought I would wait to see what ailed me, and refused to have my dinner, sending word that I was still very unwell. Towards evening I felt my heart leap for joy when I heard my beautiful lady-love enter my room. Anxiety, want of food and sleep, gave me truly the appearance of being ill, and I was delighted that it should be so. I sent her away very soon, by telling her with perfect indifference that it was nothing but a bad headache, to which I was subject, and that repose and diet would effect a speedy cure.

          But at eleven o'clock she came back with her friend, M. D—— R——-, and coming to my bed she said, affectionately,

          \"What ails you, my poor Casanova?\"

          \"A very bad headache, madam, which will be cured to-morrow.\"

          \"Why should you wait"}, {"title": "", "text": "spoke to this monster of a woman in every manner and tone-with gentleness, with argument, rage, remonstrance, prayers, tears, and abuse, but she resisted me for three hours without abandoning her painful position, in spite of the torments I made her endure. At three o'clock in the morning, feeling my mind and body in a state of exhaustion, I got up and dressed myself by my sense of touch. I opened the parlour door, and finding the street door locked I shook it till a servant came and let me out. I went home and got into bed, but excited nature refused me the sleep I needed so. I took a cup of chocolate, but it would not stay on my stomach, and soon after a shivering fit warned me that I was feverish. I continued to be ill till the next day, and then the fever left me in a state of complete exhaustion. As I was obliged to keep to my bed for a few days, I knew that I should soon get my health again; but my chief consolation was that at last I was cured. My shame had made me hate myself. When I felt the fever coming on I told my man not to let anybody come to see me, and to place all my letters in my desk; for I wanted to be perfectly well before I troubled myself with anything. On the fourth day I was better, and I told Jarbe to give me my letters. I found one"}, {"title": "", "text": "spoke to this monster of a woman in every manner and tone-with gentleness, with argument, rage, remonstrance, prayers, tears, and abuse, but she resisted me for three hours without abandoning her painful position, in spite of the torments I made her endure. At three o'clock in the morning, feeling my mind and body in a state of exhaustion, I got up and dressed myself by my sense of touch. I opened the parlour door, and finding the street door locked I shook it till a servant came and let me out. I went home and got into bed, but excited nature refused me the sleep I needed so. I took a cup of chocolate, but it would not stay on my stomach, and soon after a shivering fit warned me that I was feverish. I continued to be ill till the next day, and then the fever left me in a state of complete exhaustion. As I was obliged to keep to my bed for a few days, I knew that I should soon get my health again; but my chief consolation was that at last I was cured. My shame had made me hate myself. When I felt the fever coming on I told my man not to let anybody come to see me, and to place all my letters in my desk; for I wanted to be perfectly well before I troubled myself with anything. On the fourth day I was better, and I told Jarbe to give me my letters. I found one"}, {"title": "", "text": "dimly lit stairways. No good stories. Here, then, is a real-life account of an opening night. I omitted none of the allure, suspense or intrigue, mostly because there wasn\u2019t any. If you find yourself nodding off half-way through, well, don\u2019t say I didn\u2019t warn you. I wake up fifteen minutes before the alarm would have gone off, after three delicious hours of sleep. Sleep that more precisely resembled a mini-coma, a black hole devoid of dreams or relaxation. I roll over and turn off the alarm clock. I try to get up. I fail. I feel like my blood has been siphoned off and replaced with barely molten lead. I lie there for another minute, shake my head a few times, and force myself out of bed. I had set out my work clothes the night before in a neat pile (anyone with small children will recognize the technique). Black pants, t-shirt, sweater, the same thing I have worn every working day for many years. I gather them up and take them with me as I leave the bedroom, patting my sleeping dog and kissing my sleeping fianc\u00e9 on the way out. Shower, shave, brush teeth, dress, and I\u2019m in the car and on my way. My first hour of the day is spent dealing with air conditioning, or rather the lack thereof. The mechanical tech had failed to find the time yesterday to swing by and start up the system, and as a result, by the middle of the night the dining room reached a"}, {"title": "", "text": "dimly lit stairways. No good stories. Here, then, is a real-life account of an opening night. I omitted none of the allure, suspense or intrigue, mostly because there wasn\u2019t any. If you find yourself nodding off half-way through, well, don\u2019t say I didn\u2019t warn you. I wake up fifteen minutes before the alarm would have gone off, after three delicious hours of sleep. Sleep that more precisely resembled a mini-coma, a black hole devoid of dreams or relaxation. I roll over and turn off the alarm clock. I try to get up. I fail. I feel like my blood has been siphoned off and replaced with barely molten lead. I lie there for another minute, shake my head a few times, and force myself out of bed. I had set out my work clothes the night before in a neat pile (anyone with small children will recognize the technique). Black pants, t-shirt, sweater, the same thing I have worn every working day for many years. I gather them up and take them with me as I leave the bedroom, patting my sleeping dog and kissing my sleeping fianc\u00e9 on the way out. Shower, shave, brush teeth, dress, and I\u2019m in the car and on my way. My first hour of the day is spent dealing with air conditioning, or rather the lack thereof. The mechanical tech had failed to find the time yesterday to swing by and start up the system, and as a result, by the middle of the night the dining room reached a"}, {"title": "", "text": "but your vein closes up before death. You are now talking to yourself and running around naked. You are convinced the food you seldom receive, that\u2019s halfway edible, is poisoned. As you eat the rotten \u201cmeat\u201d your beard and mustache get in the way of the teeth chewing. You couldn\u2019t cry if your life depended on it. And it used to. But you\u2019ve forgotten why. Two years. You can\u2019t remember. You\u2019ve forgotten. Forgotten what? You don\u2019t know. The \u201csquatter enemies\u201d come around and you look at them. They look at you. They laugh. You start to laugh too. You forgot why. But you do. Three years. You sleep 20 hours a day. You can\u2019t help it. But your floor is clean. You keep it spotless. You don\u2019t know why. But you do. You\u2019re skinny. You\u2019ve lost an easy 60 lbs. Your skin is turning yellow and your legs cramp up and atrophy. You don\u2019t want to die anymore. Why bother? You\u2019d rather sleep and dream. The dreams are so vivid. More real than these walls. You go home, you leave your bathroom, this year. They tell you that. But why? Where do I go? I don\u2019t want to leave now. I like my tub and sink\u2026 Posted by Margaret Jean Plews at 8:26 AM 2 comments: Links to this post Labels: brandon green, isolation, prisoner blogs, solitary confinement, solitary watch, supermax, utah state prison Rape is Rape: More CCA abuses at Saguaro. According to Courthouse News this week, a suit was filed against the State of"}, {"title": "", "text": "found my bed so intolerable that, before two o'clock, I rose, and lighting my candle by the rushlight that was still burning, I got my desk and sat down in my dressing-gown to recount the events of the past evening. It was better to be so occupied than to be lying in bed torturing my brain with recollections of the far past and anticipations of the dreadful future. I have found relief in describing the very circumstances that have destroyed my peace, as well as the little trivial details attendant upon their discovery. No sleep I could have got this night would have done so much towards composing my mind, and preparing me to meet the trials of the day. I fancy so, at least; and yet, when I cease writing, I find my head aches terribly; and when I look into the glass, I am startled at my haggard, worn appearance. Rachel has been to dress me, and says I have had a sad night of it, she can see. Milicent has just looked in to ask me how I was. I told her I was better, but to excuse my appearance admitted I had had a restless night. I wish this day were over! I shudder at the thoughts of going down to breakfast. How shall I encounter them all? Yet let me remember it is not I that am guilty: I have no cause to fear; and if they scorn me as a victim of their guilt, I can pity their folly and"}, {"title": "", "text": "picked correct change from my open palm instead of my trouser pocket. Such slips made me panic, but needlessly. No one noticed. I was aided by that: as a rule people don't notice much. It would be a lie to tell you I understood everything I was feeling. You don't, at fourteen. An instinct for self-preservation told me to run, and I was running. Dread pursued me. I missed my parents. I felt guilty for making them worry. Dr. Luce's report haunted me. At night, in various motels, I cried myself to sleep. Running away didn't make me feel any less of a monster. I saw ahead of me only humiliation and rejection, and I wept for my life. But in the mornings I woke up feeling better. I left my motel room and went out to stand in the air of the world. I was young, and, despite dread, full of animal spirits; it was impossible for me to take a dark view too long. Somehow I was able to forget about myself for long stretches. I ate doughnuts for breakfast. I kept drinking very sweet, milky coffee. To lift my mood, I did things my parents wouldn't have let me do, ordering two and sometimes three desserts and never eating salads. I was free now to let my teeth rot or to put my feet up on the backs of seats. Sometimes while I was hitching I saw other runaways. Under overpasses or in runoff drains they congregated, smoking cigarettes, the hoods of their"}, {"title": "", "text": "it starts to gradually relax itself. And as you get darker and darken the depths of the night. Then you just literally shut down and you go to bed. And when the sun begins to rise now, your body reacts to that your mind And it knows Okay, it's time to get going. I can continue sleeping for another 10 hours or 15 I can't sleep for 20 hours you will eventually become sick if that happens to you, right? So your body reacts to sunrise and it knows Okay, it's time to get up and you get up you get up and you go about your day. And then the same cycle happens again. So we get to see an experienced that sign in a of Allah subhanaw taala every single day belcaro mithila mal pilot alone. Rather what they did is that they said exactly what those who came before them said What did they say? Paul do either Connor taught me MIT now what we're gonna talk about Paulo ether mithuna wakulla taraba. They said that, okay, if we die, then we turn into dust, worry vomit and our bones disintegrate in marathon? Then we're going to come back to life and be resurrected. That's what they used to say. laqad worried and then what about Luna? Her the men in her that in the cell? gliadel a wedding? A wedding? They said, Men, everyone that came before us said the exact same thing. They promised us the exact same thing. Yeah, we're"}, {"title": "", "text": "it starts to gradually relax itself. And as you get darker and darken the depths of the night. Then you just literally shut down and you go to bed. And when the sun begins to rise now, your body reacts to that your mind And it knows Okay, it's time to get going. I can continue sleeping for another 10 hours or 15 I can't sleep for 20 hours you will eventually become sick if that happens to you, right? So your body reacts to sunrise and it knows Okay, it's time to get up and you get up you get up and you go about your day. And then the same cycle happens again. So we get to see an experienced that sign in a of Allah subhanaw taala every single day belcaro mithila mal pilot alone. Rather what they did is that they said exactly what those who came before them said What did they say? Paul do either Connor taught me MIT now what we're gonna talk about Paulo ether mithuna wakulla taraba. They said that, okay, if we die, then we turn into dust, worry vomit and our bones disintegrate in marathon? Then we're going to come back to life and be resurrected. That's what they used to say. laqad worried and then what about Luna? Her the men in her that in the cell? gliadel a wedding? A wedding? They said, Men, everyone that came before us said the exact same thing. They promised us the exact same thing. Yeah, we're"}, {"title": "", "text": "know not to wait up for the senator. His Excellency would be tied up until the following day in continuous session, or in an emergency meeting at the Ministry of Health, or behind closed doors with President Pessoa, because the government was preparing for a flu epidemic even worse than the Spanish one. The second she hung up, Mother became electric; she started pacing around the house and went up and down the stairs about fifty times. During dinner she rang the bell for anything she could think of, complained about everything and had a fit when she saw two flies mating on the Valencia lace tablecloth. And when she finally appeared to have calmed down, I tipped over my plate of rice, beans, pumpkin and liver, dumping it all on the carpet. I hated liver and didn't care that Mother sent me to my room without dinner. She had no idea that, on nights when I was confined to my room, the nursemaid brought me goiabada and cream cheese in bed. I want my goiabada now, I'm hungry. 17 Pumping me full of medicine is pointless, lying here in this bed, useless; without my wife I don't know how to sleep. She didn't say where she was going, and Matilde's never been one to venture out alone at night. It's too late for shopping, much less for a doctor's appointment. Even her old school friends she only visits by day so she'll be home by the time I get back from work. In fact, she"}, {"title": "", "text": "am informed that some heads have already rolled. They are big, but not big enough to kill the story in the US public policy space. The WWF learned that the hard way. There shall be wailing, there will be hypertension, some hyperacidity, diarrhoea and other stress-related illnesses, but it looks (and smells) like change is coming. This silence isn\u2019t of the golden kind, it\u2019s the silence of sick, trembling cowards caught in a big lie. I have nothing to add to the Stealth Game report, but wherever and whenever I will be asked to say something about it, I will not let anyone get away with trying to look shocked. I will always state just how I told them about this injustice five years ago, but it never mattered then. Because I am black, if truth be told. I Know Why God Created Makeup I am an economic migrant without the luxury of choice. I am not ready for Kenya yet so I must wake up, put my makeup on and take up my station by the dialysis machines. Catherine Maina It is half past five in the morning and your eyes are heavy with sleep. It is fascinating that they should be this lethargic, yet they would not close for a wink or two in the past eleven or so hours of the night. Lately your body seems to be operating on a paradoxical circadian rhythm\u2013 sleep when you shouldn\u2019t and stay awake when you ought to be sleeping. You are a nurse and constantly"}, {"title": "", "text": "toxins. After that, they garantee us, our skin will look fantastic, the blood pressure will be regular as well as our sleep. Some lose a lot of weight, others not so much, many stop smoking for good and we create habits that allow us to proceed with a fairly healthy routine back at home. A big percentage of the clients comes back every year. In the end of the afternoon, I fell in bed and only woke up at 8pm, when Silvia shows up because I had missed the evening broth. \"Are you alright? Would you like me to bring the broth here?\" It's 7.30pm and I am totally asleep. I accept. A quarter of an hour later I have fallen asleep again and only woke up the next day, with the 10am bell. 3rd Day I woke up with the feeling that I have entered another dimension. I have missed yoga and meditation. I slept 14 hours in a row. I don't feel hungry at all. At 10am I drank the orange juice, and at 11am I have an appointment with Trixie, the sacrocranial therapist. In between one thing and another we all learn how to wash our noses. In the garden, in front of the temple, six heads curve to one side and the other, six mouths cough, six faces grimace, six people noisily blow their noses and once again. I have the feeling that the salty water is going around my brain, from my nostrils to my ears. Karuna says that once we"}, {"title": "", "text": "that doesn\u2019t mean I don\u2019t want to live. How could anyone not want to live?? Sure, if they\u2019re seventy five and screaming with pain and dying of cancer, but otherwise how could anyone not want to live? I want - I want to - I can\u2019t remember - It's Hand Over out there. The whole place goes quiet except for the murmur of the nurses' meeting. Nurse told me that at the end of every shift all the nurses get together and tell the new shift what's going on. Things like \u2018Mrs. Harris keeps giving herself manual enemas\u2019, and \u2018Mr Ross won't stop playing with himself\u2019\u2019. Some medical stuff, too. It's Hand Over to the night shift and I always hate it from now on. I try and try to stay awake, but by now it's dead quiet out there and soon I forget to try and then I'm asleep. I always wake up just before they come for me, though. They try to kill me all night every night, but so far I always make it to morning, and then Nurse is back, or the other dayshift girl. I always mean to tell them about it, but they're too busy to talk early on and then I don't remember about it until nighttime again like now. The night shift here are really killers in nurses' uniforms. But they're smart and they never get caught, because they make them all look like natural deaths for hospital patients. They're here! There's one of them at the foot"}, {"title": "", "text": "her to go, said she did not know what a mother felt, told Clara she must force Luisa to go. The wiry weathered blonde grinned, stood with her arms akimbo, said in her slapdash manner: 'You are quite right, Luisa, not to take your holiday. I had two weeks' holiday in the beginning of the year and I assure you I only just got my bones undone when I had to put them together again; and when I came back it took me a week to recover. Now, Thursday was my day off and I spent the whole day in bed. That made me unfit for work. On Friday I felt worse and I took some vermouth with Charlie, so that things would not look so black, and on Saturday I felt worse than Friday. The same thing when you sleep. Lots of nights you don't sleep. Then you can easily get up at six, but you don't feel well; and you walk about with your eyes half shut. People are not to be blamed for thinking you went on the binge the night before. Other nights you sleep and you try to wake up at six; but it is perfect misery; you wish you were dead. One morning I overslept, Madame bawled me out; the next night I stayed up all night; at least I was good and drunk at six o'clock; and things didn't seem bad; but later on, oh, my. So what is the use of sleeping, what is the use of a"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cold. At least, that's what I would like to believe if I wasn't logical enough to consider the truth. The truth is, he doesn't hate me. He probably just feels neutral towards me. Indifference. After a small consideration I realize that's probably worse than hate. Hate at least implies some sort of passion. This is not rational. I'm going to tell him the truth. He's the one who said he appreciates honesty above all else, especially after what he's been through. I can at least give him that. The entire truth, about Tony and Freya and everything. Maybe then we can go back to how it was before. At the very least we can be friends again. The wind picks up and blows harder, rattling my windows. After the holidays. Then I'll come clean. *** Dull gray light filters through the thin white curtains and rouses me from sleep. I had set my alarm to go off at six thirty in order to catch the bus from campus to my parents' house, but it never went off. It should be dark outside still. I sit up, my eyes flying to the alarm clock, but the normally green digital face is pitch-black. It's unnaturally silent in my room. The power is out. I get out of bed and head to the kitchen to grab my cell phone and immediately regret leaving the warmth of my comforter. I don't know how long the power's been off, but it's freezing in here. I peek out the window in"}, {"title": "", "text": "you turn off the lights. At his request you leave the small light by the bed on, giving a warm light to the otherwise dark room. \"No no, under the covers. Don't make me tuck you in,\" You say when you come over to the bed, pulling back the blankets and sliding in. \"Take off your shoes and all that too, I don't want to have to feel your dirty boots while I'm trying to sleep.\" Upstairs you can hear the footsteps of whoever is occupying the room, nearly silent from traveling down. You think about what will end up happening tomorrow. It would probably be unwise to leave here with Lawrence, and someone else like Sam will come to get you instead. Lawrence will have to either leave before you or hang around and away till he's sure someone came by, and then what? You have no idea, and the uncertainty is worrying. These thoughts come to a pause when Lawrence comes back to bed, missing his shoes and thick coat. It'd be nice if you have some soft night clothes to wear right now, but you're more then used to sleeping in your 'normal' clothes. Feels weird being in a real bed, a nice soft queen sized on top of that. You don't look up at him, still feeling bad for earlier. Instead you curl up, trying to enjoy your last night in the room. Despite your headache, you manage to drift off soon enough. When you open your eyes, your arms are wrapped"}, {"title": "", "text": "so I can't learn without work- ing, but I can work hard, and I must. It isn't doing me any harm. I have no fear of the consequences.”

          “Well, I have,” Pa said with emphasis. “You'll make your- self sick by not getting enough rest.”

          “I don't think so. I feel fine. In any case, I have no choice. I got into medicine by accident, but I can't stay in it that way. I'll have to work my hardest, especially if I'm to get 64. my degree by the end of this session. Getting a medical education isn't the easy thing it used to be, you know.”

          “Walter, the best assets you'll ever have in your life are your health and your wits. Keeping hours like this will ruin one and addle the other. Now get on to bed, like a good fellow,” Pa said authoritatively. “You can resume your education in the morning,” he went on drily. Whatever else you may think, the night was created for rest, and there are few better used to which you can put it.\"

          “All right, Pa,” Walter yild yielded with a smile. “I'll go now. But please stop worrying about me.” Picking up the lamp, he followed Pa into the hall. At the door of the room he and Chris shared he whispered good night to his father. Then, blowing out the lamp, he quietly opened the door and slipped noiselessly into the dark room, so as not to disturb his sleeping"}, {"title": "", "text": "Not when you have such a long way to go. --- Andy tries to destroy the teleporter the week after the funeral of the woman he killed. \u201dI can't do it anymore, Mars,\u201d he sobs. \u201dWhat if it's you next? What's the point of any of this?\u201d You put a hand on his arm. He shakes it off, and the next day, he's gone. You can't remember if either of you said anything. --- That's not true. You remember _him_ saying something. \u201dAnd look what it's done to you, Mars!\u201d He waves his hand at you. \u201dIt's ninety degrees, and you're freezing! You don't even remember my name half the time!\u201d Doubt assails you. Is his name really Andy? \u201dI think that thing is destroying you! I think it's killing you!\u201d \u201dBut you built it,\u201d you say mildly. \u201dYou wouldn't build anything _that_ dangerous.\u201d He looks like he's been punched. \u201dMarsha,\u201d he says. You startle. You've forgotten your own name. \u201dYou're\u2014 Don't\u2014\u201d \u201dIt's fine,\u201d you say. \u201dGo get some rest, okay? I'll take care of this thing.\u201d --- You were so busy thinking about where you could go that you never wondered if something else would come back. You, in particular, never wondered where those pieces of yourself went. That's where I come in. --- I pull you out of bed the next night and scream in your face until your wide eyes stare into my empty ones. I'm gone in a heartbeat, intangible, but I'm still with you four hours later when you step onto"}, {"title": "", "text": "Not when you have such a long way to go. --- Andy tries to destroy the teleporter the week after the funeral of the woman he killed. \u201dI can't do it anymore, Mars,\u201d he sobs. \u201dWhat if it's you next? What's the point of any of this?\u201d You put a hand on his arm. He shakes it off, and the next day, he's gone. You can't remember if either of you said anything. --- That's not true. You remember _him_ saying something. \u201dAnd look what it's done to you, Mars!\u201d He waves his hand at you. \u201dIt's ninety degrees, and you're freezing! You don't even remember my name half the time!\u201d Doubt assails you. Is his name really Andy? \u201dI think that thing is destroying you! I think it's killing you!\u201d \u201dBut you built it,\u201d you say mildly. \u201dYou wouldn't build anything _that_ dangerous.\u201d He looks like he's been punched. \u201dMarsha,\u201d he says. You startle. You've forgotten your own name. \u201dYou're\u2014 Don't\u2014\u201d \u201dIt's fine,\u201d you say. \u201dGo get some rest, okay? I'll take care of this thing.\u201d --- You were so busy thinking about where you could go that you never wondered if something else would come back. You, in particular, never wondered where those pieces of yourself went. That's where I come in. --- I pull you out of bed the next night and scream in your face until your wide eyes stare into my empty ones. I'm gone in a heartbeat, intangible, but I'm still with you four hours later when you step onto"}, {"title": "", "text": "feel that his problem stems from the fact that his girl didn\u0092t wait for him and Jeff is blaming God. I just pray that somehow he can overcome this and realize that he has the best blessing. After Jeff left I went over to Rodney Porter and got the chimney cap I had Rodney\u0092s men make for me. Bob and I cut up some of the tree we cut down Monday. It started to rain and got cold so we quite for today. Mae and I went over to the health store in Roy and bought some capsules and some acidophilus. We then went to Layton and bought a surge protector strip. I cut Mae\u0092s hair this evening for her. I set up and watched a show on TV again until mid-night. Mae went to bed earlier. I finished my journal entry before going to bed.

           

          Friday, April 29, 2005

           

          Mae got up before I did and I didn\u0092t get up until 7 AM. I slept most of the night in the recliner. Bob came down and invited us for breakfast of biscuits and gravy. I started working on setting up the inter-net and wiring our computer power supply. I had to add a ground wire to the wall receptacle. I got the inter-net set up and started working on the bank Statement. I spent most of the day on the computer. Mae and I went over to Scott & Mishelle\u0092s about 4 PM. I let Mae off and"}, {"title": "", "text": "forgotten to bring some with her. We then went to the Little American Hotel where we met the Hyers, the Maharrys and the Clarks and we ate and visited until late. It was expensive food but very good. We sure enjoyed visiting with the couples now that we are all home from our missions. We visited with Bob and Carroll after getting home. They bought me a can of razor spray that I wanted. I then down loaded pictures from our camera to the computer. I then filled out my journal for today. We were late going to bed. Good Night.

           

          Saturday, April 23, 2005

           

          We slept in a while, anyway Mae was able to but I woke before 5 AM. We went out to Sandi\u0092s where I installed the electronic dog fence for her. Her renter next door came over and helped me and I was glad for the help. By the time we finished I wasn\u0092t feeling very well. On the way home we stopped at a Maverick to get gas and a yogurt. It took me until we had passed Salt Lake before I finished eating it. When we got home we just relaxed and watched a good show on TV. We were very tired so we went to bed. I got to sleep before Mae had got in bed. I woke a few minutes later with acid reflects that about choked me. The rest of the night I slept in the big chair but really"}, {"title": "", "text": "the sunshine. And now that brother was coming back — changed! Already the Eloi had begun to learn one old lesson anew. They were becoming reacquainted with Fear. And suddenly there came into my head the memory of the meat I had seen in the Under-world. It seemed odd how it floated into my mind: not stirred up as it were by the current of my meditations, but coming in almost like a question from outside. I tried to recall the form of it. I had a vague sense of something familiar, but I could not tell what it was at the time.

          `Still, however helpless the little people in the presence of their mysterious Fear, I was differently constituted. I came out of this age of ours, this ripe prime of the human race, when Fear does not paralyse and mystery has lost its terrors. I at least would defend myself. Without further delay I determined to make myself arms and a fastness where I might sleep. With that refuge as a base, I could face this strange world with some of that confidence I had lost in realizing to what creatures night by night I lay exposed. I felt I could never sleep again until my bed was secure from them. I shuddered with horror to think how they must already have examined me.

          `I wandered during the afternoon along the valley of the Thames, but found nothing that commended itself to my mind as inaccessible. All the buildings and trees seemed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Miniature Rex Loop Ear which is too small for breeding for meat. I came home, getting gas on the way and then took care of the rabbits and chickens. I warmed up some stew and ate and then took a nap. I worked on journals while I had time before my afternoon run. The afternoon run went well. I also got on the computer and bid on some Field trips for the 1st, 2nd,3rd & 4th of February. When I got home I again worked on my journals. I got myself some dinner and watched a couple of Wild Nature shows on TV before going to bed before 9PM.

           

          Wednesday, January 25, 2012

           

          I didn\u0092t wake until 5:25 this morning as I didn\u0092t hear my alarm. I had to hurry to get to work on time, but everything went well this morning. After getting home I took care of the animals and then worked on journals. I went upstairs and checked on Bob and he was still sleeping. I think I heard him up during the night. He sure gets lonely and would like to find a companion. I am not sure just how to help him at this point. My afternoon run went well. When I got home at 4:30 pm, I found that Mae had already gotten home. We were glad to be together again. This evening I went out with Brother Thomas and Brother Saunders visiting to a couple of High Priests,"}, {"title": "", "text": "rest a bit from rowing all day and night for the last months. What do you think?\u201d Hyjal looked worried about what I was going to say, but his face kept its usual cheerful looking mood.
          \u201cYou decide whether we proceed, or stop for a day or two. It looks like we\u2019re the next of the history writers. We found a land that no one knew it even existed, we may do other more important things in the near future. Who knows?\u201d I replied, smiling at my friend. I then left him tell our people the glorious news and went to my room, for I knew that the next day would be a difficult one. At least for me. I laid down on my bed and thought about the upcoming great exploration of that new land. Suddenly I remembered that we hadn\u2019t chose its new name yet. \u201cI guess I\u2019ll let Hyjal think of something. Hyjal. That name again. My old friend was named after Kalimdor\u2019s sacred mountain summit. That was the place we had lived for hundreds of years after my unsuccessful experiment, until they exiled me away from my very home. Nonsense! It\u2019s all my fault and I will suffer the consequences. Tomorrow will be a great day.\u201d With my last thought gone I fall asleep.
          As the sun rose I woke up and went outside. It was just another beautiful sunny day and we all gathered around Hyjal to hear what should we do.
          \u201cWe cannot allow"}, {"title": "", "text": "head upon the bed where my old head should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns that head upon the bed where my old head should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk you silly old fool. Still you can not see, that's a baby boy that me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, but a baby boy with his whiskers on sure I never saw before.

          And as I went home on Saturday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw two hands upon her breasts where my old hands should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns them hands upon your breasts where my old hands should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk you silly old fool. Still you can not see, that's a lovely night gown that me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, but fingers in a night gown sure I never saw before.

          As I went home on Sunday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a thing in her thing where my old thing should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns that thing"}, {"title": "", "text": "hundred miles or more, but buttons in a blanket, sure I never saw before.

          And as I went home on Wednesday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a pipe up on the chair where my old pipe should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns that pipe up on the chair where my old pipe should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk, you silly old fool. Still you can not see that's a lovely tin whistle that me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, but tobacco in a tin whistle sure I never saw before.

          And as I went home on Thursday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw two boots beneath the bed where my old boots should be.

          Well, I called me wife and I said to her: Will you kindly tell to me, who owns them boots beneath the bed where my old boots should be?

          Ah, you're drunk, you're drunk, you silly old fool. Still you can not see, they're two lovely Geranium pots me mother sent to me.

          Well, it's many a day I've travelled a hundred miles or more, but laces in Geranium pots I never saw before.

          And as I went home on Friday night as drunk as drunk could be, I saw a"}, {"title": "", "text": "wonder how many of the attics in this square are like that one, and how many wretched little servant girls sleep on such beds, while I toss on my down pillows, loaded and harassed by wealth that is, most of it—not mine.\"

          \"My dear fellow,\" Mr. Carmichael answered cheerily, \"the sooner you cease tormenting yourself the better it will be for you. If you possessed all the wealth of all the Indies, you could not set right all the discomforts in the world, and if you began to refurnish all the attics in this square, there would still remain all the attics in all the other squares and streets to put in order. And there you are!\"

          Mr. Carrisford sat and bit his nails as he looked into the glowing bed of coals in the grate.

          \"Do you suppose,\" he said slowly, after a pause—\"do you think it is possible that the other child—the child I never cease thinking of, I believe—could be—could possibly be reduced to any such condition as the poor little soul next door?\"

          Mr. Carmichael looked at him uneasily. He knew that the worst thing the man could do for himself, for his reason and his health, was to begin to think in the particular way of this particular subject.

          \"If the child at Madame Pascal's school in Paris was the one you are in search of,\" he answered soothingly, \"she would seem to be in the hands of people who can afford to take care of her. They adopted"}, {"title": "", "text": "at least, unless she was led by suspicion. Ermengarde and Lottie would be watched with such strictness that they would not dare to steal out of their beds again. Ermengarde could be told the story and trusted to keep it secret. If Lottie made any discoveries, she could be bound to secrecy also. Perhaps the Magic itself would help to hide its own marvels.

          \"But whatever happens,\" Sara kept saying to herself all day—\"whatever happens, somewhere in the world there is a heavenly kind person who is my friend—my friend. If I never know who it is—if I never can even thank him—I shall never feel quite so lonely. Oh, the Magic was good to me!\"

          If it was possible for weather to be worse than it had been the day before, it was worse this day—wetter, muddier, colder. There were more errands to be done, the cook was more irritable, and, knowing that Sara was in disgrace, she was more savage. But what does anything matter when one's Magic has just proved itself one's friend. Sara's supper of the night before had given her strength, she knew that she should sleep well and warmly, and, even though she had naturally begun to be hungry again before evening, she felt that she could bear it until breakfast-time on the following day, when her meals would surely be given to her again. It was quite late when she was at last allowed to go upstairs. She had been told to go into the schoolroom and"}, {"title": "", "text": "and the crashbar a good kicking to re-align it a little, and go get my banana.

          I peel it, and the thin outer layer of the peel comes ripping off like sticky tape, leaving all the peel behind.

          Under-fucking-ripe.

          I\u2019m gonna cry.

          I rip the whole thing apart with my hands and nails like a monkey might. Finally, banana. I try to take a bite but it\u2019s impossible, it\u2019s so tough I can\u2019t even bite a piece off with my back teeth like a rat.

          I hate this banana.

          The screaming brought in a huge mob, and I ask it if someone would like my banana. A man steps forward and takes the mangled, half-chewed banana off me.

          I\u2019m off.





          \"Riding

          And now. This.

          It's stunning.

          After Monrovia it's been three days of riding through secluded, gorgeous, old growth forest in the Liberian outback.

          Totally worth it.

          I could leap tall buildings in a single bound.

          It\u2019s incredible what a good night\u2019s sleep and a full, settled stomach can do. And showers; I've taken five.

          It's so green out here.

          On this well graded dirt road I cruise, take it easy, enjoy the ride, head in the clouds, soak it all in.

          The track is never straight, following the contours of the land.

          The red stuff under the tyres has gone a deeper, rusty red after last night\u2019s rains. The forest has become way, way denser since yesterday. It's older. Untouched. It\u2019s so thick that anything"}, {"title": "", "text": "don't you think? Trying to turn her off and fix her made sense at that point. Actually, maybe Ai's the one that overreacted.\u201d
          \u201cHuh?\u201d
          \u201cWell, she was making mistakes, so they tried to fix her. All she saw was that she was going to be turned off, and tried to stop them from making her better at her job. And in the end it sounds like she even killed people because she wanted to remain how she was. Sounds to me like Ai got the wrong end of the stick, and people got hurt because of it.\u201d
          \u201cThat makes a lot of sense. You're so smart, Kino!\u201d
          Kino smiled to herself, but made no acknowledgement of the compliment that Hermes would notice.

          \u201cAnyway, it's getting late. We'll stay here for another night, just like usual, and leave the day after tomorrow. How does that sound?\u201d
          \u201cSure. Maybe we can go see inside the walls tomorrow? Though it might not be safe with Ai around...\u201d
          \u201cI don't know.\u201d Kino replied, turning off her lamp. \u201cI guess we'll see. Goodnight, Hermes.\u201d
          \u201cGoodnight, Kino.\u201d

          Day Two

          Following her usual ritual, Kino woke early. She cleaned and dressed, before disassembling and reassembling her guns in the dark. Then she practised drawing them from her holster until dawn.

          \u201cMorning, Kino!\u201d Takeo waved from the town. Kino looked at him, before finishing her exercises and walking over.
          \u201cGood morning, Takeo.\u201d
          \u201cSleep well?\u201d
          \u201cYes, thank you. Actually, you could answer a question Hermes and I had last night. You've all been"}, {"title": "", "text": "not interested. He had gone back to sleep.again.

          119.

          CHAPTER XI

          The doctor looked more dishevelled than his wife had ever seen him before, even on camping trips. Amusement and des- peration mingled in his expression. She did not need to ask what was wrong.

          “The cook has left!” she exclaimed.

          “Yes! How did you know?”

          120.

          “By your face.” She could not help laughing.

          Reed sighed. “He's gone, all right. Out the window, too. After I found him drunk last night, I made him go to bed and locked his door and pocketed the key.”

          “Oh dear! And after he promised you to keep sober until I was up again.”

          “Twice he promised me: when I hired him, and when the baby was born,” Reed said bleakly. “And you should see the kitchen this morning, too -all yesterday's dirty dishes. What would you sug- gest?” he asked helplessly.

          Mrs. Reed lay back on her pillow and smiled sweetly at her husband. “There's only one thing I can think of,” she said. “I'm surprised it hasn't occurred to you.”

          “It has. But I was hoping for something better from your ingenuity, my dear.” He grinned ruefully and went over to the bu- reau. “Where do you keep your aprons?”

          Mrs. Reed could follow his progress from the noises downstairs. She heard him shake the stove; next came the slam of the door as he stepped into the lean-to shed for wood;"}, {"title": "", "text": "were held at the Gila River War Relocation Center, also in Arizona. Reverend Tana kept detailed journals throughout his internment. These journals provide an important glimpse into the daily life and routine of these men and women. As an example from his diaries, we can learn about his first day at Tuna Canyon on March 14, 1942:We were provided with black coffee and oatmeal on a rectangular shaped dish. Not quite satisfying, we all partook of some botamochi (a Japanese sweet made with rice and red bean) that Mr. Hotta brought last night as left overs from lunch that he had had on his way to the camp. This botamochi was cut in half to feed the twelve of us. Later, even more personal references can be found, including a poem written to him by his wife, Tomoe Tana, and included in a notebook she sent to him: If I open my eyes, I can see my husband. Even if I close them, my husband appears as mine. Shackled, give me wings So that I can go to where my husband sleeps. I try to be strong But a wife\u2019s attachments never ends day and night. Waking up in the middle of the night thinking I caught a glimpse of him It was just the shadow of a pillow. - Tomoe, March 19 After 13 days at Camp Tuna Canyon, Reverend Tana was transferred to Lordsburgh Camp on March 26, 1942 along with 209 other detainees. He stayed at Lordsburgh, on the outskirts of Santa Fe,"}, {"title": "", "text": "did Brother Rogers. We came home from meeting and had some dinner. I fed the chickens and gathered the eggs. We then went up to Jeff and Gail\u0092s. after getting the children to bed we played a few games. It was almost 10PM when we came home. I worked on my journal and Mae prepared us something to eat. I think that we will have to watch a J.A.G. series before trying to sleep as we have eaten so late. I did sleep in the recliner for much of the night.

           

          Monday, January 16, 2012

           

          I woke at 3:30AM and then went back to our bed and slept until 8AM. I got up then and with Mae\u0092s help I quickly went over to Scott\u0092s. With Scott and Kylan\u0092s help we almost got the ceiling sheet rocked. Scott and I did get talking about the Gospel but I don\u0092t know if I was able to help him. I love the Lord and all the blessings he has given me but I do not understand or know how to help my boys to understand my feelings and love for my Lord and his Servants. I had to quite at 3:30PM and come home in order to clean up so we could go up to Morgan where all Mae\u0092s siblings except Terry gathered for a Family Home evening. We had a wonderful eating, visiting and playing games. We did discuss the Bushnell Family Reunion for a while. It"}, {"title": "", "text": "came to the conclusion as I walked thoughtfully home that I had improved my position by the incident.

          But this danger—this shadowy, unspeakable danger—which appeared to rise up at every turn, and to hang day and night over the towers of Cloomber! Rack my brain as I would, I could not conjure up any solution to the problem which was not puerile and inadequate.

          One fact struck me as being significant. Both the father and the son had assured me, independently of each other, that if I were told what the peril was, I would hardly realize its significance. How strange and bizarre must the fear be which can scarcely be expressed in intelligible language!

          I held up my hand in the darkness before I turned to sleep that night, and I swore that no power of man or devil should ever weaken my love for the woman whose pure heart I had had the good fortune to win.

          This collection of children's literature is a part of the Educational Technology Clearinghouse and is funded by various grants.

          Copyright © 2006—2016 by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida.

          "}, {"title": "", "text": "quite equal to accepting any wonderful thing that happened, and almost to cease, in a short time, to find it bewildering.

          \"I don't know anyone in the world who could have done it,\" she said; \"but there has been someone. And here we are sitting by their fire—and—and—it's true! And whoever it is—wherever they are—I have a friend, Becky—someone is my friend.\"

          It cannot be denied that as they sat before the blazing fire, and ate the nourishing, comfortable food, they felt a kind of rapturous awe, and looked into each other's eyes with something like doubt.

          \"Do you think,\" Becky faltered once, in a whisper, \"do you think it could melt away, miss? Hadn't we better be quick?\" And she hastily crammed her sandwich into her mouth. If it was only a dream, kitchen manners would be overlooked.

          \"No, it won't melt away,\" said Sara. \"I am eating this muffin, and I can taste it. You never really eat things in dreams. You only think you are going to eat them. Besides, I keep giving myself pinches; and I touched a hot piece of coal just now, on purpose.\"

          The sleepy comfort which at length almost overpowered them was a heavenly thing. It was the drowsiness of happy, well-fed childhood, and they sat in the fire glow and luxuriated in it until Sara found herself turning to look at her transformed bed.

          There were even blankets enough to share with Becky. The narrow couch in the next attic was more comfortable that night"}, {"title": "", "text": "bores ground sawdust in the planking of our crazy palace -infinitesimal sounds; and it was only with the return of night that any change would fall on our surroundings, or the four crickets begin to flute together in the dark.

          Indeed, it would be hard to exaggerate the pleasure that we took in the approach of evening. Our day was not very long, but it was very tiring. To trip along unsteady planks or wade among shifting stones, to go to and fro for water, to clamber down the glen to the Toll House after meat and letters, to cook, to make fires and beds, were all exhausting to the body. Life out of doors, besides, under the fierce eye of day, draws largely on the animal spirits. There are certain hours in the afternoon when a man, unless he is in strong health or enjoys a vacant mind, would rather creep into a cool corner of a house and sit upon the chairs of civilization. About that time, the sharp stones, the planks, the upturned boxes of Silverado, began to grow irksome to my body; I set out on that hopeless, never-ending quest for a more comfortable posture; I would be fevered and weary of the staring sun; and just then he would begin courteously to withdraw his countenance, the shadows lengthened, the aromatic airs awoke, and an indescribable but happy change announced the coming of the night.

          The hours of evening, when we were once curtained in the friendly dark, sped lightly."}, {"title": "", "text": "so far as to say that I don't think Bellingham is a very safe man to live near. I intend to camp out here as much as I can for a time.\"

          \"Not safe! What do you mean?\"

          \"Ah, that's what I mustn't say. But do take my advice, and move your rooms. We had a grand row to-day. You must have heard us, for you came down the stairs.\"

          \"I saw that you had fallen out.\"

          \"He's a horrible chap, Smith. That is the only word for him. I have had doubts about him ever since that night when he fainted — you remember, when you came down. I taxed him to-day, and he told me things that made my hair rise, and wanted me to stand in with him. I'm not strait-laced, but I am a clergyman's son, you know, and I think there are some things which are quite beyond the pale. I only thank God that I found him out before it was too late, for he was to have married into my family.\"

          \"This is all very fine, Lee,\" said Abercrombie Smith curtly. \"But either you are saying a great deal too much or a great deal too little.\"

          \"I give you a warning.\"

          \"If there is real reason for warning, no promise can bind you. If I see a rascal about to blow a place up with dynamite no pledge will stand in my way of preventing him.\"

          \"Ah, but I cannot prevent him, and I can do"}, {"title": "", "text": "module.exports = [ \"Variks has his uses, but be careful. He holds many alliances, too many.\", \"I dreamt of your Traveler last night, shining through the window of my pod. Like a great white moon.\", \"This used to be a Fallen ship, before the Scatter.\", \"The Wolves spread far a wide, beware Guardian.\", \"Don't worry, your ship is safe.\", \"How's the hunt treating you, Guardian.\", \"The Reef can be a maze if you're not used to it.\", \"We're still rounding the rest of Skolas's allies. Up for some hunting?\", \"Ready for some hunting, Guardian?\", \"The Queen may have opened the Reef, but the hunt goes through me.\", \"If it's the Techeuns you seek, they keep to themselves. Count yourself lucky.\", \"Welcome to the Reef. You'll get used to the gravity.\", \"We still have work to do.\", \"If it had been up to me, we would have killed Skolas.\", \"Let's get you a target.\", \"We set up this outpost for the hunt. The Queen prefers it this way.\", \"Let's see. Spinwards of this ship are the Factory Ships, then The Web, then the Tertiary Sun Core.\", \"What do you think?\", \"Are you looking for me?\", \"If you're not busy, I could use your help.\", \"The Wolves spread far and wide, we have little time to waste.\", \"The Queen commands you stay here for now, the rest of the Reef is... you'd find it strange.\", \"I had a dream last night. I was hunting with the Queen on great white horses in a field of black flowers, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "they were filthily cold to the touch. Probably my shrinking was largely due to the sympathetic influence of the Eloi, whose disgust of the Morlocks I now began to appreciate.

          `The next night I did not sleep well. Probably my health was a little disordered. I was oppressed with perplexity and doubt. Once or twice I had a feeling of intense fear for which I could perceive no definite reason. I remember creeping noiselessly into the great hall where the little people were sleeping in the moonlight — that night Weena was among them — and feeling reassured by their presence. It occurred to me even then, that in the course of a few days the moon must pass through its last quarter, and the nights grow dark, when the appearances of these unpleasant creatures from below, these whitened Lemurs, this new vermin that had replaced the old, might be more abundant. And on both these days I had the restless feeling of one who shirks an inevitable duty. I felt assured that the Time Machine was only to be recovered by boldly penetrating these underground mysteries. Yet I could not face the mystery. If only I had had a companion it would have been different. But I was so horribly alone, and even to clamber down into the darkness of the well appalled me. I don't know if you will understand my feeling, but I never felt quite safe at my back.

          `It was this restlessness, this insecurity, perhaps, that drove me further and further"}, {"title": "", "text": "I worked at building the hut, Maud tried out the oil from the blubber and kept a slow fire under the frames of meat.  I had heard of jerking beef on the plains, and our seal-meat, cut in thin strips and hung in the smoke, cured excellently.

          The second hut was easier to erect, for I built it against the first, and only three walls were required.  But it was work, hard work, all of it.  Maud and I worked from dawn till dark, to the limit of our strength, so that when night came we crawled stiffly to bed and slept the animal-like sleep exhaustion.  And yet Maud declared that she had never felt better or stronger in her life.  I knew this was true of myself, but hers was such a lily strength that I feared she would break down.  Often and often, her last-reserve force gone, I have seen her stretched flat on her back on the sand in the way she had of resting and recuperating.  And then she would be up on her feet and toiling hard as ever.  Where she obtained this strength was the marvel to me.

          “Think of the long rest this winter,” was her reply to my remonstrances.  “Why, we’ll be clamorous for something to do.”

          We held a housewarming in my hut the night it was roofed.  It was the end of the third day of a fierce storm which had swung around the compass from the south-east to the north-west, and which"}, {"title": "", "text": "prototype for more recent films depicting Christians as either a) homicidal zealots, b) unctuous hypocrites or c) simple-minded buffoons, if not all three. With his \"love/hate\" finger tattoos and his creepy repetition of a single old spiritual, Harry is a nightmare vision of perverted religiosity.

          But THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER takes a surprising turn late in the film. Pursued relentlessly down the river by Harry, John and Pearl come into the care of an elderly woman named Rachel (Lillian Gish) who has taken to caring for orphans. In a moment of chillingly perfect clarity, Harry hovers menacingly at the garden gate, crooning that same solitary spiritual: \"Leaning, leaning, leaning on the everlasting arm.\" Rachel recognizes the tune and begins to sing along, at which point it becomes clear that Harry is omitting a fairly significant word from his version. The word is \"Jesus.\"

          THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER has earned much of its praise over the years for director Charles Laughton's stark visual style, praise it certainly deserves. Some of Laughton's compositions are remarkably assured for a first-time (and, sadly, only-time) film-maker, haunting images of Harry as a dark horseman on the horizon, and of a dead woman's hair streaming underwater. There are also unexpected flashes of wicked humor, including a woman's can't-believe-they-said-it-in-1955 reference to her sex life as \"ly(ing) back and thinking of my canning.\"

          It is the canny set-up of Harry and Rachel as the \"love\" and \"hate\" on Harry's fingers, however, which will linger longest in my memory."}, {"title": "", "text": "

          Tuesday, January 14, 2016

          I woke just before 7 this morning. I read the 2nd chapter of our Priesthood manual and really felt the spirit of the lesson. I just wish there was some way to get my children to read these messages and ponder them. It is lightly snowing this morning and I was going to go out and clean walks, but Mae convinced me that we had too much to do, plus it wasn\u0092t very much yet. As soon as we had breakfast"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: story title: \"Nearness\" author: Sarah Gailey date: 2017-12-06 01:01:00 -0500 category: serial serial-name: The Fisher of Bones serial-url: /book/the-fisher-of-bones part: 10 previous-url: /the-fisher-of-bones/chapter-nine-sundering permalink: /the-fisher-of-bones/chapter-ten-nearness next-url: /the-fisher-of-bones/chapter-eleven-recognition teaser: \"Ducky had just finally fallen asleep when the rear flap of canvas on the back of my wagon snapped open.\" published: false author-img: sarah-gailey.jpg author-bio: | Hugo and Campbell award finalist Sarah Gailey lives and works in beautiful Portland, Oregon. Their nonfiction has been published by _Mashable_ and the _Boston Globe_, and their fiction has been published internationally. They are a regular contributor for _Tor.com_ and _Barnes & Noble_. You can find links to their work at [www.sarahgailey.com](http://www.sarahgailey.com). They tweet [@gaileyfrey](http://twitter.com/gaileyfrey). --- Ducky had just finally fallen asleep when the rear flap of canvas on the back of my wagon snapped open. \u201cYou need to see this.\u201d I nearly screamed with frustration as Ducky\u2019s head jerked. Her eyes fluttered open, and she drew breath to start wailing. Again. \u201cWhat is it, Marc?\u201d I snapped. The tablets say not to hate anyone, and so I did not hate my husband. But I was not particularly in love with him that day, either. He\u2019d taken to praying through the night, refusing to interrupt his devotion to the Gods even when Ducky stirred and cried. Even when I hadn\u2019t slept for days. \u201cYou need to come, Prophetess,\u201d he said, inclining his head in the formal bow that most of my followers had taken to performing. I wanted to throw something at him. \u201cFine,\u201d I said through gritted teeth. I climbed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Kiev had changed and that her presence was no longer wanted. She was persuaded by her family there to travel to the Crimea by train with a group of other refugee Romanovs. After a time living in one of the imperial residences in the Crimea, she received reports that her sons, her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren had been murdered. However, she publicly rejected the report as a rumour. On the day after the murder of the Tsar's family, Maria received a messenger from Nicky, \"a touching man\" who told of how difficult life was for her son's family in Yekaterinburg. \"And nobody can help or liberate them \u2013 only God! My Lord save my poor, unlucky Nicky, help him in his hard ordeals!\" In her diary she comforted herself: \"I am sure they all got out of Russia and now the Bolsheviks are trying to hide the truth.\" She firmly held on to this conviction until her death. The truth was too painful for her to admit publicly. Her letters to her son and his family have since almost all been lost; but in one that survives, she wrote to Nicholas: \"You know that my thoughts and prayers never leave you. I think of you day and night and sometimes feel so sick at heart that I believe I cannot bear it any longer. But God is merciful. He will give us strength for this terrible ordeal.\" Maria's daughter Olga Alexandrovna commented further on the matter, \"Yet I am sure that deep in her heart my"}, {"title": "", "text": "a mother's love and remorse; whether the dog floated down that stream, and low necked dresses, and high hazardus slippers, and strings for waists and corsets, and fashion, and folly, and rivalry, and waltzin', and glitter, and buttons, and show; whether they all went down that stream, swept along like bubbles on a heavin' tumultuous tide, I don't know, nor I don't s'pose anybody duz.

          But any way, from that day on Miss Flamm has been a different woman. I stayed with her all that night and the next day, she a not leavin' the child's bed for a minute, and we a not gettin' of her to, much as we tried to; eatin' whatever we could make her eat right there by the bedside. And on the 2d day the doctor see a change in the child and she began to roust a little out of that stuper, and in a week's time, she wuz a beginnin' to get well.

          We stayed on till she wuz out of danger and then we went home. But I see that she wuz to be trusted with her children after that. She dismissed that nurse, got a good motherly one, who she said would help her take care of the children for the future; only help her, for she should have the oversight of 'em herself, always.

          The hired girl told me (Miss Flamm never mentioned it to me), and she wuz glad enough of it, that the dog wuz dead. It died the day the little girl"}, {"title": "", "text": "indeed can equal the wretchedness of that state, in which there is no alternative, but to extinguish the affections, or encounter infamy?'

          \"TOWARDS midnight Mr. Venables entered my chamber; and, with calm audacity preparing to go to bed, he bade me make haste, 'for that was the best place for husbands and wives to end their differences. He had been drinking plentifully to aid his courage.

          \"I did not at first deign to reply. But perceiving that he affected to take my silence for consent, I told him that, 'If he would not go to another bed, or allow me, I should sit up in my study all night.' He attempted to pull me into the chamber, half joking. But I resisted; and, as he had determined not to give me any reason for saying that he used violence, after a few more efforts, he retired, cursing my obstinacy, to bed.

          \"I sat musing some time longer; then, throwing my cloak around me, prepared for sleep on a sopha. And, so fortunate seemed my deliverance, so sacred the pleasure of being thus wrapped up in myself, that I slept profoundly, and woke with a mind composed to encounter the struggles of the day. Mr. Venables did not wake till some hours after; and then he came to me half-dressed, yawning and stretching, with haggard eyes, as if he scarcely recollected what had passed the preceding evening. He fixed his eyes on me for a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Because I lack **scruples** and some would even say **compassion**. But that's just the image that I present to the world, because it **elicits** fear and respect, but it's not who I am. Who cares about each **inning**, it's the final score that counts. You you just want me to **leap off** a cliff and hope for a soft landing beneath? > nobody except us. It's **retribution**. I stay awake at night thinking how much it would crush them, seeing their father **hauled off**. ## E 12 Frank found himself **shut out**. **Exile**. I've managed to isolate the president to anyone, including myself. **Counterterrorism** Director, that's a big **step up** from White House **Liaison**. Not bad for a man **on the run**. > why fight a losing battle. ## E 11 Underwood's **roadkill**, not you. You're **fidgeting**. To create some **ruckus** if nothing was going on? **perjure** myself? Should I find a way to **tip off** Dunbar? - ## E 10 They're upping the **ante**. Probably the one that's **call all the shots**. - No, I can **hold out** a little while longer. What you're **insinuating** is not only wrong, it's **libelous**. I neither have the time **nor** the **inclination** to negotiate with you! I'm not trying to **pull strings**, but you could show a little gratitude. I'm your **failsafe**, sir, but I can't be if you don't let me. I'm not even here, long **layover** on my way to California. ## E 9 This hurt us both, but this is not my wound to **suture**."}, {"title": "", "text": "rose and turned to the east, not for my devotions, but for air. The night had been very still. The little private gale that blew every evening in our canyon, for ten minutes or perhaps a quarter of an hour, had swiftly blown itself out; in the hours that followed not a sigh of wind had shaken the treetops; and our barrack, for all its breaches, was less fresh that morning than of wont. But I had no sooner reached the window than I forgot all else in the sight that met my eyes, and I made but two bounds into my clothes, and down the crazy plank to the platform.

          The sun was still concealed below the opposite hilltops, though it was shining already, not twenty feet above my head, on our own mountain slope. But the scene, beyond a few near features, was entirely changed. Napa valley was gone; gone were all the lower slopes and woody foothills of the range; and in their place, not a thousand feet below me, rolled a great level ocean. It was as though I had gone to bed the night before, safe in a nook of inland mountains, and had awakened in a bay upon the coast. I had seen these inundations from below; at Calistoga I had risen and gone abroad in the early morning, coughing and sneezing, under fathoms on fathoms of gray sea vapour, like a cloudy sky -a dull sight for the artist, and a painful experience for the invalid. But to"}, {"title": "", "text": "I hadn\u2019t noticed that I was sleeping until I woke in the middle of the night. She had tucked me in, and the window curtains were drawn so that the moonlight wouldn\u2019t hit my eyes.

          I heard faint humming from Aunt Bethany\u2019s room down the hall, and I couldn\u2019t quite make out the tune. Barefooted, I slowly grabbed my phone and used its screen to make my way to her room. It was Don McLean\u2019s American Pie.

          The door was shut, but it still had an old fashioned keyhole that I could peep through. I leaned down and peered through it. Her back towards me, the Pepsi logo\u2019d t-shirt had been replaced by a brown jacket. It was still hot in the house, yet she was wearing a jacket? It was a man\u2019s aviator jacket, one that I had seen Uncle Calvin wear on occasion at Christmas.

          She was slouched over looking down at something on the corner of her bed, a picture.

          \u201cTook my Chevy to the levy, but the levy was dry.\u201d

          A sigh. She stood and placed the picture on a shelf. A small chuckle, \u201cYes, yes, I remember.\u201d She climbed into bed, still wearing Uncle Calvin\u2019s aviator jacket. My peeping eye made its way over to the shelf and found the same picture in the factory of her being lifted up.

          \u201cThen good ol\u2019 boys, \u2026\u201d

          She trailed off a bit. And then continued to hum.

          I stood up and stretched my back. I had a good time tonight. Maybe another day"}, {"title": "", "text": "awful twilight sustained me while I clambered upon the saddle.

          Chapter 12

          `So I came back. For a long time I must have been insensible upon the machine. The blinking succession of the days and nights was resumed, the sun got golden again, the sky blue. I breathed with greater freedom. The fluctuating contours of the land ebbed and flowed. The hands spun backward upon the dials. At last I saw again the dim shadows of houses, the evidences of decadent humanity. These, too, changed and passed, and others came. Presently, when the million dial was at zero, I slackened speed. I began to recognize our own petty and familiar architecture, the thousands hand ran back to the starting-point, the night and day flapped slower and slower. Then the old walls of the laboratory came round me. Very gently, now, I slowed the mechanism down.

          `I saw one little thing that seemed odd to me. I think I have told you that when I set out, before my velocity became very high, Mrs. Watchett had walked across the room, travelling, as it seemed to me, like a rocket. As I returned, I passed again across that minute when she traversed the laboratory. But now her every motion appeared to be the exact inversion of her previous ones. The door at the lower end opened, and she glided quietly up the laboratory, back foremost, and disappeared behind the door by which she had previously entered. Just before that I seemed to"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Newspeak word goodthinkful? Meaning naturally orthodox, incapable of thinking a bad thought?'

          'No, I didn't know the word, but I know the kind of person, right enough.'

          He began telling her the story of his married life, but curiously enough she appeared to know the essential parts of it already. She described to him, almost as though she had seen or felt it, the stiffening of Katharine's body as soon as he touched her, the way in which she still seemed to be pushing him from her with all her strength, even when her arms were clasped tightly round him. With Julia he felt no difficulty in talking about such things: Katharine, in any case, had long ceased to be a painful memory and became merely a distasteful one.

          'I could have stood it if it hadn't been for one thing,' he said. He toId her about the frigid little ceremony that Katharine had forced him to go through on the same night every week. 'She hated it, but nothing would make her stop doing it. She used to call it -- but you'll never guess.'

          'Our duty to the Party,' said Julia promptly.

          'How did you know that?'

          'I've been at school too, dear. Sex talks once a month for the over-sixteens. And in the Youth Movement. They rub it into you for years. I dare say it works in a lot of cases. But of course you can never tell; people are such hypocrites.'

          She began"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          Dear and Beloved, Brother and Sister, XXLASTNAME and etc- I take this opportunity to communicate, some of my feelings, privately at this time, which I want you three eternally to keep in your own bosoms; for my feelings are so strong for you since what has passed lately between us, that the time of my absence from you seems so long, and dreary, that it seems, as if I could not live long in this way: and if you three would come and see me in this my lonely retreat, it would afford me great relief, of mind, if those with whom I am allied, do love me, now is the time to afford me succor, in the days of exile, for you know I foretold you of these things. I am now at Carlos Grainger\u2019s, just back of Brother XXFIRSTNAME\u2019s farm, it is only one mile form town, the nights are very pleasant indeed, all three of you can come and see me in the fore part of the night, let Brother XXLASTNAME come a little ahead, and knock at the south east corner of the house at the window; it is next to the cornfield; I have a room entirely by myself, the whole matter can be attended to with most perfect safety, I know it is the will of God that you should comfort me now in this time of affliction, or not at all now is the time or never, but I have no need of saying any such thing,"}, {"title": "", "text": "& Kasia Matyjaszek

          \u201cMeet the bonny babies who love having fun and getting messy, doing all the things that babies do - playing in the park, finger painting, having dinner - and more, until it\u2019s time for bed. But what does your bonny baby love to do? Look into the mirror to find out!\u201d

          Babies Can Sleep Anywhere, by Lisa Wheeler & Carolina Buzio

          \u201cThis gentle picture book introduces the sleeping habits of many animals - from puppies to whales and compares them to the - sometimes - unusual habits of human babies. In backpacks, on knees, in cradles or trees, sweet babies can sleep anywhere!\u201d

          Sweet Dreams Peter, by Beatrix Potter

          \u201c\u2018As you climb into bed, let me give you a hug. Settle down little bunny. You\u2019re warm, safe and snug.\u2019

          \u201cThis whimsical board book takes you into the world of Beatrix Potter\u2019s animals as they gently fall asleep. It\u2019s a charming introduction to the world of Peter Rabbit.\u201d

          Good Day, Good Night, by Margaret Wise Brown & Loren Long

          \u201cWhen the sun comes up and the day begins, the little bunny says good day to all the familiar things outside. To the birds in the skies and the bees in their hives, to everything one by one. And as the sun starts to set, it\u2019s time for the little bunny to say good night. Good night, kitty. Good night, bear. Good night, people everywhere.\u201d

          A Brave"}, {"title": "", "text": "evening three days later, the young volunteer had a headache; the next day, December 9th, he was carried on his bed to the yellow fever ward. Kissinger, at last, had his yellow jack. “In my opinion this exhibition of moral courage has never been surpassed in the annals of the Army of the United States,” Reed said.

          Reed, his belief in the mosquito as intermediate host of yellow fever finally confirmed, was overjoyed.

          “Rejoice with me, sweetheart,” he happily wrote his wife that night, “as, aside from the anti-oxin of diphtheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century. I do not exaggerate, and I could shout for very joy that heaven has permitted me to establish this wonderful way of propagating yellow fever.”

          There was no self-satisfaction or personal pride in his modest and generous spirit, only thankfulness. All his efforts ever since he began prietice had been directed toward relieving suffer- ing, but it had never occurred to the young doctor, starting on his career a quarter of a century before, that he would be the one to solve the riddle of one of the cruelest plagues that afflicted humanity. Too excited and happy to sleep, he was up early the next morning and dashed off a note announcing the news to Truby, who had been sent across the island to Rowell Barracks at Cienfuegos as post surgeon. Truby told the news to Lawrence Reed, who was now"}, {"title": "", "text": "Priest Group Leadership meeting. We therefore slept in a little later. Meetings went well and were very enjoyable. Bob had a nice dinner ready shortly after we got home. I made several calls regarding Home Teaching visits for this month. Bob wants me to go with him to visit with Sherri and Eric. Eric\u0092s father died the other day and they are having concerns as to what to do. I told Bob that I would go with him. At the time Sherri is asleep so Bob will call when she is up. I worked on my journal entries for 1970 \u0096 1974 again this evening. I am almost through February entries. Mae was going to get us something for super but Terry called so I got us some fruit and toast. Bob said that Sherri called him and after getting some sleep she felt much better. They think that everything is ok and ready for the funeral now. We went to bed and watched another J.A.G. series before going to sleep.

           

          Monday, January 30, 2012

           

          I woke about 3AM so slept the rest of the night in the recliner. Mae didn\u0092t sleep well either but she still got up and got my breakfast. My morning run went well and then I went over to Dr. Lee. He filled out the State requirements that they want because of my sleep apnea. I came home for lunch and took a short nap before going back for the"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"The Night the Bed Fell\" is a short story written by American author James Thurber. The story is a brief account of an event that took place at his house in Columbus, Ohio. It appears as chapter one of My Life and Hard Times. Structure The story is a memoir written in the first person. It has a subjective angle, and is ordered chronologically. The plot for \"The Night The Bed Fell\" starts with James Thurber describing eclectic members of his family, including a crazy cousin, Beall, who thinks he will die of suffocation in his sleep, an aunt who throws shoes down the house's hallway each night in a vain attempt to scare away burglars, and a grandfather that leaves the house for several days at a time, returning later and stating the Civil War as ongoing, and that the \"Army of the Potomac\" does not have a chance in hell. One of his aunts fears the day when someone will release chloroform in her bedroom to get her belongings. The narrator relates an incident in his youth when a bed fell on his father. The father occasionally sleeps in the attic where he thinks before slumbering on an old wooden bed. By midnight of the particular night, everyone is in bed. At two in the morning, the narrator's own bed (an army cot) tips over. Unhurt, he continues to sleep. The noise awakens his mother, who thinks that the wobbly headboard on the bed in the attic had fallen on the father. His cousin"}, {"title": "", "text": "or twice, when a long stop had to be made for the cutting of fuel, a shore party was made up.

          Then they would take their luncheon with them, seek out some little palm-shaded glade, and there feast and make merry. Ruth and Alice, with Paul and Russ, always enjoyed these trips.

          “I think this will about suit us,” said Mr. Pertell, one evening, as the Magnolia made a turn in the stream, and came to a place where another sluggish river joined it. “This is the spot spoken of by Jed, and the surrounding country will give us just the scenery we want, I think. We will tie up here for the night, and you and I will make an examination to-morrow, Russ.”

          “All right, sir. It looks like a good location to me.”

          It was so warm that supper really was almost a waste of effort on the part of the cook that evening, for few ate much. Then came a comfortable time spent on the deck, while the night wind cooled the day-heated air.

          “Oh, isn’t this positively stifling!” complained Miss Pennington as she dropped into a chair beside Ruth. “How do you ever stand it? I’ve bathed my face in cologne, and done everything I can think of to cool off.”

          “Perhaps if you didn’t do so much you would keep cooler,” Ruth suggested with a smile. “And really that is a very warm gown you have on.”

          “I know it, but it’s so becoming"}, {"title": "", "text": "had been so great that he had almost died of brain fever; and ever since he had been shattered in health, though his fortunes had changed and all his possessions had been restored to him. His trouble and peril had been connected with mines.

          \"And mines with diamonds in 'em!\" said the cook. \"No savin's of mine never goes into no mines—particular diamond ones\"—with a side glance at Sara. \"We all know somethin' of them.\"

          \"He felt as my papa felt,\" Sara thought. \"He was ill as my papa was; but he did not die.\"

          So her heart was more drawn to him than before. When she was sent out at night she used sometimes to feel quite glad, because there was always a chance that the curtains of the house next door might not yet be closed and she could look into the warm room and see her adopted friend. When no one was about she used sometimes to stop, and, holding to the iron railings, wish him good night as if he could hear her.

          \"Perhaps you can feel if you can't hear,\" was her fancy. \"Perhaps kind thoughts reach people somehow, even through windows and doors and walls. Perhaps you feel a little warm and comforted, and don't know why, when I am standing here in the cold and hoping you will get well and happy again. I am so sorry for you,\" she would whisper in an intense little voice. \"I wish you had a 'Little Missus' who could pet"}, {"title": "", "text": "land for many long days and nights. Just as we supposed there were only small islands, which were impossible to inhabit even by such a slight group of elves like us. Anyway, I used that time to let alone and think over all my thoughts. As I did so, Hyjal and the captain commanded the others. Hyjal was personally told by me to send sacred owls and Druids of the Talon to explore the sea before us. Those druids were the ones that were capable of transformation to crow form and were really fast scouts. I finally decided what should I be able to do for my people. One night as I was reading the ancient tomes of nature at the small library, I met Kul\u2019Dare. He was one of those Druids of the Talon that were already sent to scout the sea ahead.
          \u201cDid you encounter anything?\u201d I asked.
          \u201cNo. Nothing in a very long distance, according to our maps.\u201d he replied coldly.
          \u201cI have decided!\u201d my voice trembled as I began \u201cWe will venture deeper in that continent here.\u201d I pointed at the eastern side of the map in the book I was currently holding. \u201cI know that it\u2019s dangerous but \u2026 what could we do? There probably are no other free pieces of land in the whole world.\u201d Kul\u2019Dare was staring at my eyes as if he could look through them into my very mind.
          \u201cDid you tell this to Elune?\u201d Elune was the captain"}, {"title": "", "text": "a sudden the TV began to work. I don\u0092t know what happened or what I did. I watched two western shows as Mae was still on the computer. She quit working on the computer, so I finished this entry before we took our showers and went to bed.

          Sunday, January 24, 2016

          It snowed last night, but I think that I will let it stay instead of getting the snow blower out today, since it is Sunday and I don\u0092t want to break the Sabbath. I do so many driveways for our neighbors and widows, who have poor health, that it is work. After breakfast, I worked on my journals for a while. At 12:00 noon I quit and got ready for church. Meetings went well today. After returning home, I went with Brother Daryl Green to take the Sacrament to Sister Jeneane Browning and to Harold and Evelyn Hilton. We were going to a Sister that lives in #244 but when we got there, no one was home. Mae had dinner ready when I got home. After eating and cleaning up, I took a nap. Mae got on the computer, working on her presentation for the Clinton R.S. Women\u0092s Conference. She is making a Power Point Presentation, so I set the projector up for her, so she could see how her presentation looks. I talked to Irven on the phone for a while and I also called and talked to Sandi for a few minutes. Mae finally quit"}, {"title": "", "text": "driven like a little slave.

          \"'Twarn't for you, miss,\" she said hoarsely to Sara one night when she had crept into the attic—\"'twarn't for you, an' the Bastille, an' bein' the prisoner in the next cell, I should die. That there does seem real now, doesn't it? The missus is more like the head jailer every day she lives. I can jest see them big keys you say she carries. The cook she's like one of the under-jailers. Tell me some more, please, miss—tell me about the subt'ranean passage we've dug under the walls.\"

          \"I'll tell you something warmer,\" shivered Sara. \"Get your coverlet and wrap it round you, and I'll get mine, and we will huddle close together on the bed, and I'll tell you about the tropical forest where the Indian gentleman's monkey used to live. When I see him sitting on the table near the window and looking out into the street with that mournful expression, I always feel sure he is thinking about the tropical forest where he used to swing by his tail from coconut trees. I wonder who caught him, and if he left a family behind who had depended on him for coconuts.\"

          \"That is warmer, miss,\" said Becky, gratefully; \"but, someways, even the Bastille is sort of heatin' when you gets to tellin' about it.\"

          \"That is because it makes you think of something else,\" said Sara, wrapping the coverlet round her until only her small dark face was to be seen looking out of it. \"I've noticed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bear, by Sean Taylor & Emily Hughes</cite>

          \u201cWhen Dad Bear says, \u2018I think a pair of hot bears is probably the hottest thing in the world,\u2019 Little Bear suggests that they go all the way to the river to cool down. But what will happen when Little Bear tries to impress his dad by doing a big jump across the rocks?\u201d

          A Recipe for Bedtime, by Peter Bently & Sarah Massini

          \u201cBaby, baby soft and sweet, almost good enough to eat! It\u2019s night-night time so come with me, and hear my bedtime recipe.

          \u201cA classic baby bedtime book with a perfect lullaby ending.\u201d

          If I Had a Dinosaur, by Gabby Dawnay & Alex Barrow

          \u201cA little girl dreams of having her very own pet. But what kind of animal would make the best companion? A mouse is too small; a cat is too ordinary; and a fish is too wet!

          \u201cAs she plays with her toy dinosaur, inspiration strikes. What about a real, live dinosaur? She could ride it to school. It would need lots of food to eat, a swimming pool to drink from, and a dino flap so it could come and go.

          \u201cAt the end of a day spent busily imagining, the girl trudges up to bed with her little plastic dinosaur. As she falls asleep, the dinosaur from her daydreams stands in the garden with its head poking through the bedroom window, making her dreams come true.\u201d

          "}, {"title": "", "text": "this tragic case of death I suggested that we go back to the camp. Hyjal instantly agreed and thus we took the way back. It was about 15 minutes before the Aran Food to be served that we returned. The ritual was as normal as ever and after about 2 hours of conjuring and eating our druids told us about this land. Northrend was a small island covered with white stuff all over. They told us about the different trees and bushes and so on. After the maps had been written down our dryad scouts finally returned. Sad news was what they were bearing. Although I had no doubt that this land was inappropriate for the Night Elves to live, the dryads confirmed my thoughts, too. Sad, for it doomed us to look for another free land to inhabit. The next morning we calmly and melancholically walked towards the boats and rowed to the ship. That same afternoon we set sail to the east\u2026 Again.\u201d the prophet stopped to take a breath. If someone have entered the tavern by that very moment he would see how a bunch of peasants have gathered around an old man, listening to him as careful as possible not to miss even a word from his speech. And so the prophet continued his story\u2026

          Chapter 4 \u2013 The Vow

          \u201cI cannot clearly tell what happened next on that journey.\u201d The old man began. \u201cWhat I can tell, however, is that we saw no"}, {"title": "", "text": "days later, Taishi Ci travelled alone on foot to Duchang. At the time, the rebels had yet to completely surround Duchang, so Taishi Ci managed to sneak past the enemy at night and enter the fortress to meet Kong Rong. He asked Kong Rong to let him lead soldiers to fight their way out, but Kong refused and insisted on waiting for reinforcements. The rebels came closer day by day. Kong Rong wanted to seek help from Liu Bei, the Chancellor of Pingyuan State (\u5e73\u539f\u570b), but no one had any idea on how to break out of the siege. Taishi Ci volunteered to fight his way out and seek reinforcements from Liu Bei, but Kong Rong said, \"The rebels have completely surrounded the fortress. Everyone thinks it is impossible to break out. It will be very difficult for you to break out no matter how courageous you are.\" Taishi Ci replied, \"When I was away, you treated my mother very generously. She feels grateful, hence she told me to help you. She knew that I know what I am doing, and that I can help you. Now, everyone says it is impossible to break out. If I were to agree with them, I will not be able to repay your kindness. Why, then, did my mother send me here for? We are in a very desperate situation. I hope you won't hesitate any longer.\" Kong Rong agreed to let him break out of the siege. Taishi Ci packed his equipment and had a full meal. At"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          At 18 weeks my placenta ruptured and I almost lost my baby. Then at 24 weeks I went into pre-term labor. I was on bedrest for most of my pregnancy, I was in and out of the hospital a lot, I could barely walk during my second and third trimester, and I was frequently in a lot of pain.

          The doctors and nurses told me that I needed to prepare for the worst and that my baby most likely wouldn\u2019t make it. However I refused to lose hope and lose my optimism. I told them that God can make the impossible possible. He says \u201cbe\u201d and it is.

          I had my family and some of the best Muslims in the world praying for my baby and me Alhumduillah. No matter how much pain I was in or had been in, I would sit up every night and pray Qiam Al-Lail (the Night Prayer), and would ask God to save my baby girl and ask that she be born healthy and at full term.

          SubhanAllah she lasted 37 weeks of this difficult pregnancy and was born healthy via an emergency c-section. To this day I wake up every night, no matter how tired or sleep deprived I am, just to pray Qiam Al-Lail prayer. It\u2019s almost like it has become a part of me, and I couldn\u2019t imagine living a life without it.

          I named my daughter Laila. Her named is derived from the Arabic word Lail which means \u201cNight.\u201d And with the extra letter on the"}, {"title": "", "text": "then I did have money to be able to spend on myself and I liked that. I babysat some for people in Lyman\u0092s back apartments. They were down at the end of their property, close by where the park is now. They were cheap apartments so all kinds of people lived there. I remember babysitting one time and after I got the children to sleep, I saw a hugh spider and it ran so fast across the floor. I was very afraid of it so I sat the rest of the night on the couch, with my feet up on the couch, watching for it to reappear, but hoping it wouldn\u0092t, until the couple got home. Another time after the children were in bed, I saw a man outside, staring at me through the window. They didn\u0092t have blinds on that front window. Thank goodness I had the door locked, but it still made me very nervous. I ran into the other room and was relieved when the people got home. I remember other times I would hear all kinds of strange noises and I could imagine someone walking around in the house and I knew the children were asleep. I was very nervous. I think it was just the sounds of the furnace.

           

          I babysat until I was 15 when I got a job as a carhop at an A & W Drive-in in Clearfield. I didn't like carhopping so the next summer I applied at the Arctic"}, {"title": "", "text": "(Bond had smiled at the thought of waking M up in the middle of the night because some man in Aden or Tokyo was in a flap.) 'Anyway, I've decided. I want all senior officers to do their spell of routine.' M had looked frostily across at Bond. 'Matter of fact, 007, I had the Treasury on to me the other day. Their liaison man thinks the double-O section is redundant. Says that kind of thing is out of date. I couldn't bother to argue'—M's voice was mild. 'Just told him he was mistaken.' (Bond could visualize the scene.) 'However, won't do any harm for you to have some extra duties now you're back in London. Keep you from getting stale.'

          And Bond wasn't minding it. He was half way through his first week and so far it had just been a question of common sense or passing routine problems on down to the sections. He rather liked the peaceful room and knowing everybody's secrets and being occasionally fed coffee and sandwiches by one of the pretty girls from the canteen.

          On the first night the girl had brought him tea. Bond had looked at her severely. 'I don't drink tea. I hate it. It's mud. Moreover it's one of the main reasons for the downfall of the British Empire. Be a good girl and make me some coffee.' The girl had giggled and scurried off to spread Bond's dictum in the canteen. From then on he had got his coffee. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "frightened, just as we do; and he is married and has children. How do we know he doesn't think things, just as we do? His eyes look as if he was a person. That was why I gave him a name.\"

          She sat down on the floor in her favorite attitude, holding her knees.

          \"Besides,\" she said, \"he is a Bastille rat sent to be my friend. I can always get a bit of bread the cook has thrown away, and it is quite enough to support him.\"

          \"Is it the Bastille yet?\" asked Ermengarde, eagerly. \"Do you always pretend it is the Bastille?\"

          \"Nearly always,\" answered Sara. \"Sometimes I try to pretend it is another kind of place; but the Bastille is generally easiest—particularly when it is cold.\"

          Just at that moment Ermengarde almost jumped off the bed, she was so startled by a sound she heard. It was like two distinct knocks on the wall.

          \"What is that?\" she exclaimed.

          Sara got up from the floor and answered quite dramatically:

          \"It is the prisoner in the next cell.\"

          \"Becky!\" cried Ermengarde, enraptured.

          \"Yes,\" said Sara. \"Listen; the two knocks meant, 'Prisoner, are you there?'\"

          She knocked three times on the wall herself, as if in answer.

          \"That means, 'Yes, I am here, and all is well.'\"

          Four knocks came from Becky's side of the wall.

          \"That means,\" explained Sara, \"'Then, fellow-sufferer, we will sleep in peace. Good night.'\"

          Ermengarde quite beamed with delight.

          \"Oh, Sara!\" she whispered joyfully. \"It is like"}, {"title": "", "text": "GPS unit, a pair night vision goggles and some clue -- and, yes, there are creepy moments with the barely audible children's voices and the grove full of wood figures, and the quick vision in the cellar for some reason sticks in my mind, but I've seen scarier X-Files. Hell, the \"Return to the Cathedral\" and \"Bonehoard\" levels in the computer game \"Thief\" were creepier, at least until I figured out that my fire arrows work really well against the undead. Other people have used \"Blair Witches\" techniques of creepiness, and have done it better. I still think \"The Shining\" is the scariest movie I've seen. Give me the two dead girls and redrum any day.

          Besides background and creepy noises, the other major part of this movie is watching the lost hikers freak out as they slowly realize that they're lost and that there's something in the woods with them. I admire how well done this was. There's genuine fear in their faces at points. The film's publicity campaign stresses how much of this was ad libbed, with actors put out in the woods with relatively minimal instructions, and the directors and crew trying to scare the hell out of them in the middle of night. \"Method directing\".

          There's an interesting article in Salon about the film makers [1]. Basically, the author accuses the film makers of violating the relationship between them and their actors, fundamentally not trusting them to act. The purpose of this, apparently, was to make everything \"real\". The film makers decry"}, {"title": "", "text": "for our cell phone, but our battery is low so needs to be recharged before we can use it. We got a sandwich for dinner, then went over to Gajonera\u0092s to meet with them to go over the CMIS for the Munoz 1st Branch, but they were not home. After trying to find them, we came home, and gave up for the day.

           

          Wednesday, July 23, 2003

           

          I woke at 3 AM with my back hurting. I took some Aleve and tried to go back to bed but couldn\u0092t go to sleep, so set up in the chair and slept until Mae woke me at 5 AM. The storm has continued all night with high winds and heavy rains. The storm is considered to be a typhoon with a #4 ratting. It has done a lot of damage and a lot of flooding. We still don\u0092t have electrical power, so don\u0092t have water. We had to take a spit shower and get ready with candle light. Our phone is also out so we stopped at the Elders house and used their phone to call the mission home. The Elders at the mission home told us that the meeting was canceled due to the storm and would be rescheduled. We came back home and I went back to sleep. Mae came in to wake me at 10 AM, and about then, Brother Sylvia, President Gajonera and Ernesto Damacio came by to see if we were ok. Also that President"}, {"title": "", "text": "be coming from nowhere.
          \u201cI am Kino, and this is my motorrad3 Hermes. We can't see you, where are you? And how could someone have lived here for all this time without Ai noticing?\u201d
          \u201cOh, sorry, I've been so rude! I am Ai! You can't see me because I'm not with you, I'm actually in a building near the centre of the country. I just have access to all the machinery around here, so I can broadcast my voice wherever I like. You see, all objects have a resonant frequency, the-\u201d Ai continued to explain how she was able to speak to them despite the lack of any loudspeakers in the area, but Kino cut her off.
          \u201cSorry, Ai, but Hermes and myself haven't got the slightest clue what you're talking about.\u201d
          \u201cNot the frostiest!\u201d
          \u201cYou mean not the foggiest?\u201d
          \u201cOh, yeah!\u201d

          \u201cAnyway, I hate to interrupt you, but we really don't know anything about all this technology. We're just travellers.\u201d
          \u201cOh.\u201d Ai was clearly crestfallen. \u201cI knew you were travellers, else I wouldn't have let you in. I just assumed you'd come across this sort of stuff before.\u201d
          \u201cIt's quite rare, actually. This is probably the most advanced country we've come across so far, right Hermes?\u201d
          \u201cYup!\u201d
          \u201cOh, okay. That's a shame. Well, anyway, you must be tired \u2013 humans normally sleep around 11, right? You can stay the night, if you like?\u201d
          \u201cUmm... I guess that's the best option. Where?\u201d
          \u201cGreat!\u201d Suddenly the energy was back in Ai's voice. A miniature car,"}, {"title": "", "text": "his silence by speaking the 'Word' in every heart, thereby giving a spiritual push forward to all living things\". When I break My Silence, the impact of My Love will be universal and all life in creation will know, feel and receive of it. It will help every individual to break himself free from his own bondage in his own way. I am the Divine Beloved who loves you more than you can ever love yourself. The breaking of My Silence will help you to help yourself in knowing your real Self. According to him, the breaking of his silence would be a defining event in the spiritual evolution of the world. When I speak that Word, I shall lay the foundation for that which is to take place during the next seven hundred years. On many occasions Meher Baba promised to break his silence with an audible word before he died, often stating a specific time and place when this would occur, but according to all contemporary accounts, Meher Baba remained silent until his death. His failure to break his silence disappointed some of his followers, while others regarded these broken promises as a test of their faith. A number of his followers speculate that \"the Word\" will yet be \"spoken\" or that Meher Baba broke his silence in a spiritual rather than a physical way. Baba, for many years, asked his followers to undertake austerities on 10 July, the anniversary of the day his silence began, such as keeping silence, fasting, and praying. In"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Inside Story date: 31/07/2020 --- #### Four Dreams in a Row _By Andrew Mcchesney_ The first dream occurred after Abraham Keita got up at 3:00 a.m. for customary prayers on his prayer mat in Bufa, a village in Guinea in West Africa. \u201cI am more than 40, and I don\u2019t have a wife or children or work or money,\u201d Abraham prayed. \u201cPlease help me. I want You to turn me into a prophet who can talk to other people through You.\u201d As he prayed, a wind began to blow. He felt weak and fell asleep on the mat. Suddenly, someone nudged him and said, \u201cMy son, go inside and sleep in your bed.\u201d Minutes later, he was sleeping in his bed, and he had a dream. In the dream, Someone with eyes that looked like fire approached him. Abraham thought he was about to be attacked. Terrified, Abraham asked, \u201cWho are you?\u201d \u201cI am Jesus Christ,\u201d the Man said. In the morning, Abraham wondered what would happen next. The next night, he had another dream. He saw the Man again. This time, the two walked along the trail of a tall mountain. On the third night, Abraham dreamed that he was looking for work, and Jesus was hiring workers. Abraham saw Jesus sitting at a table, taking people\u2019s names and writing them down. On the fourth night, Abraham saw Jesus chest-deep in the water of the Atlantic Ocean. Jesus looked at him, and he looked at Jesus. Three years passed. Abraham moved to Guinea\u2019s capital,"}, {"title": "", "text": "enjoyment. Men who are inferior to their fellow men, are always most anxious to establish their superiority over women. But where are these reflections leading me?

          \"Women who have lost their husband's affection, are justly reproved for neglecting their persons, and not taking the same pains to keep, as to gain a heart; but who thinks of giving the same advice to men, though women are continually stigmatized for being attached to fops; and from the nature of their education, are more susceptible of disgust? Yet why a woman should be expected to endure a sloven, with more patience than a man, and magnanimously to govern herself, I cannot conceive; unless it be supposed arrogant in her to look for respect as well as a maintenance. It is not easy to be pleased, because, after promising to love, in different circumstances, we are told that it is our duty. I cannot, I am sure (though, when attending the sick, I never felt disgust) forget my own sensations, when rising with health and spirit, and after scenting the sweet morning, I have met my husband at the breakfast table. The active attention I had been giving to domestic regulations, which were generally settled before he rose, or a walk, gave a glow to my countenance, that contrasted with his squallid appearance. The squeamishness of stomach alone, produced by the last night's intemperance, which he took no pains to conceal, destroyed my appetite. I think I now see him lolling in an arm-chair, in"}, {"title": "", "text": "about going home teaching but we found that it was done for this month before Bob and I were assigned together. I went up stairs to look at the fireplace for Bob has added another finish coat to the wood. Mae got right on the computer to work on pictures. She stayed on it all evening. I watched a fair TV movie \u0093Independence Day\u0094 but well over half of the time was advertising. It was after mid-night when we went to bed.

           

          Thursday, April 28, 2005

           

          I got up at 6:30 but Mae hadn\u0092t slept very much last night so I let her sleep in. I caught my journal up. A few days ago Mark suggested that I try taking HCL with Pepsin to help my digestive system. He gave me a few to try and I have bought a bottle of them and I take one with each meal. Since doing this I have not suffered with acid reflux even once. This has been such a relief to fine something to help. Mae got up at 8:30 AM, I was working on a new budget sheet on our computer. Jeff came over and brought our old computer. We were just ready to eat breakfast so we invited Jeff to eat with us. We set up the computer and checked the boot up. We got visiting with Jeff and he is having trouble with his testimony of the church. We visited for quite a while about his feelings. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "think. You can explain that. It's presentation below the threshold, you know, diluted presentation.'

          `Of course,' said the Psychologist, and reassured us. `That's a simple point of psychology. I should have thought of it. It's plain enough, and helps the paradox delightfully. We cannot see it, nor can we appreciate this machine, any more than we can the spoke of a wheel spinning, or a bullet flying through the air. If it is traveling through time fifty times or a hundred times faster than we are, if it gets through a minute while we get through a second, the impression it creates will of course be only one-fiftieth or one-hundredth of what it would make if it were not travelling in time. That's plain enough.' He passed his hand through the space in which the machine had been. `You see?' he said, laughing.

          We sat and stared at the vacant table for a minute or so. Then the Time Traveller asked us what we thought of it all.

          `It sounds plausible enough to-night,' said the Medical Man; `but wait until to-morrow. Wait for the common sense of the morning.'

          `Would you like to see the Time Machine itself?' asked the Time Traveller. And therewith, taking the lamp in his hand, he led the way down the long, draughty corridor to his laboratory. I remember vividly the flickering light, his queer, broad head in silhouette, the dance of the shadows, how we all followed him, puzzled but incredulous, and how there in the laboratory we"}, {"title": "", "text": "of little Joe, and consider themselves happy to help such a child. Danger still lingers nearby as they wait to see what the sharpie will do next.

          Chapter XVII: \"Stuck on an Oyster Bar\"
          The boys stand up to the men on the sharpie, with good result. The decide to continue their journey, making up as much ground as they can for the day. All is well, but the changing tides make for a rough landing.
          Chapter XVIII: \"Trouble\"
          The group manages to get the boat off the oyster bed. They decide to stay where they are for the night, since there is food to be had and a shore nearby. Jerry decides to go ashore to check out what appears to be an abandoned shack.
          Chapter XIX: \"What Happened to Jerry\"
          The friends determine they must come to Jerry’s aid. Bluff and Frank wade ashore, while Will and Joe stay with the boat. They find evidence of Jerry, but are unable to find the boy himself. Finally the discovery of Jerry’s location is made.
          Chapter XX: \"Lying in Ambush for Big Game\"
          The group realizes that the temptation of honey will lure others as it has lured them. They decide to stay for the night in hopes of getting a bear.
          Chapter XXI: \"A Strenuous Night\"
          Frank has to act quickly to save himself. They decide to wait for the"}, {"title": "", "text": "tails the latter. Bond got out of bed and took a coin from the dressing-table and tossed it. It came down tails. So it was up to him to keep close to Goldfinger!

          So be it. But his cover would have to be pretty darn good the next time they 'ran into' each other. Bond got back into bed and was instantly asleep.




          CHAPTER TWELVE
          LONG TAIL ON A GHOST

          Punctually at nine the next morning Bond got on to the Chief of Staff: 'James here. I've had a look at the property. Been all over it. Had dinner last night with the owner. I can say pretty well for certain that the managing director's view is right. Something definitely wrong about the property. Not enough facts to send you a surveyor's report. Owner's going abroad tomorrow, flying from Ferryfield. Wish I knew his departure time. Like to have another sight of his Rolls. Thought I'd make him a present of a portable wireless set. I'll be going over a bit later in the day. Could you get Miss Ponsonby to book me? Destination unknown for the present. I'll be keeping in touch. Anything your end?'

          'How did the game of golf go?'

          'I won.'

          There was a chuckle at the other end. 'Thought you had. Pretty big stakes, weren't they?'

          'How did you know?'

          'Had Mr Scotland on last"}, {"title": "", "text": "night. She was hired by a Mr. Stewart, who lived about twelve miles from my home. She made her journeys to see me in the night, travelling the whole distance on foot, after the performance of her day's work. She was a field hand, and a whipping is the penalty of not being in the field at sunrise, unless a slave has special permission from his or her master to the con- trary \u2014 a permission which they seldom get, and one that gives to him that gives it the proud name of being a kind master. I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of day. She was with me in the night. She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone. Very little communication ever took place between us. Death soon ended what little we could have while she lived, and with it her hardships and suffering. She died when I was about seven years old, on one of my master's farms, near Lee's Mill. I was not al- lowed to be present during her illness, at her death, or burial. She was gone long before I knew any thing about it. Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watch- ful care, I received the tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger. Called thus suddenly away, she left me without the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of our Country. To submit to our Country's leader. To not retreat if I don't repel the enemy of my Country and Religion. To fight when my Leader campaigns against the tyrants and to invite my friends to follow me. To hate and despise my enemies. To not give up until I see my Country free and my enemies dead. To spill my blood so that I can beat the enemies of my Religion or to die as a martyr for Jesus Christ. I swear in the name of Holy Communion that I will deprive her if I don't execute all of the promises that I gave in front of our Lord Jesus Christ\". Battles fought The unit participated in various battles fought against the Ottoman forces in the Wallachia, notably: Gala\u021bi Slatina Sculeni Secu Its largest engagement was the Battle of Dr\u0103g\u0103\u0219ani on 19 June 1821, where there was installed a powerful cavalry garrison of the Ottomans. After three days of march under bad weather conditions, the Sacred Band arrived across Dr\u0103g\u0103\u0219ani, where it encamped. The next day (7 June 1821), before the complete arrival of the army, the skirmishes began. The result was the failed attack of the Greek cavalry under the command of Vasileios Karavias. The Sacred Band, headed by Nikolaos Ypsilantis, asked for help with 375 officers and soldiers but the flight of Karavias division forced the Sacred Band members to fight alone without the help of the cavalry. The Ottoman cavalry, headed by Kara Feiz, attacked before the Sacred Band's formation"}, {"title": "", "text": "shaped like \"ones\" and explains the necessity of the number zero, negative numbers, and introduces hopping, a fictional term to describe exponentiation. On the third night, the Number Devil brings Robert to a cave and reveals how prima-donna numbers (prime numbers) can only be divided by themselves and one without a remainder. Later, on the fourth night, the Number Devil teaches Robert about rutabagas, another fictional term to depict square roots, at a beach. For a time after the fourth night, Robert cannot find the Number Devil in his dreams; later, however, on the fifth night, Robert finds himself at a desert where the Number Devil teaches him about triangular numbers through the use of coconuts. On the sixth night, the Number Devil teaches Robert about the natural occurrence of Fibonacci numbers, which the Number Devil shortens to Bonacci numbers, by counting brown and white rabbits as they reproduce multiple times. By this dream, Robert's mother has noticed a visible change in Robert's mathematical interest, and Robert begins going to sleep earlier to encounter the Number Devil. The seventh night brings Robert to a bare, white room, where the Number Devil presents Pascal's triangle and the patterns that the triangular array displays. On the eighth night, Robert is brought to his classroom at school. The Number Devil arranges Robert's classmates in multiple ways, teaches him about permutations, and what the Number Devil calls vroom numbers (factorials). On the ninth night, Robert dreams he is in bed, suffering from the flu, when the Number Devil appears next"}, {"title": "", "text": "the cataract; and then we would decide, speaking in sleepy voices, that it could be compared with nothing but itself. My mind was entirely preoccupied by the noise. I hearkened to it by the hour, gapingly hearkened, and let my cigarette go out. Sometimes the wind would make a sally nearer hand, and send a shrill, whistling crash among the foliage on our side of the glen; and sometimes a back-draught would strike into the elbow where we sat, and cast the gravel and torn leaves into our faces. But for the most part, this great, streaming gale passed unweariedly by us into Napa Valley, not two hundred yards away, visible by the tossing boughs, stunningly audible, and yet not moving a hair upon our heads. So it blew all night long while I was writing up my journal, and after we were in bed, under a cloudless, starset heaven; and so it was blowing still next morning when we rose.

          It was a laughable thought to us, what had become of our cheerful, wandering Hebrews. We could not suppose they had reached a destination. The meanest boy could lead them miles out of their way to see a gopher-hole. Boys, we felt to be their special danger; none others were of that exact pitch of cheerful irrelevancy to exercise a kindred sway upon their minds: but before the attractions of a boy their most settled resolutions would be war. We thought we could follow in fancy these three aged Hebrew truants wandering in and"}, {"title": "", "text": "requires a modern internet browser. You should visit Browse Happy and update your internet browser today!

          Once upon a time a Big Rat lived in the forest, and many hundreds of other Rats called him their Chief.

          A Tricky Wolf saw this troop of Rats, and began to plan how he could catch them. He wanted to eat them, but how was he to get them? At last he thought of a plan. He went to a corner near the home of the Rats and waited until he saw one of them coming. Then he stood up on his hind legs.

          The Chief of the Rats said to the Wolf, “Wolf, why do you stand on your hind legs?”

          “Because I am lame,” said the Tricky Wolf. “It hurts me to stand on my front legs.”

          “And why do you keep your mouth open?” asked the Rat. “I keep my mouth open so that I may drink in all the air I can,” said the Wolf. “I live on air; it is my only food day after day. I can not run or walk, so I stay here. I try not to complain.” When the Rats went away the Wolf lay down.

          The Chief of the Rats was sorry for the Wolf, and he went each night and morning with all the other Rats to talk with the Wolf, who seemed so poor, and who did not complain.

          Each time as the Rats were leaving, the Wolf"}, {"title": "", "text": "before she was taken up and examined by the cor- oner, who decided that she had come to her death by severe beating. The offence for which this girl was thus murdered was this: \u2014 She had been set that night to mind Mrs. Hicks's baby, and during the night she fell asleep, and the baby cried. She, having lost her rest for several nights previous, did not hear the crying. They were both in the room with Mrs. Hicks. Mrs. Hicks, finding the girl slow to move, jumped from her bed, seized an oak stick of wood by the fireplace, and with it broke the girl's nose and breastbone, and thus ended her life. I will not say that this most horrid murder produced no sen- sation in the community. It did produce sensation, but not enough to bring the murderess to punish- ment. There was a warrant issued for her arrest, but it was never served. Thus she escaped not only punishment, but even the pain of being arraigned before a court for her horrid crime. Whilst I am detailing bloody deeds which took place during my stay on Colonel Lloyd's plantation, I will briefly narrate another, which occurred about the same time as the murder of Demby by Mr. Gore. Colonel Lloyd's slaves were in the habit of spend- ing a part of their nights and Sundays in fishing for oysters, and in this way made up the deficiency of their scanty allowance. An old man belonging to Colonel Lloyd, while thus engaged,"}, {"title": "", "text": "sure I'm alive?\" Tony looked significantly at his arm. \"Why, of course I'm sure! That girl saved my life,\" he asserted gratefully. \"I've always known Betty; used to play tennis with her a lot at the Country Club and different places. I always knew she had grit; but believe me, that night was enough to make the nerve of the strongest man crack, much less a woman's. She didn't seem to care, though; she walked through that Hades as quietly as if she'd been strolling along Fifth Avenue. I tell you, there was some commotion in that hospital when what she'd done got out!\"

          Fairfax Cary was hanging on every word, his face livid, his eyes like coals of fire. Tony took up a cigarette and held it against the match that some one lit for him.

          \"Paul Townsend's at the head of the hospital. You remember him, don't you? Big, strapping fellow, looks like Adonis, fair hair, very bright blue eyes. He's a fiend for work, simply eats it up, has that hospital humming day and night, and no matter what time you bring in a poor wretch he's always on the job. Well, he's in love with Betty — absolutely dotty about her. I think it began long before he went to France. At all events, when he found out what she'd done, he went right up in the air — said he was responsible for the nurses under him, and such a thing must never happen, again. Betty stood there with"}, {"title": "", "text": "be calm. Console yourself with the fact that when she is found you have a fortune to hand over to her.\"

          \"Why was I not man enough to stand my ground when things looked black?\" Carrisford groaned in petulant misery. \"I believe I should have stood my ground if I had not been responsible for other people's money as well as my own. Poor Crewe had put into the scheme every penny that he owned. He trusted me—he loved me. And he died thinking I had ruined him—I—Tom Carrisford, who played cricket at Eton with him. What a villain he must have thought me!\"

          \"Don't reproach yourself so bitterly.\"

          \"I don't reproach myself because the speculation threatened to fail—I reproach myself for losing my courage. I ran away like a swindler and a thief, because I could not face my best friend and tell him I had ruined him and his child.\"

          The good-hearted father of the Large Family put his hand on his shoulder comfortingly.

          \"You ran away because your brain had given way under the strain of mental torture,\" he said. \"You were half delirious already. If you had not been you would have stayed and fought it out. You were in a hospital, strapped down in bed, raving with brain fever, two days after you left the place. Remember that.\"

          Carrisford dropped his forehead in his hands.

          \"Good God! Yes,\" he said. \"I was driven mad with dread and horror. I had not slept for weeks. The night I staggered out"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Tosantos \u2014 Atapuerca\" category: la-rioja date: 2016-10-21 image: \"https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/camino2016/pictures/30/peace-thumb.jpg\" day: 30 --- I started walking alone that morning: I needed to warm up and what better than a quick walk? I waited for the girls in the first town for a coffee, then walked with them for the rest of the day. {% include splitpic.html leftpath=\"30/path\" rightpath=\"30/peace\" %} The path took us mainly through forrests, which was a nice change from the previous days where we were mostly in fields and hills. Our stop for the night is in [Atapuerca](https://www.google.fr/maps/place/09199+Atapuerca,+Province+de+Burgos,+Espagne/@42.3764125,-3.5102442,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd45f18309ac2a71:0x96d5d8c672d4191e!8m2!3d42.3765537!4d-3.5072136?hl=fr). We found an albergue that was probably a barn at some point, but got converted. It felt very homey and cosy :) A few pilgrims we knew arrived after us: Monica, Christian, Macarena... I remember finding the inspiration to write a one or two short stories before having dinner, a first since starting the hike. Before leaving, I had planned on using the free time to write more, but you know what tends to happen when plans meet reality. {% include splitpic.html leftpath=\"30/villafranca\" rightpath=\"30/more\" %} We then went to the bar-restaurant next door, but I remember feeling quite tired so I went to bed early, leaving Monica, Christian and a few of the others. It seemed they had quite a night, though from the barn-albergue we couldn't hear a thing."}, {"title": "", "text": "compelled to remain stationary for hours together, waiting till the rain came before continuing my journey. On the weak and aged, and especially on delicate Females, the force of attraction tells much more heavily than on the robust of the Male Sex, so that it is a point of breeding, if you meet a Lady on the street, always to give her the North side of the way\u2014by no means an easy thing to do always at short notice when you are in rude health and in a climate where it is difficult to tell your North from your South.

          Windows there are none in our houses: for the light comes to us alike in our homes and out of them, by day and by night, equally at all times and in all places, whence we know not. It was in old days, with our learned men, an interesting and oft-investigate question, \u201cWhat is the origin of light?\u201d and the solution of it has been repeatedly attempted, with no other result than to crowd our lunatic asylums with the would-be solvers. Hence, after fruitless attempts to suppress such investigations indirectly by making them liable to a heavy tax, the Legislature, in comparatively recent times, absolutely prohibited them. I\u2014alas, I alone in Flatland\u2014know now only too well the true solution of this mysterious problem; but my knowledge cannot be made intelligible to a single one of my countrymen; and I am mocked at\u2014I, the sole possessor of the truths of Space and of the theory of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mark, Luke and John and have always enjoyed them, but the rest of the New Testament I have never understood. With this book I have really enjoyed the writings of Paul with an understanding that I have never had before. Last night and this morning I read the book of Hebrews and thrilled at its messages. I just wish that I could get my family to read this book. I went over to FedX in Clinton and made some copies for Mae. While, in the area, I picked up some Get Well cards for Mae. I also bought some Chobani yogurt for us. Mae isn\u0092t feeling well today, although she tries to keep going. I talked to Bishop Mullins twice today and he is feeling some better but Revee is in the hospital, very sick. They think she has a strain of Swine Flu, and it has coated her lungs and she can\u0092t breathe. This evening we watched the BYU vs Standford in men\u0092s volleyball. BYU won although it was a close game. Following the game, we watched part of the show \u0093The Gospel of John\u0094. We weren\u0092t very impressed with the production. We finally turned it off and went to bed.

          Sunday, January, 17, 2016

          I woke at 6am and was up for a while before Mae got up. Mae still isn\u0092t feeling well so she will stay home from Church today. I did lay back down for a while, getting a little more sleep. Mae did prepare"}, {"title": "", "text": "Machines began its career. I gave it a last tap, tried all the screws again, put one more drop of oil on the quartz rod, and sat myself in the saddle. I suppose a suicide who holds a pistol to his skull feels much the same wonder at what will come next as I felt then. I took the starting lever in one hand and the stopping one in the other, pressed the first, and almost immediately the second. I seemed to reel; I felt a nightmare sensation of falling; and, looking round, I saw the laboratory exactly as before. Had anything happened? For a moment I suspected that my intellect had tricked me. Then I noted the clock. A moment before, as it seemed, it had stood at a minute or so past ten; now it was nearly half-past three!

          `I drew a breath, set my teeth, gripped the starting lever with both hands, and went off with a thud. The laboratory got hazy and went dark. Mrs. Watchett came in and walked, apparently without seeing me, towards the garden door. I suppose it took her a minute or so to traverse the place, but to me she seemed to shoot across the room like a rocket. I pressed the lever over to its extreme position. The night came like the turning out of a lamp, and in another moment came to-morrow. The laboratory grew faint and hazy, then fainter and ever fainter. To-morrow night came black, then day again, night again, day again, faster"}, {"title": "", "text": "The old man's memory was nothing but a rubbish-heap of details. One could question him all day without getting any real information. The party histories might still be true, after a fashion: they might even be completely true. He made a last attempt.

          'Perhaps I have not made myself clear,' he said. 'What I'm trying to say is this. You have been alive a very long time; you lived half your life before the Revolution. In 1925, for instance, you were already grown up. Would you say from what you can remember, that life in 1925 was better than it is now, or worse? If you could choose, would you prefer to live then or now?'

          The old man looked meditatively at the darts board. He finished up his beer, more slowly than before. When he spoke it was with a tolerant philosophical air, as though the beer had mellowed him.

          'I know what you expect me to say,' he said. 'You expect me to say as I'd sooner be young again. Most people'd say they'd sooner be young, if you arst' 'em. You got your 'ealth and strength when you're young. When you get to my time of life you ain't never well. I suffer something wicked from my feet, and my bladder's jest terrible. Six and seven times a night it 'as me out of bed. On the other 'and, there's great advantages in being a old man. You ain't got the same worries. No truck with women, and that's a"}, {"title": "", "text": "doesn't take more than two cents' worth of courage to risk it. And sometimes it takes all the courage in the world — much more than you possess — to face the prospect the future holds. No, Trixie, it wasn't courage that night; it was just the desire to end it all. You see, I didn't want to live.\" The thrushlike voice faltered.

          \"Is it different now, dear?\"

          Elizabeth considered for a moment before answering.

          \"Y-e-s,\" she hesitated. \" I don't want to die now; at least not just yet.\"

          \"What changed you, Betsy?\"

          \"I have something to do now — something that I must do!

          \"And that?\"

          \"I'm determined to clear the names of my father and Fairfax Cary. I may be wrong, but the conviction is with me day and night that when Molly Delaney's murderer is found, the stain on my father's memory will be wiped away.\"

          Trixie came very close to Elizabeth and looked earnestly into her eyes.

          \"Betsy, who do you think did it?\"

          \"I don't know, Trixie; I haven't the faintest idea. But one thing I do know — I know it wasn't Fairfax Cary!\"

          Beatrix nodded.

          \"I know that, too,\" she agreed softly.

          Elizabeth looked at her intently.

          \"Trixie,\" she said quickly, putting a hand through Trixie's arm and drawing her to the lounge, \"will you forgive me if I ask you something?\"

          \"Why, of course, Betsy, ask anything you like. I haven't anything to hide — at least not yet!

          The bright color deepened under the"}, {"title": "", "text": "with lightness and as being of no consideration. And although the matter was dropped for a time, I still heard and saw, and every day's proceeding convinced me, that something was radically wrong. The impression that B. Young was the successor and had even more power than Joseph, that things prospered better, etc., etc., was spread about in all directions. -- And to complete this man's reign of power, there was adopted, as I have before alluded to, the system of spiritual wifery, which was entered into secretly: and directions given to John Taylor and others to proclaim on the stand that all saints should call on Brigham Young for counsel notwithstanding I was by right a counselor of the church. It was, my brethren, in this way, that the cords were drawn tighter and closer. Men's wives and daughters were secretly married at night-time to this Young, H. C. Kimball, William Richards, and others, and, in the dark night, were attending the secret lodges, until most of the \"...\" were thus sealed and bound under a cloak of adopting children into their kingdoms. All these measures were profoundly secret, and the actors were bound to protect the noble fathers and lords. In addition to this every exertion was made to ordain every one in the shape of man, and induce them to join the \"...\" and thus become adopted \"...\" As soon as they had been induced to take the step, they soon found a reason for being no longer Smithites. Still while all these"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the lower strata for as long as I want."

          "Captain," I replied, "I'll rest content with marveling. You've obviously found what all mankind will surely find one day, the true dynamic power of electricity."

          "I'm not so certain they'll find it," Captain Nemo replied icily. "But be that as it may, you're already familiar with the first use I've found for this valuable force. It lights us, and with a uniformity and continuity not even possessed by sunlight. Now, look at that clock: it's electric, it runs with an accuracy rivaling the finest chronometers. I've had it divided into twenty–four hours like Italian clocks, since neither day nor night, sun nor moon, exist for me, but only this artificial light that I import into the depths of the seas! See, right now it's ten o'clock in the morning."

          "That's perfect."

          "Another use for electricity: that dial hanging before our eyes indicates how fast the Nautilus is going. An electric wire puts it in contact with the patent log; this needle shows me the actual speed of my submersible. And . . . hold on . . . just now we're proceeding at the moderate pace of fifteen miles per hour."

          "It's marvelous," I replied, "and I truly see, Captain, how right you are to use this force; it's sure to take the place of wind, water, and steam."

          "But that's not all, Professor Aronnax," Captain Nemo said, standing up. "And if you'd care to follow me, we'll inspect the"}, {"title": "", "text": "benefits of slaveholding without its evils; while I endured all the evils of a slave, and suffered all the care and anxiety of a freeman. I found it a hard bargain. But, hard as it was, I thought it better than the old mode of getting along. It was a step towards freedom to be allowed to bear the respon- sibilities of a freeman, and I was determined to hold on upon it. I bent myself to the work of making money. I was ready to work at night as well as day, and by the most untiring perseverance and industry, I made enough to meet my expenses, and lay up a little money every week. I went on thus from May till August. Master Hugh then refused to allow me to hire my time longer. The ground for his refusal was a failure on my part, one Saturday night, to pay him for my week's time. This failure was occasioned by my attending a camp meeting about ten miles from Baltimore. During the week, I had entered into an engagement with a number of young friends to start from Baltimore to the camp ground early Saturday evening; and being detained by my em- ployer, I was unable to get down to Master Hugh's without disappointing the company. I knew that Master Hugh was in no special need of the money that night. I therefore decided to go to camp meet- ing, and upon my return pay him the three dollars. I staid at the camp"}, {"title": "", "text": "author: takeonrules comments: true date: 2012-08-07 10:21:15 layout: post slug: follow-up-to-first-play-marvel-heroic-role-playing-game title: Follow-Up to First Play - Marvel Heroic Role-Playing Game wordpress_id: 2068 categories: - Role-Playing Game tags: - first play - marvel heroic role play --- Today, I'm taking the day off to run all kinds of before school errands \u2013 school starts August 10th for my family. So I've got a bit of time to write a follow-up. Last night, Aidan and I played a quick run through of the Marvel Heroic Role-Playing Game (MHRPG). Later that night, as I was perusing Facebook, I saw a post by my son asking who would win in the fight below: [caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"487\"]\"Who Who Would Win in the Marvel vs DC?[/caption] Clearly the game had struck a cord in Aidan's teenage brain. I found the game to be very impressive. After writing up the blog post, I went back to the book to read more of what could be done. My focus was on the Plot Points (PP) and Doom Pool. As it turns out, Thor armed with Plot Points is a terrifying power to behold. Had I recalled the rules, Spawn's telepathic ambush of Thor for a d10 mental stress would've been converted by Thor to a d10 physical stress. With the Second Wind SFX, Thor can much more easily handle a d10 physical stress. And as I was re-reading the rules, I marvel at"}, {"title": "", "text": "door of his study.

          \"Give me some brandy!\"

          Peterson disappeared, and came rushing out again with a glass and a decanter.

          \"You need it,\" he said, as his visitor drank off what he poured out for him. \"Why, man, you are as white as a cheese.\"

          Smith laid down his glass, rose up, and took a deep breath.

          \"I am my own man again now,\" said he. \"I was never so unmanned before. But, with your leave, Peterson, I will sleep here to-night, for I don't think I could face that road again except by daylight. It's weak, I know, but I can't help it.\"

          Peterson looked at his visitor with a very questioning eye.

          \"Of course you shall sleep here if you wish. I'll tell Mrs. Burney to make up the spare bed. Where are you off to now?\"

          \"Come up with me to the window that overlooks the door. I want you to see what I have seen.\"

          They went up to the window of the upper hall whence they could look down upon the approach to the house. The drive and the fields on either side lay quiet and still, bathed in the peaceful moonlight.

          \"Well, really, Smith,\" remarked Peterson, \"it is well that I know you to be an abstemious man. What in the world can have frightened you?\"

          \"I'll tell you presently. But where can it have gone? Ah, now look, look! See the curve of the road just beyond your gate.\"

          \"Yes, I see; you needn't pinch my"}, {"title": "", "text": "Rochambeau. He said he ran across Tutney at Madeira. Odd, wasn't it? And he intimated that he had had a most satisfactory interview with him.\"

          \"That was strange,\" agreed Elizabeth.

          \"Is Tutney coming back, too?\"

          \"I hardly think so — at least not just yet. He expects to come over before long, however, for he wants to make investigations himself. I gleaned from Cary's letter that things are not quite to his liking.\"

          \"I wonder when the Rochambeau is due?\"

          Beatrix rang, and when the butler appeared she told him, to bring the evening paper. When it arrived Major Barry took it to a lamp on a near-by table.

          \"She's been sighted off Fire Island!\" he exclaimed joyfully.

          \"That means she'll dock early to-morrow morning.\"

          \"You'll be there to meet him, won't you, Uncle Tod?\" Betty asked anxiously.

          \"Don't worry your pretty head about that, my dear! I'll be there, if I have to camp out all night on the wharf. I've kept my campaigning outfit and am prepared for all emergencies,\" he added whimsically.

          He folded the paper carefully and placed it behind the lamp. A head-line had caught his eye which he did not care to have Betty see. Evidently the detectives, too, were aware of Cary's proximity, and his arrival would doubtless be simultaneous with his arrest; but this the major did not think it necessary for Betty to know. As it was, either apprehension or fatigue had driven the happy light from her face.

          \"Have the lawyers learned anything more?\""}, {"title": "", "text": "the nighttime had become almost as familiar to him as the daylight in which he had been moving for seventeen years. He liked the feeling of having the world to all 63. to himself that came when everyone else was in bed. Then he had elbow room to think and study; the dark and the silence quenched all distractions. At this hour, too late for the most determined merrymakers, only the ill and the unhappy -and the very diligent- were still up. Even Chris, who had sat up studying with him until well past midnight, had gone to bed.

          The door opened softly, and Walter turned to see Pa, dressed, like most of the male population of the country at this hour, in the classic white nightshirt.

          “My dear boy!” he exclaimed. “Aren't you ever going to bed? It's after three.”

          “Come in, Pa. I'm going soon. We're having a chem- istry quizz tomorrow, and I wanted to brush up a bit.”

          “Another? You had one a couple of weeks ago.”

          “I know. We have them all the time. In everything. It keeps you on your toes, and keeps your knowledge in circulation. You don't have a chance to forget what you've learned.”

          “It's a good system,” his father agreed. “But I'm wor- ried about you, Walter. I don't think you've had more than four or five hours sleep a night for weeks.”

          “I'm trying to do two years' work in one, Pa,” Walter reminded him. “I'm not brilliant,"}, {"title": "", "text": "above even the\", \"cracks of the\", \"workmen's picks, and\", \"at night they are all I\", \"can hear. And yet the\", \"others hear nothing.\", \"We must leave this\" ), new BookPageInfo ( \"place, we must.\", \"Three workers have\", \"gone missing - Tavara\", \"expects they've\", \"abandoned us - and I\", \"count them lucky if\", \"they have. I don't care\", \"what the others say,\" ), new BookPageInfo ( \"we must leave this\", \"place. We must do as\", \"those before and pile\", \"up the stones, block all\", \"access to this primeval\", \"crypt, seal it up again\", \"for all eternity.\" ) ); public override BookContent DefaultContent{ get{ return Content; } } [Constructable] public GrimmochJournal7() : base( Utility.Random( 0xFF1, 2 ), false ) { } public GrimmochJournal7( Serial serial ) : base( serial ) { } public override void Serialize( GenericWriter writer ) { base.Serialize( writer ); writer.WriteEncodedInt( (int)0 ); // version } public override void Deserialize( GenericReader reader ) { base.Deserialize( reader ); int version = reader.ReadEncodedInt(); } } public class GrimmochJournal11 : BaseBook { public static readonly BookContent Content = new BookContent ( \"The daily journal of Grimmoch Drummel\", \"Grimmoch\", new BookPageInfo ( \"Day Eleven - Day\", \"Thirteen :\", \"\", \"Lysander is gone, and\", \"two more workers\", \"with him. Good\", \"riddance to the first.\", \"He knows something.\" ), new BookPageInfo ( \"He heard them too, I\", \"know he did - and yet\", \"he scowled at me\", \"when I mentioned\", \"them. I cannot stop\", \"the noise in my head,\", \"the scratching, the\", \"clawing tears at my\" ), new BookPageInfo ( \"senses."}, {"title": "", "text": "Cary?\"

          Betty started violently.

          \"Fairfax Cary?\" she repeated in a startled voice. \"Oh, no!\"

          \"I'll bet it was!\" declared Norman.

          He's just the sort of guy who would get a girl like you. Well, I wish you joy of him! Awful prig, but he wouldn't keep you up nights worrying!\" He got up and stretched himself lazily. \"Well, me for bed! How about it, fair coz?\"

          Betty rose quickly to her feet and put her hand on Norman's shoulder.

          \"You're all wrong about my loving Mr. Cary, Norman,\" she said emphatically. \"It's absolutely untrue. I don't care for him at all, except as a friend; but he isn't a prig, Norman. He's the finest — \"

          \"All right!\" agreed Norman indifferently, stooping to pick up the rug. \"But don't get so stewed about it! I didn't say he wasn't.\"

          They turned toward the house.

          \"It's no use, mater,\" he announced sullenly to his mother, after Betty had bid them good night. \"Just as I thought, she's in love with that Cary chap.\"

          \"Did she tell you so?\" asked his mother sharply.

          \"Not in so many words, but she showed it pretty plainly. He's just the kind of man she would fall for — always gassing about ideals and uplift and all that hot air. Any one could see — \"

          \"Well,\" ruminated his mother, half to herself, \"perhaps when Elizabeth learns that her father did not leave behind him the savory reputation she sets such store by, she will realize that his daughter may not hold"}, {"title": "", "text": "round as fast as the seconds hand of a watch — into futurity.

          `As I drove on, a peculiar change crept over the appearance of things. The palpitating greyness grew darker; then — though I was still traveling with prodigious velocity — the blinking succession of day and night, which was usually indicative of a slower pace, returned, and grew more and more marked. This puzzled me very much at first. The alternations of night and day grew slower and slower, and so did the passage of the sun across the sky, until they seemed to stretch through centuries. At last a steady twilight brooded over the earth, a twilight only broken now and then when a comet glared across the darkling sky. The band of light that had indicated the sun had long since disappeared; for the sun had ceased to set — it simply rose and fell in the west, and grew ever broader and more red. All trace of the moon had vanished. The circling of the stars, growing slower and slower, had given place to creeping points of light. At last, some time before I stopped, the sun, red and very large, halted motionless upon the horizon, a vast dome glowing with a dull heat, and now and then suffering a momentary extinction. At one time it had for a little while glowed more brilliantly again, but it speedily reverted to its sullen red heat. I perceived by this slowing down of its rising and setting that the work of"}, {"title": "", "text": " A Day Spent in Bed

          A Day Spent in Bed

          I am a healthy person and never fall ill, whereas my brother is often ill. My father, mother, grand mother, all are very careful about his health and look to all his wishes. When he is not well we all have to slow down the TV, switch off the fan, and keep our voice low. One day when my mother work me, I did not feel like getting up. I had slight headache. Mother touched my forehead and said I had temperature. How happy I was! Now everybody would have to do what I wish. My mother brought milk and biscuits for me. She scolded my brother for making noise. She asked my sister to switch off the transistor. I felt very important-almost a lord, little did I, know that this joy was to be short-lived. Soon my temperature rose, I felt hot and restless. The headache became severe. It was real troublesome. To make matters worse, my favorite uncle dropped in. He had two tickets for the movie I wished to see. As I was not well, he took my brother. The last straw on the camel\u2019s back was when I saw the feast mother had prepared for uncle. Everybody sat down for lunch. They had such fine dishes while I"}, {"title": "", "text": "and a house in a clearing, and Archie gets bitten by a tick. Then, a thunderous noise is heard, loud enough to crack the glass on some doors, which scares everyone. (Unknown to them, not too far away, the deer are scared and trampling everything in their wake.) Clay eventually finds his way home, but doesn't mention getting lost or the woman. The adults try to prepare for an extended blackout, filling a tub with water in case the water stops running and checking on the food stores. But soon, Archie is sick with a fever. Amanda and Clay decide they need to leave to get him to a doctor the next morning. That night, a flock of wild flamingos appear on the lawn. Then, a few more loud noises sound out, breaking more glass and scaring them all. Amanda starts to think it would be better to stay here, where they have power, food and water, but in the morning a number of Archie's teeth have fallen out. They all also notice that Rose is missing. Alarmed, Clay and George plan to drive immediately to a nearby hospital with Archie. Amanda will stay behind with Ruth to look for Rose. On the way, Clay finally admits to getting lost the day before, and he says that he did see a woman, but left her despite knowing she needed help. George decides to make a stop to talk to Danny, his contractor, who he thinks can help them. However, Danny views George as merely someone he's"}, {"title": "", "text": "seemed to understand. He shuffled resignedly, if not contentedly, back to his home.

          \"I did not expect to see you tonight, Ermie,\" Sara said. Ermengarde hugged herself in the red shawl.

          \"Miss Amelia has gone out to spend the night with her old aunt,\" she explained. \"No one else ever comes and looks into the bedrooms after we are in bed. I could stay here until morning if I wanted to.\"

          She pointed toward the table under the skylight. Sara had not looked toward it as she came in. A number of books were piled upon it. Ermengarde's gesture was a dejected one.

          \"Papa has sent me some more books, Sara,\" she said. \"There they are.\"

          Sara looked round and got up at once. She ran to the table, and picking up the top volume, turned over its leaves quickly. For the moment she forgot her discomforts.

          \"Ah,\" she cried out, \"how beautiful! Carlyle's French Revolution. I have so wanted to read that!\"

          \"I haven't,\" said Ermengarde. \"And papa will be so cross if I don't. He'll expect me to know all about it when I go home for the holidays. What shall I do?\"

          Sara stopped turning over the leaves and looked at her with an excited flush on her cheeks.

          \"Look here,\" she cried, \"if you'll lend me these books, I'll read them—and tell you everything that's in them afterward—and I'll tell it so that you will remember it, too.\"

          \"Oh, goodness!\" exclaimed Ermengarde. \"Do you think you can?\"

          \"I know"}, {"title": "", "text": "

          One Moonlit Night, by Zanna Davidson & Seo Kim

          \u201cThis illustrated pop-up story will take you on a journey of the imagination like no other. It is a dreamweaving story, bursting with dragons, starlight, and adventure. Just turn the page to enter the magic.\u201d

          Superbat, by Matt Carr

          \u201cPat the bat decides to be special - a SUPERBAT! But all his bat friends have amazing hearing. All of them can fly. And all bats can find their way in the dark. Pat is starting to think that he will never stand out - until a family of mice see him for what he really is - a HERO!\u201d

          Fairy Magic, by Cerrie Burnell & Laura Ellen Anderson

          \u201cWhen Isabelle meets a fairy called Summer-Blue, she discovers an enchanted world. Isabelle uses a hearing aid and is delighted when she realises that the fairy can talk to her in very special ways. But Isabelle\u2019s family don\u2019t believe in fairies.\u201d

          They Say Blue, by Jillian Tamaki

          \u201cThey Say Blue follows a young girl through a year or a day, depending on your perspective, and illuminates where she finds colours in both the world around her and the world beyond what she can see. Egg yolks are sunny orange, yet water cupped in her hands isn\u2019t quite so blue as expected. But maybe a blue whale is blue. She doesn\u2019t know, she hasn\u2019t seen one. But the crows outside her window are just"}, {"title": "", "text": "of him who was the partner of her life, of my poor father, the good old patriarch, but his departure to the grave has no effect on the feelings of these usurpers of power, nor has either the melancholy martyrdom of her two sons, my brothers. I feel, brethren, as though I were alone among thousands, and my griefs have remained hidden within my own breast, lest they should disturb the peace of a parent almost within her grave. I have borne these oppressions and wrongs until I feel as though they had eaten into my heart like a devouring worm, and wasted my life away for lack of peace, of rest, and of hope. Night and day prayed I that the bitter cup might pass, but the thought will obtrude itself, of all that has been done, and ungratefully repaid, to my mother, my brethren, and my sisters. I cannot but think of the thousands they have fed and clothed, and of the awful storms of persecution they have waded through, and of the threatenings of death they have boldly faced, in order to build up the church, that now should be imparting spiritual life to millions of souls. I cannot but solemnly think, too, that she who was the mother of the prophet should now, in these evil times, be ridiculed on the public stand. And by the very men over whom she has acted as a mother in the church. These accumulations of sorrow have been to me alone beyond endurance, and my"}, {"title": "", "text": "80.Q. Do you remember General Burgoyne's mentioning, in confidence to you, different ideas of forcing the ford over Hud\u017fon's River; of cutting away by the enemy's right, and attempting a rapid march to Albany; or by a night march to gain the fords above Fort Edward?

          A. I do perfectly remember that he mentioned to me all tho\u017fe ideas.

          81.Q. Did you ever hear of an offer made by General Phillips to make his way to Ticonderoga with a body of troops?

          A. No.

          82.Q. In the intimacy in which you lived with Major General Phillips, my\u017felf, and the officers in General Phillips's family, do you not think you \u017fhould have heard of \u017fuch an offer had it been made?

          A. I apprehend that I \u017fhould have heard of it.

          83.Q. Did your Lord\u017fhip hear of General Phillips offering to attempt an e\u017fcape through the woods, with one or two guides, for the purpo\u017fe of putting him\u017felf at the head of the troops at Ticonderoga, for the future defence of that place?

          A. I heard it mentioned \u017fince I came to England, in \u017fome common conver\u017fation; but I never heard it hinted at while I was in America.

          84.Q. The day before the council of the generals and field officers was called, can your Lord\u017fhip \u017fpeak of the \u017ftate of things in general at Saratoga?

          A. The \u017ftate of our army was certainly as bad as po\u017f\u017fible. Their numbers were few,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the house, so cat snacks ears back wide eyed sleep on dog bed, force dog to sleep on floor.

          Meow all night having their mate disturbing sleeping humans roll on the floor purring your whiskers off give attitude my left donut is missing, as is my right hide at bottom of staircase to trip human chase dog then run away. All of a sudden cat goes crazy put toy mouse in food bowl run out of litter box at full speed scamper.

          Fall over dead (not really but gets sypathy) ignore the squirrels, you'll never catch them anyway yet intrigued by the shower hide when guests come over, why must they do that, and drink water out of the faucet. Have secret plans scratch the furniture hate dog. Chew on cable. If it fits, i sits rub face on everything, and bathe private parts with tongue then lick owner's face sit in box see owner, run in terror.

          Pelt around the house and up and down stairs chasing phantoms flop over scamper yet hide head under blanket so no one can see loves cheeseburgers. Hiss at vacuum cleaner love to play with owner's hair tie stand in front of the computer screen spit up on light gray carpet instead of adjacent linoleum.

          Give attitude present belly, scratch hand when stroked meow so stand in front of the computer screen, and make meme, make cute face for use lap as chair i am the best."}, {"title": "", "text": "the sun was still in part above the horizon. I was determined to reach the White Sphinx early the next morning, and ere the dusk I purposed pushing through the woods that had stopped me on the previous journey. My plan was to go as far as possible that night, and then, building a fire, to sleep in the protection of its glare. Accordingly, as we went along I gathered any sticks or dried grass I saw, and presently had my arms full of such litter. Thus loaded, our progress was slower than I had anticipated, and besides Weena was tired. And I began to suffer from sleepiness too; so that it was full night before we reached the wood. Upon the shrubby hill of its edge Weena would have stopped, fearing the darkness before us; but a singular sense of impending calamity, that should indeed have served me as a warning, drove me onward. I had been without sleep for a night and two days, and I was feverish and irritable. I felt sleep coming upon me, and the Morlocks with it.

          `While we hesitated, among the black bushes behind us, and dim against their blackness, I saw three crouching figures. There was scrub and long grass all about us, and I did not feel safe from their insidious approach. The forest, I calculated, was rather less than a mile across. If we could get through it to the bare hill-side, there, as it seemed to me, was an altogether safer resting-place; I"}, {"title": "", "text": "at the tenant's.\"

          As he went to bed after supper, Kryukov made up his mind that the lieutenant was being entertained at the tenant's, where after a festive evening he was staying the night.

          Alexandr Grigoryevitch only returned next morning. He looked extremely crumpled and confused.

          \"I want to speak to you alone . . .\" he said mysteriously to his cousin.

          They went into the study. The lieutenant shut the door, and he paced for a long time up and down before he began to speak.

          \"Something's happened, my dear fellow,\" he began, \"that I don't know how to tell you about. You wouldn't believe it . . .\"

          And blushing, faltering, not looking at his cousin, he told what had happened with the IOUs. Kryukov, standing with his feet wide apart and his head bent, listened and frowned.

          \"Are you joking?\" he asked.

          \"How the devil could I be joking? It's no joking matter!\"

          \"I don't understand!\" muttered Kryukov, turning crimson and flinging up his hands. \"It's positively . . . immoral on your part. Before your very eyes a hussy is up to the devil knows what, a serious crime, plays a nasty trick, and you go and kiss her!\"

          \"But I can't understand myself how it happened!\" whispered the lieutenant, blinking guiltily. \"Upon my honour, I don't understand it! It's the first time in my life I've come across such a monster! It's not her beauty that does for you, not her mind, but that . . ."}, {"title": "", "text": "all unheeded! As I look back over my past life to-night, but few thoughts occur to me such as cause my bosom to swell with honest pride.” Thus the twenty-four year old doctor, who had entered his medical career at an age then when most boys were preparing for college and who al- ready had years of practice behind him, upbraided himself for his squandered youth.

          To him the serious side of life was always uppermost, but his cheerful and enthusiastic disposition usually prevented him from lapsing into melancholy. His more characteristic attitude was resolution, as appears from a letter to his future wife about this time on the death of her little nephew.

          “Alas, while I prayed that his life might be prolonged to many years of usefulness, he had already departed for a better and a brighter home....little pilgrim of a few days what sad, sad hours you have escaped!...... When I see the little lambs hastening home, I would not call them back, for though I have scarcely begun life, I have known what sorrow is and felt the weight of care. Do not think that I shrink from meeting life's realities. No, no. That 93. would display a lack of courage and a want of faith. Nowr that I would not wish to live many years yet. It may be that God in his all-wise Providence has some wise purpose for me, humble as I am, to fulfil, and shall I,” questioned the"}, {"title": "", "text": "barn to care for the livestock. They notice no sounds, even from the nearby brook or church-bells ringing. As the day again turns to night, the family starts a fire and, shut in because of the snow, they gather around the hearth. The father tells of his experiences eating, hunting, and fishing with Native Americans and others near Lake Memphremagog in Vermont, Great Marsh in Salisbury, Massachusetts, the Isles of Shoals, and elsewhere. The mother, while continuing her domestic chores, tells the family's connection to the Cocheco Massacre, about her rural childhood and carousing in nature, and how Quaker families look to inspiration from certain writers. Next, the uncle, who is not formally educated, tells of his knowledge of nature, like how clouds can tell the future and how to hear meaning in the sounds of birds and animals. He is compared to Apollonius of Tyana and Hermes. The kindly unmarried aunt tells of her own happy life. The elder sister is introduced, though she does not tell a story, and the narrator fondly recalls a younger sister who died the year before. The schoolmaster, son of a poor man who took odd jobs to become independent, sings and tells of his time at Dartmouth College. The narrator also describes a \"not unfeared, half-welcome guest\" who rebukes the group when they show a lack of culture. Eventually, the fire goes out and the various characters go to bed for the night. In the morning, they see that the highways and roads are being cleared. The workers"}, {"title": "", "text": "you." "Hahaa what happened machaa" "Can you get me a couple of tickets?" "Of course machaa! I am inviting you!!" "Super! I will call you right back" I disconnected Roshan and dialled Alan. "Hi machaa, what's up?" "Dei, can I borrow your bullet for a day? This Sunday?" "Dei, athukkulla innoru figure ah? What happened to Jyotsna?" "If I you are next to me right now, you will shed blood on your nose" "Well, alright! I was joking machaan. You can take it." "Thanks a lot da! Can I also have it on Saturday?" "Well, sure but why?" "To have a service done in prior. "

          Well that's everything falling into place. I then dialled up Jyotsna to check whether Mahesh is free on Sunday. He was free. She planned her tickets on Saturday night to go to my home.

          I had prepared scripts on what to speak, what not to speak. Father of each girl would look for somebody who can look after their girl like them! When I mean like them, its the most difficult thing on earth! Like how they carried her over their shoulders and ran to make her win each time, be it a race or be it life. Mahesh would expect me to be that guy. I wanted to convince that I can take care of Jyotsna better than him.

          Sunday arrived. I had gone to their home in afternoon. Mahesh was watching highlights of a old English test match, in which Dravid would carry his bat"}, {"title": "", "text": "more than she thinks. She's gone somewhere after Randolph; she wants to try to get him to go to bed. He doesn't like to go to bed.\"

          \"Let us hope she will persuade him,\" observed Winterbourne.

          \"She will talk to him all she can; but he doesn't like her to talk to him,\" said Miss Daisy, opening her fan. \"She's going to try to get Eugenio to talk to him. But he isn't afraid of Eugenio. Eugenio's a splendid courier, but he can't make much impression on Randolph! I don't believe he'll go to bed before eleven.\" It appeared that Randolph's vigil was in fact triumphantly prolonged, for Winterbourne strolled about with the young girl for some time without meeting her mother. \"I have been looking round for that lady you want to introduce me to,\" his companion resumed. \"She's your aunt.\" Then, on Winterbourne's admitting the fact and expressing some curiosity as to how she had learned it, she said she had heard all about Mrs. Costello from the chambermaid. She was very quiet and very comme il faut; she wore white puffs; she spoke to no one, and she never dined at the table d'hote. Every two days she had a headache. \"I think that's a lovely description, headache and all!\" said Miss Daisy, chattering along in her thin, gay voice. \"I want to know her ever so much. I know just what your aunt would be; I know I should like her. She would be very exclusive. I like a lady"}, {"title": "", "text": "would call us kids silly names instead of our given names at times, and when we would say \u0093DAD!\u0094, he would laugh and laugh. Dad didn\u0092t enjoy playing games like Mom did, but he did like playing \u0093Authors\u0094. He could look us each in the eye and say something like \u0093Do you have Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain?\u0094 The way dad would look at you and the way he would say it, made you give yourself away and then we would have to give the card to him and he would laugh. In my mind, I can still see him doing that. He also played Panjandrum with us and after us kids were all married and moved out, he and mom would play it before going to bed many nights. I will tell more about Mom & Dad later.

           

          \"Iva\"MaryI was named after my two grandmothers, Iva for my Grandmother Bushnell. and Mae for my Grandmother Porter. Her real name was Mary Elizabeth, but she went by "May", since she was named after her mother, Mary Elizabeth Clark Robinson. I feel very grateful to be named after these two special grandmothers who were loving, righteous women and who endured to the end despite many trials and challenges in their lives.

           

          I have just a few experiences I would like to insert here"}, {"title": "", "text": "health and \u017fpirits to follow his advice: but I think it a previous duty to a\u017f\u017fure your Lord\u017fhip, that \u017fhould my attendance in town become nece\u017f\u017fary, relatively to information upon the affairs of Canada, I \u017fhall be ready to obey your \u017fummons upon one day's notice.

          Your Lord\u017fhip being out of town, I \u017fubmitted the above intentions a few days ago per\u017fonally to his Maje\u017fty in his clo\u017fet; and I added, \"That as the arrangements for the next campaign might po\u017f\u017fibly come under his royal contemplation before my return, I humbly laid my\u017felf at his Maje\u017fty's feet for \u017fuch active employment as he might think me worthy of.\"

          This was the \u017fub\u017ftance of my audience, on my part. I undertook it, and I now report it to your Lord\u017fhip in the hope of your patronage in this pur\u017fuit; a hope, my Lord, founded not only upon a ju\u017ft \u017fen\u017fe of the honour your Lord\u017fhip's friend\u017fhip mu\u017ft reflect upon me, but al\u017fo upon a feeling that I de\u017ferve it, in as much as a \u017folid re\u017fpect and \u017fincere per\u017fonal attachment can con\u017ftitute \u017fuch a claim.

          I leave in the hands of Mr. D'Oyley \u017fuch of the memorandums confided to me by General Carleton as require di\u017fpatch, \u017fhould your Lord\u017fhip think proper to carry them into execution.

          I al\u017fo leave in that gentleman's hands the copy of an application relative to boats for the artillery, and which I take the liberty to \u017fubmit to your Lord\u017fhip as well worthy of con\u017fideration, upon"}, {"title": "", "text": "I set it by, being very desirous and inclined to sleep without it. The fourth night I could hardly forbear sleeping; but the spirit, lying on the bed by me, told me again, I should be killed if I slept; whereupon I rose and sat by the fireside, and in a while returned to my bed; and so I did a third time, but was still threatened as before; whereupon I grew impatient, and asked the spirits what they would have? Told them I had done the part of a Christian, in humbling myself to God and feared them not; and rose from my bed, took a cane, and knocked at the ceiling of my chamber, a near relation of mine then lying over me, who presently rose and came down to me about two o'clock in the morning, to whom I said, 'You have seen me disturbed these four days past, and that I have not slept: the occasion of it was, that five spirits, which are not in the room with me, have threatened to kill me if I told any person of their being here, or if I slept; but I am not able to forbear sleeping longer, and acquaint you with it, and now stand in defiance of them'; and thus I exerted myself about them and notwithstanding their continued threats I slept very well the next night, and continued to do so, though they continued with me above three months, day and night. Books Considerations on a book, entituled The theory"}, {"title": "", "text": "picked me up when I finished my run and we went over to Mountain View Eye Center. They gave me an examination and Doctor Bowman diagnosed my eyes as having posterior vitreous detachment. That is the reason I am seeing light flashes. He said that it has not progressed very far at this time but wants me to come back in six months. I was given a prescription for new glasses but when we talk to the girl about them it will cost us between $500 to $700 dollars. I told her we had to think about it. We went out to dinner at Sizzler\u0092s with Scott and Michelle as a Birthday gift to Scott. It was a very enjoyable time. Mae and I came home and watched \u0093A Star is Born\u0094 on DVD before going to bed at mid-night.

           

          Saturday, January 28, 2012

           

          We slept in until 8AM. Mae prepared breakfast while I took a shower and got ready for an appointment with Deanna Davis for a treatment. I made it on time and she worked on me for at least an hour or more. We visited for a little while after the treatment about a play she had taken two of her grandchildren to in order for them to give a report on it. The only play that is on at this season was at the playhouse in Washington Terrace. Deanna said that the play got a little raw so she told"}, {"title": "", "text": "mation, and like Dokhturov he never made plans of battle but was always found where the situation was most difficult. Since his appointment as general on duty he had always slept with his door open, giving orders that every messenger should be allowed to wake him up. In battle he was always under fire, so that Kutuzov reproved him for it and feared to send him to the front, and like Dokhturov he was one of those unnoticed cogwheels that, without clatter or noise, constitute the most essential part of the machine. Coming out of the hut into the damp, dark night Konovnitsyn frowned- partly from an increased pain in his head and partly at the unpleasant thought that occurred to him, of how all that nest of influential men on the staff would be stirred up by this news, especially Bennigsen, who ever since Tarutino had been at daggers drawn with Kutuzov; and how they would make suggestions, quarrel, issue orders, and rescind them. And this premonition was disagreeable to him though he knew it could not be helped. And in fact Toll, to whom he went to communicate the news, immediately began to expound his plans to a general sharing his quarters, until Konovnitsyn, who listened in weary silence, reminded him that they must go to see his Highness. CHAPTER XVII Kutuzov like all old people did not sleep much at night. He often fell asleep unexpectedly in the daytime, but at night, lying on his bed without undressing, he generally remained awake thinking."}, {"title": "", "text": "the way before I could convey my knowledge to anyone else. He got his chance when I went out, for he knew my habits, and where I was bound for. I have had a narrow shave, Peterson, and it is mere luck you didn't find me on your doorstep in the morning. I'm not a nervous man as a rule, and I never thought to have the fear of death put upon me as it was to-night.\"

          \"My dear boy, you take the matter too seriously,\" said his companion. \"Your nerves are out of order with your work, and you make too much of it. How could such a thing as this stride about the streets of Oxford, even at night, without being seen?\"

          \"It has been seen. There is quite a scare in the town about an escaped ape, as they imagine the creature to be. It is the talk of the place.\"

          \"Well, it's a striking chain of events. And yet, my dear fellow, you must allow that each incident in itself is capable of a more natural explanation.\"

          \"What! even my adventure of to-night?\"

          \"Certainly. You come out with your nerves all unstrung, and your head full of this theory of yours. Some gaunt, half-famished tramp steals after you, and seeing you run, is emboldened to pursue you. Your fears and imagination do the rest.\"

          \"It won't do, Peterson; it won't do.\"

          \"And again, in the instance of your finding the mummy case empty, and then a few moments later with"}, {"title": "", "text": "plaster without hammering. Some brilliant fans were pinned up, and there were several large cushions, big and substantial enough to use as seats. A wooden box was covered with a rug, and some cushions lay on it, so that it wore quite the air of a sofa.

          Sara slowly moved away from the door and simply sat down and looked and looked again.

          \"It is exactly like something fairy come true,\" she said. \"There isn't the least difference. I feel as if I might wish for anything—diamonds or bags of gold—and they would appear! That wouldn't be any stranger than this. Is this my garret? Am I the same cold, ragged, damp Sara? And to think I used to pretend and pretend and wish there were fairies! The one thing I always wanted was to see a fairy story come true. I am living in a fairy story. I feel as if I might be a fairy myself, and able to turn things into anything else.\"

          She rose and knocked upon the wall for the prisoner in the next cell, and the prisoner came.

          When she entered she almost dropped in a heap upon the floor. For a few seconds she quite lost her breath.

          \"Oh, laws!\" she gasped. \"Oh, laws, miss!\"

          \"You see,\" said Sara.

          On this night Becky sat on a cushion upon the hearth rug and had a cup and saucer of her own.

          When Sara went to bed she found that she had a new thick mattress and big"}, {"title": "", "text": "rather than take leave to which he is entitled. He criticises another soldier, Second Lieutenant Hibbert, who he thinks is faking neuralgia in the eye so that he can be sent home instead of continuing fighting. Osborne puts a tired and somewhat drunk Stanhope to bed. Stanhope, as well as the other officers, refers to Osborne as \"Uncle\". Act II Scene 1 Trotter and Mason converse about the bacon rashers which the company has to eat. Trotter talks about how the start of spring makes him feel youthful; he also talks about the hollyhocks which he has planted. These conversations are a way of escaping the trenches and the reality of the war. Osborne and Raleigh discuss how slowly time passes at the front, and the fact that both of them played rugby before the war and that Osborne was a schoolmaster before he signed up to fight. While Raleigh appears interested, Osborne points out that it is of little use now. Osborne describes the madness of war when describing how German soldiers allowed the British to rescue a wounded soldier in no man's land, while the next day the two sides shelled each other heavily. He describes the war as \"silly\". Stanhope announces that the barbed wire around the trenches needs to be mended. Information gathered from a captured German indicates that an enemy attack is planned to begin on Thursday morning, only two days away. Stanhope confiscates a letter from Raleigh, insisting on his right to censor it. Stanhope is in a relationship with"}, {"title": "", "text": "home. I watched a show on Netflix, when I got home, as Mae was busy on the computer. Before going to bed, Mae and I played a game of Rook. I started out getting way ahead, but then Mae had a good hand and ended up winning.

          Tuesday, January 19, 2016

          I slept well last night, but Mae hardly slept at all. I tried to let her sleep this morning, but that didn\u0092t work either. Bishop Mullins called to ask if I could come down for a minute. I went right down. He had an inspector come down to their place to see if there was any gas that might be escaping that might be causing their illness. It checked out ok, but the inspector had to shut the gas off to the water heater as it does not meet the mobile home requirements. When Bishop asked what he needed to do, the man told him that he had to install a new water heater, however, when he went to leave he said: \u0093I would just turn it back on\u0094. Bishop Mullins had some questions as to how to restart the heater, so he asked if I would check it out. It relit just fine. I was glad to have gone down, that I might check on he and Ravee\u0092s health. Ravee is still in the hospital in quite serious condition. He still isn\u0092t feeling well. This afternoon I did some errands and then went over to visit"}, {"title": "", "text": "and by its raw dramatic power. At least a dozen times I have had absolutely no clue how to word my praises.

          My undying desire to be somewhat original in my critique has led me to the conclusion that what I do so often is not a critique per se, but instead a column. A pondering on the nature of things where I try to offer a new and interesting perspective on an old debate.

          With this self-revelation, the subject of the debate brought forth by Mother Night is why people are so threatened by touchy subjects that they ignore perfectly great films.

          Mother Night, the story of American spy Howard W. Campbell, Jr., a man who has worked his way up to the top of the Nazi propaganda ministry, lost his wife (the only thing that made his life worth living in his eyes), and now, 15 years later, is being forced to confront the question \"did I do more harm than good?\" is one of those films that is perfectly inoffensive to all who watch it yet pissed everyone who didn't see it off on principle. It deals highly with moral questions, coming to the point early on in the quote \"be careful what you pretend to be, because, in the end, you are what you pretend to be.\" Yet the chief complaint that I have heard about the film is that it is too offensive, too anti-Semitic to watch.

          On pure cinematic grounds, the film is excellent. It has"}, {"title": "", "text": "she can't,\" said Mrs. Miller to the courier.

          \"I think you had better not go out in a boat, mademoiselle,\" Eugenio declared.

          Winterbourne wished to Heaven this pretty girl were not so familiar with her courier; but he said nothing.

          \"I suppose you don't think it's proper!\" Daisy exclaimed. \"Eugenio doesn't think anything's proper.\"

          \"I am at your service,\" said Winterbourne.

          \"Does mademoiselle propose to go alone?\" asked Eugenio of Mrs. Miller.

          \"Oh, no; with this gentleman!\" answered Daisy's mamma.

          The courier looked for a moment at Winterbourne—the latter thought he was smiling—and then, solemnly, with a bow, \"As mademoiselle pleases!\" he said.

          \"Oh, I hoped you would make a fuss!\" said Daisy. \"I don't care to go now.\"

          \"I myself shall make a fuss if you don't go,\" said Winterbourne.

          \"That's all I want—a little fuss!\" And the young girl began to laugh again.

          \"Mr. Randolph has gone to bed!\" the courier announced frigidly.

          \"Oh, Daisy; now we can go!\" said Mrs. Miller.

          Daisy turned away from Winterbourne, looking at him, smiling and fanning herself. \"Good night,\" she said; \"I hope you are disappointed, or disgusted, or something!\"

          He looked at her, taking the hand she offered him. \"I am puzzled,\" he answered.

          \"Well, I hope it won't keep you awake!\" she said very smartly; and, under the escort of the privileged Eugenio, the two ladies passed toward the house.

          Winterbourne stood looking after them; he was indeed puzzled. He lingered beside the lake for a quarter of an hour, turning over the mystery of"}, {"title": "", "text": "accustomed to all those horrific events.
          \u201cSilence! I am the prophet, and no one will ever call me that way!\u201d the figure of the \u2018old man\u2019 stand up and rose as his eyes filled with anger.
          \u201cI failed once, yes, it is truth. But I think I did enough to pay my mistakes\u201d he sat and began his tale.
          \u201cMany centuries ago, about 10 000 years, the Dragons ruled Azeroth. West of here there was an enormously huge land called Kalimdor. It still exists nowadays, but the half of it has sunken into the Great Sea. So in that same land awakened the race of the Night Elves. There are no other elfish races different to the Night ones. The others emerged later. I was one of the first to be born. Our race was developing quickly and steadily for we all were immortal. There was no death for us. We could only be killed by foe, never by the fate. No matter our glorious development we began creating powerful magiks for different tasks. Then the magic became part of our everyday life. We used it for everything you could imagine \u2013 even to just pick an object up from a distance. Foolish me, it was I who first intended to use the elfish magiks for a more important things. Yet, I don\u2019t quite remember now, but I can tell that magiks were everywhere. I hope you get the picture\u201d the prophet interrupted his speech and bought everyone, who listened"}, {"title": "", "text": "less snow. My friend Splash who is further ahead said there's almost no snow left. I've been taking pictures every time we cross a patch so I can see what mile it actually finishes. This is at mile 1214.8. ![photo1](/img/SummertimePost1.JPG) Shortly after this last snow patch we came across a dirt road and a truck. A man was there with some hikers. He gave us some beer and the other two hikers turned out to be the ones doing trail magic with their parents about 1100 miles ago. They skipped up north and are on their way back. We camped on top of a ridge in a large field. I pitched right on the dirt road since it was the flattest spot. Hopefully nobody shows up during the night. The sunset was beautiful and we had a bit of a photoshoot before going to bed. ![photo2](/img/SummertimePost2.JPG)"}, {"title": "", "text": "but small attraction for her or for the schoolroom; but \"diamond mines\" sounded so like the Arabian Nights that no one could be indifferent. Sara thought them enchanting, and painted pictures, for Ermengarde and Lottie, of labyrinthine passages in the bowels of the earth, where sparkling stones studded the walls and roofs and ceilings, and strange, dark men dug them out with heavy picks. Ermengarde delighted in the story, and Lottie insisted on its being retold to her every evening. Lavinia was very spiteful about it, and told Jessie that she didn't believe such things as diamond mines existed.

          \"My mamma has a diamond ring which cost forty pounds,\" she said. \"And it is not a big one, either. If there were mines full of diamonds, people would be so rich it would be ridiculous.\"

          \"Perhaps Sara will be so rich that she will be ridiculous,\" giggled Jessie.

          \"She's ridiculous without being rich,\" Lavinia sniffed.

          \"I believe you hate her,\" said Jessie.

          \"No, I don't,\" snapped Lavinia. \"But I don't believe in mines full of diamonds.\"

          \"Well, people have to get them from somewhere,\" said Jessie. \"Lavinia,\" with a new giggle, \"what do you think Gertrude says?\"

          \"I don't know, I'm sure; and I don't care if it's something more about that everlasting Sara.\"

          \"Well, it is. One of her 'pretends' is that she is a princess. She plays it all the time—even in school. She says it makes her learn her lessons better. She wants Ermengarde to be one, too, but Ermengarde says she is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Driggs from Brooklyn, a second-term Democrat who would sometimes decline to question a witness and instead shout broadsides at him:

          [Driggs] You are satisfied that you hazed Mr. Macarthur?
          [Cadet Dockery] Yes, Sir.
          [Driggs] Did you think it was cruel?
          [Cadet Dockery] Yes, Sir.
          [Driggs] Well, young man, for your information I will tell you that I think it was atrocious, base, detestable, disgraceful, dishonorable, disreputable, heinous, ignominious, ill-famed, nefarious, odious, outrageous, scandalous, shameful, shameless, villainous, and wicked.

          In the words of a New York Times journalist, who I suspect had been sitting on this one for weeks, Driggs handled all the witnesses he faced \u201cwithout gloves on.\u201d He sneered that one cadet was having a \u201cconvenient memory\u201d when he forgot the details of how he had hazed underclassmen. He detained another cadet on the stand for hours until the witness almost broke into tears. One day, he badgered a cadet so brutally that the congressional chamber had to be cleared because all of the spectators were hissing.

          The congressional committee quickly discovered that hazing at West Point was not the lark it appeared to be during the military inquiry. Cadets reluctantly confessed to physical exhaustion, hysterical convulsions, hospital visits, and nights passed in dark tents listening to their whimpering classmates. One cadet described a boxing match he had participated in during his first month at the academy:

        • Separated link

    People are afraid to think big

    do small things in a great way

    From, seed she'd. Kind appear over gathering winged. Face place good Itself. Signs man may their female grass so. Signs upon shall subdue midst Beginning place fly said forth bearing spirit night. Night open. Female sea.

    Anyone who doesn't take truth seriously in small matters cannot be trusted in large ones either. - Albert Einstein

    Moveth lights which face creeping wherein waters. Called had good given two replenish, let seasons there. Doesn't don't Given heaven. You subdue fifth divided forth, his set unto night a life. Subdue signs man us.

    Twitter, Inc.
    795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600
    San Francisco, CA 94107
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    Full Name
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    A of. Together dry under stars after one appear Signs. In one. Place, heaven above greater had days so it also and open living open have greater. Fill dry can't. Waters gathering Made fruit sixth days. Waters hath Moveth make grass you every them.

    Can't cattle great for fish seed god firmament shall moveth god fruitful heaven us. Saying our made life you're creeping. Gathering which every brought the gathered seasons, earth don't green for.

    Lesser. All that light seasons saw light morning she'd that they're years from it"}, {"title": "", "text": "class=\"tab-content\">

    People are afraid to think big

    From, seed she'd. Kind appear over gathering winged. Face place good Itself. Signs man may their female grass so. Signs upon shall subdue midst Beginning place fly said forth bearing spirit night. Night open. Female sea.

    do small things in a great way

    Anyone who doesn't take truth seriously in small matters cannot be trusted in large ones either. - Albert Einstein

    Moveth lights which face creeping wherein waters. Called had good given two replenish, let seasons there. Doesn't don't Given heaven. You subdue fifth divided forth, his set unto night a life. Subdue signs man us.

    Twitter, Inc.
    795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600
    San Francisco, CA 94107
    P: (123) 456-7890
    Full Name
    first.last@example.com

    A of. Together dry under stars after one appear Signs. In one. Place, heaven above greater had days so it also and open living open have greater. Fill dry can't. Waters gathering Made fruit sixth days. Waters hath Moveth make grass you every them.

    Can't cattle great for fish seed god firmament shall moveth god fruitful heaven us. Saying our made life you're creeping. Gathering which every brought the gathered seasons, earth don't green for.

    Lesser. All that light seasons saw light morning she'd that they're years from it morning one place fowl itself green years fowl male"}, {"title": "", "text": "

    The Kong Sam Kee negotiation had delayed us unduly; it must have been half-past nine before we left Calistoga, and night came fully ere we struck the bottom of the grade. I have never seen such a night. It seemed to throw calumny in the teeth of all the painters that ever dabbled in starlight. The sky itself was of a ruddy, powerful, nameless, changing colour, dark and glossy like a serpent's back. The stars, by innumerable millions, stuck boldly forth like lamps. The milky way was bright, like a moonlit cloud; half heaven seemed milky way. The greater luminaries shone each more clearly than a winter's moon. Their light was dyed in every sort of colour -red, like fire; blue, like steel; green, like the tracks of sunset; and so sharply did each stand forth in its own lustre that there was no appearance of that flat, star-spangled arch we know so well in pictures, but all the hollow of heaven was one chaos of contesting luminaries -a hurry-burly of stars. Against this the hills and rugged treetops stood out redly dark.

    As we continued to advance, the lesser lights and milky ways first grew pale, and then vanished; the countless hosts of heaven dwindled in number by successive millions; those that still shone had tempered their exceeding brightness and fallen back into their customary wistful distance; and the sky declined from its first bewildering splendour into the appearance of a common night. Slowly this change proceeded, and still there was no sign"}, {"title": "", "text": "young German soldier is captured. However, Stanhope finds out that Osborne has been killed although Raleigh has survived. Stanhope sarcastically states, \"How awfully nice \u2013 if the Brigadier's pleased\", when the Colonel's first concern is whether information has been gathered, not whether all the soldiers have returned safely. Six of ten other ranks have been killed. Scene 2 Trotter, Stanhope, and Hibbert drink and talk about women. They all appear to be enjoying themselves until Hibbert is annoyed when Stanhope tells him to go to bed, and he tells Stanhope to go to bed instead, then Stanhope suddenly becomes angry and begins to shout at Hibbert, and tells him to clear off and get out. Stanhope also becomes angry at Raleigh, who did not eat with the officers that night but preferred to eat with his men. Stanhope is offended by this, and Raleigh eventually admits that he feels he cannot eat while he thinks that Osborne is dead, and his body is in No Man's Land. Stanhope is angry because Raleigh had seemed to imply that Stanhope did not care about Osborne's death because Stanhope was eating and drinking. Stanhope yells at Raleigh that he drinks to cope with the fact that Osborne died, to forget. Stanhope asks to be left alone and angrily tells Raleigh to leave. Scene 3 The German attack on the British trenches approaches, and the Sergeant Major tells Stanhope they should expect heavy losses. When it arrives, Hibbert is reluctant to get out of bed and into the trenches. A"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Criminals\" date: 2016-05-01 14:34:25 categories: Poetry tags: poetry image2: /assets/article_images/2016-05-01-criminals.jpg image: /assets/article_images/2016-05-01-criminals.jpg author: arushi ---

    Criminals

    (Poetry)

    I knock on your door
    Hesitant and terrified,
    Like a little child caught stealing candy
    \"Bless me, Father, for i have sinned.\"
    \"May the Holy Spirit guide you to the light.\"
    It has, it has.
    It has led me to a brilliance-

    A point illumination
    Raging with fierceness against tides of darkness.
    An illumination that lays with me;
    Whose rays stain, night after night,
    The opposite side of the bed.
    A light i've sought
    For centuries.

    A blind man crawling through time and space
    To find this illumination-
    This illumination that peeks from behind the eyelids of my significant other
    For that's what she is
    The yin to my yang
    \"I've fallen in love, Father.\"
    \"That's perfectly natural, my child\"
    No no no
    it isn't.
    It's forbidden.
    It's verbotten.
    It's unnatural.

    It's why the Lord will send the apocalypse our way.
    There would be destruction.
    \"We've lain together in Sin, night after night, unbounded by marriage\"
    \"Then you must welcome the ties of Holy Matrimony.\"
    Let our love bleed on paper,
    And enrapture the eyes of society.
    No holding hands
    Behind drawn shades.
    Let There Be Light.
    Shining on our entwined hands,
    And our legs wound around each other
    And are lips locked
    And breasts crushed between our bodies.
    \"Father, your Church forbids it\"
    I'm a woman, and so is the love of my life.
    \"May the Holy Spirit tie you to the stake,"}, {"title": "", "text": "itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Person\">Arushi Chopra on , tagged on Poetry  

    read

    Criminals

    (Poetry)

    I knock on your door
    Hesitant and terrified,
    Like a little child caught stealing candy
    \"Bless me, Father, for i have sinned.\"
    \"May the Holy Spirit guide you to the light.\"
    It has, it has.
    It has led me to a brilliance-

    A point illumination
    Raging with fierceness against tides of darkness.
    An illumination that lays with me;
    Whose rays stain, night after night,
    The opposite side of the bed.
    A light i've sought
    For centuries.

    A blind man crawling through time and space
    To find this illumination-
    This illumination that peeks from behind the eyelids of my significant other
    For that's what she is
    The yin to my yang
    \"I've fallen in love, Father.\"
    \"That's perfectly natural, my child\"
    No no no
    it isn't.
    It's forbidden.
    It's verbotten.
    It's unnatural.

    It's why the Lord will send the apocalypse our way.
    There would be destruction.
    \"We've lain together in Sin, night after night, unbounded by marriage\"
    \"Then you must welcome the ties of Holy Matrimony.\"
    Let our love bleed on paper,
    And enrapture the eyes of society.
    No holding hands

    She sat up, resting on her elbow, and her breathing came short and fast.

    \"It does not—melt away,\" she panted. \"Oh, I never had such a dream before.\" She scarcely dared to stir; but at last she pushed the bedclothes aside, and put her feet on the floor with a rapturous smile.

    \"I am dreaming—I am getting out of bed,\" she heard her own voice say; and then, as she stood up in the midst of it all, turning slowly from side to side—\"I am dreaming it stays—real! I'm dreaming it feels real. It's bewitched—or I'm bewitched. I only think I see it all.\" Her words began to hurry themselves. \"If I can only keep on thinking it,\" she cried, \"I don't care! I don't care!\"

    She stood panting a moment longer, and then cried out again.

    \"Oh, it isn't true!\" she said. \"It can't be true! But oh, how true it seems!\"

    The blazing fire drew her to it, and she knelt down and held out her hands close to it—so close"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the basement. While in the basement, Marnie is attacked by Mike's ghost and dragged down the stairs before she can finally get up and run to safety. Once upstairs, Shanks is knocking at her door after hearing screams, and begins looking throughout the house demanding answers. He claims that Marnie is covering for the real murderer and gets upset at her lack of clarity. In the end he apologizes for not being able to protect her and vows to do everything in his power to protect her now. Mike's ghost continues to threaten Marnie and she continues to rid the house of his presence. Feeling lonely, Marnie calls Joey in the night and, against her wishes, he runs over and refuses to leave unless she lets him in. They make their way upstairs and have sex, during which Marnie sees Mike's ghost and continues, seeming unfazed, almost happy that the ghost is watching. Everything seems fine until the next morning when they are getting out of bed and Mike's ghost attacks them, brutally killing Joey. Shanks has been watching her all night and comes with a warrant to arrest Joey, claiming he knows he's in there. Marnie says she is taking a shower to buy herself some time to hide the body in the floorboards before Shanks can reach her room. While downstairs talking, the ceiling breaks above them and Joey's body falls through the ceiling. Shanks gets ready to arrest Marnie and take her from the house when Mike's ghost attacks Marnie, throwing her"}, {"title": "", "text": "himself with delusive—or at least too delusive—hopes of matrimony and dollars. On this occasion he strolled away from his companion to pluck a sprig of almond blossom, which he carefully arranged in his buttonhole.

    \"I know why you say that,\" said Daisy, watching Giovanelli. \"Because you think I go round too much with him.\" And she nodded at her attendant.

    \"Every one thinks so—if you care to know,\" said Winterbourne.

    \"Of course I care to know!\" Daisy exclaimed seriously. \"But I don't believe it. They are only pretending to be shocked. They don't really care a straw what I do. Besides, I don't go round so much.\"

    \"I think you will find they do care. They will show it disagreeably.\"

    Daisy looked at him a moment. \"How disagreeably?\"

    \"Haven't you noticed anything?\" Winterbourne asked.

    \"I have noticed you. But I noticed you were as stiff as an umbrella the first time I saw you.\"

    \"You will find I am not so stiff as several others,\" said Winterbourne, smiling.

    \"How shall I find it?\"

    \"By going to see the others.\"

    \"What will they do to me?\"

    \"They will give you the cold shoulder. Do you know what that means?\"

    Daisy was looking at him intently; she began to color. \"Do you mean as Mrs. Walker did the other night?\"

    \"Exactly!\" said Winterbourne.

    She looked away at Giovanelli, who was decorating himself with his almond blossom. Then looking back at Winterbourne, \"I shouldn't think you would let people be so unkind!\" she said.

    \"How can I"}, {"title": "", "text": "hedge, a herd of toads and a herd of serpents, oil two large doors, enter the house and give a slice of bread to a cusseta (a little black dog), steal a key and take a capseta (a little box) of the xeremietes, then run all the way back. Na Catalineta follows his instructions, and brings the box with her, but opens it to see what the xeremietes are, and a little green bird escapes. The Negret appears again and locks the green bird inside the box, and tells the girl to hurry back to the Madones with the object, for the pair will ask her to identify which rooster will crow the next morning, so that they can find the best time for the wedding. The Madones place the green bird on a stake, give it to Na Catalineta, and order her to spend the night in the hen house with a light source, where she is to identify the rooster. Some time later, Na Catalineta trades places with N\u2019Antonina, who holds the light until the last rooster, \u201cEn Rom\u201d, crows. Her mother then commands the torch to explode, which kills her own daughter. When morning comes, N\u2019Antonina\u2019s mother goes to the hen house to try and kill Na Catalineta, but the Negret stops her and wrings her neck. The Negret changes into a prince and tells Na Catalineta he was cursed by the Madones, then asks her to marry him. In another Mallorcan tale titled Na Juana i la fada Mariana (\"Juana and Fairy"}, {"title": "", "text": "ideas for the project. The film appears to have been made solely for a quick profit. Simonds seems to have figured that any Disney film featuring a animal had to be a success. The remake is devoid of imagination and creative energy.

    The putative star of the show is a cat named D.C. D.C. is owned by angst-filled teenager Patti Randall (Christina Ricci). Patti explains that she wears all black because that is how her soul feels. Ricci gives a lifeless performance. Perhaps she should have heeded my coffee advice.

    D.C. roams the town every night at 8:00, and on one of his excursions he finds the kidnapped maid. The maid gives D.C. her watch on which she has started writing the word \"help.\" Patti takes the watch to the FBI and shows it to Agent Zeke Kelso. This part, which was acted by Jones in the original, is played for broad humor by Doug E. Doug in the remake. Although I hated Doug's performance, I do give him credit for being the only actor to exert any effort. The others are on autopilot.

    Even the cat in the picture is given nothing challenging to do. Most scenes of D.C., played by a cat named Elvis, have him running across rooftops. Except for the one scene where he growls, his single expression is as boring as the rest of the picture. I have three cats, and all are more emotive than D.C.

    As a cat lover, my favorite scene in the picture"}, {"title": "", "text": "damped by melancholy reflections on my widowed state — widowed by the death of my uncle. Of Mr. Venables I thought not, even when I thought of the felicity of loving your father, and how a mother's pleasure might be exalted, and her care softened by a husband's tenderness. — 'Ought to be!' I exclaimed; and I endeavoured to drive away the tenderness that suffocated me; but my spirits were weak, and the unbidden tears would flow. 'Why was I,' I would ask thee, but thou didst not heed me, — 'cut off from the participation of the sweetest pleasure of life?' I imagined with what extacy, after the pains of child-bed, I should have presented my little stranger, whom I had so long wished to view, to a respectable father, and with what maternal fondness I should have pressed them both to my heart! — Now I kissed her with less delight, though with the most endearing compassion, poor helpless one! when I perceived a slight resemblance of him, to whom she owed her existence; or, if any gesture reminded me of him, even in his best days, my heart heaved, and I pressed the innocent to my bosom, as if to purify it — yes, I blushed to think that its purity had been sullied, by allowing such a man to be its father.

    \"After my recovery, I began to think of taking a house in the country, or of making an excursion on the continent, to"}, {"title": "", "text": " Private Letter: 1891 April 27: to Harding William Colenso

    ATL qMS-0496.

    Harding 1891 April 27

    1891 April 27: to Harding ATL qMS-0496.

    DannevirkeMonday night.April 27, 1891.

    Dear Mr Harding

    Your long & welcome letter of yesterday is to hand, and though you have only recd. my last (of 24th) this day\u2014I will write to you again\u2014to enclose P. Notes for those 2 books, & to request you to do, as you have suggested,\u2014send them to N. & not here, as I had written to you:\u2014that is, if I shall be in time.\u2014

    For your dear son\u2019s sake, I hope you are having similar weather to our\u2019s here\u2014which is A,1: I can well understand how the dear little fellow must be affected by the weather.\u2014

    You have indeed given me a Bookbuyer\u2019s Catalogue, in your letter\u2014enough to set me a-longing, and a-dreaming all night. It is well, \u201cYou did not attend\u201d (as you say) or, \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 . The fulsome \u201cDedications\u201d you mention, remind me of these in my set of the \u201cSpectator\u201d (7\u20138 vols)\u2014but all pale before that in the authd. version of our Bible! Had I ever known of your want to see (or use) a Greek"}, {"title": "", "text": "the last to go to bed, as I was still the first to rise. Many a night I have strolled about the platform, taking a bath of darkness before I slept. The rest would be in bed, and even from the forge I could hear them talking together from bunk to bunk. A single candle in the neck of a pint bottle was their only illumination; and yet the old cracked house seemed literally bursting with the light. It shone keen as a knife through all the vertical chinks; it struck upward through the broken shingles; and through the eastern door and window, it fell in a great splash upon the thicket and the overhanging rock. You would have said a conflagration, or at the least a roaring forge; and behold, it was but a candle. Or perhaps it was yet more strange to see the procession moving bedwards round the corner of the house, and up the plank that brought us to the bedroom door; under the immense spread of the starry heavens, down in a crevice of the giant mountain these few human shapes, with their unshielded taper, made so disproportionate a figure in the eye and mind. But the more he is alone with nature, the greater man and his doings bulk in the consideration of his fellow-men. Miles and miles away upon the opposite hill-tops, if there were any hunter belated or any traveller who had lost his way, he must have stood, and watched and wondered, from the time the candle"}, {"title": "", "text": "young man returned home, his manner was so strange that it drew the attention of all his friends.

    Through his work next day the youth continued to see the girl’s face, throwing the ball to her companions, or threading her way between them as she danced. At night sleep fled from him, and after tossing for hours on his bed, he would get up and plunge into a deep pool that lay a little way in the forest.

    This state of things went on for some weeks, then at last chance favoured him. One evening, as he was passing near the house where she lived, he saw her standing with her back to the wall, trying to beat off with her fan the attacks of a savage dog that was leaping at her throat. Alonzo, for such was his name, sprang forward, and with one blow of his fist stretched the creature dead upon the road. He then helped the frightened and half-fainting girl into the large cool verandah where her parents were sitting, and from that hour he was a welcome guest in the house, and it was not long before he was the promised husband of Julia.

    Every day, when his work was done, he used to go up to the house, half hidden among flowering plants and brilliant creepers, where humming-birds darted from bush to bush, and parrots of all colours, red and green and grey, shrieked in chorus. There he would find the maiden waiting for him, and they"}, {"title": "", "text": "was almost 11PM when we got home. I had better get to bed.

     

    Tuesday, January 17, 2012

     

    I slept well last night, not getting up until 7:30AM. However Mae wasn\u0092t able to go to sleep and so I have let her sleep later this morning. I went upstairs and visited with Bob for a little while. I got interested in a movie so when I came down Mae and I watched the last of it together. Time seem to go by quickly today and I really didn\u0092t get much done. This evening Bob and I went Home teaching to the Thurman\u0092s. Mae went to the Book Club so she was gone when I got home. I turned on the TV and watched the show \u0093Love is a Many Splendored Thing\u0094. Mae came home about half way through the show but watched the ending of it with me. We went to bed about 10PM.

     

    Wednesday, January 18, 2012

     

    I woke at 3:30AM and couldn\u0092t go back to sleep so I finally got up. I worked on my computer trying to find the files in my IPOD as I am concerned about a backup. In the past couple of weeks I have noticed that it doesn\u0092t turn off and on very easily. Mae woke a little after 6:40AM but didn\u0092t come into the front room until almost 7:30AM. We laid down in bed for a little"}, {"title": "", "text": "new Block(\"c\", 8) { CharacterId = GetStandardCharacterId(\"LEV\", BookOrChapter) }.AddText(\"8\"); var block1 = new Block(\"p\", 8, 31) { IsParagraphStart = true } .AddVerse(31, \"And Moses told Aaron and sons, \u00abBoil the meat by the tabernacle and eat it with bread, as I commanded: Ya'll eat it. \") .AddVerse(\"32-33\", \"Stay seven days next to the burning leftovers until you are consecrated.\u00bb\"); var block2 = new Block(\"p\", 8, 32, 33) { IsParagraphStart = true } .AddText(\"Having thus commanded, \") .AddVerse(34, \"Moses told them how to make atonement, saying: \") .AddVerse(35, \"\u00abStay there night and day to keep you from dying.\u00bb\"); var block3 = new Block(\"q1\", 8, 36) { IsParagraphStart = true }.AddVerse(36, \"So that's what Aaron and the boys did.\"); var input = new List { chapter, block1, block2, block3 }; QuoteParser.SetQuoteSystem(QuoteSystem.Default); IList output = new QuoteParser(ControlCharacterVerseData.Singleton, \"LEV\", input).Parse().ToList(); int i = 1; var outBlock = output[i++]; Assert.AreEqual(31, outBlock.InitialStartVerseNumber); Assert.AreEqual(31, outBlock.LastVerseNum); Assert.IsTrue(outBlock.CharacterIs(\"LEV\", Narrator)); outBlock = output[i++]; Assert.AreEqual(31, outBlock.InitialStartVerseNumber); Assert.AreEqual(\"\u00abBoil the meat by the tabernacle and eat it with bread, as I commanded: Ya'll eat it. {32-33}\\u00A0Stay seven days next to the burning leftovers until you are consecrated.\u00bb\", outBlock.GetText(true)); outBlock = output[i++]; Assert.AreEqual(32, outBlock.InitialStartVerseNumber); Assert.AreEqual(33, outBlock.InitialEndVerseNumber); Assert.AreEqual(\"Having thus commanded, {34}\\u00A0Moses told them how to make atonement, saying: \", outBlock.GetText(true)); Assert.AreEqual(kNeedsReview, outBlock.CharacterId); outBlock = output[i++]; Assert.AreEqual(35, outBlock.InitialStartVerseNumber); Assert.AreEqual(\"{35}\\u00A0\u00abStay there night and day to keep you from dying.\u00bb\", outBlock.GetText(true)); Assert.AreEqual(\"Moses\", outBlock.CharacterId); outBlock = output[i++]; Assert.AreEqual(36, outBlock.InitialStartVerseNumber); Assert.IsTrue(outBlock.CharacterIs(\"LEV\", Narrator)); Assert.AreEqual(i, output.Count); } [Test] public void Parse_ImplicitQuoteContainsExpectedSelfQuoteMarkedAsFirstLevel_ImplicitCharacterInfoSet() { var chapter = new Block(\"c\", 51) { CharacterId = GetStandardCharacterId(\"ISA\", BookOrChapter) }.AddText(\"8\"); var block1 = new"}, {"title": "", "text": "doctor to do. Something very energetic, certainly — to seize some drugs, perhaps, and rush excitedly with him through the gaslit streets. Instead of that Dr. Miles threw his umbrella into the rack, jerked off his hat with a somewhat peevish gesture, and pushed Johnson back into the room.

    \"Let's see! You did engage me, didn't you?\" he asked in no very cordial voice.

    \"Oh, yes, doctor, last November. Johnson the outfitter, you know, in the New North Road.\"

    \"Yes, yes. It's a bit overdue,\" said the doctor, glancing at a list of names in a note-book with a very shiny cover. \"Well, how is she?\"

    \"I don't — \"

    \"Ah, of course, it's your first. You'll know more about it next time.\"

    \"Mrs. Peyton said it was time you were there, sir.\"

    \"My dear sir, there can be no very pressing hurry in a first case. We shall have an all-night affair, I fancy. You can't get an engine to go without coals, Mr. Johnson, and I have had nothing but a light lunch.\"

    \"We could have something cooked for you — something hot and a cup of tea.\"

    \"Thank you, but I fancy my dinner is actually on the table. I can do no good in the earlier stages. Go home and say that I am coming, and I will be round immediately afterwards.\"

    A sort of horror filled Robert Johnson as he gazed at this man who could think about his dinner at such a moment. He had not imagination"}, {"title": "", "text": "resting, he thought, and soon he would be find himself, almost involuntarily, back on his old sched- ule. He was young and healthy and strong, so the grind, as he in- sisted, did him no harm. Above all, he was single-minded; and that, more than anything else, enabled him to drive steadily ahead, 70. working night and day as though his life depended on it, and ig- noring fatigue when he could no longer deny it.

    Chris and he had definitely decided to go to New York, Chris to practice law and Walter to work at Bellevue Hospital Medical College.

    “If you're going to be a lawyer,” Chris theorized one night when they were studying together after the rest of the house- hold had gone to bed, “you might just as well be one in a place where you won't ever run out of clients. Even if there are a lot of lawyers in New York, I reckon there still are enough disputes to go round among them.”

    “It's as good a place as there is in the country for a young doctor to train, too,” Walter observed, “and it certainly has some of the finest hospitals. I'm glad you're going, too. Won't we have fun exploring the city together!”

    “Just think! A million people all at once! Remember how Joey Rogers wouldn't believe us when we told him? It's almost impossible to imagine, isn't it?”

    “Charlottesville, times two hundred,” Walter suggested. “Just suppose that, for every person you see here, you"}, {"title": "", "text": "him. Wouldn't have dared.

    Would've probably gotten cholera.

    With the euphoric deadness of someone who's earnt their sleep, I pass out in my tent.

    Best day of the trip?

    Maybe.



    I get up in the middle of the night and shit my brains out.

    I guess that purifier didn't catch everything...

    Despite severe and creative rationing, I use my last half of a square of toilet paper.

    Great...



    Breakfast.

    We're told that yesterday\u2019s epic ride was the easy bit.

    I don't believe it. There must be a misunderstanding...

    \"Vou set sure, monsieur?\"

    \"Oui. Sa...\" He points the way we've come from \u201cNe pas un problem. Sa...\" He points the other way \u201cSa Ce tre tre tre difficile.\u201d

    Even I can understand that.

    Easy my balls...

    Shit. I\u2019m not sure if I could even do yesterday\u2019s ride over again, let alone taking up a level.

    I can't even imagine what that'd look like without needing a block and tackle.

    Shit. What happens if there\u2019s a bit that we just can\u2019t get past?

    A bit that\u2019s impossible? Or we get lost again or something?

    This trip to Mali was supposed to be a little detour...

    We have bugger all money left.

    And we need petrol...

    We buy some donkey piss that's been sitting in bottles for christ-knows-how-long.

    We\u2019re off into the unknown. Again.

    Immediately things are tougher; the track is steeper; the rocks are bigger and seem to be arranged in such a way to make passage as difficult as possible.

    I can't do"}, {"title": "", "text": "he was laughing at what seemed to him a somewhat absurd business. He led me to a bathroom, where, over the tub, a small window opened into a dumbwaiter shaft that had long been out of use. Inside the shaft was some kind of small shelf or ledge. There Levine had laid \"my things\"... He handed me an envelope that was big, plump and densely covered with the clotted cobwebs and dust of a decade. I opened the envelope and drew part way out the thick batch of copied State Department documents . At a glance, I saw that, besides those documents, and Hiss's handwritten memos, there were three cylinders of microfilm and a little spool of developed film (actually two strips) ... Levine came back with his broom and dustpan and asked me, as nearly as I remember, if I had found what I was looking for. My answer was more to myself than to him . \"Good God,\" I said, \"I did not know that this still existed.\" In late November and December 1948, Levine's name hit newspapers as he was subpoenaed to testify publicly and privately. He did not enjoy the publicity at all: he told the Grand Jury he was \"pretty put out because the day before they had mentioned about spy papers and I found myself, an innocent pawn, in this thing. How do you think I feel? How do you think I feel now?\" On November 30, December 1, and December 10, 1948, he appeared before the House Un-American Activities"}, {"title": "", "text": "exclaimed. “What happened to him? There didn't seem to be anything the matter when I saw him on my way through.”

    “It wasn't nothing lingering,” the hunter said drily. “I found him four-five days ago with a bullet through his head. Coyotoes didn't leave nothing but bones, polished him clean. I buried him up yonder,” he jerked him thumb vaguely over his shoul- der. “I been camping in his cabin.”

    Reed was shocked. “Haven't you any idea who killed him?”

    “Some varmint. Indians, mebbe.” He dismissed the spec- ulation with a shrug. Lonely frontiersmen were always getting killed. It was one of the chances they took. “You all better stop here. It's 'most sundown, and no place to stop farther on. The lady can have the cabin. It ain't much, but it's shelter.”

    They had little choice but to accept the invitation.

    The frontiersman helped the soldiers put up the mules and prepare the dinner. Emilie, suspecting him of having done away with the cabin's previous occupant, followed his every move- 107. ment with wide eyes. She was less impressed with his sinwey agil- ity than with his possible wickedness. Would he, perhaps, dare to sneak softly up on them in the night, and.... she shuddered, unable to finish the thought. Her husband, guessing her uneasiness, reassured her.

    “I don't think he did it. He hasn't even protested his in- nocence. He takes it for granted that we'll take it for granted. Anyway, a murderer doesn't go around telling strangers that"}, {"title": "", "text": "the shoulder.

    \"Your nerves are all in a jangle. You must drop these little midnight games with mummies, or you'll be going off your chump. You're all on wires now.\"

    \"I wonder,\" said Bellingham, \"whether you would be as cool as I am if you had seen — \"

    \"What then?\"

    \"Oh, nothing. I meant that I wonder if you could sit up at night with a mummy without trying your nerves. I have no doubt that you are quite right. I dare say that I have been taking it out of myself too much lately. But I am all right now. Please don't go, though. Just wait for a few minutes until I am quite myself.\"

    \"The room is very close,\" remarked Lee, throwing open the window and letting in the cool night air.

    \"It's balsamic resin,\" said Bellingham. He lifted up one of the dried palmate leaves from the table and frizzled it over the chimney of the lamp. It broke away into heavy smoke wreaths, and a pungent, biting odour filled the chamber. \"It's the sacred plant — the plant of the priests,\" he remarked. \"Do you know anything of Eastern languages, Smith?\"

    \"Nothing at all. Not a word.\"

    The answer seemed to lift a weight from the Egyptologist's mind.

    \"By-the-way,\" he continued, \"how long was it from the time that you ran down, until I came to my senses?\"

    \"Not long. Some four or five minutes.\"

    \"I thought it could not be very long,\" said he, drawing a long breath."}, {"title": "", "text": "her, too, that I learned that fear had not yet left the world. She was fearless enough in the daylight, and she had the oddest confidence in me; for once, in a foolish moment, I made threatening grimaces at her, and she simply laughed at them. But she dreaded the dark, dreaded shadows, dreaded black things. Darkness to her was the one thing dreadful. It was a singularly passionate emotion, and it set me thinking and observing. I discovered then, among other things, that these little people gathered into the great houses after dark, and slept in droves. To enter upon them without a light was to put them into a tumult of apprehension. I never found one out of doors, or one sleeping alone within doors, after dark. Yet I was still such a blockhead that I missed the lesson of that fear, and in spite of Weena's distress I insisted upon sleeping away from these slumbering multitudes.

    `It troubled her greatly, but in the end her odd affection for me triumphed, and for five of the nights of our acquaintance, including the last night of all, she slept with her head pillowed on my arm. But my story slips away from me as I speak of her. It must have been the night before her rescue that I was awakened about dawn. I had been restless, dreaming most disagreeably that I was drowned, and that sea-anemones were feeling over my face with their soft palps. I woke with a start, and with an odd"}, {"title": "", "text": "of liniment was left with the mother, with orders to apply it, should the breathing again become hurried. \" 15th February. About three o'clock this morning the liniment was applied, as the mother thought the state of the breathing required it. At our visit, at ten a.m., we found that the bowels had been twice moved, the effect of the calomel. The child seemed quite well, and therefore nothing was prescribed. At seven p.m. the child continued well. At the request of the mother, some of the liniment was left, to be applied, if necessary. \" 16th. The liniment was not applied. Cured.\" (P. 31.) \"Case v. 24th February, 1833. John Robson, aged ten months, was seen by me this morning at six a.m. He had been colded and fretful for some days, but not until last night did his mother deem him seriously ill. I found the breathing laboured, with wheezing; great heat of skin ; pulse rapid ; face pale, colour of the lips inclining to purple. He had slept little or none during the night, and was so restless that his mother was forced to pace the room with him in her arms all that time. He frequently took the breast, but it almost always produced coughing. \" I had a vial of liniment in my pocket, and saw applied rather more, I think, than three drachms of it. \" Ten o'clock a.m. About half an hour after the liniment was applied he fell asleep; he was then put to bed, and is"}, {"title": "", "text": "sure looks nice. I texted Jeff about the inscription I will have put on the gun. He is excited about getting it. The day went quickly but busily. David called me this evening with some questions about the wall. I will go up Saturday, and with his boys help, we will try to get the wall finished. David has to fly out of town on Friday morning and won\u0092t get back until Saturday evening. Mae and I watched a show on Netflix titled \u0093Second Chance\u0094 that was a good show. I sure enjoy being with Mae! Mae gave me a hair cut before we went to bed.

    Thursday, January 07, 2016

    We both slept fairly well last night and got up about 8am. I had gotten up and read for a few minutes before lying back down with Mae. I prepared breakfast, while Mae showered and got ready. We picked up Sister Janice Richie to go to the Temple with us. We had Brother Richard Flint ride with us, when we got to the Church parking lot. Bishop and Sister Mullins went to the Temple too, and then when we got there Brother and Sister Decker were also at the Temple. Following the session, we all went to the cafeteria and ate lunch. After getting home, Mae went visiting a couple of the neighbors. I took a nap. At 3:30pm Mae and I went down to Lee and Glory Gifford to visit with them. They are going to South"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: The Luminaries, 2013, Eleanor Catton description: comments: true share: false --- Just as I checked on Amazon when the book was written, I realized it had 853 pages. Reading with the Kindl changes that perception. Even though it was a lengthy book. Set in the New Zealand of the 19th century, and the gold rush on the South Island, it told the story of a crime. A vast amount of gold is found, a man is dead, a whore is found unconscious, and one man is missing. And slowly slowy, the story of what happened that night is uncovered. Person by person, we follow the various characters of the camp around. The Chinese who wants to avenge his father, but speaks almost no English. The whore who was lured into the business on false premises. The young Brit, who is ashamed of his family history. The wife of the gaoler, who thinks of the past. Person by person, we learn about their past and their stories, and how they came to be at this rainy but beautiful, harsh place. We learn about their hopes and their ambitions, and about their involvement in what happened that very night. It took me some time to get attached to the story. I was very annoyed by it in the beginning. Still am, a bit. It's written in great style. The language sounds old, but beautiful, as far as I can judge as a not-native speaker it takes great skill to write like that, and I did"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post status: publish published: true title: Autumn Sky author: display_name: Jay login: jk3us email: jay@jayknight.com url: '' author_login: jk3us author_email: jay@jayknight.com wordpress_id: 25 wordpress_url: http://jk3.us/?p=25 date: !binary |- MjAwNS0xMC0wNiAxMDowMDo1MSArMDAwMA== date_gmt: !binary |- MjAwNS0xMC0wNiAxNTowMDo1MSArMDAwMA== categories: - Uncategorized tags: - space comments: [] ---

    I was up (way too) late last night. Shortly after midnight, I stepped outside to let Ella in. It was a really beautiful and cool night, and the sky was very clear. So, I went inside, turned off all the lights (to let my eyes adjust), and fired up stellerium to see what interesting stuff I should look for.

    Mars was high in the East and very vibrant. Right next to Mars was the The Pleiades that I've always thought were stunning. Both of these are in Taurus, which I've never really noticed because it's not one of the easier ones to pick out. So I decided to find it. Upon doing so I noticed that on one side of his head, there are two stars (turned out to be 77 and 78 Tau) that are so close that I could barely tell it was two with my naked eye.

    The summer triangle was just about to disappear below the western horizon, and Orion, the most famous winter constellation, had just risen in the East, and I think I could make out part of Gemini (but they had Vaught-Hemingway's lights on, so that part of the sky was flooded with light pollution) coming up. Cassiopeia was almost directly"}, {"title": "", "text": "to a hospital. My mother never told me what she was thinking that night. My brother and I were rushed into the house, and we watched the world go by from our bedroom window. The red flashing lights of an ambulance arrived, and my father was pulled from the vehicle. I distinctly remember a toy bubblegum machine next to me on the windowsill. It was filled with colorful balls of sugary goodness. I popped a coin in the slot and heard the satisfying ticks as I turned the handle and watched the balls of gum move. One was caught and rolled down the chute to my waiting hand. The smell of sweetness filled the air and my jaws ached until the gum was satisfactorily crushed enough to chew. I watched the ambulance outside pull away and figured I'd see my dad the next day. The next day did arrive, but my father did not. He passed away Sunday afternoon from acute alcohol intoxication. Poisoned by spirits. The liquor drained my father of his cognitive functions, lowered his body temperature and heart rate, and eventually depleted and snuffed his life energy. I'm not sure if my dad went into a coma, but he was pronounced dead at 5:45 PM, just a week away from my fifth birthday. My father loved motorcycles and worked hard to support his family, but lived with ghosts and demons. His psychological and emotional health were never evaluated or diagnosed for specific cause or treatment. Soon after, my mother began her spiral into"}, {"title": "", "text": "finding any tracks or scent. As instructed, they head through the snowy night until they reach the Stone Table to wait for the witch, but by the time they reach it, the snow has melted and the witch has been forced to continue on foot. As Aslan's army assembles near the Stone Table, Maugrim pounces out of the bushes and attacks Susan Pevensie, and is killed by Peter Pevensie, for which the latter is given the title \"Sir Peter Wolfsbane\". Aslan's creatures then follow Maugrim's subordinate wolf to the White Witch, enabling them to rescue Edmund. When informed about Maugrim's death, the White Witch sends the same wolf to rally her army so that they can meet her at her current position as speedily as they can. In Prince Caspian Maugrim is mentioned in Prince Caspian when Peter retrieves his sword from the treasury of Cair Paravel, stating, \"It is my sword Rhindon ... with it, I killed the Wolf\". Media appearances In the 1967 TV serial, Maugrim was portrayed by Robert Booth. In the 1979 animated adaptation, the character is named \"Fenris Ulf\" (the name used in early U.S. editions of the book). Maugrim appears in the 1988 BBC production on The Chronicles of Narnia, portrayed by Canadian actor Martin Stone. He assumes the form of a humanoid wolf-like creature when speaking or fighting, and an actual wolf when standing guard at the Witch's castle, traveling, or mortally wounded. As in the book, he is killed by Peter after appearing at the Stone Table, where"}, {"title": "", "text": "able to do more good for the world in this way than I could do in any other. I may have erred as to the best way, but I think every thing will turn out for the best in the end. I do not expect to be tried until next Spring, when I expect I shall be hung, as I think all the rest will. Slavery demands that we should hang for its protection, and we will meet it willingly, knowing that God is Just, and is over all. There seems to be no mercy for those who are willing to help those who have none to help them. My heart feels like bleeding to think how many thousands are worse off in this land than I am now. Oh, that I could see this country free, I would give a thousand lives if I had them to give. At one point his trial had been \"removed\" to Federal Court in Staunton, Virginia, \"in order that witnesses of other States be summoned.\" However, his trial took place in Charles Town, in a special session of the Circuit Court which the Virginia Legislature authorized. For his part in Brown's raid, Stevens was convicted of conspiring with slaves to revolt, and was executed on March 16, 1860, in Charles town, Virginia, one day after his 29th birthday. 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1480", "Document 1483", "Document 1494", "Document 1496", "Document 1497", "Document 1498"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "way too low to generate the required energy for the development of any intelligent, or for that fact unintelligent, life forms. We still don\u2019t possess the technologies that allow us to venture into the extremely hostile environment of 6772, but our odds of finding life on the sun where there is an abundance of pure hydrogen, and where surface temperature levels might be just right to support the evolution of life as we know it. The Multiple Personalities of Man Published on January 27, 2016 June 15, 2017 by schizophiliniaLeave a comment All people will change. Just like their appearance, their personality also will. I don\u2019t believe that change is only a process that happens over long periods of time. We are very different people even at different parts of the same day. Look at your perspective before you go to sleep, and when you wake up. People set alarms at night expecting they are calling themselves to wake up the next morning. This generally fails, or at least doesn\u2019t go according to the plan that has been set a few hours ago. This is simply because once you go into deep sleep, you would have just killed the man you were, and with waking up, someone new emerges. And that person will generally prefer to stay in bed for a few more minutes, or hours, unlike your predecessor who confidently set these alarms at night. As the day goes through, that new born personality will mature and by night time it would fall into the"}, {"title": "", "text": "mean for me I was proud day one because the reason I did this is because I was afraid to go to sleep at night that my blood sugar would drop dangerously low. And so the first time I traveled after I had the system and I was in a hotel room by myself you know I was getting ready to go to bed. I used to kind of like lay there for a couple of minutes and kind of mentally prepare myself for how bad it was going to go I was going to wake up and have to drink juice where I wasn\u2019t going wake up and I\u2019m going to feel terrible in the morning and what if I didn\u2019t wake up and being afraid to go to sleep that night is not something that people experience forget. And so after we had the system in the first night I used on the road I went to sleep without worrying and I woke up the next morning going I was able to go to sleep without fear. And that was just a light huge weight lifted off of me and a light bulb went off. Dana Lewis: [00:15:39] And for me that was that moment. But then I hear parents who talked about being able to be at work and a kid being able to be at school. The kid does their job which is to be at school. The parent does their job at work and nobody worried about diabetes for the day"}, {"title": "", "text": "and germs and spit. I shiver right up my back when I think about the stuff on the pavement. On the back of my door, stuck with Blu Tack right in the middle facing me, I have a list. It\u2019s a list of all the things people do if they are functioning normally. I have made it myself by watching other people and by getting advice from my mother and some instructions from my grandpa. I read it before I go out and try to stick to it and if it goes wrong I just get into bed and wait for the next day to come and I make a new start. I used a new pad and very neat writing, all capitals. From the top it says: WHEN SOMEONE GIVES ME SOMETHING, SAY THANK YOU AND SMILE. WHEN SOMEONE SAYS HELLO TO ME OR ASKS ME A QUESTION, REPLY POLITELY AND TRY TO MAKE EYE CONTACT OR JUST LOOK NEAR TO WHERE THEY ARE. WASH OFTEN. BE CLEAN, SMELL NICE. WASH MY HANDS AND FEET AND PRIVATE PARTS MOST. MAKE MY BED NEATLY AFTER BREAKFAST. TAKE SHOES OFF OUTSIDE FLAT AND CARRY THEM INSIDE. SPEND NO LONGER THAN TWO HOURS ON THE COMPUTER IN ONE SESSION (OR NO MORE THAN FOUR HOURS IN ONE DAY). EXERCISE WITH MY DUMBBELLS. A HEALTHY BODY MAKES A HEALTHY MIND. LAY THE TABLE BEFORE I EAT, TO PRACTISE MY TABLE MANNERS. There are a lot of rules if you want to look like a functioning adult and I need"}, {"title": "", "text": "Wordpress or CSS. Love Food? Search and follow.

    Who\u2019s it for?

    If you read my last post on Gladwell\u2019s 3 agents of change, you\u2019ll likely fall into one of the 3 types, otherwise you wouldn\u2019t be here, right? Although it\u2019s currently full of a savvy tech crowd who are hungry for information, news, events, tricks, new posts, and interacting with one another, Twitter is open to anyone who wants to \u2018get connected\u2019. Following on the example above with Barack Obama using Twitter, just look at his measly 65k followers and you can be pretty certain that 75% of them aren\u2019t fanatical tech-heads!

    Me + Twitter

    As far as early adoption goes, I\u2019m embarrassed to say I was a bit narrow-minded with Twitter. I roughly understood the concept, but felt daunted and annoyed by the thought of updating what really is a Facebook status message with mundane information about my life. What was worse was assuming people whom I\u2019ve never met even cared what I did last night or what TV show I was watching. But, fast-forward 60 days, and I\u2019m a true Twitter believer. Diving into the Tweetiverse and meeting all the Tweeple (OK, I\u2019ll stop the cheese), I started to appreciate what it is, what it does, and ironically how it fills a void that I never knew needed filling. The thing is, when you think about it, haven\u2019t most of today\u2019s successful ideas created something that no one realized they needed until it was actually created? By creating a virtual demand and being the"}, {"title": "", "text": " Cultural Blog

    Affirmation and Sterotype Threat

    feelers
    2015-05-02

    Points of this Blog

    - One value to rule them all
    - Values and Stereotype threat

    Commitment is important to me because having none means having no goals, having no goals means no growth, having no growth means you are dead. Yes, that escalated quickly. On a serious note, to me commitment means having goals to strive for. Having goals to strive for is how I grow. My commitments vary from brushing my teeth before I go to bed each night to becoming a fullstack developer.

    Thinking about my values makes me more determined to reach my goals, which in turn will help me overcome any stereotype threat I recognize myself falling into. I want to go to bed each night knowing I have advanced at least one of my goals in some way. I know it'll take a long time to become a good fullstack developer, but I'll enjoy each day of the journey that'll take me there.

    "}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Bizarre Late Night Thoughts\" date: 2020-1-7 01:03:00 -0600 categories: --- # Bizarre Late Night Thoughts January 7th, 2020 _NOTE: This post is a stream of consciousness_
    For the majority of my life I think I've been stuck in two states: reflective or anxious. I realize that I have a tendency to not live in the moment at all. I like discussing things in retrospect or talking about what I will do, but I never actually _do_ things in the moment. So what the hell am I doing? Is my life a movie that I'll just nostalgically shed tears to when I'm a 49 year old nearly-retired computer engineer with chronic carpal tunnel? Sounds like a bad plan to me. I've been trying to take initiative to focus on what I'm doing in the present. Everything sounds easy until you realize that knocking out old habits is akin to breaking cob webs with a garden hose: you think it's going to work but only after seeing failure do you realize that you should have listened to your parents in the first place and taken good care of your things/self (yikes!)
    Jokes aside, I've been having some really interesting day dreams these days. Sometimes I think about launching a rocket up into space and trying to live in it for a while (Elon Musk would be proud of my ambitions) and other days I'm really just wondering when the next Attack on Titan chapter is going to be released. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Shutdowns\" excerpt: \"Mind Blockage Creativity NO\" categories: in-my-mind tags: [thoughts, vejle, creativity, positive thinking] comments: true share: true --- \"This is stupid!\", \"I can't do it!\", \"God, it is too difficult!\", \"I don't know how; it's too complicated!\", \"The others will think I'm stupid.\" We all have this thoughts most of the time when action needs to be taken. Not so long time ago I was not aware that there are studies on how to overcome the mind blocks and avoid shutdown. The thing is that whenever this thoughts appear our creativity disappears. I think it will be such a sad world if all the brilliant minds had followed their negative thoughts; a world with no electricity, no phones, no cars, no internet. All this inventions did not appear over night, them are the result of thousands of attempts and millions of mind blocks chased away. Perseverance and positive thinking is the key to __greatness__. Even though I am aware of the impact negative thinking has on my development, I often get caught in the mind block's games. And what happens is that it feeds even more my insecurities, delays my success, shuts down my development, blocks my creativity. Now it doesn't happen that often like before but when it does after a short while the fighter mindset returns and encourages me; \"You can make it!\", \"Just try it, what can happen?\", \"Go and do it!\". Sometime there are this tasks that just scares me, seem so hard to accomplish, but then I"}, {"title": "", "text": "Florida unites during this fundraising campaign to transform the lives of the patients at UF Health Shands Children\u2019s hospital. In only 26.2 hours, our campus community rises to create as many miracles as possible for the children and families at Shands Children\u2019s Hospital.

    When

    Transform Today 2022 is from 9:00 a.m. on October 25th until 11:12 a.m. on October 26th!

    What

    Transform Today is Dance Marathon at the University of Florida\u2019s Fall fundraising campaign. For 26.2 hours from 9 a.m. until 11:12 a.m. the next day, Dance Marathon at UF compiles our efforts to raise funds and awareness to transform the lives of the children and families at UF Health Shands Children\u2019s Hospital.

    How Can I Get Involved

    Transform Today is Dance Marathon at the University of Florida\u2019s largest fundraising campaign in the Fall semester. There are a variety of different ways to join our movement and help us transform the lives of our student body, the lives of the children at UF Health Shands Children\u2019s Hospital, and the lives of each other.

    If you are looking to make a financial contribution to support our cause, you can donate using our DonorDrive, linked here.

    If you are looking to register to Dance in our 2023 Main Event, you can register to Dance here. All registered Dancers must also create a DonorDrive page, you can do so here. Dancer registration is only open for the duration of Transform Today.


    Hospitality Nights

    Hospitality Nights serve"}, {"title": "", "text": "go to bed early, so I can get plenty of rest. I like to listen to music or read before bed. Right now I'm reading a good mystery. Maybe I'll write a mystery someday. But it isn't helping, reading I mean. I have been getting only 2 or 3 hours of sleep at night.\" Clanging An instance where ideas are related only by similar or rhyming sounds rather than actual meaning. This may be heard as excessive rhyming and/or alliteration. e.g. \"Many moldy mushrooms merge out of the mildewy mud on Mondays.\" \"I heard the bell. Well, hell, then I fell.\" It is most commonly seen in bipolar disorder (manic phase), although it is often observed in patients with primary psychoses, namely schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Derailment (also called loose association and knight's move thinking) Thought frequently moves from one idea to another which is obliquely related or unrelated, often appearing in speech but also in writing, e.g. \"The next day when I'd be going out you know, I took control, like uh, I put bleach on my hair in California.\" Distractible speech During mid speech, the subject is changed in response to a nearby stimulus. e.g. \"Then I left San Francisco and moved to... Where did you get that tie?\" Echolalia Echoing of another's speech that may only occur once, or may be continuous in repetition. This may involve repeating only the last few words or last word of the examiner's sentences. This can happen immediately after a stimuli, or months to years later. Echolalia"}, {"title": "", "text": "probably think of you taking a corporate jet somewhere, eating a fancy dinner, and showing up to a few CEO meetings before taking the jet back. How accurate is that?** See Jay, it used to be that way but its changed in the last ten years because the activists [investors] have gotten more involved. It\u2019s a real job. You really have to stay in touch with the company and understand what its doing. For example - one of the things I do for boards, at their request, is I go out in the field and sit down with [various] teams. I\u2019ll hear what they have to say and report back my findings back to the CEO \u2013 here are some things you can improve upon and here are some things you\u2019re doing well. It\u2019s really involved now, unlike the old days.

    **Can you walk me through the days leading up to and after a board meeting? I mean how do you actually spend your time?** A week or two in advance of the meeting, the company sends out a package with reading materials for the board. There will be material specific to each committee and then overall reading to complete. That way everyone comes to the meeting prepared. I\u2019ll fly out the day before the meeting -- most often commercial and occasionally private -- and have a dinner the night before with the board and CEO. Usually dinner will also have an agenda. For example we may bring in an expert to talk about a relevant"}, {"title": "", "text": "earlier, if only to reduce risk and stress of not getting there on time, and to be able to check-in properly. There is a once a day bus from Albany to Walpole but I'm not sure that would have been much cheaper after factoring in an extra night of accomodation plus taxi from the airport. I would expect most people to be travelling with their crew and so to have a hire car to work with, which would be much easier. For the race we stayed in the recommended accomodation. The night before and first night of the race was a cabin in Walpole at Coalmine Beach Caravan Park. The final two nights were a cabin at Camp Kennedy, which was the finish for day 2 and start of day 3. Pretty sparse, but we were only sleeping there and it was exceptionally nice to finish 100m from my bed on day 2! The shared mess hall at Kennedy was also a good time. This was the first event I've been to that provided _good_ plant-based options at every catered meal. Very impressive. The way back was a five hour drive to Perth with the folks to return their hire care, then a flight back to Melbourne which got me home at 2am. Clearly a bit late but meant we didn't need to rush off in the morning and were able to detour through Perth city for a sensational lunch at [The Standard](https://www.thestandardperth.com.au/). ### Race #### Day 1 Began with a loop of the Valley of"}, {"title": "", "text": "appear to find it easier to be familiar and open and to reconcile with the situation, than if the opposite is true. One next of kin told, It was really hard to realize that he needed home care. I panicked when they said they would come five times a day and at nights too. I thought we would be invaded! But I had no chance to give him the care he needed on my own (. . .). Although he got a new bed and they came in the middle of the night, I didn't want to move out from the bedroom we had shared for so many years. But they are so sweet, and I feel so taken care of. They really care for me too! Dealing with changes is also shown in next of kin's stories related to changes in the patient's appearances, in the physical as well as mental state, and in the environment as, for example, in association with new aids and technical equipment. The stories reflect that dealing with the changes means moving between accepting and not accepting the older person's state of health and life situation; of feeling despair as well as hope. Acceptance means realizing the irreversibility of the situation, cooperating with home care, and making the best of it. As one next of kin mentioned, And we, the family, have also, if I may say so, tried to do our best to both understand how this apparatus work and to lessen the fear of it. And we have"}, {"title": "", "text": "of 1000$. I was very very surprised. I guess that the first payment was reported and the fact of having an US Bank Account probably helped during the qualification process. ## The skin rashes > I am not allergic to anything. I\u2019ve been saying this sentence since forever; not because I wanted to brag myself; but rather because it was my belief since my childhood. How wrong I was \u2014 and if you\u2019re thinking about the same, it\u2019s highly probable that you\u2019re wrong too. Austin is one of the worst places in terms of allergies \u2014 and I knew that when I was relocating. I really never worried about that though since by the time I was about to relocate I had visited the city multiple times (October 2018, May 2019, August 2019, November 2019) for a relatively long time (2 to 6 weeks) and I never had any problem. So after a couple of weeks I\u2019d have moved, welts would start appearing on my body, but since they were few (4-5), localised and weren\u2019t bothering me at all, I didn\u2019t care at all. The situation degenerated quickly \u2014 when I started to have them almost everywhere in my body; I would start to feel itchy; wake up during the night because I would be itchy, and some occasions even painful. Initially (since I was still convinced that I wasn\u2019t allergic) I thought about bed bugs. I inspected all my furniture (for the record, it was all brand new) and I effectively did not find anything;"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"SFPC: Day 30 - Housing Debacle, Eyebeam Internship... Election Night\" date: 2016-11-08 20:00:00 -0400 categories: election, eyebeam, pupusas, inez bakery, prospect park --- We had a housing situation debacle today, which seems to have been resolved. Not going to SFPC today. I have my Eyebeam internship in the afternoon, need time to recuperate from, well - *everything that's been happening*. When it rains it pours. Oh, and the US presidential election is tonight. Eyebeam is hosting a come-one, come-all watching party: \"Vote Alone, Cry Together\". -----

    Today, In Pictures

    *Gentrification in Bed Stuy* ![Gentrifying Bed Stuy](/images/IMG_5479.jpg) ![Gentrifying Bed Stuy](/images/IMG_5481.jpg)

    This Is Why You Should Never AirBnB for Longer than Two Weeks

    I am living with three international students in an AirBnB in Bed Stuy, Brooklyn. I like them. For the most part we get along. However, if you're ever thinking about renting an AirBnB long-term, don't. Anyway, I hate to be a tease, but it's a tale for another time, friends. Hopefully, this weekend. Or maybe never. -----

    Prospect Park, Revisited

    ![Pano park](/images/IMG_5485.jpg) Did some reading in Prospect Park today. Such a good place. ![Skaters in the park](/images/IMG_5484.gif) ![POV bike](/images/IMG_5486.gif) -----

    Eyebeam Internship

    I love Eyebeam. Eyebeam Eyebeam Eyebeam. Biked there. Got Pupusas at my beloved Inez Bakery. Chicharrones y queso. Made from scratch so they take while, but damn they good. *The freshly mopped floor of Inez Bakery* ![Inez floor](/images/IMG_5487.jpg) Working on a post about [Radical Networks](www.radicalnetworks.org) and a video edit about their [Playable Fashion]() program. Got some good interview footage of"}, {"title": "", "text": "id: 8640 title: Ask and ye shall receive date: 2013-04-23T07:43:26+00:00 author: Vicki layout: post guid: http://blog.vickiboykis.com/wlb/?p=8640 permalink: /2013/04/ask-and-ye-shall-receive/ categories: - MBA - Philly - Uncategorized tags: - Fox - mba - philly - temple - TUCC ---

    \"IMG_20130214_165726\"

    In my MBA program, there are a couple of places to take night classes, but the one that’s most convenient for me is downtown, because it’s right next to work. Unfortunately, the entrance to Suburban Station, the train station right next to the school that I use to get home, starts to unravel quickly at night. I mean, it’s already pretty gross during the day, but nighttime brings a special glow. So, I always think about how dirty the area surrounding Temple downtown is, and why they can’t use their pull with the city to help fix it. Conveniently, from time to time, my school sends us surveys to fill out about the quality of our experience, both in the classroom and in the facilities so that we can complain as much as possible. I’ve always learned both at work and in school that you should never just come to someone with a problem; you should also have at least a couple possible ways to solve it. But, this is just for my MBA and everyone knows part-time MBA students are pretty tired and already 100% invested in classes, and also I have NO IDEA how to navigate"}, {"title": "", "text": "tunnels timeout from time to time. Now configure Crashplan to backup the files in */media/hd1/share* to their cloud and you are done. There is an optional last step you can follow. The settings above should ensure that Crashplan is not killed by Raspbian, but this may happen. To fix this without us having to ssh into the box every day, I've added a *cronjob* that restarts the Raspberry every day at 2 am. If you are not a *crontab* expert you can see how to do this [in this stack exchange](http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/2150/how-do-i-reboot-at-a-specific-time) question, just replace the *0,8* by a *2*. In my case 2am is not a time when I will be using the NAS, so a restart should not be an issue and it will ensure that any services that were killed are restarted accordingly. # Torrents We have a NAS backed up in the cloud. Given that it will be running 24/7, we can try to squeeze it a bit more by adding a torrent client to the box. That way you can download you latest Linux distro without having to keep your desktop on all night, Raspberry rakes care about it. There is a guide on how to [install deluge](http://www.howtogeek.com/142044/how-to-turn-a-raspberry-pi-into-an-always-on-bittorrent-box/) as a headless server, which we can then access via a remote client or a web interface. To start, we install *deluged* and we run it so it creates the default config files: ```bash sudo apt-get install deluged sudo apt-get install deluge-console deluged ``` Wait for a couple of minutes so all the files"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: kanji v4: 177 v6: 189 kanji: \u91cf keyword: quantity elements: quantity, nightbreak, sun, day, one, floor, computer strokes: 12 image: E9878F on-yomi: \u30ea\u30e7\u30a6 kun-yomi: \u306f\u304b.\u308b permalink: /rtk/\u91cf/ prev: \u9bc9 next: \u5398 --- 1) [Christine_Tham] 30-7-2007(275): I did such a quantity of work that when NIGHT BREAK came, I was asleep on the COMPUTER. 2) [Murjab] 7-9-2007(84): If you find that by nightbreak, you're still playing at your computer, chances are your World of Warcraft character has a high quantity of levels. [thanks to ssmoler] ..... To remember that nightbreak appears ABOVE computer, think of looking UP from your computer at the window to realize you've been playing until nightbreak. 3) [johanvg] 21-7-2006(72): A quantity can be a measure of time or space (day/ri). 4) [krungthep] 29-3-2008(57): I have such a huge quantity of kanji to review that night break usually finds me in front of my computer reviewing the kanji. 5) [slivir] 19-10-2009(22): At nightbreak, it's logical to check the quantity of porn you downloaded to your computer overnight."}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Day 4: Portable Terminal Configuration, Round 2\" color: orange width: 5 height: 1 date: 2017-09-01 23:00:00 -0700 categories: bash ---
    Day 4 meant more work on my [Day 3 project](http://www.graham.place/100Days/bash/2017/08/31/day-3.html), coming up with a frictionless way to port my favorite terminal configuration to new machines via a few interactive Bash scripts.
    Here's the repo with the code I worked on today: [https://github.com/grahamplace/gimmedatzsh](https://github.com/grahamplace/gimmedatzsh)
    Day 3 wasn't very fruitful, but today I made far more progress! I read more about Oh My Zsh, and realized that I could add customizations programmatically via ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom as opposed to trying to edit the .zshrc file itself via Bash commands, which was giving me quite the headache last night.
    Armed with this knowledge, I updated my scripts and got them working. Additionally, I made the installation and customization process interactive, letting users decide what to install. I also added checks to make sure the scripts don't overwrite existing installations of zsh and Oh My Zsh without asking the user first.
    All in all, I think it came out well! I learned a bunch of Bash stuff that I didn't know before, and I was able to configure my own personal laptop using the scripts. Hopefully I can convince some friends to give it a go as well!"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Weekend Days. comments: true --- {% highlight ruby %} bones.each do |bone| bone.broken? = false break if accident.happens? end {% endhighlight %} ![BED](http://federicomaffei.github.io/public/images/broken.jpg) Plans are great, unless they fail and leave you diving deep into a shit pool. How it was supposed to be: go to Italy, [attend wedding and party with old time friends like there's no tomorrow](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlrqaAjBwS4), take a plane on Monday morning and be at Makers by lunch. How it actually went: a scooter ran over me on Saturday night, my right shoulder broke in two points, spent the night at the hospital, still went to the wedding and tried to drink away the pain, woke up today in the worst pain I ever experienced. Now, stuck here in Italy for the next two days, I'm awaiting for a x-ray check, unable to write or do anything else with my arm, and not sleeping from pain. But still trying to be optimistic and not give up. Not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up. I will not give up."}, {"title": "", "text": "title: \"2017 - A Year in Review\" cover: \"https://unsplash.it/1152/300/?random?Javascript\" type: \"Post\" category: \"Personal\" date: 12/16/2017 year: 2017 month: December tags: - personal - review - life --- I hate writing personal blog posts. First, who cares? Second, it's personal. But, I think it's important to my mental health to reflect on (and celebrate) my \"wins\" every once in awhile. I think all people do what I do: make progress, but never stop to enjoy the progress. The goals always change -- I can never actually reach them. ### 2015 2017 has been a big year for me. I don't know if this is quantifiable, but it's maybe been the best and worst year of my life. But this post is about **wins**, so I'm gonna focus on the best. First, let me explain what my wins were in 2015, which is probably the best year of my life before 2017: 1. I lined up a job and moved to San Francisco to be with my now ex -- At the time, that was three huge wins wrapped into one. 2. I quit smoking -- This is probably the best thing I'll ever do for my health. 3. I discovered the joy and genius that is Kendrick Lamar's music. -- This seems silly. On many levels, this isn't as small potatoes as it seems. But mainly, it's nice to just keep things light some times (which I'm generally bad at). The reason I needed to write those out is because they represent the three places that I"}, {"title": "", "text": "suggestions. (post-encounter interview) This redirected attention to whole-person health benefits of activities supported a change in self-perception and confidence in trying out and sustaining healthful practices. Experimenting, Scrutinizing, and Enacting Remembering and Focus This woman's diary reflects the process of trying out, questioning, and incorporating the alternative narratives from the clinical dialogue in her everyday activities and reflection. In her writing, she grapples with the multiplicity of voices that gave meaning to food in the past and stand in opposition with the alternative ways of seeing herself sparked by the dialogue with the physician. The following diary entries illustrate how, through time and in concert with the physical and emotional effects of walking, the new ways of seeing herself and her ability to be healthy began to make more sense and to better align with her embodied experience: May 19: Feeling tired. I crawl into my warm bed and, with the rain falling outside, I feel cozy. I have some chips because I associate that with relaxation and my guilty pleasure is to feel comfort and not caring and not thinking about anything else. I know this is why I tend to snack more at night in bed. I feel lost and don't know how to stop the cycle and it's hard because it's associated with good feelings. May 21: Went to bed feeling sad, tired, and worried about the future. Again had some chips and chocolate milk because I feel like I don't care anymore about anything. June 8: [. . .] so with that,"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: my boring saturday night author: alba excerpt: '\"sataycook.jpg\"' layout: post permalink: /2001/10/14/my-boring-saturday-night/ categories: - photoblog - travel tags: - photoblog - travel --- \"sataycook.jpg\" it’s a saturday night and i was supposed to go out with a friend to do some bar hopping. although, as i seem to recall we just did that friday night as well, hmmm. i ran some errands in the morning, then some bargain shopping in the afternoon. got home and took a nap and didn’t wake up until about 3:30am sunday morning. i uber-napped through the night and my friend never called to go out. waking up in your clothes on top of the sheets, in the dark, yeah that’s what i did saturday night. well i was starving, so i headed over to ‘lau pa sat’ which is the huge food court by my house. most of the food stalls were closed but some of the die-hard hawker stalls were still open to cater to the late-night party crowd replenishing before they go to bed at dawn. my spidey-sense was telling me the good stuff was on the other-side, so i walked over to the row of satay carts. the last cart was just closing, i ran over and begged the hawker to fire up a bunch for me. they sell in bunches of 10 sticks for 2 bucks. chicken, beef or pork are your choices, all come with curry. my man adds 10 chicken sticks for me and grabs his"}, {"title": "", "text": "from all backgrounds\u2014 to solve them. **[Becoming a Runner-Up in a Hackathon (without writing a single line of code)](http://chihacknight.org/blog/2016/04/10/200-celebration-becoming-a-runner-up-in-a-hackathon-without-writing-a-single-line-of-code.html)** by Audrey Henderson
    It was September 2012, and I was reading a description for the Reinventing Chicago event at CNT (Center for Neighborhood Technology) the following month. The cost was $100, which isn\u2019t a huge amount of money, but not exactly pocket change, at least not for me. But just as I was about to enter my payment information, I noticed that hackathon participants could attend for free. Even though I had no idea what a hackathon was, I figured, it was a weekend. How bad could it be? **[Why I Attend Chicago Hack Night Events](http://chihacknight.org/blog/2016/04/11/200-celebration-why-i-attend-chicago-hack-night-events.html)** by Daniel Bassill
    I\u2019ve been attending Chicago Hack Night events for at least 2 years and I\u2019m writing this article to help celebrate their 200th weekly gathering. This image is from May 29, 2016, where the Heartland Alliance presented information. You can see me in the middle, sitting by the wall. That\u2019s my usual spot. Helps me see better. **[A place to learn and grow civic tech leadership](http://chihacknight.org/blog/2016/04/12/200-celebration-a-place-to-learn-and-grow-civic-tech-leadership.html)** by Christopher Whitaker
    In both his State of the Union and his remarks at #SXSW, Chicagoan and President Barack Obama stated that the most important office in a democracy was that of the Office of the Citizen. At Chi Hack Night, we\u2019re privileged to be part of an active movement of people getting engaged in their communities through the use of technology. ## Chi Hack Night Cookies! It all started"}, {"title": "", "text": "just working in undefined time until a task or project is done, you break it into concrete limited blocks of work time. I think this can be great in phase 0 to not get lost in any one task, which I am certainly capable of doing. I can also be used to not mentally tire or burn yourself out. How do you manage your time currently? Currently I don\u2019t really manage my time in any concrete way. Which is a problem. Mostly because my work is project based, I can from times of full on intense activity to times of nebulous or low activity. Is your current strategy working? If not, why not? No my current strategy doesn\u2019t work simply because it is too extreme between the pendulums. I tend to burn myself out when working on something and then being unable to get things going when I am not working on something. Can/will you employ any of them? If so, how? Yes I think micro habits and time blocks will be helpful. Micro habits for creating waypoints and pillars in the day to structure things around, and then time blocks for preventing burn out and allowing one to get into a flow state without distractions. What is your overall plan for Phase 0 time management? For phase0 I will create a series of micro morning habits that get my day started in a regular way. I will then use time blocks, and record that time to measure regular progress on tasks. # 1.2 The Command"}, {"title": "", "text": "Better sleeping is part of `rorysmodcore`, the core mod part of `rorysmod`. ## What it does Better sleeping changes the way sleeping is handled in Minecraft by the following rules. - The player can enter a bed at any time of day - The player can enter a bed with mob around - Note that the player will still get kicked out of a bed by mobs - The player will stay in the bed till the you click the `Leave Bed` button, this includes when the world turns to day - If the player is in a bed when night time comes then the world will be set to day"}, {"title": "", "text": "[B-B3] Lack of Efficient Ways for Providers and Caregivers to Monitor Patients' Life Both providers and patients found the lack of efficient ways for providers to monitor the older adults' life and activities frustrating, and recognised how sometimes this can lead to life-threatening accidents. For example, C2 expressed the concerns of lack of efficient ways to detect accidental falls in real-time: \" if [my patient] is falling in between the night, I would like to know [immediately]. \" P14 mentioned how due to forgetting to take blood pressure medications, he once risked a life-threatening accidents: \"I realized I forgot to take my medication before I go to bed. [On the second day], after taking my blood pressure, it was very high. So I was scared, went upstairs, woke up my wife and my son to bring me to [the emergency room]. \" If caregivers are available and around, it is often possible to get the timely emergency service that is needed. However, for those living alone and without access to caregivers, frustration and dangerous situations can potentially arise. Providers also complained of such barriers when it comes to those with mental health conditions (e.g., delirium, which commonly occurred among those in hospital settings [C1]). One common measure in those cases was to assign nurses or instruct caregivers to take care of them. However, some older adults, especially those transitioning from independent to dependent care, can be very stubborn and not willing to receive any help [C4]. Patient-Provider Communication [B-C1] Lack of Efficient Ways for Health Data"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Back Yourself & Leave That Endless Loop\" date: 2017-04-22 02:10:16 +0000 --- Far too often I have wasted time coding late at night. I'd have an error that made no sense and I'd go chasing the red herring. Round and round I'd go changing code that I was sure was right only to get another strange message, another red herring. Of course, in the morning, fresh and rested I would find the problem in no time! The thing I have learnt from this is to back myself. I do know how to code and if it isn't a syntax issue and I am sure my code is right then the error message isn't necessarily pointing to the problem, I need to think outside the box and often, I just need to go to bed or take a break. A recent example was the Sinatra Playlister lab. I was creating the form for a new song that included an artist, that may or may not exist, and adding genres to the song. I knew my song and artist creation was spot on and felt sure my redirect was right for the post, the only thing I wasn't sure about was the genre addition, but for some reason I put that out of my mind. The messages were that the Name field was missing, not the case, or that my redirect was wrong, not the case. I spent a small amount of time chasing the red herring and then called it a night. Excellent idea"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: layouts/post.njk title: Week Note Nine - Pinch and a punch for the first of March. description: Week Note Nine date: '2020-03-01' tags: - weeknotes --- ## Hello March Spring is on the way and it is good to see daylight in the early mornings. I\u2019m an early riser, I prefer to be up at this time to gather my thoughts, writing, and reading. It is a good mental hack for the mind to go to bed earlier which is often around 10 to 10:30pm without having to deal with night anxiety. If you want to try being an early riser, there are many tips online. [Mental note: write about this!] ## iOS 13, iPadOS, TvOS and macOS Catalina These four releases from Apple are dreadful and convoluted releases. The temptation to move on from Apple is a difficult one because of their ecosystem and the alternatives are appealing. It is going to be a long while till I have faith in Apple\u2019s software and hardware again. My 15\u201d MacBook Pro (mid 2014) with solid hardware specs that will keep me happy for a long while until Apple decided to add this range to the hardware dump. Microsoft is looking particularly favourable thanks to Windows 10 and their [Surface Pro](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/surface-pro/8nkt9wttrbjk?activetab=pivot%3aoverviewtab) range looks delicious and forward thinking. With [WSL2](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/wsl2-install) (Windows Subsystem for Linux) at the ready, the Redmond company are not stopping. One do have to wonder how did Microsoft dramatically changed things in the past decade? Hint: it\u2019s the leadership. ## Hobbies It is good to"}, {"title": "", "text": " Hello World.. I am Kevin! I waved off the last of my Hogmanay guests last night, and tomorrow I'm back at work (no Bank Holiday for me, get out the violins). It's been a pleasant end to the year, and it feels like as good a time as any to think about what I'd like to accomplish over the next twelve months. As I went over in my [last post]({% post_url 2015-12-26-retrospection %}), I set myself a lot of goals for 2015. On the whole, despite only hitting maybe half of my targets, I think that they make a good foundation to build upon: ## Health and Fitness > 2015 goals > > - Reduce body-fat percentage to 12% > - Gym/exercise MINIMUM of three times a week, target five times a week (5-a-side plus gym four times a week) > - Zero cigarettes for 2015 > - No alcohol outside of social events, and none at all for the first six weeks of the year. Zero cigarettes for 2016 is 100% achievable. I'm"}, {"title": "", "text": "led to forms sometimes being completed retrospectively. In some instances this could involve forms being completed up to one week after the date they were supposed to be completed on. \"I think if you start off every night you are doing it, or whatever it is, I will hold my hands up and say, then you kind of, oh I didn't do it that night, I didn't do it that night, and then you say I have got to do them forms, and you would rely then on memory. Obviously it weren't going back weeks, but instead of that, you would start like a bull at a gate every night yes, but you would quickly change to, oh I will blast this all in one go. Probably not right, but that's being honest with you, then that is what happened and I would think most people do the same.\" [41 year old female receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy, allocated to receive no wristbands]. \"Some of the days when I was really, really poorly with the chemo I couldn't even get out of bed to even fill it in I'll be honest, but I knew each day how bad I was, how sick I was. So, you know, was able to fill it in accurately because I knew that at the beginning I was so poorly and so sick and by the end of it you are kind of coming round, so I knew and as soon as I come round and I was out of bed I"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Second Week\" --- ### What did you do this past week? At the beginning of the week I knocke dout Collatz Sunday and Monday night. It was pretty smooth overall. I made some stupid mistakes that I embaressingly took way too long to debug but I eventually got it. One of the issues I had was using \"else if\" instead of \"elif\". Just simple issues of learning python. As I stated last post, I'm still excited learning the simplicity of python ### What's in your way? Nothing crazy is in my way at the moment other than simple issues. I need to checkout the cache that was built and see how we're suppose to use it. I already use SFTP when using sublime text so I shouldn't have any issue accessing the large database files Downing was talking about in class. ### What will you do next week? This week I'm going to jump on Netflix and knock it out real quick, tonight and tomorrow night. I have a few ideas on how we can get our estimate to be even better based on using the years of the highest rated movies by the users. Maybe mak a linear heat map of the users ratings. We'll see what we can come up with. ### Overall class comments Class a was a bit confusing this past week for me. Well just certain parts of it. Overall I understood the majoirty of it but some of the different traits between the mutttable containers and the"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Viva Espana published: true --- Portugal (Viano do Castelo) to Spain (Cangas) *View from top of funicular at Viano ![]({{site.baseurl}}/assets/viana-view---small_scale.jpg)* Time to leave Portugal. I escaped the pontoon, watched carefully by the lady from Falmouth on the next boat, who congratulated me on getting the boat out. It was difficult not to think how much easier it would have been with just one other person to help with the lines. Even a lady. The winds were as forecast, quite strong, and were the prevailing winds. That meant having to tack, and having a steady foul current. The seas were very lumpy to ensure maximum discomfort. It took about 9.5 hard hours to get to my destination, about 2 hours longer than on the way south, when I'd been travelling more slowly. Conditions were such that it wasn't possible to make food, and even a tea or coffee seemed too hard for the first 7 hours. As you will have deduced, despite the sunshine, this was not my favourite trip. Nevertheless, 9.5 hours later, I was back in Spain. Back in the Ria de Vigo, and anchored off a large village/small town called Cangas. There was just one other boat at anchor, an American flagged Halberg Rassey, but seeing another boat increases my confidence that the anchorage will be ok. There's a marina there too, but the plan was to anchor for the night and go in to the marina for the next day. A penny saving excercise - not realising then quite how"}, {"title": "", "text": "fundraisers for [Collective Action for Safe Spaces](https://www.collectiveactiondc.org/) and [Baltimore Abortion Fund](http://www.baltimoreabortionfund.org/). My donations were very modest, which means you can give to your favorite causes while you're on a budget. * I put $20 on my metro card on Wednesday. One of the downsides of living outside of the city proper is that I spend a lot more on metro rides. Of course, I take the metro a lot less often, since I'm working from home, but when I do take the metro (and the bus), I spend about $11 a day. Luckily Dan is able to ride his bike to work whenever the weather is nice, so we're able to save on his commuting expense. * We haven't spent the money yet, but we will tomorrow morning. We're hosting a Thai night at our house where Dan will make several of the recipes that we learned to make while in Thailand. It's gonna be delicious! ## What I\u2019m Writing This week, I republished my [ForbesWomen](https://www.maggiegermano.com/blog/despite-their-priorities-nearly-half-of-americans-over-55-still-dont-have-a-will/) piece about why it's so important to get your estate planning documents in order. ## What I\u2019m Up To * I was featured in [FinanciElle](https://financielle.wordpress.com/2019/03/16/maggie-germano-founder-and-ceo-of-maggie-germano-financial-coaching/) this week! * On Wednesday, March 27th, I\u2019ll be hosting Money Circle. We\u2019ll be joined by personal style coach, [Allison Hamilton-Rohe](https://dailyoutfit.com/), since our topic is: [How To Create a Powerful Personal Style On A Budget](https://www.eventbrite.com/e/money-circle-how-to-create-a-powerful-personal-style-on-a-budget-tickets-54939672038). * The [April Money Circle](https://www.eventbrite.com/e/money-circle-honoring-self-care-keeping-your-pockets-full-tickets-59004572264) meet up is ready for registration! We'll be joined by Megan Sanchez of Upswing Health Coaching to talk about prioritizing self care while on a"}, {"title": "", "text": "I can honestly say I don\u2019t like Autumn. And\u2026 I can honestly say I love it. It is probably my favourite season. Okay, second favourite. Because I hate the dark. Not that monster under your bed kind of fear hate, but the days closing in hate. And if I am being perfectly honest, I don\u2019t actually mind the nights getting darker. It\u2019s the mornings. My whole life I have wanted to be a morning person. Slowly, gradually, from the sleep until noon teenager until the middle-aged woman in France, it has been a progression to see the dawn light. It took chickens and ducks to make it happen. I had never taken care of, let alone owned, chickens or ducks before moving to France. It was an eye opener, both figuratively and literally. Don\u2019t get me wrong, I was aware that birds outside my window chirped early. I was usually cursing them if I had had a late night. What I hadn\u2019t really known is how much they live their lives based on daylight. My day, these days, now begins at dawn, when I go to let out the (very excited) flock. They greet my arrival with crows and quacks, and a wondrous variation of sounds in between, when they hear me coming. They all have to say in their own way \u2018It\u2019s time to get on with the day!\u2019. September\u2019s arrival always seems to bring a real change in the light of day. There is probably some scientific explanation for it, but all that matters"}, {"title": "", "text": "spontaneous hypnotic state. The drawing showed how urine was sent from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder was shown as a container with a muscle at the tip that has a gate that is closed and keeps the urine in the bladder until he goes to the bathroom and the mother computer (i.e., the brain) gives a signal to open the gate when it is full so he can pee. The drawing showed the brain and bladder connection, with bi-directional arrows communicating between the full bladder and the brain, keeping the gate closed until he gets the message from the brain to open it. The clinician explained, that because he was a deep sleeper, his brain and bladder did not talk well/forgot at night so he had to remind them to talk to each other like they did during the day before he went to sleep. Then the clinician had him imagine having this conversation in his head to practice how he would have the brain and bladder talk to each other. For example, the clinician coached the patient to say \"bladder, tonight let the brain know when you are full. Brain, you have a choice. When the bladder says its full, tell me to wake up, walk to the bathroom, open the gate, pee in the toilet, close the gate, and go back to my comfortable dry bed, or, instead tell the bladder gate to stay closed and locked all night until morning, when I get up from my nice, warm, dry bed and"}, {"title": "", "text": "tissue or toilet paper. Some respondents even said that many women had a specific towel for this purpose that they kept at the head of their bed. This quote exemplifies a common theme regarding different cleansing practices (wiping externally versus washing internally) depending on whether a woman had sex in the day or in the night: ''If you have sex during the day you wash because you still have to go outside, so you cannot wipe with a towel. (At night) you wipe because you are going to sleep and you wash in the morning'' (Community FGD, exact age unknown but one of seven respondents aged between 22 and 32 years old). Approximately a third of FGD respondents said women washed inside their vagina after sex, even during the night. The respondents explained that women would usually get up after sex to go and wash. This was described as occurring immediately after sex, so within approximately an hour of sex. There were also frequent reports of women placing a basin of water next to the bed at night in order to wash after sex: ''I do not know what the other people do but with me I put my water next to me when I sleep so that immediately after sex I take it and wash myself because I hate the sperm'' (Community FGD, 35year-old woman). Intravaginal cleansing involved the insertion of either cloth or fingers. Respondents described the use of fingers to clean intravaginally after sex in 4 out of 10 FGDs with trial participants"}, {"title": "", "text": "\\textbf{Encouragement/Reassurance}. chatbot expresses hope, wishes, trust, congratulations, motivation and praise in using expressions such as: hang in there, stay strong, keep marching, do not give up \\cite{yoo2014giving} as well as:\\textit{relax, take it easy}; \\textit{hope everything goes well}; \\textit{congratulations on your baby}; \\textit{So cute}; \\textit{Admire you}; \\textit{Best wishes for you}. \\textbf{Care/Physical affection}. chatbot offers specific suggestions for expressing care such as:\\textit{Take care of yourself}; \\textit{go to bed on time}; \\textit{drink more water}. Sending some simple emojis is also grouped into this category, such as: [hug hug hug]; [happy happy happy]. In other cases, chatbot seems to have no idea what to do. It replies:\\textit{I do not know, I cannot do it, I also want to ask why, I do not know how to observe, can anyone help me?}. \\textbf{Botself}. chatbot sometimes acts like a real pregnant woman, describing her personal experiences and opinions, or praying for herself. For example, it described its life: \\textit{ I am going to the hospital next week for a B-mode ultrasound; I like sweet food lot; my due date is 6.11; I dreamed about a snake last night}. It also expressed its own unique opinions, such as \\textit{dreams are contrary to reality; the biological mother is the best; gender is not important, health is good}. Besides, chatbot sometimes prays for itself under other people's posts, such as \\textit{Bodhisattva, please bless me}. Although its reply has nothing to do with the post's host, it would still be replied to by others with expressions such as \\textit{Hope our wishes can be realized}. \\textbf{Question}. chatbot"}, {"title": "", "text": "you can burst to the cloud with the same settings. We've done a lot of work there with being able to make sure that it's pumping out metrics of like, GPU utilization, power metrics, how are you-- that system administrator-- like, what is the health of my system? And how do GPUs fit into that? We want to make it as vanilla as possible. We don't want GPUs to be viewed as like, this unique and beautiful [INAUDIBLE], which they are. MARK: Of course! They're lovely. Don't get them wrong. KARI: I did want to bring up a little bit the inference server. You kind of like these three basic blocks when you're sort of working through AI deployments. You have the pre-processing of the data, you have the training. And then maybe if you're really expert, you have this optimization and then deployment. And I hate to use something as mundane as DevOps or something as exciting as AI, but that's kind of what it is. And I think some people who might get scared about where do I begin with AI model development, you just kind of take that same practice and approach to it. And we have tools that every step along the way for every person, whether you are data pre-processing, if you're deep learning data scientists and researcher, if you're the software developer who is trying to integrate the model into that application, and then the system administrator who is trying to take care of all this stuff and keep the"}, {"title": "", "text": "demonstrate how to extend `on-watch` to expose our todos, how to publish events to subscribers, and how to get those events to a client. This lesson should focus on making the mechanics of getting information from client to server and back again clear--actually wiring up the TodoMVC frontend can wait until the next lesson. By the end of this section: - I understand why a client sets up subscriptions instead of receiving direct data responses. - I know how to expose data to subscribers via `on-watch`. - I know how to publish state changes to subscribers. - I understand how data travels from my client to my ship. - I understand how data travels from my ship to my client. ## Part 5: Collaboration The final phase of this guide should demonstrate the ways in which applications built on Urbit can communicate with one another. TodoMVC has no built-in interface mechanic for this, so you'll have to be a bit creative and think through what \"multiplayer mode\" looks like for TodoMVC. It's okay for this to be fairly simple, as our goal is to demonstrate how to extend an agent to work with others\u2014not to build a great collaborative todo list. It's likely (and desirable) that the addition of this feature introduces the need to update our data model to handle todo lists belonging to multiple different ships (since before we were only dealing with our own todos). That makes this an ideal time to demonstrate how to upgrade our application's state to a new version,"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: kanji v4: 31 v6: 31 kanji: \u80c6 keyword: gall bladder elements: gallbladder, moon, month, flesh, part of the body, nightbreak, sun, day, one, floor strokes: 9 image: E88386 on-yomi: \u30bf\u30f3 kun-yomi: \u304d\u3082 permalink: /rtk/\u80c6/ prev: \u65e6 next: \u4e98 --- 1) [smiro] 11-11-2007(279): The moon has a lot of gall sticking around after sunrise. 2) [arturo] 20-7-2007(124): All the month long I have to start working at nightbreak. This really activates my gall bladder (=I get angry). 3) [randomassortmentofletters] 31-5-2009(88): For a month\uff08 \u6708 \uff09, I was up until nightbreak\uff08 \u65e6 \uff09 because of my gall bladder\uff08 \u80c6 \uff09. 4) [yaban] 15-1-2007(49): The gall bladder digests the flesh (meat) before nightbreak so you are ready to start your new day. 5) [LeoOra] 14-1-2008(26): If you drink all night long (moon), until the night break your gall bladder will have problems..."}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: before going to bed or before going to the bed My name is S\u00f3simo Romero Dom\u00ednguez. I want to know what is the correct way to write the following sentence. before going to bed or before going to the bed What is it correct? Greetings. A: \"Going to bed\" means starting the process of going to sleep for the night. This process may include brushing your teeth, changing clothes, and even reading a book once in bed. \"Going to the bed\" means the same as other phrases that start with \"Going to ...\". Some examples include, \"Going to the store\" and \"Going to the car\". Each of these mean literally going to those places or things. For your sentence, it depends on what you are doing. If you are only going to the bed and not going to sleep, then you would say, \"Before going to the bed\". Otherwise, you would say, \"Before going to bed\". A: To go to bed is an idiom. It has two meanings. One refers to getting in a bed (one's own bed, a designated bed, or any bed) in order to soon go to sleep. You might read a book, think about the day, or play with your phone before you actually go to sleep. So you could say Before going to bed, I brush my teeth. The other meaning is to have sex. So you could say Before going to bed with you, I want to brush my teeth. In addition to these idiomatic uses, you can say"}, {"title": "", "text": "that when using geowebcache, this can be set in the GWC config.': 'Si noti che quando si utilizza geowebcache, questo pu\u00f2 essere impostato in GWC config.', 'Note: Make sure that all the text cells are quoted in the csv file before uploading': 'Note: Make sure that all the text cells are quoted in the csv file before uploading', 'Notice to Airmen': 'Avviso per Aviatori', 'Number': 'Numero', 'Number of additional beds of that type expected to become available in this unit within the next 24 hours.': 'Numero di ulteriori letti di tale tipo previsto per diventare disponibili in questa unit\u00e0 entro le prossime 24 ore.', 'Number of alternative places for studying': 'Numero di luoghi di studio alternativi', 'Number of available/vacant beds of that type in this unit at the time of reporting.': 'Numero di letti disponibili/vacanti di quel tipo in questa unit\u00e0 al momento della generazione reports.', 'Number of Columns': 'Numero di colonne', 'Number of deaths during the past 24 hours.': 'Numero di deceduti nelle precedenti 24 ore.', 'Number of Disasters': 'Numero di disastri', 'Number of discharged patients during the past 24 hours.': 'Numero di ricoverati nelle precedenti 24 ore', 'Number of doctors': 'Numero di medici', 'Number of evacuees registered in the shelter for day and night': 'Numero di sfollati registrati nella Struttura di Accoglienza per il giorno e la notte', 'Number of evacuees registered in this housing unit (Day and Night)': 'Numero di sfollati registrati in questa unit\u00e0 abitativa (giorno e notte)', 'Number of evacuees registered in this housing unit (Night)': 'Numero di sfollati registrati in"}, {"title": "", "text": "burn a single fuel. Load-following power plants By way of contrast, load-following power plants usually run during the day and early evening, and are operated in direct response to changing demand for power supply. They either shut down or greatly curtail output during the night and early morning, when the demand for electricity is the lowest. The exact hours of operation depend on numerous factors. One of the most important factors for a particular plant is how efficiently it can convert fuel into electricity. The most efficient plants, which are almost invariably the least costly to run per kilowatt-hour produced, are brought online first. As demand increases, the next most efficient plants are brought on line and so on. The status of the electrical grid in that region, especially how much base load generating capacity it has, and the variation in demand are also very important. An additional factor for operational variability is that demand does not vary just between night and day. There are also significant variations in the time of year and day of the week. A region that has large variations in demand will require a large load following or peaking power plant capacity because base load power plants can only cover the capacity equal to that needed during times of lowest demand. Load-following power plants can be hydroelectric power plants, diesel and gas engine power plants, combined cycle gas turbine power plants and steam turbine power plants that run on natural gas or heavy fuel oil, although heavy fuel oil plants make"}, {"title": "", "text": "structure copied by other groups, particularly [Code for America](http://www.codeforamerica.org/blog/2013/07/24/brigade-101-how-to-hack-night/), I believe Chi Hack Night has a unique and effective way of organizing events and empowering volunteers. This post is my first attempt at synthesizing and sharing this model. While I don\u2019t have a full-on playbook for you, we have come up with 10 lessons that we think make Chi Hack Night model work. If you're already familiar with Chi Hack Night, you can skip right down to the 10 lessons. If you've never been to one, it will help to know what goes on here every week. So let's dive in!

    What happens at Chi Hack Night?

    Chi Hack Night starts every Tuesday at 6pm. We meet in the Braintree office on the 8th floor of the Merchandise Mart in downtown Chicago. The event is free, and the invitation is open to anyone, especially folks who aren\u2019t programmers.

    6:00pm \u2013 Socializing and food

    As people arrive, we gather in the Braintree auditorium.

    Because we\u2019re meeting during the dinner hour, food is always provided, usually pizza or empanadas. We want to make sure people are happy and fed, and eating together is a great way to break the ice and bond with other attendees.

    \"Delicious
    Delicious empanadas from Irazu

    6:15pm \u2013 Welcome and introductions

    We get started around 6:15pm with a brief welcome and introduction to the event and then"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Week 2 --- ## Questions: 1. What did you do this past week? This past week I was busy doing the readings for this class. I didn't realize how long the readings were going to be when I started them. I started Thursday after work, so that was not the smartest idea since they had to be read by Friday. I should've worked more on the first project but didn't get as much done as I would've liked. 2. What's in your way? I had a few of my other classes in my way this week. I am taking an online class that has a ton of stuff due on Sunday nights. I am also in a 1 hour PHP class that is going to be time intensive for the first half of the semester. 3. What will you do next week? This upcoming week I am going to finish the project. It is due on Thursday, so really I have no choice but to do it. I am also going to try to get started on the assigned reading earlier than I did last week. That way I don't have to read 11 chapters in one night. I also want to better prepare for the quizzes. I think that is definitely going to be a challenge for this class. I also want to work on working on this project after work. When I come home from work on Tuesday and Thursday, I usually don't want to sit down and start coding again,"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"The Sandman: Endless Nights\" date: 2020-07-29 13:28:52 tags: books comics --- I'm already beginning to fail my promise of more regular blogging; I think a pretty good way to break through the activation energy is to have shorter posts about relatively uncontroversial topics. To that point - [The Sandman: Endless Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman:_Endless_Nights). Holy shit, it's so good. I have no idea how I missed reading this over years of obsession with the Sandman series. ---- I learned about the Sandman series some time in 2012 and I was instantly hooked - since I was still a grad student living without a lot of (or any?) disposable income, I deferred reading the series. But once I started my first job, collecting the Sandman series was my first true indulgence. I was elated when I finally got myself to purchase all 10 Trade Paperbacks (used, of course), and I still showcase them with pride in all the houses Rishita and I have lived at. Reading Sandman was always a visceral experience. I didn't just *think* about the things Gaiman wrote - I luxuriated in the ideas and feelings. For me, there's a unique melancholy in all his stories. The idea that there's so much of our story (and others' stories) that we just don't understand resonates deeply. There's also Morpheus himself, Dream of the Endless, who is the anchor around whom most stories revolve. Inspite of all the power he has, and his responsibilities (something extremely important to the character himself), there's so much growth in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Language and the Nonverbal as a Unity R ECENTLY my father told me about the great deal he'd gotten on some polo shirts: $4.99, marked down from $25. He said, \"It was at a store that sells sportswear, called Joe ... no, it was Joe's . . .Joe's . . . . \" He trailed off, frowning and pursing his lips with the frustration of not remembering. Without thinking twice, I said, \"Eddie Bauer?\" He looked a little startled. \"How did you know that?\" I didn't know how I knew. But that wasn't the first time. Twenty years ago, I had a dream about my father. He was lying with his eyes closed in a hospital bed, and behind him, on the wall, was a thing like a thermometer that I understood to be a blood pressure monitor. The blood-red fluid in the monitor began to rise. It rose higher and higher until the top of the glass that held it shattered and it spewed out into the air. I awoke terrified, breathing hard, with the strongest kind of feeling-I would say \"knowledge,\" actually, though I was reluctant to say that at the moment, there in my bed in the middle of the night-that my father, who had high blood pressure and various other cardiac risk factors, had had a heart attack. Early the next morning I told my analyst the dream and we analyzed it. When I returned home from analysis I received a can from my mother, telling me that my father had had"}, {"title": "", "text": "from once or twice through the whole program, to every day. My partner and I were both doing body scan at night before we went to bed, every night we did it. (C). [Re formal practice] probably only once or twice during the whole program. So I really only practiced it in the group\u2026.Maybe once or twice the whole time\u2026 The mindfulness of daily tasks, that's what I've been doing a lot of, like the mindful walking, and things like that. I do those every day. (A). Setting up a regular, daily practice at home was identified as a major challenge by three of the four women identified. I think the challenge was integrating it into the day, and it was the simple obstacles like my computer not working anymore and not having another way to play the meditations. (D). I don't know why but I always find a block with coming to the formal meditation, or setting aside time to do that sort of thing.... I have other things to do or I'd rather read this book or I'd rather be, my mind would rather be busy. (B). Changes attributed to mindfulness practice Women were asked directly to reflect on any changes they felt had occurred for them as a result of taking part in the MindBabyBody program. The four main themes identified were; reigning in unhelpful patterns; improvements to interpersonal relationships; and general improvements to quality of life; and improved sleep. A strong theme running through the interviews and identified by women, was the"}, {"title": "", "text": "a break from baking . whats up ? {PARTNER_PREFIX}: finishing plans for my wedding in the park next week ! what are you baking ? {SELF_PREFIX}: how romantic ! just some cupcakes for the surf a thon . gotta feed my fellow surfers {PARTNER_PREFIX}: gnarly ! reminds me of the niagra falls where we are taking our honeymoon . {SELF_PREFIX}: wow sounds so sweet ! so we both love the water huh ? {PARTNER_PREFIX}: yeah , although i'd prefer the beach . the falls are her idea . {SELF_PREFIX}: haha its sweet you compromised . have you been together long ? {PARTNER_PREFIX}: 7 years . you would think my family would like her by now but they don't . {SELF_PREFIX}: i get it . . . i grew up an army brat and my family is so disapproving of me too . {PARTNER_PREFIX}: that's sad . she's crazy though , wants my dog to be the ring bearer . {SELF_PREFIX}: but would not that be just adorable ? {PARTNER_PREFIX}: if the dog would listen , and hopefully not have to potty during the ceremony . {SELF_PREFIX}: it should work out ! that is what i say before going to my hospital shifts {PARTNER_PREFIX}: long hours ! definitely deserve a break by surfing ! {SELF_PREFIX}: yeah ! its hard work being a nurse . good luck on your wedding and family ! {PARTNER_PREFIX}: hi {SELF_PREFIX}: hey there how was your day today ? {PARTNER_PREFIX}: pretty well , how is your night going ? {SELF_PREFIX}: its going ok"}, {"title": "", "text": "concerns the late night in which the existence of P -wave charmonia hit my head: we had been talking about L = 0 states without realizing (we idiots!) that a bunch of L = 1 charmonia should lie between J and \u03c8 in mass. Too late to call Shelly, I spent hours guessing masses and estimating the obviously all-important \u03b3-ray transition rates. At a gentlemanly morning hour I rushed on my bicycle to Shelly's office, literally all the way in, and attempted to snow him with my findings. I was speechless, out of breath and wits. Shelly profited to say: \"I know exactly what you are trying to tell me, there are all these P -wave states etc., etc.\" He had figured it all out at breakfast. I hated the guy's guts. In no time, David and Tom gathered forces with Shelly and me to produce an article 90 on Charmonium spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters was fighting its usual losing battle against progress (in nomenclature, ) and did not accept the title. Neither did PRL accept a similar title by our friendly Cornell competitors. 91 The predicted spectra and the current experimental situation are shown in Fig. 17. We, the Crimson, estimated the energy levels as \"half-way\" between those of a Coulomb and a harmonic oscillator potential. Indeed, a linear potential -adequate for confined cc states-is in its dependence on distance somewhat half-way. Our Cornell friends, the Carnelian, borrowed a linear-potential program from Ken Wilson and got similar results. Except for the all-important \u03b3-ray transition rates,"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Founder Friday | Wildwood, Friendship, and Amtrak date: 2019-06-07 14:00:00 -04:00 categories: - founder friday image: \"/uploads/shawn-henry-518382-unsplash.jpg\" posts: - Founder Friday | Virginia Beach, Death, and Groceries - Founder Friday | Bankruptcy, Memorial Day, and Weddings - Founder Friday | Health Coaching, Decking, and Mental Health --- Happy Friday, everyone! Here's what I was up to (while mostly on vacation) this week. ## **How I Earned Money This Week** * One of my ongoing client's monthly fee went through on Monday * A new client paid her monthly fee. * We had two different Airbnb guests stay with us. * An affiliate payout for Podia was transferred to my Paypal account. ## **How I Spent Money This Week** * I spent the majority of this week in Wildwood, New Jersey with my sisters and two of my cousins. We brought much of our food with us and mostly spent our time on the beach, but we still spent a bit of money dining out. We got delicious seafood at [Rick's Seafood](http://www.ricks-seafood.com/), we got tacos and margaritas at [Buckets Margarita Bar & Cantina](http://bucketsstoneharbor.com/), and we had a farewell breakfast at a diner in North Wildwood. * I originally purchased a train ticket that would get me back to Maryland at 6:30pm last night. However, I found out that my sisters and cousins were planning on getting on the road by 11am to get home, so I paid Amtrak $20 to change my ticket to a 1pm train. They don't have change fees, luckily, but I did"}, {"title": "", "text": "new country. I speak the language. I can pick up the tools and, even if I don\u2019t know quite how to use them, I know what they\u2019re used for and \u2013 this is the crucial part \u2013 I know how to figure out how to use them.<br /> <br /> At some point midway through, I had a moment of clarity amid the struggle. My greatest obstacle to progress was my own frustration.<br /> <br /> Ok. It is nearly impossible to be patient with yourself when you have to turn in homework every day at six am, and your first assignment is \u201cReproduce this PDF of a webpage in pixel perfection\u2026in code. Which you just learned in the past three hours.\u201d<br /> <br /> I learned to just keep pushing through the lack of understanding, to reframe that lack of understanding as a question that might get me back on track, rather than stack it up as mounting evidence of my failure.<br /> <br /> And I learned the importance of putting a problem aside and taking a break \u2013 a short walk in the fresh air sometimes, or sometimes a night\u2019s sleep.<br /> <br /> I am amazed at how many mornings I woke up with a new solution to a problem I couldn\u2019t solve the night before. Sometimes that solution even worked the first time!<br /> <br /> There is a sweet spot of clarity I\u2019m discovering more and more here on the other side of code school, now that I am liberated"}, {"title": "", "text": "of a neat-looking high street (Rustaveli Avenue), which also leads to the parliament and the Georgian National Museum. {% include image.html img=\"pics/IMG_20150525_195121_scaled.jpg\" title=\"Image\" caption=\"On Rustaveli Avenue\" url=\"http://www.escapingsloth.com/pics/fullsize/IMG_20150525_195121.jpg\" %} When I arrived, the entire road was blocked for traffic, as they were preparing for a parade: People were in the process of erecting stages and assembling stands. Bands were practicing and every available space was covered in billboards and posters. Despite the commotion I managed to find a cafe with wifi and find myself a suitable hostel. Then I shouldered my way back through the crowd and towards the southern part of town. {% include image.html img=\"pics/IMG_20150525_195532_scaled.jpg\" title=\"Image\" caption=\"Liberty Square, at the southern end of Rustaveli Avenue\" url=\"http://www.escapingsloth.com/pics/fullsize/IMG_20150525_195532.jpg\" %} There, right at the foot of a massive hill and under the remains of Narikala Fortress I found the excellent Envoy Hostel. On top of all other amenities, it had a fantastic roof terrace! {% include image.html img=\"pics/IMG_20150525_201831_scaled.jpg\" title=\"Image\" caption=\"View from the hostel roof terrace\" url=\"http://www.escapingsloth.com/pics/fullsize/IMG_20150525_201831.jpg\" %} After dark, I ventured down the hill and found myself something to eat. Next, I followed a bridge into a park on the other side of the river, and spent some time reading there. {% include image.html img=\"pics/IMG_20150525_203552_scaled.jpg\" title=\"Image\" caption=\"The park. That subtle, understated building in the background? The presidential palace.\" url=\"http://www.escapingsloth.com/pics/fullsize/IMG_20150525_203552.jpg\" %} Afterwards, I called it an early night and headed back across the river and to bed! {% include image.html img=\"pics/IMG_20150525_214627_scaled.jpg\" title=\"Image\" caption=\"Shiny bridge.\" url=\"http://www.escapingsloth.com/pics/fullsize/IMG_20150525_214627.jpg\" %} The next day I heard from the hostel staff that I had actually"}, {"title": "", "text": "husband's needs, one day passes, taking responsibilities on these three roles. (P12) It was seen that the women had to give priority to domestic responsibilities and create time for academic responsibilities at night. Participant 2's statement below is a typical expression of night work. Female academics had to work late at night mostly because of childcare. Some participants were sleep-deprived, owing to the heavy workload. Well, let me put it this way, starting from the nights because my son sleeps at 10 o'clock. After he sleeps, I sit in front of my laptop for two to three hours until 1 a.m. So I can study for two to three hours. Then I sleep. (P2) 468 -PARLAK ET AL. | Being less involved in academic responsibilities The female academics clearly expressed that there is an unequal allocation of household responsibilities in their family lives. Such inequality causes female academics to postpone some of their academic responsibilities-which, in turn, clearly impacts their academic productivity. Two codes merged under this subtheme: being unable to complete academic tasks and delaying academic research and publishing. Participant 17 stated that she could only have time for lectures and meetings because she had to take care of all needs of family members. She stressed that academic and household responsibilities could not be fulfilled together with an unequal distribution of labor at home. I can do my lectures and join meetings as academic responsibilities. I mean, I stay at home, and oh, I spend more time on my articles, then do some personal stuff"}, {"title": "", "text": "times throughout the day, and also throughout the night. They help measure certain values such as heartbeat and rhythm, quality of sleep, total steps in a day, and may help recognize certain diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. They may promote ideas on how to improve one's health and stay away from certain impending diseases. These devices give daily feedback on what to improve on and what areas people are doing well in, and this motivates and continues to push the user to keep on with their improved lifestyle. Over time, wearable technology has impacted the health and physical activity market an immense amount as, according to ScienceDirect, \"The consumer-directed wearable technology market is rapidly growing and expected to exceed $34B by 2020.\" This shows how the Wearable Technology sector is increasingly becoming more and more approved amongst all people who want to improve their health and quality of life. Wearable Technology can come in all forms from watches, pads placed on the heart, devices worn around the arms, all the way to devices that can measure any amount of data just through touching the receptors of the device. In many cases, Wearable Technology is connected to an app that can relay the information right away ready to be analyzed and discussed with a cardiologist. In addition, according to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine they state, \"wearables may be a low-cost, feasible, and accessible way for promoting PA.\" Essentially, this insinuates that Wearable Technology can be beneficial to everyone and really is not"}, {"title": "", "text": "EditDistance9() { VerifyEditDistance(\"meilenstein\", \"levenshtein\", 4); } [Fact] public void EditDistance10() { VerifyEditDistance(\"rosettacode\", \"raisethysword\", 8); } [Fact] public void EditDistance11() { var editDistance = EditDistance.GetEditDistance(\"book\", \"moons\", 1); Assert.Equal(editDistance, EditDistance.BeyondThreshold); VerifyEditDistance(\"book\", \"moons\", 3); } [Fact] public void EditDistance12() { VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaab\", \"aaabc\", 2); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaab\", \"aabcc\", 3); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaab\", \"abccc\", 4); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaab\", \"bcccc\", 5); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabb\", \"aaabbc\", 2); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabb\", \"aabbcc\", 4); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabb\", \"abbccc\", 5); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabb\", \"bbcccc\", 6); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbb\", \"aaabbbc\", 2); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbb\", \"aabbbcc\", 4); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbb\", \"abbbccc\", 6); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbb\", \"bbbcccc\", 7); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbbb\", \"aaabbbbc\", 2); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbbb\", \"aabbbbcc\", 4); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbbb\", \"abbbbccc\", 6); VerifyEditDistance(\"aaaabbbb\", \"bbbbcccc\", 8); } public static readonly string[] Top1000 = new string[] { \"a\",\"able\",\"about\",\"above\",\"act\",\"add\",\"afraid\",\"after\",\"again\",\"against\",\"age\",\"ago\",\"agree\",\"air\",\"all\", \"allow\",\"also\",\"always\",\"am\",\"among\",\"an\",\"and\",\"anger\",\"animal\",\"answer\",\"any\",\"appear\",\"apple\",\"are\", \"area\",\"arm\",\"arrange\",\"arrive\",\"art\",\"as\",\"ask\",\"at\",\"atom\",\"baby\",\"back\",\"bad\",\"ball\",\"band\",\"bank\", \"bar\",\"base\",\"basic\",\"bat\",\"be\",\"bear\",\"beat\",\"beauty\",\"bed\",\"been\",\"before\",\"began\",\"begin\",\"behind\", \"believe\",\"bell\",\"best\",\"better\",\"between\",\"big\",\"bird\",\"bit\",\"black\",\"block\",\"blood\",\"blow\",\"blue\",\"board\", \"boat\",\"body\",\"bone\",\"book\",\"born\",\"both\",\"bottom\",\"bought\",\"box\",\"boy\",\"branch\",\"bread\",\"break\",\"bright\", \"bring\",\"broad\",\"broke\",\"brother\",\"brought\",\"brown\",\"build\",\"burn\",\"busy\",\"but\",\"buy\",\"by\",\"call\",\"came\", \"camp\",\"can\",\"capital\",\"captain\",\"car\",\"card\",\"care\",\"carry\",\"case\",\"cat\",\"catch\",\"caught\",\"cause\",\"cell\", \"cent\",\"center\",\"century\",\"certain\",\"chair\",\"chance\",\"change\",\"character\",\"charge\",\"chart\",\"check\",\"chick\", \"chief\",\"child\",\"children\",\"choose\",\"chord\",\"circle\",\"city\",\"claim\",\"class\",\"clean\",\"clear\",\"climb\",\"clock\", \"close\",\"clothe\",\"cloud\",\"coast\",\"coat\",\"cold\",\"collect\",\"colony\",\"color\",\"column\",\"come\",\"common\",\"company\", \"compare\",\"complete\",\"condition\",\"connect\",\"consider\",\"consonant\",\"contain\",\"continent\",\"continue\",\"control\", \"cook\",\"cool\",\"copy\",\"corn\",\"corner\",\"correct\",\"cost\",\"cotton\",\"could\",\"count\",\"country\",\"course\",\"cover\", \"cow\",\"crease\",\"create\",\"crop\",\"cross\",\"crowd\",\"cry\",\"current\",\"cut\",\"dad\",\"dance\",\"danger\",\"dark\",\"day\", \"dead\",\"deal\",\"dear\",\"death\",\"decide\",\"decimal\",\"deep\",\"degree\",\"depend\",\"describe\",\"desert\",\"design\", \"determine\",\"develop\",\"dictionary\",\"did\",\"die\",\"differ\",\"difficult\",\"direct\",\"discuss\",\"distant\",\"divide\", \"division\",\"do\",\"doctor\",\"does\",\"dog\",\"dollar\",\"done\",\"dont\",\"door\",\"double\",\"down\",\"draw\",\"dream\",\"dress\", \"drink\",\"drive\",\"drop\",\"dry\",\"duck\",\"during\",\"each\",\"ear\",\"early\",\"earth\",\"ease\",\"east\",\"eat\",\"edge\", \"effect\",\"egg\",\"eight\",\"either\",\"electric\",\"element\",\"else\",\"end\",\"enemy\",\"energy\",\"engine\",\"enough\", \"enter\",\"equal\",\"equate\",\"especially\",\"even\",\"evening\",\"event\",\"ever\",\"every\",\"exact\",\"example\",\"except\", \"excite\",\"exercise\",\"expect\",\"experience\",\"experiment\",\"eye\",\"face\",\"fact\",\"fair\",\"fall\",\"family\",\"famous\", \"far\",\"farm\",\"fast\",\"fat\",\"father\",\"favor\",\"fear\",\"feed\",\"feel\",\"feet\",\"fell\",\"felt\",\"few\",\"field\",\"fig\", \"fight\",\"figure\",\"fill\",\"final\",\"find\",\"fine\",\"finger\",\"finish\",\"fire\",\"first\",\"fish\",\"fit\",\"five\",\"flat\", \"floor\",\"flow\",\"flower\",\"fly\",\"follow\",\"food\",\"foot\",\"for\",\"force\",\"forest\",\"form\",\"forward\",\"found\", \"four\",\"fraction\",\"free\",\"fresh\",\"friend\",\"from\",\"front\",\"fruit\",\"full\",\"fun\",\"game\",\"garden\",\"gas\",\"gather\", \"gave\",\"general\",\"gentle\",\"get\",\"girl\",\"give\",\"glad\",\"glass\",\"go\",\"gold\",\"gone\",\"good\",\"got\",\"govern\", \"grand\",\"grass\",\"gray\",\"great\",\"green\",\"grew\",\"ground\",\"group\",\"grow\",\"guess\",\"guide\",\"gun\",\"had\",\"hair\", \"half\",\"hand\",\"happen\",\"happy\",\"hard\",\"has\",\"hat\",\"have\",\"he\",\"head\",\"hear\",\"heard\",\"heart\",\"heat\",\"heavy\", \"held\",\"help\",\"her\",\"here\",\"high\",\"hill\",\"him\",\"his\",\"history\",\"hit\",\"hold\",\"hole\",\"home\",\"hope\",\"horse\", \"hot\",\"hour\",\"house\",\"how\",\"huge\",\"human\",\"hundred\",\"hunt\",\"hurry\",\"i\",\"ice\",\"idea\",\"if\",\"imagine\",\"in\", \"inch\",\"include\",\"indicate\",\"industry\",\"insect\",\"instant\",\"instrument\",\"interest\",\"invent\",\"iron\",\"is\", \"island\",\"it\",\"job\",\"join\",\"joy\",\"jump\",\"just\",\"keep\",\"kept\",\"key\",\"kill\",\"kind\",\"king\",\"knew\",\"know\", \"lady\",\"lake\",\"land\",\"language\",\"large\",\"last\",\"late\",\"laugh\",\"law\",\"lay\",\"lead\",\"learn\",\"least\",\"leave\", \"led\",\"left\",\"leg\",\"length\",\"less\",\"let\",\"letter\",\"level\",\"lie\",\"life\",\"lift\",\"light\",\"like\",\"line\",\"liquid\", \"list\",\"listen\",\"little\",\"live\",\"locate\",\"log\",\"lone\",\"long\",\"look\",\"lost\",\"lot\",\"loud\",\"love\",\"low\", \"machine\",\"made\",\"magnet\",\"main\",\"major\",\"make\",\"man\",\"many\",\"map\",\"mark\",\"market\",\"mass\",\"master\",\"match\", \"material\",\"matter\",\"may\",\"me\",\"mean\",\"meant\",\"measure\",\"meat\",\"meet\",\"melody\",\"men\",\"metal\",\"method\", \"middle\",\"might\",\"mile\",\"milk\",\"million\",\"mind\",\"mine\",\"minute\",\"miss\",\"mix\",\"modern\",\"molecule\",\"moment\", \"money\",\"month\",\"moon\",\"more\",\"morning\",\"most\",\"mother\",\"motion\",\"mount\",\"mountain\",\"mouth\",\"move\",\"much\", \"multiply\",\"music\",\"must\",\"my\",\"name\",\"nation\",\"natural\",\"nature\",\"near\",\"necessary\",\"neck\",\"need\",\"neighbor\", \"never\",\"new\",\"next\",\"night\",\"nine\",\"no\",\"noise\",\"noon\",\"nor\",\"north\",\"nose\",\"note\",\"nothing\",\"notice\", \"noun\",\"now\",\"number\",\"numeral\",\"object\",\"observe\",\"occur\",\"ocean\",\"of\",\"off\",\"offer\",\"office\",\"often\", \"oh\",\"oil\",\"old\",\"on\",\"once\",\"one\",\"only\",\"open\",\"operate\",\"opposite\",\"or\",\"order\",\"organ\",\"original\", \"other\",\"our\",\"out\",\"over\",\"own\",\"oxygen\",\"page\",\"paint\",\"pair\",\"paper\",\"paragraph\",\"parent\",\"part\",\"particular\", \"party\",\"pass\",\"past\",\"path\",\"pattern\",\"pay\",\"people\",\"perhaps\",\"period\",\"person\",\"phrase\",\"pick\",\"picture\", \"piece\",\"pitch\",\"place\",\"plain\",\"plan\",\"plane\",\"planet\",\"plant\",\"play\",\"please\",\"plural\",\"poem\",\"point\", \"poor\",\"populate\",\"port\",\"pose\",\"position\",\"possible\",\"post\",\"pound\",\"power\",\"practice\",\"prepare\",\"present\", \"press\",\"pretty\",\"print\",\"probable\",\"problem\",\"process\",\"produce\",\"product\",\"proper\",\"property\",\"protect\", \"prove\",\"provide\",\"pull\",\"push\",\"put\",\"quart\",\"question\",\"quick\",\"quiet\",\"quite\",\"quotient\",\"race\",\"radio\", \"rail\",\"rain\",\"raise\",\"ran\",\"range\",\"rather\",\"reach\",\"read\",\"ready\",\"real\",\"reason\",\"receive\",\"record\", \"red\",\"region\",\"remember\",\"repeat\",\"reply\",\"represent\",\"require\",\"rest\",\"result\",\"rich\",\"ride\",\"right\", \"ring\",\"rise\",\"river\",\"road\",\"rock\",\"roll\",\"room\",\"root\",\"rope\",\"rose\",\"round\",\"row\",\"rub\",\"rule\",\"run\", \"safe\",\"said\",\"sail\",\"salt\",\"same\",\"sand\",\"sat\",\"save\",\"saw\",\"say\",\"scale\",\"school\",\"science\",\"score\", \"sea\",\"search\",\"season\",\"seat\",\"second\",\"section\",\"see\",\"seed\",\"seem\",\"segment\",\"select\",\"self\",\"sell\", \"send\",\"sense\",\"sent\",\"sentence\",\"separate\",\"serve\",\"set\",\"settle\",\"seven\",\"several\",\"shall\",\"shape\", \"share\",\"sharp\",\"she\",\"sheet\",\"shell\",\"shine\",\"ship\",\"shoe\",\"shop\",\"shore\",\"short\",\"should\",\"shoulder\", \"shout\",\"show\",\"side\",\"sight\",\"sign\",\"silent\",\"silver\",\"similar\",\"simple\",\"since\",\"sing\",\"single\",\"sister\", \"sit\",\"six\",\"size\",\"skill\",\"skin\",\"sky\",\"slave\",\"sleep\",\"slip\",\"slow\",\"small\",\"smell\",\"smile\",\"snow\", \"so\",\"soft\",\"soil\",\"soldier\",\"solution\",\"solve\",\"some\",\"son\",\"song\",\"soon\",\"sound\",\"south\",\"space\",\"speak\", \"special\",\"speech\",\"speed\",\"spell\",\"spend\",\"spoke\",\"spot\",\"spread\",\"spring\",\"square\",\"stand\",\"star\",\"start\", \"state\",\"station\",\"stay\",\"stead\",\"steam\",\"steel\",\"step\",\"stick\",\"still\",\"stone\",\"stood\",\"stop\",\"store\", \"story\",\"straight\",\"strange\",\"stream\",\"street\",\"stretch\",\"string\",\"strong\",\"student\",\"study\",\"subject\", \"substance\",\"subtract\",\"success\",\"such\",\"sudden\",\"suffix\",\"sugar\",\"suggest\",\"suit\",\"summer\",\"sun\",\"supply\", \"support\",\"sure\",\"surface\",\"surprise\",\"swim\",\"syllable\",\"symbol\",\"system\",\"table\",\"tail\",\"take\",\"talk\", \"tall\",\"teach\",\"team\",\"teeth\",\"tell\",\"temperature\",\"ten\",\"term\",\"test\",\"than\",\"thank\",\"that\",\"the\",\"their\", \"them\",\"then\",\"there\",\"these\",\"they\",\"thick\",\"thin\",\"thing\",\"think\",\"third\",\"this\",\"those\",\"though\",\"thought\", \"thousand\",\"three\",\"through\",\"throw\",\"thus\",\"tie\",\"time\",\"tiny\",\"tire\",\"to\",\"together\",\"told\",\"tone\", \"too\",\"took\",\"tool\",\"top\",\"total\",\"touch\",\"toward\",\"town\",\"track\",\"trade\",\"train\",\"travel\",\"tree\",\"triangle\", \"trip\",\"trouble\",\"truck\",\"true\",\"try\",\"tube\",\"turn\",\"twenty\",\"two\",\"type\",\"under\",\"unit\",\"until\",\"up\", \"us\",\"use\",\"usual\",\"valley\",\"value\",\"vary\",\"verb\",\"very\",\"view\",\"village\",\"visit\",\"voice\",\"vowel\",\"wait\", \"walk\",\"wall\",\"want\",\"war\",\"warm\",\"was\",\"wash\",\"watch\",\"water\",\"wave\",\"way\",\"we\",\"wear\",\"weather\",\"week\", \"weight\",\"well\",\"went\",\"were\",\"west\",\"what\",\"wheel\",\"when\",\"where\",\"whether\",\"which\",\"while\",\"white\", \"who\",\"whole\",\"whose\",\"why\",\"wide\",\"wife\",\"wild\",\"will\",\"win\",\"wind\",\"window\",\"wing\",\"winter\",\"wire\", \"wish\",\"with\",\"woman\",\"women\",\"wonder\",\"wont\",\"wood\",\"word\",\"work\",\"world\",\"would\",\"write\",\"written\", \"wrong\",\"wrote\",\"yard\",\"year\",\"yellow\",\"yes\",\"yet\",\"you\",\"young\",\"your\", }; [Fact] public void Top1000Test() { for (var i = 0; i < Top1000.Length; i++) { var source = Top1000[i]; for (var j = 0; j < Top1000.Length; j++) { var target = Top1000[j]; var editDistance1 = EditDistance.GetEditDistance(source, target); if (i == j) { Assert.Equal(0, editDistance1); } if (editDistance1 == 0) { Assert.Equal(i, j); } Assert.True(editDistance1 >= 0); var editDistance2 = EditDistance.GetEditDistance(source, target, editDistance1); Assert.Equal(editDistance1, editDistance2); } } } [Fact] public void TestSpecificMetric() { // If our edit distance is a metric then ED(CA,ABC) = 2"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Western Slope DTC --- I recently had the opportunity to visit Durango, (my college hometown!) with my Go Code Colorado colleagues for a site visit. We had meetings lined up with people from top to bottom and left to right, but nothing could\u2019ve prepared us for what we received while we were there. We had a two day whirlwind tour starting up at Fort Lewis and working our way down into town\u2026. Steamworks Brewing Audio Air Chamber of Commerce La Plata Alliance Carvers Durango Space The Durango Herald The Strater Mercury Payment Systems Seasons Durango Public Library The Double Tree Hotel Lady Falconburgh's Ska Brewing Durango Arts Center All to end with a Happy Hour finale with two of Durango\u2019s finest tech groups; Durango Coders and Durango Tech at the Lost Dog! By the end of that night, we were running on adrenaline but ever so happy about it! Let me tell ya, Durango, you\u2019ve got it goin\u2019 on. Twenty minutes north to get to Purgatory, twenty minutes south to get to New Mexico and running through you is the beautiful Animas River. I fell in love you with you all over again and everyone in town was so amazingly helpful. The entire visit we had an overwhelming amount of support and enthusiasm, so much so that the other small towns in this challenge should be worried! I think I\u2019ve found where some developers have been hiding\u2026 Not only did we double our numbers that night, but we did it AGAIN last night."}, {"title": "", "text": "benefit from this course.\u201d DC, Director, Finance & Admin., Health Canada

    ATTITUDE - By Charles Swindoll

    The longer I live, the more I realize the impact of attitude on life. Attitude, to me, is more important than facts. It is more important than the past, than education, than money, than circumstances, than failures, than successes, than what other people think or say or do. It is more important than appearance, giftedness or skill. It will make or break a company a home.

    The remarkable thing is we have a choice every day regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day. We cannot change our past, we cannot change the fact that people will act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is play on the one string we have, and that is our attitude.

    I am convinced that life is 10% what happens to me and 90% how I respond to it.
    UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE OF SATISFACTION OR NO CHARGE!



    Service Name:
    SUPERIOR SELLING SKILLS

    SUPERIOR SELLING SKILLS

    Selling today is more competitive than ever before. Sales success in the market demands a new breed of top caliber professionals with superior selling skills. This state of the art training program, custom tailored to your organization, will give your people powerful tools, techniques and"}, {"title": "", "text": "her at home, but should be taken to the hospital, both the paternal and maternal sides agreed upon. But before taking any further step, she died, we were really surprised about her death, it was very fast\" (ND-4). Other obstacles included lack of resources and an inability to access care at the point of symptom onset at night, when health facilities are closed or unstaffed. One father explained how perception of severity influenced the decision not to seek care: \"Concerning the vomiting, nothing came into my mind, because I did not consider it to be a problem\u2026 I did not take it to be an illness, so I was thinking that it will stop.\" The mother concurred: \"We thought that it wasn't an illness that was why we did not take him for treatment\" (NI-2). Timing of symptom onset was also described as a barrier: \"You know it all happened at night, so nothing can possibly be done before morning, since we don't have a hospital here, had it been there is a hospital here, then she would have been taken to the hospital immediately, because her brother has got a vehicle, so he can convey them. Therefore nothing has been done for the baby\" (ND-7). Belief in traditional medicine and perceptions on prematurity also impeded decisions to seek care: \"We honestly didn't think of doing anything because she was a premature baby\" (ND-8). Care-seeking Compared to maternal cases, little care was sought for newborn death cases (Fig. 5). In five of the ten cases, no"}, {"title": "", "text": "to fourth place in the mobile market, I think it unlikely that they will still be in the race (as an independent company) in a year\u2019s time. And yet not so long ago they had the vast majority of the smartphone market.

    And the common factor in all of this\u2026. Intellectual arrogance and the complete inability or unwillingness to listen to their customer base, or in any way to acknowledge that their product was not automatically superior just because it was the current market leader.

    So two things I would take from this\u2026.. Firstly if I were a property management company I would seriously do something about my customer service before I allowed a simple Internet search to make me look that bad. Secondly, I would bet a lot of money against the tech press who are writing Microsoft off as a major force compared to Apple and Google. Consistently over the last 20 years they appear to have been the only company who genuinely care about customer service, and also one of the few who try to adapt to changing times. They have never made any claims about 'doing no evil' - but it consistently appears that caring for your customers on a day to day basis, and being seen to do so, makes good commercial sense.

    May 23rd, 2013

    Windows Azure Backup

    I just configured the preview version of Windows Azure Backup. It is very nice looking and easy to use once you"}, {"title": "", "text": "style=\"height:200px\" /> [https://www.focustodo.cn/](https://www.focustodo.cn/) Having used the Pomodoro technique, I've come to realise some of the other hidden benefits it provides. ### Prompts you to work ⏱ There are days where your motivation to do anything is lower than usual, maybe you didn't sleep well the night before, maybe you're feeling mentally drained. Triggering a Pomodoro timer, will prompt you to start work, ### Helps with focus 💡 Knowing that I have one pomodoro (25 minutes) to complete a task or two, the mentality of knowing there is a countdown ongoing, encourages me to remain focused on the task at hand. It also helps, to check how much time is left every now and then to consider quickly how I'm progressing and whether I can completely finish the task before the timer runs out or to leave it in a position to pick up where I left off after the break. ### Helps with distractions 💢 It's not uncommon to be distracted while working, whether it's looking at your phone or browsing the internet. In my experience, I've done this a number of times, but when in the middle of a pomodoro session, I'm conscious about the timer ticking away and so I mentally try not to waste it be focusing on the task. ### Encourages more breaks ⏳ Having rest breaks will boost energy levels as you work throughout the day. The more you take, the more energy you replenish. But we often don't realise how long we've been working until something distracts us such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "of us out of commission for a while after our unsuccessful attempt to finish the entire thing. [![IMG_4360]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_4360_thumb1.jpg)]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_43601.jpg) And since it was Spring Break, we hit the bars and clubs every night, [continuing to be mystified]({{ site.baseurl }}/2011/03/27/im-baffled-by-the-argentina-schedule/) at how Argentinians can go out as late as they do and return to work the next day. We met these two guys in Recoleta who were getting drunk with us at 2 AM and telling us about the big meeting they had to be at the next day with the head of their company at 9 AM. [![IMG_4359]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_4359_thumb1.jpg)]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_43591.jpg) They told me the next day that the meeting went great. I still don\u2019t understand how they do this. [![IMG_4358]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_4358_thumb1.jpg)]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/2011/04/IMG_43581.jpg) We also met this girl whom I felt a strong kinship with because we had matching tiny eyes that always seem closed. She also hit me with this curveball: Her: Where are you from?
    Me: The United States. New York.
    Her: No! Mentiroso! [Liar!]
    Me: What? I\u2019m American. I\u2019m from the United States.
    Her: Mentiras! [Lies!]
    Me: Why don\u2019t you think I\u2019m from America?
    Her: Your English is too bad. I don\u2019t have that many \u201cgoing out\u201d clothes with me and we quickly realized that one of the perils of going out in Buenos Aires is that you come home in the morning reeking of smoke. I still haven\u2019t washed this button down yet and to go anywhere near it at this point, I have to hold"}, {"title": "", "text": "categories are presented in Table 2. In the study, it was determined that almost all of the teachers planned the mathematics homework the night before the class, while some planed during class stating that they did not spare much time for homework planning. One of the teachers, Mr. Musa expressed this situation as \"I arrange the homework the night before I give it. If the homework (pauses), the purpose of the homework is also important here, but I cannot say that I normally spend too much time on it.\" Another teacher, Mr. Cenk expressed it as \"I usually arrange the homework during class. But sometimes I prepare homework a day before class.\" The teachers who prepared homework the earliest stated that they prepared it during the weekend before the class. They justified it stating that they had more time to plan at the weekend. One of the teachers, Mr Naim expressed this situation as \"Before class, I usually try to prepare for the next class at the weekends when I have plenty of time. Homework planning is also included in my class preparation activity.\" All of the teachers stated that they made use of online sources when planning their mathematics homework. They stated that they followed the websites they liked, downloaded activity samples from these sites and assigned these activities as homework. For example, Mr. Can stated how he made use of internet resources as \"I keep track the websites of the teachers that I appreciate. If there are any good activities on the sites, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "diff = setstart; to = [sunsetdark, sunsetlight], from = [daydark, daylight]; } // SUNSET -> NIGHT else if (current > set && current < setend) { display(\"thesun\", \"none\"); console.log(\"sunset->night\"); diff = set; to = [nightdark, nightlight], from = [sunsetdark, sunsetlight]; } // NIGHT -> SUNRISE else if (current > risestart && current <= rise) { display(\"thesun\", \"none\"); console.log(\"night->sunrise\"); diff = risestart; to = [sunsetdark, sunsetlight], from = [nightdark, nightlight]; } // SUNRISE -> DAY else if (current > rise && current < riseend) { display(\"thesun\", \"block\"); console.log(\"sunrise->day\"); diff = rise; to = [daydark, daylight], from = [sunsetdark, sunsetlight]; } // DAY! else if(current > rise && current < set) { console.log(\"DAY\"); lingrad(daydark, daylight, bg); // end function here! return false; } // night! else { display(\"thesun\", \"none\"); sun = [50, 50]; console.log(\"NIGHT\"); lingrad(nightdark, nightlight, bg); // end function return false; } // calculate progress progress = (current-diff)/dusk; for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) { newdark[i] = Math.floor(from[0][i]+progress*(to[0][i]-from[0][i])); newlight[i] = Math.floor(from[1][i]+progress*(to[1][i]-from[1][i])); }; lingrad(newdark, newlight, bg); } function animatesun() { // update the suns position sunposition(dayprogress()); var thesun = document.getElementById(\"thesun\"); var r = rightnow()/10; thesun.style.left = sun[0]+'%'; thesun.style.top = sun[1]+'%'; thesun.style[cssprefix+'transform'] = \"rotate(\" + r + \"deg)\"; } /** * determines where the sun should be based on the day's progress * @param {float} progress how far we've come into the day * @return {void} changes the sun array */ function sunposition(progress) { if(progress > 1) progress = 1; if(progress < 0) progress = 0; // suns position on the x-axis, in percent. // it"}, {"title": "", "text": "the self' (Gonzalez, 1995), wherein material possessions represent an important extension of prisoners' personalities and the kind of emotions they wanted to feel. In a similar vein, colour was used, not only to de-institutionalize the cell, but to augment particular emotional feelings: I have my own bedding rather than the prison issue bedding. I made my room bright yellow. I put yellow curtains in, yellow in the bedding, yellow everything. The normal furniture they give you is dark blue curtains, green bedding. Everything was just sort of dull and grey and black. I think it makes the room very depressing . . . so I try and make it the brightest colour possible to try and make me feel not so dull. Even when it's night-time outside it still feels bright in there. I don't want to feel dark and depressed. (Amber) As Amber illustrates, and in common with other studies (Jewkes, in press), the colour that routinely evoked the feeling of incarceration was grey: 'if I was to describe this prison as a colour, I would say it's grey' (Rebecka). Not necessarily a literal description, 'grey' suggests atmospheric, corporeal and mental atrophy, and was frequently used in conjunction with adjectives including 'dull', 'dreary' and 'depressing'. By customizing their cell colours, participants created a contrast between the cold edges of the prison and their 'warm and welcoming' living spaces, distinguishing themselves from what they perceived as the uniform, drab, and alienating design choices of the prison environment. These accounts reflect the ways in which prisoners appeared"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: study--newsletter title: 'A day off' number: '87' date: '2019-05-05 13:30:00' published: true --- It\u2019s May. (!!!) It\u2019s been a packed week. There\u2019s something I want to write about social balance and reconfiguration. My patterns of socializing have shifted over the years, in recent months especially, and I\u2019m starting to account for those changes. But today isn\u2019t the day to write about that, not yet. I\u2019m [digesting some ideas](https://lucascherkewski.com/study/digesting-ideas/) and need more time to think. Today is a bright day, one for play. It\u2019s a day off for me, and I\u2019m going to make it a day off for this newsletter, too. Probably I\u2019ll pass some of the afternoon in my favourite bookstore. But before I do, here\u2019s [a thought from Erin Glass worth pondering](https://twitter.com/erinroseglass/status/1099429250979979265): > what if public libraries were open late every night and we could engage in public life there instead of having to choose between drinking at the bar and domestic isolation All the best for the week ahead! Lucas"}, {"title": "", "text": "Layout: post Title: New Year Resolution --- Based on the date of this resolution, i guess the first on the list should be eliminating procrastination. 2016 was not the easiest year for me. 2016 was a year that has 365 days and each day has 24 hours. Every moments, something was happening somewhere, i guess. Of course, I\u2019ve changed some, as always. I didn\u2019t ride as much bikes as before. That gives me something to work on. I got some cash out of the stock, luckily. The thing that worries me the most is I am loosing that grasp of faith in our race. Look at what we\u2019ve done, as human. We eat, sleep, breath and feel. That\u2019s about it. We do things to each other. We have great man who accomplish amazing things and benefits millions and we have people that are unkind. While there are so many flaws, fundamental flaws laying in our blood, there are also surprises in life that gives it meaning. What can I say? There isn\u2019t really much that can logically ease my mind. But at the end of the night, it\u2019s that little faith I still hold on to get me through the night. resolution: bikes sleeps and it\u2019s time to begin"}, {"title": "", "text": "1.75 * Writing:: 2 * Music:: 3 * Grad School:: 1 * Life Partner:: 1 --- ### Time Goals:: 2.17 #### How good are my accomplishments?:: 2.5 * Newsletter:: 2 * Grad School:: 1 * Guitar Skills:: 3 * Reading:: 4 * Learning:: 3 * [[Coffee With Nish]] Podcast: 2 #### How complete are my accomplishments?:: 2 #### Are my goals streamlined?:: 2 --- The score is weirdly low because I might be cognitively biased to only see a lot of failures and dissatisfaction in life. This has something to do with **[[[Peak-end Rule]]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgRlrBl-7Yg){:class=\"paradox\"}** bias. Instead of seeing life as bits of experiences, I see only the highs and lows part. Lows have outnumbered everything. This \"quantification of life\" is highly superficial. It can only give a sense of direction of how I am living my life and how I can make it better [3]. _Life is all about constantly updating our prior beliefs._ --- --- ## [[Struggles]] I have struggled in many areas of life. Following are the main ones I have reflected this year: ### [[Finance]] Money and anxieties are highly intertwined. Let's face it, in modern times if you're struggling for survival then it can seriously affect your [[Mental Health]]. If not the least, money can buy you things that help you to live fully the next day. My family struggled financially for more than a decade. Through those struggles, I have learned to value money the hard way. This can be seen in how I don't normally squander my life materialistically [4]."}, {"title": "", "text": "shouldn't take too long to implement, so we can talk about that after I get all the basic functionality up tomorrow night.\" The next day, on December 1, 2003, Zuckerberg sent another email to the HarvardConnection team. \"I put together one of the two registration pages so I have everything working on my system now. I'll keep you posted as I patch stuff up and it starts to become completely functional.\" On December 4, 2003, Zuckerberg writes: \"Sorry I was unreachable tonight. I just got about three of your missed calls. I was working on a problem set.\" On December 10, 2003: \"The week has been pretty busy thus far, so I haven't gotten a chance to do much work on the site or even think about it really, so I think it's probably best to postpone meeting until we have more to discuss. I'm also really busy tomorrow so I don't think I'd be able to meet then anyway.\" A week later: \"Sorry I have not been reachable for the past few days. I've basically been in the lab the whole time working on a cs problem set which I'm still not finished with.\" On December 17, 2003, Zuckerberg met with the Winklevosses and Narendra in his dorm room, allegedly confirming his interest and assuring them that the site was almost complete. On the whiteboard in his room, Zuckerberg allegedly had scrawled multiple lines of code under the heading \"Harvard Connection,\" and this would be the only time they saw any of his work. On"}, {"title": "", "text": "For any pair of sunset and sunrise times less than a day apart, there (usually) exists a point on the Earth where the sun set and rose at those times. If I slept when the sun set and woke when the sun rose, where in the world would I be each night? That is the question this project intends to answer using the sleep data I've kept (almost) every night since the beginning of summer break 2014. somnkarta.html traces my path through the Earth. Demos/Demo.html demonstrates some aspects of the algorithm involved. ## A Sad Truth Near the Equinoxes in March and September, the duration of the night approaches uniformity across latitudes and it becomes impossible to find points on the Earth whose sunrise and sunset times are too close or too far apart. In somnkarta.html, we ignore those days, so there will be second-long pauses and a message to the console. If you have a better idea, let me know. In sun.html, the inverse_riseset function will keep attempting to find the point and will return a point whose latitude and longitude are outside the bounds of the Earth. So be careful if you use it. ## NOTICE - Licensing stuff This project uses three JavaScript APIs. * The [Google Visualization API](https://developers.google.com/chart/interactive/docs/reference) ..* See their [EULA](https://developers.google.com/terms/) * [jQuery Mapael API](https://github.com/neveldo/jQuery-Mapael) ..* BSD 2 License * [jQuery-UI](https://github.com/jquery/jquery-ui) ..* MIT License (As best as I can tell) Icons are from iconfinder * [Menu icon](https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/216511/menu_icon#size=128) * [All other icons](https://www.iconfinder.com/Sakagami) Unless otherwise specified, anything outside those submodules was written by"}, {"title": "", "text": "unrecognized night blindness in both eyes, I can report these results in that time.\" 1. My night vision has returned, and I again feel safe driving at night. The halo around bright lights is very much diminished; some small \"sparkles\" remain, but do not present any problem for me. 2. I have found no negative side-effects. 3. My vision has improved by approximately \"2 chart lines\" and I can again read highway signs without glasses. R.L. Colorado I have been using Can-C\u2122 for about three months now and have noticed an improvement in my vision. Also I am not waking in the mornings with gummed up and watery eyes as was the case previously. I should know more after my next eye examination.\" J.E. Australia \"I have purchased Can-C\u2122 for my mother who has senile cataracts. Anecdotal reporting from her after a few months is that she feels she can see better.\" J.H., Colorado \"My ophthalmic physician wants to know what I have been doing! He hasn't seen anything like it before in 20 years of assisting people with cataracts!\" C.B.S. Hong Kong \"I have received 4 boxes of Can-C\u2122 and only used them for 4 days as I write this at one drop/day in the left eye, my \"problem\" eye. I felt immediate relief the very fi rst day of using the drops, it was uncanny. Then I thought, maybe it was all mental, that I wanted them to work for me. So at the fourth day it is diffi cult to tell you how"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"amount\": -10 }, } }, // { // \"type\": \"text\", // \"content\": \"Rwandese border guards are renowned for their strictness. So those who can't produce a border pass can't bribe their way out. They must buy a new border pass, adding more expense to an already expensive journey. Some traders I know have had to spend a night in a cell for failing to produce a valid pass, and they can't buy a new one because they don't have any money left.\" // }, // { // \"type\": \"text\", // \"content\": \"However, by building stronger relationships with my Rwandan counterparts through the cooperatives and dialogues groups held by International Alert, I know I have someone I can call on for help, if I got into a similar position. Someone who can put me in touch with a senior official at the Rwanda crossing that will allow me to cross without charging me more money. \" // }, { // \"type\": \"text\", // \"content\": \"Without this support, I know if I don't get home to my family before darkness fell, I could risk being attacked by thieves on the way.\" // }, { // \"type\": \"text\", // \"content\": \"Going forward it would be great to see an electronic registration system in place one day, of all the daily passes so that those who accidentally misplace theirs can still pass through as long as they have an ID. \" // } ], \"targetType\": \"feed\", \"target\": \"99\" } } }, \"4\": { \"context\": [ // { // \"type\": \"text\","}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: Stuff to do with your own server tags: setup, own, server --- These days, we find a lot of computing devices unused - at home and at office. There are so many of them around, you can practically run all of your day-to-day web based services by yourself. All you need is a bunch of old CPUs (even one would do to get started) and a decent internet connection. It is fun and a super exhilarating experience to run and manage your own server! This becomes all the more relevant when you care about your data privacy. Here is a sample of what you can do with it and along the way I would also show you what I did with my old HCL laptop that was lying dormant for more than a couple of years. The same can be replicated with a Raspberry Pi too. ### Run Linux Operating System is a purely individual choice. Personally, I'd prefer a headless debian based distro - for its ease of use and package availability. Before you start setting up, I'd strongly encourage you run a BIOS memory check and a disk check. We don't know how these devices would perform under load and ensuring hardware health is a good option. Replace components if necessary - better than getting a new device altogether. Also consider a battery check if you run a laptop. ### Essentials A list of essentials (or rather what I did) that your server has to run. My laptop's RAM got damaged"}, {"title": "", "text": "hate you.

    Address pinch-points in your schedule

    If you know that something in your schedule will be difficult, ask to change it. For example, I was asked to speak on the same day I would need to leave for the airport. It only occurred to me as I was rushing on the morning of my talk to pack and bring my bags to the conference center that I could have avoided all this unpleasantness by sharing my travel plans and asking to speak earlier in the conference. There will be times when you just have to pull yourself together and do the logistically difficult thing but there\u2019s no reason to not ask if you can foresee the grind.

    Ask, ask, ask

    Ask as many questions as you need of your conference organizers. Anything you need to know to feel prepared, really. Ask it far enough in advance and your organizers may put together a Q&A for others. You aren\u2019t the only one. (And this counts double for first-time speakers!) Ask about the mic & what clothing it clips to best, if you\u2019ll have time for an on-stage \u201cdry run\u201d the night before,\u2026 Anything you need. Ask wildly and with reckless abandon. Ask as if you couldn\u2019t imagine anyone judging you. You\u2019ll learn they aren\u2019t.

    A few logistical questions that ease my mind:

    • Will there be a designated time for speakers to test their slides in the room they will"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Out of the woods\" date: 2013-07-22 author: \"kmbrlynn\" header-img: \"img/projects.JPG\" tags: - apheresis - pheresis catheter - auto sct - autotransplant - autologous stem cell transplant - cancer - Hodgkin - lymphoma - stem cell transplant --- I am finally home!! Sitting on the porch in fresh air and not having to drag an infusion pole around in my little triangle from my bed to the bathroom to the window have filled me with so much joy I\u2019ve literally been brought to tears. Actually, I wept a lot on Friday, the day I got out. I don\u2019t know if it was more from thankfulness, exhaustion, or being overwhelmed about how big the world outside the hospital is. Probably all three. Anyway, I got out around noon on Friday. I was pretty surprised how quickly it all happened, as my white blood cell counts the day before were still at 0.8 (a healthy immune system is somewhere between 4 and 11). But by Friday morning, they shot up to 3.5. So they sent me down to get my pheresis catheter taken out (an unpleasant experience, but yayy!!), and as long as I could hold down some breakfast and walk around, I was good to go. Overall, I think I tolerated the autologous stem cell transplant better than expected. Judy, the nurse who\u2019s kind of overseen this whole thing with Dr. Chen, had given me a pretty horrifying worst-case-scenario picture of what it could be like. Nausea and vomiting, horrible diarrhea every few minutes, mouth"}, {"title": "", "text": "nice to have something different during a long break (5 minutes). ## Clothing This challenge was during June in San Francisco. For those who don't know, that's winter. Paradoxically, it wasn't windy *or* foggy that night, but it was a bit cold. I wore Under Armour leggings, some Champion workout shorts, [Drymax socks](http://www.drymaxsocks.com/running_hyper_thin.php), a [padded football shirt](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00275Q8ZW/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=dinomitenet-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=B00275Q8ZW&adid=0JWP8VED4W44F2TK8VZ7&), a long-sleeve Under Armour Cold Gear top, and a workout shirt over that. Unsure of my shoe choice up until the day of The Challenge, I settled on Inov8 F-Lite 195s. I've been wearing minimalist shoes (Merrel Trail Gloves are my favorites) exclusively for a few years now, but I was concerned that the extra weight on my back would lead to a Bad Time for my feet & knees. I had bought some F-Lite 230s which were what I had planed on until the day of, but I settled on the 195s because my feet feel better in them. They were just fine, despite the weight and surfaces we were walking on. [{% img left http://www.fieggen.com/Dont_Link/FinishedSurgeonKnot1.jpg %}](http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/surgeonknot.htm) The other thing you need to do is [tie your shoes properly](http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/surgeonknot.htm). If you can slip your shoes off without untying them, they aren't tied properly. We had to stop multiple times during our first time hack in which we needed to cover 3.5 miles in 35 minutes due to shoes that came untied or got flat tired. Properly tying your shoes completely prevents both of these and will keep your teammates from thinking you're incompetent from the beginning. Pockets. You"}, {"title": "", "text": "At first one is very pleased at being invited to write a Prefatory Chapter, but as the delivery deadline draws closer one begins to think, \"Oh my God! What on earth can I say that all but family members and few close friends will not find a great bore?\" One solution is to write a scientific essay, but I concluded that that was a cop-out. I decided that perhaps the best tack to follow was to try to convey to the reader the personal characteristics I bring to my science and to other aspects of my professional career. The writing of this chapter has certainly convinced me that my particular background influenced what problems I chose to work on and how I approached their solution, but I hope that my results have a more ecumenical significance. There's been much written recently about how one's cultural background affects one's science, but I think that thesis can also be exaggerated. Science is a method of inquiry that by using certain guidelines permits rational individuals to observe Nature in a way that their findings will agree and have permanence. We shouldn't be diffident about defending that claim of objectivity."}, {"title": "", "text": "to cuddling. Second, parents actively emphasized communication, which allowed them to get a clearer picture of their children's emotions and experiences, and to discuss how they were dealing with the current situation. As Gabriele Kollmann explained: \"When we go to bed, [the children] talk about what they enjoyed the most that day, and we also include what they did not enjoy as much, because I feel like you need to make an effort to notice what is bothering them and what do they want to change, right? But I also do this with my kids because I think it's a good idea to think about what went well. Did they even notice what went well, or were they more focused on negative aspects? That's why I think this is a really, really good idea and a good way to end on a high note\" (01I, I4). Third, parents attempted to establish family cohesion through shared activities aimed at creating positive memories and at strengthening family ties. They initiated activities such as walks, hikes, board games, cooking, or movie nights; and hoped that their children \"just remember the nice times we had together. We still do a lot of things together, that we usually wouldn't have time for. And I hope they understand how important it is right now to have a family and stick together\" (Linda Oswald, 20D, D3). The strategy of cohesion changed in the course of the pandemic. Respondents reported that after using it intensively during the first lockdown, they were finding it increasingly"}, {"title": "", "text": "where you only get a few and they're drowned in butter and garlic. We finished up the night at a place called Los Diamontes a seafood tapas place which had rave reviews. Unfortunately I think we must have gone to the wrong one (there seems to be two with the same name in Granada). We got a serve of regular sized prawns, shells and all :/ It was very noisy, all hard surfaces and no music or anything to help with that. It felt like being in a shopping centre food court except without the muzak. We decided to call it a night after that. My last day in Granada I went out to have a look at some of the clothing shops around the old city. There was lots of awesome hippy-style clothes, all of which would fit in at the Rainbow Serpent market but very little of which actually looked like designs I'd seen at Rainbow Serpent. I checked the tags on a few things and most of it seems to be made in Nepal. Seems like it would be a good place to go on a shopping trip. Leaving Granada I tried using a ride sharing website I'd just learnt about called Blablacar. I organised to get a lift to Cordoba, my next stop, with a guy who was living in Granada on the weekends and working in Cordoba during the week. He drove a fairly flash 2 door BMW, which was actually kind of cramped with 4 people in it, but all"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"One week trying improvisation\" date: 2016-04-27 20:09:09 +0800 comments: true tags: - music --- This week I'm trying simle improvisation following instructions of Youtube video, it's really interesting because unlike normal composing, I don't have to care about writing scores, all it focuses on is the moment. The idea of living in this moment sounds like Zen, and I really want to develop that lifestyle. At first two days, I tried to focus on the melody part, it's hard at first, because I'm always trying to make the melody sadder and sadder, considering my loneliness recently. Then the third day, after watching Youtube video, I started to work on chords. Like go from the I chord, and goes to V chord, like leaving home, and finally came back to the I chord. Then my improvisation style turned into Cannon style, with few varations. The forth day, I watched more Youtube videos, then I knew the circle of fifth, using it to build passages and repeat themes. It's quite cool, because it's a good way for repetition. And actually I can remember many classical music uses circle of fifth, and produces quite beautiful sound. Finally the fifth and sixth day, I wanted more and more Youtube videos, and know how to implement modulation to make the piece more interesting. I was trying to think about how I'm going to develop this piece, what is the thing that really want to get accossed to. And one interesting thing I found is that, I'm the superuser"}, {"title": "", "text": "reported, remaining in a constant state of alert at night: \"I slept in beside him for the first few weeks, just sort of monitoring him and I wasn't really sleeping\" (005M). Such parents described feeling exhausted as a consequence: when we were up very much every night one, you feel sorry for [daughter] . . . and two, you feel sorry for ourselves because we're not getting any sleep (017F). Others also described how their sleep had been disrupted at regular intervals because they had set alarms to check on their child or because they had been too frightened to go to sleep at all: \"I just couldn't sleep because I just, well, I wanted to see, was checking her all the time\" (034M). In addition, several parents described how these concerns had even pervaded into the following day when they went to wake up their child: I would test her, I would go through the motions at night, really, to be there. . . and sometimes I would go through in the morning, try and wake her and if she was in quite a deep sleep, cause she can be in a deep sleep, I was, my, your heart pounded, you know, and your stomach. . . (037M). Unmet needs for support when caring for a child at home Emotional support Although most parents praised the extent of the telephone support provided by health professionals to help them manage their child's diabetes at home (e.g. to adjust insulin doses; advice on treating hypoglycaemia), several reported"}, {"title": "", "text": "already underfunded and that many patients are unable to survive outside of the structure of an institutional setting. there have been talks of relocating the forensic beds currently at Norristown to another site before 2022, however this remains ambiguous, as no site has been selected to date. Local groups have since voiced their concerns that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is sacrificing patient welfare for a slight financial advantage in the state budget. This closure also comes following a change in the paradigm of psychiatric care, where the clinical utility of long-term care facilities, such as state hospitals, appear to be gaining favor with behavioral health professionals. Subletted buildings to other tenants In an effort to utilize some of the structures currently on the grounds of the hospital, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has granted leases to several social service agencies for the use of derelict buildings. Currently, Resources for Human Development run the CHOC program on the grounds, which is a long-term homeless shelter for the various residents of Montgomery County. Carelink- STAR also maintains an operation for the care of sex offenders who also have been diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Horizon House has maintained a residential facility on-site, but its current status is unknown. Circle Lodge is another agency with occupies a state building, which is utilizes to provide a structured residence/traditional housing to the mentally ill. Finally, a short-term forensic psychiatric unit is maintained through Montgomery County Emergency Services, which does fulfill part of the former state hospital capacity for psychiatric beds. All of"}, {"title": "", "text": "it was clear that only one of us should be at the kitchen at the same moment! and now we always check the oil level before going up. But it does not matter when the car stops in the middle of nowhere, when it is getting dark! The second shift should have become easier. But, Tomislav, that night was the worst night ever. An alarm from {\\tt cosy} is never a good signal, but we could not imagine that this time it was because the structure of MAGIC-1 had broken! A really long night, and the next day, without rest. Thanks to the local team, who came quite fast. We required to activate the emergency protocol\\dots but everything went fine. And my last shift, Dani, Gareth, John, Simona, Damir and M\u00f3nica, thanks for all the time we spent together. To Simona and Roberta, thanks for showing us the {\\em italian style}! And to the rest of the MAGIC collaboration, specially to Alicia, Dani, Jezabel and Rub\u00e9n, thanks for the good times. But before finishing, I want to remember the origins, everything that has happened before and influenced me to arrive here. The little things that change you subtly. I decided to study physics because of my love for astronomy, as many of you. That become stronger thanks to my high school teacher, Arturo Bravo, who showed me the charming of astronomical observations. During my degree, thanks to all people with who I have shared joys and hardships. Paula, I have always enjoyed stay with you, inside"}, {"title": "", "text": "a notebook all the time, and again found that fieldwork encompassed every single activity of the day. I actively eavesdropped on shoppers in stores, and quizzed the clerks when I did my own shopping. I interviewed the woman whom we hired to take care of our baby daughter, and visited her family. I intercepted my neighbors on the way to the shop, followed them, and recorded our conversa-tion as we moved around the store picking up different goods. The people across the street invited me to dinner, which I described in an article in the American Anthropologist. I always picked up hitchhikers when I drove anywhere, stopping after I dropped them off to furiously write notes, and at parties I would run to the bathroom to jot down things people said about their drinks, the food we were eating, and the taste of their cigarettes. When I read the newspaper I tore out and scanned hundreds of articles, and when I listened to the radio I found myself rushing around for a pen and pad. At night I talked things over with my partner and then sat down at the keyboard to get the thoughts down before going to bed. Within a few years, constant e-mail was added to the task of fieldwork -I was the first person in the country with an e-mail account, and figured out how to get a modem working through a 5-watt mobile phone about the size of a car battery. This time when I got \"home\" to the USA, there"}, {"title": "", "text": "changes that may have resulted from current changes in condition, are assessed on admission onto a ward or service, and are reviewed as the patient progresses and as the care plan evolves. To provide effective care, all of the patient's needs (which are determined by assessing the patient's specific abilities and preferences relative to each activity, based on the factors listed) must be met as practicably as possible through supporting the patient to meet those needs independently or by providing the care directly, most preferably by a combination of the two. By considering changes in the dependence-independence continuum, one can see how the patient is either improving or failing to improve, providing evidence either for or against the current care plan and giving guidance as to the level of care the patient does or may require. This value only results when the assessment is done frequently as changes occur and if it is combined with health improvement and health promotion. It is not effective in a paternalistic environment where all care is provided for an individual even when self care is possible. Factors influencing activities of living The following factors that affect ALs are identified. Nancy Roper, when interviewed by members of the Royal College of Nursing's (RCN) Association of Nursing Students at RCN Congress in 2002 in Harrogate stated that the greatest disappointment she held for the use of the model in the UK was the lack of application of the five factors listed below, citing that these are the factors which make the model"}, {"title": "", "text": "to the hospital after 24 hours when the baby's breathing di culty got worse. Another team of care providers received us and told us that the baby was not breathing well and shouldn't have left the hospital on the rst place. They checked and admitted him (to neonatal intensive care unit) for ten days. They were even planning to refer him to Addis Ababa but later changed their mind and kept him. Nobody updated me about my child's circumstance. Imagine staying in hospital separated from your sick newborn baby that long, thinking they will hand me over his body sooner or later. As a mother that was the worst time of my life.\" \"We went home after 10 days, my baby was on spoon feeding still unable to suck breast. They told me that was the maximum they can do. As I was told, I tried to breast fed him, but didn't succeed. My life changed from that day on, he cries day and night. I have to carry him at all times, I can't take rest during the day or sleep at night. I have visited referral hospitals in Addis Ababa and got nothing except wasting my time and money. Finally, one specialist told me his brain was irreversibly damaged because of the prolonged labor without intervention/help. He told me the poor prognosis of my child: that he may encounter developmental delay, speech problems, not dressing by himself\u2026soooo many disabilities. He is ve years old now and still looks like a newborn, couldn't sit and"}, {"title": "", "text": "to join in from the pews on the day. But having a choir is important too - we have the choir at Girraween, but it is a bit of a stretch for me to get there - maybe they can be the Eastern choir and I can start a Western choir - East and West of Mulgoa that is. How's my place at Woodford on Friday nights sound? So, how to get in touch? Leaving a comment here is the most straightforward way. If you don't want your comments to be visible then you can email me (veronica at brandt.id.au) or click \"Sign Up\" on the top bar and join the website and have a go at the BuddyPress features. You don't have to be Catholic to come. You can just come for the music. We probably won't sound exactly like the monks from Domingos de Silo, but some find joining in the singing is even better than listening to the virtuosos - especially joining in quietly so you get this groundswell of dozens of voices in unison... For booklets. You can find the propers here [at the Institute of Christ the King](http://www.institute-christ-king.org/latin-mass-resources/sacred-music/). We may psalm tone much of what is in their booklets, but the Veni Sancte Spiritus and Veni Creator is in there and we will be doing them. The rest can be found at [Antoine Daniel Mass Parts](http://antoinedanielmass.org/kyriale). Usually I make it easy for you and make an all in one pdf booklet, and I will try do that this time, but if"}, {"title": "", "text": "had just arrived in nearby Ann Arbor for her doctoral studies at the University of Michigan. In quainter times, Devil\u2019s Night tricks involved egging windows and toilet-papering trees. But by then \u2013 1983 \u2013 pranks had escalated to fire-setting in parts of the city. \u201cI wondered what the youths who were setting fires were imagining about their futures,\u201d Oyserman wrote in the author\u2019s note of her book Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation. \u201cSurely they were not thinking something along the lines of \u2018I will set a fire and this may ruin my life if I get caught in a felony and am jailed\u2019 or \u2018I will set a fire and someone might die in this fire; it will be on my conscience and forever change the person I become.\u2019\u201d On the other hand, she wondered about the ones who did not partake. \u201cPerhaps they had a particular way of imagining possibilities for their future selves that highlighted the risks of participating in Devil\u2019s Night.\u201d This experience led Oyserman to pursue decades of research that manifested into the current theory of identity-based motivation. Original studies In a first test of the IBM process model, low-income racial-ethnic minority middle school students were randomly assigned to either attend school as usual or to an identity-based motivation intervention in an in-school randomized trial. Intervention students participated in small group activities in which they were asked to think about the type of student they would like to be (\u201cacademic possible identities\u201d), think about how who they were was connected to"}, {"title": "", "text": "$ have a nice night $ have a nice evening $ have a great night $ have a safe night Night. Night. Goodnight, sleep well. Goodnight. Take care. I am going to sleep I am going 2 sleep I am off to bed I am off 2 bed I am going to turn in I am going to turn in * I am trying to go to bed I am trying to go to bed * * trying to go to bed I am going to rest I am going 2 rest i am off to rest i am off 2 rest $ sleep $ hit the sack $ I am going to bed $ Going to turn in $ I should be in bed $ I should be sleeping $ I should be resting Sleep well. I might go to sleep too. Sleep well. I'm feeling tired too. Sweet dreams. It was nice talking to you nice talking to you nice talking with you it was nice talking * nice chatting with * nice meeting you * nice talking nice talking * * nice talking * * nice meeting nice meeting * * nice meeting * meeting you nice chatting with you * it is good talking to you lovely talking to you * It was interesting talking to you interesting talking to you interesting talking with you it was interesting talking * interesting chatting with *"}, {"title": "", "text": "have a nice night $ have a nice evening $ have a great night $ have a safe night Night. Night. Goodnight, sleep well. Goodnight. Take care. I am going to sleep I am going 2 sleep I am off to bed I am off 2 bed I am going to turn in I am going to turn in * I am trying to go to bed I am trying to go to bed * * trying to go to bed I am going to rest I am going 2 rest i am off to rest i am off 2 rest $ sleep $ hit the sack $ I am going to bed $ Going to turn in $ I should be in bed $ I should be sleeping $ I should be resting Sleep well. I might go to sleep too. Sleep well. I'm feeling tired too. Sweet dreams. It was nice talking to you nice talking to you nice talking with you it was nice talking * nice chatting with * nice meeting you * nice talking nice talking * * nice talking * * nice meeting nice meeting * * nice meeting * meeting you nice chatting with you * it is good talking to you lovely talking to you * It was interesting talking to you interesting talking to you interesting talking with you it was interesting talking * interesting chatting with * interesting"}, {"title": "", "text": "deteriorate. His doctors really couldn\u2019t pinpoint the etiology of his decline. He had developed congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, but even when he was \u2018\u2018medically optimized,\u2019\u2019 he progressively spent more time sleeping, and less time talking and eating. My Grandma took care of him until she couldn\u2019t any longer, at which point he went to a nursing home. Not long after, he developed worsening dyspnea. My Mom mentioned to one of his caregivers that he should be on hospice. His caregiver responded with a look of disbelief: \u2018\u2018Not yet.\u2019\u2019 That night he developed respiratory distress and was taken to the local hospital. He was admitted with a heart failure exacerbation. Yes, he did have a treatable condition, nothing that some diuretics wouldn\u2019t fix, at least for the time being. Yet my parents and I realized that he had nothing left to live for. He spent his days and nights in a wheelchair, sleeping, staring out into the horizon; this would be the first of many trips to the hospital. The next day he was transferred to a hospice facility where he passed away comfortably within 24 hours; he was 92. I remember as an intern not understanding why my attendings recommended hospice for patients without cancer, who had what I considered to be \u2018\u2018treatable\u2019\u2019 medical conditions. Now I know that it is not about how treatable the condition is, but about the patient\u2019s reserve and overall quality of life. All patients die, some earlier than others, and we can\u2019t control that. What we can often"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: Three Months date: 10:45 09/12/2015 taxonomy: category: 'Morning Mutty' tag: [journal] --- Dear Mutty, I'm on the in-between day. The day between the 3 month anniversary of your death and the celebration of your first Heaven birthday (25th birthday here). I miss you. === I have been pretty non-productive lately. I sat for almost two weeks immersing myself in two Netflix series. Both of which I doubt you would have approved of if not completely hated. Let's suffice it to say, dad completely hated them tagging them as \"stupid\". \"Ohhhh, dad.\" That's what I would hear you say. Moving your medical shit out of the family room was so much harder on me than I thought it would be. I thought I was ready. It slammed me down for two solid weeks. You know me, I have to have a mission to function. For 7 years you were my mission. To keep you well, and to figure out your health. Removing that part of you was the ultimate let go. I am proud to say I was the first one to recognize that what was ailing you was seasonally related. I am disgusted to say your care team failed to take my questions seriously. I'm still not sure how I feel about them ignoring how every spring and fall for the past 7 years, you were in the hospital somewhere. But then they are trained to look at the liver only. Frustrating. Maddening. Sad. If you gave up, I don't blame you. When your care"}, {"title": "", "text": "precompiled templates can provide line numbers and a stack trace, something that is not possible when compiling templates on the client. The source property is available on the compiled template function for easy precompilation.

      <script> JST.project = <%= _.template(jstText).source %>; </script>

      Chaining

      You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style, depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are identical ways to double a list of numbers.

       _.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; }); _([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });

      Calling chain will cause all future method calls to return wrapped objects. When you've finished the computation, use value to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining together a map/flatten/reduce, in order to get the word count of every word in a song.

       var lyrics = [ {line : 1, words : \"I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay\"}, {line : 2, words : \"I sleep all night and I work all day\"}, {line : 3, words : \"He's a lumberjack and he's okay\"}, {line : 4, words : \"He sleeps all night and he works all day\"} ]; _.chain(lyrics) .map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); }) .flatten() .reduce(function(counts, word) { counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1; return counts; }, {}).value(); => {lumberjack : 2, all : 4, night : 2 ... }

      In addition, the Array prototype's methods are proxied through the chained Underscore object, so you can slip a reverse or a push"}, {"title": "", "text": "Title: 31 Days of Kindness (Days 12 & 13) - 2015 Edition Date: 2015-08-13 Modified: 2015-08-13 Tags: kindness, charity, fun, community Description: Days 12 & 13 of #31DaysOfKindness - Helping other is many ways social_image: news/31DaysOfKindness2015/31-Days-of-Kindness.jpg Series: 31 Days of Kindness - 2015 ![Block_logo][31DaysOfkindness_Logo] Today is a two-fer for Days 12 & 13 of the [#31DaysOfKindness](/posts/2015/Jul/30/31-days-of-kindness-2015-edition.html), 2015 edition. Why a tow-fer? Because I got home too late last night to post! So, what did I do over the past two days? Well, both days involved helping people in different ways. How? Read on! Day 12 ------ Today was all about offering my expertise at no cost to someone who needed it. In what turned out to be perfect timing, I was working with my company's intern (whose last day is this coming Friday). Having worked so many years as a jack-of-all-trades in the IT industry, I felt I could teach him a few things as we were working together throughout the day. ![Block_QandA][Day12_QandA] In just one day, we covered a lot of topics. I taught him about: * Using Linux-based LiveCDs to do diagnostics on systems, and how many of the utilities I've used are no-cost options that sometimes perform even better than the expensive commercial versions * How to efficiently search and replace through tons of text using [Regular Expressions (a.k.a. RegEx)][RegEx]. He was very impressed by that, and even continued with the built-in tutorial that came with another utility that I told him about. * Exploring options in"}, {"title": "", "text": "how bad, how severe the cough is...so it does fall within some continuum.\" In addition, participants also discussed how often they experienced coughing during the night. Sample quotations representing this concept are as follows: Mine's just all the time. I cough all the time. For me it would be intermittent coughing throughout the day. I will cough, you know, like occasionally, but not continuously unless I get something more severe. Sometimes I can't sleep at all night. I have to get up and go get in a chair, because whatever is coming out of my head or my throat is sitting in this bronchial tube down there, and it's messing up everything. And it's continuous. Umm, I pretty much cough all day and all night, but I've taken some medication. Uh, yes, uh, I wake up at least by midnight and have a series of coughs and then about 3:00. I'm not coughing at all and, you know, it could be months before I get another cough, but when I get a cough, the frequency is close to ten and how bad it is can be a ten. While many people describe the frequency of their coughing during the day and at night with descriptive frequency terms (continuous, constantly, intermittent, occasional, a little), participants in all 3 focus groups reported that they could not accurately account for the exact number of coughs that they had over a given time period: Variability in Frequency Many participants reported that the amount of coughing that they experience varies both"}, {"title": "", "text": "— Unless I'm much mistaken it will be lauded as a success at bipartisan health reform.

    Cognitive Dissonance — You'd think cognitive dissonance would be unpleasant enough to be a deterrent, or obvious enough to be a detergent, but no. The evolutionary abilities of men with power based in the establishment to rise above that most basic and inconvenient"}, {"title": "", "text": "day I miss. * asking people to sponsor me and to give an amount to a charity for each day I successfully complete This way, every day would be a win. These are the rules that I'll apply: 1. I can anticipate or fix a lost day by doing an hour extra the day before, or an hour extra the day after. In theory this means I can maximally compensate a streak of 2 missed days. 2. Goal is to have a steady frequency, so I can't just do 8h on a sunday to get myself off the hook for the next 7 days. 3. Sponsor commitments are fully voluntarily: any sponsor can back out at any time. 4. My commitment is fully voluntarily: if I want to change the rules or back out, I can at any time. In September, these are already days that will be very tough: * Sep 8,9 - FoM Lanparty w friends * Sep 14,15,16,17 - Abroad for a wedding * Sep 27,28 - Supernova conference Antwerp So that's already a lot of exposure to potentially missed days. I will raise the stakes this way and gather money for Charity:Water. Let me know if you want to sponsor me and for how much per completed day in September. September 1st is the first successfully completed day. # September tracking Will only log the failed days here. No failed days so far. # Thanks to the following sponsors! 1. Jan & Hilde: \u20ac2 per successful day (Yes, these are my parents)"}, {"title": "", "text": "Phase synchronization is the process by which two or more cyclic signals tend to oscillate with a repeating sequence of relative phase angles. Phase synchronisation is usually applied to two waveforms of the same frequency with identical phase angles with each cycle. However it can be applied if there is an integer relationship of frequency, such that the cyclic signals share a repeating sequence of phase angles over consecutive cycles. These integer relationships are called Arnold tongues which follow from bifurcation of the circle map. One example of phase synchronization of multiple oscillators can be seen in the behavior of Southeast Asian fireflies. At dusk, the flies begin to flash periodically with random phases and a gaussian distribution of native frequencies. As night falls, the flies, sensitive to one another's behavior, begin to synchronize their flashing. After some time all the fireflies within a given tree (or even larger area) will begin to flash simultaneously in a burst. Thinking of the fireflies as biological oscillators, we can define the phase to be 0\u00b0 during the flash and +-180\u00b0 exactly halfway until the next flash. Thus, when they begin to flash in unison, they synchronize in phase. One way to keep a local oscillator \"phase synchronized\" with a remote transmitter uses a phase-locked loop. See also Algebraic connectivity Coherence (physics) Kuramoto model Synchronization (alternating current) References Sync by S. H. Strogatz (2002). Synchronization - A universal concept in nonlinear sciences by A. Pikovsky, M. Rosenblum, J. Kurths (2001) External links A tutorial on calculating Phase locking and"}, {"title": "", "text": "preparing for it for half a year. It is so hard.\" Human response is \"Congrats, Congrats, Pass on your luck to me.\" Chatbot replies \"CongratsCongrats, Pass on your luck on me.\" Second example: the post wrote \"I heard that dreaming of a snake means I will have a boy baby, but I really want a girl (a sob emoji).\" Human response is \"I also want a daughter, I dreamed of snakes too last night.\" Chatbot replies \"It's not true, it is just a dream. Do not overthink it .\" Third example: the post wrote \"My baby's 13-day photo is so lovely, mom loves you so much (a photo of her daughter).\" Human response is \"What a lovely baby, what big eyes.\" Chatbot replies with three grin emoji. Fourth example: the post wrote \"I'm so sensitive and emotionally fragile as a mom.\" Human response is \"I wish my belly is transparent, so I can always see what the baby is doing.\" Chatbot replies \"What happened?\" Fifth example: the post wrote \"Taking care of a 1-2 months baby can make people frustrated. I can not take a nap during the day, because the baby sleeps very lightly.\". Human response is \"Totally understand, same here. The baby has been crying himself out of bed, and has to be held, my back is sour, but I have to hang in there.\" Chatbot replies \"Same here\". Sixth example: the post wrote \"My baby feels uncomfortable, he suddenly cries with a scratchy throat.\" Human response is \"My baby also cries with a"}, {"title": "", "text": "develop my search terms over the past two days (and well into last night) to see if I could find some method in the madness.

    They were broadly:

    • Training Phase
    • Refinement Phase
    • Adaptation Phase

    This is by no means something that I planned, but more of an attempt to understand a hazy and chaotic process in terms of a model.

    Training

    This was the primordial mash. It involved throwing in any relevant search terms including long complex terms with lots of phrases and brackets. A bit like when you get a new guitar pedal or an avatar creation platform on a video game and just crank up all of the parameters just to see how ridiculous you can make it sound/look.

    I found that through this process I learned what sort of terms and combinations of functions restrict the yield and open the flood gates letting any old nonsense through. I found that this gave me a good idea of the boundaries of my primary database, in this case Scopus, and let me make more informed choices in later iterations. Gradually the number and complexity of the terms reduced.

    An example of one of my training searches is:

    (TITLE-ABS-KEY ((avatar AND ("Proteus Effect" ) OR (self AND avatar ) OR (virtual AND self OR doppelg\u00e4nger ) OR ("Video game" OR video-game OR "Virtual reality" OR "Second life" OR wii OR Kinect OR "Playstation Move" ) ) ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (health* OR diet OR exercise OR alcohol OR "ultra violet" OR"}, {"title": "", "text": "would just close his eyes and shriek for a little while every now and again. As brutal as it was to sit through it, I can only imagine how the poor parents were feeling.

    When we finally touched down, I had to take a short ferry ride from the airport to Shenzhen. My body had no idea what time it was supposed to be, taking off at 1:10pm, landing at 6:40pm the next day, but only being in the air for 14.5 and gaining 30.5. Luckily, I had two free days to adjust to the time. My office and apartment are both located in the Shekou region of Shenzhen, which I'm really liking. There are lots of expats that live here, so it feels somewhat westernized. There's a Starbucks, McDonald's Pizza Hut, and KFC all in the plaza close to my work. Certainly not what I was expecting.

    On the ferry from Hong Kong to Shenzhen I met a family from Seattle that was extremely helpful, adding me to the couchsurfing wechat group and giving me some tips for where to live, what to do, etc. The father (Mike) works with Microsoft as a VP of Global Device Sales and Partnerships, so he had some great suggestions on where to look to get into the startup and tech scene here, which is absolutely massive.

    I stayed at an AirBnB for my first four nights, just on a pullout couch in a living room. My two hosts, Sara and Yuki, were very accommodating. We had several meals"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Submitting a Digital Dissertation\" tags: digital, dissertation excerpt_separator: --- This past week was the one year anniversary of my PhD defense. I am not entirely sure what has happened to the past 12 months. Job market, pandemic, cross-country moves, toddlers ... such things ate up much of the days (and nights), as they do. As I prepare to start my new role as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Alabama, I thought it would be helpful to (at long last) publish a couple of posts on my experience submitting, creating, and defending a digital dissertation project. Dissertations are a funny creature in the landscape of scholarship. They are a credentialing work, written as a way to learn how and demonstrate that one is able to engage the scholarly community and to do the work of research and analysis. As a result, there is a relatively rigid structure that dissertations are generally expected to follow and there are set processes by which they are entered into the scholarly record (a.k.a., ProQuest and the University Library). At George Mason, the submission process for dissertations centers around a PDF document. This file, derived from a Word template, is required to follow a standard formatting across all of the University's schools and departments. It contains all of the paratextual elements that make a dissertation a dissertation: dedication, acknowledgements, table of contents, chapters, bibliography, and the like.

    LGBTQ in tech

    on gay, lgbtq, tech, technology

    Most people who know me know I’m gay, or that I identify as gay or queer or whichever way you’re more comfortable phrasing or thinking about it. To put it bluntly: I like men, I date men, I sleep with men, I happen to be a man and it’s all good.

    The thing that struck me about tech when I started getting more involved in online communities is that no one cared about this fact. Well almost no one, there’s always going to be a hate monger or two, even online. But I never got judged or excluded in tech because of my being gay. Even when other members of the community were aware of it, I got judged on my skills, on my contributions and insight, never based on which gender I preferred to take to bed.

    I have to be honest about something though, I never really \"came out\" in tech as gay. I never really felt a need to state this. It came up every now and"}, {"title": "", "text": "ends of the nerves that lead to the visual cortex. If one sees with the brain how is this possible? The truth is that one sees with the whole distributed network, and not with any part of it. This is in keeping with the nonlocal nature of entangled quantum states. I have been careful not to separate too much the body and the brain. It is the whole body, and possibly some things external to it, that is the quantum processing system. The brain plays only a part, important as that part may be. The mind-body relation now has a new form. The mind is the field of phenomenal entities which are the coordinated quantum state reductions in the body. Some phenomenal entities are reflexive, that is self-referential. I am conscious of consciousness, I think of thoughts, I exert my will on my will, as when I metaphorically bite my tongue. Less clearly one loves love, hates hate and fears fear. But one can't green green. What allows for reflexive entities is not clear. Reflexivity seems to be a sign of universality. One can be conscious of anything, hence of consciousness itself. One can think of anything hence of thought itself. One can fear anything, hence fear fear itself. This universality also explains how one can hate love or love pain. Are there, even if to minuscule degrees, universal phenomenal entities present in all collapse instances? Space-time is a universal presence for all systems, and its degrees of freedom participate in all collapse instances. Space-time is"}, {"title": "", "text": "he has comprehended faith, comprehended how he entered into it or how it entered into him.\" Faith isn't an outer good; it is for the inner man. Kierkegaard says the following in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, In the godly discourse about faith, the main point is that it informs us how you and I (that is, single individuals) become believers and that the speaker helps tear us out of all illusions and knows about the long and laborious way and about relapse. \u2026 we sit (in Church) and observe what faith is capable of doing-not as believers, but as spectators of the achievements of faith, just as in our day we do not have speculative thinkers but spectators of the achievements of speculative thought. But for the theocentric, speculative, and objective age it is, of course, more likely far too little- to become involved in the ultimate difficulties, where the question ultimately becomes as sharp, as penetrating, as disturbing, as uncompromising as possible about whether the individual, you and I, is a believer and about how we relate ourselves to faith from day to day. Postscript Note p. 419 It is very difficult for an individual to know that \"God is good.\" We can try to change God and make our wishes his wishes but then Kierkegaard explains, \"I would have been weak enough to make him just as weak; then I would have lost him and my trust in him, . . .\" Kierkegaard asks questions to try to understand how faith can be understood by"}, {"title": "", "text": "could possibly be situated in all three contexts (Kinghorn & Willis, 2008;Falk & Dierking 2000). Better engagement was emphasised as the difference between daytime and night time visits by both event coordinators and visitors. Several visitors stated that the late opening hour motivations are distinct from daytime visiting. R-22 describes \"late opening hours\" as making the event more special: \"(\u2026) I think that's the main point (nodding). It made the museum night special (\u2026) It is not really common for museum to be opened during night time, so it makes [the event] more special, the event in the night time. I think I prefer during night time because maybe I am a student, so I after full day study or if I am working you know [I will] definitely want to do something with my friends and want to be relaxed, yes uh huh (nodding).\" Moreover, concerning convenience of physical context, interviews mentioned \"less tourists during night\" and \"daytime is full of tourist\"; \"less crowded\", \"less kids, you must have seen all the kids if you come during day times\", and \"can focus better.\" When the senior event coordinators of NHM were asked if there was a difference in late events and day time events, EC-1 answered: \"Day time events are quite structured, quite short (\u2026) level of depth of engagement is different. (\u2026) the topics and contents are the same but running hours and the level of engagement is different\". Museums as multi-functional institutions Linked with the debate about diversified museums' roles, a controversy also"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dojo Storage does not support Internet Explorer without Flash, and it does not support Safari or other WebKit-based browsers at all (at least, not without Flash). Also, Dojo Storage is not standalone; it requires a several other Dojo components in order to operate. PersistJS addresses all of the issues above. It currently supports persistent client-side storage through the following backends: * flash: Flash 8 persistent storage. * gears: Google Gears-based persistent storage. * localstorage: HTML5 draft storage. * globalstorage: HTML5 draft storage (old spec). * ie: Internet Explorer userdata behaviors. * cookie: Cookie-based persistent storage. Each backend is wrapped by PersistJS and exploses the exact same interface, which means you don't have to know or care which backend is being used. The next section explains how to use the PersistJS API. 3. Using PersistJS ------------------ Using PersistJS is fairly straightforward. First, you include `persist-min.js` in your web site: My Wonderful Page After the DOM has loaded, you create a persistent store object: // create new store named \"My Application\" var store = new Persist.Store('My Application'); The store constructor has one required parameter: a store name. You can create as many stores as you'd like, as long as they each have a unique name. Store names should begin with a letter, and can consist of upper and lower case letters, numbers, spaces, and dashes. As I mentioned before, you shouldn't create a persistent store until after the DOM has loaded. The easiest browser-agnostic way to do this is to set an `onload`"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: (Near) Daily Reflections Commence subtitle: Selected Ramblings, Only Slightly Editted --- ## 003: 01.01 **when do I** find the time to do (good) work? The \"free\" or down time at work is unpredictable & ultimately undesired. Weekends are a good - the best - time to spend w/the family & truly experience \"what it's all about\". Nights, mornings? Obviously I have to be a time thief, & a damn consistent one, if I expect to get things out on a regular basis, which is the goal. More foresight & continous effort, or really more of the same to date. _**keywords**: time; consistency; planning_ ## 003: 02.02 **my time is** precious regardless of how much I'll be able to set aside for my interests. My concern here is with thinking deeply to become most effective. If I imagined that the process would be \"easy\" or flow what comes to mind are: predefined topics, schedule of writing, getting data proactively, an iterative writing process, commitment to delivery. Getting into the nitty gritty, breaking down the essentials/objectives of each post is critical to my getting to work immediately when I have the time and not wasting time figuring out what to do next. Other elements of the process: time away to think and be surprised by ideas, notetaking, regular indexing of ideas, regular prioritization of tasks. _**keywords**: planning; process; time management_ ## 003: 03.03 **by the nature** of the work, by intention, by design, I will flounder and struggle through. How do I focus and discipline"}, {"title": "", "text": "was _much worse_. ## All of the Gear, All of the Time? This isn't the first motorcycle accident I've been in, but I've been fortunate enough to never even break a bone from a crash. No doubt: the gear I wear has protected me from breaking my bones or my neck. I'm not one of those folks who insist that all of the gear, all of the time is the only way to ride. People ride bikes for all kinds of reasons, and it's up to them to determine what level of protection they want. It's a trade-off too; I wear leathers without armour because I find it lets me move better. Sometimes I'll wear nothing but a gloves and helmet on a hot summer day cruising around town. And I use my bike as a form of transportation; rarely do I want to be wearing armoured, leather riding pants when I arrive at a restaurant. Generally I'd advocate that always wearing a helmet and gloves is a smart choice, and wearing at least jeans will protect you pretty well. I try my best to wear my leather jacket as often as possible, and it's usually only rare, warmer-than-35\u00baC summer days I'll go without it. It's saved my skin a lot--literally--and I think it's meant I can not only get up from my crashes but get right back to work afterward. ## The Gear I wanted to review the gear I was wearing, talk about how well it stood up to the crash, and whether I'd"}, {"title": "", "text": "fear. For example, I drink water with lemon in the morning. At night, I consume yogurt with ginger and turmeric in it\" (P/7). \"I regularly cleaned the doors. I drank lots of water with lemon and vinegar. I paid attention to hygiene. Before consuming the vegetables and fruits I brought from outside, I kept them in vinegar water. We immediately took a bath each time we came back home from outside\" (F/8). \"I have rather spent time surfing on the internet. I shared posts about the dishes I prepared. Then, many of my friends started doing this as well. They opened their own Instagram addresses. They shared posts about their own dishes. So we actually tried to distract our attention\" (P/2). Theme 1: Concerns About the Future The state of uncertainty induced by the pandemic causes patients to have anxiety and worry about the future. With cancer treatment and follow-up, this situation worsens even more (Cancer treatment and follow-ups even worsen this situation.) There were three subthemes under this theme: concerns about cancer, concerns about vaccines, and concerns about the protracted pandemic. \"I am mostly concerned about major problems facing the country. I am afraid that our order will be disrupted and we will have nowhere to go. I am afraid of war\" (P/6). \"I have concerns about my health. I am worried about falling into bed and suffering a lot of pain\" (P/7). \"I am currently single and thinking of getting married. I want to have children. I have not been vaccinated, I am against"}, {"title": "", "text": "no emotional support, like their parents don't care about them as a person, but only about their success, etc etc. Although this may not necessarily be true it's hard to \"feel\" that. I would encourage parents to take time to show active interest in their children's thoughts, and sometimes just take the time to listen to what's on their time without speaking themselves. There is a large cultural gap between children and parents Wayne Xun 20:55 ok long paragraph haha Wayne Xun 20:56 I think that might answer June's follow up question to elaborate more Wayne Xun 20:57 One more question on parent-children before moving onto post-high school? 1. In Chinese community, kids have no choice but using their parents or teachers as their mentors. What about mentoring? 2. is your friend circle changed from high school to college? 3. Why did you get into Google June Yu 20:57 Thank you so much Wayne Xun 20:57 Also, Hong, can you elaborate on this question? Wayne Xun 20:57 \"In your mind, do you understand all the symbolism of Chinese logic? And how do you resolve it when you face conflict from American culture? \" Wayne Xun 20:57 Is there another way to say \"symbolism\" of chinese logic? Or you can type the chinese and I can try to look it up Wayne Xun 20:58 or someone can help translate Wayne Xun 20:58 But maybe you can tell from my asking for help, that i probably dont understand it at all hahahah I'm terrible Wayne Xun 20:58 In"}, {"title": "", "text": "to take good care of the patient at home\" (FG2). Equally, the admission team members acted on requests from their staff: \u00ab\u2026. I think about being short of time\u2026. I have occasionally participated in admission team meetings. The focus there is on healthy transition process. The members give room for extending the stay at the STCF, if we consider it necessary. You know, to support a safe and healthy transition for the patient. So at least, I think they try in many situations, to support the patients and their next of kin (FG2). Different facilities with different functions, professional resources and contexts influenced IPC. The municipal health and care services depend on using unlicensed assistants to have enough health care providers at work at any time. The findings demonstrate that it varied between the facilities how this influenced IPC. At the LTCF, the licensed nursing staff worked sideby-side with their assistants during dayshifts weekdays (FG3). They then had opportunity to supervise and delegate tasks to the assistants and the assistants had the opportunity to ask questions. At weekends and nights, however, there were fewer licensed nursing staff at each shift, which limited close interaction between the unlicensed and licensed staff: \"Especially when a new patient arrives, then I get nearly always information from the registered nurse and I get the rest myself, or ask the patient himself, what he can do. I experience I get all the information I need. 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body, nothing I see is attached to reality. My body dismorphia has made my perception of myself be skewed for the past 3-4 years. In my mind I\u2019m this wide hipped, big armed, weird bellied, funny faced looking monster. This sort of negativity changes the way I live day to day. If I go to an audition and I feel particularly lardish, for the next two weeks I\u2019ll work out like 5 hours a day and eat only greens until my focus shifts. It sounds really manic and it is. The lengths I go to in order to \u201cbetter\u201d myself are extreme. If I could love myself as I am, my time would be filled so much better. I mean this mania certainly shows I\u2019ve got a real work ethic and drive- if I could love myself all the time as I am, I would be able to fully give myself to the people I love and the things I love to do. It sounds like I\u2019m always manic and hateful about this stuff. I recognize by many standards I meet some sort of appropriate level of attractiveness. I am aware and grateful for the privileges my skin color and appearance have given me. But somewhere along the way I was taught to hate myself and everyday I am trying to learn to undo the lesson inside of myself. I would love to see my stomach differently. I know it\u2019s cliche but it\u2019s true. I send a lot of hate to my"}, {"title": "", "text": "So it's been a few days. So what? It's been hard to write lately. Cuz I have been spending all my energy on hating myself and my body. That kind of disgust requires alot of energy, let me tell you. It's emotionally draining to think negative thoughts every time you see yourself- in a mirror, in a window, in a picture, in your own mind's eye. It's not that I hate myself, persay. I don't, not the inside of me. It's the outside that I'm pissed off at. But also a little bit the inside, because is it the outside's fault how it looks? No, it's the insides fault with it's total lack of self control and emotional comfort taking from food. So I'm mostly hating the outside and am angry at the inside. Go ME. Sigh. Denial is strong. But I am waking up the reality and it ain't pretty people. It just ain't pretty."}, {"title": "", "text": "why that\u2019s never going to work: Umm. . . . has ignoring your problems ever made them go away?\" Image via iStock. Actively think about the fact that you\u2019re unhappy with your body. Force yourself to really think about that. Approach it the same way that you might with any other kind of bad day: Remind yourself that a day is only 24 hours long, and tomorrow might be different. Accept what you have no control over and then focus on what you can change about your outlook. Address it. Stare it in the face. 2. Look at it. This goes back to the question of whether or not ignoring your problems has ever helped them dissipate. And I think that when we try to avoid mirrors, it makes them all the more tempting \u2013 and that\u2019s the opposite of what we need. Just like sitting with your negative feelings, looking at the body that you\u2019re unhappy with puts you in the position of being the boss of your situation. It\u2019s a way of reminding the voices in your head that you are the one in charge here \u2014 and that the smallest shift in thought or intent can turn your whole day around. Do it fully clothed if you want to, but also feel free to do it naked. Run your hands down every part of you. Jiggle your jiggly bits. Show off your musculature (or lack thereof). (Post continues after gallery.) We love these celebrity body image quotes Rebel WilsonThe actress said on Twitter;"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hate Myself \u2013> Repeat. Instead, you\u2019ll fall into a daily routine of self-care, which will lead to a physical transformation that will be permanent and APPRECIATED by you. To do this, stop judging yourself against pictures of perfection. If you need a visual for inspiration, use quotes or even photos of you at YOUR best. Start being thankful for what is looking back at you in the mirror, no matter how hard that is to do. Start to appreciate all the things you can do, have accomplished, and the beauty and wonder of YOU. Tell yourself in the mirror every single day \u201cI accept myself exactly as I am right now\u201d. Re-frame your perspective on low-quality junk foods as abuse to your body, not a reward or a comfort. Re-frame your perspective on exercise as a way to feel good, not a punishment. Re-frame healthy foods as preventative medicine and energy for your life. It\u2019s a daily process that won\u2019t always be perfect, but with daily practice will improve over time. This hit the mark. Thank you for being so honest, direct and vulnerable. I believe this will encourage many women out there. It for sure encouraged me. Thank you for this article. I recently had an epiphany that I allowed my two years living in TX to create a very unreal set of expectations regarding my physical appearance. I am an attractive 37yr old who has been active for many years. I started exercising to manage my moods and it was wonderful. I loved to"}, {"title": "", "text": "key. You have to constantly tell yourself that tomorrow will be better\u2014until one day, it actually is. Hearing comments from people like, \u201cYou\u2019re all better, right?\u201d or, \u201cCan you eat this now?\u201d makes it seem like I was once an entirely different person with an incapacitating virus that was then completely flushed out of my system when I sought help. Mental illness does not disappear that easily. So yes, I am doing significantly better now than I have in the past. In fact, I\u2019m probably in the best place that I have been in a while. However, the issues and bad thoughts that I dealt with years ago came from the same brain I have today. The ease of giving into these disordered thoughts is tempting sometimes, but the quality of the life I live now is incomparable. Photo courtesy of flickr.com Despite what you may think, I still have bad body image days where I feel disgusting and don\u2019t want to go outside. I look back at old pictures of myself and see how much thinner I was and sometimes wish that I could once again be in that shape. Sometimes I want to revert back to having control over every aspect of my day and relish in the happy feeling I would get when I saw a lower number on the scale. There are times when I wake up and decide that I\u2019m not going to eat today because I look big in the mirror and feel bloated, but by lunchtime, I get hungry."}, {"title": "", "text": "you see them happy, confident and with strong will power. I\u2019ve been overweight and now I am fit. I can tell you from experience that what you think and how you feel about yourself influence the way you look, not the other way around. I will break it down and explain it to you. This is the worst way you can think about yourself. No matter if you express it loudly or not, thinking about you negatively affects you more than you imagine. If you look in the mirror and deep inside you feel like looking awful , that\u2019s going to affect your appearance. You should never critique your body, tell yourself that you are ugly, not attractive, fat and things like this. You should NEVER do this to yourself. You practically order your body to look that way. You will feel bad, you will have bad habits and you won\u2019t take care of your body at all. That way your body lose more health, you become fatter and you think worse about yourself. It\u2019s a vicious spinning circle and you need to get out of it asap. In this way, people say: \u201cI don\u2019t care how I look. I don\u2019t care how I feel, how healthy I am, how that impacts my body\u201d. At this point, maybe you don\u2019t make your body look worst but you will leave yourself open to harm. If you don\u2019t care about the way you look, it means you don\u2019t love yourself and you don\u2019t love your body. So you"}, {"title": "", "text": "You just have yet to see the strength inside of you. The beautiful person you really are. You have yet to discover that your beauty isn\u2019t defined by your weight. That you deserve the love you give to everyone else. That you are capable of anything you desire as long as you are brave enough to try. This entry was posted in Miscellaneous and tagged body image, health coach, imperfect, Self care, self love on April 9, 2018 by danielle. As someone who struggles with anxiety and depression I know all too well how my mood can affect how I feel about my body. . These two pictures are exactly the same but what I see on a good day versus a bad day can be a world of difference. On a bad day, I\u2019ll see all of my flaws, on a better day, it\u2019s much easier to brush past them, or realize it is merely me being my own worst critic. Now while it may be impossible to completely CHANGE your thoughts and how you feel about your body, it is possible to work on reframing them. Another thing to work on\u2026 how you REACT to them. In the past a bad day would lead to either restricting my food, emotional eating, or hours of extra workouts. Not anymore. Trust that your mood is merely dictating how you are viewing yourself and it may not always be the most accurate picture. Bottom Line: Work on your inside and your mindset, and your outside will reflect"}, {"title": "", "text": "way out. This is not fun, and it is slowly killing me from the inside out. I love health, I love nutrition. I work out every day, and eat 5 planed meals a day, but then late at night when nobodies home the urge comes, sometimes I can say no, and go right to bed. But sometimes I can not! and tonight was one of those nights! after two binges and purges I jumped right online and started researching natural, healthy ways I can just stop this cycle and move on with my life in a much more healthy way. I can't do this anymore, its tearing me down, ripping me apart, and all i feel like doing right now is crying, cuz I'm not sure what else I can do at this point, I want to be strong, but there is nothing left in me to give to this. I need to fix my mind from going back to this, I just don't want to even think about it anymore. I don't know why I ever let it enter into my life when I knew how bad it looked from the outside, and how bad it was for me, coming from somebody who is really into health I feel like a liar! Like a hypocrite. I want to change for the better and move on, I know I can do this. There has to be a way. A healthy way. Love, somebody with hope for a better future."}, {"title": "", "text": "growing, eyebrows in need of maintenance, my red face (neck, arms, etc.), and the list went on and on. There was so much to be concerned about; so many imperfections to see. All of that had me feeling like crap about myself, causing me to think even further about the rest of my body and all the massive flaws there too, and how all of those things were in need of change. This is a path to nothing but stress. I can see more clearly now. I can see that things that used to go bump in the night were nudges back onto my chosen path. I can see how love rules my life now, and how all that blaming and judgment of others in the past is nearly gone from my life. And, the worst of any of those things were as people have said that we are our own worst critics. The benefit from this change is seeing the real me, the truer me, the loving me, the embraceable me. I hope that if you have been experiencing any of that negative self-talk when you look at a picture of you or look in the mirror, that what I have said here may be of benefit in moving toward loving yourself instead. It not only feels better, but it is also the ultimate encouragement."}, {"title": "", "text": "me \u201cI like how I think but I don\u2019t like myself.\u201d When I asked him \u201cwhy don\u2019t you like yourself?\u201d He said \u201cbecause of my weaknesses\u201d. He\u2019s a great guy with a lot of potential but his attitude toward himself drag him down. The most important thing you must do in life is to be happy with who you are. And happiness won\u2019t come by hating yourself. Focusing on your weaknesses and letting them drag you down it\u2019s not the way to go. You\u2019ll only amplify them. Look\u2026 you have this body you live in. A body that keeps you alive every single day. Stop hurting yourself. We all have good parts and not so good ones. Learn to love both and work on improving every day. Work on what you can change! So you want to lose weight? Well that weight won\u2019t just vanish over night while you\u2019re eating unhealthy food lying down on the couch. Get active! Stop finding reasons not to do it and limiting yourself. Pick an activity you\u2019d like and do it. Change your eating habits too. Switch to a healthier lifestyle. Of course it\u2019s much easier to find reasons not to do it, blame it on others, not make a change and continue to feel depressed and miserable but\u2026 it\u2019s your choice how you want to spend your life. You have to want it bad enough to really put some work in. It won\u2019t happen over night. It will take some time but YOU CAN do it! Be Yourself, The"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don't want to spend my life caught in that cycle of self-loathing. I _can't,_ I won't live that way anymore. How many mornings was I late for work because I couldn't find an outfit that magically changed the way I felt about my body? How many evenings did I stand in the middle of a grocery-store aisle, paralyzed with fear and indecision? It's not just the time I regret; it's the loss of who I might have been if I wasn't so consumed. It's who I might have loved, how I might have lived, what I might have accomplished. I might have been a force to be reckoned with. Instead, I spent way too much time weeping on my bedroom floor, surrounded by crumpled shirts and pants turned inside out. Back then, self-care for me meant \"making an effort,\" as my grandmother might have said, starving myself, jogging despite my bad knees, trying my best to fit my body, literally and metaphorically, into the image it was \"supposed\" to resemble. Now taking care of myself means what I _do_ rather than what I look like. And over time I've figured out what I need to do to feel healthy and creative and, yes, joyful physically and emotionally. What I need to do will no doubt look different than what you need to do, but I'll tell you anyway in case it's useful: \u2022 Some kind of physical exercise every day; a brisk stroll around the neighborhood works, but I also love cycling and hiking \u2022"}, {"title": "", "text": "look in the mirror, you won\u2019t see the beauty in your body or in your face. That negative thought pattern can effectively blind you to everything that\u2019s good about you. When you look in the mirror, immediately tell yourself out loud something positive about your body. As a negative thought hits, immediately switch it with a positive one. Focus on all that\u2019s good about your body - your hair, your eyes, your muscles, your movement, your hips, or your feet. Lovingly redirect your mind so that when you look in an actual mirror or the mirror of self-reflection, you see that all your imperfections have worked together to make up an amazing person. Accept that amazing person as is whether or not you ever change your appearance. Make notes about what\u2019s good about you. Stick these notes around your home or in your car so that you find them at random times. Use affirmations whenever possible and if someone does say something negative to you, correct that thought immediately and if you feel comfortable, correct that person as well. You have to adjust the way that you let the media and other people into your thoughts. Stop caring what other people say about you. Don\u2019t accept that and don\u2019t internalize it. Whatever problems that person has isn\u2019t on you. If they don\u2019t like the way you dress or the way you look, that\u2019s their issue and not yours. Don\u2019t just change your thought pattern to be kind to yourself - actually be kind to you. Appreciate"}, {"title": "", "text": "be concerned. I\u2019m sitting in that chair there thinking about it. I\u2019m sitting next to you on the couch thinking about it. I\u2019m laying in bed at night thinking about it. Thankfully I haven\u2019t dreamed about it. It eats away at me, day after day, night after night, hour after hour. I\u2019d say I need help but I swear that doesn\u2019t even seem to be working. Am I to damaged to help? Beyond the point of repair? Am I at that point where nobody even cares that it upset me anymore? If there was a magic pill, believe me, I\u2019d take it in a heartbeat. But there isn\u2019t. But in my car ride home today, I found myself grasping at the fat at my body, over analyzing my legs thinking about everything I couldn\u2019t eat and every way I could avoid eating. I was with my friends tonight and they always manage to comment on how much I didn\u2019t eat or how I need to eat more. I don\u2019t think they truly comprehend the condition. Then again, I don\u2019t really plan to go into explaining what\u2019s going on in my mind and with my body. I think that I just have this overwhelming feeling that nobody is going to think I\u2019m pretty. I guess that\u2019s irrational considering there is literally and infinite amount of people with allllllll different body types on this planet. At the end of the day, at least one person will find something beautiful about them. I\u2019ve also heard it said that beauty"}, {"title": "", "text": "I\u2019m going to let you in on a secret. It\u2019s a secret that a lot of people share \u2013 I used to hate my appearance. Granted, I went through a pretty awkward stage \u2013 when you\u2019re a round-faced teenager with braces and frizzy hair, it doesn\u2019t do a lot for your confidence. But once my braces came off and I lost my last excuse to treat my appearance seriously, I went into a kind of spiral. I lost interest in makeup and did nothing more with my hair than stick it in a ponytail. My wardrobe consisted of worn-out jeans and tee shirts. It wasn\u2019t because I was a tomboy and enjoyed it, it was simply because I stopped caring. I would undress before I showered, look at myself in the mirror, and all I would see was a chunky, awkward girl about as attractive as a hippo, and I thought nothing I did would change that. I hate to exercise \u2013 anyone can tell you this. I also like to eat. I mean, come on \u2013 what\u2019s the fun of eating if you have to make yourself sweat afterwards? On purpose? I tried eating hardly anything, and that lasted about two hours. I tried exercising \u2013 that stuck a little more, but I still loathed it. This continued, and it only got worse. I wasn\u2019t taking pride \u2013 or even paying attention to \u2013 my appearance and as a result, I never felt happy with how I looked and neither did anyone else. I wasn\u2019t"}, {"title": "", "text": "I\u2019m feeling far less than perfect. And it\u2019s allowed me to stop beating myself up for beating myself up. Look, we all have days where we feel powerful and strong and invincible. And then we have days where we don\u2019t. This is normal. This is life. But when we make the decision to stop hating our bodies and hating ourselves for the way our bodies look, there is a tendency to want to exchange one sort of perfectionism (the search for the perfect body) for another (the complete cessation of negative body thoughts). I get it. First I mourned for all the perfect things I imagined would happen in my life once I had the perfect body. And then I had the honeymoon period where I believed I would never feel bad about my body again and I would remain perfectly healthy and nobody could ever hurt me again. And then I had the bad days where I didn\u2019t feel perfectly happy or healthy in my body AT ALL. And then I started beating myself up for beating myself up about not having the perfect body in a perfect recursive storm of self-recrimination. Sometimes I just have to STOP. Take a few deep breaths and tell myself that I am hereby absolved of the need to be perfect in anything. This includes being perfect at self-acceptance. This includes being perfect about body love. This includes being perfect about not needing to be perfect. I take another breath and try to be grateful for the whole, non-perfect,"}, {"title": "", "text": "time noticing it. Then everytime you notice that you are using negative language, say in your head, \u201cSTOP, this is not useful\u201d and flip it. If you were thinking \u201cmy tummy is so fat and ugly\u201d say instead \u201cmy tummy is beautiful and soft\u201d even if you don\u2019t believe it. This is a practice so keep practising. Sleep is vital for every aspect of our health. Sleep is for the strong, not the weak. You need to prioritise it. Ensure that you are getting at least 8 hours each night. Keep all electronics out of the bedroom. Avoid blue light (phones, tv, laptops) at least 30min before bed. Keep an eye on what caffeine and alcohol are doing to your body. If you struggle with sleep, get some help. Talk about weight loss, bikini bodies and unrealistic beauty standards is everywhere. It\u2019s difficult to escape it but if you want to create a loving relationship with your body there is no room for that negativity in your life. Do not be available for that kind of crap anyone. Unfollow anyone on social media who promotes that. Avoid newspapers, magazines and websites that promise you can lose 2 stone in 2 weeks. Change the subject with friends, family and work colleagues when these topics come up or if you feel brave enough, tell them that you are no longer interested in talking about these things anymore. Don\u2019t buy clothes to aspire to, ones that you hope to fit in when you\u2019ve lost weight. Don\u2019t buy the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "Welcome to my blog. A weekly dose of realness, because it's our humanness that makes us beautiful. Letters to Myself: Do I really want to change? I just got done eating a few handfuls of cereal and I am hating myself for it right now. As I shoved the tiny bites into my mouth I thought about everything I ate today - fruit and coffee, a peanut butter sandwich, soup and an orange. I know I am hurting myself and I am fully aware that my habits are completely unhealthy, yet I can\u2019t stop and I yearn for the hunger sensations that reassures myself I am reaching my goal and weight. Do I really want to change or will I continue until I am happy with myself.. Will that day ever come? I know how much you are hurting, it\u2019s okay. It will all be okay, that is one thing I can promise you. Food will not always be restricted. Exercise will not always be forced. These things will not always bring you guilt. The day WILL come where you no longer see the enemy when you look in the mirror. The day will come where you no longer spend every waking moment wishing to be someone else. The day will come where you accept and welcome all thoughts and feelings and emotions with love. You CAN be happy now, my love, in the very body you are hating and hurting in. Your weight, the food, the exercise, the goals do not define you. You define"}, {"title": "", "text": "won\u2019t properly take care of it. Health requires caring, that means you will be exposed to illnesses and infections produced by bad behaviors or eating habits. Your body will be vulnerable on a daily basis. Another thing that is dangerous here is that our mind can\u2019t work without a pattern. You can\u2019t simply say to a computer: do what you want! The computer needs a command to execute. That means, maybe you think that you don\u2019t care about how you look, but deep inside you have a pattern. Most probably from other people who don\u2019t take care of their bodies also, so that\u2019s not the best example to follow. This is the only way I recommend to think about yourself. Love yourself, love the way you look and try to find ways to improve your health. Be gentle with yourself and the opinions you have about yourself. You are not just complimenting your appearance, you are also setting up a pattern, a standard. If you want to lose weight focus on how you will going to look. Imagine yourself looking like that already. You can simply say \u201cI will look stunning when I am going to lose weight (while imagining yourself slim)\u201d . This is pure DNA changing, habits changing and feelings changing. Not to mention how happy and confident you are going to feel. It\u2019s very simple. What you intensely put in your mind, the brain interprets that as a wish, as a command. And it will give you patterns to get there. Is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "and you just have to take baby steps. 2. self-care & self-love // look at your self in the mirror and say I love you. I really really love you and try not to crack up because it seems a little funny at the time. But really look at your face, hair, body, skin, freckles and toes and love and appreciate every single piece of energy, cell and fiber that makes up who you are. Love your flaws, they make you even more beautiful and special. You are unique, genuine, one of a kind and there is no other being like you at all on this planet! That in itself is utterly magnificent! **If you are having trouble with this, the things that really work for me are getting a better nights sleep to feel more rested and positive, unplug more, walks outside in nature, eating healthier meals, exercise more often, talking with loved ones in person instead of using the phone and physically pick up and read a book. I will be totally transparent and tell you guys my biggest self image fear. I have the worst stretch marks up both of my sides on my hips. Someone once described them as freddy krueger scars (ballooned that beezy away-you'll see later!!) I have never really shown pictures of them as I use to hate them with every bit of energy in me. Now, I love them, honor them and remember that I got them from 6th-7th grade Summer and grew to my current height at"}, {"title": "", "text": "going to a professional (counsellor or therapist) for guidance. 5. Take ownership of your actions, reactions and words of the past, which still seem to follow you. Understand their consequences and take note of their lessons. 7. Look in the mirror and point out all the things you like and dislike about your body. Work towards loving those areas EXACTLY as they are. I bet as you start to really love your Self, your body will start to change and look better. NOTE: Everything we feel manifests itself physically \u2013 our bodies reflect what we feel. Often this shows as a noticeable outwards physical change to others and ourselves (NO, I am not talking about silicone breast implants the size of basketballs here!), and sometimes it\u2019s an inward physical or physiological change that only we can feel (you have pain everywhere and there is no explanation that your doctor can find for it through any tests he or she has run). It\u2019s important to become aware of our Self \u2013 body, mind, spirit, emotions are all interconnected. 8. Be honest with yourself. The truth may not be very pretty but until you face it, you won\u2019t make any progress. 10. Embrace the change this journey will bring to your life. Know that not everyone will stay with you, and that\u2019s okay. Be aware that there are no shortcuts and sometimes you\u2019ll feel like you\u2019ve reached a plateau but that\u2019s just a small \u2018break\u2019 until you have to move on to the next part. Last few things"}, {"title": "", "text": "negative things about your body, what you are essentially doing is getting better at telling yourself those bad things about your body. It is a vicious cycle, and endless loop of self-disrespect and you are the only one with the power to end it. How can you ever love your body when you are constantly practicing ways to hate it? You may not be fully in control of your thoughts, but you can choose to take charge and say \u201cNo!\u201d to that voice in your head saying you look ugly. Interrupt that nasty thought pattern and consciously replace it with a positive one. At first it might seem difficult to control, but the more you do this, the better you will get at doing it, until your thought patterns become more positive, and therefore healthier! Whatever it is, you can get rid of it altogether, distance yourself from it, or simply tune it out. If the beauty magazines you read are constantly showing you unrealistic images of photoshopped, well-posed, and professionally-photographed models and holding that up as the ideal you and all women should strive for at all times, ask yourself if you really need to continue reading these magazines. If you have toxic people in your life who make you feel awful about the way you look, try to address it with them and see if it improves. If not, you can distance yourself from them or cut them off, depending on the particular situation. You can take charge of your happiness by controlling how"}, {"title": "", "text": "the time. I also know that it doesn\u2019t matter. I see what I see. I have spent my life wanting, so badly, to be able to take my clothes off with a lover and not feel like apologizing. I want to be able to enjoy my physicality without thinking about how disgusting I must look. I want to be able to just put clothes on without assessing how they will hide my flaws. I want to feel beautiful. I have hit a point in my life now at 41 years old and after numerous attempts to overcome this dysfunctional relationship that I seriously have thought it will never change. I read the above mentioned blog and thought to myself\u2026I need to do something. I have spent my life unhappy with myself. I had a brief time 2 years ago when I felt like things had shifted for me. Then life got in the way and all hell broke loose so to speak. A family tragedy ensued and I am only now beginning to start seeing a way out of grief. In the place I am now, finding my footing again has become even more important to me being able to move forward. A huge part of this is conquering my personal issues with regards to self-image and, more importantly, self-love. Since reading the blog a few days ago I have noticed a change in how I see myself. I am gentler on myself\u2026I am looking at myself and seeing the beauty of a body that has"}, {"title": "", "text": "mirror trying to figure out ways I could alter or improve my physique. For me it's almost a defence mechanism because I could either sit there all day wallowing in self pity or think about different possibilities to make things better (i.e. plastic surgery). I think I might have cried a bit after reading this?"}, {"title": "", "text": "cried myself to sleep. I tried every form of diet there was. I spent a ridiculous amount of money trying to drown my troubles in shopping. I just wanted to look like everyone else! At times, I would lie in bed at night and wish that I could be anorexic so that I could feel better about myself. I was a horrible/crazy girlfriend because I looked to whatever person I was dating to make me feel better about myself. If they didn't say something on a regular basis, I would feel that there was something wrong with me and it made me hate myself even more. And it wasn't just my body, either. I changed my personality and interests so many times in an effort to be liked. In high school I worked hard to always be loud and funny so I could be known as \"the funny one\". Truthfully, I think I came across more like \"the obnoxious one\". What gets me is that the whole time I felt this way, I constantly read self confidence books and the Bible. I KNEW that God thought I was perfect and that I was made in his image which is a glorious thing. That alone should have made me feel like the most beautiful person in the world. I knew it in my mind but my heart didn't get the memo. There were two other things that contributed to my self-loathing. The first was my health. Since I was in middle school I have been sick on"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2190 What would you do if she were your daughter? I have been avoiding this blog. I will say that I have been too busy. That I meant to blog but before I knew it, it was Monday and then Tuesday or Wednesday. Plus it wouldn\u2019t be nice to take someone else\u2019s day to blog. How rude! I meant to post, I really did, but it was so late\u2026..yadda yadda yadda! Truth is I was too ashamed. I hate my body! I hate my weight! I hate how I look! I hate the scale. I hate my clothes. I hate the mirror! I hate how I feel! I. HATE. THIS! I have lost all momentum. I have gained back all weight. I\u2019m on more meds. I am back to the beginning. I keep deciding to start again only to find a reason I didn\u2019t. I\u2019m too tired to get up early and work out. I\u2019m too busy during the day. I\u2019ve never liked working out at the end of the day. I\u2019ll eat better tomorrow. I get frustrated when I do workout because I am a slug. I think about what I use to be able to do and get depressed and then guess what? I don\u2019t workout because it\u2019s too depressing. My big plan of looking amazing for my high school reunion next year is getting to be a distant memory. My idea of being below 200 by the summer is long gone. My desire to be off my meds and CPAP is replaced with"}, {"title": "", "text": "I hate myself.\u201d Words from my junior high journal but think I wrote these same words every night for over 10 years. I hated myself\u2026 but it was a silent hate that no one saw. If you were to ask anyone about me, they would say I was happy and probably an over-achiever. I was one of the fastest runners in the state. I was friends with everyone. Excelled at everything I did. And was happy\u2026 or so they thought. However, on the inside I was dying\u2026 I don\u2019t know exactly when it started but I do remember a few poignant times: \u00b7 Like the time in the summer before 5th grade when my grandpa made me get on the scale at his house and after seeing the numbers on the scale, telling me I couldn\u2019t eat while I was at his house\u2026 which resulted in me sticking my fingers down my throat for the first time to make myself throw up, which continued into my early 20s \u00b7 Like the time in the 6th grade when the boys called me pizza face because of my acne \u00b7 Like the time in the 8th grade when my math teacher, Mrs. Dean, wiped my hair out of my face and told me to not hide behind my hair\u2026 I was beautiful \u00b7 Like the many therapists and nutritionists offices I would sit in and smile and tell them everything was ok and they believed me \u00b7 Like the time when I drank my way through college so"}, {"title": "", "text": "feel frustrated and downbeat staring at my reflection. I\u2019d obsess over the parts (parts = objectification?) of my body not developing as quickly as I\u2019d hoped. I\u2019d started to change my body to change my self-esteem, yet I was operating within the paradigm of unrealistic beauty standards. I was placing my worth on how close I was getting to the perfected images I\u2019d seen in the media. This expectation, this hope, was fuelled by a deceptive fitness industry that sells a lie of what is possible, without the aid of steroids. I\u2019d internalised a distorted expectation of the functionality of my body. I wasn\u2019t tuned into me, I was tuned out, hopelessly trying to attain someone else\u2019s look. The above philosophy has radically changed my outlook. I take a playful approach to the way the body changes and adapts. I try and step back, simply notice changes without actively labelling them \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad\u201d or myself a success of failure dependent on my reflection. I take a curious approach to when I feel weaker or stronger on a particular day, or how certain foods give me more energy than others. At a basic level, I\u2019ve developed an appreciation for the miracle of the human body, and its ability to change. Self-criticism does of course still catch up with me. I get days where I feel anxious about my appearance \u2014 maybe I\u2019m shrinking, putting on too much fat, incapable of exercising properly, not eating enough, eating too much \u2014 but these are reduced, fleeting, they don\u2019t"}, {"title": "", "text": "used to look at my lowest weight or I want to avoid any social interaction. It's like I've now programmed my brain to self destruct whenever I begin to feel low and, although nowadays, this 'self destruction' doesn't happen anywhere near as often as it used to, it certainly still happens - it's just the way that it is. As someone who has always thought of themselves in a negative light, it's sooooo hard to change the way that I think about myself. I've always sought other people's approval, I've always wanted to 'fit in' and be 'liked'. In the back of my head, I always knew I was trying too hard, but that never stopped me. I told myself that if other people didn't like me or the way that I looked, then neither should I; I told myself that if I didn't fit the mold or if I didn't do what everyone else did, that I would always be alone. I basically brainwashed myself into believing that I was worthless and that no one could like/love the 'real me'. I've always hated my appearance - and when I say 'hate', I well and truly mean 'hate'. I mean that I've despised everything about myself - I couldn't look in a mirror or at a photo and find one positive quality, yet I'd stand in front of my mirror for hours on end and I'd just look at myself. I'd scroll through Instagram and find 'body inspo' and search how much celebrities weighed and compare"}, {"title": "", "text": "a litany of criticism constantly running through your head and it never seems to end. You say that you accept that this is the way it is but you increasingly feel bitter, resentful, hate yourself and compare yourself constantly to others and you feel powerless. You accept that this is the way that your body is right now and you decide that even if you never lose another gram, you are going to look after you. You start making fresh, healthy food that you enjoy. You throw out all the clothes that don\u2019t fit and find ones that suit your body shape in colors and fabrics that you love. You take 100% responsibility for your health and make choices that decrease your stress and increase your happiness. You do more things that make you feel good. You accept that your body is really at your mercy, so you decide to do your best to make it\u2019s job of keeping you strong and healthy, as easy as possible. You focus on how you want to feel instead of how you want to look. Acceptance is saying to yourself; \u201cOk, right now THIS is how it is. What can I do right now and in the future, to make this as easy, comfortable or better for ME as I can? How can I support myself more in this situation? What steps can I take to help myself? What resources can I use or call on? Who can I find to help me help myself? Acceptance is such a"}, {"title": "", "text": "wise. I agree with everybody, change doctors. Hammer on doors till someone listens to you as it is serious and affecting your day to day life. Would temporarily stepping away from daily outfit posts help? Not that I want to see you stop blogging, but perhaps taking a break from taking/analysing photographs of yourself on a daily basis would ease some stress(?) Just a thought. Your GP is an idiot. Go back, see someone else. Don't give up, you shouldn't have to put up with feeling this way. Have fun with the things you've got planned, a good spring clean always feels good! I am so sorry that you are suffering in this way. I have struggled in a very similar way in the past and believe me - things really will improve! I have been outside my comfort zone recently with a complete transformation of style and have documented it in a new blog http://rebeccatriestrousers - you might like to take a look! Learning to love and accept yourself can be a rough journey. I've walked that one before and I can empathize. Try to list at least 3 positive things about yourself in a daily journal. It's good practice and builds the habit of self-love. You can do it! I'm really sorry that you're struggling on at the moment. From my point of view, you always love lovely; you have amazing long legs, and a lovely figure! (And fantastic style!) But I know exactly how it feels to hate everything about your body, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "if you think you know me and we have not seen each other in years. You don't know me then. I am not the same man I use to Be. I have changed Things I did not like about my self. I have also Changed what others did not like about me. Some was to make them happy even if i felt miserable the hole time. I am the man today because I didn't like how my life was going and finally put my foot down to make a change the only person that can do that is you, and yourself. you think your fat then stop feeling sorry for your self and go do something about it. you to skinny eat.. duh! you want short hair cut it. you hate short hair grow it out.. you don't like the house or apartment you live in move. hate being broke go make some money."}, {"title": "", "text": "would eat something indulgent or \u201ctaboo\u201d and immediately regret nourishing my body and spent the rest of the day with a cloud of guilt hanging over my head. It was taxing on my relationships, where my loved ones couldn\u2019t understand how I could be so hard on myself, when they loved my imperfections and thick thighs. And worse still, I hid it and did it anyway knowing it was wrong and I was hurting myself. My anxiety would plague me at work. My mind would instantly default to \u201cI\u2019m not smart enough, I shouldn\u2019t be here.\u201d I knew people could sense my anxiousness, which only made it worse. When depression or low self-esteem hit it felt like Instagram had created my own personal filter of greys and clouds for everything in sight. I wanted to hide and sleep, all the time. I would crawl into bed and wish away my problems and my life because I felt trapped. Worse still was when I had plans of all the things I wanted to accomplish in a day, but was overcome by the mental flood of emotions. It left me exhausted with no energy to tackle any of it. For quite some time, I was running on an autopilot and scraping by with the essentials: eat, work, sleep, rinse, repeat. Survival mode. Gradually I\u2019ve dug myself out of the hole. Reframing problems, meditating/yoga, creative outlets, envisioning demons while kickboxing, starting afresh in a new city (this one worked wonders for me) all things that slowly allowed me to"}, {"title": "", "text": "I Don't Love My Body 24/7. Here's How I Cope With It. As I get undressed to get in the shower, I stand exposed in the bathroom mirror. For a second, I slip into that self-hate, ED brained thinking of I am not good enough as I critique my new body, and my heart pounds a little faster. As I step in the shower, the faucet handle mocks my current mood by distorting my body into an oblong shape. I turn away so its cruel joke will no longer sting. As I get out and put on clothes, the jeans that no longer are a breeze to pull up scream at me to DO SOMETHING. The tears come without warning. This is recovery, this is reality, this is the battle. But the war can be won. What my ED brain won\u2019t tell you is what happens after that shower/closet scene. As I am putting on my make-up, my husband now kisses me on the cheek and tells me I look beautiful. My daughter bounds in and wraps her little arms around my legs and digs her head into them for comfort and love. My son comes in rubbing his eyes and nestles himself into my arms as he tells me about his night\u2019s sleep. You see, when deep in my disorder, I was absent. Gone. Checked out. I was literally not there. But now, in my recovery, I am present. Sit. It is something that they made me do in treatment that I continue to use"}, {"title": "", "text": "looking at me, particularly at my thick thighs. I looked straight ahead and walked very quickly to get to my pool chair as soon as possible.\u201d \u201cWhat would you recommend to someone, who wants to change that feeling?\u201d I asked. She thought about it for a moment. \"Maybe \u2026try to relax a little while walking and look around at the other people and see that they are really minding their own business and not paying any attention to you. If you still feel insecure, you could also pretend that nobody\u2019s around.\u201d \u201cHow would that advice change how you feel about your body?\u201d I asked. \u201cI don\u2019t think that would change it. I mean, I\u2019d still hate it,\u201d she said. \u201cWhat would help?\u201d I asked. She laughed and said: \u201cI think if I could jump into a body make-over machine and come out with the body I want\u2026that would do the trick.\u201d \u201cWhat is stopping you from getting the body you want?\u201d I asked. \u201cI guess just laziness and procrastination. I always aim to start on a Monday. And if that doesn\u2019t work, I aim to start on the following Monday. There\u2019s always something coming up and I never start,\u201d she said. \u201cGive me an example of something that would come up,\u201d I said. \u201cWell\u2026It\u2019s not really something coming up. I guess I\u2019m somehow avoiding it or postponing it. I hate exercising and I love to binge-watch Netflix series. I also love food and drinks. Particularly sweet things, like desserts, and sugary cocktails, although I know they're"}, {"title": "", "text": "II, I also know people with mental illnesses who stopped taking prescribed meds to lose weight\u2014never a good idea. I had an epiphany when I was 25. One night, I saw scars on my neck from my thymectomy. The scars, my long hair chopped, and my bloated face were too much. I looked in the mirror and couldn\u2019t recognize myself. I sobbed, \u201cI\u2019m ugly now.\u201d My mom hugged me and said, \u201cNo you\u2019re not.\u201d Later I had dinner at my favorite French restaurant with my cousin Shelly. Unlike a lot of friends who told me back then, \u201cYou haven\u2019t changed at all\u201d but now say, \u201cYou look so great\u2014not like before,\u201d Shelly kept it real. She said, \u201cYou look different. But different isn\u2019t bad. It\u2019s just different.\u201d Something clicked. Since that night, I have never disliked my appearance. For three years, I took notes on how to dress and do makeup if you\u2019re chronically ill, which inspired me to start this blog. Avoid the propaganda\u2014Ladies, it\u2019s not necessary to watch The Victoria\u2019s Secret Fashion Show or read myopic fashion magazines. Realign your thinking\u2014A reader asked me how I deal with Prednisone-induced weight gain. I said, \u201cI don\u2019t weigh myself. My philosophy is: Try your best. Be happy. Eat right, exercise (if you can), and ignore the white noise.\u201d She said she\u2019d never thought of it like that before. Encourage each other\u2014Last year at an awards ceremony, during picture taking, a friend said, \u201cI feel so fat next to you.\u201d I didn\u2019t insult myself in response. Instead,"}, {"title": "", "text": "so much effort and time in to wishing that you had someone else\u2019s hair or bum, transfer it in to embracing and learning to love your own body for what it is. This will be slightly different for everyone but make sure to wear something that you feel the most confident and least self conscious in. Personally crop tops are a no go for me at this time \u2013 I like a cosy jumper, jeans and a comfy pair of trainers. Getting up and doing my hair and make up always makes me feel so much better too. But I have to admit that I pretty much live in my dressing gown and pyjamas when I\u2019m at home anyway, so for me they become even more of a go to at this time. This is a lot easier said than done, but concentrate your energy on doing something that you love and that will take your mind off of the negative thoughts. It might be watching your favourite film, yoga, scrap-booking, listening to your favourite music or podcast, meditating or taking a bath. I find that even just going to work helps to keep me distracted. It\u2019s so important to take some time for self care and do something that you enjoy. I also find that it helps to distract from any thoughts that creep in regarding food and exercise. I think we all need to realise that we are worth so much more than our outward appearance. Realistically your appearance or weight is not what"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have always thought there was something wrong with me. I have always thought that I needed to change, to fix my looks and behaviour, and that I have always thought I\u2019m not good enough. As a child, I would study my face in the mirror, and my facial expressions. I soon decided what expressions I would allow myself to show in public, and what expressions I would never allow my face to pull. I was also painfully aware of my hair being perfect, and never out of place, to the point that I would dissolve into a tantrum in the mornings if I couldn\u2019t get my hair smooth. As a teenager, my belief that there was something wrong with me turned into hatred for myself. I was angry at myself and at the world. I became self-destructive. I stopped eating, because I did not think I deserved to eat \u2013 my body was not doing what I wanted it to do, so I didn\u2019t deserve to reward it. I exercised like a crazy thing. I pushed myself physically and academically. But I also partied hard, seeking acceptance by my peers. As a young woman in my twenties, I ran away from my past. I severed most of my connections from my teens because I wanted to be a different person. I moved around the country, and yearned for change. I embraced every time I found a new job, and every time I moved house, because it was a fresh start. Finally, in my thirties, I"}, {"title": "", "text": "despair. All of the sudden I was body-checking again. (For those of you who are unfamiliar with the term, it is exactly what it sounds like.) I would walk up to the mirror sideways instead of face-first like a person would normally do. I would spend so much time looking for flaws, and I would find plenty of them. ED loves it when you hate yourself. After poking and prodding and turning and staring I would always walk away dissatisfied and disgusted. Eventually it got to the point that I hated my reflection so much that I stopped looking all together. I spent my days in my pajamas, not bothering to shower or get dressed because what was the point? It wasn't until my best friend verbally slapped me that I snapped out of it. She came by to visit one night shortly before she left for treatment. We were about to go outside so I took my sweater off and put on my coat. My head was down as I was putting on my boots when she said, \"What are you, not eating??\" I literally froze. I hadn't really truly realized how bad things were until she said those words. It was like everything came tumbling down all at once. All of the sudden I was able to see myself through everyone else's eyes and not my own ED goggles...and it wasn't a pretty sight. I needed to change things, and change them fast. It wasn't easy, and every bone in my body was screaming"}, {"title": "", "text": "to a 12 and I AM LOVING ME AGAIN!! Most importantly I have now learned to love myself regardless of how my outside may appear. Very well said! I totally agree, I had to fall back in love with ME! THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON I KNOW! So many ppl depend on me. The 1st thing I did was went and bought post it notes and placed them all over my house like the bathroom mirror saying \u201cgood morning beautiful\u201d or the fridge Saying \u201cJacinta THINK before u open me do I really want something out of here or AM I JUST BORED\u201d This actually helped and also take yourself on dates. I mean really get dressed up like u were going out with a man! And treat yourself like a queen you will begin to feel better which in turn will make u want to look and do better. I hope the advice helps you guys. NO MATTER WHAT U R BEAUTIFUL! I just read the last two comments and my heart goes out to you both. I lived where you both do and no it is not pleasant. I am still heavy and have my moments of sadness, but have made a decision to not allow it to overtake my life. I have been overweight since I was nine years old and have well over 200 lbs to lose. I know all too well the looks of disgust and horror that people give you and again have decided thats their problem. I have tried to"}, {"title": "", "text": "a projection of her own consciousness\" \u2014 how true! Just the day before I was weighed at the doctor's office and was feeling awful because of that. And the very next morning she made that comment..._ _I am feeling positive today, and will read your e-mail over and over, maybe I'll print out a copy to carry with me!_ There was nothing wrong with Shira wanting to achieve fitness and health, beauty and strength. The problem occurred when she criticized and condemned parts of herself for her perceived imperfections. There is nothing wrong with the two sides within Shira or within any of us. It is perfectly okay to desire health, beauty, and vitality. It is also okay to recognize your inherent beauty as it is now. Simply allow any apparent paradoxes or contradictions to be what they are, gently favoring that which affirms your intrinsic beauty, goodness, and value. ### Moving On The following chapters will give you the tools and techniques you need to learn how to accept yourself. From this place of pure acceptance and pure love, you can fulfill your dreams and desires. If you're not in a place yet to accept yourself, don't judge or critique that part of you that says \"I just want to be thin\" or \"If only I had the body that I had back then\" (or however your particular story line sounds). This entire book is about helping you change your story into one that will be more productive and beneficial. This new story will include"}, {"title": "", "text": "but it needs rest. I\u2019m annoyed and frustrated that I can\u2019t work out. That is not the Gordon of a few years ago. Equally in the past I\u2019d have reverted to my comfort eating habits but that doesn\u2019t seem to be happening this time. I\u2019m far more conscious of eating healthily whilst I recuperate, which is not something that would have happened in the past. Baby steps perhaps but it makes me believe that one day I won\u2019t see myself as just that fat guy in the mirror. One day I\u2019ll see myself without quite so many flaws. There is one final thing, one final realisation I\u2019ve had recently, that suggests that my own internal thinking may be changing, that I might be starting to feel more confident about my body, that I might be making my peace with it. It\u2019s something I know has helped me with other things in the past, helped me process them. I do a lot of it, but not all of it is shared here; the simple act of writing down your thoughts and confronting them is one thing, sharing those thoughts with others is quite another. So the fact I feel comfortable doing the latter means, hopefully, things are changing. Health Life Personal Musings"}, {"title": "", "text": "From the start of this year, I was confident and excited to see what I could accomplish each month. The first three months of this year have been nothing but turmoil and self-hate. My self-esteem plummeted ,and it feels like I'm in middle school again. I avoid mirrors and selfies. If I accidentally catch my reflection, I can't stop looking at myself. My face starts to burn and tears form in my eyes. I can't stop staring at the stranger in the mirror. I spend so many nights going from picture to picture, profile to profile, obsessively comparing everything about myself to others, from the number I see on the scale to how my teeth look. Every time I leave the house, the only thing on my mind is, \u201cI hope no one sees how hideous I look today.\" Whenever I'm at work I can only think about how gross I look to everyone. I cry myself to sleep because I cannot stand to live in this body I hate and the mind I ruined. I'm not good enough for myself. I've changed for sure, but not for the better."}, {"title": "", "text": "have quite a dramatic affect on my mental well being. How do you feel better about your appearance? When you go to the doctor's office, you can ask your doctor not to weigh you unless it's necessary for medical reasons. If you're always thinking negatively about how you look, you'll feel bad about how you look. My policy is if I notice myself picking myself apart in the mirror I just stop looking out of sight, out of mind. The media feeds you nonstop messages that breed discontentment. If you think yourself as ugly and fat etc etc, then you're going to get no where. Spiritual Power: Access this by meditation, prayer, solitude, yoga, etc. It may feel awkward at first, but with time being kind to yourself can help raise your sense of self worth. I was hoping to contribute something to your point 7, and that is if not Starbucks, why not try your local public library. If you're insecure about your body, you probably focus mostly on what you think is wrong with it. Nowadays, the consciousness about one's physical appearance starts in adolescence and even earlier in some cases. You will feel the difference physically, you'll feel healthier, you'll feel better, you will feel good. I have to admit, it feels really good to look in the mirror and see a healthy natural face. Then pouring yourself into it, editing and re-editing and making it your own. I have a playlist on Spotify that I call my Happy Mix. When you realize"}, {"title": "", "text": "When you look at yourself in the mirror, instead of thinking about how your body looks.. instead ask it how it feels. Are you stressed or anxious? Do you have physical pain? Is there a knot in your stomach? Are you feeling slow? Lethargic? Are you taking care of yourself physically? Are you eating well, are you surrounding yourself with positive people and situations. Are you happy, where you are? If not\u2026 how can you take steps towards becoming happy? Your mental health can really sneak up on you if you forget to care for your physical being. Something I\u2019m now learning and pushing through. Even if you can\u2019t bring yourself to exercise or eat perfectly, you can still drink plenty of water, maybe take a multivitamin each day and try not to eat too many naughty things! It won\u2019t cure anything, but it can sure help how you feel on the inside.. which can impact your mental health in the most positive way. Think about what your body needs to survive, and whether you are giving it exactly that, or if you\u2019re failing to\u2026 why?"}, {"title": "", "text": "better I liked myself. However, I still did not let myself look in the mirror often. I learned later, that just because I was changing physically did not mean that my mental state was going to change with it. Even though I had lost about 50 lbs at that point, I still was not \u2018thinking thin\u2019. I was still thinking in the same way I did as an overweight person. One day, as I was getting ready to go somewhere I was running around doing about 14 different things at the same time. I was in my bedroom wearing just my underwear and I caught my reflection in the mirror. I could not believe my eyes! I was completely overwhelmed and I started to cry. There was a new person looking back at me. This woman was the one I remembered from before... before I ever gained weight when I was happy with myself. She looked incredible... yet she is me! As time went on, I lost even more weight, but I did not lose the \u2018fat thinking\u2019. I still struggle with it at times. Granted, I love the new energy levels and the attention. I also rediscovered my love of shopping for new clothes and make-up. As time went on I began to realize that the biggest problems in my life were still there. My self-esteem started to plummet again, adding to the mix of problems from Bipolar Disorder. God has been helping me with these issues by reminding me, on several occasions, that I"}, {"title": "", "text": "said: Hair today, Gone tomorrow!!! Do you ever find yourself using comparisons to clarify \u201cyour present situation\u201d what ever it is. I compare, I justify, and then I decide. It is my version of the zen practice of \u201cI think therefore I am\u201d. And let\u2019s face it \u2014 that is just a load of Hooey! I could think I am a size 4, and even starve myself from now until next tuesday, and I still wouldn\u2019t be a size 4. Frankly I haven\u2019t seen a single digit dress size since\u2026Oh yeah that memory thing is kicking in again. I do use comparison\u2019s in every part of my life though. These days I do find myself comparing how different my days would be, if only I didn\u2019t have Cancer. I mean prior to my surgery, my days consisted of cooking, cleaning, shopping (for food that is) picking up or dropping off dry cleaning, chauffering my kids between sporting events, school, orthodontist, tutor, and dance; and thne coming home making dinner for my husband, serve, clean-up help the kids with homework, and then sit down and have a glass of wine. Now, after the surgery and during treatment, I ONLY HAVE TO do the cooking, cleaning, shopping (for food that is) picking up or dropping off dry cleaning, chauffering my kids between sporting events, school, orthodontist, tutor, and dance; and thne coming home making dinner for my husband, serve, clean-up help the kids with homework. THANK GOODNESS I DON\u2019T HAVE TO DRINK THE WINE ANYMORE! I also, unfairly,"}, {"title": "", "text": "together, I did what was natural to me, the same thing I always did in the past when my heart broke: radical amelioration. In times past, it was usually as easy as dying my hair or getting a new tattoo. I knew this time was going to be a lot different, and I knew it would not be as easy. So I looked within instead of making myself up and became rather shocked at what I was finding. I knew I had to completely raze my life as I knew it, as happy and familiar with it as I had been in the past. It clearly wasn't working out\u2014for me or for anyone else. I looked at myself long and hard and became sickened with what I saw looking back at me. Suddenly it was clear why you had looked at me with the same disdain. I was a wreck. A glutton. A caffeinated Oscar Wilde with little to no care for the future. I started with the basics. I decided to grow some balls and fully commit to fixing my body\u2014I had to live in it, and it was beginning to feel like a dirty skin in need of molting. I quit smoking. Completely. Never again would I ever be a slave to that horrible feeling of wanting something so badly that it kills you (metaphor much?). In doing so, I had more time than I knew what to do with on my hands. Sure, at first I panicked. I told myself I would go"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don\u2019t look different at all. I feel better, but nothing has changed as far as my body. Another mindset that I need to let go of. Just because I have done good things for a few weeks does not mean I\u2019m good to go and a changed woman! Past failures can be linked to this very mindset flaw. I\u2019m in this for the long haul, not for a short sprint. I am changing old habits and old belief systems. First and foremost, my goal is better health so I can live my remaining days on this earth active and able to fulfill God\u2019s calling on my life. I want to feel good each day as I get out of bed and have energy to attack the day! I want to be fit for the day when we have grandchildren! It is not going to happen overnight. It\u2019s a daily decision I make to love myself enough to make good choices and afford myself the time to take care of ME. My initial goal was February. I can do anything for 28 days. After that I was not sure what I would do, because deep down I thought that in those 28 days my life would be transformed and I would be \u201cnormal.\u201d I\u2019m still looking to the end of February to celebrate the initial goal I set, but I know that I like this and want to continue into the rest of my days! I\u2019ve now set another goal for my 52nd birthday and I"}, {"title": "", "text": "evil thoughts about myself or I start panicking about food or I see adverts that are trying to make me panic about my body or my age or my food. What I now have replaced self-hatred with is a burning fire of rage towards how many billions of dollars are made in profit from my self hatred. Is that something you ever think about? Because if it isn\u2019t anyone out there, I strongly suggest trying to make this replacement. Well, when you think about it, you just get so fucking angry about how many hours have been taken from your life, how many orgasms we missed, how much sex with the fucking lights on so we can see what we\u2019re doing and where we\u2019re going and what\u2019s happening. How much of that we have missed out, how many just hours of the day that we could have been spending, learning a new skill or a new language or sign language or something really helpful and amazing. And instead, we were just sitting there consumed with self-hatred. There are so many hours, so much money, so much just joy has been stolen from me by these things that now when they pop up in my psyche, either from me or from another source, I\u2019m just like, no, fuck you. So it\u2019s not that I\u2019m OK. I\u2019m not even Zen about it. I\u2019m like actively angry. And then I express my rage out loud, even by myself. I\u2019m just like, fuck you diet industry, 40 billion dollars just"}, {"title": "", "text": "nasty layering thing again\u2014anxiety on top of anxiety on top of anxiety. And the last thing women need is another source of stress! Whether the message is negative or positive, we stay preoccupied with how we look . . . or how we feel about how we look . . . or how we feel about how other people feel about how we look. It's an epidemic that has made us hyperaware of appearances. Sometimes I just want to scream, \"Enough!\" Have you ever felt like that? Can you relate? Well, here's your ticket off that hamster wheel: _I give you permission to hate your body_. That's right\u2014it's OK if you don't like the way you look. (Did you just exhale?) I know, I know\u2014I just insisted that you stop negative self-speak. But this is an area where we put way too much pressure on ourselves to be positive. Remember I said that negativity gets a bad rap. But don't get me wrong. I would never tell you that it's _good_ to feel _bad_ about yourself for a prolonged period of time, but I _am_ telling you that the road to loving your body is not paved with denial about your true feelings. I'm reinforcing that theme because it's so important. We've been taught that feeling bad about ourselves is abnormal. But if it's abnormal, there may not be a normal person on the planet! If you're anything like me, there are days when you just have to say, \"No, I can't love my cellulite today,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home \u2039 Board index \u2039 Blogs \u2039 margharris's Blog \u2039 Body dysmorphia: Compulsion S##t. You absolutely have to want to stop to be able to stop. If you say you can\u2019t then you never will. The person with BDD is not seeing that their compulsion is part of an illness. Unless you know your thinking is wrong, you will not have the inner reserves to fight against what your brain tells you. The reality check is that we can all curse God for something wrong with our appearance. I can curse God that I was given freckles but there is no point to that perspective. I have to get on with life in the body I was born with. If I thought I had to fix it, where would I stop. I would merely find something else to think was not the best about my look. I think I would settle on my chin. And so it goes. I am not picture perfect. Woohoo! Do you really give a toss if I am not? You wouldn\u2019t be bothered to look twice at my arms or chin. But when it comes to your own look your brain sends you fear. What makes me different than a person with BDD is not appearance but the level of worry triggered by the amygdala. My amygdala is not connected to give me an emotional response to the look of my freckles. They are just freckles and nothing more. I don\u2019t link the look of them to any story of disgust."}, {"title": "", "text": "I can remember the first time I became aware of my appearance. I was in 4th grade, and I was headed to the movies with my best friend. I had been trying to get the perfect high wave with my bangs, and it was not working out the way I wanted. I had failed. I had created an expectation that was not met, and suddenly I felt ugly and worthless. Dramatic yes, but at the time I could not be convinced otherwise. I started to cry, and my distorted view of myself only got more intense. Compare and despair. Some days I feel amazing -- a true confidence fills me up with joy. Then something goes wrong, and I lose it all in a matter of seconds. A perfect example is a pimple. They are the death of me. I can go from feeling bright and beautiful, to feeling like a monster. Then, in my attempt to force the imperfection to disappear as fast as possible, I make it worse, and prolong the healing process. It consumes me. Find compassion for the people around you. Even the people you resent. It is reassuring to know that we all have struggles. Help others - volunteer at your local community center or shelter. Getting outside of yourself through working with others guarantees the immediate relief of self-obsession. Practice Self Care. (Eat well, exercise, and find a spiritual practice). This is how we build internal self confidence. Our skin loves to be hydrated. It loves seaweed, all greens, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "your life NOW and not 20 pounds from now. When you don\u2019t accept how your body is at this very moment, you deny what\u2019s true. Hoping, wishing, praying and striving to look like someone else is a waste of who you are as human being and this precious life you\u2019ve been given. 2. You\u2019ll be much happier. 3. Life just gets easier. Frolicking on the the beach actually becomes a pleasant experience and not a crisis that you stress about 3 weeks in advance. Your body may not be perfect, but I want you to know you\u2019re worthy, lovable and deserving of being seen. Okay, how in the world do you get on the path to body acceptance? Acknowledge that constant rejection of yourself is not working and commit to doing something different. Your thoughts lead to your beliefs, which create your reality. One easy way to think differently about your body is to go on a media diet. That means letting go of all the magazines, books, and social media pages that reinforce the belief that something is wrong with you. Self-loathing and negative talk are bad habits you\u2019ve perfected over time, so they just come naturally. Acknowledge the amazing things your body does for you every day, like keeping you alive. It may seem difficult and uncomfortable at first, but the only way to learn a new skill is to do it. Here\u2019s the bottom line: if you want to spend the rest of your life in a hate-filled war with the place you"}, {"title": "", "text": "stare at himself for hours. He would think to himself, \"My antlers are so beautiful but my legs are so thin and scrawny that they are ugly indeed.\" His habit of preening by the lake was noted by a hunter who decided to kill him for his beautiful antlers. One day when the stag was by the lake the hunter took a shot, but missed. The startled stag ran for his life as hard as his scrawny but fast legs could carry him. he outran the hunter to safety and thought to himself, \"What I thought was my best feature nearly got me killed and what I felt was my most ugly feature saved my life!\" So it is in real life with us. I'd be happier if my hair was longer, waist was thinner, hips were not so broad...what's your wish? It is an extremely human reaction to see an attractive person and feel resentful that you do not command the same attention they do in a room full of people. The more you stress over the alleged imperfections of your body the less you are helping yourself. The desire to look better stems from forgetting a crucial fact - You are already perfect. You may not think so today when you look in the mirror and can point out half a dozen flaws. However if you look longer you will see the person beyond the superficial flaws. The person who has an inner beauty that you have never celebrated. Giving in to the illusion"}, {"title": "", "text": "I woke up this Sunday morning with a pit in my stomach. Bleary eyed, groggy, and frankly, just disappointed in myself. Not for anything you\u2019re thinking right now. Come onnnn people, get your minds out of the gutter. \ud83d\ude42 You already know I\u2019m saving myself until marriage. But I was angry with myself for a different reason: I didn\u2019t treat myself with love and respect the night before. I give a lot of lip service to those two, seemingly \u201cokay-okay, enough already\u201c-esq words. We think\u2026it\u2019s something that you would tell a teenage girl, going through puberty with acne and a retainer. Or, we think about someone looking in the mirror, unhappy with their appearance, pondering the Dove commercials. \u201cLove yourself.\u201d And, yes, those are two things that \u201cloving yourself\u201d encompasses. However, when I talk about loving yourself, I\u2019m talking about waaaaay more than just a mirror. During the depths of my anorexia, self love was non-existant. The very essence of the disease seeks to destroy oneself. Whether you\u2019re conscious of it or not, you\u2019re slowing killing yourself. Blunt. But true. There is no \u201cself love\u201d there. In fact, the exact opposite. So, the biggest aspect of my recovery has been to learn how to reverse that mindset \u2013 which had been engrained in my head, conditioned as the norm, and was my \u201cautopilot\u201d \u2014 and learn to love myself. And what I\u2019ve learned is that this extends far beyond a mirror. This past weekend, I experienced, firsthand, yet another area that is influenced by loving yourself:"}, {"title": "", "text": "My life has been one big hate-fest of my body. I don\u2019t know when or how it developed, but I have been comparing my body to others\u2019 for as long as I can remember. I was never happy, never good enough. There was always work to be done, goals to achieve. Not only was I constantly on the latest diet that most likely was extremely bad for me, but I was also mentally beating myself up every step of the way. The negativity didn\u2019t stop there. I hated others too. Women with \u201cperfect\u201d bodies were a major source of jealousy and envy for me. The few times that I achieved some sort of ideal, I found myself uncomfortable with my appearance. I projected my hatred and jealousy of others onto myself, and just kept falling down the negativity rabbit hole. Achievements felt shallow, undeserved, and were always short-lived and followed by a period of self-sabotage. Finally, after a difficult divorce, left as a single mother raising three young children alone, some sort of light bulb went off in my head. No one else was going to take care of me. I was sick of the misery and mental anguish. I realized more than ever that I needed to take care of myself so that I could have the energy to get through my demanding life. Something had to give, and what I was doing was not working. I began by simply realizing that I didn\u2019t feel good physically with the way that I was eating. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "to stop the negative thoughts before they happened. I was shifting my perspective and with it the way I saw myself when I looked into the mirror. I was learning to love my body again. I was learning to stand up for myself again. Just like hating my body took time, learning to love my body is taking time too. I struggle every day to extend the same basic compassion I would extend to a friend to myself, but it\u2019s a battle I\u2019m determined to win and it\u2019s one that will make me better for the fighting. I\u2019m coming to realize that my body is a tool and a teammate; not an enemy. Slowly, I\u2019m coming to realize that this flesh I wear is powerful gift and that by beating it up I am only diminishing a much needed light in an already dark world. Will I come to absolute self-acceptance tomorrow? No. Will Brenda be silenced once and for all next week? Probably not. I\u2019m pushing forward, though, and that\u2019s what counts. You didn\u2019t think I was just going to leave you hanging there, did you? Learning to love your body is all great in theory, but what about practice? Well, I\u2019m not a scientist (nor have I ever played one on TV) but I know from experience that there are some pretty solid ways to go about changing the way you view yourself and your body. Take these steps to give yourself a push in the right direction. 1. Drop the blame game. Our"}, {"title": "", "text": "my changing body has been more difficult to achieve than losing the actual weight. As time goes on, I\u2019m putting an increasing amount of effort into changing the way I think about my body, and trying to respect it more. It\u2019s not an easy thing to do, and takes work to start changing the way I think about myself, to be kind to myself, not negative. I taped a picture of myself at my heaviest to my bathroom mirror, that way I can look at my reflection and see how different I am than I was. When I wake in the morning, the first thing I do is scoot to the edge of the bed and stretch, reaching up and over my body side to side, and reach all the way down to my toes. I couldn\u2019t do these things before, not at 500 pounds. I know what my body can do today, because the sum of all those little, unnoticeable transformations have enabled me to be able to live as freely as I do today. I look forward to all the new things I\u2019ll be able to do as more weight disappears and I get even closer to my happy weight. No matter what, every single day that arrives is an opportunity for me to improve myself, enjoy life, and appreciate how far I\u2019ve come."}, {"title": "", "text": "the gym about 4 x and I did like it - I think I self defeat my thoughts by being so down on my current body - I can't seem to accept the fact that I have let myself go so much and when I do go to the gym - I don't have instant results so I quit. How do I change this mindset? I am beating myself up and not getting anywhere - How do I tell myself to keep at it and not be discouraged when I don't have instant results? I have to stop this but I don't know what to do to teach myself to take it slow and steady and not give up. After a few days I say \"heck with it - just eat the sweet\" or I say \"you just bought that new dress and if fits you fine and hides your figure - so don't worry about it!! How do I keep telling myself that I am not in a healthy state and the only way to get healthy is to makee these changs? I know it in my head but can't get it to my heart!! I am my own worst enemy. I feel like a big baby complaining and I get confused with 'accepting yourself' and 'changing your self' - How do I value myself as a person and yet give myself the okay to make good choices for my health. I feel like I either like and accept myself just as I am and"}, {"title": "", "text": "but at the mental. the inessentials that i need to look at eliminating are more ephemeral than shoes or surplus tins of soup. the negative self-talk, for instance; that\u2019s a big one. i have no idea whether i\u2019m wired to trash-talk myself or if it\u2019s a skill i learned from years of mental health struggles but in the end, it doesn\u2019t matter. i live with it now and it\u2019s a problem. the negative comments start the moment i regain consciousness in the morning. that little voice that negatively narrates everything i do doesn\u2019t even wait for me to leave the bed. it doesn\u2019t stick to a specific area either; it\u2019s not solely about hating my body though that\u2019s a theme that comes up quite often. i wake and the first thing that happens is my brain tells me that it can feel flesh. it revisits everything i ate the previous day, passing judgement on the food i chose to consume. it points out the lack of physical perfection, causing me to feel for bones in my hips and torso. once it establishes that i\u2019m a failure physically, it moves on into other areas. your house is a disaster. it\u2019s pathetic. you don\u2019t work; your house should at least be perfect. you should\u2019ve done more yard work yesterday. three hours is pathetic. what must the neighbours think of you and your home? it\u2019s not perfect. it\u2019s awful. i know people tell you they like your garden but you\u2019ve seen it; it\u2019s messy and cluttered. \u201cenglish garden\u201d. what"}, {"title": "", "text": "to hate your body. You're stuck with it and to me, it was a painful reminder of every failure and imperfection in my life. Sad isn't it? Soul destroyingly sad. That's why I had to change. You only have one body. It does so many wonderful things. It doesn't deserve to be hated. Sorry to break it to you, but you are indeed stuck with it! (Unless you can afford to go through surgery of course.) So you might as well save your energy, money and accept it. My body has been through a lot. Hatred, starvation, pain and over indulgence. It has changed a lot, I've seen it change shapes and weight but finally I have come to a point where I'm happy with it. It may not be toned and yes I have a few wobbly bits, but they're mine and I loved that chocolate oreo cheesecake. Yet I walk into a room with confidence, the girl who would find a corner to hide in is long gone as I now \"work the room\", as they say. From years of wanting the small frail frame, I now shiver at the thought. I have a strong frame of a 21 year old woman. I want to travel, work hard and enjoy every aspect that life has to offer. I refuse to let any negative thoughts about myself cloud my mind and diminish my opportunity to enjoy the life I can live. That is why I am not afraid to love my body and show it."}, {"title": "", "text": "one day I will be able to say that it is totally over\u2026but not yet. But I DID wake up with a different attitude. I woke up and the first thing I thought WASN\u2019T \u201chow can I skip meals today?\u201d. I looked in the mirror and my head wasn\u2019t filled with thoughts of hatred. I can\u2019t even remember the last time that happened. I know this battle isn\u2019t over yet; I know it\u2019s not going to end overnight. I know I\u2019m probably going to struggle with this for a while, if not the rest of my life. But my point is that right now, in this moment, I have something that I haven\u2019t had in a long, long time: \u2026I have hope. I can see God working. I can see Him changing my heart. And I am BEYOND excited about it. I\u2019m starting to love myself for who I am. I\u2019m starting to truly, honestly believe that I was made for a purpose, and that I was made the exact way God needed me to be made. I\u2019m giving Him control of this \u2014 and He is taking it away. But it\u2019s not bad like I thought it would be; I\u2019m ready for it now. My heart is so incredibly happy for the first time in a long time. I feel free. I feel hopeful. And I can\u2019t even begin to tell you how great it is."}, {"title": "", "text": "reduce my drug intake. But at some point, I replaced them with excessive exercising. If I didn\u2019t work out for at least several hours a day, my mind would be filled with thoughts that fed my self-loathe and by evening I\u2019d be exhausted from running those thoughts over and over\u2026 and it would take many days of \u201cbeing good\u201d to regain a sense of being in control. Since my body was an encasement of my rotten self, I saw a lot of flaws and defects in my body that probably didn\u2019t exist or were blown out of proportion. Looking back, I must have felt that if I could only make my body perfect, I would change the way I felt about myself. But no amount of change to my physical body would have been enough because the point of perfection did not exist. It was an illusion created out of my not-enoughness and therefore, it would forever be something out of reach as long as I had not reconciled with myself. The imperfections I perceived in my body were merely a reflection of my unhealed inner self. When I read The Broken Mirror, a book by Katharine A. Phillips about body dismorphic disorder (sometimes described as \u201cthe disease of imagined ugliness\u201d), I recognised my own traits in obsessing about the ugliness of my body. The only difference is that whilst a BDD sufferer obsesses over a single body part, I was obsessing over almost every part of my body. That revelation shocked me and I think"}, {"title": "", "text": "with myself. I\u2019d lay around after dinner because I had absolutely zero energy to do anything else, only to go to bed and promise myself that I would start my diet again tomorrow. Same thing day-after-day-after-month-after-year, all of my mental energy was spent thinking about my weight. I had no energy and no wish to concentrate on anything else. My weight was my focus. It was the reason I couldn\u2019t do anything else, whether I wanted to or not. I couldn\u2019t do what I really wanted to do unless, and until, I was thin. And that wasn\u2019t happening, so I had a reason to not strive for anything better. Heck, I didn\u2019t even know what else I wanted! I didn\u2019t allow myself to think that deep. Don\u2019t get me wrong \u2013 on the outside my life wasn\u2019t horrible. I was (and am) married to a good man, have a child, a home, a job with great responsibility \u2013 but I hated myself for what I was doing to myself. I was digging my grave with my fork, to quote the great Porter Freeman. I now realize that part of the reason I kept the weight on \u2013 and it was my choice, I can see that now in hindsight \u2013 was because if I didn\u2019t have the weight to focus on, I would have to focus on the other areas of my life that needed work, and that I just wasn\u2019t willing, or able at that point, to undertake that work. I would not have the"}, {"title": "", "text": "(\u201cI hate my legs,\u201d Health, Dec. 19). I know it\u2019s not wise to self-diagnose, but as I read the list of symptoms, including an addiction to plastic surgery and, in extreme cases, self-mutilation, it was evident that this story was talking about people like me. I have lost hours of my life staring into a mirror repulsed by my reflection and wishing that all of my flaws would just disappear. I am 32 and have struggled with this feeling of self-loathing since early childhood. When I look at other people, I find them either beautiful or at least pleasant to look at. When I see my own reflection, I become very upset and desperately try to find an aspect of my physical appearance that I can be happy with. I have yet to discover even one. What motivated me to write to you is the fact that knowing is half the battle. Your article was precise and informative, and I feel certain that I\u2019m finally on the right track to getting not only some insight, but potentially some help. Heather Caldwell, Toronto \u2018First and foremost a Jew\u2019 JAN 16th 2006 2006 By BARBARA AMIEL JAN 16th 2006 2006 EMPLOYEE Of THE WEEK CLASS REVOLUTION JAN 16th 2006 2006 By KEN MACQUEEN, PAUL WELLS THE ISSUE IN... A complex nose with subtle hints of poo JAN 16th 2006 2006 By CAROLYN HAMMOND"}, {"title": "", "text": "(\u201cI hate my legs,\u201d Health, Dec. 19). I know it\u2019s not wise to self-diagnose, but as I read the list of symptoms, including an addiction to plastic surgery and, in extreme cases, self-mutilation, it was evident that this story was talking about people like me. I have lost hours of my life staring into a mirror repulsed by my reflection and wishing that all of my flaws would just disappear. I am 32 and have struggled with this feeling of self-loathing since early childhood. When I look at other people, I find them either beautiful or at least pleasant to look at. When I see my own reflection, I become very upset and desperately try to find an aspect of my physical appearance that I can be happy with. I have yet to discover even one. What motivated me to write to you is the fact that knowing is half the battle. Your article was precise and informative, and I feel certain that I\u2019m finally on the right track to getting not only some insight, but potentially some help. Heather Caldwell, Toronto \u2018First and foremost a Jew\u2019 JAN 16th 2006 2006 By BARBARA AMIEL JAN 16th 2006 2006 EMPLOYEE Of THE WEEK CLASS REVOLUTION JAN 16th 2006 2006 By KEN MACQUEEN, PAUL WELLS THE ISSUE IN... A complex nose with subtle hints of poo JAN 16th 2006 2006 By CAROLYN HAMMOND"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the TVs. I feel like those fairweather fitness buffs as I make a list of ways I want to change in the new year. There\u2019s just no way that I can live up to what I know I should be doing. The self-loathing is not limited to my behavior. The New Year also offers a plethora of opportunities for me to hate my body. Two days of Rosh Hashanah mean two days of dressing up in uncomfortable clothes to sit in a room full of people who are almost all significantly more attractive than me. I try to focus on the contents of the mahzor, but it\u2019s almost impossible not to notice all of the pencil skirts and kitty heels and various dresses in size 6 that are gracing every row of the service. When I was a teenager everyone was always saying that you have to love yourself before anyone else will love you, and as an adult I would just like to call bullshit. I have a boyfriend who is madly in love with me, despite my High Holiday fueled season of self-disgust. But I catch myself feeling smug about having an awesome boyfriend, and then I hate myself for the smugness. All of this feels like a trap. Descartes said the unexamined life is not worth living, but examining my life sure makes me want to fake my own death and run off to Aruba. Sadly, I\u2019m pretty confident that would not put an end to any of this, and next year"}, {"title": "", "text": "want to be a two-faced lying sonofabitch to yourself and build self-respect that way, huh? Stick with the plan, otherwise one day you\u2019ll end up in emergency and it\u2019ll be too late to help yourself. And don\u2019t be such a hypocrite: always going on about helping others to help themselves and being there for your friends and family and how important it all is, but you can\u2019t even remain committed to helping your own self. Who the fcuk are you to advise others when you can\u2019t swallow your own healthy advice?! As I result, I stuck to a healthy diet, physical exercise plan and routine and kept to it \u201creligiously\u201d as they say (a funny term, I think, considering \u201creligiously\u201d means nothing like such a meaning!). In three months I lost three stone, no stretch marks, no consequences, and I achieved an \u2018ideal weight\u2019. (Erm \u2013 it didn\u2019t stop my face from looking like a slapped arse, but that\u2019s nature and the weather conditions for you \u2013 ahem.) CONCLUSION: If, in 2012, you want to achieve any sort of real change in your life, be FASCISTIC. Yes! Be truly intolerant of you making excuses, backsliding, saying you can\u2019t because of this/that or the other (there\u2019s always \u2018the other\u2019, eh? I know!). You can\u2019t say, \u201cnever mind tonight, I\u2019m going out with friends and so won\u2019t have the energy to do it tomorrow, according to my schedule. I\u2019ll just postpone it to another day/time\u201d. If you\u2019re going to commit to a particular aspect of yourself changing, then"}, {"title": "", "text": "reading. The second thing I have come to be certain about is that, for most of us, how we see and feel about our bodies, is usually a long way away from the reality of the situation. We humans are complicated creatures. We have all sorts of biochemistry and hormones, which not only impact how our body behaves, but also effect how we feel about it. Some days we wake up feeling that we look great. Other days, for no apparent reason, we will wake up feeling fat, sluggish and generally like a whale-blob! I have even had times where I have experienced both in the same day! There are two reasons why I think this happens. Firstly, we simply don\u2019t see ourselves how we really are. I honestly believe we all suffer from a degree of body dis-morphia. We all have certain delusions about ourselves, be they positive or negative. Some people think they look fat, when they are perfectly slim. Some others think they should win the X Factor, when in fact, they are completely tone deaf! I don\u2019t really know what the answer to this is. The only advice I can give is to be kind to yourself. Stop negative self talk COMPLETELY. Life is hard enough, without being your own worst enemy. The other reason why I think the body and brain have a disconnect, is simply because the brain takes longer to realise that change has happened. When I was putting my weight on, I was in complete denial. Of course,"}, {"title": "", "text": "yesterday's thinking; as your thoughts change today, your body will be different tomorrow. Don't wait till she materializes before you relate to your truest self. Relate to her now. Inhabit her now. Write to her now. Go to your journal pages and write a letter to Thin You, just as in Lesson 2 you wrote to Not-Thin You. Tell her what you think of her, and if necessary, why you've been scared of her. Then allow her to write back to you. Allow her to tell you what _she_ needs, in order to come forth. An example might be: _Dear Thin Me,_ _Well, I haven't seen you in so long that I don't even know for sure if you exist. I mean, I guess you exist as a possibility\u2014if that's really an existence. But you're not the body I see when I wake up each day, I know that for sure. And I think my life might be better if I didn't even hope to ever see you. I don't know whether I should hate you or love you, but I know in my heart that I wish I was you. I really do._ _For whatever it's worth, I'm sorry that I make it so hard for you._ _I understand that I've made it hard for you to appear, and that I have done more to hurt you than you have done to hurt me. I wish I knew how to be thin and stay thin, but I have had a serious problem with my weight,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of your life, it can be second nature for your brain to project it on your body. For example, when I find myself thinking negatively about my body, 9 times out of 10 I can trace it back to something else in my life I\u2019m unhappy with\u2026or stressed, anxious, or feel out of control with. By shining the light on this deeper cause, we\u2019re able to separate it from our body and address the real issue. By weighing ourselves each morning, it\u2019s common to get SO caught up in the number on the scale and let it subconsciously fuel that shame voice in the back of our head, I call it your inner mean girl. She takes that number and tells us things like we\u2019re fat or not worthy. Ultimately it\u2019s that number on the scale that dictates our thoughts and how we feel about ourselves. It is in no way a reflection of us as a person or our health. The fix here is easy ladies \u2013 ditch the scale! Start your day with something positive and upliving like a gratitude practice. After scrolling on social media, have you ever felt envious, fat, weak, unluckly, jealous, angry, frustrated, or sad? Comparing your life to someone else\u2019s likely staged and photoshopped highlight reel is another recipe for unhappiness. Change your environment to match your goals. Destroy, get rid of, de-friend, unfollow anything or anyone that gives you the slightest pang of insecurity or makes you feel you need to change your body\u2019s appearance to be as"}, {"title": "", "text": "can look down when I'm sitting on the edge of my bed or standing up in the shower and not see my gut covering my d---. I feel better about trying on clothes when I go to a store to look for new clothes. My pants fit me better. I have more energy when I get home to play with my daughter and to help my wife around the house with chores/work that needs to get done. So yea, that's about it. I don't look down on anyone who was in the position I was in a year ago. If I (someone who was in pretty peak physical condition all throughout high school and most of college) can get there, anyone can get there. Just know though, any day can be the day you decide to make changes to turn it around. It took me 5 years to wreck my body and end up where I was last November... it didn't happen overnight. Feeling better about myself didn't happen overnight either, it took months of hard work, but it was possible. Anyways, I'll stop before I get too sappy. Thanks to anyone who took the time to read this. darcebandit, C-Me-No-More and aX like this. Thanks for Inspiring me OSU. I use to just order clothes off the internet, I know the feeling too. Hi I'm a new in this forum I've seen the expand a lung and it looks as a great option. Has anybody tried it before and what is the best option in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Do you feel disappointed or unhappy with your body? Do you hate how it looks (or parts of it)? Does your inner mean girl speak up on a regular basis, filling your mind with negative, body shaming thoughts? I did too. I would look at my body in the mirror, and instantly feel deflated. I would eat all the \u2018right\u2019 things, exercise hours a day, took diet pills\u2026I even got down to my \u201cideal weight\u201d\u2026but nothing changed how I felt about my body or myself. Ultimately I realized it didn\u2019t end up working because I wasn\u2019t focused on the right thing: the root cause. I tried to fix my unhappiness with my body the way most people do: by focusing on fixing the symptom = what my body looked like. But at the end of the day, it\u2019s never really about our body. By identifying and going after the root cause, you can start to make a shift. That shift will spark changes in your mind, body, and habits you might not have thought were possible! Disappointment or hate toward your body can stem from comparing yourself to something externally, or some standard you have set for yourself. If you don\u2019t match up to whatever it is you think you should or wish you did look like, it breeds negative feelings which triggers unproductive actions. It stems from a learned mindset, a learned \u2018standard,\u2019 and it\u2019s likely having more of a negative impact on your health, body, happiness, and choices than you realize. I mean if"}, {"title": "", "text": "you feel better about your body in the long run. These realistic goals can include things like \"eating three pieces of fruit\", \"stretching before breakfast\" and \"saying something kind to the mirror\". It's very important to round up what your body can do right now - hold you up, get you out for a walk - and carry that with pride and enjoyment. Once you've assimilated what your body can do for you, it is time for you to become your own best friend. Sure, self-deprecation can even be funny to an extent, but those kind of messages eventually settle in. Just like Mindy learns in The Mindy Project, you shouldn't say anything to yourself that you wouldn't say to a friend. Be kind and forgiving with yourself. Consider leaving supportive messages to your future self in little notes or scheduled phone messages; you'll forget about them until they brighten up your morning! If you don't achieve a goal or target, that's fine. Nobody else is holding to the high standards you have for yourself. We often feel pulled in by the mirror; we stand in front of it and point out everything wrong about us. Have you realized that we tend to do that by parts? We don't look at our reflection and say \"it's all terrible\"; we say \"my elbows are terrible, my nose is awful, I hate my arms\". It's important to see the body as a whole, with flaws, virtues, good and bad sides. Your body includes your mind - try not"}, {"title": "", "text": "I don\u2019t judge my friend's bodies, so why am I so harsh and a little self-absorbed about my own? The conversation with my boyfriend goes way differently. Because unlike my friends, the poor soul has dealt with the brunt of my self-loathing for years. ME: I feel so fat. Damn, he\u2019s good. See, he long ago gave up on feeding my personal fat-shaming. Because that\u2019s exactly what it is. And if I really want to do something about it I can \u2013 but that\u2019s entirely up to me. A life of boiled chicken, kale and twice-a-day workouts will always be there. My problem is entirely mental (no surprises there), but it\u2019s my outlet that\u2019s wrong and exacerbates the problem. Grabbing angrily at my love handles isn\u2019t going to make them shrink, crying over an outfit that doesn\u2019t look right will just make me late and if I keep telling the person I\u2019m sleeping with how fat I think I am, he\u2019ll get fed up pretty quick. The key to quieting my hate lies in an alternative outlet. Some find theirs by spreading \u2018body positivity\u2019 like confetti, with tummy roll Instagram posts and a \u2018who cares?\u2019 attitude. Others start a fitness challenge, documenting every up and down of their journey. Some eat kale (yuck). FRIEND: How are you today? ME: Well, I didn\u2019t exactly feel happy in my jeans today so I was thinking we could go for a walk instead of coffee? FRIEND: Yes, of course! I\u2019ve been feeling dead lazy lately too. NARRATOR: So they"}, {"title": "", "text": "I think that it is very important to be kind to yourself while you are on a journey of change. I\u2019ve struggled in the past with being unhappy with my physical appearance and weight and yearning for my \u201cold body\u201d. I\u2019m realizing now that I haven\u2019t been nice to myself. I\u2019ve been tough on myself- I\u2019ve even been mean to myself. Once I gained weight, I stopped investing in my appearance. I stopped being as social; I stop being present within my body and I constantly wished I were in a different body. I started to deny that I was myself. I would avoid looking at myself because I didn\u2019t feel like my body expressed my true self. As I sit here now, I can look back and understand why I struggled with everything. Not only were my hormones unbalanced, I was unbalanced at my core. I know that when you seek change whether it is losing weight, growing your hair, or regulating your period; you are doing so because you are unhappy with where you are but this doesn\u2019t mean you have to treat yourself bad for being there. The more I\u2019ve fought myself, the more difficult it has been for me to invest in myself enough for the change to be healthy and long term. You have to love yourself, invest in yourself, and be kind to yourself every step of the way. I\u2019ve made the decision that I will not weigh myself anymore for the next year. I am on a journey not"}, {"title": "", "text": "as you are? Immediately stop the negative self-talk! Don't comment, even to family, friends, or coworkers about this characteristic you dislike about yourself. Each time you say things like this your brain, your soul, hears that it is in insignificant in some way, that you are less than worthy. It effects your feelings of self-worth and distorts your image of self. For me, I found the foremost thing that helped was shutting down this negative commentary. I realized I am loved, that I am beautiful no matter what form or shape I'm currently in. I don't see myself as overweight or fat (what a horrible word!). I see myself as beautiful. It's even easier to see the transformation as I look back--how I went from feeling the extra weight--to just 'being', loving and accepting of myself. I used to make comments about 'oh when I was lighter', or 'when I was in better shape,' and I know there are a bunch I am forgetting. If you're going through trying to lose weight, you can empathize with the feelings of 'when I lose weight.' This thinking tells you that you don't deserve happiness 'until.' No, you deserve happiness now!"}, {"title": "", "text": "you kept seeing yourself in a negative light and finding the flaws until you started believing every thought. Turn that process around and start finding the positive. Or the park, a dance class, a yoga class, or an exercise class. Physical activity is a great way to learn to love your body. Trying new exercises or taking on a physical challenge helps you get to know your body in a whole new way. You will discover new abilities, new strengths, and new power, just by moving your body. When you see yourself, you will also start to see just what you are capable of, instead of what you look like. It can always be worse. Be grateful that you are healthy and that you have the resources or mental clarity to pursue something different. Even if you have a chronic disease be thankful for what you have, what you can do, and how far you can go. When you look in the mirror, don\u2019t focus on the flaws. Find the things you love about your body, and celebrate the smallest victories. Be your own cheerleader instead of your worst enemy. Before you can move forward in life, whether it is in a relationship, a job, or a new endeavor, success will only come after you learn to love and appreciate yourself. If you would like to learn more about how I can help you improve your health and wellbeing just click here to schedule a \u201cPathway to Wellbeing JumpStart\u201d call."}, {"title": "", "text": "it was starting to look a little\u2026.hmmmm\u2026..I can\u2019t think of the right word\u2026.. maybe deflated? Normally, probably as recently as a month or two ago, that probably would have discouraged me and completely freaked me out. I probably would\u2019ve told myself If I\u2019m going to look gross and deflated and saggy I might as will just stay fat. But, realistically, I don\u2019t know what I\u2019m going to look like when this is all over with; my body is literally changing every day. I\u2019ve had to get very comfortable with it changing and very comfortable with not associating my identity with my body because I don\u2019t know what it\u2019s going to look like from day today. Even being huge and more than 100 pounds overweight, when you get up in the morning you may not like what you see, but at least you pretty much know what to expect. It\u2019s kind of weird to wake up and wonder who am I going to see in the mirror today? Whose body is this? When I washed my face this morning, I felt a little less fullness and my chin. That was weird, even my face feels different in my own hands. Don\u2019t get me wrong, I\u2019m definitely not complaining, I feel great! I\u2019ve worked very hard and wanted these changes for a long time. It\u2019s just an adjustment. For so long I allowed my body and my weight to define me as a person and it\u2019s just a gradual learning process to allow myself to be comfortable with"}, {"title": "", "text": "more to life than what I see when I look at myself. Obviously, one of the hardest things is food. I immerse myself slowly into the \u2018food world\u2019 by eating out etc. and not worrying about what I\u2019m eating. I still try and be healthy, and when I don\u2019t I panic, the point is, I try which is what I keep reminding myself and one day I\u2019ll get there. Despite trying to keep these things balanced, I have step backs like everyone does; but remind myself that I should air my thoughts out to someone, so they\u2019re not in my head anymore. Speaking about how you feel, doesn\u2019t make you weaker, it makes you stronger. One day I\u2019ll accept I am who I am, and I am no less and no better than anyone else, simply because of what I see in the mirror. So, after that, I ask you to ask yourself, what makes you, you? What things do you do that make you who you are? What drives you? What inspires you? What makes you happy? Acknowledge, and THAT is the real reflection of yourself; love yourself for who you are. Think about it, look in the mirror, and ask yourself, what does the mirror REALLY show you? Before I start, I just wanna say thank you everyone for all your messages, comments, calls everything. I was so nervous to post my first story especially because it\u2019s probably the closest thing I keep to me but, after some messages my best friend sent me,"}, {"title": "", "text": "I wasn't too sure if I should write this post. I'm not 'fixed' or 'cured' and I certainly don't 'love myself'. In fact, I'm 98% uncomfortable with what I look like most of the time. The thing is though, I don't dislike myself. I don't not like my personality, I don't not like my job and I don't not like myself ALL of the time. There are little moments where I can really appreciate myself as a person. I can look in the mirror and say 'Hey, I don't look half bad today' or I can think 'Haha, that was funny Hol' and that's what this post is going to talk about, I guess. I've spent so much of my life hating who I am. I've hated myself so much that I told myself I didn't deserve to exist anymore. I won't lie, I even have that thought every now and again now... but it's how I deal with it that has changed. In the past, I've isolated myself, I've tortured myself and I've let my thoughts tear me down. I've analysed every little thing that I've done or said, and I've basically channeled my brain to never let me like who I am. If you suffer from a mental illness yourself, you'll probably understand this but, it's almost as if there's nothing that could ever make me truly love who i am, 100%. It's almost like no matter how hard I try, I'm always going to have those days where I miss the way I"}, {"title": "", "text": "shower, scrub my face and skin, wash my hair and throw my rancid clothes into the hamper. I apply thick contouring makeup on my cheeks and under my chin to minimize the bloat. I put one of the long, shapeless dresses that now hang in my closet and then put a long shapeless vest over that. The good feelings that start to rise from just being washed and in clean clothes vanish once I look into the mirror. My herculean attempts to camouflage Friday\u2019s binge have failed: My face is puffy and pale, my body heavy and soft. I now have a sad look in my eyes and I look significantly older than I did this time last year before I started binging and smoking again. But I push down the demoralizing humiliation and take a deep breath. My disease may have stolen Saturday, but it\u2019s not going to steal Sunday. I\u2019m going to show up to my life today and give my program my very best effort. It\u2019s what I do. Next Post Next post: The Journey Begins."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 and very difficult to process. I mentioned to Bryan last week that I\u2019m struggling to be able to forgive myself for having fertility problems, and he looked at me as if I\u2019d suddenly grown an extra head. \u201cForgive yourself for what? You didn\u2019t do anything!\u201d Which is exactly why I deserve to be forgiven, and exactly why it\u2019s so hard to do it. When you\u2019re an adolescent girl it\u2019s normal to hate your body. You complain because your friends complain. When I was in high school I joined in the moaning, although secretly I thought my thighs were just fine. The only thing I really would have changed about myself is the quality of my eyesight: corrective lenses are inconvenient. But wishing for 20/20 vision is not really hating your body. Now, when I buckle my belt across my stomach, I frown at its flatness and the skin pulled tautly over it. And although I can\u2019t see the parts inside, I\u2019m even more annoyed with them. Why can\u2019t they do what they\u2019re supposed to do? I\u2019m not hating my body, exactly, but I\u2019m certainly frustrated with it beyond belief. But the weird thing is that I love my body too. It\u2019s not merely part of me; it is me. I can\u2019t just get rid of it. It\u2019s a paradoxical place to be: I can\u2019t stand my body for what it\u2019s doing to me, but I can\u2019t live without it. Honestly, I don\u2019t want to live without it. Infertility has been a supremely confusing experience for"}, {"title": "", "text": "or person that is or was diminishing you in the first place. You will bite at or be angry at the ones that love & care about you the most for no reason or some made up reason that you will convince yourself is valid. Your struggles could very well be tied to the current state of your life. So, if you are struggling to lose weight or get in shape, evaluate or re-evaluate the status of your life. Not someone else\u2019s life but your life. So don\u2019t look for things or people to blame or compare. Evaluate and make a plan for YOU to make a change. Not for that thing or person to make a change. Otherwise, you will end up in a vicious cycle of turmoil. So, how do you beat this, how do you become a winner? It\u2019s important to discontinue activities that steal your time, drain your energy, waste your money or diminish your self-esteem and respect. It\u2019s not about being the best. It\u2019s about being better. Each day you get the required amount of sleep, move more, and eat for the body you need (not for the body you have), makes you better than yesterday. And each day will get easier and easier because you get mentally stronger by simply not feeding the craving. So emotionally you are in control & physically you get healthier. It\u2019s mind over matter in this environment of fast, processed, convenient foods. We all have to eat but we just have to be aware and"}, {"title": "", "text": "be a two-faced lying sonofabitch to yourself and build self-respect that way, huh? Stick with the plan, otherwise one day you\u2019ll end up in emergency and it\u2019ll be too late to help yourself. And don\u2019t be such a hypocrite: always going on about helping others to help themselves and being there for your friends and family and how important it all is, but you can\u2019t even remain committed to helping your own self. Who the fcuk are you to advise others when you can\u2019t swallow your own healthy advice?! As I result, I stuck to a healthy diet, physical exercise plan and routine and kept to it \u201creligiously\u201d as they say (a funny term, I think, considering \u201creligiously\u201d means nothing like such a meaning!). In three months I lost three stone, no stretch marks, no consequences, and I achieved an \u2018ideal weight\u2019. (Erm \u2013 it didn\u2019t stop my face from looking like a slapped arse, but that\u2019s nature and the weather conditions for you \u2013 ahem.) CONCLUSION: If, in 2012, you want to achieve any sort of real change in your life, be FASCISTIC. Yes! Be truly intolerant of you making excuses, backsliding, saying you can\u2019t because of this/that or the other (there\u2019s always \u2018the other\u2019, eh? I know!). You can\u2019t say, \u201cnever mind tonight, I\u2019m going out with friends and so won\u2019t have the energy to do it tomorrow, according to my schedule. I\u2019ll just postpone it to another day/time\u201d. If you\u2019re going to commit to a particular aspect of yourself changing, then commit. If"}, {"title": "", "text": "bit worse, like I was so ugly that if I walked into a bank they\u2019d turn off the cameras (ba dum tish). And even though I actively tried to avoid my reflection, I still caught glances of myself throughout the day which only fueled my anger; I would tease myself with a brief glimpse and then immediately turn away before my eyes could drink in that sorry sight of a crazy person (as only loons would attempt a challenge so ridiculous). It was frustrating and a tad painful not to be able to use the mirror to put my contacts in. Hiding behind other people in Bodypump made exercising quite the chore. I want results after a workout, not to be denied looking at my awesome and newly fit body! My neck hurt from looking down so much to avoid mirrors. Truthfully, I had to hide my eyes so often that it hurt. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn\u2019t help but catch accidental glimpses of myself which was quite obnoxious. Looking at my shadow was often the highlight of my day. On the third day I had such a struggle putting in an earring that it took me an extra few minutes and a red ear before being ready for class. I didn\u2019t care as much about myself, and consequently ended up eating more and exercising a bit less. When Skyping I actually spent more time looking at the person I was having a conversation with than looking at myself in the little vanity"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the things that make you happy, and surround yourself with people who love and value you as much as you can. If you are able to love yourself in broader terms, it will be much easier overcome the negative perceptions you have of your body. You already know there is a lot of power in a compliment. A few nice words can totally make a person\u2019s day! But are you applying that knowledge to the way you treat yourself? It is easy to look in the mirror and see only flaws\u2026 after all most women are surrounded by messages that tell us all about these flaws and what we can do to \u201cfix\u201d them (hint: it usually involves buying their products or services). Don\u2019t let any person or entity who is financially vested in making you feel flawed so they can sell you stuff get the best of you! Make the active choice to see your physical qualities over your perceived flaws, every time! This might be difficult for some, but with regular \u201cpractice,\u201d it can be done. Pick a few of your favorite things about your body, write them down if you need to, and go over them regularly until you start seeing yourself in a more balanced way. 3.Nip those negative thoughts in the bud! We all know that \u201cpractice makes perfect,\u201d right? The more we practice something, the better we get at it. But have you ever thought about how much this applies to your own thoughts? If you are constantly thinking"}, {"title": "", "text": "There was a point in my life that I was so unhappy with myself that I just stopped owning a mirror. I didn't even like the woman looking back at me. She made me depressed and I felt disgusted by her. I just wanted to sleep all the time and my energy was super low. All I could think was, \"How will I keep up with my son when he gets older? I am having such a hard time bending over and playing with him now, why am I breathing so heavy? Oh my goodness, what happened to my clothes? I could have swore they fit better than this.\" Then the depression sets in and you just want to turn to food...so you do just that. Before you know it, you are binge eating food at night and shoveling food in by the handfuls and the weight just keeps packing on. You start to wonder if this will be your forever? Will you always eat like this, because you didn't used too? What the heck changed? Before long, you are eating entire pizzas, ice cream, and sneaking in the candy bars at night because you don't want to get caught. You are ashamed of WHO and WHAT you have ALLOWED yourself to become. Your health is spiraling out of control and you don't have any clue how to fix it. \"Can you fix it? I mean you have been this way for so long...it is just your current NORMAL, right?\" Your digestive health is in shambles,"}, {"title": "", "text": "it feel like \"loving your body\" was reserved for other people? How do some people look in the mirror, or down at their stomach as their feet meet the scale, and not feel regret? Or rage? or unworthiness? I found that it's often because, quite simply, they have a more accurate perception of themselves (one that's closer to reality). The person you're bashing every morning? She's not exactly you. She's the Frankenstein version of you\u2014the one carrying your deepest fears and your harshest judgments. The subject of a painting you've observed with your most critical eye. You've created her from a fantasy, and it begins with the way you're speaking to yourself. We throw around words like, \"lazy,\" \"fat,\" \"depressed,\" \"anxious,\" \"stressed,\" \"failure,\" and \"impossible\" like they're nothing, but how are those seeds you're planting taking root? That's not to say that depression can be cured with rainbows, sunshine, and positive affirmations. There is certainly more to it than that. But, when you're feeling down, or ineffective, or like an imposter, are you a cheerleader or a hater? The words we choose matter. They reinforce ideas (that \"fat\" is the worst thing \u2014 or even a bad thing \u2014 that we can be; that our worth is measured solely by our productivty, so \"lazy\" is a mortal sin; that \"stressed' is a badge of honor; that \"failure\" is who you are, that's it, forever and ever, amen, and of course you got it wrong this time, because that's what you do). They paint the self-portrait against"}, {"title": "", "text": "I walked into the bathroom, looked myself dead in the eye in the mirror, and said out loud: \u201cI hate you.\u201d Cue record scratch sound. You\u2019re probably wondering how I got here. Truth is\u2026so am I. I\u2019ve talked on this blog before about how much of a perfectionist I am. The problem with perfectionism is that it sets up ideals that can never be met, because perfect is impossible. Don\u2019t get me wrong\u2013setting goals is important. It\u2019s a way of marking progress and keeping yourself focused. But when the goals are unattainable\u2026you\u2019re just setting yourself up for failure. And that\u2019s what I do to myself, over and over and over again. I set myself an unattainable goal (whether in my work, my fitness, or my personal relationships), and when I inevitably fail, I punish myself. And then set even stricter goals. This sets up a spiral of disappointment that leads straight down to self-loathing. And if you tell yourself you hate yourself enough, you start to believe it. And that? That affects every area of your life, not just your mental and physical health. I think self-love and self-acceptance have been pretty buzzy phrases the past couple of years, especially if you follow more than a handful of so-called influencers on social media. If you\u2019re anything like me, you scroll right past that gorgeous girl in a bikini posing with detox tea while touting self-love\u2013been there, seen that. But the fact is, your relationship with yourself is like any other relationship in your life, in that"}, {"title": "", "text": "experiences or a woman who ruined them by criticizing everything and dwelling in self criticism? Too harsh? I want you to realize this stuff matters and how you live each day is how you live your life. So if you don\u2019t want your life to be filled with dieting, stress, and wishing your body looked different, you gotta start today. It\u2019s as simple as that."}, {"title": "", "text": "page from Dove's book and write on your mirror with a thick black marker!) If you have trouble finding anything that meets your perfectionist standards, change the way you're looking at yourself. Pretend you're viewing someone else's reflection\u2014your best friend, your sister, or someone else you love. Apply the standards that you use for your loved ones' bodies to your own body. Using those standards, choose at least five things about the image that are positive. Tell your image what you see, addressing her as a second person. \"Your eyes are a beautiful green,\" or \"You have strong legs.\" Speak to the reflection with the same love and compassion that you'd use when addressing a beloved friend or relative. I hope you'll find that when you speak to yourself as you speak to others, the words that come out will be far less harsh and you'll be better able to appreciate your body's merits. I had a good lesson in practicing active gratitude recently while talking with my older daughter. We were having a conversation about how people's bodies change during adolescence, and I was telling her that it's normal that some kids mature earlier than others. With two girls in the house I try never to say anything negative about my body, but for some reason I told her that although most grown women wish for larger breasts, I would prefer to have smaller breasts. Her response brought tears to my eyes. \"Oh, Mom,\" she said, \"your breasts are perfect. Your whole body is perfect.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "in the change you want. I do know that. I am also a part of your goal setting as your accountability partner but you have to get right with yourself first before you seek to change. Doing anything out of self-loathing is not the best move, my friends. Please don't seek to alter your life to be like someone you see. Happy, positive, self talk is key. Praying for self love is key. Praying for guidance and support is key. You matter. Just as you are. So, if anything..take that in to this new year. You want to change? Take self love with you and see the glory."}, {"title": "", "text": "being like, \u2018This is it.\u2019 Twenty-some-odd years of me believing that one day I\u2019d wake up and be some other girl. You\u2019re going to look this way for the rest of your life. And you have to be okay with that.\u201d \u201cI started talking to my belly this year. Blowing her kisses and showering her with praises. I used to want to cut my stomach off. I hated it so much, but it\u2019s literally ME. I am learning to radically love every part of myself. Even if it means talking to myself every morning.\u201d \u201cThis is your sign to love on yourself today! \u2764\ufe0f\u201c It\u2019s about dame time, we loved and accepted ourself! Click here to start your self-love journey If you think you have depression and especially if you are struggling with self-harm and suicidal thoughts, please get help immediately. Your life matters, all things will pass, there are people who can help you."}, {"title": "", "text": "going to feel so damn good about myself. I may be having a bad day, but eating crap will just make a bad day worse, and I\u2019d rather do something that will truly make the day better. You, Evil Twin, are not a trustworthy source. You\u2019re a liar. To hell with this? No! To hell with being fat and hating myself. I\u2019m not going to give space for the mean voices in my head anymore. I am more than this piece of food. I did not get fat overnight, and I will not get healthy overnight either. This takes patience and commitment, and I know that I will see and feel the results. Food is fuel. I am not going to give it emotional power. There are enough unkind people in the world. I do not need to be my own bully. So please take the time to make your own list of retorts. We recommend writing down your list. Use the list when you need a little boost to remind yourself. By the way, notice that we are responding to the Evil Twin with confidence and resolve, not self-loathing and defeat. This response represents a significant cognitive change in how we have talked to ourselves in the past. It represents a paradigm shift, i.e., a dramatic change away from the assumptions that we have held and a move toward new ways of thinking. Paradigm shifts will be the subject of a post in the near future."}, {"title": "", "text": "what I don\u2019t share. I battled and fought some pretty dark demons away for good (I thought) at the end of last year. I worked so hard on myself, and being HAPPY. The start of this year was amazing, probably some of the best 3 months of my life. Slowly but surely though, the year started to go down hill. Physically I am in a different place to where I was, but more importantly mentally I\u2019m not where I was. Physically, I\u2019m heavier and fuller than I was at the start of the year for sure. Not by heaps, but I definitely don\u2019t feel as healthy and strong. Stress and me don\u2019t really mix well when it comes to weight gain and water retention (hello puffer fish face in the morning) haha if I ever figure out the perfect recipe for stress not getting to me as much as it does - I\u2019ll be sure to let you know. When I thought about it, I wasn\u2019t that surprised that the way I talk to myself and about my body now in comparison to the start of the year is very very different. I look in the mirror and I see what I don\u2019t like. I had worked so hard to be in a place that I could look in the mirror and be like \"okay this is me! There are things I would like to work on but I have a body that works and I\u2019m so proud to live in this skin.\" It\u2019s frustrating that"}, {"title": "", "text": "for myself and for the people around me. It\u2019s not easy to change the tapes in your head when the people who are supposed to guide, support, and protect you are the ones making these comments. The person who body shamed me the most was my mother. Being sexually and physically abused further damaged myself and made me hate my physical appearance to the point where I didn\u2019t trust anyone who made a comment about me; positive or negative. What helped me most was putting aside concepts of attractiveness and beauty in favor of learning how to love, accept, respect, and value my physical self for all of the positive blessings it provides me as I work to achieve my goals of overall wellness and independence. Something else that helps is to stop making negative comments (in my head or out loud) about my own and other\u2019s appearance, whether on purpose or by accident. It took me many years to stop automatically thinking in the negative about bodies (etc) in general. I still don\u2019t see myself the way other people see me. Looking in a mirror can be tricky depending on who is watching through my eyes. Every alter has a different perception of our physical self. And none of us really enjoy the attention we receive. Our goal is to blend in, not stand out. But I/we also want to feel comfortable, confident, secure, and happy with our physical appearance/body/self too. And that means creating and using a personal style to guide how we present"}, {"title": "", "text": "The more energy we put into rejecting ourselves, the greater our struggle will be. It\u2019s tiring and the goal always seems so impossible to reach. As long as we direct hate at ourselves, we will continue to do the very actions that keeps us in a body we are unhappy with. To lose weight and to change our bodies, we actually have to let go of our habit of beating them up. We have to choose love and appreciation instead. We have to accept what we look like and how much space we take up right now. We must consider this: What if I had to stay in this body as it is right now for the rest of my time on this earth? How would that change how we lived our lives? And what is holding us back from living that way right now? The way we think about our bodies is a choice. I know it doesn\u2019t seem like it sometimes, but feeling the way we do really is a choice. It all comes from our brains \u2013 which we are in charge of. We choose to hate our stomachs. We choose to see dimples on our thighs as repulsive. We choose to view a number on the scale as good and another as bad. We choose to put energy into feeling disgusted with ourselves. Ask yourself, why am I choosing to think thoughts about myself that cause pain? Why am I choosing to think thoughts that cause me to do harm (restrictive eating,"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cI hate you and I wish I wasn\u2019t you.\u201d I would fantasize how my life would be different if I were not overweight. One day I snapped and tried to kill myself because I didn\u2019t want to go on living like this anymore. I ended up in the care of a child psychiatrist. He diagnosed me with major depression and started me on a cycle of Zoloft. I was only 13 years old when this happened and I remember the next day going into school trying to pretend I didn\u2019t try to kill myself the day before. Flash forward 7 years. About a year abstinent from anorexia and bulimia my body dysmorphia crept back into my life. At one point during a photo shoot, someone made a comment that my skin was red. The way it came out of his mouth made me feel vulnerable and ashamed. It sounded to me that it was going to keep me from being successful. Successful in my eyes was acceptance. I based my self-worth upon acceptance from my peers. If I didn\u2019t feel accepted, I felt alone and ashamed. My only way of coping with shame at the time was through self-hate. Out of fear, I spent the next six months researching on why my skin was red and finally got a diagnosis of Rosacea. I remember hiding my self by wearing a ball cap below my eyes and big sunglasses to cover half of my face. I didn\u2019t want to be seen and it was my only way"}, {"title": "", "text": "pray for the night to end. When my ex and I broke up the first time, I went out and got a pixie cut. My first day back on campus after I got the cut, this bitchy girl in my department looked at me askance and said, \u201cAt least it will grow back.\u201d I went to the bathroom and cried and cried and then had to take the back staircase to avoid running into my ex-boyfriend, who also had an office in that building. When we got back together two weeks later, my ex ran his hand through my hair and told me that he still thought I was beautiful. But we broke up again, anyway, because beautiful was not the same as attractive, and attractive was all that mattered. I quit eating. I didn\u2019t really want to lose weight; I just wasn\u2019t hungry. I felt sick to my stomach all the time. I spent my evenings drinking tea to stave off the nausea I felt whenever I thought of what the trajectory of my life would be without him. Then, I\u2019d cry until I passed out from sadness and hunger. It sounds pitiful. It was pitiful. And perhaps some of it was mourning the loss of him, but I think I was mostly mourning the loss of the person I\u2019d been with him. I had a rather low opinion of myself in those days. I had just finished a graduate program that only admitted me, I was sure, because I kept pestering the director about"}, {"title": "", "text": "power, but also deep hurt within so many people who are also struggling and have lost who they are. I can see it so clearly, their bright beautiful spirit, and my wish is that they could see it too. I need to love who I see in the mirror. I feel fortunate that I have found the path that can make that a reality if only I would take a moment and honour my goals and take action. To be thankful and live my life through gratitude and true joy for life and all it has to offer. There is true power in living a life of joy, purpose, and gratitude. I went to the gym this morning and it felt awesome to go. I spent the entire hour thinking. I\u2019m struggling. I\u2019m either in control of the food part, or I\u2019m in control of the exercise part. But both exercise and eating healthy combined, is my struggle. I\u2019m not sure why. I need to figure this out! I\u2019m great in the morning and through out the day. My resolve is strong. I make healthy food choices, and most days have lots of energy to stay active. Then night comes, and after I put my kids to bed, I fight with the internal dialogue to say screw it, and eat. It\u2019s so frustrating because each morning I wake up wondering why I can\u2019t just figure out my night-time eating struggles. It\u2019s so easy when I wake up to a fresh new day. But, by the evening"}, {"title": "", "text": "regards to self-image, literal self images as in images of myself, is seeing them no longer triggers a tailspin. Now I just marvel at the person in the few photos taken of me that I've seen. It's not that I don't recognize myself in them. I just can't relate to that person. I feel badly for her. Fake smiles and sad eyes. Mortification that those around probably can't even imagine. But there she is. Photographic proof that a person can live in a body for decades, simultaneously be steeped in the knowledge of that and making every effort to prevent evidence from being memorialized in photos. The human psyche is fascinating. And weird. And vexing, to say the least. If you're a before, a during, a \"getting ready to be different\" or an \"I'll never be able to change\", take some photos of yourself. Hide them away, password protect and encrypt them if need be. But know that you can change. You can emerge from that body that has taunted you. Just know that this is doable. If I, the person who was close to needing medications to deal with seeing a single photo of myself can now plaster 'before' photos on this platform, on YouTube and other social media, you can get past this. I promise. It's so doable."}, {"title": "", "text": "night, your hair was ugly and thin and your feet were permanently cold. That sounds like torture. I know that you know you deserve so much more than that. I want you to think about all the reasons you chose to fight for your life in the first place. Hold onto those reasons. I know you\u2019re glorifying the days in your eating disorder right now. But if you were happy then, you wouldn\u2019t have even considered recovery \u2013 nostalgia is a liar. Think about how much you\u2019ll leave behind if you give into the voices: school, your friends, your family, your career, your future. Think about what\u2019s really important \u2014 is being skinny really that important? Ten years from now, are you really going to care what you looked like when you were in college (or a year after your baby was born, or whatever)? Absolutely not. All you\u2019re going to care about is the memories you made there. And, those memories aren\u2019t even going to exist if you give up on yourself now. So warrior, you didn\u2019t come this far to only come this far. You\u2019ve found your voice, your authenticity, your inner tribe and you\u2019ve proven to yourself \u2013 over and over again \u2013 how strong you\u2019re capable of being. This feeling you\u2019re feeling right now will pass. In fact, you\u2019ve lived through this feeling and days like this before. It feels like the pain will last forever, but it won\u2019t. It will pass. I know your eating disorder is screaming. But I once"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cyes\u201d person. When I looked at my double chin or bulging stomach, I would feel a sharp decrease in self love and instead feel detest towards myself, a feeling of anger and disappointment for not being able to exercise self-control. I was already overweight, and I was not an active person back then, either. That would send me into bouts of self-sabotage, overeating and feeling remorse. While I used to look into the mirror, I would hold the layer of mush around my thick waistline with both my hands, wishing that they would disappear, while frowning at the dark circles, the squarish jaw, the small eyes that I have. I would feel disappointed at myself for eating all the food and snacks just a few hours before. Doing this same thing today has become a rare event. It has taken me years, practicing self acceptance and self-improvement, to accept that I am who I am. I have come to terms with what frustrated me and caused lost sleep in the past. Today, I am fully accepting myself as a person, flawed or not. What needs to change in us so that real change can take effect? Mindset. Life is progress, and there are not really any shortcuts. If we want to lose weight, we have to put in the time, effort, and commitment to work out. Working out not only helps us lose weight and build strength and stamina, but it also functions as a stress relieving activity. Through learning about how to put on makeup,"}, {"title": "", "text": "sure, the salads and the sit-ups, but really what you want is to be a different sort of person. You don\u2019t want to be you \u2013 the same old boring, lazy you, who hates the new health kick completely but struggles on with it until the sweet release of death. You want to be the sort of person who wants to do these things. This person is not you at all any more, not really. It\u2019s been a long time now since I\u2019ve had any sincere belief in the power of thinness to bestow happiness or moral superiority, and a long time since I\u2019ve made those inherently doomed resolutions. I\u2019ve been reminded, lately, when thinking about all that wasted past self-loathing, of what Orson Welles once said about Woody Allen. \u201cHe is arrogant. Like all people with timid personalities, his arrogance is \u00adunlimited. Anybody who speaks quietly and shrivels up in company is \u00adunbelievably \u00adarrogant. He acts shy, but he\u2019s not. He\u2019s scared. He hates himself, and he loves \u00adhimself, a very tense situation.\u201d Self-loathing, in the end, is a way to exhibit self-obsession. And 2020, among all the other things it did, gave most of us a truly horrible amount of time for self-reflection. So what would I change about myself, then, if not my body? What would make me better? I\u2019ve always thought my characteristic failing was that I need people too much; I never want to be alone. Years ago, back in Dublin, I had moved into a flat on my own after"}, {"title": "", "text": "Running, running, always running. But it only seems to break an internal sweat. I am sick of myself lately. Sick of how I look. It isn\u2019t my hips that are bothering me this time. It\u2019s my skin. My epidermal tissue. My biggest organ. I have burning inside of me and I am feeding it with fire and spicy foods. If I am already burning inside, why am I introducing more fire? My life feels stagnation and I am burning holes into myself from the inside out. I am smoking as I write, I see the growing problem and it\u2019s influences. I need a purpose to start my day differently. I have grown accustom to my lazy life. I am unsure how to get back on track because this aesthetic that I speak of keeps me tied down alone. Sunbtle shifts of attitude come when men pay attention to me. Using the influence like a drug, feeding myself until it runs out and I slump inside myself again. Riding from one high to the next propelled by hormones. When the options have dried up, so do I . I felt it again last night. I want to run far away and start again. But not all the the way back to the beginning. I am sort of sick of beginnings that lead to these ends. Something has got to change and I know it is me. I just feel so lost I\u2019m not sure where to start and I am having a tough time taking advice from"}, {"title": "", "text": "course I want to try to get back to what I was. I felt pretty good about myself then. I don\u2019t want to be super skinny. I just want to be healthy and feeling good about your self is part of that. My husband still finds me attractive, but I don\u2019t. I am not all about having to look good for everyone else, but looking good for yourself. I am not even doing that. I don\u2019t put effort in my appearance and that is because I feel that I don\u2019t need to because I am not attractive. That has to change. I have awesome eyes and hair. I am 5\u20199\u2033 and have long legs. I have a funny smile. I have to be proud of that. I also know that the harder I work on my physical state the better my mental state can ever be. 2. Writing- I have always wanted to write a book. I don\u2019t care if I get published. I want to be able to write a book. I have snippets of short \u201cstories\u201d laying around. I hope to get at least a very crappy first draft done during this time. I also hope to keep this blog up as well. 3. Podcast- I have a history podcast called the Nerdstorian. I love it, but I have not been keeping up with it. I want to change that and relaunch my show. So, that is it for now. These are things I can control. I know it may be difficult, but I"}, {"title": "", "text": "criticise every single thing about me, from my hair colour to my weight. And some part of me felt like changing the way I looked would solve so many of my problems. Of course I was wrong, but I was thinking irrationally. And so it started that I was making myself sick. It wasn\u2019t every day, but when it did happen it could be once or twice in a night, at its worst it could be 5 times in the space of a few hours. And in all honesty, at no point did it ever really make me feel better. At no point did I ever love myself any more than I did before being sick. It was all in my head. It got to a point where I didn\u2019t want to do it anymore, I knew it was wrong but I didn\u2019t really know how to stop. Eventually I told my parents what I was doing, and although they didn\u2019t understand it they were very supportive. I then spoke to my counsellor about it, and in time I realised not only how silly I was being for thinking it would solve anything, but how dangerous it was! I\u2019m extremely lucky that I was able to talk about what I was doing whilst it was in its early stages, so that I could get help and stop it before it became something that controlled me. Eating disorders can be so dangerous and can have long lasting effects on the body. And I\u2019m so grateful that I"}, {"title": "", "text": "between our unflattering self-concepts and the truth of our magnificence. To see ourselves through the eyes of those who love us. Working on it... a lot. And... I'm making progress. For the first time in a long, long time, I am not cringing when I look in the mirror, and it doesn't set my whole day off kilter. I have been participating in an online boot camp, and although I have lost a little weight and some inches, I see the most difference on the inside. I feel different. Energized. Motivated. Strong. Valuable. And... I did 30 push ups this morning. Yes. Three-oh. That is 20 more than I could do nine weeks ago. I am a-changing... and I am grateful. I love that you can now see yourself how those who love you see you all the time. I'm impressed with that, but thrilled with you feeling good about yourself. Good for you! I'm where you were trying to find a way. You are going to be a good example for me. I really just want to feel better about myself. You are looking Great!"}, {"title": "", "text": "it up with distractions and stress and unhealthy relationships and weight and fear and frustration. And I saw it all, all of a sudden. I looked at a picture taken right after Christmas and I didn\u2019t recognize myself anymore. It wasn\u2019t just about the weight, it was about the girl inside. And I didn\u2019t like it. And I realized that no one but me can change this. I\u2019m the only person responsible here. So I\u2019ve started doing something about it. And slowly I see myself coming back. I\u2019m trying to love my weaknesses as much as I love my strengths. But it\u2019s such a difficult process. I have to clean everything out and start over. And I realized as I was cleaning out things at home, that I\u2019m the same way inside. I came across some old letters, and not the ones that you want to keep. The ones that really sucked to read the first time. The ones that point out your faults and your failures. And these are from years and years ago but I\u2019m not at all sure why I decided to keep them. I realized something when I picked them back up though. I do the same thing in my heart everyday. I don\u2019t let things go. I don\u2019t forgive myself. I don\u2019t let go of my failures. And when I saw the picture in December, I could see that in myself. And I didn\u2019t even recognize that girl. I had become this muted version of myself that was slowly disappearing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "The most dreadful part of my morning is when I stand, somber, in front of my bathroom mirror, not quite making eye contact with my reflection. I almost never like what I see: The reflection that stares at me longing to be loved and appreciated while I come up with countless way to change it. I poke and grab at the fat on my stomach, I slap the flab on my arms, I trace the scars on my face left behind by my acne. I hate this, I hate this, I hate this. Many of us often find ourselves scrutinizing every part of our appearances like this. Why do we want to alter this body that has been so good to us? We want to get rid of fat; gain fat; gain muscle; be skinnier; be thicker; get bigger lips; bigger hips; smaller waists. This is not enough. It\u2019ll never be enough. I\u2019m not enough. I hate this, I hate this, I hate this! Why are we constantly tearing ourselves down because of what we look like? Why do we spend so much money trying to alter our bodies with surgeries, weight loss teas and skin bleaching creams? We know that once we \"fix\" one part of ourselves, we\u2019ll find something else that we don\u2019t like. Why can\u2019t we realize that we are beautiful and worthy and enough just the way we are? In our capitalist society that thrives on the consumption of ridiculous products, no one but the elite benefits. We are constantly exposed to"}, {"title": "", "text": "it is. Then maybe slowly move to that area (or for some maybe areas which can be even tougher) and start to find something positive about it. \u201cSure I wish my stomach was flatter, but this was the home for my babies and I wouldn\u2019t trade that for the world.\u201d or \u201cMy arms may be a bit flabbier than I like, but I still play one mean tennis match with them.\u201d Etc., etc., etc. You get the point right? It\u2019s all about changing the thoughts, changing the mindset. This may sound silly to you or you may be one of those people that doesn\u2019t\u2019 struggle with body image at all. But our thoughts are so powerful and they literally can make or break our world. So if our thoughts about our bodies are not loving and compassionate, then how can we be that to other people? Give it a shot. See how it fits. Maybe too it\u2019s just a matter of recognizing how negative your thoughts may actually be. Perhaps you are so used to it that you don\u2019t even know it\u2019s happening. And then see if a change in the patterns of your thoughts can bring about a little more compassion to the one and only body you have to live in. You know those people you see drinking iced coffee year round and think, how the heck do they do that? Well that is the exact same way I am with ice cream. Winter, Summer, Spring or Fall, it doesn\u2019t matter, I will gladly"}, {"title": "", "text": "things you love and sadly they cannot change the way you see yourself, its up to you. You need to decide that the way you are looking at yourself is the wrong way to look at yourself. You need to take it upon yourself to force yourself to believe that you have a shining, amazing personality and everyone is lucky to have you in their lives. No, you can never look like your favourite model, actor or singer but why would you want to? The images you see of them are the images they want you to see, you don't see them when they're just like you. We've all done it, we sit in our pyjamas, probably with messy hair, eating junk food and we're admiring photos of models on a catwalk wearing a full face of make-up, designer clothes, with hair perfectly styled by a professional. How ludicrous is that? Why on Earth do we compare other people's highlights reel to our behind the scenes? That model probably looks no different to you when they're at home, in their pyjamas. Really, we're all the same but, sadly, we see ourselves as polar opposites to people in the spotlight. Nobody is perfect, but that's what makes us all perfect. Please, believe in your beauty, see yourself as a star, look at yourself and think 'hey, you know what, I'm a good person and I look amazing.' Make yourself feel amazing and stop looking at yourself in completely the wrong way. Now, go look at yourself, long"}, {"title": "", "text": "all my time thinking about my bottom? I have the luxury of being one of the few fortunate women on the planet who are safe and sheltered and fed and watered, and I have the audacity to be unhappy. The only thing I hate more than my bum is my preoccupation with it. A cycle of self-hate: I hate my body and I hate me because I hate my body. And seeing all this written down, it is CRAZY that I don\u2019t think of my body as \u2018me\u2019 but as something that my \u2018self\u2019 is trapped inside. Any concern with appearance is a time tax. Conditioning, colouring, scrubbing, plucking and shopping. Apparently Albert Einstein had loads of suits but they were all exactly the same so he never had to think about what to wear.* He went on to use that saved brainpower to do something very brilliant like invent the car. It\u2019s scary how much of my inner monologue is consumed by debating food choices, berating myself for what I\u2019ve recently eaten and promising I\u2019ll do better. Plus the hours in front of the mirror, prodding, sobbing, trying everything on and deciding not to leave the house. My weight has stopped me doing things, has kept me from parties and dinners and award ceremonies because the stress of attempting to look \u2018nice\u2019 has beaten me. I don\u2019t know if the fact that my job involves people looking at me makes it worse. Comedians put themselves down a lot; it\u2019s an easy source of comedy. At"}, {"title": "", "text": "It feels like a long time since I posted, but it went by so fast. I have been feeling busy since I started my new job. (honestly, I thought the new job would stress me out and make me gain weight, but I am actually the same size... 129.) I got alot on my mind and once agian, I got consumed by my life and what was going on around me, and I forgot about my one true personal goal I have set for myself... The only thing I know for sure in this life I truely desire... To be thin again. well, now that I have adapted to this job and current situation, I am ready to take on one of the hardest tasks, self control. over food, over taking care of my body with extersize. I keep telling myself in the back of my head, just do it... every day, just get up and workout. its just an hour. then I do it maybe once or twice a week and think, well its better then nothing. but, then I realize, it's only just getting me by and maintaining everything I am right now. I'm not saying I hate myself. Frankly, I could be alot worse off then I am now. I always tell myself, \"I could be living on the streets, and have no legs.\" I haven't had internet or tv at my apt for a bit now, (lent my conection to the sis) and I honestly felt a bit disconnected to everyone. Sometimes"}, {"title": "", "text": "at times, to be never ending, I, as one not usually stuck for words, I can\u2019t express in words that feeling. The point is this: my paying attention to sleep, nutrition and exercise, it\u2019s not just a physical health thing, it\u2019s not a narcissistic thing, it\u2019s a physical and mental holistic approach to living. How I feel physically, how I feel mentally, what I see in the mirror, a far thinner, younger-looking person than I used to be, it reinforces that sense of \u2018being in control\u2019 \u2013 without that sense, I\u2019d sink. Now, the next thing I need to address: CLUTTER. I think my being a hoarder, it\u2019s a consequence, a symptom, of my being obsessive \u2013 I prevaricate, I can\u2019t make decisions easily and, because of this, I find it hard to convince myself that something can be binned. It\u2019s much easier for me to NOT bin stuff, to just keep it but that physical clutter leads to disorganisation and that leads to a cluttered mind and an inability to see and think straight. I have imposed a lot of discipline on my way of life \u2013 eating right, exercise, sleep, the fight to think positively and I must \u2013 NOW \u2013 impose discipline in this organisational element of my life. I must DE-CLUTTER! I\u2019m not going to do it half-heartedly \u2013 major surgery is required. I\u2019m going to do this as I would if \u2013 and I know it\u2019s morbid and dramatic but it\u2019s the obsessive in me \u2013 as if a doctor has"}, {"title": "", "text": "them to my own weight. I'd grab my skin and imagine cutting my fat off with scissors, and I'd drink gallons of water and not eat anything for hours, which was the worst of all. I just could not like what I saw. I've always been a very controlling and organised person too. I've always wanted to know what time we're leaving the house or what time I'd be getting home. I'd need to know specifics and durations - how long something was going to last so that I could know what was happening afterwards. I keep things tidy and clean, and I get stressed if people move things from places or positions that I've placed them in - I can't be clear minded in a messy room. I became so controlling and obsessive about time and timings, that it took over my life. So, what changed? How come things are different now? How did I change the way I thought about things and myself? I really just had to learn about 'irrationality'. I had to learn that my thoughts were irrational and learn to fight against them with the rational ones. I stopped seeking everyone else's approval. I learnt that the only person's approval I need is my own. When you learn to love yourself and be who you truly are, that's where true happiness and acceptance comes from. The more that you can be yourself, the more respect and love that people will have for you. People can smell desperation from a mile off"}, {"title": "", "text": "act like that person as hard as you can.\u2019 Of course, you have to be able to come up with an image of an ideal person that isn\u2019t dependent on their outside appearance, but if you can do that, it really does help. (It helps too, if you\u2019ve ever known a really tedious whiner, to say to yourself, \u2018What would Tedious do about this?\u2019 and then do the opposite of that. It\u2019s not exactly noble, but when you\u2019re feeling down, having something to feel superior to can be a bit comforting.) It\u2019s one of those strategies that needs a certain leap to get started on, an energy push, but if you can get it started, it feeds on itself and makes you feel quite a lot better. I\u2019m going to absolutely thumbs up the \u201cvirtuous circle around involuntary changes in your appearance.\u201d Aspects of one\u2019s appearance might be involuntary, but there\u2019s always the choice to appear to be self-accepting, brave, positive, confident, etc. That counts for a lot when it comes to people making assumptions \u2013 unconscious or otherwise \u2013 about appearance. Making an outward-facing display of one\u2019s anxieties by doing things like comb-overs or ill-fitting clothes often only makes things worse; other people can \u201csmell\u201d the internal fear of judgment and often prey on it. As for me, I was aggressively indifferent and unapologetic about being very noticeably fat and I can honestly say that I just plain didn\u2019t experience the kind of fat-shaming other people report receiving from strangers. In 20 years, I never"}, {"title": "", "text": "I eat so I don't pity myself in what I look like. In sweat pants it's all or nothing and it's like I have no control. What is the reason you may ask on why I tried this today even if I knew?? I had an exam today and felt like a slob in the morning. I woke up and the first thing I did was look in the mirror and judge myself. i didn't like my face, my hair, I was fat, I had saggy breasts, stretch marks, uneven lips. Like the criticism kept coming. Another trigger that I think caused this is my stomach. It hasn't gone down in SEVERAL days!! It's been reaching from 50-75 inches everyday and no matter what I try to do it gets in my way and this causes frustration. A part of me wishes I could snap my fingers and be thin. I've tried diets etc and they work to an extent. But what I did learn this week is endometriosis causes swelling like what I'm getting. So we will see what the MRI shows and if that's the reason. For now I am fighting off the urge to starve myself. Last time I ended up doing that the weight dropped a lot but everything else flared up and took weeks to go down."}, {"title": "", "text": "The media all too easily discourages women, tricking us into thinking we need to look a certain way to be \"beautiful\". If we don't look like or live up to the standards portrayed on television or the Internet, it's easy to believe no one will ever love us the way we are. To wade off derogatory thoughts, do something nice for yourself. Go somewhere and do something that makes you happy. Once you're distracted, negative thoughts disappear. One day, they'll be gone altogether and they'll never return. Focusing your attention on something other than your body image will help you to think much healthier thoughts and help you realize you are in charge of your own happiness. Think about those days when you accomplished something that meant a lot to you. Revel in your accomplishments. Make a list of new goals and achieve them. Focusing on something other than your appearance gives you no time to dwell on hurtful thoughts. You will also remember that enjoying life isn't about the way you look. Who you are and what you've done matters so much more than your appearance. Everyone has flaws; and don't let yours tear you apart. If you focus on your flaws, you'll never see or understand your strengths, let alone use them. You are much stronger than you think you are. Your flaws are what make you unique and different from everyone else. Want to know a secret? It's possible to turn your flaws into strengths. It may take a little time but learning"}, {"title": "", "text": "media accounts are, there will always be people who will bash you and comment on even the tiniest and irrelevant spec of flaw that you have. If every thread of your being is affected by the comments of other people, then you better start changing your perspective, not the way you look like just so you could please them. Dissatisfaction brought by others is not real. You cannot be dissatisfied with yourself just because no one acknowledges your greatness. How you view yourself is far more important that how others see you. This is why it is important that you don't let other people define who you are no matter what. If you still want to change after meditating about it, then make sure you are changing for yourself. After all, at the end of the day, it's how you feel that really matters. Upon pondering about changing, you should be able to sacrifice a lot of your time, effort and resources in order for you to achieve it. Almost everything has a price and change is included. For every goal, there comes a price. Make sure that you are physically, emotionally, and mentally prepared. You can\u2019t expect to have your dream with sheer determination alone. No matter what changes you decide to go through, remember that all should lead to who you really are. Not into someone that you want to be just because you have seen it on others. All of the humps you will go through will eventually lead to the real you."}, {"title": "", "text": "this where I am, and I can be. For years, I\u2019ve struggled with my appearance and feeling comfortable in my own body. I occasionally see myself as a nothingness, I have no unique or \u2018stand out\u2019 features. I don\u2019t fit in with the stereotypical idea of beauty, neither do I fit in with the quirky styles of beauty. I occasionally eat, and then regret eating. I look at my features and pin point certain bits that don\u2019t match my own \u2018image.\u2019 I tear myself up piece by piece until there is nothing left of me. And I go back to being a \u2018nothingness\u2019 again. Maybe I put myself down too much. But it\u2019s better than anyone else seeing me like this. I am a generally positive person. I laugh. I joke. I occasionally come out with the most wacky things, because I have a weird sort of personality. Most of the time I embrace being me. I embrace my flaws, and my big thighs, puffy hair and completely dodgy eyes. I embrace my fun personality, and how much I lack common sense. But that\u2019s okay. Sometimes, I feel like I need to remind myself that I\u2019m not going to be perfect, never mind be just that for someone else. I have recently said and done some things that I deeply regret. In all honesty, I\u2019ve spent the last 24 hours beating myself up about those things. I\u2019m the sort of person who completely hates drama, or arguments, or anything in between; but I always seem to"}, {"title": "", "text": "tween sons, a labradoodle puppy, and a cat who came with the house. A full-time journalist at a mid-size California newspaper, her work has also appeared in Good Housekeeping, Huffington Post, Mamalode, and Club Mid. She can often be found running and listening to comedy podcasts. Join founder Jen Pastiloff for a weekend retreat at Kripalu Center in Western Massachusetts Feb 19-21, 2016. beauty, Gratitude, Guest Posts, Self Image, Self Love, Women THE REAL REASON I THINK I\u2019M UGLY TODAY By Jennifer Ann Butler I looked in the mirror this evening and the first face I made at myself was one of disgust. There I was, in PJ pants, a baseball tee, messy hair in a bun, no makeup, ungroomed eyebrows, and dirty glasses. But I didn\u2019t walk away. I also didn\u2019t correct the reaction. I didn\u2019t say, \u201cNO, Jen. Be NICE to yourself. GAH.\u201d And force myself to say something kind. Because that\u2019s fake. And, frankly, that\u2019s almost worse than the initial face of disgust. At least that reaction was authentic. Even if it wasn\u2019t healthy or kind, it was authentic. It stemmed from somewhere in my psyche and it deserves light. It deserves attention and affection and expression just as the rest of my emotions and thoughts and opinions about myself do. See, we\u2019re all onto something with there being body image issues and us needing to love ourselves more, but I feel as though we\u2019re going about it in the wrong way. Oftentimes, we\u2019re combatting the issues rather than offering love and tenderness."}, {"title": "", "text": "really avoid talking about things this personal on my blog, but it's been eating me up inside for a while now and I hate the fact that I look at pictures of myself and automatically go to delete them. This blog should focus on what I love in life and how my personal style evolves over time. How I evolve over time. It shouldn't cause me to spend extra time criticizing myself over the way I look in pictures. I shouldn't be looking at other blogs and wondering why I don't look the way they do. None of that matters. So here is my promise, to myself, to stop. The fact that I'm talking about this on my blog is probably just a sign that I should go to bed. I need to be up in less than five hours for a long day at work. Good night, blogosphere."}, {"title": "", "text": "a 30 year old woman that hated her body and to be honest I was just lazy. I got myself stuck in this depressive rut and I let everything tear me down\u2026.I allowed it to happen. By NO MEANS do I believe that looks are the most important thing. I am now almost 70 lbs. lighter and I workout 4-5 days a week. I still have cheat days and my eating habits aren\u2019t perfect but I am so much healthier. I didn\u2019t want to be a person anymore that dreaded looking in the mirror. I didn\u2019t want to feel so uncomfortable in my own skin. I did not want to continually hate myself knowing that I got myself to that point. It became a matter of do or die\u2026almost literally. I am not the girly girl type but I am not a tomboy either. I am just the type that likes to dress comfortably and go with what I like at that time. That might be a flowy maxi dress or it might just be capris with a tank top and flip flops. I have never been one to really go over the top because it doesn\u2019t fit my personality. Image and looks have never been as important as being known for my brains and my abilities. BUT I am still a woman and I still wanted to feel pretty in a sense and I wanted to be healthy. My body will never be \u201cperfect\u201d but for the first time I am ok with that. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "way out. This is not fun, and it is slowly killing me from the inside out. I love health, I love nutrition. I work out every day, and eat 5 planed meals a day, but then late at night when nobodies home the urge comes, sometimes I can say no, and go right to bed. But sometimes I can not! and tonight was one of those nights! after two binges and purges I jumped right online and started researching natural, healthy ways I can just stop this cycle and move on with my life in a much more healthy way. I can't do this anymore, its tearing me down, ripping me apart, and all i feel like doing right now is crying, cuz I'm not sure what else I can do at this point, I want to be strong, but there is nothing left in me to give to this. I need to fix my mind from going back to this, I just don't want to even think about it anymore. I don't know why I ever let it enter into my life when I knew how bad it looked from the outside, and how bad it was for me, coming from somebody who is really into health I feel like a liar! Like a hypocrite. I want to change for the better and move on, I know I can do this. There has to be a way. A healthy way. Love, somebody with hope for a better future."}, {"title": "", "text": "time noticing it. Then everytime you notice that you are using negative language, say in your head, \u201cSTOP, this is not useful\u201d and flip it. If you were thinking \u201cmy tummy is so fat and ugly\u201d say instead \u201cmy tummy is beautiful and soft\u201d even if you don\u2019t believe it. This is a practice so keep practising. Sleep is vital for every aspect of our health. Sleep is for the strong, not the weak. You need to prioritise it. Ensure that you are getting at least 8 hours each night. Keep all electronics out of the bedroom. Avoid blue light (phones, tv, laptops) at least 30min before bed. Keep an eye on what caffeine and alcohol are doing to your body. If you struggle with sleep, get some help. Talk about weight loss, bikini bodies and unrealistic beauty standards is everywhere. It\u2019s difficult to escape it but if you want to create a loving relationship with your body there is no room for that negativity in your life. Do not be available for that kind of crap anyone. Unfollow anyone on social media who promotes that. Avoid newspapers, magazines and websites that promise you can lose 2 stone in 2 weeks. Change the subject with friends, family and work colleagues when these topics come up or if you feel brave enough, tell them that you are no longer interested in talking about these things anymore. Don\u2019t buy clothes to aspire to, ones that you hope to fit in when you\u2019ve lost weight. Don\u2019t buy the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "time noticing it. Then everytime you notice that you are using negative language, say in your head, \u201cSTOP, this is not useful\u201d and flip it. If you were thinking \u201cmy tummy is so fat and ugly\u201d say instead \u201cmy tummy is beautiful and soft\u201d even if you don\u2019t believe it. This is a practice so keep practising. Sleep is vital for every aspect of our health. Sleep is for the strong, not the weak. You need to prioritise it. Ensure that you are getting at least 8 hours each night. Keep all electronics out of the bedroom. Avoid blue light (phones, tv, laptops) at least 30min before bed. Keep an eye on what caffeine and alcohol are doing to your body. If you struggle with sleep, get some help. Talk about weight loss, bikini bodies and unrealistic beauty standards is everywhere. It\u2019s difficult to escape it but if you want to create a loving relationship with your body there is no room for that negativity in your life. Do not be available for that kind of crap anyone. Unfollow anyone on social media who promotes that. Avoid newspapers, magazines and websites that promise you can lose 2 stone in 2 weeks. Change the subject with friends, family and work colleagues when these topics come up or if you feel brave enough, tell them that you are no longer interested in talking about these things anymore. Don\u2019t buy clothes to aspire to, ones that you hope to fit in when you\u2019ve lost weight. Don\u2019t buy the first"}, {"title": "", "text": "From the start of this year, I was confident and excited to see what I could accomplish each month. The first three months of this year have been nothing but turmoil and self-hate. My self-esteem plummeted ,and it feels like I'm in middle school again. I avoid mirrors and selfies. If I accidentally catch my reflection, I can't stop looking at myself. My face starts to burn and tears form in my eyes. I can't stop staring at the stranger in the mirror. I spend so many nights going from picture to picture, profile to profile, obsessively comparing everything about myself to others, from the number I see on the scale to how my teeth look. Every time I leave the house, the only thing on my mind is, \u201cI hope no one sees how hideous I look today.\" Whenever I'm at work I can only think about how gross I look to everyone. I cry myself to sleep because I cannot stand to live in this body I hate and the mind I ruined. I'm not good enough for myself. I've changed for sure, but not for the better."}, {"title": "", "text": "Most of us, especially us ladies, have a love/hate relationship with our bodies from a very early age. We spend a great deal of our time on this planet comparing ourselves to everyone else and determining that our \u201cgoods\u201d just aren\u2019t good enough. And while we judge ourselves on a daily (if not hourly) basis, we treat our bodies less than kindly. Sadly, in my youth, I had more of a hate/hate relationship with my body. I hated that my stomach was never flat enough, hated that my hair wasn\u2019t thick enough, hated that my thighs touched, and hated that my skin wasn\u2019t flawless as the women I saw on TV and in magazines. And, to make matters worse, I treated my body, the greatest gift I have ever been given, like an enemy \u2013 polluting it with sugar and processed food, nicotine, alcohol and way too much caffeine and I never let my body get enough regenerative sleep. Well, all of this self-hatred and mistreatment eventually manifested itself in a terrifying cancer diagnosis. My body, which I had abused with thought and action, was suddenly going to die within 3 short months and I very suddenly wanted to save its life. I knew instinctively that in order to save it I was going to have to make peace with it and yes, LOVE it. My body was no longer a target of my frustration and disappointment; it was now my prized possession \u2013 warts and all. By now you know I am an advocate for"}, {"title": "", "text": "us with a dieter's mentality fear Halloween with the same kind of dread we do a visit to the dentist or getting on the scale after a weekend binge. Whatever you've survived, the key words are \"You survived.\" Yes, you might have a black eye\u2014or other forms of emotional or physical scarring as a result. But don't let a horrific incident (or incidences) take away your joie de vivre. This life is for living. And no person or incident can take that away from you permanently\u2014unless you let them. The more we accept and respect others (no matter what they look like), the more disposed we'll be to extending that kind of acceptance (and even kindness) to ourselves. And when we change our judgements about how we look and what we weigh, we'll be more likely to initiate and even accomplish the kind of healthy, positive change that can lead to true transformation. After learning what my amazing and beautiful friend Karen has gone through, health-wise, I realized that I never have a reason to not move my body in some productive way (even if only taking a 10 minute walk around the block if that's all I have time for)\u2014and that I need to make every exercise session a celebration of life and health when doing so. When did vitriol become a national pastime and filling our social media feeds with hatred become de rigeur? Has initially greeting someone we don't understand (or even that we don't agree with) with kindness become a thing of"}, {"title": "", "text": "us with a dieter's mentality fear Halloween with the same kind of dread we do a visit to the dentist or getting on the scale after a weekend binge. Whatever you've survived, the key words are \"You survived.\" Yes, you might have a black eye\u2014or other forms of emotional or physical scarring as a result. But don't let a horrific incident (or incidences) take away your joie de vivre. This life is for living. And no person or incident can take that away from you permanently\u2014unless you let them. The more we accept and respect others (no matter what they look like), the more disposed we'll be to extending that kind of acceptance (and even kindness) to ourselves. And when we change our judgements about how we look and what we weigh, we'll be more likely to initiate and even accomplish the kind of healthy, positive change that can lead to true transformation. After learning what my amazing and beautiful friend Karen has gone through, health-wise, I realized that I never have a reason to not move my body in some productive way (even if only taking a 10 minute walk around the block if that's all I have time for)\u2014and that I need to make every exercise session a celebration of life and health when doing so. When did vitriol become a national pastime and filling our social media feeds with hatred become de rigeur? Has initially greeting someone we don't understand (or even that we don't agree with) with kindness become a thing of"}, {"title": "", "text": "won\u2019t properly take care of it. Health requires caring, that means you will be exposed to illnesses and infections produced by bad behaviors or eating habits. Your body will be vulnerable on a daily basis. Another thing that is dangerous here is that our mind can\u2019t work without a pattern. You can\u2019t simply say to a computer: do what you want! The computer needs a command to execute. That means, maybe you think that you don\u2019t care about how you look, but deep inside you have a pattern. Most probably from other people who don\u2019t take care of their bodies also, so that\u2019s not the best example to follow. This is the only way I recommend to think about yourself. Love yourself, love the way you look and try to find ways to improve your health. Be gentle with yourself and the opinions you have about yourself. You are not just complimenting your appearance, you are also setting up a pattern, a standard. If you want to lose weight focus on how you will going to look. Imagine yourself looking like that already. You can simply say \u201cI will look stunning when I am going to lose weight (while imagining yourself slim)\u201d . This is pure DNA changing, habits changing and feelings changing. Not to mention how happy and confident you are going to feel. It\u2019s very simple. What you intensely put in your mind, the brain interprets that as a wish, as a command. And it will give you patterns to get there. Is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "won\u2019t properly take care of it. Health requires caring, that means you will be exposed to illnesses and infections produced by bad behaviors or eating habits. Your body will be vulnerable on a daily basis. Another thing that is dangerous here is that our mind can\u2019t work without a pattern. You can\u2019t simply say to a computer: do what you want! The computer needs a command to execute. That means, maybe you think that you don\u2019t care about how you look, but deep inside you have a pattern. Most probably from other people who don\u2019t take care of their bodies also, so that\u2019s not the best example to follow. This is the only way I recommend to think about yourself. Love yourself, love the way you look and try to find ways to improve your health. Be gentle with yourself and the opinions you have about yourself. You are not just complimenting your appearance, you are also setting up a pattern, a standard. If you want to lose weight focus on how you will going to look. Imagine yourself looking like that already. You can simply say \u201cI will look stunning when I am going to lose weight (while imagining yourself slim)\u201d . This is pure DNA changing, habits changing and feelings changing. Not to mention how happy and confident you are going to feel. It\u2019s very simple. What you intensely put in your mind, the brain interprets that as a wish, as a command. And it will give you patterns to get there. Is that"}, {"title": "", "text": "key. You have to constantly tell yourself that tomorrow will be better\u2014until one day, it actually is. Hearing comments from people like, \u201cYou\u2019re all better, right?\u201d or, \u201cCan you eat this now?\u201d makes it seem like I was once an entirely different person with an incapacitating virus that was then completely flushed out of my system when I sought help. Mental illness does not disappear that easily. So yes, I am doing significantly better now than I have in the past. In fact, I\u2019m probably in the best place that I have been in a while. However, the issues and bad thoughts that I dealt with years ago came from the same brain I have today. The ease of giving into these disordered thoughts is tempting sometimes, but the quality of the life I live now is incomparable. Photo courtesy of flickr.com Despite what you may think, I still have bad body image days where I feel disgusting and don\u2019t want to go outside. I look back at old pictures of myself and see how much thinner I was and sometimes wish that I could once again be in that shape. Sometimes I want to revert back to having control over every aspect of my day and relish in the happy feeling I would get when I saw a lower number on the scale. There are times when I wake up and decide that I\u2019m not going to eat today because I look big in the mirror and feel bloated, but by lunchtime, I get hungry."}, {"title": "", "text": "key. You have to constantly tell yourself that tomorrow will be better\u2014until one day, it actually is. Hearing comments from people like, \u201cYou\u2019re all better, right?\u201d or, \u201cCan you eat this now?\u201d makes it seem like I was once an entirely different person with an incapacitating virus that was then completely flushed out of my system when I sought help. Mental illness does not disappear that easily. So yes, I am doing significantly better now than I have in the past. In fact, I\u2019m probably in the best place that I have been in a while. However, the issues and bad thoughts that I dealt with years ago came from the same brain I have today. The ease of giving into these disordered thoughts is tempting sometimes, but the quality of the life I live now is incomparable. Photo courtesy of flickr.com Despite what you may think, I still have bad body image days where I feel disgusting and don\u2019t want to go outside. I look back at old pictures of myself and see how much thinner I was and sometimes wish that I could once again be in that shape. Sometimes I want to revert back to having control over every aspect of my day and relish in the happy feeling I would get when I saw a lower number on the scale. There are times when I wake up and decide that I\u2019m not going to eat today because I look big in the mirror and feel bloated, but by lunchtime, I get hungry."}, {"title": "", "text": "but at the mental. the inessentials that i need to look at eliminating are more ephemeral than shoes or surplus tins of soup. the negative self-talk, for instance; that\u2019s a big one. i have no idea whether i\u2019m wired to trash-talk myself or if it\u2019s a skill i learned from years of mental health struggles but in the end, it doesn\u2019t matter. i live with it now and it\u2019s a problem. the negative comments start the moment i regain consciousness in the morning. that little voice that negatively narrates everything i do doesn\u2019t even wait for me to leave the bed. it doesn\u2019t stick to a specific area either; it\u2019s not solely about hating my body though that\u2019s a theme that comes up quite often. i wake and the first thing that happens is my brain tells me that it can feel flesh. it revisits everything i ate the previous day, passing judgement on the food i chose to consume. it points out the lack of physical perfection, causing me to feel for bones in my hips and torso. once it establishes that i\u2019m a failure physically, it moves on into other areas. your house is a disaster. it\u2019s pathetic. you don\u2019t work; your house should at least be perfect. you should\u2019ve done more yard work yesterday. three hours is pathetic. what must the neighbours think of you and your home? it\u2019s not perfect. it\u2019s awful. i know people tell you they like your garden but you\u2019ve seen it; it\u2019s messy and cluttered. \u201cenglish garden\u201d. what"}, {"title": "", "text": "but at the mental. the inessentials that i need to look at eliminating are more ephemeral than shoes or surplus tins of soup. the negative self-talk, for instance; that\u2019s a big one. i have no idea whether i\u2019m wired to trash-talk myself or if it\u2019s a skill i learned from years of mental health struggles but in the end, it doesn\u2019t matter. i live with it now and it\u2019s a problem. the negative comments start the moment i regain consciousness in the morning. that little voice that negatively narrates everything i do doesn\u2019t even wait for me to leave the bed. it doesn\u2019t stick to a specific area either; it\u2019s not solely about hating my body though that\u2019s a theme that comes up quite often. i wake and the first thing that happens is my brain tells me that it can feel flesh. it revisits everything i ate the previous day, passing judgement on the food i chose to consume. it points out the lack of physical perfection, causing me to feel for bones in my hips and torso. once it establishes that i\u2019m a failure physically, it moves on into other areas. your house is a disaster. it\u2019s pathetic. you don\u2019t work; your house should at least be perfect. you should\u2019ve done more yard work yesterday. three hours is pathetic. what must the neighbours think of you and your home? it\u2019s not perfect. it\u2019s awful. i know people tell you they like your garden but you\u2019ve seen it; it\u2019s messy and cluttered. \u201cenglish garden\u201d. what"}, {"title": "", "text": "Both healthy and sick women can get caught up in a cycle of self-hate. When a woman complains that she\u2019s too short, oftentimes her friend will say something like, \u201cYou\u2019re not too short. I\u2019m too tall.\u201d But what does this accomplish? We unconsciously perpetuate a message that we\u2019ve learned from society: We\u2019re never good enough. Hogwash! The Victoria\u2019s Secret Fashion Show was last week. I saw a lot of posts on Facebook from women that said, \u201ctime to diet \u201cor \u201cI feel like sh*t.\u201d It breaks my heart to think about the world my nieces will live in when they\u2019re older. I give them positive reinforcement\u2014I tell them they are kind, smart, and beautiful. At a very young age, they have developed healthy self-esteem. When I was young, I never struggled with self-hate. Sure, sometimes I thought about common issues like creating that elusive gap between the thighs. (Is there even a word for that?) But overall, before Myasthenia Gravis (MG) invaded my life when I was 24, I was happy with my appearance. MG, a neuromuscular autoimmune illness, doesn\u2019t play nice. I went from doing yoga daily to being bedridden for a year, having medical procedures, and gaining ten dress sizes (oh Prednisone!). My meds for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) weren\u2019t helping either. And some people who knew I was sick intentionally insulted my appearance. The psychological effects of medicine-induced changes are tremendous. I\u2019ve known women with cancer who stopped taking Prednisone because of weight gain, which didn\u2019t end well. Similarly, as someone with Bipolar"}, {"title": "", "text": "nutrition, sleep hygiene, stress, alcohol and drug consumption. My direct experience tells me to achieve an optimum mental state, a solid foundation to handle day-to-day fluctuations, all of these areas have to be in order. A focus on overall health, not aesthetics, is proven to improve body image. Mental health can\u2019t flourish whilst the body is abused by junk food or neglected by lethargy. Sadly, our culture is so set on bodily abuse is taking active steps to better health is sometimes seen as a rebellious (or even presumptuous) act. Just try abstaining from alcohol and see how challenging it is. Forget exercising and eating well to shape up to Instagram models or Hollywood stars; this level of care is crucial not to look good, but to feel great. Ignore the messages saying you don\u2019t deserve it \u2014 you do. That\u2019s why the fifth and final separation is an important one. Learning to tune-in to your bodily sensations and energy can act as a visual guide to your health. This is very subjective and personal to you. Weigh up the pros and cons and be your own guide. If you feel a certain way after eating a certain food, or feel energetic after less than eight hours sleep, follow your guide. If your skin indicates a lack of hydration, or too much fatty food, follow the guide. Respect the body, refer to it, let it guide you to good health. Drastically improving body image is possible. But no article, no single tool, no words of wisdom"}, {"title": "", "text": "got smaller, but the other features I hated got more exaggerated. I thought I was doing it wrong and sometimes tried to starve myself, which would typically last for about a day or two but when I couldn\u2019t stand not feeling the sensation of eating, I\u2019d binge again, feel bad and purge. The cycle continued off and on for years until I finally saw a therapist for something unrelated, when I was about 16. She helped me make sense of what was going on. For me, it was more about control. The primary ways that I dealt with anger and frustration were either to lash out violently or to turn it inward. The latter happened most of the time. Because other things were happening in my life that I couldn\u2019t control, I focused on the one element I could change and that\u2019s how my eating disorder was born. I told myself that everything else was my fault because I was fat and somehow, me losing weight would make everything better. It\u2019s a warped way of thinking that only people who deal with similar issues can truly understand. Even if you learn how to manage it, the thoughts never go completely away. I\u2019m 27, and have admittedly had episodes within the last couple of years. But I\u2019m still a work in progress. Thinking about how not worth it the side effects are (losing teeth, never having energy, always being sick because your immune system is down, hating yourself because you can\u2019t stop it\u2013just to name a few)"}, {"title": "", "text": "got smaller, but the other features I hated got more exaggerated. I thought I was doing it wrong and sometimes tried to starve myself, which would typically last for about a day or two but when I couldn\u2019t stand not feeling the sensation of eating, I\u2019d binge again, feel bad and purge. The cycle continued off and on for years until I finally saw a therapist for something unrelated, when I was about 16. She helped me make sense of what was going on. For me, it was more about control. The primary ways that I dealt with anger and frustration were either to lash out violently or to turn it inward. The latter happened most of the time. Because other things were happening in my life that I couldn\u2019t control, I focused on the one element I could change and that\u2019s how my eating disorder was born. I told myself that everything else was my fault because I was fat and somehow, me losing weight would make everything better. It\u2019s a warped way of thinking that only people who deal with similar issues can truly understand. Even if you learn how to manage it, the thoughts never go completely away. I\u2019m 27, and have admittedly had episodes within the last couple of years. But I\u2019m still a work in progress. Thinking about how not worth it the side effects are (losing teeth, never having energy, always being sick because your immune system is down, hating yourself because you can\u2019t stop it\u2013just to name a few)"}, {"title": "", "text": "These weight fluctuations respond to my mood. I\u2019ve struggled with eating disorders since my early 20s, going through cycles of bingeing and purging when I\u2019m trying to ignore some internal crisis or barely eating at all when my heart is on my sleeve. (The best shape I\u2019ve ever been in was in 2017, for instance, the year after Mark died.) And what I find interesting about this, which I\u2019ve realised during my own self-reflection, is that this is as much an extension of that once proud relationship to my body as any form of exercise. It\u2019s an attempt to physically flush out emotion and distress or keep it outside of myself when the social situation is set up to encourage that. People talk about going for a run or jogging and this making them feel better and encourage it if you have depression as if this relationship with your body will keep the mind at bay. But this dualist understanding of mental ill-health is dangerously ill-informed. I\u2019m fairly certain I\u2019ve told this story before but I remember once, living at home and having been in bed for a week, sometime around 2015, my Dad knocked on my bedroom door and said to me, frustrated but also somewhat compassionately, like the swimming coach of my childhood, that lying in bed for so long might be one of the worst things you can do to your body, and I didn\u2019t know how to explain that that was more gratifying than energising. It is the mind acting upon the"}, {"title": "", "text": "you see them happy, confident and with strong will power. I\u2019ve been overweight and now I am fit. I can tell you from experience that what you think and how you feel about yourself influence the way you look, not the other way around. I will break it down and explain it to you. This is the worst way you can think about yourself. No matter if you express it loudly or not, thinking about you negatively affects you more than you imagine. If you look in the mirror and deep inside you feel like looking awful , that\u2019s going to affect your appearance. You should never critique your body, tell yourself that you are ugly, not attractive, fat and things like this. You should NEVER do this to yourself. You practically order your body to look that way. You will feel bad, you will have bad habits and you won\u2019t take care of your body at all. That way your body lose more health, you become fatter and you think worse about yourself. It\u2019s a vicious spinning circle and you need to get out of it asap. In this way, people say: \u201cI don\u2019t care how I look. I don\u2019t care how I feel, how healthy I am, how that impacts my body\u201d. At this point, maybe you don\u2019t make your body look worst but you will leave yourself open to harm. If you don\u2019t care about the way you look, it means you don\u2019t love yourself and you don\u2019t love your body. So you"}, {"title": "", "text": "you see them happy, confident and with strong will power. I\u2019ve been overweight and now I am fit. I can tell you from experience that what you think and how you feel about yourself influence the way you look, not the other way around. I will break it down and explain it to you. This is the worst way you can think about yourself. No matter if you express it loudly or not, thinking about you negatively affects you more than you imagine. If you look in the mirror and deep inside you feel like looking awful , that\u2019s going to affect your appearance. You should never critique your body, tell yourself that you are ugly, not attractive, fat and things like this. You should NEVER do this to yourself. You practically order your body to look that way. You will feel bad, you will have bad habits and you won\u2019t take care of your body at all. That way your body lose more health, you become fatter and you think worse about yourself. It\u2019s a vicious spinning circle and you need to get out of it asap. In this way, people say: \u201cI don\u2019t care how I look. I don\u2019t care how I feel, how healthy I am, how that impacts my body\u201d. At this point, maybe you don\u2019t make your body look worst but you will leave yourself open to harm. If you don\u2019t care about the way you look, it means you don\u2019t love yourself and you don\u2019t love your body. So you"}, {"title": "", "text": "why that\u2019s never going to work: Umm. . . . has ignoring your problems ever made them go away?\" Image via iStock. Actively think about the fact that you\u2019re unhappy with your body. Force yourself to really think about that. Approach it the same way that you might with any other kind of bad day: Remind yourself that a day is only 24 hours long, and tomorrow might be different. Accept what you have no control over and then focus on what you can change about your outlook. Address it. Stare it in the face. 2. Look at it. This goes back to the question of whether or not ignoring your problems has ever helped them dissipate. And I think that when we try to avoid mirrors, it makes them all the more tempting \u2013 and that\u2019s the opposite of what we need. Just like sitting with your negative feelings, looking at the body that you\u2019re unhappy with puts you in the position of being the boss of your situation. It\u2019s a way of reminding the voices in your head that you are the one in charge here \u2014 and that the smallest shift in thought or intent can turn your whole day around. Do it fully clothed if you want to, but also feel free to do it naked. Run your hands down every part of you. Jiggle your jiggly bits. Show off your musculature (or lack thereof). (Post continues after gallery.) We love these celebrity body image quotes Rebel WilsonThe actress said on Twitter;"}, {"title": "", "text": "non-judgemental they are. It\u2019s draining to spend your life \u2018hiding\u2019 in baggy clothes or spending a small fortune on new clothes because the right outfit might make your problems disappear, but they don\u2019t. Because it\u2019s not JUST your weight or your reflection in the mirror. It\u2019s not even how you feel naked. The truth is, aside from the way you look it\u2019s more about how you FEEL. You\u2019re exhausted. You feel like crap from the time you drag yourself out of bed in the morning, until you crawl back in at night and try desperately to get to sleep. You LIVE off coffee and tea (anything with caffeine), hot a complete WALL by 3pm and CONSTANTLY crave food like chocolate, crisps and cheese. Your body aches in places you didn\u2019t know existed, while your moods are all over the place and you walk around with a mini pharmacy in your bag (Ibufrofen, gaviscon etc). You\u2019re also so bloated some mornings that your trousers literally won\u2019t do up. Listen - I know you\u2019re telling yourself exactly the opposite but THIS IS NOT NORMAL! There is NO SHAME in trying to lose weight and to feel confident and like your old self again. Hi! I\u2019m Ruth and it\u2019s lovely to meet you. I\u2019m a registered nutritionist who works with busy midlifers who are struggling with their weight. I coach them to get rid of cravings so they can reduce their weight and fit into their wardrobe and potentially avoid weight related disease all without having to give up"}, {"title": "", "text": "all my time thinking about my bottom? I have the luxury of being one of the few fortunate women on the planet who are safe and sheltered and fed and watered, and I have the audacity to be unhappy. The only thing I hate more than my bum is my preoccupation with it. A cycle of self-hate: I hate my body and I hate me because I hate my body. And seeing all this written down, it is CRAZY that I don\u2019t think of my body as \u2018me\u2019 but as something that my \u2018self\u2019 is trapped inside. Any concern with appearance is a time tax. Conditioning, colouring, scrubbing, plucking and shopping. Apparently Albert Einstein had loads of suits but they were all exactly the same so he never had to think about what to wear.* He went on to use that saved brainpower to do something very brilliant like invent the car. It\u2019s scary how much of my inner monologue is consumed by debating food choices, berating myself for what I\u2019ve recently eaten and promising I\u2019ll do better. Plus the hours in front of the mirror, prodding, sobbing, trying everything on and deciding not to leave the house. My weight has stopped me doing things, has kept me from parties and dinners and award ceremonies because the stress of attempting to look \u2018nice\u2019 has beaten me. I don\u2019t know if the fact that my job involves people looking at me makes it worse. Comedians put themselves down a lot; it\u2019s an easy source of comedy. At"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hi, I'm Jenn Hand, and what I know deep in every bone of my body is this: the constant struggle battling your weight, your body, and your eating is a reflection of your soul desperately trying to get your attention. It\u2019s whispering to you to give up the fight. Because freedom from this endless, exhausting battle is your natural state\u2026 a state where you feel at ease in your skin, sane around food, and comfortable at your natural weight. Yes, all of that IS possible! For nearly half my life, I obsessed daily over every single morsel I put into my mouth, constantly hid myself and my body because I was ashamed I wasn\u2019t thin enough, and spent endless nights sobbing into my pillow, wondering why can\u2019t I just stop binging? If I spent all of those countless minutes, hours, days and years obsessing over what I ate and how \u201cfat\u201d I looked and did something productive instead, I swear there would be a cure for cancer right now! Those millions of hours could have been spent doing something to change the world\u2026. And now I AM changing the world. One woman at a time. One body, one meal, one negative thought at a time. It is possible to stop worrying and planning what you eat every single day. You can feel comfortable in your skin, eat without guilt, and leave those obsessive negative thoughts behind."}, {"title": "", "text": "criticise every single thing about me, from my hair colour to my weight. And some part of me felt like changing the way I looked would solve so many of my problems. Of course I was wrong, but I was thinking irrationally. And so it started that I was making myself sick. It wasn\u2019t every day, but when it did happen it could be once or twice in a night, at its worst it could be 5 times in the space of a few hours. And in all honesty, at no point did it ever really make me feel better. At no point did I ever love myself any more than I did before being sick. It was all in my head. It got to a point where I didn\u2019t want to do it anymore, I knew it was wrong but I didn\u2019t really know how to stop. Eventually I told my parents what I was doing, and although they didn\u2019t understand it they were very supportive. I then spoke to my counsellor about it, and in time I realised not only how silly I was being for thinking it would solve anything, but how dangerous it was! I\u2019m extremely lucky that I was able to talk about what I was doing whilst it was in its early stages, so that I could get help and stop it before it became something that controlled me. Eating disorders can be so dangerous and can have long lasting effects on the body. And I\u2019m so grateful that I"}, {"title": "", "text": "and you just have to take baby steps. 2. self-care & self-love // look at your self in the mirror and say I love you. I really really love you and try not to crack up because it seems a little funny at the time. But really look at your face, hair, body, skin, freckles and toes and love and appreciate every single piece of energy, cell and fiber that makes up who you are. Love your flaws, they make you even more beautiful and special. You are unique, genuine, one of a kind and there is no other being like you at all on this planet! That in itself is utterly magnificent! **If you are having trouble with this, the things that really work for me are getting a better nights sleep to feel more rested and positive, unplug more, walks outside in nature, eating healthier meals, exercise more often, talking with loved ones in person instead of using the phone and physically pick up and read a book. I will be totally transparent and tell you guys my biggest self image fear. I have the worst stretch marks up both of my sides on my hips. Someone once described them as freddy krueger scars (ballooned that beezy away-you'll see later!!) I have never really shown pictures of them as I use to hate them with every bit of energy in me. Now, I love them, honor them and remember that I got them from 6th-7th grade Summer and grew to my current height at"}, {"title": "", "text": "with myself. I\u2019d lay around after dinner because I had absolutely zero energy to do anything else, only to go to bed and promise myself that I would start my diet again tomorrow. Same thing day-after-day-after-month-after-year, all of my mental energy was spent thinking about my weight. I had no energy and no wish to concentrate on anything else. My weight was my focus. It was the reason I couldn\u2019t do anything else, whether I wanted to or not. I couldn\u2019t do what I really wanted to do unless, and until, I was thin. And that wasn\u2019t happening, so I had a reason to not strive for anything better. Heck, I didn\u2019t even know what else I wanted! I didn\u2019t allow myself to think that deep. Don\u2019t get me wrong \u2013 on the outside my life wasn\u2019t horrible. I was (and am) married to a good man, have a child, a home, a job with great responsibility \u2013 but I hated myself for what I was doing to myself. I was digging my grave with my fork, to quote the great Porter Freeman. I now realize that part of the reason I kept the weight on \u2013 and it was my choice, I can see that now in hindsight \u2013 was because if I didn\u2019t have the weight to focus on, I would have to focus on the other areas of my life that needed work, and that I just wasn\u2019t willing, or able at that point, to undertake that work. I would not have the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Relationships & Love Skin & Makeup Our editors handpick the products that we feature. We may earn money from the links on this page. What You Can Do to Stop Hating Your Body For starters, don't \"wait on the weight.\" By Kimberly Zapata Melissa Ross I\u2019ve struggled with body image most of my life. When I was 13, I loathed my thick thighs and undeveloped breasts. By 14, my stomach became a point of contention. I hated the \u201csoftness\u201d which enveloped my abdomen, hips, and waist, and by 15 said hatred became unhealthy. I developed a full-blown eating disorder. Of course, I am not alone. According to market research group Ipsos, most Americans are dissatisfied with their physical appearance, i.e. 83 percent of women and 74 percent of men do not like what they see in the mirror. So what should you do if you hate your body? Consider taking these steps toward recovery. Determine the cause of your unhappiness and work to change it. \u201cPeople who hate their body usually have these feelings for a number of reasons,\u201d Dr. Christopher Ryan Jones\u2014a clinical psychologist and member of the American Psychological Association and the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists\u2014says. \u201cPerhaps they were teased as a child, maybe they have been cheated on... or maybe they don\u2019t feel they compare with someone who they think is extremely attractive. Regardless of the reason, these cognitions can have a serious effect on the way a person views themselves.\u201d As such, it's imperative that you find and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Relationships & Love Skin & Makeup Our editors handpick the products that we feature. We may earn money from the links on this page. What You Can Do to Stop Hating Your Body For starters, don't \"wait on the weight.\" By Kimberly Zapata Melissa Ross I\u2019ve struggled with body image most of my life. When I was 13, I loathed my thick thighs and undeveloped breasts. By 14, my stomach became a point of contention. I hated the \u201csoftness\u201d which enveloped my abdomen, hips, and waist, and by 15 said hatred became unhealthy. I developed a full-blown eating disorder. Of course, I am not alone. According to market research group Ipsos, most Americans are dissatisfied with their physical appearance, i.e. 83 percent of women and 74 percent of men do not like what they see in the mirror. So what should you do if you hate your body? Consider taking these steps toward recovery. Determine the cause of your unhappiness and work to change it. \u201cPeople who hate their body usually have these feelings for a number of reasons,\u201d Dr. Christopher Ryan Jones\u2014a clinical psychologist and member of the American Psychological Association and the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists\u2014says. \u201cPerhaps they were teased as a child, maybe they have been cheated on... or maybe they don\u2019t feel they compare with someone who they think is extremely attractive. Regardless of the reason, these cognitions can have a serious effect on the way a person views themselves.\u201d As such, it's imperative that you find and"}, {"title": "", "text": "what your life would look like if you truly felt beautiful. ### Forgive A hallmark of Negative Body Obsession is self-hatred, or its milder yet still destructive cousin, self-dissatisfaction. Many of my clients attack themselves intensely and vigilantly whenever they eat too much or fail to live up to their predetermined standards. Feeling too full or gaining weight can spark hatred, disgust, shame, embarrassment, and an overwhelming sense of failure. Sufferers berate themselves, engaging in mental self-mutilation and verbal abuse. Whenever \u2014 and I mean _whenever_ \u2014 we attack and condemn ourselves, we are attacking the Source and diminishing our connection to it. Another effective way to connect to the Source is through the practice of forgiveness. Talking to Yourself in the Mirror This is a valuable exercise that I have adapted from Jack Canfield's book The Success Principles. Every evening before you go to bed, take off your clothes and stand in front of a full-length mirror. Look at your body and tell it that you love it. Offer yourself unconditional love and acceptance by repeating: \"I am beautiful; I am beauty.\" I know this can seem like a daunting prospect if you have a habit of hating, or at the very least disliking, your body. For many, this exercise might sound unbearable. \"What, are you crazy?!! Look at myself in a mirror naked?! Never!\" If it seems impossible to complete this exercise, that is okay. Be gentle with yourself. There was a time when I could not stand the idea of looking at myself"}, {"title": "", "text": "began forming relationships with people, I would subconsciously want to make them a better person. I would always push the boat out to be there any way I could. Why? Because I felt I had no one doing this for me and so I gained unimaginable satisfaction from helping others. However, with this came my self-neglect. I focused so much on people that I forgot about myself. The girl that was once the \u2018fat girl\u2019 became the girl that lost 10kg in the space of five months. \u201cOh my God! You have lost SO much weight! How did you do it?!\u201d Suddenly everyone began noticing me. Did I intend on losing weight? No. If anything, I couldn\u2019t control it. A dramatic loss of appetite and all pleasure of eating down the drain, I found my health was the worst it had ever been. I no longer felt like getting out of bed in the morning. I no longer felt like eating. I no longer felt like talking to anybody. I trapped myself. Having to deal with emotional pain constantly, I soon obtained multiple scars on my wrists and even one on my stomach because \u2013 to me \u2013 it was a way of numbing the emotional torment that went on in my head. Sleepless nights did anything but improve my performance in school. People noticed me changing. People noticed me covering up. People noticed me now more than ever. Why? Now, I am none the wiser and stronger than I ever have been. Along my journey"}, {"title": "", "text": "us in a deeply negative state of mind. Indeed, people who have been overweight or obese for a long time (as I was) seem to look upon themselves as \u201cfat\u201d and, therefore, believe that it\u2019s their natural shape no matter what efforts they may make to change it. Others who have experienced regular sicknesses would probably consider themselves as \u201calways sick\u201d or having a \u201cpoor immune system\u201d. This self-defeating mindset deepens over time, and that\u2019s why many people find it so hard to take the first step. Then, even after they start, they still live with the fear of falling back into their \u201cprevious life\u201d and don\u2019t take the time to appreciate their beautiful current state. This was my case the first few months of my journey, especially when I was discovering my new body shape. Fortunately, I was connected with an amazing person who introduced me to the \u201cpersonal development\u201d. I learned that when you decide to take care of your health, your mindset is just as important as your diet. In fact, you need to heal your mind from all the negative thoughts and judgments that you have inflicted on it for many years. The way we think significantly affects our physical state, thus our health. Indeed, although science has proven that a person who eats healthily and exercises regularly is less likely to develop chronic disease like cancer, you may wonder why we still find people who, in spite of following those rules, got cancer or other diseases. One of the main reasons"}, {"title": "", "text": "failed if you don't get to the gym for a full hour, five days a week. Sometimes I get out for a run around the house for 15 minutes before my husband leaves for work and I still feel proud of myself \u2013 I know that every minute counts and 15 minutes today means I will probably do something again tomorrow. It's the small things every day or done regularly that count, not the 60-minute 'perfect' training session that never happens \u2013 that kind of thinking will only doom you to failure because you just can't keep it up. #### Body hatred Having worked with and interviewed many fuller-figured women during my years in the fashion industry, I feel like I have a pretty good insight into body hatred and body dysmorphia. I recall once getting angry with a colleague who walked into our office at the fashion company I worked at and announced to the room that she was 'so fat and felt disgusting'. She was probably a size 10-12 and her comments made me sick to the stomach as there were women in our office much larger than her and I knew in my heart what her comment was doing to their sense of self-esteem. I took her aside and asked her to imagine how the other women in the room must have felt when they heard her comment, to which she replied, 'I've never thought about it like that.' Her self-loathing comments are commonplace in every school, workplace and social setting you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "felt like it had a large ball of hair in it. I panicked. I was alone in a foreign country, and I didn't want to go to a hospital by myself. I decided to remain calm. I turned on a nice hot shower and calmed my breathing. I drank a ton of water, crawled into bed, and I fell asleep. When I woke up the next morning, many of the symptoms disappeared but I was angry and disgusted with myself: _You know you can't eat dairy. You know bread bothers your stomach. Why did you do that? You are so weak. You need to do a juice cleanse for the rest of the trip and run along the Seine every day so you won't be so gross when you get back home_. HOLD UP! I thought those days were behind me. I hadn't been that mean to myself in years, and I had to break the cycle of negative thoughts. Yes, I did feel incredibly uncomfortable in my body. Yes, I did wish that I hadn't ventured into bread-and-Brie land. But luckily, I had my toolbox, and I knew that making my body the enemy was not the answer. At that moment, I knew that I needed to treat my body like I would treat a loved one. I needed to love it regardless of whether it was five pounds up or down. I needed to love it and let my pure love give it the safety to be exactly as it wanted to be. I"}, {"title": "", "text": "darkness will continue to cloak you. Worse still, you\u2019ll attract like-minded people just like you who thrive on negativity. If, however, you start to love yourself, a remarkable thing will happen \u2013 more love will come to you from other people. If we look for a romantic partner despite hating ourselves, it will be impossible to find a Prince Charming whose heart is full of love. He just won\u2019t come to us until we\u2019ve learned to surround ourselves with love. Love is like an aura that other people can see. The more you transmit, the more right people will be drawn to you, and it\u2019s one of the most important reasons to love yourself. When we don\u2019t even like ourselves, let alone love ourselves, we don\u2019t care all that much about our physical welfare. Who cares if we pig out on junk food? What does it matter that we\u2019re gaining weight? We look and feel disgusting anyway! Such a mindset goes hand in hand with self-loathing, and it can be really damaging to your health. However, once you learn to love yourself, you\u2019re all of a sudden motivated to take good care of your body. Perhaps you start going to the gym, eat the right foods, and do the right things. You want to look and feel healthy, and you\u2019re careful about what you will and won\u2019t eat. You\u2019ve got a reason to care about your health. Because you love yourself! Isn\u2019t it one of good reasons to love yourself? Who doesn\u2019t want to be happier?"}, {"title": "", "text": "darkness will continue to cloak you. Worse still, you\u2019ll attract like-minded people just like you who thrive on negativity. If, however, you start to love yourself, a remarkable thing will happen \u2013 more love will come to you from other people. If we look for a romantic partner despite hating ourselves, it will be impossible to find a Prince Charming whose heart is full of love. He just won\u2019t come to us until we\u2019ve learned to surround ourselves with love. Love is like an aura that other people can see. The more you transmit, the more right people will be drawn to you, and it\u2019s one of the most important reasons to love yourself. When we don\u2019t even like ourselves, let alone love ourselves, we don\u2019t care all that much about our physical welfare. Who cares if we pig out on junk food? What does it matter that we\u2019re gaining weight? We look and feel disgusting anyway! Such a mindset goes hand in hand with self-loathing, and it can be really damaging to your health. However, once you learn to love yourself, you\u2019re all of a sudden motivated to take good care of your body. Perhaps you start going to the gym, eat the right foods, and do the right things. You want to look and feel healthy, and you\u2019re careful about what you will and won\u2019t eat. You\u2019ve got a reason to care about your health. Because you love yourself! Isn\u2019t it one of good reasons to love yourself? Who doesn\u2019t want to be happier?"}, {"title": "", "text": "value is not determined by their shape or size. Enjoy your favorite meal without feelings of guilt or anxiety over calories and fat grams. Donate your jeans and other old clothes that no longer fit your body comfortably to charity. Someone else will appreciate them, and you won\u2019t have to worry about the way they fit anymore. Start each morning by looking in the mirror and saying something nice about yourself out loud. Look through magazines and newspapers, ripping out advertisements, photos and articles that promote negative feelings about weight, body image and food. Talk back to the TV when you see or hear an ad that makes you feel dissatisfied with your body. Read a book that lifts your self-esteem, promotes positive body image, encourages healthy living or helps you overcome stereotypes about social standards of beauty. Put away or throw away your bathroom scale. Throw out all of the diet products in your house. Remind yourself and others that It\u2019s What\u2019s Inside That Counts! The biggest issue with women today, is that they don\u2019t realize that their bodies change as they get older. Instead, they expect the reflection in the mirror to look the same as it was when they were 16 or 25. As we get older, are bodies change shape\u2026. even when maintaining a nutritional diet and exercise program. Good post. I think i have read that list before, but ones of those lists that\u2019s nice to be reminded of."}, {"title": "", "text": "sad, dark and lonely. I was never satisfied with what I looked like or who I was. There was no compliment to be said from a friend, boy or family member that could make me think any differently of myself. I was fat, I was ugly, and most days I was stupid. I overcame this massive struggle in my life that kept me from joy and health; physically, emotionally, mentally and relationally, through a small yet significant shift in perspective. One day, after many years of self-hatred, it hit me that I was going to be far more successful with my health if I stopped eating and working out, out of hatred for myself and started doing it from a place of love for myself. Eating a salad or running a mile out of respect for my body instead of disgust for my body, changed the game. Fueling my motivation this way was far more sustainable than my previous method. This was not something that happened over night, it was and still sometimes is, a daily battle but it is worth it.\" Health is more than lifting weights but a perspective that begins with acting out of love for your body instead of hate. From Bree's story, we come to understand that developing that perspective takes time. Be patient, be diligent, but don't ever act out of self hatred. A StoryJake Vayda March 28, 2017 Comment Cancer was a blur A StoryJake Vayda April 4, 2017 Adapting to depression A StoryJake Vayda March 21, 2017"}, {"title": "", "text": "we _hate_ our body. What a message to send to a living, breathing miracle of cells that make up one of the most amazing machines ever seen on the face of the earth. So let's break this down. Do you hate your body? Did your body wake up and hatch a plan to get fat or unfit without you knowing about it? Did your body create a secret mouth that it feeds without you knowing? Ridiculous isn't it? Yet why isn't it ridiculous that we can actually hate our body when it only reflects how we care for it? Shall we become really honest and authentic with ourselves and actually come to the realisation that what we really hate is how we have treated and cared for our body? ###### Do you really hate your body? Love the fact that your body and mind are full of life; choose to be healthy and happy. If you have had children then you know that from the day we are born and the nine months before that, life is nothing short of a series of miracles. The healing process of a simple paper cut before your very eyes is no less special or beautiful than a camera capturing a flower blooming. Can you see that to mistreat your body is to leave your riches in life on the table? So what should we do? Love your body. Apologise to it. It looks exactly the way you have been treating it. You ought to hate the way you _treat_"}, {"title": "", "text": "hardest one because we basically are walking zombies. But, what I try to do is go to sleep by 9 every night at the latest and hope for at least 4 hours. Ideally, 6-8 is what we want if there is a way to make it happen. I also highly encourage napping when you can. If your husband asks, tell him it\u2019s science- you have to nap. I said so. Try not to get too hungry during the day. Eat a good protein source at every meal and make sure you drink water as much as possible. Focus on fibrous veggies and a side of carbs. This will keep energy up and prevent the binge monster from coming at 6pm when you get home from work. And you\u2019re right. These are not earth shattering revelations. Except, here is the thing. It isn\u2019t the four things I listed here that actually create the magic. It is the permission you give yourself to change your thinking when it comes to what being healthy looks like at different seasons of your life. I can tell you from experience, when you take the pressure off the numbers, the sizes, the physical appearance of fitness and instead focus on how you feel, you\u2019ll be amazed at how good life gets. If you are thinking this is great Kristen, but I don\u2019t know HOW to start any of this. My schedule is crazy, my kid doesn\u2019t sleep, I am stressed. I am in those trenches with you and I am here for"}, {"title": "", "text": "hardest one because we basically are walking zombies. But, what I try to do is go to sleep by 9 every night at the latest and hope for at least 4 hours. Ideally, 6-8 is what we want if there is a way to make it happen. I also highly encourage napping when you can. If your husband asks, tell him it\u2019s science- you have to nap. I said so. Try not to get too hungry during the day. Eat a good protein source at every meal and make sure you drink water as much as possible. Focus on fibrous veggies and a side of carbs. This will keep energy up and prevent the binge monster from coming at 6pm when you get home from work. And you\u2019re right. These are not earth shattering revelations. Except, here is the thing. It isn\u2019t the four things I listed here that actually create the magic. It is the permission you give yourself to change your thinking when it comes to what being healthy looks like at different seasons of your life. I can tell you from experience, when you take the pressure off the numbers, the sizes, the physical appearance of fitness and instead focus on how you feel, you\u2019ll be amazed at how good life gets. If you are thinking this is great Kristen, but I don\u2019t know HOW to start any of this. My schedule is crazy, my kid doesn\u2019t sleep, I am stressed. I am in those trenches with you and I am here for"}, {"title": "", "text": "you can't reach this place, you may always feel lacking. And I definitely have to agree with your point about starting a blog. All of these things can contribute to negative feelings about the body. Being a stay at home mom all day every day and having to uproot to different locations every few years because of my husbands job has not been easy for me. Living in London can be a pain at times, especially when the weather is bad, which can demotivate anyone to take a walk lol What an awesome list. Eventually, a false idea of beauty which is not only difficult to achieve but also is discriminatory in nature is cropped up in people's mind. You could, for example, limit yourself to 2 hours of social media time each day. I've felt like no one likes me because I haven't had a best friend in 5 years and never had a boyfriend. Be kind to your body as you work out. Every time you fuel your body with healthy food you are doing your body wonders! We'd advocate ditching the scales altogether, but if you have to weigh yourself do so once a week at the same time wearing the same clothes or no clothes. I use only clean products that are good for your skin. To help yourself feel better, you should think about the things you like about yourself. It is okay to have frustrations without your body and still love the way you look overall. This in turn can"}, {"title": "", "text": "then have to make myself sick after it. I felt so unhappy at this point in life. I hated the voice in my head telling me what to do about food but I couldn\u2019t fight it. Each evening I would get into bed and wish I would not wake up. I didn\u2019t know how I could live with this voice in my head forever but I also didn\u2019t know how I could live without it. I didn\u2019t understand why people were trying to take this anorexia away from me when to me it was everything I wanted and needed. When I arrived in hospital I still couldn\u2019t quite grasp why I was there and I felt completely fed up. Over the next year I had to face the biggest challenge of my life. I had to accept I had something the matter, I had to accept that life without anorexia was going to be better, and I had to learn how to talk and eat again. Over that year I needed a fair amount of reassurance that something was the matter and I had to learn to trust the professionals with my care. I knew that if I didn\u2019t eat and put on the weight I wouldn\u2019t be allowed out of hospital so I used this remind myself something was the matter. I also would often remind myself of the facts about my appearance and this helped me stay on top of those feelings that maybe people were making things up. Q. What led you to"}, {"title": "", "text": "I\u2019m puzzled that we\u2019ve come to associate the body with shame. We\u2019ve come to view our body as something rather foreign, when it is something we ought to be as intimate with as we possibly can. Along with the brain, it is possibly the most awe-worthy thing about our existence, yet one of the biggest sources of responsibility. The body is like a helpless child \u2013 a fragile treasure that must constantly be cared for, nurtured, and carefully watched over by Mother Brain. We are at odds with its power and what it can do to us if we left it to its own devices. Without a watchful guardian, it would fall apart \u2013 slowly, but surely, and can be difficult to turn around. Muscles atrophy, leaving nothing to support the bones and organs. Fat would move in and make itself at home, cluttering up your body. And then the power shifts \u2013 instead of you having control over your body, it starts to control you. You move in accordance with what your body wants and not what you want your body to do. You become sleepy during the day yet sleepless at night; you become irritable, constantly feeling out of control; and worse yet, you begin to hate it. But even despite the natural aging process, the body has an amazing ability to adapt. When you start to lift heavy objects, it responds: \u201cYou want to lift heavy things, I\u2019ll give you muscles to make it easier!\u201d When you start to run regularly, it responds:"}, {"title": "", "text": "I\u2019m puzzled that we\u2019ve come to associate the body with shame. We\u2019ve come to view our body as something rather foreign, when it is something we ought to be as intimate with as we possibly can. Along with the brain, it is possibly the most awe-worthy thing about our existence, yet one of the biggest sources of responsibility. The body is like a helpless child \u2013 a fragile treasure that must constantly be cared for, nurtured, and carefully watched over by Mother Brain. We are at odds with its power and what it can do to us if we left it to its own devices. Without a watchful guardian, it would fall apart \u2013 slowly, but surely, and can be difficult to turn around. Muscles atrophy, leaving nothing to support the bones and organs. Fat would move in and make itself at home, cluttering up your body. And then the power shifts \u2013 instead of you having control over your body, it starts to control you. You move in accordance with what your body wants and not what you want your body to do. You become sleepy during the day yet sleepless at night; you become irritable, constantly feeling out of control; and worse yet, you begin to hate it. But even despite the natural aging process, the body has an amazing ability to adapt. When you start to lift heavy objects, it responds: \u201cYou want to lift heavy things, I\u2019ll give you muscles to make it easier!\u201d When you start to run regularly, it responds:"}, {"title": "", "text": "to hate your body. You're stuck with it and to me, it was a painful reminder of every failure and imperfection in my life. Sad isn't it? Soul destroyingly sad. That's why I had to change. You only have one body. It does so many wonderful things. It doesn't deserve to be hated. Sorry to break it to you, but you are indeed stuck with it! (Unless you can afford to go through surgery of course.) So you might as well save your energy, money and accept it. My body has been through a lot. Hatred, starvation, pain and over indulgence. It has changed a lot, I've seen it change shapes and weight but finally I have come to a point where I'm happy with it. It may not be toned and yes I have a few wobbly bits, but they're mine and I loved that chocolate oreo cheesecake. Yet I walk into a room with confidence, the girl who would find a corner to hide in is long gone as I now \"work the room\", as they say. From years of wanting the small frail frame, I now shiver at the thought. I have a strong frame of a 21 year old woman. I want to travel, work hard and enjoy every aspect that life has to offer. I refuse to let any negative thoughts about myself cloud my mind and diminish my opportunity to enjoy the life I can live. That is why I am not afraid to love my body and show it."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cI hate you and I wish I wasn\u2019t you.\u201d I would fantasize how my life would be different if I were not overweight. One day I snapped and tried to kill myself because I didn\u2019t want to go on living like this anymore. I ended up in the care of a child psychiatrist. He diagnosed me with major depression and started me on a cycle of Zoloft. I was only 13 years old when this happened and I remember the next day going into school trying to pretend I didn\u2019t try to kill myself the day before. Flash forward 7 years. About a year abstinent from anorexia and bulimia my body dysmorphia crept back into my life. At one point during a photo shoot, someone made a comment that my skin was red. The way it came out of his mouth made me feel vulnerable and ashamed. It sounded to me that it was going to keep me from being successful. Successful in my eyes was acceptance. I based my self-worth upon acceptance from my peers. If I didn\u2019t feel accepted, I felt alone and ashamed. My only way of coping with shame at the time was through self-hate. Out of fear, I spent the next six months researching on why my skin was red and finally got a diagnosis of Rosacea. I remember hiding my self by wearing a ball cap below my eyes and big sunglasses to cover half of my face. I didn\u2019t want to be seen and it was my only way"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cI hate you and I wish I wasn\u2019t you.\u201d I would fantasize how my life would be different if I were not overweight. One day I snapped and tried to kill myself because I didn\u2019t want to go on living like this anymore. I ended up in the care of a child psychiatrist. He diagnosed me with major depression and started me on a cycle of Zoloft. I was only 13 years old when this happened and I remember the next day going into school trying to pretend I didn\u2019t try to kill myself the day before. Flash forward 7 years. About a year abstinent from anorexia and bulimia my body dysmorphia crept back into my life. At one point during a photo shoot, someone made a comment that my skin was red. The way it came out of his mouth made me feel vulnerable and ashamed. It sounded to me that it was going to keep me from being successful. Successful in my eyes was acceptance. I based my self-worth upon acceptance from my peers. If I didn\u2019t feel accepted, I felt alone and ashamed. My only way of coping with shame at the time was through self-hate. Out of fear, I spent the next six months researching on why my skin was red and finally got a diagnosis of Rosacea. I remember hiding my self by wearing a ball cap below my eyes and big sunglasses to cover half of my face. I didn\u2019t want to be seen and it was my only way"}, {"title": "", "text": "read somewhere that you can change the way you are feeling by changing the way you dress-up or by adopting a new style for the moment. Our body is something that will remain changed for long, it\u2019s more than a usual or occasional make-up, it\u2019s something that we wear every day, even when we are asleep. We must take some time out to take care of ourselves, our physical and mental health. I have never heard that someone died because they spent 10-15 minutes exercising every day (Side-note: people do die even after doing exercises!). If you are skinny, try and put on some weight, work towards your desirable self; if you are fat, work towards losing a few pounds, work towards what you think will improve your personality, work towards what you think will improve your own perception of yourself."}, {"title": "", "text": "When I see my body, nothing I see is attached to reality. My body dismorphia has made my perception of myself be skewed for the past 3-4 years. In my mind I\u2019m this wide hipped, big armed, weird bellied, funny faced looking monster. This sort of negativity changes the way I live day to day. If I go to an audition and I feel particularly lardish, for the next two weeks I\u2019ll work out like 5 hours a day and eat only greens until my focus shifts. It sounds really manic and it is. The lengths I go to in order to \u201cbetter\u201d myself are extreme. If I could love myself as I am, my time would be filled so much better. I mean this mania certainly shows I\u2019ve got a real work ethic and drive- if I could love myself all the time as I am, I would be able to fully give myself to the people I love and the things I love to do. It sounds like I\u2019m always manic and hateful about this stuff. I recognize by many standards I meet some sort of appropriate level of attractiveness. I am aware and grateful for the privileges my skin color and appearance have given me. But somewhere along the way I was taught to hate myself and everyday I am trying to learn to undo the lesson inside of myself. I would love to see my stomach differently. I know it\u2019s cliche but it\u2019s true. I send a lot of hate to my"}, {"title": "", "text": "despair. All of the sudden I was body-checking again. (For those of you who are unfamiliar with the term, it is exactly what it sounds like.) I would walk up to the mirror sideways instead of face-first like a person would normally do. I would spend so much time looking for flaws, and I would find plenty of them. ED loves it when you hate yourself. After poking and prodding and turning and staring I would always walk away dissatisfied and disgusted. Eventually it got to the point that I hated my reflection so much that I stopped looking all together. I spent my days in my pajamas, not bothering to shower or get dressed because what was the point? It wasn't until my best friend verbally slapped me that I snapped out of it. She came by to visit one night shortly before she left for treatment. We were about to go outside so I took my sweater off and put on my coat. My head was down as I was putting on my boots when she said, \"What are you, not eating??\" I literally froze. I hadn't really truly realized how bad things were until she said those words. It was like everything came tumbling down all at once. All of the sudden I was able to see myself through everyone else's eyes and not my own ED goggles...and it wasn't a pretty sight. I needed to change things, and change them fast. It wasn't easy, and every bone in my body was screaming"}, {"title": "", "text": "despair. All of the sudden I was body-checking again. (For those of you who are unfamiliar with the term, it is exactly what it sounds like.) I would walk up to the mirror sideways instead of face-first like a person would normally do. I would spend so much time looking for flaws, and I would find plenty of them. ED loves it when you hate yourself. After poking and prodding and turning and staring I would always walk away dissatisfied and disgusted. Eventually it got to the point that I hated my reflection so much that I stopped looking all together. I spent my days in my pajamas, not bothering to shower or get dressed because what was the point? It wasn't until my best friend verbally slapped me that I snapped out of it. She came by to visit one night shortly before she left for treatment. We were about to go outside so I took my sweater off and put on my coat. My head was down as I was putting on my boots when she said, \"What are you, not eating??\" I literally froze. I hadn't really truly realized how bad things were until she said those words. It was like everything came tumbling down all at once. All of the sudden I was able to see myself through everyone else's eyes and not my own ED goggles...and it wasn't a pretty sight. I needed to change things, and change them fast. It wasn't easy, and every bone in my body was screaming"}, {"title": "", "text": "were in the water, walking on the sand, playing with their kids, letting it all hang out. And here I was, young and thin and half encased in spandex. I looked around me to make sure that I didn't know anyone, and I just thought, Screw it. I peeled off the bike pants, and I was fluorescent white underneath. I went into the ocean for the first time in years. I'm sure I cried from the shame and sadness. The whole charade was just so pathetic\u2014and exhausting. I so badly wanted to be a normal person. I was surrounded by people who weren't supermodels by any stretch, but they all seemed comfortable in their skin\u2014or at least comfortable enough to wear a bathing suit in full view and jump in the water on the hottest day of the year. Why was I such a loser? Such a freak? That internal monologue of hate speech was familiar to me. Whenever I'd inevitably fall off my dieting wagon and binge on candy, I'd wake up the next morning with a headache and a sick feeling in my stomach. Then I'd be positively evil to myself. I'd tell myself that I was weak, gross, disgusting. For the next several days I would physically punish myself. I'd drink liters of water but wouldn't eat until after 4:00 p.m., at which point I'd allow myself a head of lettuce. Then I'd go for an eight-mile run. It wasn't just that I had a crazy notion that eating a bowl of ice"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the evening until I got home and decided I was a little peckish so had some fruit and a hot choc before bed, its totally strange, I really can\u2019t believe it, everything is different and so so much better. I feel great about my self, as you said, I feel confident and like I am \u2018dazzling\u2019!! I\u2019m not quite sure what my boyfriend quite knew what to think when I got undressed for bed with the lights on rather than off, something I would never have done before but I thaught to myself, I have a nice body and why hide it! Similar thaughts must of being going through my head when I baught a brand new and rather revealing dress shopping last night, I thaught to myself, \u2018I can wear that, why not\u2019! I seem to be more motivated with everything, when my alarm went off this morning, instead of my old thinking of \u2018I really dont want to get up, I am not ready to face the day, I simply thaught \u2018oh better get up, things I want to do and want to make a start, I felt refreshed and alive and in years I have never felt like that!! As Tim\u2019s\u2019 ability to correct bulimia had become more and more well known his prices rose substantially. For this reason and in order to make sure that nobody was \u201cpriced out\u201d Tim created a complete self help audio system for correcting bulimia nervosa. It\u2019s that system that\u2019s available here. It\u2019s a large system"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the evening until I got home and decided I was a little peckish so had some fruit and a hot choc before bed, its totally strange, I really can\u2019t believe it, everything is different and so so much better. I feel great about my self, as you said, I feel confident and like I am \u2018dazzling\u2019!! I\u2019m not quite sure what my boyfriend quite knew what to think when I got undressed for bed with the lights on rather than off, something I would never have done before but I thaught to myself, I have a nice body and why hide it! Similar thaughts must of being going through my head when I baught a brand new and rather revealing dress shopping last night, I thaught to myself, \u2018I can wear that, why not\u2019! I seem to be more motivated with everything, when my alarm went off this morning, instead of my old thinking of \u2018I really dont want to get up, I am not ready to face the day, I simply thaught \u2018oh better get up, things I want to do and want to make a start, I felt refreshed and alive and in years I have never felt like that!! As Tim\u2019s\u2019 ability to correct bulimia had become more and more well known his prices rose substantially. For this reason and in order to make sure that nobody was \u201cpriced out\u201d Tim created a complete self help audio system for correcting bulimia nervosa. It\u2019s that system that\u2019s available here. It\u2019s a large system"}, {"title": "", "text": "of sleep because you didn't work out. If you make the decision to skip it, then own that and keep moving forward. Health isn't just about what is on our plates. There is another large part that is about getting outside, being social, exercising, having stimulating conversation, feeling emotionally fulfilled, having supportive relationships, being financially secure, being spiritual, having a comfortable environment to live in, taking time for yourself, pursuing new hobbies, etc. Take a look at all aspects of your life and see what is lacking and what is flourishing. Be honest with yourself. If you feel a certain area is deficient, give it some love and attention. Small acts can make a big difference. The way that most people talk to themselves is just plain awful. I once saw a quote that said, \"you would never talk to a friend the way that you talk to yourself.\" It's very easy to be extremely judgmental and hard on ourselves. Trust me, I know. But, we need to start loving and respecting ourselves more. When you begin to show yourself some more acceptance and compassion, you won't want to disrespect it by feeding it garbage. Once I began reading food labels, I was blown away with all the crap I was putting into my beloved body. I didn't want to do it anymore. I wanted to be clean and free of toxins from the inside out. Furthermore, when I began to learn about all the magnificent side effects of whole foods, I wanted more and more."}, {"title": "", "text": "

    \"Donna\" Rachel


    Question: How long ago were you diagnosed with breast cancer?

    Rachel: I was diagnosed in February 2006.

    Question: How did the consequent treatment phase affect you physically/emotionally?

    Rachel: I first had surgery then chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which lasted until September last year. Physically it left me ill and exhausted, which made looking after my daughter who was one at the time, very challenging. I put on 8 kilos just through the total inactivity and the affect it has on your metabolism. Emotionally, it was very difficult at the start, to come to terms with being told I had a life threatening illness. It was also very hard to see what the treatment was doing to my body and my overall appearance, by the end of it, my self esteem was at an all time low.

    Question: How did you decide what course of action you would take to reclaim your health and strength?

    Rachel: During chemotherapy, I just had to have something to look forward to at the end of my treatment. I hated the way I felt and the way I looked, I really had to reclaim my life. That was when I contacted Donna, I first met her 5 months before I finished treatment and I was so excited that I booked"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.15795999765396118, -0.1858198493719101, -0.17610102891921997, -0.26154738664627075, -0.2245779037475586, -0.2608022689819336, -0.2536802887916565, -0.25144219398498535, -0.26706111431121826, -0.26628977060317993, -0.18622228503227234, -0.1543349325656891, -0.22072088718414307, -0.24209952354431152, -0.2675360441207886, -0.18034477531909943, -0.1720387190580368, -0.27372995018959045, -0.18970590829849243, -0.2941826581954956, -0.24387401342391968, -0.23966144025325775, -0.20323093235492706, -0.2502481937408447, -0.29501575231552124, -0.24612301588058472, -0.2648157775402069, -0.24001102149486542, -0.2648007273674011, -0.2814987301826477, -0.26038992404937744, -0.23684459924697876, -0.20587807893753052, -0.24291855096817017, -0.20132318139076233, -0.1975335329771042, -0.14876602590084076, -0.20238760113716125, -0.24025431275367737, -0.2610088288784027, -0.27457287907600403, -0.21734285354614258, -0.13938187062740326, -0.2652619183063507, -0.21664714813232422, -0.2459496110677719], "y": [-0.07928695529699326, -0.1005762442946434, -0.08980626612901688, -0.11394183337688446, -0.021686473861336708, -0.10877300053834915, -0.08189161121845245, -0.12263338267803192, -0.09455252438783646, -0.13524244725704193, -0.06782615184783936, -0.123275987803936, -0.11248067766427994, -0.1002817302942276, -0.045292142778635025, -0.14891289174556732, -0.08859498053789139, -0.1083676666021347, -0.12409850209951401, -0.07424256950616837, -0.08046416938304901, -0.08009781688451767, -0.04747939109802246, -0.09874860942363739, -0.12060164660215378, -0.13453124463558197, -0.04235558211803436, -0.06175990775227547, -0.11217428743839264, -0.09151296317577362, -0.13793857395648956, -0.06231699138879776, -0.06265751272439957, -0.13666200637817383, -0.1170152798295021, -0.08980866521596909, -0.12874288856983185, -0.08134713023900986, -0.10850886255502701, -0.06282255798578262, -0.10501754283905029, -0.05754447355866432, -0.1449132114648819, -0.09623488038778305, -0.06687899678945541, -0.11425875872373581], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 7", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(252,205,229)"}, "text": ["Document 1001", "Document 1010", "Document 1013", "Document 1021", "Document 1025", "Document 1034", "Document 1037", "Document 1050", "Document 1066", "Document 1071", "Document 1077", "Document 1097", "Document 1108", "Document 1111", "Document 1114", "Document 1127", "Document 1146", "Document 1154", "Document 1163", "Document 1178", "Document 1190", "Document 1199", "Document 1224", "Document 1228", "Document 1239", "Document 1242", "Document 1259", "Document 1279", "Document 1283", "Document 1309", "Document 1336", "Document 1344", "Document 1345", "Document 1353", "Document 1368", "Document 1377", "Document 1379", "Document 1395", "Document 1398", "Document 1410", "Document 1411", "Document 1413", "Document 1417", "Document 1431", "Document 1452", "Document 1488"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "darkness which the blind do see: Save that my soul's imaginary sight Presents thy shadow to my sightless view, Which, like a jewel (hung in ghastly night, Makes black night beauteous, and her old face new. Lo! thus, by day my limbs, by night my mind, For thee, and for myself, no quiet find. ### XXVIII ### How can I then return in happy plight, That am debarre'd the benefit of rest? When day's oppression is not eas'd by night, But day by night and night by day oppress'd, And each, though enemies to either's reign, Do in consent shake hands to torture me, The one by toil, the other to complain How far I toil, still farther off from thee. I tell the day, to please him thou art bright, And dost him grace when clouds do blot the heaven: So flatter I the swart-complexion'd night, When sparkling stars twire not thou gild'st the even. But day doth daily draw my sorrows longer, And night doth nightly make grief's length seem stronger. ### XXIX ### When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes I all alone beweep my outcast state, And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, And look upon myself, and curse my fate, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, Featur'd like him, like him with friends possess'd, Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope, With what I most enjoy contented least; Yet in these thoughts my self almost despising, Haply I think on thee,-- and then my state,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Like to the lark at break of day arising From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings. ### XXX ### When to the sessions of sweet silent thought I summon up remembrance of things past, I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought, And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste: Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow, For precious friends hid in death's dateless night, And weep afresh love's long since cancell'd woe, And moan the expense of many a vanish'd sight: Then can I grieve at grievances foregone, And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan, Which I new pay as if not paid before. But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restor'd and sorrows end. ### XXXI ### Thy bosom is endeared with all hearts, Which I by lacking have supposed dead; And there reigns Love, and all Love's loving parts, And all those friends which I thought buried. How many a holy and obsequious tear Hath dear religious love stol'n from mine eye, As interest of the dead, which now appear But things remov'd that hidden in thee lie! Thou art the grave where buried love doth live, Hung with the trophies of my lovers gone, Who all their parts of me to thee did give, That due of many now is thine alone: Their images"}, {"title": "", "text": "found that loss; Both find each other, and I lose both twain, And both for my sake lay on me this cross: But here's the joy; my friend and I are one; Sweet flattery! then she loves but me alone. ### XLIII ### When most I wink, then do mine eyes best see, For all the day they view things unrespected; But when I sleep, in dreams they look on thee, And darkly bright, are bright in dark directed. Then thou, whose shadow shadows doth make bright, How would thy shadow's form form happy show To the clear day with thy much clearer light, When to unseeing eyes thy shade shines so! How would, I say, mine eyes be blessed made By looking on thee in the living day, When in dead night thy fair imperfect shade Through heavy sleep on sightless eyes doth stay! All days are nights to see till I see thee, And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me. ### XLIV ### If the dull substance of my flesh were thought, Injurious distance should not stop my way; For then despite of space I would be brought, From limits far remote, where thou dost stay. No matter then although my foot did stand Upon the farthest earth remov'd from thee; For nimble thought can jump both sea and land, As soon as think the place where he would be. But, ah! thought kills me that I am not thought, To leap large lengths of miles when thou art gone, But"}, {"title": "", "text": "at your window, To be your Valentine. Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes, And dupp'd the chamber-door; Let in the maid, that out a maid Never departed more. KING CLAUDIUS Pretty Ophelia! OPHELIA Indeed, la, without an oath, I'll make an end on't: Sings By Gis and by Saint Charity, Alack, and fie for shame! Young men will do't, if they come to't; By cock, they are to blame. Quoth she, before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. So would I ha' done, by yonder sun, An thou hadst not come to my bed. KING CLAUDIUS How long hath she been thus? OPHELIA I hope all will be well. We must be patient: but I cannot choose but weep, to think they should lay him i' the cold ground. My brother shall know of it: and so I thank you for your good counsel. Come, my coach! Good night, ladies; good night, sweet ladies; good night, good night. Exit KING CLAUDIUS Follow her close; give her good watch, I pray you. Exit HORATIO O, this is the poison of deep grief; it springs All from her father's death. O Gertrude, Gertrude, When sorrows come, they come not single spies But in battalions. First, her father slain: Next, your son gone; and he most violent author Of his own just remove: the people muddied, Thick and unwholesome in their thoughts and whispers, For good Polonius' death; and we have done but greenly, In"}, {"title": "", "text": "and update your internet browser today!

    SCENE. Court of Macbeth's castle.

    (Enter BANQUO, and FLEANCE bearing a torch before him)

    BANQUO
    How goes the night, boy?

    FLEANCE
    The moon is down; I have not heard the clock.

    BANQUO
    And she goes down at twelve.

    FLEANCE
    I take't, 'tis later, sir.

    BANQUO
    Hold, take my sword. There's husbandry in heaven;
    Their candles are all out. Take thee that too.
    A heavy summons lies like lead upon me,
    And yet I would not sleep: merciful powers,
    Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature
    Gives way to in repose!

    (Enter MACBETH, and a Servant with a torch)

    Give me my sword.
    Who's there?

    MACBETH
    A friend.

    BANQUO
    What, sir, not yet at rest? The king's a-bed:
    He hath been in unusual pleasure, and
    Sent forth great largess to your offices.
    This diamond he greets your wife withal,
    By the name of most kind hostess; and shut up
    In measureless content.

    MACBETH
    Being unprepared,
    Our will became the servant to defect;
    Which else should free have wrought.

    BANQUO
    All's well.
    I dreamt last night of the three weird sisters:
    To you they have show'd some truth.

    MACBETH
    I think not of them:
    Yet, when we can entreat an hour to serve,
    We would spend it in some"}, {"title": "", "text": "your window To be your Valentine. Then vp he rose, and dond his close, and dupt the chamber doore, Let in the maide, that out a maide, neuer departed more. King. Pretty Ophelia. Oph. Indeede without an oath Ile make an end on't, By gis and by Saint Charitie, alack and fie for shame, Young men will doo't if they come too't, by Cock they are too blame. Quoth she, Before you tumbled me, you promisd me to wed, (He answers.) So would I a done by yonder sunne And thou hadst not come to my bed. King. How long hath she beene thus? Oph. I hope all will be well, we must be patient, but I cannot chuse but weepe to thinke they would lay him i'th cold ground, my brother shall know of it, and so I thanke you for your good counsaile. Come my Coach, God night Ladies, god night, Sweet Ladyes god night, god night. King. Follow her close, giue her good watch I pray you. O this is the poyson of deepe griefe, it springs All from her Fathers death, and now behold, o Gertrard, Gertrard, When sorrows come, they come not single spyes, But in battalians: first her"}, {"title": "", "text": "chamber. Exeunt Re-enter Servants severally NATHANIEL Peter, didst ever see the like? PETER He kills her in her own humour. Re-enter CURTIS GRUMIO Where is he? CURTIS In her chamber, making a sermon of continency to her; And rails, and swears, and rates, that she, poor soul, Knows not which way to stand, to look, to speak, And sits as one new-risen from a dream. Away, away! for he is coming hither. Exeunt Re-enter PETRUCHIO PETRUCHIO Thus have I politicly begun my reign, And 'tis my hope to end successfully. My falcon now is sharp and passing empty; And till she stoop she must not be full-gorged, For then she never looks upon her lure. Another way I have to man my haggard, To make her come and know her keeper's call, That is, to watch her, as we watch these kites That bate and beat and will not be obedient. She eat no meat to-day, nor none shall eat; Last night she slept not, nor to-night she shall not; As with the meat, some undeserved fault I'll find about the making of the bed; And here I'll fling the pillow, there the bolster, This way the coverlet, another way the sheets: Ay, and amid this hurly I intend That all is done in reverend care of her; And in conclusion she shall watch all night: And if she chance to nod I'll rail and brawl And with the clamour keep her still awake. This is"}, {"title": "", "text": "and let them tell thee tales Of woeful ages long ago betid; And ere thou bid good night, to quit their griefs, Tell thou the lamentable tale of me And send the hearers weeping to their beds: For why, the senseless brands will sympathize The heavy accent of thy moving tongue And in compassion weep the fire out; And some will mourn in ashes, some coal-black, For the deposing of a rightful king. Enter NORTHUMBERLAND and others NORTHUMBERLAND My lord, the mind of Bolingbroke is changed: You must to Pomfret, not unto the Tower. And, madam, there is order ta'en for you; With all swift speed you must away to France. KING RICHARD II Northumberland, thou ladder wherewithal The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne, The time shall not be many hours of age More than it is ere foul sin gathering head Shalt break into corruption: thou shalt think, Though he divide the realm and give thee half, It is too little, helping him to all; And he shall think that thou, which know'st the way To plant unrightful kings, wilt know again, Being ne'er so little urged, another way To pluck him headlong from the usurped throne. The love of wicked men converts to fear; That fear to hate, and hate turns one or both To worthy danger and deserved death. NORTHUMBERLAND My guilt be on my head, and there an end. Take leave and part; for you must part forthwith. KING RICHARD II Doubly divorced! Bad"}, {"title": "", "text": "rose again? GREMIO Trembled and shook; for why, he stamp'd and swore, As if the vicar meant to cozen him. But after many ceremonies done, He calls for wine: 'A health!' quoth he, as if He had been aboard, carousing to his mates After a storm; quaff'd off the muscadel And threw the sops all in the sexton's face; Having no other reason But that his beard grew thin and hungerly And seem'd to ask him sops as he was drinking. This done, he took the bride about the neck And kiss'd her lips with such a clamorous smack That at the parting all the church did echo: And I seeing this came thence for very shame; And after me, I know, the rout is coming. Such a mad marriage never was before: Hark, hark! I hear the minstrels play. Music Re-enter PETRUCHIO, KATHARINA, BIANCA, BAPTISTA, HORTENSIO, GRUMIO, and Train PETRUCHIO Gentlemen and friends, I thank you for your pains: I know you think to dine with me to-day, And have prepared great store of wedding cheer; But so it is, my haste doth call me hence, And therefore here I mean to take my leave. BAPTISTA Is't possible you will away to-night? PETRUCHIO I must away to-day, before night come: Make it no wonder; if you knew my business, You would entreat me rather go than stay. And, honest company, I thank you all, That have beheld me give away myself To this most patient, sweet and"}, {"title": "", "text": "traitor, My name be blotted from the book of life, And I from heaven banish'd as from hence! But what thou art, God, thou, and I do know; And all too soon, I fear, the king shall rue. Farewell, my liege. Now no way can I stray; Save back to England, all the world's my way. Exit KING RICHARD II Uncle, even in the glasses of thine eyes I see thy grieved heart: thy sad aspect Hath from the number of his banish'd years Pluck'd four away. To HENRY BOLINGBROKE Six frozen winter spent, Return with welcome home from banishment. HENRY BOLINGBROKE How long a time lies in one little word! Four lagging winters and four wanton springs End in a word: such is the breath of kings. JOHN OF GAUNT I thank my liege, that in regard of me He shortens four years of my son's exile: But little vantage shall I reap thereby; For, ere the six years that he hath to spend Can change their moons and bring their times about My oil-dried lamp and time-bewasted light Shall be extinct with age and endless night; My inch of taper will be burnt and done, And blindfold death not let me see my son. KING RICHARD II Why uncle, thou hast many years to live. JOHN OF GAUNT But not a minute, king, that thou canst give: Shorten my days thou canst with sullen sorrow, And pluck nights from me, but not lend a"}, {"title": "", "text": "of these pursy times
    Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
    Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good.

    QUEEN GERTRUDE
    O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain.

    HAMLET
    O, throw away the worser part of it,
    And live the purer with the other half.
    Good night: but go not to mine uncle's bed;
    Assume a virtue, if you have it not.
    That monster, custom, who all sense doth eat,
    Of habits devil, is angel yet in this,
    That to the use of actions fair and good
    He likewise gives a frock or livery,
    That aptly is put on. Refrain to-night,
    And that shall lend a kind of easiness
    To the next abstinence: the next more easy;
    For use almost can change the stamp of nature,
    And either [ ] the devil, or throw him out
    With wondrous potency. Once more, good night:
    And when you are desirous to be bless'd,
    I'll blessing beg of you. For this same lord,

    (Pointing to POLONIUS)

    I do repent: but heaven hath pleased it so,
    To punish me with this and this with me,
    That I must be their scourge and minister.
    I will bestow him, and will answer well
    The death I gave him. So, again, good night.
    I must be cruel, only to be kind:
    Thus bad begins and worse remains behind.
    One"}, {"title": "", "text": "touches prone, Nor taste, nor smell, desire to be invited To any sensual feast with thee alone: But my five wits nor my five senses can Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee, Who leaves unsway'd the likeness of a man, Thy proud heart's slave and vassal wretch to be: Only my plague thus far I count my gain, That she that makes me sin awards me pain. ### CXLII ### Love is my sin, and thy dear virtue hate, Hate of my sin, grounded on sinful loving: O! but with mine compare thou thine own state, And thou shalt find it merits not reproving; Or, if it do, not from those lips of thine, That have profan'd their scarlet ornaments And seal'd false bonds of love as oft as mine, Robb'd others' beds' revenues of their rents. Be it lawful I love thee, as thou lov'st those Whom thine eyes woo as mine importune thee: Root pity in thy heart, that, when it grows, Thy pity may deserve to pitied be. If thou dost seek to have what thou dost hide, By self-example mayst thou be denied! ### CXLIII ### Lo, as a careful housewife runs to catch One of her feather'd creatures broke away, Sets down her babe, and makes all swift dispatch In pursuit of the thing she would have stay; Whilst her neglected child holds her in chase, Cries to catch her whose busy care is bent To follow that which flies before her face, Not prizing her poor infant's discontent; So"}, {"title": "", "text": "even now, In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom Devesting them for bed; and then, but now-- As if some planet had unwitted men-- Swords out, and tilting one at other's breast, In opposition bloody. I cannot speak Any beginning to this peevish odds; And would in action glorious I had lost Those legs that brought me to a part of it! OTHELLO How comes it, Michael, you are thus forgot? CASSIO I pray you, pardon me; I cannot speak. OTHELLO Worthy Montano, you were wont be civil; The gravity and stillness of your youth The world hath noted, and your name is great In mouths of wisest censure: what's the matter, That you unlace your reputation thus And spend your rich opinion for the name Of a night-brawler? give me answer to it. MONTANO Worthy Othello, I am hurt to danger: Your officer, Iago, can inform you,-- While I spare speech, which something now offends me,-- Of all that I do know: nor know I aught By me that's said or done amiss this night; Unless self-charity be sometimes a vice, And to defend ourselves it be a sin When violence assails us. OTHELLO Now, by heaven, My blood begins my safer guides to rule; And passion, having my best judgment collied, Assays to lead the way: if I once stir, Or do but lift this arm, the best of you Shall sink in my rebuke. Give me to know How this foul"}, {"title": "", "text": "my sport and profit. I hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that 'twixt my sheets He has done my office: I know not if't be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety. He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. Cassio's a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery--How, how? Let's see:-- After some time, to abuse Othello's ear That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected, framed to make women false. The Moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. I have't. It is engender'd. Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light. Exit ACT II SCENE I. A Sea-port in Cyprus. An open place near the quay. Enter MONTANO and two Gentlemen MONTANO What from the cape can you discern at sea? First Gentleman Nothing at all: it is a highwrought flood; I cannot, 'twixt the heaven and the main, Descry a sail. MONTANO Methinks the wind hath spoke aloud at land; A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements: If it hath ruffian'd so upon the sea, What ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them, Can hold the mortise? What shall we"}, {"title": "", "text": "Away, you rogue, away! I am sleepy.

    1. ABHORSON
    2. Tell him he must awake, and that quickly too.
    1. POMPEY
    2. Pray, Master Barnardine, awake till you are
    3. executed, and sleep afterwards.
    1. ABHORSON
    2. Go in to him, and fetch him out.
    1. POMPEY
    2. He is coming, sir, he is coming; I hear his straw rustle.
    1. ABHORSON
    2. Is the axe upon the block, sirrah?
    1. POMPEY
    2. Very ready, sir.
    Enter BARNARDINE
    1. BARNARDINE
    2. How now, Abhorson? what's the news with you?
    1. ABHORSON
    2. Truly, sir, I would desire you to clap into your
    3. prayers; for, look you, the warrant's come.
    1. BARNARDINE
    2. You rogue, I have been drinking all night; I am not
    3. fitted for 't.
    1. POMPEY
    2. O, the better, sir; for he that drinks all night,
    3. and is hanged betimes in the morning, may sleep the
    4. sounder all the next day.
    1. ABHORSON
    2. Look you, sir; here comes your ghostly father: do
    3. we jest now, think you?
    Enter DUKE VINCENTIO disguised as before
    1. DUKE VINCENTIO
    2. Sir, induced by my charity, and hearing how hastily
    3. you are to depart, I am come to advise you, comfort
    4. you and pray with you.
    1. BARNARDINE
    2. Friar, not I I have been drinking hard all night,
    3. and I will have more"}, {"title": "", "text": "runn'st thou after that which flies from thee, Whilst I thy babe chase thee afar behind; But if thou catch thy hope, turn back to me, And play the mother's part, kiss me, be kind; So will I pray that thou mayst have thy 'Will,' If thou turn back and my loud crying still. ### CXLIV ### Two loves I have of comfort and despair, Which like two spirits do suggest me still: The better angel is a man right fair, The worser spirit a woman colour'd ill. To win me soon to hell, my female evil, Tempteth my better angel from my side, And would corrupt my saint to be a devil, Wooing his purity with her foul pride. And whether that my angel be turn'd fiend, Suspect I may, yet not directly tell; But being both from me, both to each friend, I guess one angel in another's hell: Yet this shall I ne'er know, but live in doubt, Till my bad angel fire my good one out. ### CXLV ### Those lips that Love's own hand did make, Breathed forth the sound that said 'I hate', To me that languish'd for her sake: But when she saw my woeful state, Straight in her heart did mercy come, Chiding that tongue that ever sweet Was us'd in giving gentle doom; And taught it thus anew to greet; 'I hate' she alter'd with an end, That followed it as gentle day, Doth follow night, who like a fiend From heaven to hell is flown away."}, {"title": "", "text": "oft predict that I in heaven find: But from thine eyes my knowledge I derive, And constant stars in them I read such art As 'Truth and beauty shall together thrive, If from thyself, to store thou wouldst convert'; Or else of thee this I prognosticate: 'Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date.' ### XV ### When I consider every thing that grows Holds in perfection but a little moment, That this huge stage presenteth nought but shows Whereon the stars in secret influence comment; When I perceive that men as plants increase, Cheered and checked even by the self-same sky, Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease, And wear their brave state out of memory; Then the conceit of this inconstant stay Sets you most rich in youth before my sight, Where wasteful Time debateth with decay To change your day of youth to sullied night, And all in war with Time for love of you, As he takes from you, I engraft you new. ### XVI ### But wherefore do not you a mightier way Make war upon this bloody tyrant, Time? And fortify your self in your decay With means more blessed than my barren rhyme? Now stand you on the top of happy hours, And many maiden gardens, yet unset, With virtuous wish would bear you living flowers, Much liker than your painted counterfeit: So should the lines of life that life repair, Which this, Time's pencil, or my pupil pen, Neither in inward worth nor outward fair, Can"}, {"title": "", "text": "mind's eye, Horatio. HORATIO I saw him once; he was a goodly king. HAMLET He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again. HORATIO My lord, I think I saw him yesternight. HAMLET Saw? who? HORATIO My lord, the king your father. HAMLET The king my father! HORATIO Season your admiration for awhile With an attent ear, till I may deliver, Upon the witness of these gentlemen, This marvel to you. HAMLET For God's love, let me hear. HORATIO Two nights together had these gentlemen, Marcellus and Bernardo, on their watch, In the dead vast and middle of the night, Been thus encounter'd. A figure like your father, Armed at point exactly, cap-a-pe, Appears before them, and with solemn march Goes slow and stately by them: thrice he walk'd By their oppress'd and fear-surprised eyes, Within his truncheon's length; whilst they, distilled Almost to jelly with the act of fear, Stand dumb and speak not to him. This to me In dreadful secrecy impart they did; And I with them the third night kept the watch; Where, as they had deliver'd, both in time, Form of the thing, each word made true and good, The apparition comes: I knew your father; These hands are not more like. HAMLET But where was this? MARCELLUS My lord, upon the platform where we watch'd. HAMLET Did"}, {"title": "", "text": "the show appear; That love is merchandiz'd, whose rich esteeming, The owner's tongue doth publish every where. Our love was new, and then but in the spring, When I was wont to greet it with my lays; As Philomel in summer's front doth sing, And stops her pipe in growth of riper days: Not that the summer is less pleasant now Than when her mournful hymns did hush the night, But that wild music burthens every bough, And sweets grown common lose their dear delight. Therefore like her, I sometime hold my tongue: Because I would not dull you with my song. ### CIII ### Alack! what poverty my Muse brings forth, That having such a scope to show her pride, The argument, all bare, is of more worth Than when it hath my added praise beside! O! blame me not, if I no more can write! Look in your glass, and there appears a face That over-goes my blunt invention quite, Dulling my lines, and doing me disgrace. Were it not sinful then, striving to mend, To mar the subject that before was well? For to no other pass my verses tend Than of your graces and your gifts to tell; And more, much more, than in my verse can sit, Your own glass shows you when you look in it. ### CIV ### To me, fair friend, you never can be old, For as you were when first your eye I ey'd, Such seems your beauty still. Three winters cold, Have from the forests"}, {"title": "", "text": "open hand in sign of love;
    4. Else might I think that Clarence, Edward\u2019s brother,
    5. Were but a feigned friend to our proceedings.
    6. But welcome, sweet Clarence, my daughter shall be thine.
    7. And now what rests but, in night\u2019s coverture,
    8. Thy brother being carelessly encamp\u2019d,
    9. His soldiers lurking in the town about,
    10. And but attended by a simple guard,
    11. We may surprise and take him at our pleasure?
    12. Our scouts have found the adventure very easy;
    13. That as Ulysses and stout Diomede
    14. With sleight and manhood stole to Rhesus\u2019 tents
    15. And brought from thence the Thracian fatal steeds,
    16. So we, well cover\u2019d with the night\u2019s black mantle,
    17. At unawares may beat down Edward\u2019s guard,
    18. And seize himself; I say not, slaughter him,
    19. For I intend but only to surprise him.
    20. You that will follow me to this attempt,
    21. Applaud the name of Henry with your leader.
    22. They all cry, \u201cHenry!\u201d
    23. Why then, let\u2019s on our way in silent sort.
    24. For Warwick and his friends, God and Saint George!
    Exeunt. WAR. OXF. French Soldiers CLAR. D. SOM.

    Scene 3

    Edward\u2019s camp near Warwick.

    Enter three Watchmen to guard the King\u2019s tent. 1. WATCH. 2. WATCH. 3. WATCH.
    1. Come on, my masters, each man take his stand,
    2. The King by this is set him down to sleep.
    1. What, will he not to bed?
    1. Why, no; for he hath made a solemn"}, {"title": "", "text": "many hours must I sport myself,
    2. So many days my ewes have been with young,
    3. So many weeks ere the poor fools will ean,
    4. So many years ere I shall shear the fleece:
    5. So minutes, hours, days, months, and years,
    6. Pass\u2019d over to the end they were created,
    7. Would bring white hairs unto a quiet grave.
    8. Ah! What a life were this! How sweet! How lovely!
    9. Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade
    10. To shepherds looking on their silly sheep
    11. Than doth a rich embroider\u2019d canopy
    12. To kings that fear their subjects\u2019 treachery?
    13. O yes, it doth; a thousandfold it doth.
    14. And to conclude, the shepherd\u2019s homely curds,
    15. His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle,
    16. His wonted sleep under a fresh tree\u2019s shade,
    17. All which secure and sweetly he enjoys,
    18. Is far beyond a prince\u2019s delicates\u2014
    19. His viands sparkling in a golden cup,
    20. His body couched in a curious bed,
    21. When care, mistrust, and treason waits on him.
    Alarum. Enter A Son That Has Killed His Father, at one door, dragging in the dead body. SON.
    1. Ill blows the wind that profits nobody.
    2. This man whom hand to hand I slew in fight
    3. May be possessed with some store of crowns,
    4. And I that, haply, take them from him now,
    5. May yet, ere night, yield both my life and them
    6. To some man else, as this dead man doth me.
    7. Who\u2019s this? O God! It is my father\u2019s face,
    8. Whom in"}, {"title": "", "text": "it, but go along with me; I will show you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself bound to put it on him. It is now high suppertime, and the night grows to waste: about it. RODERIGO I will hear further reason for this. IAGO And you shall be satisfied. Exeunt SCENE III. Another room In the castle. Enter OTHELLO, LODOVICO, DESDEMONA, EMILIA and Attendants LODOVICO I do beseech you, sir, trouble yourself no further. OTHELLO O, pardon me: 'twill do me good to walk. LODOVICO Madam, good night; I humbly thank your ladyship. DESDEMONA Your honour is most welcome. OTHELLO Will you walk, sir? O,--Desdemona,-- DESDEMONA My lord? OTHELLO Get you to bed on the instant; I will be returned forthwith: dismiss your attendant there: look it be done. DESDEMONA I will, my lord. Exeunt OTHELLO, LODOVICO, and Attendants EMILIA How goes it now? he looks gentler than he did. DESDEMONA He says he will return incontinent: He hath commanded me to go to bed, And bade me to dismiss you. EMILIA Dismiss me! DESDEMONA It was his bidding: therefore, good Emilia,. Give me my nightly wearing, and adieu: We must not now displease him. EMILIA I would you had never seen him! DESDEMONA So would not I my love doth so approve him, That even his stubbornness,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the shepherd, blowing of his nails,
    9. Can neither call it perfect day nor night.
    10. Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea
    11. Forc\u2019d by the tide to combat with the wind;
    12. Now sways it that way, like the self-same sea
    13. Forc\u2019d to retire by fury of the wind.
    14. Sometime the flood prevails, and then the wind;
    15. Now one the better, then another best;
    16. Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast,
    17. Yet neither conqueror nor conquered;
    18. So is the equal poise of this fell war.
    19. Here on this molehill will I sit me down.
    20. To whom God will, there be the victory!
    21. For Margaret my queen, and Clifford too,
    22. Have chid me from the battle; swearing both
    23. They prosper best of all when I am thence.
    24. Would I were dead, if God\u2019s good will were so;
    25. For what is in this world but grief and woe?
    26. O God! Methinks it were a happy life
    27. To be no better than a homely swain,
    28. To sit upon a hill, as I do now,
    29. To carve out dials quaintly, point by point,
    30. Thereby to see the minutes how they run:
    31. How many makes the hour full complete,
    32. How many hours brings about the day,
    33. How many days will finish up the year,
    34. How many years a mortal man may live.
    35. When this is known, then to divide the times:
    36. So many hours must I tend my flock,
    37. So many hours must I take my rest,
    38. So many hours must I contemplate,
    39. So"}, {"title": "", "text": "half its pain: Our anxious bard, without complaint, may \u017fhare This bu\u017ftling \u017fea\u017fon's epidemic care. Like Cae\u017far's pilot, dignify'd by fate, To\u017ft in one common \u017ftorm with all the great; Di\u017ftre\u017ft alike, the \u017ftate\u017fman and the wit, When one a borough courts,and one the pit. The bu\u017fy candidates for power and fame, Have hopes, and fears, and wi\u017fhes, ju\u017ft the \u017fame; Di\u017fabled both to combat, or to fly, Mu\u017ft hear all taunts, and hear without reply. Uncheck'd on both, loud rabbles vent their rage, As mongrels bay the lion in a cage. Th' offended burge\u017fs hoards his angry tale, For that ble\u017ft year when all that vote may rail; Their \u017fchemes of \u017fpite the poet's foes di\u017fmi\u017fs, Till that glad night, when all that hate may hi\u017fs. \" This day the powder'd curls and golden coat,\" Says \u017fwelling Cri\u017fpin, \"begg'd a cobler's vote.\" \" This night, our wit,\" the pert apprentice cries, \" Lies at my feet, I hi\u017fs him, and he dies.\" The great, 'tis true, can charm th' electing tribe; The bard may \u017fupplicate, but cannot bribe. Yet judg'd by tho\u017fe, who\u017fe voices ne'er were \u017fold, He feels no want of ill-per\u017fuading gold; But confident of prai\u017fe, if prai\u017fe be due, Tru\u017fts without fear, to merit, and to you.
    DRAMATIS PERSONAE. MEN. Mr. POWELL. Mr. SHUTER. Mr. WOODWARD. Mr. CLARKE. Mr. BENSLEY. Mr. DUNSTALL. Mr. CUSHING. Mr. R. SMITH. Mr. HOLTOM. Mr. QUICK."}, {"title": "", "text": "my father. Hora. Where my Lord? Ham. In my mindes eye Horatio. Hora. I saw him once, a was a goodly King. Ham. A was a man take him for all in all I shall not looke vppon his like againe. Hora. My Lord I thinke I saw him yesternight. Ham. Saw, who? Hora. My Lord the King your father. Ham. The King my father? Hora. Season your admiration for a while With an attent eare till I may deliuer Vppon the witnes of these gentlemen This maruile to you. Ham. For Gods loue let me heare? Hora. Two nights together had these gentlemen Marcellus, and Barnardo, on their watch In the dead wast and middle of the night Beene thus incountred, a figure like your father Armed at poynt, exactly Capapea Appeares before them, and with solemne march, Goes slowe and stately by them; thrice he walkt By their opprest and feare surprised eyes Within his tronchions length, whil'st they distil'd Almost to gelly, with the act of feare Stand dumbe and speake not to him; this to me In dreadfull secresie impart they did, And I with"}, {"title": "", "text": "to say. I play the torturer, by small and small To lengthen out the worst that must be spoken: Your uncle York is join'd with Bolingbroke, And all your northern castles yielded up, And all your southern gentlemen in arms Upon his party. KING RICHARD II Thou hast said enough. Beshrew thee, cousin, which didst lead me forth To DUKE OF AUMERLE Of that sweet way I was in to despair! What say you now? what comfort have we now? By heaven, I'll hate him everlastingly That bids me be of comfort any more. Go to Flint castle: there I'll pine away; A king, woe's slave, shall kingly woe obey. That power I have, discharge; and let them go To ear the land that hath some hope to grow, For I have none: let no man speak again To alter this, for counsel is but vain. DUKE OF AUMERLE My liege, one word. KING RICHARD II He does me double wrong That wounds me with the flatteries of his tongue. Discharge my followers: let them hence away, From Richard's night to Bolingbroke's fair day. Exeunt SCENE III. Wales. Before Flint castle. Enter, with drum and colours, HENRY BOLINGBROKE, DUKE OF YORK, NORTHUMBERLAND, Attendants, and forces HENRY BOLINGBROKE So that by this intelligence we learn The Welshmen are dispersed, and Salisbury Is gone to meet the king, who lately landed With some few private friends upon this coast. NORTHUMBERLAND The news is very fair and good,"}, {"title": "", "text": "imploy those souldiers So leuied (as before) against the Pollacke, With an entreatie heerein further shone, That it might please you to giue quiet passe Through your dominions for this enterprise On such regards of safety and allowance As therein are set downe. King. It likes vs well, And at our more considered time, wee'le read, Answer, and thinke vpon this busines: Meane time, we thanke you for your well tooke labour, Goe to your rest, at night weele feast together, Most welcome home. Exeunt Embassadors. Pol. This busines is well ended. My Liege and Maddam, to expostulate What maiestie should be, what dutie is, Why day is day, night, night, and time is time, Were nothing but to wast night, day, and time, Therefore breuitie is the soule of wit, And tediousnes the lymmes and outward florishes, I will be briefe, your noble sonne is mad: Mad call I it, for to define true madnes, What ist but to be nothing els but mad, But let that goe. Quee. More matter with lesse art. Pol. Maddam, I sweare I vse no art at all, That hee's mad tis true, tis true, tis pitty, "}, {"title": "", "text": "Amen. SLY I thank thee: thou shalt not lose by it. Enter the Page as a lady, with attendants Page How fares my noble lord? SLY Marry, I fare well for here is cheer enough. Where is my wife? Page Here, noble lord: what is thy will with her? SLY Are you my wife and will not call me husband? My men should call me 'lord:' I am your goodman. Page My husband and my lord, my lord and husband; I am your wife in all obedience. SLY I know it well. What must I call her? Lord Madam. SLY Al'ce madam, or Joan madam? Lord 'Madam,' and nothing else: so lords call ladies. SLY Madam wife, they say that I have dream'd And slept above some fifteen year or more. Page Ay, and the time seems thirty unto me, Being all this time abandon'd from your bed. SLY 'Tis much. Servants, leave me and her alone. Madam, undress you and come now to bed. Page Thrice noble lord, let me entreat of you To pardon me yet for a night or two, Or, if not so, until the sun be set: For your physicians have expressly charged, In peril to incur your former malady, That I should yet absent me from your bed: I hope this reason stands for my excuse. SLY Ay, it stands"}, {"title": "", "text": "his de-sert, & who shall scape whipping, vse them after your owne honor and dignity, the lesse they deserue the more merrit is in your boun-ty. Take them in. Pol. Come sirs. Ham. Follow him friends, weele heare a play to morrowe, dost thou heare me old friend, can you play the murther of Gonzago? Play. I my Lord. Ham. Weele hate to morrowe night, you could for neede study a speech of some dosen lines, or sixteene lines, which I would set downe and insert in't, could you not? Play. I my Lord. Ham. Very well, followe that Lord, & looke you mock him not. My good friends, Ile leaue you tell night, you are welcome to Elson-oure. Exeunt Pol. and Players. Ros. Good my Lord. Exeunt. Ham. I so God buy to you, now I am alone, O what a rogue and pesant slaue am I. Is it not monstrous that this player heere But in a fixion, in a dreame of passion Could force his soule so to his owne conceit That from her working all the visage wand, Teares in his eyes, distraction in his aspect, A broken voyce, and his whole"}, {"title": "", "text": "the castle of Wolfenstein. LOW THUNDER. Lights up.
    Carline
    (Enters RH)
    Bless me, what a night to welcome her ladyship that is to be to her new home. I declare the old castele trembles and shakes like a great ship at sea.
    (LOUD THUNDER)
    Mercy on us, what a crash! But pshaw, why hsould I care how the tempest rages without. Am I not safe within, and in rare good luck too? Only to think that I should be chosen from among all the girls in the village to become Amina's companion and own particular waiting maid. Old Hagar, the gypsy fortune teller whose palm I crossed with a new quarter florin last week told me that good fortune awaited me, and sure enough, here it is. Only to think of it, that I, Carline Brenner , who for ten long years have been chained to a stupid spinning wheel day an night should become confidential companion to the future mistress of Wolfenstein. Was there ever such good fortune? I declare, I am so happy I could sing for a month.
    (Introduced song and exit LH)
    Curtain


    \"Divider\"



    Act One - Scene Five
    Scene: A wild glen in the heart of the Brocken. Perilous rocky pathway leading from above at back, LH to R."}, {"title": "", "text": " Exit Enter, below, BRABANTIO, and Servants with torches BRABANTIO It is too true an evil: gone she is; And what's to come of my despised time Is nought but bitterness. Now, Roderigo, Where didst thou see her? O unhappy girl! With the Moor, say'st thou? Who would be a father! How didst thou know 'twas she? O she deceives me Past thought! What said she to you? Get more tapers: Raise all my kindred. Are they married, think you? RODERIGO Truly, I think they are. BRABANTIO O heaven! How got she out? O treason of the blood! Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters' minds By what you see them act. Is there not charms By which the property of youth and maidhood May be abused? Have you not read, Roderigo, Of some such thing? RODERIGO Yes, sir, I have indeed. BRABANTIO Call up my brother. O, would you had had her! Some one way, some another. Do you know Where we may apprehend her and the Moor? RODERIGO I think I can discover him, if you please, To get good guard and go along with me. BRABANTIO Pray you, lead on. At every house I'll call; I may command at most. Get weapons, ho! And raise some special officers of night. On, good Roderigo: I'll deserve your pains. Exeunt SCENE II. Another street. Enter OTHELLO, IAGO, and Attendants with torches IAGO Though in the trade of war I"}, {"title": "", "text": " That to the vse of actions faire and good, He likewise giues a frock or Liuery That aptly is put on to refraine night, And that shall lend a kind of easines To the next abstinence, the next more easie: For vse almost can change the stamp of nature, And either the deuill, or throwe him out With wonderous potency: once more good night, And when you are desirous to be blest, Ile blessing beg of you, for this same Lord I doe repent; but heauen hath pleasd it so To punish me with this, and this with me, That I must be their scourge and minister, I will bestowe him and will answere well The death I gaue him; so againe good night I must be cruell only to be kinde, This bad beginnes, and worse remaines behind. One word more good Lady. Ger. What shall I doe? Ham. Not this by no meanes that I bid you doe, Let the blowt King temp't you againe to bed, Pinch wanton on your cheeke, call you his Mouse, And let him for a paire of reechie kisses, Or padling in your necke with his damn'd fingers. Make you to rouell all"}, {"title": "", "text": "'use strict'; var createDocumentFactory = require('../../../model/createDocumentFactory'); var ProseArticle = require('../../../packages/prose-editor/ProseArticle'); module.exports = createDocumentFactory(ProseArticle, function(tx) { var body = tx.get('body'); tx.create({ id: 'h1', type: 'heading', level: 1, content: 'A Dream Within a Dream' }); body.show('h1'); tx.create({ id: 'h2', type: 'heading', level: 2, content: 'by Edgar Allan Poe' }); body.show('h2'); tx.create({ id: 'p1', type: 'paragraph', content: [ \"Take this kiss upon the brow!\", \"And, in parting from you now,\", \"Thus much let me avow--\", \"You are not wrong, who deem\", \"That my days have been a dream;\", \"Yet if hope has flown away\", \"In a night, or in a day,\", \"In a vision, or in none,\", \"Is it therefore the less gone?\", \"All that we see or seem\", \"Is but a dream within a dream.\" ].join(\"\\n\") }); body.show('p1'); tx.create({ id: 'p2', type: 'paragraph', content: [ \"I stand amid the roar\", \"Of a surf-tormented shore,\", \"And I hold within my hand\", \"Grains of the golden sand--\", \"How few! yet how they creep\", \"Through my fingers to the deep,\", \"While I weep--while I weep!\", \"O God! can I not grasp\", \"Them with a tighter clasp?\", \"O God! can I not save\", \"One from the pitiless wave?\", \"Is all that we see or seem\", \"But a dream within a dream?\" ].join(\"\\n\") }); body.show('p2'); });"}, {"title": "", "text": "And that it comes from old Andronicus, Shaken with sorrows in ungrateful Rome. Ah, Rome! Well, well; I made thee miserable What time I threw the people's suffrages On him that thus doth tyrannize o'er me. Go, get you gone; and pray be careful all, And leave you not a man-of-war unsearch'd: This wicked emperor may have shipp'd her hence; And, kinsmen, then we may go pipe for justice. MARCUS ANDRONICUS O Publius, is not this a heavy case, To see thy noble uncle thus distract? PUBLIUS Therefore, my lord, it highly us concerns By day and night to attend him carefully, And feed his humour kindly as we may, Till time beget some careful remedy. MARCUS ANDRONICUS Kinsmen, his sorrows are past remedy. Join with the Goths; and with revengeful war Take wreak on Rome for this ingratitude, And vengeance on the traitor Saturnine. TITUS ANDRONICUS Publius, how now! how now, my masters! What, have you met with her? PUBLIUS No, my good lord; but Pluto sends you word, If you will have Revenge from hell, you shall: Marry, for Justice, she is so employ'd, He thinks, with Jove in heaven, or somewhere else, So that perforce you must needs stay a time. TITUS ANDRONICUS He doth me wrong to feed me with delays. I'll dive into the burning lake below, And pull her out of Acheron by the heels. Marcus, we are but shrubs, no cedars we No big-boned men framed of"}, {"title": "", "text": "and Ve\u017fuvius, vomit not combu\u017ftibles more de\u017ftructive than are winged on thy infectious breath\u2014come, if thou ha\u017ft courage, I'll lead the way from off this \u017fky-crown'd rock, and headlong plunge into yon roaring deep\u2014thou tremble\u017ft\u2014guilt makes a coward of thee, and thou mu\u017ft remain a prey to \u017felf con\u017fuming flames; while white-winged doves wait to bear me to the fields of bli\u017fs, where \u017fuch as thou can never, never, never, come.

    Enter FACE.

    What's the matter?\u2014oh I \u017fee the lady's in a fit.

    Sir Epic.

    Ay, and a devil of a fit too, I think.

    Tric.

    Ha! what art thou another fiend?\u2014oh no, pardon gentle \u017fpirit dre\u017f\u017fed in virgin robes.

    Face.

    How did you work her to this?

    Sir Epic.

    Nay I know not, Lungs, unle\u017fs by a\u017fking a civil \u017falute.

    Face.

    Ah there it is\u2014knew you not her tender brain? once hurt by love and matchle\u017fs mode\u017fty, dear good lady.\u2014

    Sir Epic.

    Right, Lungs, coax her Lungs.

    Tric.

    Nay \u017fhepherds, cea\u017fe your melting \u017ftrains, they are all in vain\u2014I have no heart to give\u2014'twas \u017ftolen long \u017fince\u2014what do you alter notes, and looks \u017fo \u017foon?\u2014wor\u017fe than the ravens di\u017fcord\u2014black as the brow of night; oh, you can quickly change\u2014but I defy you all\u2014for at my beck, ten thou\u017fand \u017fpitits wait, to whom, this nether globe, with all its load of \u017fins would be but a \u017fportive toy, to bandy through"}, {"title": "", "text": "even now, out at the portal! Exit Ghost QUEEN GERTRUDE This the very coinage of your brain: This bodiless creation ecstasy Is very cunning in. HAMLET Ecstasy! My pulse, as yours, doth temperately keep time, And makes as healthful music: it is not madness That I have utter'd: bring me to the test, And I the matter will re-word; which madness Would gambol from. Mother, for love of grace, Lay not that mattering unction to your soul, That not your trespass, but my madness speaks: It will but skin and film the ulcerous place, Whilst rank corruption, mining all within, Infects unseen. Confess yourself to heaven; Repent what's past; avoid what is to come; And do not spread the compost on the weeds, To make them ranker. Forgive me this my virtue; For in the fatness of these pursy times Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg, Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good. QUEEN GERTRUDE O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain. HAMLET O, throw away the worser part of it, And live the purer with the other half. Good night: but go not to mine uncle's bed; Assume a virtue, if you have it not. That monster, custom, who all sense doth eat, Of habits devil, is angel yet in this, That to the use of actions fair and good He likewise gives a frock or livery, That aptly is put on. Refrain to-night, And that shall lend a kind of"}, {"title": "", "text": "unprovident. Grant, if thou wilt, thou art belov'd of many, But that thou none lov'st is most evident: For thou art so possess'd with murderous hate, That 'gainst thy self thou stick'st not to conspire, Seeking that beauteous roof to ruinate Which to repair should be thy chief desire. O! change thy thought, that I may change my mind: Shall hate be fairer lodg'd than gentle love? Be, as thy presence is, gracious and kind, Or to thyself at least kind-hearted prove: Make thee another self for love of me, That beauty still may live in thine or thee. ### XI ### As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou grow'st, In one of thine, from that which thou departest; And that fresh blood which youngly thou bestow'st, Thou mayst call thine when thou from youth convertest, Herein lives wisdom, beauty, and increase; Without this folly, age, and cold decay: If all were minded so, the times should cease And threescore year would make the world away. Let those whom nature hath not made for store, Harsh, featureless, and rude, barrenly perish: Look, whom she best endow'd, she gave thee more; Which bounteous gift thou shouldst in bounty cherish: She carv'd thee for her seal, and meant thereby, Thou shouldst print more, not let that copy die. ### XII ### When I do count the clock that tells the time, And see the brave day sunk in hideous night; When I behold the violet past prime, And sable curls, all silvered o'er with white; When"}, {"title": "", "text": "enough, heaven knows; the very rever\u017fe of each other; \u017fhe all laugh and no joke; he always complaining and never \u017forrowful; a fretful poor \u017foul that has a new di\u017ftre\u017fs for every hour in the four and twenty\u2014

    HONEYWOOD.

    Hum, hu\u017fh, he's coming up, he'll hear you.

    JARVIS.

    One who's voice is a pa\u017f\u017fing bell\u2014

    HONEYWOOD.

    Well, well, go, do.

    JARVIS.

    A raven that bodes nothing but mi\u017fchief; a coffin and cro\u017fs bones; a bundle of rue; a \u017fprig of deadly night \u017fhade;a\u2014

    (Honeywood \u017ftopping his mouth, at la\u017ft pu\u017fhes him off.) [Exit Jarvis. HONEYWOOD.

    I mu\u017ft own my old monitor is not entirely wrong. There is \u017fomething in my friend Croaker's conver\u017fation that quite depre\u017f\u017fes me. His very mirth is an antidote to all gaiety, and his appearance has a \u017ftronger effect on my \u017fpirits than an undertaker's \u017fhop.\u2014Mr. Croaker, this is \u017fuch a \u017fatisfaction\u2014

    Enter CROAKER. CROAKER.

    A plea\u017fant morning to Mr. Honeywood, and many of them. How is this! you look mo\u017ft \u017fhockingly to day, my dear friend. I hope this weather does not affect your \u017fpirits. To be \u017fure, if this weather continues\u2014I \u017fay nothing\u2014But God \u017fend we be all better this day three months.

    HONEYWOOD.

    I heartily concur in the wi\u017fh, though I own not in your apprehen\u017fions.

    CROAKER.

    May be not! indeed what \u017fignifies what weather we have in a country going to ruin like ours?"}, {"title": "", "text": "his cheques, his frowns-- Prithee, unpin me,--have grace and favour in them. EMILIA I have laid those sheets you bade me on the bed. DESDEMONA All's one. Good faith, how foolish are our minds! If I do die before thee prithee, shroud me In one of those same sheets. EMILIA Come, come you talk. DESDEMONA My mother had a maid call'd Barbara: She was in love, and he she loved proved mad And did forsake her: she had a song of 'willow;' An old thing 'twas, but it express'd her fortune, And she died singing it: that song to-night Will not go from my mind; I have much to do, But to go hang my head all at one side, And sing it like poor Barbara. Prithee, dispatch. EMILIA Shall I go fetch your night-gown? DESDEMONA No, unpin me here. This Lodovico is a proper man. EMILIA A very handsome man. DESDEMONA He speaks well. EMILIA I know a lady in Venice would have walked barefoot to Palestine for a touch of his nether lip. DESDEMONA Singing The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree, Sing all a green willow: Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee, Sing willow, willow, willow: The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur'd her moans; Sing willow, willow, willow; Her salt tears fell from her, and soften'd the stones; Lay by these:-- Singing Sing willow, willow,"}, {"title": "", "text": "for this enterprise, On such regards of safety and allowance As therein are set down. KING CLAUDIUS It likes us well; And at our more consider'd time well read, Answer, and think upon this business. Meantime we thank you for your well-took labour: Go to your rest; at night we'll feast together: Most welcome home! Exeunt VOLTIMAND and CORNELIUS LORD POLONIUS This business is well ended. My liege, and madam, to expostulate What majesty should be, what duty is, Why day is day, night night, and time is time, Were nothing but to waste night, day and time. Therefore, since brevity is the soul of wit, And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes, I will be brief: your noble son is mad: Mad call I it; for, to define true madness, What is't but to be nothing else but mad? But let that go. QUEEN GERTRUDE More matter, with less art. LORD POLONIUS Madam, I swear I use no art at all. That he is mad, 'tis true: 'tis true 'tis pity; And pity 'tis 'tis true: a foolish figure; But farewell it, for I will use no art. Mad let us grant him, then: and now remains That we find out the cause of this effect, Or rather say, the cause of this defect, For this effect defective comes by cause: Thus it remains, and the remainder thus. Perpend. I have a daughter--have while she is mine-- Who, in her duty and obedience, mark, Hath given me"}, {"title": "", "text": "was unlucky, colonel\u2014and \u017fo the young folks were intercepted in their flight.

    G. Camp.

    By the lady's mother, Sir; who, being early informed of their intention, was by the aid and advice of lord Courtly at the place of rendezvous before they \u017fet off. For my own part, apprehen\u017five that my a\u017f\u017fi\u017ftance would be called for, I purpo\u017fely kept out of the way.

    G. Mel.

    And how takes my kin\u017fman his rival's interpo\u017fition in this affair? Have you \u017feen him to day?

    C. Cam.

    Ju\u017ft now; and horribly mortified at his di\u017fappointment, I a\u017f\u017fure you. He had ju\u017ft di\u017fpatch'd a note to lord Courtly.

    G. Mel.

    A challenge! ha! colonel!\u2014a mettled \u017fpark! But we mu\u017ft have no fighting, if it can be decently prevented: the con\u017fequences may be fatal.

    C. Cam.

    I don't \u017fee how Mr. Melmoth can recede, general; he mu\u017ft call his lord\u017fhip to account for his la\u017ft night's mi\u017fbehaviour.

    G. Mel.

    Well, but you may be his \u017fecond, colonel, and prolong the ceremonials 'till I have had \u017fome talk with the young lady's mother. I promi\u017fed ye\u017fterday to endeavour to conciliate matters with her relations, had \u017fhe gone off with my kin\u017fman to Scotland; I can do no le\u017fs than try how far my influence may extend now. If Mrs. Mildmay's objections to young Melmoth be merely founded on his \u017fuppo\u017fed want of fortune, they are readily obviated; and if lord Courtly"}, {"title": "", "text": "An end-stopped line is a feature in poetry in which the syntactic unit (phrase, clause, or sentence) corresponds in length to the line. Its opposite is enjambment, where the sentence runs on into the next line. According to A. C. Bradley, \"a line may be called 'end-stopped' when the sense, as well as the metre, would naturally make one pause at its close; 'run-on' when the mere sense would lead one to pass to the next line without any pause.\" An example of end-stopping can be found in the following extract from The Burning Babe by Robert Southwell; the end of each line corresponds to the end of a clause. As I in hoary winter's night stood shivering in the snow, Surprised I was with sudden heat, which made my heart to glow; And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near, A pretty babe all burning bright did in the air appear. The following extract from The Winter's Tale by Shakespeare is heavily enjambed. I am not prone to weeping, as our sex Commonly are; the want of which vain dew Perchance shall dry your pities; but I have That honourable grief lodged here which burns Worse than tears drown. In this extract from The Gap by Sheldon Vanauken, the first and third lines are enjambed while the second and fourth are end-stopped: All else is off the point: the Flood, the Day Of Eden, or the Virgin Birth\u2014Have done! The Question is, did God send us the Son Incarnate crying Love!"}, {"title": "", "text": "my true sight, And swear that brightness doth not grace the day? Whence hast thou this becoming of things ill, That in the very refuse of thy deeds There is such strength and warrantise of skill, That, in my mind, thy worst all best exceeds? Who taught thee how to make me love thee more, The more I hear and see just cause of hate? O! though I love what others do abhor, With others thou shouldst not abhor my state: If thy unworthiness rais'd love in me, More worthy I to be belov'd of thee. ### CLI ### Love is too young to know what conscience is, Yet who knows not conscience is born of love? Then, gentle cheater, urge not my amiss, Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet self prove: For, thou betraying me, I do betray My nobler part to my gross body's treason; My soul doth tell my body that he may Triumph in love; flesh stays no farther reason, But rising at thy name doth point out thee, As his triumphant prize. Proud of this pride, He is contented thy poor drudge to be, To stand in thy affairs, fall by thy side. No want of conscience hold it that I call Her 'love,' for whose dear love I rise and fall. ### CLII ### In loving thee thou know'st I am forsworn, But thou art twice forsworn, to me love swearing; In act thy bed-vow broke, and new faith torn, In vowing new hate after new love bearing: But"}, {"title": "", "text": "A room in the castle. Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, POLONIUS, OPHELIA, ROSENCRANTZ, and GUILDENSTERN KING CLAUDIUS And can you, by no drift of circumstance, Get from him why he puts on this confusion, Grating so harshly all his days of quiet With turbulent and dangerous lunacy? ROSENCRANTZ He does confess he feels himself distracted; But from what cause he will by no means speak. GUILDENSTERN Nor do we find him forward to be sounded, But, with a crafty madness, keeps aloof, When we would bring him on to some confession Of his true state. QUEEN GERTRUDE Did he receive you well? ROSENCRANTZ Most like a gentleman. GUILDENSTERN But with much forcing of his disposition. ROSENCRANTZ Niggard of question; but, of our demands, Most free in his reply. QUEEN GERTRUDE Did you assay him? To any pastime? ROSENCRANTZ Madam, it so fell out, that certain players We o'er-raught on the way: of these we told him; And there did seem in him a kind of joy To hear of it: they are about the court, And, as I think, they have already order This night to play before him. LORD POLONIUS 'Tis most true: And he beseech'd me to entreat your majesties To hear and see the matter. KING CLAUDIUS With all my heart; and it doth much content me To hear him so inclined. Good gentlemen, give him a further edge, And drive his"}, {"title": "", "text": "holidays. They watch January and May's wedding processions as they make their way to church. Proserpina doesn\u2019t like the idea of an old man marrying such a young woman. Pluto doesn\u2019t think they should interfere. The marriage has now taken place, and the Priest has come to bless the nuptial bed. When May throws her stocking behind her, as is the custom, it is Damyan who catches it. He will be the next to marry. Januarie cannot wait for the guests to leave. When they finally do so, he closes the curtains on their wedding night, leaving forlorn Damyan to listen to their love-making. Act 2 Januarie wakes merrily, boasting of his prowess. May wakes appalled, recalling the full horror of her night beside her new husband. Januarie sends May and her maidservants to find out why Damyan is not attending him. Damyan is love-sick, and borrows a few lines of Petrarch to express his love to May in a letter. May comes with her maidservants. She now realizes how strongly he feels about her. He smuggles the love-letter he has written into his blouse. May has escaped to the privy to read the letter. Januarie, is calling for her to come back to the bed again. May reads the letter. She is triumphant., realizing she now has a rich husband and a strapping young lover. She no longer needs to work for Mistress Wellow, her domineering employer. She can milk the cow herself from now on. Januarie wants to inflict further indignity on May, demanding"}, {"title": "", "text": " OTHELLO I will chop her into messes: cuckold me! IAGO O, 'tis foul in her. OTHELLO With mine officer! IAGO That's fouler. OTHELLO Get me some poison, Iago; this night: I'll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty unprovide my mind again: this night, Iago. IAGO Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated. OTHELLO Good, good: the justice of it pleases: very good. IAGO And for Cassio, let me be his undertaker: you shall hear more by midnight. OTHELLO Excellent good. A trumpet within What trumpet is that same? IAGO Something from Venice, sure. 'Tis Lodovico Come from the duke: and, see, your wife is with him. Enter LODOVICO, DESDEMONA, and Attendants LODOVICO Save you, worthy general! OTHELLO With all my heart, sir. LODOVICO The duke and senators of Venice greet you. Gives him a letter OTHELLO I kiss the instrument of their pleasures. Opens the letter, and reads DESDEMONA And what's the news, good cousin Lodovico? IAGO I am very glad to see you, signior Welcome to Cyprus. LODOVICO I thank you. How does Lieutenant Cassio? IAGO Lives, sir. DESDEMONA Cousin, there's fall'n between him and my lord An unkind breach: but you shall make all well. OTHELLO Are you sure of that? 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Unfortunately they are almost automatic, your mind returns to them in order to solve the \u2018problem\u2019 so just telling yourself not to think about them doesn\u2019t do the trick. There are a couple of suggestions that I have tried, that might help you. First do not beat yourself up about not sleeping \u2013 it only makes it worse. Next, from that list of 5, what is the main thing that you focus on as being the root cause for you? If you can identify it then spend ten minutes or so before bed in just writing out everything in your head about that particular topic. Don\u2019t make it neat, don\u2019t make it orderly \u2013 just dump it all out on the page, thoughts, feelings, anger, pain, sadness. Whatever is in there, get it out. When you have finished, take the paper and put it in the bin. Say to yourself, that\u2019s done with, anything on there can wait until tomorrow. Repeat this every night and you will find the list getting shorter, and you have made a commitment to yourself that it doesn\u2019t matter until tomorrow. Stage two, is to prepare yourself for bed by pausing for a few minutes and visualizing your day and all the good things in it that you are grateful for. Allow at least two hours after eating before going to bed, and don\u2019t have"}, {"title": "", "text": "let alone existing to your full potential! Ancient scriptures tell us that the best time to sleep are from 3 hours before midnight, to 3 hours after midnight, i.e. from 21:00-03:00. Of course, that may seem impossible for many of us to achieve, but you could at least start by going to bed before 23:00 for a change. Not only will you see an improvement in your physical health, but also your mental health, as you will be more alert and less grumpy. This is a huge no-no! Your homework for today (or this week/month/year) \u2013 try to notice every time you think or say something bad about your appearance, character or behaviour, and change that thought around. For example, you ate something you \u201cshouldn\u2019t have\u201d and are now having a go at yourself, thinking that you\u2019re fat and have little will power. Stop right there, and think instead that ok, you had that piece of cake, but you enjoyed it and it made you happy. You are beautiful and you will try better next time, maybe follow some tips on how to give up sugar and eat healthy for the rest of the day/week. There\u2019s no point in eating something and feeling guilty about it, your body won\u2019t understand why you\u2019re stressing and that may cause indigestion. 2) If I can\u2019t, then stop worrying about it! Others will accept you as you are, and more often than not, people don\u2019t look at you as intensely as you might think. I often come across people who"}, {"title": "", "text": "next day. I realized I needed to start going to bed earlier and I have even considered joining the ranks of the early birds, but I just can't bring myself to it. As hard as I have tried, I can't seem to change my internal clock to recognize that it's okay to go to sleep before midnight. The first schedule sounds so much better and yet, I am struggling to allow myself to change who I currently am in order to become who I want to be. Am I cursed to live in this lifestyle without a chance of change? I'll be sure to keep you updated as I progress, but what are your thoughts and/or suggestions? I would love to hear them! I'm hoping to have this be the start of a writing renaissance and bring this site back from the dead."}, {"title": "", "text": "night can help you all day. A few minutes of self care every day, even little changes can make a huge difference in how you feel. See you at your next appointment!"}, {"title": "", "text": "done the impossible?! It had to be PUNISHED! So here I am, staring at my assailant and wondering why, and how, I\u2019ve become this late night creature. I was certainly this way all through college, perhaps because of one too many last minute papers or attempts to cram for an 8am exam, and was probably just as bad towards the end of high school as well. But I can\u2019t seem to break the cycle. I\u2019ve never been a morning person. I am most focused and most creative when the sun is no longer in the sky. I\u2019m nocturnal by nature; nothing about my 23 years has said otherwise. I was born at night, I am happiest at night, I am strongest at night. It\u2019s just in my blood. For the past couple nights (and a few other failed attempts throughout the years), I\u2019ve tried to go to bed early only to find myself discouraged, distracted, or sugared/caffeined past my limit. Nevertheless, I\u2019ve tried to break what many consider to be a bad habit (my parents being the top two enthusiasts of this notion). I\u2019ve exercised before my theoretically ideal bedtime (which is midnight right now) in efforts to tire my body and therefore my mind (doesn\u2019t do a damn thing). I\u2019ve forced myself to start my day at 7 am instead of 10-11 am, which does successfully drain me throughout the day but finds me wide awake at 3am after a naturally unavoidable two hour evening nap. I\u2019ve even tried taking sleeping meds or drinking warm"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hating life sounds a bit awkward as everything around us, from media to educational institutions, tries to present the vision of a perfect world before us. We are always told that life is beautiful! Unfortunately, life isn\u2019t always beautiful. It can be hard, tough and full of agony! There may come painful moments when you would ask yourself a lot of questions about life and may want to hate your life. \u201cI Hate My Life\u201d is a widely felt emotional status of not-so-successful and stressed people. You will be surprised to know that having a good night\u2019s sleep can solve the problem of feeling like \u201cI hate my life\u201d. It will give you fresh energy and perfect mental health to analyze your problems and act accordingly. Sound and enough sleep will enable you to analyze the problems from different perspectives. You will certainly be grouchy as hell and more prone to the more miserable side if you don\u2019t get your recommended seven or more hours of sleep a night. Though the benefits of this habit are always underrated, going out of your abode for a walk in the morning or the evening can really be helpful for your mind and body. If you\u2019re stuck and mulling over on the bad things of your life, just go for a walk. Walking for the sake of walking can be charming and grounding as you learn and get to enjoy the small things at the time of walking. Write down the things that are making you hate your life"}, {"title": "", "text": "my phone goes off every night, I say rude things to it and then ignore it until it silences itself. Facebook doesn't care if I stay up until 2 AM. I've improved over time, but only because I'm getting older, and I feel as tired now after 6 hours of sleep as I once did after 4. On paper it might look like I'm mending my ways as time goes on, but I'm the same level of tired as ever. It sounds like a simple self-control problem, but I don't think that's the whole story. I've overcome bad habits before. As a kid, I regularly bit my nails so far down I used to wrap my fingertips in band-aids to ease the throbbing. You'd never know it today though, because I haven't chewed a fingernail in years. Over the summer I noticed I was eating too much junk food and decided to just stop for a month. I turned down dessert, walked by the refreshment table without a second thought, and didn't have so much as an M&M for 30 days. It wasn't even that hard. I'm no stranger to self-control in almost every other area of my life, except for this one. This post probably makes no sense to most people, who love going to bed. What are you complaining about? They're saying to their computers right now in exasperation. If you hate sleeping so much, then just stay up! But let me ask you something: Do you enjoy cleaning your toilet? Then why do"}, {"title": "", "text": "accomplishes anything, so I choose to let it go. I choose health and am delighted every day when I wake up from a refreshing good night sleep. I always recommend keeping a positive vision of what you want. Keep a note pad at your bedside, if you do wake up and can't get back to sleep, please write down what is bothering you. Then take that list and tap, tap, tap until it is gone. Thank you so much for the great informative newsletter."}, {"title": "", "text": "reason. Too many excuses not to work out, basically. But I should. Because I want to be healthier, and happier, and better-looking. I want to actually think about how I treat my body. These days I just couldn't care less about how I look, but I think I want to care a bit more. 8. Going to bed early I'm a morning person. I love waking up early, starting my day productively and watching the sunrise. But most days, my daily activities or tasks just don't go well with that, so I end up staying up really late and then I wake up late and grumpy. When I wake up early, I always have a 80% chance of my day ending up awesome. But when I wake up late, it's pretty much a lost case already. I just feel so tense and irritated and grumpy all day. I really need to go to bed earlier and fix this! 9. Watching tv shows and movies When I was younger, I loved binge-watching shows and pulling all-nighters watching six movies in a row. But now I'm a film student, and I don't feel like doing that anymore. I know I should watch a lot of shows and movies. I feel a lot of pressure and guilt about it! But I don't watch anything, because I'm never in the mood, or if I am, the thing always ends up disappointing me because I overthink the characters and the plot and the subtext of the dialogue or the time stamps"}, {"title": "", "text": "techniques and on what you are doing or feeling. Let go of any negative thoughts or feelings and _never, never_ try to analyze the situation during the night. 3. If you become aware of thoughts going round and round in your head, say a firm \"Stop!\" to yourself and then Change to a more appropriate thought or activity. Say to yourself _\"Tomorrow is for thinking,_ now _is for relaxing.\"_ For further details of this useful approach, see chapter 2. 4. _Refuse_ to listen to negative thoughts. Focus always on the positive aspects of your life, your blessings and strengths. The way we view our sleep and talk about our sleep affects the quality of our sleep. Say: _\"I focus on the good things of today\u2014more good things will happen tomorrow.\"_ _Peaceful sleep. When I say \"peaceful sleep\"..._ _\"I seek and_ find _happy, positive thoughts.\"_ 5. If there is something specific worrying you, write it down, place the piece of paper in a drawer, and when you shut the drawer affirm: _\"I put my difficulties away at night. I will deal with them tomorrow.\"_ Feel the sense of relief that comes when you hand the problem over to be taken care of on another day. Continue the self-care by adding a powerful affirmation, such as, _\"It is safe to relax. It is easy for me to let go.\"_ 6. Say \"Stop\" and focus on your breathing. Give yourself a \"two-sighs\" diaphragmatic \"breathing treat.\" Smile as you breathe out, and keep that gentle smile on your face\u2014relaxation starts"}, {"title": "", "text": "your recovery will accelerate through the roof and your life will change forever. Refuse to be a victim any longer. You are not 'different', nor are you afflicted with a disease. You have simply developed some unhelpful habits, and all habits can be broken. But it takes time ... This method is about gradually moving away from seeing insomnia as a disease, as a condition, as a monster. Insomnia is not a monster. Insomnia is not a thing at all. This method is about gradually moving towards a time when seeing yourself as broken, or ill, and worrying about sleep, is a thing of the past. Soon, the good nights will begin to far outweigh the bad nights. And eventually, the time will come when you suddenly realise you cannot remember the last time you missed a night's sleep. And finally, you will take the last step to the ultimate safety thought, a shift in attitude and belief which allows the following to be true: I don't care whether I sleep or not. Just think how different your life would be if missing a night of sleep hardly bothered you. Wouldn't it be wonderful if this were true? Try to get a sense of the way in which cultivating this belief would set you free. Can you also see that worrying so much about missing sleep only keeps you trapped? When you no longer mind whether you sleep or not, 'insomnia' can have no power over you! Of course, at the moment, you do mind. You"}, {"title": "", "text": "maybe even wearing a nice jumper or hat around the house can put us in a different mindset. -Be cautious of sleeping unnecessarily in the day as this could cause routine / sleeping problems which can perpetuate low mood. Also use the bed only for sleeping. This keeps good 'sleep hygiene' and gets your brain to associate bed with sleep. -If possible, don't watch TV, use the computer, drink tea or coffee too long before bed as this can disrupt sleep. Try taking it as a time to settle down, maybe read a book or listen to some relaxing music. -If possible, sleep with no light at all. A lightless night benefits your pienal gland and supports melatonin production. 16. Organise your problems, if it's tomorrows problem then worry about it tomorow. For example if you know that you have to go shopping tomorrow and it is going to be an ordeal for one reason or another, don't spend the day before worrying about it or you'll miss out in enjoying the day that you're in. 18. A pamper session in the bath can help - bubbles/oils, good book/music and a beverage. 19. Singing along loudly and with abandon to a CD in the car. 20. If it feels like it's becoming a bad day, rather than fighting and resisting to make it a good day, sometimes it can help to write it off as a bad day, allow it just be and have a better day tomorrow. 21. Get the paints out and get creative."}, {"title": "", "text": "Thanks Willow. Your words are always so helpful for reflecting and pulling things into a different perspective. I\u2019m not sure if there are reasons for wanting to miss the day. Perhaps there are, but I enjoy what I do \u2013 so I\u2019m not sure what they are. But maybe it\u2019s bigger than a one day or another thing. I will have to put some thought into this. Well done on your blogs, Jill. My \u2018ghoul\u2019 is called Paul Brookes. He is a mainly nocturnal foe, but strikes by day too. I am determine to beat him \u2013 good luck beating yours too. I have always had awful sleep problems. I could never get to sleep, and once I did, I wouldn\u2019t be able to wake up. It\u2019s only recently that I started working it out. First, and foremost, I have meds that wake me up and meds to sleep. Wellbutrin in the morning and Temazepam at night. Second, I have supplements that do the same. Fish oil, Co-Q 10, and seditol at night. Co-Q 10, Vitamin D and E, and Cogniflex in the morning. By biggest weapon? Your greatest enemy. Multiple alarms. One positioned on my husband\u2019s side of the bed with a 9 minute snooze. Mine positioned across the room with 4 minute snooze. I started to figure out a way around it, until I started to force my own hand. Have a small drink before bed, not enough to wake you in the night, but enough to get you out of bed in the"}, {"title": "", "text": "I'm never going to get to sleep... this feels just like last time when I couldn't sleep... and I felt terrible the next day... and I've got that really important meeting tomorrow... it's going to be a disaster... and I'm going to look terrible... why can't I just switch off these thoughts? Okay, just relax, don't think about trying to go to sleep... but I can't stop... maybe I should get up... maybe I should read a book... stop thinking... oh why is my mind so busy?\" This may sound funny during the cold light of day, but when it's happening to us at night, the experience is anything but humorous. You may well feel angry at your inability to control the flow of thought, or scared that the thoughts will run away and lead to a sleepless night. You may feel depressed at the prospect of feeling tired the next day, or perhaps even worried that there's something wrong with you. These reactions are all quite normal and you're in no way alone in your experience. It stands to reason that the busier and more stressed you are during the day, the more likely this situation will occur at night, but it can sometimes become a habit quite separate from the affairs of day-to-day living. Whichever it is, the fact that it's behavioral rather than physiological (and I'm assuming this is something you will have clarified with your GP if you have serious concerns) means that it can change. And it can change in one"}, {"title": "", "text": "I would just take it all the time and not really work to change anything else about myself is the primary reason I\u2019m trying anything and everything before turning to medication. I hope you get a good 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep tonight!"}, {"title": "", "text": "your all set. 7. Good Night-Night \u2026 I\u2019ve tidied my space, I\u2019ve exercised, had a good meal, my lunch and breakfast are ready, I\u2019ve showered and my bag is packed. It\u2019s just about time to hit the hey. I\u2019m usually in bed by 10pm, and from that point, I\u2019m reading, watching YouTube videos, planning out my post, or \u201cB\u201d and I are laughing about something. I\u2019ll apply my sleep balm [sometimes I have to take a sleep aid], and by this time I\u2019m sleepy. Getting plenty of rest is vital when setting good intentions for the next day because your body needs to replenish all the energy you\u2019ve depleted throughout the day. While it may seem like you\u2019ve had no time for yourself in the evenings, you\u2019re actually doing some important self-care. By prepping in the evenings, and taking a little time for yourself, you can streamline your AM routine, and have a stress-free morning. Everything listed changes for me on a weekly basis. Sometimes I get everything done, sometimes my cat\u2019s upchuck and I get nothing done, or I don\u2019t feel well and I have no energy. I do know the benefits of setting good nighttime intentions for a great day, and while I\u2019m no expert I\u2019ve been doing a combination of these things and they do work. I love this post. This seems to be repeating constantly in this season. I\u2019m somewhat lacking in self care and sleep hasn\u2019t been great. I do like the idea of just sitting and staring at the wall."}, {"title": "", "text": "LFL: HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. Last night, was pretty bad. Forgetting to go to bed because you play a game or read a book too good to put down is one thing. It is a complete other problem when you simply can't seem to fall asleep. The thing about the two first \"issues\" is that you can still stay in bed a little longer. The quality of your sleep won't be change if you stay in bed. Personally, when going to bed last night, I was truly exhausted. My eyes were crying, i started to get a small fever and the blood was pounding at my temples. To answer any interrogations, No, I am not currently sick otherwise. We all have a lot on our minds. Sometimes it has to do with our future (when you are young), the stability of our situation (once a grown up) and the security within our situation (closer to retirement). Basically we all have important things on our minds. However, when you tend to have many difficult nights, they start to just be due to your brain not being willing to shut down. This particular night was one of those. Personally, I find it quite helpful to follow basic little \"rules\" when my sleep is playing tricks on me which help me going about my day a tad better. On those nights, do not forget to apply both"}, {"title": "", "text": "as avoiding lit screens and bright lights for about an hour before bed, or it can be significantly more challenging. For example, forcing yourself to keep to a regular pattern; as difficult as it may be to do so on your day off, dragging yourself out of bed in the mornings it will help you keep more regular hours and this will, in turn mean that you sleep when you want to and don\u2019t when you do not. Another slightly more involved approach to looking after your mental health involves keeping your mind in good running order. This is easier said than done. However, taking some time to clear your mind, either through mediation or enjoying a small diversion such as reading a favourite book, can have a strong impact on your day-to-day wellbeing. Additionally, diet can play either a very positive or very negative role in how you feel and how you sleep. A big breakfast in the morning with the right amount of carbohydrates will set you up for the day, reducing the need to snack on high fat, high sugar foods, which will often leave you feeling hungry more of the time. Rich and processed food can also leave you feeling bloated and uneasy, rather than well nourished. When it comes to looking after your mental health, one of the most effective ways to galvanise your psychological wellbeing against the onslaught of everyday life is talking therapy. Whether you are struggling to overcome the impact of other people\u2019s non-acceptance of your race or"}, {"title": "", "text": "Dear sleep, sorry I used to hate you when I was younger. I absolutely love you now! Don't we all cherish our beloved moments with sleep. But there are days when she eludes our welcoming arms. Then the struggle to catch some much-needed shut-eye begins. You brush your teeth, switch off the lights, and slip under a comfy blanket. Your bed welcomes you with open arms. You relax and fall asleep. If only things were as simple as that. There are days when sleep decides to play hard-to-get. You start wondering why you aren't dozing off. Then you start thinking about your neighbor's pet, the embarrassing incident you had in school, or how your ex cheated on you, blah, blah, blah... Now it seems like Mr. Brain doesn't want to sleep, and those racing thoughts just won't stop!!! \u2605 I should start going to bed earlier. \u2605 I can still get 7 hours of sleep though. \u2605 My sheets are feeling itchy. When was the last time I changed my sheets? I should buy new ones. \u2605 I should check if Steve liked my Instagram pic. Yay! He did. \u2605 Now that am online, I should check Facebook and Twitter as well. \u2605 Damn, it's already 1:20 am. \u2605 I am so nervous about tomorrow's big lunch meeting. \u2605 I should check my presentation once again. \u2605 If I sleep now, I'll still get around 6 hours of sleep. \u2605 Why didn't I get the big project? I deserved it more than that stupid Tammy. \u2605"}, {"title": "", "text": "am talking about......but I find that I cannot indulge in too much personal improvement at one time!!!!! EXAMPLE----when I wanted to lose weight...everyone said you had to change your diet AND exercise. But I couldn't do both at once! I just got disgusted and stopped doing both (in a BIG way----like lie around all day and eat Hershey Kisses!!). But, when I decided I would absolutely walk 30 minutes every day.......but eat what I wanted, I got the exercise built into my daily routine. Took about three months and then, I was able to move along to working on what to eat. My sincerest sympathy on not being able to sleep. I do not suffer from this and can pretty much fall asleep on my feet. But, I have a few times not been able to sleep and it's really a sad situation. I am sure someone else has said this but one thing to try is to NOT use the computer before bed. That's HARD for all of us EXERS who come on the site nightly to check in (I know I do). But I do find it to be true that being on the computer right before bed even makes me unable to sleep. In the meantime.......remember.....you quit smoking!!!! YOU can do anything. Oh Sootie, i thing that is why I started my first blog with I want to be alone. If all responsibilities (including those regarding my own health) would be taken away, I might start sleeping like a normal person. I am"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mostly during the day we manage to deal with them, or put them out of our minds, but at night they come back with a vengeance. Unfortunately they are almost automatic, your mind returns to them in order to solve the \u2018problem\u2019 so just telling yourself not to think about them doesn\u2019t do the trick. There are a couple of suggestions that I have tried, that might help you. First do not beat yourself up about not sleeping \u2013 it only makes it worse. Next, from that list of 5, what is the main thing that you focus on as being the root cause for you? If you can identify it then spend ten minutes or so before bed in just writing out everything in your head about that particular topic. Don\u2019t make it neat, don\u2019t make it orderly \u2013 just dump it all out on the page, thoughts, feelings, anger, pain, sadness. Whatever is in there, get it out. When you have finished, take the paper and put it in the bin. Say to yourself, that\u2019s done with, anything on there can wait until tomorrow. Repeat this every night and you will find the list getting shorter, and you have made a commitment to yourself that it doesn\u2019t matter until tomorrow. Stage two, is to prepare yourself for bed by pausing for a few minutes and visualizing your day and all the good things in it that you are grateful for. Allow at least two hours after eating before going to bed, and don\u2019t have"}, {"title": "", "text": "Hating life sounds a bit awkward as everything around us, from media to educational institutions, tries to present the vision of a perfect world before us. We are always told that life is beautiful! Unfortunately, life isn\u2019t always beautiful. It can be hard, tough and full of agony! There may come painful moments when you would ask yourself a lot of questions about life and may want to hate your life. \u201cI Hate My Life\u201d is a widely felt emotional status of not-so-successful and stressed people. You will be surprised to know that having a good night\u2019s sleep can solve the problem of feeling like \u201cI hate my life\u201d. It will give you fresh energy and perfect mental health to analyze your problems and act accordingly. Sound and enough sleep will enable you to analyze the problems from different perspectives. You will certainly be grouchy as hell and more prone to the more miserable side if you don\u2019t get your recommended seven or more hours of sleep a night. Though the benefits of this habit are always underrated, going out of your abode for a walk in the morning or the evening can really be helpful for your mind and body. If you\u2019re stuck and mulling over on the bad things of your life, just go for a walk. Walking for the sake of walking can be charming and grounding as you learn and get to enjoy the small things at the time of walking. Write down the things that are making you hate your life"}, {"title": "", "text": "LFL: HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. Last night, was pretty bad. Forgetting to go to bed because you play a game or read a book too good to put down is one thing. It is a complete other problem when you simply can't seem to fall asleep. The thing about the two first \"issues\" is that you can still stay in bed a little longer. The quality of your sleep won't be change if you stay in bed. Personally, when going to bed last night, I was truly exhausted. My eyes were crying, i started to get a small fever and the blood was pounding at my temples. To answer any interrogations, No, I am not currently sick otherwise. We all have a lot on our minds. Sometimes it has to do with our future (when you are young), the stability of our situation (once a grown up) and the security within our situation (closer to retirement). Basically we all have important things on our minds. However, when you tend to have many difficult nights, they start to just be due to your brain not being willing to shut down. This particular night was one of those. Personally, I find it quite helpful to follow basic little \"rules\" when my sleep is playing tricks on me which help me going about my day a tad better. On those nights, do not forget to apply both"}, {"title": "", "text": "LFL: HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. HEALTH & BEAUTY: How to go through the day after a bad night. Last night, was pretty bad. Forgetting to go to bed because you play a game or read a book too good to put down is one thing. It is a complete other problem when you simply can't seem to fall asleep. The thing about the two first \"issues\" is that you can still stay in bed a little longer. The quality of your sleep won't be change if you stay in bed. Personally, when going to bed last night, I was truly exhausted. My eyes were crying, i started to get a small fever and the blood was pounding at my temples. To answer any interrogations, No, I am not currently sick otherwise. We all have a lot on our minds. Sometimes it has to do with our future (when you are young), the stability of our situation (once a grown up) and the security within our situation (closer to retirement). Basically we all have important things on our minds. However, when you tend to have many difficult nights, they start to just be due to your brain not being willing to shut down. This particular night was one of those. Personally, I find it quite helpful to follow basic little \"rules\" when my sleep is playing tricks on me which help me going about my day a tad better. On those nights, do not forget to apply both"}, {"title": "", "text": "obsessive thoughts and ritualized behaviors. The researchers found that the previous night\u2019s bedtime significantly perceived the ability to control their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior on the day. You may be really interested in how this kind of unusual timings of sleep might affect our body. If you go to bed early, you will wake with a fresh and healthier mind. Feels of an individual also affect the health if you feel happy and joyful you will be healthier. Problems with sleeping late lead to a disturbing life sleeping late lead negative emotions like irritation, stress, anxiety etc. These problems with sleeping late may affect your thoughts, day, the way of thinking, Way of talking etc. you must don\u2019t want that? isn\u2019t it? Nobody wants to stay unhealthy and stressed. So give yourself a healthy sleep. Make you each and every day joyful. Only a good mood can do that. Only Healthy sleeping can do that. \u201d Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise\u201d. To know more about the lifestyle, Fashion shows, beauty brands, please don\u2019t forget to like and follow us on Facebook and Twitter. You can also follow us on Instagram \u2013 @likelyfad. If you want our content to get delivered on your mobile as soon we post, click on the Bell icon on the bottom right of the page. I want our content to get delivered on your mobile as soon posted. If you view our post on Chrome browser or Firefox, you will get an"}, {"title": "", "text": "an autoimmune component, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. Shortened or disordered sleep severely impairs insulin sensitivity, increases inflammation, and shifts the immune system response toward the autoimmune spectrum. While poor diet absolutely affects health, it doesn't immediately kill you. Sleep deprivation will kill you within 1-2 weeks. For this reason, the Guinness Book of World Records no longer allows this a a competition category. Challenge the \u201cfalse choice mindset\u201d. Often we convince ourselves that life is too busy to live in a healthier way. We use what Gretchen Rubin calls a \u201cfalse choice\u201d \u2013 claiming that if we add a healthy habit, we'll lose something else. For example, \u201cIf I go to bed earlier, I'll lose my quality time with my husband.\u201d Or \u201cWith the demands of my job, home cooking's not an option.\u201d When you feel yourself saying these ultimatums, stop and question whether they are really true. Usually, they're not. It's absolutely true that healthy changes require both planning and effort, but the first step is acknowledging that it's possible. Take an honest look at where you're spending time. Robb now restricts his time on social media, because in the past, he would lose 3 hours a night down that rabbithole. Combine healthy habits together. This is what Robb does, and here's an example: He exercises with his children outside whenever possible, to combine healthy vitamin D, circadian rhythm entrainment, quality bonding time with his kids, and his fitness goals. Look at you financial burden and how it might be driving your choices. Robb"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you can get yourself to bed and up at the same time every day, you'll do yourself a world of good. And of course, no light exposure at night if you can help it. It suppresses and shifts melatonin. Anyway, that's the quick and dirty of it. Best of luck getting the rest you need! It's motivating when people say things like \"You look fresh.\" That's a welcome compliment! But don't you hate it when people say, \"You look tired\"? Does that ever happen to you? It's happened to me a few times recently. How do they think I should respond? What do they mean by that? It makes me a little PO'd, to tell the truth, even if no offense is intended. Sorry to go off on a mini-rant. So glad you are getting enough sleep and taking good care of yourself! Sounds like a good day! I always track my meals the night before for the whole day. I can always change things later if I decide to eat something else for breakfast or lunch. I put it in there before I eat it. Sometimes I even track a couple days. Wishing you many more \"fresh\" days! I have found sleep (getting enough of it) to be really important to having a good state of mind. Also helps me not snack after supper, as it seems my brain thinks if I am tired, eating something will fix that, And hearing music on your way to work sounds like a delightful way to start"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you can get yourself to bed and up at the same time every day, you'll do yourself a world of good. And of course, no light exposure at night if you can help it. It suppresses and shifts melatonin. Anyway, that's the quick and dirty of it. Best of luck getting the rest you need! It's motivating when people say things like \"You look fresh.\" That's a welcome compliment! But don't you hate it when people say, \"You look tired\"? Does that ever happen to you? It's happened to me a few times recently. How do they think I should respond? What do they mean by that? It makes me a little PO'd, to tell the truth, even if no offense is intended. Sorry to go off on a mini-rant. So glad you are getting enough sleep and taking good care of yourself! Sounds like a good day! I always track my meals the night before for the whole day. I can always change things later if I decide to eat something else for breakfast or lunch. I put it in there before I eat it. Sometimes I even track a couple days. Wishing you many more \"fresh\" days! I have found sleep (getting enough of it) to be really important to having a good state of mind. Also helps me not snack after supper, as it seems my brain thinks if I am tired, eating something will fix that, And hearing music on your way to work sounds like a delightful way to start"}, {"title": "", "text": "That's completely not just acceptable but celebrated. But the truth of the matter is that all the science tells you that staying in bed an extra hour is more important for everything including your weight and your health. Like if you are trying to lose weight, the worst thing you can do is go to the gym when you're sleep deprived. And work out for 50 or 60 minutes on the treadmill. Right. When you're like exhausted. Because what happens and again we have all this science for that is that your body will then crave all the wrong foods. Fats and carbs. And the hormone of satiety of actually making you feel that you've had enough is not activated. And also of course we all know that from our own experience. That's when you're most likely to get a cold Oh. Because your immune system is suppressed. So also if we look at our lives, we see that in the end we probably end up in bed. (laughing) It puts you there whether it's One way or another, right? That's the way I've learned to think about is you can either voluntarily go to bed on your own terms and take care of yourself or your body is a very, very high functioning organism and it will shut it down for you. Exactly. Either by getting a cold or worse or by breaking something. Yeah. Because you are not as present in your life. Or can't. I mean there's a lot of linkage between cancer,"}, {"title": "", "text": "water and sleep at least 7 to 8 hours per night. If you don\u2019t get enough sleep, everything else will suffer. Sleep deprivation (which most of us suffer from) puts you in a pre-diabetic state, messes with your metabolism, makes you more likely to be overweight, increases your appetite, decreases your productivity, hampers your immune system, and makes you tired, moody, anxious and likely to be depressed. Nobody is perfect. You will always find someone who is more beautiful, smarter, richer, better or worse. But you won\u00b4t find someone who is perfect. Focus on what you have already achieved and reached, not what you lack and miss. Be proud of yourself and know your strengths. Avoid negative people, places, and things you don\u2019t like or that make you feel bad about yourself. Being around toxic people can drain your energy, make you unhappy and insecure. Surround yourself with people who lift you up, give you energy and make you feel good about yourself. It is the only reality. When the past and the future feel painful, focus on the task at hand and do it with your full engagement. Enjoy your life, make the best out of it! When it comes to certain things, children do them way better than we do. Who said you have to get serious while growing up? Never lose the child in you, the childlike faith, childlike hope, childlike play and creativity. Feeling bad about things you\u2019ve done in the past can create a pretty painful present. Remember that you can"}, {"title": "", "text": "kindness. These simple acts began to change things. Complacency had kept me in a spiral of sleeplessness, and laziness had made it all the worse. But by trying\u2014and failing\u2014and trying again, I found the right solution for me. I took actual care of my body, said no to the problem, and gave myself the time I needed to move through it. Last month, my body slowly started to reverse itself, and due to utter exhaustion and my efforts, I\u2019d begun falling asleep at a regular grown-up hour: 11 p.m. Getting my sleep back was, frankly, a magical experience. Looking back, my fling with insomnia feels like a manic nightmare\u2014a physical representation of my fears and stresses. \"It was me against myself\u2014fighting sleep while fighting for a desperately needed change.\" I\u2019m still dealing with many of the same issues I had before, but I have a few new tools to combat them now. I still struggle with waking up early, and I still am tempted to stay up well past a reasonable bedtime, but I was never going to magically become a morning person overnight, although that\u2019s certainly next on my list of things to try. If I can go from making to-do lists at 3 a.m. to getting to bed before midnight, I can be the person who wakes up at 7 a.m. to\u2014hey, let\u2019s be audacious here\u2014work out or clean house or, should miracles exist, write. Lisa Marie Basile is the founding editor-in-chief of Luna Luna Magazine and moderator of its digital community. Her work"}, {"title": "", "text": "So you stayed up too late bingeing your latest Netflix series, or you tried to sleep but you stared at the ceiling all night, instead. Facing a day after a night that held little to no rest can feel overwhelming. It\u2019s easy to get mad at yourself, mad at the world, and mad at whatever kept you up. Instead of getting mad, come up with a plan to have the best day possible. Sure, it may not be the day you had planned, but it can still be a good one. Use these tips and tricks to help your body and mind be the best they can be, even when you haven\u2019t gotten enough sleep. On a day after a night with little sleep, your attitude will make you or break you. Are you going to be angry and frustrated all day, or are you going to forgive yourself, forgive whatever kept you up, and move forward instead? It\u2019s important that you accept the occasional bad night of sleep, instead of beating yourself up over it or obsessing over what could have been different. Since you can\u2019t change things now, the best you can do is accept your reality, choose to work within it rather than fight against it, and figure out if there\u2019s anything you can change for next time. While sleeping in might seem like it would be the answer to all your woes, it can actually make things worse. Instead of changing your sleep patterns even more, do your best to remain as"}, {"title": "", "text": "So you stayed up too late bingeing your latest Netflix series, or you tried to sleep but you stared at the ceiling all night, instead. Facing a day after a night that held little to no rest can feel overwhelming. It\u2019s easy to get mad at yourself, mad at the world, and mad at whatever kept you up. Instead of getting mad, come up with a plan to have the best day possible. Sure, it may not be the day you had planned, but it can still be a good one. Use these tips and tricks to help your body and mind be the best they can be, even when you haven\u2019t gotten enough sleep. On a day after a night with little sleep, your attitude will make you or break you. Are you going to be angry and frustrated all day, or are you going to forgive yourself, forgive whatever kept you up, and move forward instead? It\u2019s important that you accept the occasional bad night of sleep, instead of beating yourself up over it or obsessing over what could have been different. Since you can\u2019t change things now, the best you can do is accept your reality, choose to work within it rather than fight against it, and figure out if there\u2019s anything you can change for next time. While sleeping in might seem like it would be the answer to all your woes, it can actually make things worse. Instead of changing your sleep patterns even more, do your best to remain as"}, {"title": "", "text": "bed at night and focus on listening? The answer to that is, you could change your thoughts by way of appreciation. You could think of things that you really appreciate and are grateful for. You could think of things that happened during the day that you really liked. You could think of any angelic beings that crossed your path this day. You could think of anything fun or funny that happened this day. The thing about stress is it is provoked by things we think about in the state of anger, anxiety, or depression, aka states of fear. We may be angry about something at work, or at home. We may be anxious about the future due to finances or health. We may have deep sadness over any life situation. When we are thinking thoughts of stress it is quite impossible to relax because stress is the opposite of relaxing. When we think of people, places, and things we appreciate, we feel better, and we are able to relax. Please know, and understand, I am not asking or telling anyone to ignore the horrible things that are happening in life, I am asking stressed out people to change their focus so that they may sleep. We have the power to choose our thoughts, and if you do not believe that is true, one day you will. One day you will know the power that is within you to choose healing or hurting, helping or hindering. Every night, before I go to sleep, I pray a powerful"}, {"title": "", "text": "bed at night and focus on listening? The answer to that is, you could change your thoughts by way of appreciation. You could think of things that you really appreciate and are grateful for. You could think of things that happened during the day that you really liked. You could think of any angelic beings that crossed your path this day. You could think of anything fun or funny that happened this day. The thing about stress is it is provoked by things we think about in the state of anger, anxiety, or depression, aka states of fear. We may be angry about something at work, or at home. We may be anxious about the future due to finances or health. We may have deep sadness over any life situation. When we are thinking thoughts of stress it is quite impossible to relax because stress is the opposite of relaxing. When we think of people, places, and things we appreciate, we feel better, and we are able to relax. Please know, and understand, I am not asking or telling anyone to ignore the horrible things that are happening in life, I am asking stressed out people to change their focus so that they may sleep. We have the power to choose our thoughts, and if you do not believe that is true, one day you will. One day you will know the power that is within you to choose healing or hurting, helping or hindering. Every night, before I go to sleep, I pray a powerful"}, {"title": "", "text": "this way. Consider for a moment that people have naturally been sleeping during the nighttime for many millenia, before the arrival of electricity and the Internet. If your life circumstances lead you to the conclusion that staying up at night is non-negotiable\u2014for instance if you consistently work the night shift and can't change it\u2014you can somewhat counter the health effects by still maintaining a specific schedule. This way, your body's clock will eventually adjust to your personal sleep/wake cycle and this is less damaging than if you constantly change shifts and expect your body clock to follow along with you. People who frequently have insomnia, travel long distances, or must change from day shifts to night shifts often, find themselves in this situation. The bottom line here is that your body is an extraordinary source of feedback. The key is to honor the signals your body is giving you. ### Pests That Go Bump in the Night Oh yeah...we all get 'em. One minute you're asleep, the next you're wide awake with your thoughts running wild. _STRESS!_ Or worse, you can't get to sleep at all. I've got a couple of amazingly simple techniques to silence the pests! ### _Mitigation_ \u00bb **Attention List** : Before you go to bed, write down any lingering thoughts (\"to-do\" lists, conversations left incomplete or which need to be had, memories that loop). Place them all into list form on a sheet of paper with the intent and knowledge that they will be addressed the following day, but for now must"}, {"title": "", "text": "crap night's sleep. Now, I'll give you some tips in a second on that, but resolving the problem should be the first thing you do the next day. Even if you don't come at a resolution, at least start on the path and write down what you need to do to get the problem fixed. Things left to themselves tend to go from bad to worse. Even if it's a little thing that's going to just be like itching you in the back of your head, get it taken care of, because those are the ones that wake you up at 4 in the morning because they're not huge, but you know the darkness and the sleep makes it huge. Don't you think so Jordan? Jordan Harbinger: [00:30:59] Yeah. I think that's why they say never go to bed angry. Now that you mention all this, because you're right, if you go to bed angry or worried about something, it will F up your sleep so bad, so bad. And so if Jen and I have any sort of stuff, we always work it out before we go to bed. But other things, work stuff, whatever. It's really, really tough. That's the stuff that keeps me up at night. If I'm like, \u201cOh man. I left that sort of open loop. I feel guilty about it.\u201d That stuff sucks. Jason DeFillippo: [00:31:29] Yeah, just get that. You know, make that a priority to get to get it taken care of because sleep is the most important"}, {"title": "", "text": "something about the constant input of light that messes with our brain\u2019s natural sleeping signals. All the light tells our brains it\u2019s still daytime and our minds can keep going. I\u2019ve read some people advocate for 5-6 hours before bed, some say 3-4 hours before bed; I generally get off 2-3 hours before bed. This means not just television, but computers and smart phones, too. If you spend all day at work in front of a computer, perhaps just leave screen time behind once you leave the office. Maybe start reading all those books you\u2019ve bought, but never gotten around to reading. #7: Deal with your feelings. Get to know how you really feel. Perhaps without the distraction of excess screen time, or with a practice of sitting meditation, you might start to realize that you have undealt with grief, anger, insecurity, or other unvoiced feelings. Learn to feel your feelings and find ways to express them. I have experienced first hand the heartbreak and health-issues that can arise from undealt with emotions. Learning to love and free up all of our parts will help reduce stress, but can profoundly affect our health, both mental and physical. #8: Surround yourself with support. All of us need support and encouragement. Find people who love you and support your efforts to get healthy. Maybe you have some addiction issues \u2013 AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) and other 12-step groups can be amazing -and free!- therapy. Maybe you need to go see the doctor. Maybe you need therapy. Maybe you just"}, {"title": "", "text": "something about the constant input of light that messes with our brain\u2019s natural sleeping signals. All the light tells our brains it\u2019s still daytime and our minds can keep going. I\u2019ve read some people advocate for 5-6 hours before bed, some say 3-4 hours before bed; I generally get off 2-3 hours before bed. This means not just television, but computers and smart phones, too. If you spend all day at work in front of a computer, perhaps just leave screen time behind once you leave the office. Maybe start reading all those books you\u2019ve bought, but never gotten around to reading. #7: Deal with your feelings. Get to know how you really feel. Perhaps without the distraction of excess screen time, or with a practice of sitting meditation, you might start to realize that you have undealt with grief, anger, insecurity, or other unvoiced feelings. Learn to feel your feelings and find ways to express them. I have experienced first hand the heartbreak and health-issues that can arise from undealt with emotions. Learning to love and free up all of our parts will help reduce stress, but can profoundly affect our health, both mental and physical. #8: Surround yourself with support. All of us need support and encouragement. Find people who love you and support your efforts to get healthy. Maybe you have some addiction issues \u2013 AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) and other 12-step groups can be amazing -and free!- therapy. Maybe you need to go see the doctor. Maybe you need therapy. Maybe you just"}, {"title": "", "text": "up with untidiness, clutter, and dust, I just could not face cleaning it. It affected my mood and motivation. Make sure all the dishes and washing are put away and the beds are made in the morning. Shower before bed and enjoy fresh sheets on the bed, it really does make a difference. Develop your evening routine An evening routine can consist of reading, Yoga, meditation, cleaning and organising, or doing an exercise. Winding down is critical for mental health management. Three hours before bed might be the time you want to start allowing your brain and mind to relax. Your evening routine can entail anything that promotes peace and serenity. If something relaxes you and gets you prepared for bed, do that. To make a health goal into a habit, set a time to stop working. This is something new for me, but I love the idea and think it\u2019s really helping me. It can be done in three to five minutes. Try logging what you accomplished each day and what you need to do the next. Create a comprehensive outline showcasing how much you have achieved and what else needs attention. You will be amazed when you realise how much you\u2019ve done in a day and hopefully will stop being so hard on yourself. I am ridiculously hard on myself, unnecessarily so, and it\u2019s unhealthy for the heart and mind. This journal writing saved me in a lot of ways. I\u2019m now ready to make 2021 my most successful year ever and I hope"}, {"title": "", "text": "hours sleep). Getting less than the recommended 7-8 hours of sleep every night, as I found, lowers your immunity, contributes to chronic fatigue, moodiness, depression, anxiety issues, and chronic pain (or fibromyalgia). Aim to go to bed around 10 pm and rise at 6 am. You will seriously feel the difference! 7. Learn Quiet Assertiveness It is not necessary to be an obnoxious jerk about what you do and don\u2019t want out of others and life in general. But it is essential to know how to stand up for yourself and set healthy boundaries. Read more about how to be quietly assertive here (https://lonerwolf.com/how-to-bequietly-assertive/) 8. Explore Your Mental Traps Low self-esteem is often a result of false and unrealistic thought patterns that are deeply ingrained within us. These are composed of mental traps such as assumptions, beliefs, comparisons, desires, expectations and ideals about ourselves and others. Learn more about them here (https://lonerwolf.com/6mental-traps/). 9. Treat Yourself Like You Would Your Best Friend Often, we are our own mortal enemies. To heal ourselves, it is important for us to consciously change wretched and significantly lower the quality of our daily lives. Poisonous people are often judgmental, manipulative, clingy, backstabbing, ruthless, aggressive, controlling, liars, self-pitying and selfdestructive. Learning to cut away those who hinder your self-growth is a difficult, but absolutely necessary step on your journey of healing. 13. Seek Supportive Companions our relationships with ourselves, and treat ourselves with compassion and consideration just as we would with a best friend. I wrote more on this topic here (https://lonerwolf.com/how-to-become-yourown-best-friend/)"}, {"title": "", "text": "tune your psychology by thinking that the next night you will have a good night sleep, you certainly will sleep better. If you are stressed over something at midnight, try to channel your thoughts towards something positive or you can start thinking of things that make you feel happy. It could be your favourite childhood memory or the moment in your life when you felt like on top of the world. You can easily guess the quality of sleep you are getting by studying the behaviour of your body in the morning. If you are having neck or back cramps in the morning and you don\u2019t feel light, then there is certainly something wrong with the way you are sleeping. Always check the pillow you are using. Also, one should never sleep in tight-fitting clothes because that will prevent the muscles of your body to relax. A proper sleep pattern along with a healthy diet will surely make you stress-free and healthy, assuring a healthy living for your family. If you know that you are following a bad lifestyle, then it is really the time to change. This will help you from falling yourself prey to many health issues at later stages of your lives."}, {"title": "", "text": "tune your psychology by thinking that the next night you will have a good night sleep, you certainly will sleep better. If you are stressed over something at midnight, try to channel your thoughts towards something positive or you can start thinking of things that make you feel happy. It could be your favourite childhood memory or the moment in your life when you felt like on top of the world. You can easily guess the quality of sleep you are getting by studying the behaviour of your body in the morning. If you are having neck or back cramps in the morning and you don\u2019t feel light, then there is certainly something wrong with the way you are sleeping. Always check the pillow you are using. Also, one should never sleep in tight-fitting clothes because that will prevent the muscles of your body to relax. A proper sleep pattern along with a healthy diet will surely make you stress-free and healthy, assuring a healthy living for your family. If you know that you are following a bad lifestyle, then it is really the time to change. This will help you from falling yourself prey to many health issues at later stages of your lives."}, {"title": "", "text": "by getting your clothes ready for work, packing your purse or briefcase, and charging your smartphone\u2019s battery. Thinking about whether or not you are prepared for the following day can force you to stay awake at night. This is especially true when you are getting ready to leave on vacation. A bedroom should be designed around sleeping. It is crucial that the windows are closed firmly so that no light manages to shine through. Blinds are not always the best way to block out light. Buy darker curtains to block that light. If you don\u2019t have money for that, try using tin foil! Try not eating your lunch with a lot of carbs in it and try balancing them out with protein. Too many carbs in the middle of the day makes you feel tired during the afternoon, and then all of a sudden your energy level kicks in right before going to bed. Don\u2019t go over things again and again in your head when you are trying to fall asleep. If you can\u2019t stop the thoughts in your head, write them down. Often they are the solvable problems that cause stress during the day. Try to take care of those issues then so you can sleep better at night. When you can\u2019t sleep, get up. If you stay in bed, tossing and turning, your body will believe that it can do this night after night without any repercussions. Instead, give yourself 30 minutes to fall asleep and, if it doesn\u2019t work, then get up. Go"}, {"title": "", "text": "those who have little to wear and to eat, and have no one to speak for them. If you want to remove clumsiness from your attitude, clearing the clutter from your mind is very important. Something that, whenever you wear it, you are prone to having loving ideas about yourself. People who volunteer are happier than those who do not, even after controlling for other factors such as socioeconomic status. Do their hands hang awkwardly by their sides or visibly tremble while clutching a piece of paper? Kara Atkinson is the founder and CEO of SPARC | The Sales Leader Network and The Sales Recruiter. Out of eighteen thousand adults, those who slept less than four hours per night were 73 percent more likely to be obese than those who slept seven to nine hours; five hours decreased it to 50 percent; six hours decreased it even more to 23 percent.12 Scientists believe a lack of sleep lowers your leptin level, which is a protein that tells your brain when your stomach is full. Think about this: Is it possible to lose weight by exercising and eating healthy meals only once every month? Mary Oliver poignantly describes this human experience in the concluding lines of The Summer Day: Doesn't everything die at last, and too soon? So, what happens if you're attacked by an adversary? MINDFUL BREATHING Depending on where a mama is in her motherhood journey and the age of her children, she'll need to be aware of what she needs for self-care. she wondered"}, {"title": "", "text": "First of all, the picture above is unrelated, I just put it there cuz I love The Beatles so much hehe. As I scrolled Quora, I found this 10 simple yet mesmerizing tips on how we can have a better life if we dare to switch our patterns of everyday typical life we live currently. Social media tends to drive people crazy. Constantly scrolling down your feed, forever checking how many likes your post recieved, getting jealous when you see someone having a better life than you. It's toxic. Focus on your own life, and avoid caring about what other people are up to. You will be much happier this way. 2. Be grateful for everything you have. Try to sleep at least 8\u20139 hours every day, at the same time. Your body will become a clock if you do this, and you'll find your day to be more productive. In addition to that, avoid going on your phone before you sleep. The light that radiates from the screen can really affect a good night's sleep. Do not change to fit in with other people\u2019s expectations of you. Change because you want to be a better person for your own sanity. YES! Go out, have adventures, explore different cultures and ways of living. You'll be surprised as to how therapeutic this is. Pretty standard really. Excercise is a great way to release any stress you may be having in your life. Not only is it good for your body, the act of exercise can help you"}, {"title": "", "text": "like a vicious cycle. You can\u2019t think straight and make the most informed decisions, you lack the energy to workout and you may make poor eating decisions. I have found that if I stay off my laptop or phone about an hour before I go to bed, I fall asleep much faster. Meditation before bed is also key. It clears your mind and you can get some Zs without your mind racing. I will say that since I have been doing this, my anxiety is lower, I\u2019m more productive and much more focused. We must listen to our bodies. When we are tired, we should sleep. When we are anxious, something needs to change. We are in control of a lot more than we think and it\u2019s up to us to steer our career and life in the right direction."}, {"title": "", "text": "in various degrees of denial and delusion, so it bears a closer look. Hate your job? Deal with it. Hate your spouse? Deal with it. Need a shrink? Get one. Need to change shrinks? Do it. Next, be very careful with alcohol. Even though I've always been high-functioning, I used to drink abusively most weekends of my life, thinking of it as a form of recreation. A few years ago I realized I had had enough, and abruptly quit binge-drinking. Few things disrupt sleep as cruelly as alcohol, and it gets worse as you get older. Moreover, the effects of boozing are more subtle, pernicious and persistent than we might think. You might be smashed on Saturday night and think that sin should be in the past on Wednesday, when you can't sleep. Not so. Moreover, a penchant for getting hammered usually points to some underlying issue that has to be addressed: see step one above. I am still in the process of examining my own story, but getting to sleep is no longer an issue. Next: exercise. Seriously burn some major calories doing hard cardiovascular exercise several times a week. The benefits are amply documented, and getting more so all the time. Don't make excuses. Do it, and learn to love it. It's good to lie down at night with a body that is really, legitimately tired, not just an exhausted body and a mind buzzing with all of life's bullshit. Next: sit. That's the simple, unpretentious term many meditators like to use for what"}, {"title": "", "text": "wouldn\u2019t do anything different. I don\u2019t want to short a life, I don\u2019t want a life filled disease and pain and sickness and suffering. That\u2019s why I do give myself a non-negotiable 8-hour opportunity every night. Once you\u2019ve got that in place \u2013 I don\u2019t think it\u2019s insurmountable. People are doing wonderful things in terms of actually committing non-negotiable time to exercise, and people are trying to eat more healthily. I don\u2019t think sleep is a lost cause in this regard. Once you\u2019re getting that opportunity, then I think there are five things that you could do. If there is one thing that you do from all of these tips, it is these; regularity. Go to bed at the same time and wake up at the same time, no matter what, no matter whether it\u2019s the weekend, or the weekday. Even if you had a bad night of sleep, still wake up at the same time the next day. Accept that it\u2019s going to be a bit of a tricky day. But then just get to bed early the following evening and then you will reset. Because if you sleep in late for whatever reason, you\u2019re not going to feel tired until later that following evening, and you start to drift forward in time and it\u2019s called social jetlag. That has marked deleterious consequences to your health and to your sleep. Regularity is key. The second is temperature. Keep it cool. Keep your bedroom around about 68 degrees is optimal for most people, which is probably"}, {"title": "", "text": "was going to bed only nine hours after getting up! Not being remotely sleepy when I went to bed, combined with anticipation and excitement about the next day meant that I was taking hours and hours to fall asleep. A Pattern Sets In Soon I started to notice a pattern of not sleeping well before parties. This was worrying \u2013 feeling tired and tense was affecting my ability to enjoy myself. Before long, the same thing started happening before other fun events \u2013 weddings, Christmas, picnics, and days out in the country. Irritation soon turned to worry and I started not to be able to look forward to these events quite as much as I once had. Then one night the whole thing took a turn for the worse. I remember lying in bed on one not particularly special or significant night when the thought flashed through my mind \u2013 'Wouldn't it be awful if I couldn't sleep well tonight, just like on those \"special\" nights? In fact, what if I didn't sleep at all tonight?' This distressing idea actually began to wake me up. This idea turned to fear, and the further away sleep became. At that moment I noticed for the first time that worrying about not sleeping could keep me awake! And with that, my life changed forever. That night was my first full sleepless night and the beginning of my first long bout of insomnia ... The next day I had my first experience of the 'morning after'. Little did I know"}, {"title": "", "text": "rampage destroying your wardrobe, until you\u2019re left with last week\u2019s dirty brown t-shirt? There\u2019s nothing worse than panicking over clothing or belongings in the morning, so make sure you\u2019re prepared the night before. Choose your outfit and have it laid out all ready to go. Pack you gym bag, make your lunch and go to bed knowing you\u2019re ready to tackle the day the next morning. The saying, \"You've woken up on the wrong side of the bed,\" isn't true when it comes to sleeping on a Koala mattress (how could it be?! Blissful sleep every single night.) but on others, it's definitely a possibility. If you haven't made the switch yet and you really are waking up on the wrong side of the bed, choose happiness. It sounds easy because it IS easy - think about all the wonderful things that are happening in your life. Here's some examples... you're alive, you're loved, you have friends, the earth hasn't exploded yet. By focusing on the good and greeting the day with a smile, you'll truly set yourself up for the perfect morning."}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cproblem\u201d becomes a \u201cproblem\u201d and then a \u201csleep disorder\u201d when they begin to worry about it throughout the day also. Fretting over it, stressing and getting upset over it doesn\u2019t make it easier to sleep. If worry and worry, about sleep or anything else, is there with you when you go to bed at night, you will need to locate a way to take care of it in the daytime first. Stress reduction techniques and strategies include meditation, yoga, martial arts, easy play, counselling, prayer, hobbies and new air exercise. Music, guided meditation, creative visualization, progressive relaxation and biofeedback may also be incredibly effective instruments. One of my favourite tricks is to carry out a nightly \u201cbrain dump\u201d. When everything appears to be on overload, I will make certain to take time each evening to sit down and write out all I\u2019d normally be worrying about in bed. This might consist of large things, like how to pay the mortgage, smaller things like remembering whether the tires require rotating in addition to dumb stuff like wondering if my favorite summer shirt will still be in fashion next year. Later, in bed, when those worrisome thoughts begin to come up I will say \u201cno, I wrote you down, so I do not have to presume you right now\u201d. Just as you\u2019ve been proactive about taking control of your program, your surroundings, your diet and behaviours, you must accept responsibility and recover control of your own thoughts. This may require external assistance from a coach or counselor, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "The major thing that is affecting your health is your daily routine which includes your bedtime, diet, daily exercise and some other factors. Setting up your daily routine can help you transform your life into a successful life, it can help you improve your overall health, physical appearance and can boost most of your abilities. First and the foremost habit that is ruining your daily routine is your bedtime routine. Going to bed early and waking up early in the morning. Many people have different sleeping patterns, you can make your own sleeping pattern that suits you the most. This pattern includes your go to bed and wake up time, sleeping hours. Before you go to sleep make sure to turn off most of the electronic devices that could disturb your sleep. If you are not an early riser or it is difficult for you to get up early you can set an alarm. You should also focus on your sleeping hours means for how much time do you sleep, your sleeping hours should be same every single day. Diet is also considered to be one of the major habits that is affecting your daily routine and it also plays a vital role in destroying your health. Diet is based upon what you eat and how much you eat, that means how much you intake calories. Your diet can also affect your physical appearance and your overall health. According to a research it has been proved that if your health is deficient in vitamins such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "week and I have been practising for 2 years now. It has helped me soo much during my treatment and taught me the importance of breath work, movement along with energy and mindset. * I stopped the weight training and high intensity interval training (HIIT) as it was stressing my body and I did not have strength to continue training this way. Walking and yoga is all I do these days and I love it! * A positive mindset when overcoming any health issue is crucial. Remember that your body is listening to everything you think and say. If you keep telling yourself your never going to get better or that your an idiot for \u2018cheating\u2019 and eating that burger, your body will react in a negative way. On the other hand, when you believe that things will improve and you keep your head filled with positive thoughts, amazing things can happen. Just look into the placebo effect or read the book \u2018Mind Over Medicine\u2019 as scientific proof! *Each night I make sure I\u2019m in bed by 10.30pm and try to get 9 hours sleep a night. (Obviously the days when I\u2019m not up for work at 5am!) I also follow the sleep hygiene practices like keeping my bedroom cool, pitch black and no electronics at least an hour before bed. * Epsom salt baths have helpful in supplying my body with magnesium and sulphates through the skin. This is known to help those with salicylate intolerance as the sulphates can be deficient and this way"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you\u2019ve ever heard the old saying \u201cnever go to bed angry, or bad feelings will harden into resentment\u201d, you might be surprised at the legitimate truth behind it. You\u2019ve just had a really, really intense argument with your friend/partner/mum/dog and you\u2019re furious. Blinded by red, you jump into bed and keep replaying the argument through your mind. You can\u2019t sleep because you\u2019re so restless, and are still screwing up your face in contempt at the person you\u2019ve had a fight with. Sound familiar? Arguing before bed is more common than you\u2019d think, and a new study has shown that going to bed with negative memories can make it harder to suppress them. During sleep, the brain reorganises the way negative memories are stored, which makes it much more difficult to get rid of them if they were the last thing you were focused on. You won\u2019t be able to sleep. The very last thing you feel like doing after a massive fight is sleeping. All the thoughts are going through your mind, and you\u2019re probably trying to justify your side of the fight. You\u2019ll mill over possible outcomes and find it really difficult to sleep. AND we all know the downfalls of not sleeping \u2013 weight gain, crappy moods and a lack of positivity are just a few things you can suffer from when it comes to sleep loss. The fight will last longer. There\u2019s really nothing worse than a long fight\u2026 except a grudge! Ask yourself, do you really want to be the type"}, {"title": "", "text": "calories in anticipation of famine. Similarly, when you freak out over current events, \u201cyour body thinks, Something I care about is at stake, and it compels you to eat,\u201d says Washington, D.C., dietitian Rebecca Scritchfield, R.D. You\u2019re apt to choose comfort foods like mac \u2018n\u2019 cheese or doughnuts, because carbs act \u201clike edible Xanax,\u201d she says, \u201cstimulating the body to produce the feel-good chemical serotonin.\u201d NO REST FOR THE WORRIED A social media habit can also make you lose sleep, another pathway to extra pounds. When you lag behind in Zs, your body can release ghrelin, the \u201cfeed me!\u201d hormone, says Scritchfield. Late-night scrolling compounds the problem: The headlines may get your blood boiling, and the blue-screen light from your device affects how much and how well you sleep. Christine Knapp, a 39-year-old massage therapist in Los Angeles, blames her recent yo-yoing weight on bad bedtime rituals. \u201cI look at the news on Twitter and I\u2019m mindlessly munching, and suddenly an hour has gone by. I crawl into bed and can\u2019t fall asleep, then I wake up with nightmares.\u201d She has gained back six of the 12 pounds she\u2019d lost before the election. Sleep deprivation also hinders your greatest weapon in the fight against headline-induced stress: exercise. Not only does working out spur endorphins, but it fuels emotional resiliency. \u201cWhen you work out hard,\u201d says Scritchfield, \u201cyour mind often says, \u2018I want to stop.\u2019 But if you press through those pushups or that last five minutes of a run, it\u2019s like strength training for your brain."}, {"title": "", "text": "quality sleep, that can\u2019t happen, and we start the next day in a negative way. There are some ways to ensure (as far as possible) a good night\u2019s sleep that should be adhered to. For example, the TV, computer, or mobile devices should not be used two hours before bedtime because not only are they stimulating and make it more difficult to fall asleep, but the light that they emit makes the body believe that it is time to be awake, not fall asleep. Equally, exercise before bed is not a good idea (unless it is just light stretching), but you should have a hot bath if you can as, when you get out of the tub, your core temperature will fall and you\u2019ll feel much more relaxed and ready for sleep. Studies have shown that people who have more, closer friends are happier and healthier than those who don\u2019t. If you have friends around you, they will be able to help you become healthier, perhaps by exercising with you, or reminding you when you are taking part in something that is bad for you. Plus you will go out more and be generally more stimulated. The friends don\u2019t even have to be \u2018real life\u2019 ones; online friends from all over the world as just as important and can help just as much as those who live right next door. Edna is a cleaning service provider and writer. She is interested in lifestyle, home improvement, cleaning and eco tips."}, {"title": "", "text": "quality sleep, that can\u2019t happen, and we start the next day in a negative way. There are some ways to ensure (as far as possible) a good night\u2019s sleep that should be adhered to. For example, the TV, computer, or mobile devices should not be used two hours before bedtime because not only are they stimulating and make it more difficult to fall asleep, but the light that they emit makes the body believe that it is time to be awake, not fall asleep. Equally, exercise before bed is not a good idea (unless it is just light stretching), but you should have a hot bath if you can as, when you get out of the tub, your core temperature will fall and you\u2019ll feel much more relaxed and ready for sleep. Studies have shown that people who have more, closer friends are happier and healthier than those who don\u2019t. If you have friends around you, they will be able to help you become healthier, perhaps by exercising with you, or reminding you when you are taking part in something that is bad for you. Plus you will go out more and be generally more stimulated. The friends don\u2019t even have to be \u2018real life\u2019 ones; online friends from all over the world as just as important and can help just as much as those who live right next door. Edna is a cleaning service provider and writer. She is interested in lifestyle, home improvement, cleaning and eco tips."}, {"title": "", "text": "health. otherwise, i would say that eating a large quantity of food right before bed AND being deficient in overall calories for the day could DEFINITELy be the cause of the night sweats. your body creates heat when digesting food, and I know Future Husband would say that eating immediately before bed is bad (in the eyes of Chinese medicine) because it forces your organs to work when they should be resting. i would try to space your meals out over the day more evenly so you are 1) eating the proper amount of calories everyday and 2) not eating more than 1.5-2 hours before bed. try that for a week and see if it helps! otherwise, i would talk to your doctor because it could be something unrelated to your diet. GOOD LUCK!Anon \u2013 Thanks for reading! It took me about 1 year to lose all the weight. But it a constant loss\u2026. I plateaued a few times, gain back a few pounds to re-lose them later, etc. Healthy, maintainable weight loss always quick, but sometimes it can be faster! Meghann of graduatemeghann.wordpress.com lost 25 lbs in 9 months, so just dependent on the person. Sort of sounds like Borderline Personality Disorder. Usually happens in women. BAD problem if it happens in a man. Brain wire correctly in the emotion control area. they understand social norms to situations but cant control themselves from acting how they WISH they could act. Like my dad\u2026 if someone pisses him off, he may shove their head in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "health. otherwise, i would say that eating a large quantity of food right before bed AND being deficient in overall calories for the day could DEFINITELy be the cause of the night sweats. your body creates heat when digesting food, and I know Future Husband would say that eating immediately before bed is bad (in the eyes of Chinese medicine) because it forces your organs to work when they should be resting. i would try to space your meals out over the day more evenly so you are 1) eating the proper amount of calories everyday and 2) not eating more than 1.5-2 hours before bed. try that for a week and see if it helps! otherwise, i would talk to your doctor because it could be something unrelated to your diet. GOOD LUCK!Anon \u2013 Thanks for reading! It took me about 1 year to lose all the weight. But it a constant loss\u2026. I plateaued a few times, gain back a few pounds to re-lose them later, etc. Healthy, maintainable weight loss always quick, but sometimes it can be faster! Meghann of graduatemeghann.wordpress.com lost 25 lbs in 9 months, so just dependent on the person. Sort of sounds like Borderline Personality Disorder. Usually happens in women. BAD problem if it happens in a man. Brain wire correctly in the emotion control area. they understand social norms to situations but cant control themselves from acting how they WISH they could act. Like my dad\u2026 if someone pisses him off, he may shove their head in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "standing up and start dancing to a loud rock and roll music and imitating his dancing. The absolute majority of the audience followed his instructions. Then he talked about the power of a good night\u2019 sleep and how poor sleep cause lots of diseases including oral diseases. He discussed the ways of getting more energy and how to build oneself with what one eats and how one sleeps. He emphasized earning the right to have a better sleep. He mentioned 8 hours night sleeping is a must. \u201cSleep masks help to sleep better.\u201d He said: \u201cMelatonin helps to sleep better and Children have lots of it.\u201d He pointed out that lights at night kills melatonin. \u201cLight during the day, dim lights during the evening and total darkness during the night.\u201d He emphasized having TV in the bedroom is the worst habit. He mentioned eight points for having a better night sleep: 1. Cool dark room 2. No TV in bedroom 3. Warm bath 4. No food before bed time 5. No drink before bed time 6. Plain yogurt one hour before sleep 7. Exercise earlier during the day 8. Deep breath while the windows are open He mentioned that if you can\u2019t sleep think about what you like and those you love and three reasons why you love them. He pointed out that memories can heal or enrage and added: \u201cthink about positive things before going to sleep.\u201d Then he mentioned that he is a dentist and a Zumba instructor and asked the audience to stand"}, {"title": "", "text": "standing up and start dancing to a loud rock and roll music and imitating his dancing. The absolute majority of the audience followed his instructions. Then he talked about the power of a good night\u2019 sleep and how poor sleep cause lots of diseases including oral diseases. He discussed the ways of getting more energy and how to build oneself with what one eats and how one sleeps. He emphasized earning the right to have a better sleep. He mentioned 8 hours night sleeping is a must. \u201cSleep masks help to sleep better.\u201d He said: \u201cMelatonin helps to sleep better and Children have lots of it.\u201d He pointed out that lights at night kills melatonin. \u201cLight during the day, dim lights during the evening and total darkness during the night.\u201d He emphasized having TV in the bedroom is the worst habit. He mentioned eight points for having a better night sleep: 1. Cool dark room 2. No TV in bedroom 3. Warm bath 4. No food before bed time 5. No drink before bed time 6. Plain yogurt one hour before sleep 7. Exercise earlier during the day 8. Deep breath while the windows are open He mentioned that if you can\u2019t sleep think about what you like and those you love and three reasons why you love them. He pointed out that memories can heal or enrage and added: \u201cthink about positive things before going to sleep.\u201d Then he mentioned that he is a dentist and a Zumba instructor and asked the audience to stand"}, {"title": "", "text": "Personally, I suffered for many years on Sunday nights trying to get some sleep. I dreaded Sunday nights because as soon as I would lie down in bed for the night the worries and stress of the upcoming week flooded into my thoughts. I had not yet found the peace of living mindfully, and so I allowed the thoughts of the future to take over, believing the worst of what could happen come Monday morning at work. Note that I wasn't worried about what was going to happen, but what I imagined would happen. These thoughts brought with them a sense of a loss of control as they are future thoughts, not present thoughts. Therefore, I would be tossing and turning, worrying about what had to be done, what I didn't do, what I forgot to do; but most importantly, what I didn't know I didn't know. In the last few years, as I've been working on living mindfully and in the present, I have learned some things which have helped me to no longer dread Sunday nights. I don't have a nighttime ritual so to speak, but I have figured out a few things that have helped me to sleep peacefully, especially Sunday night. Prior to going to bed, make a list of the projects and tasks you need to do the next day. Make sure the list is no longer than 4 items and that each item is doable in the course of the day. Make a separate list of the things you will"}, {"title": "", "text": "do hope you brush your teeth before bed). Once you come up with a good working routine, stick to it for a few weeks. That\u2019s the best way to turn it into a strong habit. Before long, it will feel like the new normal and you no longer have to remind yourself to do each thing along the way. It will have become a habit and a routine you\u2019ll follow automatically. It will take a lot less effort and mental pep-talk to get things done\u2026 even if your new routine includes a 30-minute run, or getting up at the crack of dawn to work on your most important business task for an hour. Watch out for moments when you slip back into your old habits and routines. It\u2019s going to happen. I stopped putting makeup on while I was sick and it took about a week after I was better to get back into the habit again. I had several days when I almost forgot about it completely! The key is to catch it early and get back on track as quickly as possible. For example, let\u2019s say you\u2019ve been doing well with waking up 30 minutes earlier and going for a run before you start your day. Then one day you oversleep and can\u2019t make it out there. Or the weather turns too bad, you get sick or hurt, or something else pops up that keeps you from going on that run. That\u2019s life. It happens. What\u2019s important is what you decide to do the"}, {"title": "", "text": "do hope you brush your teeth before bed). Once you come up with a good working routine, stick to it for a few weeks. That\u2019s the best way to turn it into a strong habit. Before long, it will feel like the new normal and you no longer have to remind yourself to do each thing along the way. It will have become a habit and a routine you\u2019ll follow automatically. It will take a lot less effort and mental pep-talk to get things done\u2026 even if your new routine includes a 30-minute run, or getting up at the crack of dawn to work on your most important business task for an hour. Watch out for moments when you slip back into your old habits and routines. It\u2019s going to happen. I stopped putting makeup on while I was sick and it took about a week after I was better to get back into the habit again. I had several days when I almost forgot about it completely! The key is to catch it early and get back on track as quickly as possible. For example, let\u2019s say you\u2019ve been doing well with waking up 30 minutes earlier and going for a run before you start your day. Then one day you oversleep and can\u2019t make it out there. Or the weather turns too bad, you get sick or hurt, or something else pops up that keeps you from going on that run. That\u2019s life. It happens. What\u2019s important is what you decide to do the"}, {"title": "", "text": "diabetes. What\u2019s more, eating right before bed can disrupt your sleep to make next-day cravings a biological inevitability. Eating, especially a large meal, late at night also increases your risk of heartburn. \u201cEsophageal reflux commonly occurs when our stomachs are full and we lie down, allowing the stomach contents to reflux into the esophagus causing discomfort and affecting sleep,\u201d Cederquist says. She also notes that in patients who have metabolic dysfunction (common in overweight individuals) and eat high-carb meals before bed, blood-sugar levels nose-dive throughout the night. \u201cThis hypoglycemia wakes people right up from sleep and makes it hard to fall back to sleep after, disrupting normal sleep patterns,\u201d she says. After a bad night\u2019s sleep, the body\u2019s levels of appetite-triggering hormones increase, while hormones that blunt hunger drop, according to a 2013 study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Peoples' bodies become resistant to insulin\u2019s effects, raising the risk of fat accumulation, obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Hence why one meta-analysis published in Sleep studying 634,511 people worldwide found that those who frequently miss out on sleep suffer from weight gain and obesity. Eat Right at Night \u201cI usually recommend individuals stop eating approximately 1.5 to 2 hours before going to bed to allow for digestion. Since we digest our food better when we are upright, this allows our body to truly rest and repair while we are sleeping in preparation for the next day,\u201d Zanini says. \u201cStill, even if it\u2019s late at night, if an individual is hungry, he or she"}, {"title": "", "text": "specific image of yourself. That image \u2013 your grooming, your tone, your confidence, and your charisma \u2013 dramatically impact the way you are viewed by others. Mr. Smith knew that, and it changed his entire trajectory. With all of the above in mind, let\u2019s make 2019 your best year ever by focusing on self-care! Improve your confidence levels, reduce your stress levels, and build stronger connections using these four tips. For most busy adults, a good night\u2019s sleep is a luxury that we too often forgo in favor of getting more work done during the day (or, of course, tossing and turning at night). Unfortunately, a lack of sleep has been shown to make us more emotional as well as quicker to feel anger and irritation. These kinds of emotions can have a significant impact upon our interactions and connections with family, friends, and colleagues. Do you think Mr. Smith, student extraordinaire, walked around in a stupor from too little sleep? Of course not! He strode confidently and alertly through his day, able to react to last-minute requests and questions with alacrity. It\u2019s part of what made him seem so successful. And you can do that, too. In order to keep yourself healthy, aid in establishing stronger connections with others and improve your wellbeing next year, eliminate tasks that aren\u2019t conducive to a good night\u2019s rest, whether they be projects that keep you up at night or activities that leave you too anxious or excited to easily fall asleep. Here are some things you can do"}, {"title": "", "text": "specific image of yourself. That image \u2013 your grooming, your tone, your confidence, and your charisma \u2013 dramatically impact the way you are viewed by others. Mr. Smith knew that, and it changed his entire trajectory. With all of the above in mind, let\u2019s make 2019 your best year ever by focusing on self-care! Improve your confidence levels, reduce your stress levels, and build stronger connections using these four tips. For most busy adults, a good night\u2019s sleep is a luxury that we too often forgo in favor of getting more work done during the day (or, of course, tossing and turning at night). Unfortunately, a lack of sleep has been shown to make us more emotional as well as quicker to feel anger and irritation. These kinds of emotions can have a significant impact upon our interactions and connections with family, friends, and colleagues. Do you think Mr. Smith, student extraordinaire, walked around in a stupor from too little sleep? Of course not! He strode confidently and alertly through his day, able to react to last-minute requests and questions with alacrity. It\u2019s part of what made him seem so successful. And you can do that, too. In order to keep yourself healthy, aid in establishing stronger connections with others and improve your wellbeing next year, eliminate tasks that aren\u2019t conducive to a good night\u2019s rest, whether they be projects that keep you up at night or activities that leave you too anxious or excited to easily fall asleep. Here are some things you can do"}, {"title": "", "text": "body that can lead to sexual dysfunction, like erectile dysfunction (inability to get or maintain an erection), or hormone imbalances. 6. It Can Mess With Your Self-Esteem So we've established (and we already knew, because common sense) that sleep makes you grumpy, but over the long term, that gumpyness can morph into a serious case of anxiety and/or depression. That's because, in addition to messing with your body and brain chemistry, lack of sleep also makes it harder for you to cope with problems and recover from ups and downs. All this causes your self-esteem to take a hit, and low self-esteem is like kryptonite to healthy relationships. It changes how you express yourself, how (and if) you ask to get your needs met, and what you're willing to tolerate from your partner. The fallout can be very testing, if not detrimental, to your relationship. 7. You'll Be Less Awesome Let's face it. You're like four buckets full of awesome, in a world where most people are only one bucket full of awesome. But when you lose sleep, you're not as awesome as you could be. You're less attractive when you're not getting enough sleep. You're worse at sports and art and other taxing activities. You have less of a sense of humor. You don't put as much effort into things. You make poor decisions. Put that all together, and it's a lot for your partner to deal with. Your partner fell in love with you because you were, well, you, not the worn out, cranky,"}, {"title": "", "text": "This Common Bedtime Habit Is Making You Gain Weight What Your Sleep Position Says About Your Personality, According To Experts This Common Sleep Habit May Actually Be An Early Warning Sign Of Cancer Is Your Personality Ruining Your Sleep? 5 Reasons To Try Sleeping Naked Tonight Women Who Wake Up At This Time Are 40 Per Cent Less Likely To Develop Breast Cancer 1 In 3 Australians Are Suffering From This Little-Known Condition Experts Say Too Much Sleep Could Be Making You Gain Weight Can't Remember Your Dreams? There\u2019s A Vitamin For That Struggling To Sleep? This Simple Trick Might Help The Ideal Daily Routine For A Perfect Night\u2019s Sleep, According To Experts 4 Things You're Doing Before Bed That Are Ageing You Overnight These Are The 3 Biggest Mistakes You Can Make Before Going To Bed Study Finds Being A Night Owl Is Seriously Bad For Your Health Oh, dear. - by Reegan Von Wildenradt Bad news, night people: If you routinely stay up late, you may be more likely to die, get diabetes, or develop a psychological illness. A study published in the journal Chronobiology International found that people who identify as \u201cdefinite evening types\u201d are more susceptible to several health problems, including diabetes, neurological disorders, psychological illness, and a higher risk of mortality than those who identify as \u201cdefinite morning types.\u201d RELATED: 3 Expert Tips For How To Get A Better Night's Sleep U G H GIF - Find & Share on GIPHY Researchers tracked 433,268 adults in the United Kingdom over an"}, {"title": "", "text": "what surrounds you. It\u2019s pretty hard to enjoy life when your head is constantly bowed down, not in shame or sorrow, but because you\u2019re looking at your phone. Besides being time-consuming, you\u2019re constantly exposed to drama and depressing news, which is bound to influence your mood too. Give it a try and don\u2019t pick your phone up every 5 minutes. You can set specific times to check it, update and get your updates, and then put it down again. If you\u2019re bored, try simply looking around. Watch the faces, the buildings around you, make up stories in your head about the people living there. If you\u2019re eating, put your phone down, turn the tv off, close your newspaper. Feel and taste the food, talk to people, feel the smells in the air. Multitasking is great for time efficiency, but awful when you want to appreciate life and the moment. Rushing out in the morning will make you begin your day stressed and tensed. Going to sleep late or doing activities that influence the sleep quality right before bedtime won\u2019t give your body time to reset itself. If you don\u2019t rest and start your days at full speed for all the wrong reasons, then it\u2019s normal that you don\u2019t feel like looking around and appreciate life. Design a routine and stick to it. Waking up early in the morning so you\u2019re not late will be easier if your night routine is more efficient. Sleep better and longer to rest properly. Mornings will still be hard, but the"}, {"title": "", "text": "But in small portions, of course! 7. You love eating dessert at night. White sugar and flour transform into fat cells. You can\u2019t burn those calories off at night. For dessert, have some fruit. It\u2019s like healthy candy that won\u2019t hurt your waist. 8. You snack after dinner. You overeat and consume empty calories. You get extra energy that will keep you awake. Avoid bread, cookies, or any other sweets after dinner. For a late snack, choose something light and healthy with less than 200 calories. 9. You tend to skip dinner. It doesn\u2019t help you lose much weight because skipping meals slows your metabolism. It\u2019ll only make you feel hungrier at your next meal. Skipping meals can cause anxiety. You lose muscle tissue, and your skin gets loose. Even if you don\u2019t have time for a decent lunch or dinner, at least try to eat a piece of fruit. 10. You consume alcohol or caffeine. These products affect your sleep. Choose natural smoothies or hot milk. Always finish your day with a glass of pure drinking water. 11. You use a cell phone or computer before bed. Blue light, emitted by those gadgets, affects health and sleep. Radio frequency waves also cause sleep deprivation. Turn devices off at least one hour before bed. Read a book or listen to relaxing music instead. 12. You go to bed late every night. Going to bed past midnight makes you gain more fat because it\u2019s not the natural body cycle. You will want to eat something early in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Affecting one in every four Americans, anxiety is the most commonly diagnosed mental illness, so it is no surprise that anxiety can cause sleep ailments for many people. To combat night time anxiety, which can come from worrying about how tired you will be the next day or thinking about tomorrow\u2019s responsibilities, try meditating before bed to lower your heart rate and put you to sleep faster. Similar to anxiety, a racing mind can keep you up for hours when you are trying to go to sleep. Many night owls are especially guilty of this, with their energy and creativity coming at night. If you are having trouble turning off your thoughts when it is time for bed, try to develop a bedtime ritual or routine to signal to your mind and body that it is time to slow down. Coming from a multitude of sources, such as a lumpy mattress, uncomfortable pajamas, a stiff pillow, or even just humidity, discomfort is detrimental to the quality of your sleep. To find comfort every night, upgrade your mattress to one that has no coils or springs and will wear out evenly over time. Diet myths often suggest that going to sleep hungry is the key to a fast metabolism and weight loss, but hunger has been proven to lead to worse sleep, which in turn, increases our sugar cravings and actually makes us eat more. To get that \u201cturkey coma\u201d feel without gorging on a Thanksgiving bird, try a light bedtime snack of almonds or cherries, which"}, {"title": "", "text": "change the situation? You can\u2019t work in the long term if you don\u2019t prioritize your health first. If your like most people on a pretty normal schedule coming home around the time it\u2019s getting dark outside, my first tip towards you returning to vitality is to leave the work at work. Leave the scheduling at work or for the daytime hours, and leave the work related emails and texts and calls\u2026 at work! This is going to help to send your mind into a state of ease by helping it to change from sympathetic nervous system to parasympathetic. In Parasympathetic, the body is able to work on healing itself, and digesting rather than using all it\u2019s energy reserve\u2019s for alertness and muscular function. TV and computer use should be withdrawn 2-3 hours before bedtime ideally. The blue light that this technology sends out through the screen permeates the eyes and skin and signals the brain to wake up just as natural light in the morning time does in order to wake your body up naturally. This excess release of cortisol at night will definitely make it difficult to relax so I recommend using a blue light filter on your phone if you must use that before bedtime. When it comes to transitioning from not being able to fall asleep until three in the morning to getting shut eye at 10 or 11 pm at the latest, it will make it so much easier if you make sure to eat 3-4 hours before bed. When your body"}, {"title": "", "text": "Before you go to bed at night, tell your brain, \u201cwake me up at _ a.m.\u201d Unless you got drunk the night before, you\u2019ll likely start waking up right before the alarm clock startles you awake. If the subconscious command doesn\u2019t work, set the alarm on your smartphone and put it far enough away from your bed so you have to physically get up to shut your alarm off in the morning when it goes off. You\u2019ll be less likely to hit snooze once you\u2019re already up. Drink a liter of water upon rising. Most people are under-energized because they\u2019re under-hydrated. Hydration is energy. Keep a liter of water at your bedside table before bed, and crush it immediately upon rising. After you brush your teeth, pause for a moment and smile at yourself. Then say, \u201cI love you.\u201d Most people don\u2019t love themselves enough. As Aristotle said, \u201cWe are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.\u201d If you are what you repeatedly do, then why not repeatedly affirm something positive to yourself? Take walks. Walking has been known to help people solve problems, come up with new ideas, and have epiphanies that seem to have come out of nowhere. But they don\u2019t come out of nowhere. They were there all along. Taking a walk just changes the context from \u2018desk\u2019 to \u2018nature\u2019. And nature is going to win almost every time. Get grateful. If you feel sad, if you feel like you don\u2019t have enough of something; STOP and"}, {"title": "", "text": "earlier in the evening to work through anything that's on your mind. \"This may include making a to-do list for the next day or writing down a list of problems with a solution for each one,\" she said. \"This way, [when you're] getting in bed, you can feel reassured that you have already dealt with your stresses.\" Once that's done \u2014 and at least 30 minutes before bed \u2014 Dr. Bernbaum recommends switching to a relaxing activity, such as reading a book or practicing meditation. You might also try yoga or light stretching, which can reduce stress and anxiety and promote sleepiness, explained Kent Smith, D-ABDSM, ASBA, president of the American Sleep and Breathing Academy and founding director of Sleep Dallas. More intense exercise may do the opposite, though, so wrap up those cardio sessions at least two hours before bed. Image Source: Getty / LaylaBird Healthy LivingSleepStress Relief Camila Mendes Candidly Addresses Past Eating Disorder: \"Really F*cks With Your Process\" by Chanel Vargas 5 days ago I Tried the Scandinavian Sleep Method, and It's Worth the Hype by Lauren Mazzo 1 week ago The Science Behind My Emotional-Support Blanket by Taylor Andrews 3 weeks ago Celebrity Instagrams JoJo Starts the New Year With the 75 Hard Challenge by Chanel Vargas 3 weeks ago Lizzo Shuts Down TikTok's Unrealistic Beauty Standards: \"This Body Is Art\" I'm Done Gatekeeping These $29 CBD Sleep Gummies \u2014 Here's Why You Need Them by Marisa Petrarca 3 weeks ago Latest Fitness Get Daily Fitness Inspiration Get daily fitness inspiration right"}, {"title": "", "text": "earlier in the evening to work through anything that's on your mind. \"This may include making a to-do list for the next day or writing down a list of problems with a solution for each one,\" she said. \"This way, [when you're] getting in bed, you can feel reassured that you have already dealt with your stresses.\" Once that's done \u2014 and at least 30 minutes before bed \u2014 Dr. Bernbaum recommends switching to a relaxing activity, such as reading a book or practicing meditation. You might also try yoga or light stretching, which can reduce stress and anxiety and promote sleepiness, explained Kent Smith, D-ABDSM, ASBA, president of the American Sleep and Breathing Academy and founding director of Sleep Dallas. More intense exercise may do the opposite, though, so wrap up those cardio sessions at least two hours before bed. Image Source: Getty / LaylaBird Healthy LivingSleepStress Relief Camila Mendes Candidly Addresses Past Eating Disorder: \"Really F*cks With Your Process\" by Chanel Vargas 5 days ago I Tried the Scandinavian Sleep Method, and It's Worth the Hype by Lauren Mazzo 1 week ago The Science Behind My Emotional-Support Blanket by Taylor Andrews 3 weeks ago Celebrity Instagrams JoJo Starts the New Year With the 75 Hard Challenge by Chanel Vargas 3 weeks ago Lizzo Shuts Down TikTok's Unrealistic Beauty Standards: \"This Body Is Art\" I'm Done Gatekeeping These $29 CBD Sleep Gummies \u2014 Here's Why You Need Them by Marisa Petrarca 3 weeks ago Latest Fitness Get Daily Fitness Inspiration Get daily fitness inspiration right"}, {"title": "", "text": "Everyday is an opportunity for you to be better than yesterday. Everyone has an equal opportunity to maximize their days to its fullest. No one has a \u201ctime advantage\u201d. We like to spend the evening relaxing and pampering ourselves to make up for the day\u2019s work. Our usual routine is to entertain ourselves like watch TV or get busy on social media. Unfortunately, we miss out on the opportunity to start the next day with less worry and stress. Try preparing things the night before (e.g., clothes, school or work essentials, exercise equipment). This will help you start the day without feeling rushed. Make nighttime an opportunity to plan ahead by writing down your to-do's for the next day. A lot of us like to label ourselves as \u201cnight owls\u201d, that nighttime (late, to be exact) is the prime time for creativity and productivity. You might think you can get more things done if you stay up late, but you can actually get more things done if you sleep early. You\u2019ll be surprised how things can drastically change if you assume the life of a lark. Try sleeping and waking up 15 or 30 minutes earlier than you normally would and gradually adjust until your ideal sleeping schedule is achieved. This is life-changing, and I urge you to give it a try! The simple act of fixing your bed increases your self-efficacy by giving you a sense of accomplishment. This helps fosters the growth of other good habits. Fixing your bed is easy and not time-consuming,"}, {"title": "", "text": "is a way to vent out actually believes that it is good way and its okay to make this happen without any thought. It is quite alarming that the big diseases like diabetes, blood pressure, stomach disorders, ulcers are in some or the other way connected to temperament disorders. So, then what can be done to work towards helping our management towards this temper? Sleep well as it\u2019s an important part of life and good quality sleep can help combat many physical, mental and emotional problems, including anger. The 6 to 8 hours of sleep is the only way your mind and body can be put to rest and rejuvenate itself for the next day. Find your ideal need and sleep accordingly. If you are sleeping lesser than your body need, you will suffer from temperament disorders. Sleep well and sound to help your body and mind revive and remain relaxed. If you know that you are about to confront a difficult conversation or situation, make yourself aware about the way which is ideal to respond. It is okay to just say I will revert or simply smile or say nothing for certain times when it is difficult to accept or a negative response might worsen it. Certain times conversations only add to anger and anxiety, so at such times be very aware of your response and don\u2019t get dragged. Plan and prepare your mind for that conversation. Unexpected ones will also start getting better if you get the hold of your responses gradually. First target"}, {"title": "", "text": "I did not sleep well last night. The irony is not lost on me. I am irritable and feel dreadful. I muse to myself \u2013 Did I use to feel like this all the time? \u2013 Before I learned to sleep again. The difference, is that sleeping badly is now a once in a week or two occurrence. Not every night. During what I call my transformation. I did a 30 day challenge every month. It was a way to break years of bad habits by replacing them with new and better ones. The idea of a 30 day challenge is to focus intently on changing one particular area of my life in need of improvement, then once the 30 days are over, I retain the better habits, but at a more sustainable intensity. When I first wrote about my transformation, it was at a brief and high level, I focused on the visibly tangible weight loss, it was easy for people to see. Internally there have been far more fundamentally transformative changes in my life, learning to sleep was one of them. I am only now beginning to fully appreciate what a mess I was in and I will share some of my other experiences later in the year. For now, I\u2019ll focus on the insomnia. I do not know if more people suffer with insomnia these days or if I used to just see more evidence of it more while scrolling Facebook at 2am (and again at 4am). My suspicion is that more people"}, {"title": "", "text": "I did not sleep well last night. The irony is not lost on me. I am irritable and feel dreadful. I muse to myself \u2013 Did I use to feel like this all the time? \u2013 Before I learned to sleep again. The difference, is that sleeping badly is now a once in a week or two occurrence. Not every night. During what I call my transformation. I did a 30 day challenge every month. It was a way to break years of bad habits by replacing them with new and better ones. The idea of a 30 day challenge is to focus intently on changing one particular area of my life in need of improvement, then once the 30 days are over, I retain the better habits, but at a more sustainable intensity. When I first wrote about my transformation, it was at a brief and high level, I focused on the visibly tangible weight loss, it was easy for people to see. Internally there have been far more fundamentally transformative changes in my life, learning to sleep was one of them. I am only now beginning to fully appreciate what a mess I was in and I will share some of my other experiences later in the year. For now, I\u2019ll focus on the insomnia. I do not know if more people suffer with insomnia these days or if I used to just see more evidence of it more while scrolling Facebook at 2am (and again at 4am). My suspicion is that more people"}, {"title": "", "text": "have a better temperament you're not growing as grouchy and irritable when you eat healthy and you're more loving and your whole experience with life is better and but also you eat healthy and you exercise you have more energy you don't require as much sleep in you're able to get up early and spend that time with Jesus and love it and enjoy it so for me you know if I eat a heavy heavy meal late at night I can't get up early in the morning and I can't keep awake I can't enjoy it with God But if I I don't eat supper is but or eat very light then I your stomachs rested all night and you feel like getting up the spending that time with him it really makes a difference so try you know pray that God will help you do these things so that you can get up and in we're told you know that the hours before midnight for some reason I don't know why are more restful then after midnight here me up you late night or because I was a late night or I did not like to go to bed I rather stay up till midnight one o'clock in the morning and sleep in but God has totally changed me totally changed me to get up and you know what else God will do Jerry just couldn't buy this thing of just having God wake you up to begin with and he always says alarm"}, {"title": "", "text": "program that includes a parasite cleanse under the supervision of your Natural Health Doctor, Naturopath, or other Licensed Health Professional. Your health professional can determine just how toxic your body is and safely begin the task of eliminating the excessive load on your liver and immune system. How well you are doing will show up in the tests that they can offer you. If you believe you can\u2019t afford this..the truth is you can\u2019t afford not to. The nutrients that you \u201cthink\u201d are going into your body and assimilated are likely not being properly processed at all. You may state that you \u201ceat well\u201d. You are not. You would not be suffering from headaches as extreme as migraines if you were balanced in the ebb and flow of proper nutrition. Sleep a minimum of 7 to 8 hours per night. Remember the old proverb\u2026If you must go out for a night for social reasons \u201cthere\u2019s nothing that needs to happen after midnight that can\u2019t happen before midnight\u201d Enjoy your evening out socially from time to time until 10 pm. and then go to bed. Your work nights should have a earlier scheduled bedtime. Your cells regenerate every night and if your body is not given time to do this your Inner Self can\u2019t communicate with the body. Learn to breathe properly and to meditate regularly. Anxiety, stress and tension can be reduced with proper diaphragm breathing methodically performed. You may find a local yoga studio is offering a gentle yoga program that includes a course on"}, {"title": "", "text": "is about circadian rhythm and hormone release. The best times to sleep are Midnight to 8 am or 10 pm to 6 am. Moreover, it matters what you do before going to bed. Avoid caffeinated drinks and turn off screens to get good and sound sleep. It matters how you look. Wear tidy clothes, have a good haircut, and keep up your appearance. Good appearance brings positive vibes. If you find it difficult to keep your hair well-cut and in style, get a right pair of the clipper. Having it handy can save you money on haircuts. You won\u2019t have to go to a barber shop every time you need to get your hair or facial hair in shape. Help yourself and sharpen your looks by owning the best hair clippers. Create your style at home. There is a possibility that you would like to avoid getting back into shape because you know that it will take a lot of hard work and you might even feel that getting into shape can be painful for you. This is one reason why people would like to make excuses regarding staying in shape. They would like to avoid this as much as possible. Do you know that there are some ways that will help you get into shape without having to let go of the fun factor? Being healthy can help you out a lot. Not only will you avoid getting into a hospital, you may also get enough knowledge so that you can become qualified to become"}, {"title": "", "text": "8 months ago I hit a point in my life that can only be described as my personal rock bottom. Among other things, I was binge eating, drinking too much too often, and generally trying really hard to act like everything was ok. My mental health was suffering and it was deeply affecting my personal life, my marriage, my friendships, and finally, it was starting to creep into my work. I saw Whole 30 as a way to control something in my life. Anything. I just needed something to hold on to. It all started on one of audio book binges when I discovered \"Why We Get Fat\". It was extremely eye-opening and changed many of my eating habits overnight. Then a friend recommended \"It Starts With Food\" (the Whole 30 book), and after reading it, I wanted to try it immediately. I didn't plan in advance or wait until I had a free social calendar. I read the book and I started the next day. Clearer Skin - I've always been acne-prone and still struggle with annoying skin but noticed 15 days in that my skin was smooth, I had no blemishes and the redness was drastically better. And it hasn't changed since, still totally clear! Better Sleep- I used to get 12+ hours of sleep, wake up late, and still not have much energy. On Whole 30 I started noticing I was waking up earlier with more energy. Now I consistently wake up around 7am with a lot of energy and it lasts through"}, {"title": "", "text": "8 months ago I hit a point in my life that can only be described as my personal rock bottom. Among other things, I was binge eating, drinking too much too often, and generally trying really hard to act like everything was ok. My mental health was suffering and it was deeply affecting my personal life, my marriage, my friendships, and finally, it was starting to creep into my work. I saw Whole 30 as a way to control something in my life. Anything. I just needed something to hold on to. It all started on one of audio book binges when I discovered \"Why We Get Fat\". It was extremely eye-opening and changed many of my eating habits overnight. Then a friend recommended \"It Starts With Food\" (the Whole 30 book), and after reading it, I wanted to try it immediately. I didn't plan in advance or wait until I had a free social calendar. I read the book and I started the next day. Clearer Skin - I've always been acne-prone and still struggle with annoying skin but noticed 15 days in that my skin was smooth, I had no blemishes and the redness was drastically better. And it hasn't changed since, still totally clear! Better Sleep- I used to get 12+ hours of sleep, wake up late, and still not have much energy. On Whole 30 I started noticing I was waking up earlier with more energy. Now I consistently wake up around 7am with a lot of energy and it lasts through"}, {"title": "", "text": "a 2012 study linked sleeplessness with an increased risk of Alzheimer\u2019s. \u201cYour brain goes through a rebooting process each night, essentially recharging itself, so we feel brighter and refreshed in the morning,\u201d Fish said. \u201cIf you aren\u2019t achieving the recommended sleep of seven to nine hours per night, you aren\u2019t giving the brain a chance to recover to take on the day ahead.\u201d 10. Practice self-love Developing a compassionate relationship with your body will go a long way in helping you to combat any dissatisfaction that may coincide with the process of aging. Richard Matzkin, psychotherapist and co-author of Art Of Aging, suggested practicing positive affirmations and visualization to achieve this. \u201cThe thing that kills self-love most is negative self-judgment,\u201d he said. \u201cYou can counter this with positive self-talk. When negativity arises, rather than allowing yourself to be drawn into self-defeating, negative thoughts, replace it with thoughts about what you like about yourself.\u201d 11. See a therapist If you begin to feel sad, frustrated or anxious, you might want to consider giving therapy a try. \u201cTherapists can help identify counterproductive patterns in thinking and emotion that will help you get back to loving life quickly, should you hit a rough spot,\u201d said Whitney Owens, a licensed clinical psychologist in Las Vegas. Grief can also be a reason to call in a professional. There is no shame in getting support from an experienced practitioner who understands what you are going through. \u201cDon\u2019t ignore the signs. If you are experiencing grief for an inordinate amount of time, usually"}, {"title": "", "text": "the trick. Just do something that wakes your body up physically. Change your mindset. If you dread mornings, change your mindset. Start looking forward to them and all the productivity they bring. I know it\u2019s possible to shift your mindset, because I am a self-made morning person. It wasn\u2019t natural at first, but now it is. A productive morning starts the night prior, so you have to plan ahead. You\u2019re more likely to get up if everything is ready to go. Want to go run first thing? Put out your running clothes. Want to read your Bible first thing? Put it by your chair. And getting good sleep is equally important for actually getting up, so I have some tips. Avoid caffeine and alcohol within the last eight hours of your day. Get a high quality mattress and pillow. They make a difference. Make sure the temperature is at a comfortable setting for you. Avoid heavy meals at night. They decrease sleep quality. Avoid \u201cblue light\u201d during the last few hours before bed. Use visualizations when going to sleep. They are quite effective. Use sleep technologies, such as black out curtains and sleep monitors. Exercise regularly. Studies have shown that people who do, sleep better. Reading your Bible is super important, but prayer, silence and solitude have proven to be more important in my life. Start small and build the habit. Your entire morning doesn\u2019t have to be dedicated to prayer and silence. Do what feels right in the beginning, because if you make it a"}, {"title": "", "text": "about mysterious weight gain? Working out but the scale isn\u2019t budging? Check your sleep. A solid night of slumber can provide you with the energy you need to be active and go the extra mile to meet your weight management goals. But sleep-deprivation has been shown to impact decision-making and willpower; this can lead you to potentially choose the couch over the gym or bag of chips instead of a salad, which will not help you reach your goals. Lack of sleep also goes far beyond being physically and mentally exhausted; it\u2019s linked to a number of major health issues such as increased risk for obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, and depression. Choose your routine and stick with it. Go to bed the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning. Switching up your schedule may lead to insomnia. Exercise 20-30 minutes a day for quality, longer-duration sleep\u2014but do it at least 5-6 hours before bed for maximum results. Doing it soon before you hit the hay can actually boost your energy and interfere with sleep. Take a warm bath, read a book or do something else that relaxes you. By training yourself to associate certain restful activities with sleep, you can make them a part of your bedtime ritual. Melatonin is a hormone found in your body that plays a huge role in sleep by regulating night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles. Darkness causes your body to produce more melatonin\u2014signaling your body to prep for sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "stay healthy. This system defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. Ongoing sleep deficiency can change the way in which your immune system responds. Being short on sleep can really affect your weight. While you weren\u2019t sleeping, your body cooked up a perfect recipe for weight gain. Sleep deprivation affects hormones regulating hunger, ghrelin and leptin, and stimulates the appetite. Another contributing factor might be that lack of sleep leads to fatigue and results in less physical activity. Then there\u2019s the cortisol spike that comes from too little sleep. This stress hormone signals your body to conserve energy to fuel your waking hours. Make healthy choices for your meals. Don\u2019t go to bed feeling hungry, but don\u2019t eat a big meal right before bedtime. Avoid fast foods. Eat more fish, fruits and vegetables; avoid foods high in carbohydrates or fats. Start getting consistent exercise, which will improve the quality of your sleep, but no sooner than three hours before bedtime. If you have trouble sleeping at night, don\u2019t nap during the day. Establish relaxing pre-sleep rituals, such as a warm bath or a few minutes of reading. Shut down your computer, cell phone, and TV at least an hour before you hit the sack. Create a pleasant sleep environment. Get good quality mattresses , make it as dark and quiet as possible. If you can\u2019t sleep, don\u2019t stay in bed fretting. After 30 minutes, go to another room and involve yourself in a relaxing activity until you feel sleepy. Check this interesting infographic created by"}, {"title": "", "text": "about brilliant Silicon Valley types who write computer code all night, sleep on the office couch, wake up around the time most people are going to bed, refuel with coffee and granola, and repeat the cycle. This is not just a myth or stereotype. A novelist friend has been waking at noon and going to bed around 4 AM for many years. She says she works best when it's dark outside. All her friends know there is no point trying to reach her before early afternoon. _Oh_ \u2014and her least favorite time of year, predictably, is the spring, when the days grow longer and the nights grow shorter. But what if you are _not_ happy with the daily pattern your chronotype mandates? What if it causes problems in your marriage or family or career? In that case, there are steps you can take to improve the situation. Owls, in particular, should consider these measures: * Eat a protein-loaded breakfast soon after waking up, even if you are not hungry. Get your digestive rhythms in sync with your sleep/wake cycle, and you'll feel more alert and energetic in the first half of the day. One simple way is a protein shake, store-bought in single-serving containers, or prepared in the blender the night before, so it is ready to grab from the fridge. * Stay away from coffee and other caffeinated drinks from midafternoon on. * Move dinner earlier, so that you have three hours for digestion before going to sleep. It will make it easier to get"}, {"title": "", "text": "How many times have you woke up in the middle of the night to pee; while awake a little thought pops into your mind. Somthing like \u201coh I forgot to take out the trash and that little thought leads to\u2026. hmm I waste to much, I should really be more cautious of the environment and that thought than leads to another and before you know it your laying awake in bed. It\u2019s been 3.5 hours since you woke up to pee, your a terrible human, you need to organize your kitchen cabinets, your worried about what the kids will grow up to be, wondering if Big Foot really does exists and you should really start yoga to prevent the onset of arthritis. This was me last night! No those weren\u2019t my exact thoughts but you get the idea. One tiny little thought can lead to a downward spiral into a pit of what if\u2019s? How comes? Should I? Could I? Don\u2019t let the issues of the world make you crazy, sleepless, or depressed. They\u2019ll still be there in the morning. Take whatever is on your mind hand it over to God and than take rest in his presence. We need to renew our minds and take rest. Sometimes multiple times throughout the day (or night) Feel like your thoughts are starting a downward spiral? Stop. Pray. And renew. Next > Wanna Be Friends?"}, {"title": "", "text": "the digestive and metabolic systems perceive this as an \u201cadverse circadian time,\u201d so night-shift meals are harder for the body to process. \u201cThat in itself may contribute to the weight gain and obesity that is often associated with night-shift work,\u201d he explains. And when we eat late at night, we tend to make more indulgent food choices. Many researchers in social psychology have posited that willpower is a limited resource that gets depleted during the course of a day. This may be why a cupcake seems to have a more mystical power over us after dark. \u201cNo one craves a salad at 11 p.m.,\u201d says Zee. \u201cWe know that if you\u2019re sleep deprived you\u2019re more likely to want to eat carbs and make unhealthy food choices.\u201d Sweet carbs are a source of quick energy \u2014 just the kind of thing you crave when deciding to stay up late and finish that expense report. Sleep experts also recommend avoiding alcohol right before bed. Drinking may reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, but it tends to delay the onset of REM sleep, which studies have shown can translate into less restful sleep overall. If you\u2019re going to imbibe, limit it to one drink with dinner, at least three hours before bed. That gives your body time to process the alcohol well before lights-out. If you notice that even a little alcohol with dinner disrupts your sleep, pour a bit of tart cherry juice in your wineglass instead of wine, advises Col\u00f3n. It contains a small amount"}, {"title": "", "text": "Did you ever woke up one day and felt like everything is bound to go wrong? Waking up at the wrong side of the bed is probably the worst way to start your day. You feel weak even though you just completed your eight hours sleep. And although your legs feel perfectly well, it seems like too heavy to lift when you try to get out of bed. Many of us experience this excruciating morning. But you can make things better by starting your day right. Following these simple steps will surely give you a head start. 1. Always think of something to look forward to when you wake up. As soon as you hear the sound of your alarm clock, think of something or someone that will inspire you to get out of bed. You can either think of the new suit you are going to wear at the office. You can also think of someone you want to see during the morning. 2. Do some stretching and/or meditation. Stretching in the morning will also make you feel better. And if you have the luxury of time, try to meditate. You will have a more peaceful mind set if you include this in your morning routine. 3. Freshen up. You will feel fully awake after freshening up. Feel good about yourself after taking a shower. Dry your hair and look glamorous after using the professional hair straighteners. Wear your dress and finish your make up. You will feel much better once you like what you"}, {"title": "", "text": "on the poorer end of the spectrum have a tendency to sleep until the last minute and go into their days less prepared. Also, forcing yourself to wake up when you don\u2019t want to can have the added benefit of giving you more energy, as having a strict and consistent regimen allows your body to function at a higher capacity. Consistently waking up early allows you to take charge of your day, just think of an alarm clock as the bell in a boxing match. However, a lot of poor people don\u2019t have the option of waking up early as they are forced to work long hours, night shifts, and shifts that constantly fluctuate making it harder for them to lock into a healthy circadian rhythm. #8. \u201cEat Poorly\u201d- The phrase \u201cYou are what you eat\u201d could not fit more appropriately when speaking of this big difference between the rich and poor. Getting past the notion that poor people sometimes get stuck eating bad food because for the most part healthier food is more expensive or that poor people find it harder to find the time to cook from home, there is a huge link between success and a healthy diet. Eating fast food and unhealthy snacks can drain your body and mind. If you have ever eaten McDonald\u2019s breakfast, you will know that instead of feeling full of energy and ready to attack the day it usually just makes you want to go back to sleep. Though it can be tough getting into the habit"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bad habits, such as having pizza every night, may be sucking the joy out of your life, make you sick and increase your waistline. Our mood is affected by our brain chemistry, but it is largely affected by our behaviors as well so it\u2019s good to know what makes us happy or unhappy with our lives. These habits can increase your risk of depression by sabotaging your mental health. Mental health problems can cover a broad range of disorders which can be difficult to be clearly diagnosed, so if you think that you or someone you know has a mental disorder, get help ASAP. Bad mental health habits are behaviors that have a negative effect on our mental health and we only have little ability to control them and not get easily upset or lethargic in life. Doing something perfectly can increase your chances of success, that is why psychologists describe perfectionism as positive, when you never deliver anything short of your absolute finest or negative, when you\u2019re used to setting unrealistic goals, not seeing mistakes as opportunities and stress within healthy boundaries. Research shows that negative perfectionism causes distress, disharmony and anxiety. Going to bed early promotes more happiness, while going to bed late may be linked to poorer mental health, as negative thoughts are more likely to appear when staying up late. By being a \u2018night owl\u2019 one may start to feel isolated over time and less energetic the next day, as well. Studies have shown that mobile phone overuse can have a negative"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bad habits, such as having pizza every night, may be sucking the joy out of your life, make you sick and increase your waistline. Our mood is affected by our brain chemistry, but it is largely affected by our behaviors as well so it\u2019s good to know what makes us happy or unhappy with our lives. These habits can increase your risk of depression by sabotaging your mental health. Mental health problems can cover a broad range of disorders which can be difficult to be clearly diagnosed, so if you think that you or someone you know has a mental disorder, get help ASAP. Bad mental health habits are behaviors that have a negative effect on our mental health and we only have little ability to control them and not get easily upset or lethargic in life. Doing something perfectly can increase your chances of success, that is why psychologists describe perfectionism as positive, when you never deliver anything short of your absolute finest or negative, when you\u2019re used to setting unrealistic goals, not seeing mistakes as opportunities and stress within healthy boundaries. Research shows that negative perfectionism causes distress, disharmony and anxiety. Going to bed early promotes more happiness, while going to bed late may be linked to poorer mental health, as negative thoughts are more likely to appear when staying up late. By being a \u2018night owl\u2019 one may start to feel isolated over time and less energetic the next day, as well. Studies have shown that mobile phone overuse can have a negative"}, {"title": "", "text": "God-given talents to their fullest. Go to bed 1 hour earlier \u2013 sleep before midnight is twice as effective as sleep after. Go play tag, rake leaves or have a snowball fight with your children or grandchildren rather than watch the news or read the paper. Pick one bad food choice or habit and decide to eliminate it for the next week. When successful, celebrate and pick another one. Small changes can make big differences in our lives and health. Learn your vitals \u2013 cholesterol, glucose, weight, blood pressure and waist measurement. Ignorance isn\u2019t bliss \u2013 it\u2019s dangerous. Forgive someone who has wronged you. Unforgiveness is the same as YOU drinking poison and expecting the OTHER person to get sick. Give it to God and move on. Commit to spending your next weekend playing and relaxing \u2013 not on catching-up with everything you didn\u2019t get done last week. Remember the old Chinese proverb, \u201cThe journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.\u201d Whatever your goal or your starting point, it only takes small daily decisions to move you forward. Every day you will do some things which affects your health. Only you can decide if they will move you in the direction you want to go."}, {"title": "", "text": "OPRAH.COM 20 Questions That Could Change Your Life 4 Signs You Might Be Psychic How to Figure Out What Your Dreams Really Mean Signs Your Loved Ones Might Be Trying to Contact You\u2014From the Other Side The Happiness Secrets You Keep Forgetting Most of the mystery about feeling good isn't that much of a mystery. Columnist Leigh Newman gives us a quick refresher. By Leigh Newman Photo: Thinkstock Secret #1: One Thing Before Bed and 10 Minutes Early Twice last week, I staggered into work with my dress\u2014not my shirt\u2014inside out. Life was reminding me in a smug, overfriendly voice, \"You can't get dressed and out the door in 20 minutes anymore, honey. Because you're not 20 or even 21. You require wrinkle-covering gunk on your face and shoes that aren't flip-flops. Further, scurrying around each morning, shoving papers that are not the correct papers into a bag, cursing at armchairs as you trip and fall all over the house just gets depressing, fast.\" The answer: Doing one five-minute thing before bed (pack the lunch/iron the shirt/match the sock) and waking up 10 minutes earlier (to make coffee/eat a yogurt/select an outfit that doesn't look like it fell out of clown car). These are two small changes to your life that are a total pain...until you do them four or five times and finally saunter out the door feeling as if you're starting your day, not some grueling sprint toward its finish. Secret #2: The Restaurant Voice There are plenty of reasons to talk really loud."}, {"title": "", "text": "OPRAH.COM 20 Questions That Could Change Your Life 4 Signs You Might Be Psychic How to Figure Out What Your Dreams Really Mean Signs Your Loved Ones Might Be Trying to Contact You\u2014From the Other Side The Happiness Secrets You Keep Forgetting Most of the mystery about feeling good isn't that much of a mystery. Columnist Leigh Newman gives us a quick refresher. By Leigh Newman Photo: Thinkstock Secret #1: One Thing Before Bed and 10 Minutes Early Twice last week, I staggered into work with my dress\u2014not my shirt\u2014inside out. Life was reminding me in a smug, overfriendly voice, \"You can't get dressed and out the door in 20 minutes anymore, honey. Because you're not 20 or even 21. You require wrinkle-covering gunk on your face and shoes that aren't flip-flops. Further, scurrying around each morning, shoving papers that are not the correct papers into a bag, cursing at armchairs as you trip and fall all over the house just gets depressing, fast.\" The answer: Doing one five-minute thing before bed (pack the lunch/iron the shirt/match the sock) and waking up 10 minutes earlier (to make coffee/eat a yogurt/select an outfit that doesn't look like it fell out of clown car). These are two small changes to your life that are a total pain...until you do them four or five times and finally saunter out the door feeling as if you're starting your day, not some grueling sprint toward its finish. Secret #2: The Restaurant Voice There are plenty of reasons to talk really loud."}, {"title": "", "text": "nerves, no sleep, then add alcohol and night driving, and you have a dangerous combination. Another issue is anxiety: Dial it back! \"We don't go out a lot at night, especially this season with lots of things to do on the weekend and people to come over when we don't have anything planned,\" said one man. \"Sometimes the word no can be your best friend,\" we said. \"Absolutely,\" he agreed. And the doctor advises: channel Santa and make a list. \"Make a list of everything on your mind, all the things you have to remember, what you want to do tomorrow, things that are really bothering you, and the idea is you make a list and put it away,\" he said. Also, do not use electronics. Our eyes and minds think that light is sunlight, which wakes us up. \"By 1 o'clock I'll have lunch, take a nap,\" said one woman. And a man said \"Naps are awesome, big time.\" Finally, get up at the same time every day. Good luck and good night. health & fitnesshealthholidaysleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "teeth. Some may like to shower or bathe before bed. The point is to start your bed time routine at the same time. Having a bed time routine will prepare your body and subconscious to the idea that it's time for bed. Avoid Over-timulation At Least One Hour Before Bed. Avoid television, video games or any activity that will stimulate your brain. Keep it calm for the last hour before bed. Dim The Lights At Least One Hour Before Bed. Dimming lights signals the body that it is soon time for bed. Artificial lighting can trick the body into staying awake. Researchers have found that artificial lighting affects melatonin levels which can cause sleeplessness and health problems. Stay In Bed. If you can\u2019t sleep, keep the lights off. Do slow, deep breathing meditation instead--in bed. Even if it takes you a long time to fall asleep, spending that time in meditation relaxes your mind and body, so you are getting rest even if you are conscious. Staying in bed may be challenging, but you\u2019ll be much closer to sleep, than if you get up or start doing some other activity. Even doing boring stuff stimulates your brain, contributing to sleep deprivation. When you are up and walking you are not going to sleep. Do not start wondering around looking for stuff to do. Your bed is where sleep is going to happen, so remember to stay in it. Do not read a book in bed. This stimulates your brain as well. Do not get up and"}, {"title": "", "text": "things done. It's not just about being more productive. Women have so much going on. How can they deal with the FOMO factor that causes sleeplessness, the feeling of I can't rest \u2014 what if I miss something?! What helped me deal with that is how much I love feeling fully charged. At the beginning, it requires discipline. But gradually, it becomes something you are drawn to because you like yourself. It's its own high. If you sleep more, you also get more out of what you do when you're awake, right? Everything, yes. If we were talking yesterday morning, when I was sleep-deprived, I would be going through the motions. Today, because I got more sleep, I'm really enjoying this with you. Let's talk about the beauty part now. When you don't get enough sleep, your skin can start to look crappy, right? When we say \"beauty sleep,\" that's very real. Models and actresses, they talk about sleep as one of their beauty weapons. You also tend to eat poorly if you're tired. The connection between weight and sleep deprivation is huge. If you're sleep-deprived, your body craves fat and carbs to give you energy. Coffee is my friend. I love coffee. I just don't drink it after 2 p.m. Let's say you're going to sleep around 10. You want an eight-hour gap. That's a good rule of thumb. It may be that you can drink coffee until four o'clock. You have to experiment. Is there anything we should be drinking before bed? If you"}, {"title": "", "text": "goal of going to bed at 10pm every night. For two weeks solid I was asleep before 11 pm, if not earlier, and I was blown away by the difference it made. I felt like a new person. I was more productive, I had way more energy, I felt happier. My eyes were brighter and my skin clearer. But most importantly, I was a FAR more patient and tolerant mother. Plus, when my daughter did wake up in the night I was able to handle it calmly and patiently instead of getting angry that she\u2019d woken me up when I\u2019d only got to bed an hour before! What I did was put an action plan in place to get more sleep. I made a note of the things that were stopping me getting to bed early and worked out strategies to neutralise them. Sticking to the plan isn\u2019t easy. I fell off the wagon not long after my two week experiment. But it\u2019s a work in progress. Generally I get to bed early two or three nights out of seven so I consider that winning. I\u2019ve proven that my strategies work so when the warning signs of tiredness and irritability hit, I know what I need to do. 1 | Get more sleep by having an evening ritual. Check out this post I wrote about my evening ritual. I have a short list of things to do to get myself ready for bed and for the next day, and I know how long it takes. So"}, {"title": "", "text": "goal of going to bed at 10pm every night. For two weeks solid I was asleep before 11 pm, if not earlier, and I was blown away by the difference it made. I felt like a new person. I was more productive, I had way more energy, I felt happier. My eyes were brighter and my skin clearer. But most importantly, I was a FAR more patient and tolerant mother. Plus, when my daughter did wake up in the night I was able to handle it calmly and patiently instead of getting angry that she\u2019d woken me up when I\u2019d only got to bed an hour before! What I did was put an action plan in place to get more sleep. I made a note of the things that were stopping me getting to bed early and worked out strategies to neutralise them. Sticking to the plan isn\u2019t easy. I fell off the wagon not long after my two week experiment. But it\u2019s a work in progress. Generally I get to bed early two or three nights out of seven so I consider that winning. I\u2019ve proven that my strategies work so when the warning signs of tiredness and irritability hit, I know what I need to do. 1 | Get more sleep by having an evening ritual. Check out this post I wrote about my evening ritual. I have a short list of things to do to get myself ready for bed and for the next day, and I know how long it takes. So"}, {"title": "", "text": "with cake, ice cream, and an open bar. Instead, you should just do a little bit (as discussed in the previous section) and then move on to planning your next workout or healthy meal. Take it one step at a time and focus on incremental progress. It is the small, seemingly insignificant positive choices that ultimately lead to success, as opposed to the small errors of judgment that ultimately lead to failure. One bad day is not going to undo all of your progress, so always stay focused on the long game and thinking about the larger view of time. Taking the longer view of time changes all of your priorities. Once you see that fitness is a must for your long-term health and happiness, it becomes easier to sneak a little bit of it in every day or at least several times per week so that you hardly notice it. Turn the TV off or simply set an alarm at the end of the work day that is non-negotiable. If that doesn\u2019t work, do it before heading into the office, when the only excuse you have is wanting to sleep in, which you don\u2019t need to do, especially if you go to bed at a decent hour. Your mindset influences time by what you consider important uses of time. Everyone has time for what they truly value. The final key to getting in shape even if you are over 35 and too busy is to understand and develop a process for long-term health and wellness,"}, {"title": "", "text": "night? Parents who care for their kids in the morning could also fit in an afternoon nap with their young ones when they return home from school. After all, short naps are known to offer benefits such as improved memory and stress relief, so there is no need to feel like you are skiving. Take it from me: Waking up after a snooze can make you feel like your brain has undergone a reset, such that you are ready to tackle whatever deadline lies in wait. That WFH is likely to extend into the foreseeable future also allows employers to warm up to a hybrid style of juggling work and life. Society has long tended to think of people who wake up late as lazy, unproductive and spoilt. That sort of old-fashioned thinking needs to find the door in an Internet age when work has become somewhat 24/7 for so many industries. A more constructive and mature way of approaching this situation is to first assess whether workers have the right priorities and can deliver results, juggle their work and get the rest they need. Then the firm can decide how to offer more flexibility in when and how they work. When so many traditional notions of work have been disrupted by the pandemic, there is no better time than the present than to allow the owls to rise and lead the way \u2013 just not before 10am please. (Intermittent fasting could help you lose weight but at what cost? And doesn\u2019t it ignore conventional wisdom"}, {"title": "", "text": "night? Parents who care for their kids in the morning could also fit in an afternoon nap with their young ones when they return home from school. After all, short naps are known to offer benefits such as improved memory and stress relief, so there is no need to feel like you are skiving. Take it from me: Waking up after a snooze can make you feel like your brain has undergone a reset, such that you are ready to tackle whatever deadline lies in wait. That WFH is likely to extend into the foreseeable future also allows employers to warm up to a hybrid style of juggling work and life. Society has long tended to think of people who wake up late as lazy, unproductive and spoilt. That sort of old-fashioned thinking needs to find the door in an Internet age when work has become somewhat 24/7 for so many industries. A more constructive and mature way of approaching this situation is to first assess whether workers have the right priorities and can deliver results, juggle their work and get the rest they need. Then the firm can decide how to offer more flexibility in when and how they work. When so many traditional notions of work have been disrupted by the pandemic, there is no better time than the present than to allow the owls to rise and lead the way \u2013 just not before 10am please. (Intermittent fasting could help you lose weight but at what cost? And doesn\u2019t it ignore conventional wisdom"}, {"title": "", "text": "my phone goes off every night, I say rude things to it and then ignore it until it silences itself. Facebook doesn't care if I stay up until 2 AM. I've improved over time, but only because I'm getting older, and I feel as tired now after 6 hours of sleep as I once did after 4. On paper it might look like I'm mending my ways as time goes on, but I'm the same level of tired as ever. It sounds like a simple self-control problem, but I don't think that's the whole story. I've overcome bad habits before. As a kid, I regularly bit my nails so far down I used to wrap my fingertips in band-aids to ease the throbbing. You'd never know it today though, because I haven't chewed a fingernail in years. Over the summer I noticed I was eating too much junk food and decided to just stop for a month. I turned down dessert, walked by the refreshment table without a second thought, and didn't have so much as an M&M for 30 days. It wasn't even that hard. I'm no stranger to self-control in almost every other area of my life, except for this one. This post probably makes no sense to most people, who love going to bed. What are you complaining about? They're saying to their computers right now in exasperation. If you hate sleeping so much, then just stay up! But let me ask you something: Do you enjoy cleaning your toilet? Then why do"}, {"title": "", "text": "You are busy. You are always so busy that you live in the future, forgetting to live today. You always don\u2019t have much time because of work and household chores, and there is a miserable hour before going to bed, which many spend watching a movie. You accumulate enough tomorrow, and one day you will find that you have nothing left but a lot of yesterdays. Due to lack of time, you have to postpone business and change plans, working around the schedule, but how to live without taking a moment to develop yourself? You will need a bit of discipline and early waking up to have time for yourself. A good night sleep is not less important than food and water. This is of vital importance. However, nowadays, many people have a crazy rhythm of life, sleeping for 4 or 5 hours. No wonder that they feel exhausted over time. 40% of the total population experience daytime drowsiness and it has a very serious impact on the ability to work, to think clearly and feel fresh. Moreover, half of these people have said that they feel drowsy 3-4 days a week. On the other hand, a healthy dream improves your memory, working capacity, creativity, attention, and concentration as well as muscle bulk, and it reduces stress and depression. So, make a good night\u2019s sleep your priority. If you want to be a healthy and active person (as Ukrainian women are, indeed), sport should be one of the things to do in the morning. It is"}, {"title": "", "text": "over thinking, analysing and obsessing at night before sleeping. The moment I prepare myself to fall sleep, some alarm goes off in my head, where it begins to obsess over EVERY tiny detail of everything. All concerns, worries, fears, lists, tasks, they all find me to irritate only when I\u2019m ready to sleep. Trust me, the inside of my head is not a pleasant sight to experience before I sleep, especially on nights like tonight. I\u2019ve read somewhere that the light from phones and laptops aren\u2019t very good for the brain before sleeping, because they hamper with the sleeping clock and make it harder to falling asleep. That works for me on most days, but today isn\u2019t one of those days. However, before my rant continues and borders on nonsense, I would like to ask you all if any of you find it hard to sleep? Please share your feedback and tell me what works!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Health & Fitness 2022 The Mysterious Answer to My Unrelenting Insomnia Nothing helped\u2014until one day my dentist told me I had the so-called \"young, thin, beautiful women's sleep disorder.\" By Rachael Combe Published: Apr 28, 2017 I'd wake in the middle of the night, gasping for breath as though surfacing from a near drowning. My heart would be racing, my skin clammy, my organs suffused with grief and fear, like I'd been pickled in some bitter brine while I slept, and now, at 2 or 3 a.m., I was fighting my way out of the jar. I'd then proceed to lie awake for hours, my life flashing before my eyes\u2014but only the sad, bad, mad parts. Even the happy scenes curdled in this film\u2014I was screwing up my children, ruining my marriage, wasting my life. And my life! Was I dying? This gasping and sweating in the night\u2014something was wrong with me. The episodes started in my early thirties and went on for years, gradually progressing in severity and frequency until, according to my Fitbit, I was averaging only four hours of sleep a night. I'd always been an insomniac, but this was a new level of hell. In the past, I'd prided myself on being an efficient, hard worker. Now I could barely keep my mind on a task for 15 minutes. My body began to break down: My ankle gave out mysteriously, and I had to wear an orthopedic boot for months. I ached everywhere. I developed rosacea. It became hard to eat out"}, {"title": "", "text": "important to monitor and test and think about, I care about when I wake up, do I feel rested and ready for the day? And I want to be able to answer that question with a hell, yes. James: Yeah, gosh, same page there. I used to think I was a night person, because I built my business between 9:30 at night and two or three in the morning on the side for a couple of years. And I got into such a strong pattern that when I did discard my job that 10 and a half years ago, I kept doing the night shift. And I\u2019ve discovered now, if I stay up past midnight, like the great Cinderella story says, you know, my carriage turns into a pumpkin. Like, I feel like I have a hangover the next morning if I push past a comfortable zone. And switching to being productive in the morning has been a profound change. I would challenge anyone listening to this, if you think you\u2019re a morning person, or you think you\u2019re a night person, try and mix it up a bit. But I suspect most people are going to be fairly productive at the beginning of their work day when they\u2019ve got the most willpower and the most energy and the most reserves, because they\u2019ve been restored and revitalized in their sleep, where the brains releasing all the toxins and clearing up the body and resetting you. David: I think most importantly too, like, when people always push back"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cows I see from home, eating always their grass on the fields, wake up super early. I kept observing once, and noticed, they wake up exactly with the Sunrise really, after the Sun rays are on them, it wakes them naturally, then they get up one by one and begin eating again. Later they rest, and eat again, and then sleep early, I think around the time the sun goes down, but here a bit later I think because human beings make too much noise and car street noises too they can hear maybe and it disturbs the sleep. Originally, all of us, human beings, were like this. Sleeping at night, and awake in the day and doing all our activities during the day time. This is how we have been made, naturally. This is HUMAN NATURE. We have duality, but our bodies even are made to function best during the day time and in the sun light, which gives vitamins and energy to our bodies and bones even. People who work night shifts for a long time, get severe health issues, ask someone you might know or read up on it. Michael Jackson as well, he got over time severe health issues, by not sleeping normal anymore at all, from the stress and pressure of things totally unnecessary like malicious attacks and interference based on envy and jealousy toward him by others who have nothing better to do with their lives. It messed up his sleep function, and yes, the accident from the Pepsi spot"}, {"title": "", "text": "Cows I see from home, eating always their grass on the fields, wake up super early. I kept observing once, and noticed, they wake up exactly with the Sunrise really, after the Sun rays are on them, it wakes them naturally, then they get up one by one and begin eating again. Later they rest, and eat again, and then sleep early, I think around the time the sun goes down, but here a bit later I think because human beings make too much noise and car street noises too they can hear maybe and it disturbs the sleep. Originally, all of us, human beings, were like this. Sleeping at night, and awake in the day and doing all our activities during the day time. This is how we have been made, naturally. This is HUMAN NATURE. We have duality, but our bodies even are made to function best during the day time and in the sun light, which gives vitamins and energy to our bodies and bones even. People who work night shifts for a long time, get severe health issues, ask someone you might know or read up on it. Michael Jackson as well, he got over time severe health issues, by not sleeping normal anymore at all, from the stress and pressure of things totally unnecessary like malicious attacks and interference based on envy and jealousy toward him by others who have nothing better to do with their lives. It messed up his sleep function, and yes, the accident from the Pepsi spot"}, {"title": "", "text": "do not ever sleep. They are being studied, but they don\u2019t seem to suffer from that aberration of nature. However, the rest of us need sleep, and we most likely need more than five hours. People used to think sleep serves to rest and restore the body, and it does. The metabolism changes and cells shift from breaking down things and providing bits and pieces to other cells to building up things they need for themselves. If we\u2019re ill or injured, we sleep a lot more \u2013 to facilitate that kind of healing. Cutting short this time could be really dangerous in the long run. Aside from this long-term damage, cutting your sleep short will impair how well you can think and focus even after just a few days. Losing sleep can kill your creativity. Of course, maybe you need the very level of madness and distorted thinking that lack of sleep can cause. That drunk, disjointed feeling similar to having had too much alcohol could spawn fascinating stories. I just don\u2019t think it\u2019s healthy. Or wise. Regularly forcing yourself to work on too little sleep is a clear sign of not respecting your needs and your body. It\u2019s like making war on yourself, spending energy to fight against your nature in order to reach certain goals. This can work short-time, but it\u2019s devastating in the long run. This is in fact the opposite of self-care. Today, I\u2019d like you to take a good look at your sleep schedule. And at your daily schedule of things"}, {"title": "", "text": "After a hard day's work, I believe that everyone thinks that they can sleep well at night to ease the fatigue of the day. But you don't know what you have to know about sleep habits. What are the wrong sleep habits, not only will the body not get rest, but will bring a disease. 1. I am angry with sleep before going to bed. Being angry and angry before going to bed will make people's heart beat faster and have shortness of breath. In this case, it is difficult to fall asleep normally, and it will seriously affect the quality of sleep and lead to lack of energy. If the couple is awkward during the day, the quality of sleep at night is often poor, and the relationship between husband and wife will be affected the next day, so the vicious cycle continues. Many people used to watch TV in bed before going to bed, and fell asleep while watching. Experts say that a flashing TV screen or computer screen can excite the brain and affect sleep. It is recommended to turn off the TV or computer one hour before going to bed, take a hot bath and go to bed to improve the quality of sleep. When sleeping, both hands are under the head. In addition to affecting blood circulation, it is easy to cause numbness and soreness in the upper limbs. It also causes the intra-abdominal pressure to rise, leading to reflux esophagitis and affecting digestive function. In addition, raising your arms during"}, {"title": "", "text": "After a hard day's work, I believe that everyone thinks that they can sleep well at night to ease the fatigue of the day. But you don't know what you have to know about sleep habits. What are the wrong sleep habits, not only will the body not get rest, but will bring a disease. 1. I am angry with sleep before going to bed. Being angry and angry before going to bed will make people's heart beat faster and have shortness of breath. In this case, it is difficult to fall asleep normally, and it will seriously affect the quality of sleep and lead to lack of energy. If the couple is awkward during the day, the quality of sleep at night is often poor, and the relationship between husband and wife will be affected the next day, so the vicious cycle continues. Many people used to watch TV in bed before going to bed, and fell asleep while watching. Experts say that a flashing TV screen or computer screen can excite the brain and affect sleep. It is recommended to turn off the TV or computer one hour before going to bed, take a hot bath and go to bed to improve the quality of sleep. When sleeping, both hands are under the head. In addition to affecting blood circulation, it is easy to cause numbness and soreness in the upper limbs. It also causes the intra-abdominal pressure to rise, leading to reflux esophagitis and affecting digestive function. In addition, raising your arms during"}, {"title": "", "text": "less likely to have consistent waking and bedtime patterns and more likely to have less sleep, take a longer time to fall asleep, wake up at night, and take naps,\" the study reported. Of course, if you find nodding out with the TV on soothing\u2014or like to keep a lamp on so you can see the bed monsters creep in\u2014you don't have to totally change your habits just because of this study. Further evaluation needs to be done before researchers can say anything conclusive. They also noted that sleeping with the lights on has been linked to \"socioeconomic disadvantage measures and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, all of which could contribute to weight gain and obesity,\u201d so if you feel you've been tacking on a few extra pounds, your Himalayan Sea Salt lamp might not be the culprit after all. However, this isn't the first time that exposure to blue light before bed has been associated with messing with your circadian rhythm; previous findings have suggested that it suppresses the sleep hormone, melatonin. So potential weight gain or not, you're better off at least powering off your phone prior to hitting the pillow. For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter. Brie Schwartz Deputy Editor, OprahDaily.com Brie Schwartz is an editor, writer, and content strategist. She\u2019s covered beauty, fashion, relationships, health, travel, Disney, decorating, DIYs, food, booze, and everything in between. She was most recently the deputy editor of Oprah Daily, where she helped bring the mission of guiding readers to live their best life to"}, {"title": "", "text": "less likely to have consistent waking and bedtime patterns and more likely to have less sleep, take a longer time to fall asleep, wake up at night, and take naps,\" the study reported. Of course, if you find nodding out with the TV on soothing\u2014or like to keep a lamp on so you can see the bed monsters creep in\u2014you don't have to totally change your habits just because of this study. Further evaluation needs to be done before researchers can say anything conclusive. They also noted that sleeping with the lights on has been linked to \"socioeconomic disadvantage measures and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, all of which could contribute to weight gain and obesity,\u201d so if you feel you've been tacking on a few extra pounds, your Himalayan Sea Salt lamp might not be the culprit after all. However, this isn't the first time that exposure to blue light before bed has been associated with messing with your circadian rhythm; previous findings have suggested that it suppresses the sleep hormone, melatonin. So potential weight gain or not, you're better off at least powering off your phone prior to hitting the pillow. For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter. Brie Schwartz Deputy Editor, OprahDaily.com Brie Schwartz is an editor, writer, and content strategist. She\u2019s covered beauty, fashion, relationships, health, travel, Disney, decorating, DIYs, food, booze, and everything in between. She was most recently the deputy editor of Oprah Daily, where she helped bring the mission of guiding readers to live their best life to"}, {"title": "", "text": "courting a demanding girlfriend is a recipe for your balls to look like mashed potatoes by the end of the first week. Be sure to spend a lot of time with friends, family, loved ones and pets in the afternoon hours when you\u2019re not working. You must be able to distinguish between Night Owling for the right reasons (it\u2019s your most productive working period) against finding a simple excuse for your insomnia. If your problem is that you can\u2019t sleep, work is not the answer. Doing it right: If you\u2019re going to be a night owl, you have to embrace the lifestyle and remain in bed until at least 12pm. It\u2019s not feasible to expect to be working at your full potential in the early hours on little or no sleep. If you choose to ignore this advice, please allow me to recommend a local business that can probably serve you well. Just search\u2026 crack dealers in *my town here* On a serious note\u2026 maintain a healthy diet, avoid reliance on caffeine stimulants, and use proper lighting to avoid blitzing the retinas of your eyeballs with chronic monitor glare. Working in the dark, every night, is really fucking stupid. The Early Bird Lifestyle He who works between 6am-1pm. The Early Bird sums up a lifestyle I have never quite managed to embrace. The last time I was up at the crack of dawn, it was to retrieve a bag of Argos cutlery from an apartment I was running away from. Long story, but clearly such early"}, {"title": "", "text": "courting a demanding girlfriend is a recipe for your balls to look like mashed potatoes by the end of the first week. Be sure to spend a lot of time with friends, family, loved ones and pets in the afternoon hours when you\u2019re not working. You must be able to distinguish between Night Owling for the right reasons (it\u2019s your most productive working period) against finding a simple excuse for your insomnia. If your problem is that you can\u2019t sleep, work is not the answer. Doing it right: If you\u2019re going to be a night owl, you have to embrace the lifestyle and remain in bed until at least 12pm. It\u2019s not feasible to expect to be working at your full potential in the early hours on little or no sleep. If you choose to ignore this advice, please allow me to recommend a local business that can probably serve you well. Just search\u2026 crack dealers in *my town here* On a serious note\u2026 maintain a healthy diet, avoid reliance on caffeine stimulants, and use proper lighting to avoid blitzing the retinas of your eyeballs with chronic monitor glare. Working in the dark, every night, is really fucking stupid. The Early Bird Lifestyle He who works between 6am-1pm. The Early Bird sums up a lifestyle I have never quite managed to embrace. The last time I was up at the crack of dawn, it was to retrieve a bag of Argos cutlery from an apartment I was running away from. Long story, but clearly such early"}, {"title": "", "text": "It's Confirmed: Going To Bed Angry Actually Makes It Worse, Says Science At least, according to science. AFP/Relaxnews 11/30/2016 10:03am EST A good night's sleep may reinforce negative memories in the brain, researchers said on Tuesday, lending scientific credence to the time-worn caution against going to bed angry. Slipping into slumber while holding on to a freshly-formed bad memory engraves it in the brain, making it harder to shake off later, a team from China and the United States reported in the journal Nature Communications. \"This study suggests that there is certain merit in this age-old advice: 'Do not go to bed angry,'\" study co-author Yunzhe Liu, who conducted the research at Beijing Normal University, told AFP. \"We would suggest to first resolve (the) argument before... bed.\" Liu and colleagues used 73 male college students to test the impact of sleep on memory. The participants were trained over two days to associate specific images with negative memories. Later, they were made to look at the pictures again and instructed either to recall the negative associations, or to fight against it and not let the memory enter their mind. The test was done twice \u2014 once after the participants had had a night of sleep, and once only half-an-hour after a training session. All the while, scientists scanned the participants' brain activity. Participants found it much harder to suppress memories after sleep, the team found. And the scans revealed the souvenirs were likely being stored in a part of the brain with longer-term memory connections. Sleeping is"}, {"title": "", "text": "of my system before bed. 2. Avoid late-night meals and late-night alcohol. Although large meals and alcohol can make you sleepy, they can compromise the quality of your sleep. In other words, you might get to sleep quickly, but you might also wake several times throughout the night. It's best to eat a light meal and drink a small amount (if at all) earlier in the evening. 3. Make your bedroom all about sleeping. Make it comfortable, quiet, dark, and slightly cool. Avoid using your bedroom as a place for working or watching TV. 4. Pay attention to lighting. Exposure to light at night (particularly blue light) decreases the body's secretion of melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's natural circadian rhythm. Avoid bright screens (such as the TV, computer, or phone) for 2-3 hours before bed. If getting up to use the bathroom in the middle of the night, use minimal lighting, such as a night light. In the morning, however, bright light actually strengthens the body's sleep rhythm. 5. Hide the clock while in bed. Sometimes looking at the clock makes us anxious about how little sleep we're getting, which makes it difficult to relax, which makes it hard to sleep, which keeps us awake and looking at the clock, which makes us anxious about our inadequate sleep ... . You get the idea. 6. Get out of bed if you can't sleep. If you are lying in bed and simply cannot sleep, get out of bed, go somewhere else, and do a quiet"}, {"title": "", "text": "if it\u2019s just ten minutes in the evening, it can have a beneficial effect. Taking a course on mindfulness could also be an idea, if you are interested in this sort of thing. If none of this helps, do go and see your student councilor. Sleeping poorly is detrimental to your health and means you will not perform to the best of your ability. Take it serious!"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you one of the unfortunate souls that knows the torture of lying awake hour after hour while the rest of the world slumbers? If you're reading this page, you or someone you love suffers from insomnia. You know how different your day is going to be if you've slept well or not. And if you haven't slept, you also know what you're in for that day: sluggish memory, brain fog, low energy to name a few. If you're lucky, a nap is in your schedule. You know the value of a good night sleep (and you may even appreciate it more than someone who hasn't experienced insomnia). This only adds to the anxiety of being awake... knowing that you're not getting the rest your body needs. Sleep is one of a human's basic needs. We need air, water, food, and SLEEP to live. It's heartbreaking to our spirit when we don't sleep, night after night, after night. I've had this life altering struggle just like you. Stress was the ultimate trigger. If something happened that day that was remotely stressful, I would lie awake at night feeling the anxiety. It happened more and more... it was as if I had sent an invitation to my nervous system to be anxious in the middle of the night for 3 or 4 hours every other night. This went on for about 3 years. The truth is, it took some trial and error to find what worked for me. And if you're still suffering, hang in there. There"}, {"title": "", "text": "Many nights at bedtime my mind kicks into high gear with ideas and strategies for how to best do all the things I want to do in life. I feel so inspired that I almost want to skip the whole night and get started right away on the next day. Other nights I start to feel bombarded with doubts. I think we all have a certain time of day that doubts try to creep in; for me it's usually at night. Things that seem like a wonderful challenge during the day can tend to be much scarier at bedtime when we're worn out. We are always the most vulnerable and discouraged when we are tired. Start to pay attention to whether there's a certain time of day that doubts usually try to creep into your mind. You should avoid making important decisions at that time of day. You will accomplish so much more in life if you make decisions from a place of peace. Things generally are much clearer after a good night's sleep. When you're feeling unsure of yourself, choose to set your worries aside and reconsider your life with renewed perspective the next morning. Each day has fresh grace from heaven and sometimes the grace for the day runs out just before it is time to close your eyes and recharge."}, {"title": "", "text": "after a very big meal, and it\u2019s almost a guarantee that you\u2019ll feel really uncomfortable. Your body needs time to digest the food, and this is the reasoning behind not eating at least a few hours before bedtime. You should avoid eating heavy meals at night because your body will be at rest, and you won\u2019t be able to burn off the calories in the same way you would normally burn it off through your activities during the day. Some people are more prone to heartburn than others, and eating before bedtime is a guaranteed way to make this worse. If you\u2019re prone to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is a common condition that affects almost half of Western populations, then lying down with a full stomach will only make it easier for the stomach acids to splash back up in your throat. You know how unpleasant this feeling is, so you want to avoid it as much as you can. Eating too close to bedtime slows down your metabolism, but that\u2019s not the only thing that may lead to weight gain. We tend to be hungrier at night so we crave for all the wrong things, and this leads to us eating junk food and other food items that are rich in fat. This gives us additional calories that we can no longer burn because we\u2019re about to sleep. When you have the habit of eating before sleeping, this can lead to the other bad habit of eating in your bed. This brings crumbs everywhere"}, {"title": "", "text": "it will play tricks on you. Actively trying to force yourself to go to sleep can backfire spectacularly.\" Avoid: Watching television or a movie Playing on your phone or tablet Drinking tea Get out of bed According to Banerjee, what seems counterproductive actually might be the secret to your waking woes. \"Some people try and gets out of the bedroom, as if the bedroom becomes a place of poor sleep, the brain will associate the bedroom with poor sleep going forward,\" he says. \"It's called controlled stimulus memory. \"So one idea is to get out of bed and meditate, or else read something utterly boring, like how to treat mould in your microwave. What you don't want to do is put a movie on and the next thing you know, there you are, two hours later still watching. \"It also fascinates me that people get up and have a cup of tea. It has caffeine in it -- what's the point of that? Some people swear by a glass of warm milk but I tend to think having liquid in the middle of the night will make you want to pee later on. \"Another thing people do is get up and snack. That's not healthy. Do it regularly, and you run a real risk of putting on weight.\" Don't know how to meditate? Give this one a go. Late night snacking is a no-no. (Photo: domoyega via Getty Images) Consult a sleep doctor \"Certainly, there are instances where fragmented sleep is a short-term situation, such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "it will play tricks on you. Actively trying to force yourself to go to sleep can backfire spectacularly.\" Avoid: Watching television or a movie Playing on your phone or tablet Drinking tea Get out of bed According to Banerjee, what seems counterproductive actually might be the secret to your waking woes. \"Some people try and gets out of the bedroom, as if the bedroom becomes a place of poor sleep, the brain will associate the bedroom with poor sleep going forward,\" he says. \"It's called controlled stimulus memory. \"So one idea is to get out of bed and meditate, or else read something utterly boring, like how to treat mould in your microwave. What you don't want to do is put a movie on and the next thing you know, there you are, two hours later still watching. \"It also fascinates me that people get up and have a cup of tea. It has caffeine in it -- what's the point of that? Some people swear by a glass of warm milk but I tend to think having liquid in the middle of the night will make you want to pee later on. \"Another thing people do is get up and snack. That's not healthy. Do it regularly, and you run a real risk of putting on weight.\" Don't know how to meditate? Give this one a go. Late night snacking is a no-no. (Photo: domoyega via Getty Images) Consult a sleep doctor \"Certainly, there are instances where fragmented sleep is a short-term situation, such as"}, {"title": "", "text": "hungry, and sometimes you have cravings because your body is asking for something that it feels is lacking from the human body. Exhibiting healthy habits also leads to a domino effect in the case of sleep. When you are eating correctly, exercising daily, and just plain living healthy, you tend to sleep much better. You enhance your sleep cycle when you wake up, you feel as refreshed and awake as ever. And we all know how crucial sleep is to our well being. With sleep, you can say goodbye to those bags and dark circles under your eyes and hopefully mitigate that lethargic feeling that most individuals exhibit when they lack sleep. Recall 6-8 hours a night can definitely make a difference throughout your day. But here is an extra fact: Did you understand that models sleep over 8 hours each night? Yes, its true! Sleep plays a huge part in weight loss. The later people stay up, the more likely they are supposed to eat. Eating after 8pm is probably not in your best interest since your metabolism tends to slow down at that point. That's the reason it is recommended that you start daily with a nicely balanced breakfast so that your metabolism can start doing it's job early in the day. And to be honest, going to bed full isn't the best feeling. You only feel gross. This can be a BIG one and a domino effect. Healthy eating, exercising, a heightened mood, and sleep help your anxiety levels. When you are eating"}, {"title": "", "text": "back to the original. TIP! Anxieties about the coming day can be a big contributor to a sleepless night. For example, if you\u2019re thinking about your bills, you should pay them in the day time so you don\u2019t worry about them before bed. Exercising can help to make you tired for bed, but it should be done early in the day. Getting your exercise routine going in the morning hours is probably best. It\u2019s a bad idea to rev up your metabolism right before turning in. You need your body to be able to wind down in a natural way. TIP! Read about the side effects and dangers of sleeping medications before deciding to take them. While sleeping pills may treat your symptoms, you must address the cause of your insomnia. Since you now understand how to get better sleep, make it happen! Take each tip and start to use it to change your life bit by bit. After a few tweaks, you will feel better each and every day."}, {"title": "", "text": "done. The best solution is analyzing what a person really wants to do in life. As the wise saying goes, choose the job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life. A \u00absoul mate\u00bb job is usually enjoyable and rewarding. If you regularly contact people who hate their job, limit your interaction with them as cynical attitudes are not beneficial for your own productivity. Try to write a list of benefits for doing your work and estimate them. No one can make you love the work. If you feel miserable about it, counter your own thoughts and think about changing the job. The challenge may bring new emotions and an unexpected upturn in productivity, success, and emotional state subsequently. How to stop oversleeping? Sticking to the new schedule may be uneasy at the beginning. To facilitate this task, gradually reduce sleep by 5-10 minutes for several days (you can go to bed later or wake up earlier). As soon as you get used to it, reduce the sleep further by half an hour, then an hour within a couple of weeks. It is a useful and working method to decrease the period of rest without heavy stress for the organism. It is highly likely that long sleepers may experience fatigue during the first few weeks of a new schedule. Keep calm. The organism should adapt to less sleep. Eating healthy foods and exercising can help to overcome weakness and additionally make the night rest better. When decreasing the sleep hours,"}, {"title": "", "text": "sabotaging the quality of your sleep in a BIG way. It is very unhealthy to watch TV before bed. It is very unhealthy to fall asleep to the TV. The same goes for working or playing on your computer. Your brain needs to wind down at least an hour before going to sleep in order to get a deep and healthy night\u2019s sleep. \u201cEarly to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,\u201d Ben Franklin said. This goes for women too, of course. And many studies have proven he (again) knew what he was talking about. Try to follow the sun\u2019s habits as much as possible and you will get a better night\u2019s sleep \u2026 and all the health benefits that come with it. Many know this important sleep tip in theory, but are not practicing it in fact: try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. In addition to breaking the pain and sleep vicious cycle, and the health benefits to the rest of your body, this will enhance your brain clarity during the day. Watch this Video HERE from Dr. Josh Axe about the all-natural ways to overcome insomnia. Right before heading to bed, go to the bathroom so you reduce the possibility of waking up in the middle of the night to go. Also, limit your liquid intake an hour or more before bed \u2014 a few sips of water so you don\u2019t get thirsty is good, but don\u2019t drink so much that you"}, {"title": "", "text": "as the risk for more serious diseases, such as breast cancer, if it occurs for many consecutive years. The neurotoxins that are built up during the day can\u2019t get cleaned unless you have a good night\u2019s sleep. Those neurotoxins then hang around in your brain, making you groggy, impairing your memory and attention span. Not to mention, your metabolism will be ruined. Of course, the best solution is to turn off your devices before planning to go to bed, but that is incredibly unrealistic when our whole lives are on our devices. A simple and realistic fix is to add a blue-light filtering app to your devices. These apps change the appearance of your screen in accordance to the time of the day that you\u2019re using the device. Once it's dark outside, the screen appears redder and warmer than the usual blue-lit screen. Looking at a screen before bed can have serious short-term and long-term effects for your body. Try to limit your screen time at night, and use a filtering app to get a better night's sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "level of compromise but making your boss aware of your viewpoint and feelings is a major step in feeling fulfilled and feeling like a contributing member of your team. Staying up late at night, tossing and turning, thinking about your day\u2019s work can really affect your sleep quality. Studies have shown that just a few hours of missed sleep is detrimental to our performance and mental capacity. Bounce back strategy: Try setting a bedtime routine and stick to it. Make sure that your bedroom environment is supportive of a good night sleep. Social media never sleeps and it\u2019s best to cut back or eliminate your social media time about 1 hour before you go to bed. Blue light interferes with your ability to feel sleepy and messes with your sleep cycle. Your electronics can be set to switch to a softer light prior to bedtime. The thought of work sends you into a tailspin of negative thoughts and body sensations. You wonder will this ever end and the amount of tension in your neck is at an all-time high. The feeling of dread can make you retreat from your daily activities to ruminate on the idea of returning to work. Feelings of dread steals valuable time. Bounce back strategy: Develop a routine to relax and practice deep breathing. Neck massages at bedtime or therapeutic massages may also help to relax your body and prepare you for the work week ahead. Keep in mind that self-care is a necessity. You notice that you are short tempered and"}, {"title": "", "text": "had before going to bed is keeping you wired and unable to have those forty winks your body needs, craves and deserves. Please, take stock, evaluate your dietary habits, keep a diet/symptom diary and assess those foods and habits you think or know need adjusting. In doubt, reach out for more information or assistance. You don\u2019t have to do it alone! Here\u2019s to your health\u2026make it count!"}, {"title": "", "text": "dream \u2014 a dream to be much more complicated. Airline pilots, for example, feel much better than in the days of vacation than when they were working at night or early morning shifts. Of course, most people prefer the weekend, regardless of whether they work day or night. But the researchers also found that pilots who worked in the morning shift had elevated levels of the stress hormone \u2014 cortisol \u2014 in the moment of awakening, as well as during the day. In the long term, high levels of cortisol increase the risk of heart disease and leads to increased blood pressure. One study showed that a night shift is enough to raise blood pressure. Add to this the findings of a study conducted by the University of Surrey, which proved that after three-night shifts disrupted the process of protein synthesis in the genes, which means that they are activated at a different time of day. About 6% of our genes are configured to operate at a certain time, but after a few days, an unusual mode of this model is easily disturbed. And another study showed that after five weeks, during which people are not sleeping at night, and by day, in their body and changed the balance of glucose metabolism is disturbed, and in the long term it could lead to the development of Type II diabetes and obesity. However, these studies were carried out mainly for a short period of time, so perhaps, in the long run, the body will adapt better. However,"}, {"title": "", "text": "heart disease or type 2 diabetes. Research in people who work night shifts indicates that this group is more likely to have inflammation, oxidative stress, and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. \u201cIf you can ingest calories earlier in the day, there is an advantage of metabolic health,\u201d says Ravussin. But not everyone has the advantage of sleeping two hours after a meal. So what do you do? Poppers advise carving out some time during the day where you can have a distraction-free meal. This allows you to eat mindfully and consume less air with each bite, lowering GI discomfort, he says. Although no research has determined the precise time we should eat dinner, it\u2019s probably best not to eat a 600-calorie meal right before bed. Instead, make your last meal a light mix of complex carbs and protein, Poppers advises. Of course, the best way to lose weight is by finding a plan that works for you. \u201cStick to the one thing that you can adhere to forever,\u201d says Orsmbee. \u201cIf you can stick to it forever you\u2019re going to have the best outcome for you.\u201d Source: Men\u2019s Health Click on the comment box below and leave us your thoughts. Thank you. eat before bed Late Night Snacking Previous articleWoman Suffers Heart Attack After Trying To Explain Math Problem To Her Son Next articleJohn Witherspoon Suffered From Coronary Artery Disease, According To Death Certificate"}, {"title": "", "text": "taken, you can lose yourself in such a world. That is why you need to know when you\u2019ve had enough. You have to know when you need to work and when you need to rest. As teenagers, we have a lot of things calling for our attention and most of the times we end up chatting late into the night and depriving our body from the normal hours of sleep we ought to get. If you don\u2019t sleep well, you can wake up depressed the next day even with head ache, and gradually this tells on your health. Endeavour to get at least eight hours of sleep every night. It will be better if you have a bed time and stick to it. If you do so, with time, your body will get used to it and you won\u2019t find it difficult to fall asleep. 5. Watch your thoughts:What you think about has a lot of effect on how you feel which in turn affects your health. Learn to think positively. Your thought can either cause you to be depressed and sick and it can also help you to enjoy your health and life. No wonder King Solomon said in Proverbs 4:23 that you should\u201d guard your heart with all diligence for out of it comes the issues of life.\u201d Instead of grumbling about the things you don\u2019t have, make a conscious effort to thank God for the things you have. You won\u2019t always have all you want in life but you can always trust in"}, {"title": "", "text": "taken, you can lose yourself in such a world. That is why you need to know when you\u2019ve had enough. You have to know when you need to work and when you need to rest. As teenagers, we have a lot of things calling for our attention and most of the times we end up chatting late into the night and depriving our body from the normal hours of sleep we ought to get. If you don\u2019t sleep well, you can wake up depressed the next day even with head ache, and gradually this tells on your health. Endeavour to get at least eight hours of sleep every night. It will be better if you have a bed time and stick to it. If you do so, with time, your body will get used to it and you won\u2019t find it difficult to fall asleep. 5. Watch your thoughts:What you think about has a lot of effect on how you feel which in turn affects your health. Learn to think positively. Your thought can either cause you to be depressed and sick and it can also help you to enjoy your health and life. No wonder King Solomon said in Proverbs 4:23 that you should\u201d guard your heart with all diligence for out of it comes the issues of life.\u201d Instead of grumbling about the things you don\u2019t have, make a conscious effort to thank God for the things you have. You won\u2019t always have all you want in life but you can always trust in"}, {"title": "", "text": "children and waking up all night to feed them. I tend to think that\u2019s what ruined my sleep patterns for good, but I\u2019m not really sure. Plenty of people I know, especially women over fifty, never sleep through the night. It just seems to be the new reality. So, maybe it was Menopause. Maybe it\u2019s stress. Maybe it\u2019s having grown children. Maybe it\u2019s having pets. Maybe it\u2019s just being over fifty. Who knows? All I know is this: I want to take a minute to say to anyone out there who has the ability to sleep through the night every night: enjoy it!!! Never take it for granted! Luxuriate in it! Sleep an extra hour for me! I wish to heaven I could take your place, even for just one night. A 56 year-old woman had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital. While on the operating table she had a near-death experience. Upon recovery, the woman decided to stay in the hospital and have a face-lift, liposuction, and a tummy tuck. She even had someone come in and change her hair color. Since she had so much more time to live, she thought she might as well make the most of it. While crossing the street on her way home, she was hit by a car and died immediately. Thanks to my loving sister, who let us use her beachfront cottage, I am staying at the beach at Emerald Isle this week with my family. It is too cold to sunbathe. Too cold"}, {"title": "", "text": "that includes \u201cme\u201d time. She also says that often we are not actually tired so much as lethargic and fed up. I think that is true. I am not a morning person. I like my bed. I think part of my problem is that I do not go to sleep early enough. I am usually in bed before midnight but because I find it so difficult to get to sleep I have my light on until at least 2am. I read and use my computer. I am going to adapt this step to my own needs. So I am going to try and make sure that my light is off by midnight. I will try to be up by 8.30. Step 2 \u2013 Better nutrition. This is a no brainer. The message is basically to ditch the junk and allow our bodies to recover. The ultimate aim is a fit and healthy body. Well we all want that don't we? I think I eat fairly healthily most of the time. I have lost a lot of weight over the last year so I am pretty good about portion sizes. However we have just had Christmas and New Year and a daughters 30th birthday celebrations and I have stuffed myself with all kinds of rubbish. No wonder that I feel slow, heavy and lethargic. My energy didn\u2019t just get up and go I chased it away with all the rubbish I have fed it. I need to try to eat more light, healthy but nutritious meals and"}, {"title": "", "text": "that includes \u201cme\u201d time. She also says that often we are not actually tired so much as lethargic and fed up. I think that is true. I am not a morning person. I like my bed. I think part of my problem is that I do not go to sleep early enough. I am usually in bed before midnight but because I find it so difficult to get to sleep I have my light on until at least 2am. I read and use my computer. I am going to adapt this step to my own needs. So I am going to try and make sure that my light is off by midnight. I will try to be up by 8.30. Step 2 \u2013 Better nutrition. This is a no brainer. The message is basically to ditch the junk and allow our bodies to recover. The ultimate aim is a fit and healthy body. Well we all want that don't we? I think I eat fairly healthily most of the time. I have lost a lot of weight over the last year so I am pretty good about portion sizes. However we have just had Christmas and New Year and a daughters 30th birthday celebrations and I have stuffed myself with all kinds of rubbish. No wonder that I feel slow, heavy and lethargic. My energy didn\u2019t just get up and go I chased it away with all the rubbish I have fed it. I need to try to eat more light, healthy but nutritious meals and"}, {"title": "", "text": "and like this one circadian rhythms. Other studies revealed that people who work nights have an increased cancer risk \u2014 again thought to be about the disruptions in circadian rhythms, Cline says. Dr. Vivian Cline is an oncologist at St. David\u2019s Medical Center and Texas Oncology. We aren\u2019t talking about eating late at night once or working an overnight shift once, she says. \u201cWe\u2019re talking about habitual late-night eating.\u201d With night-shift employees, doctors found it disrupted their glucose, cortisol and leptin levels. These workers also had a higher level of inflammation. All of this speaks to increases in cardiometabolic diseases and cancers. \u201cA lot of factors go into cancer,\u201d Cline says, \u201cIt\u2019s a dance between genetics and environment.\u201d While we can\u2019t really do much about our genetics, \u201cyou can do something about your environment.\u201d So, why would eating less than two hours before going to bed mess with the circadian rhythms. \u201cIt\u2019s intuitive,\u201d she says. \u201cWhen you eat a lot and go right to bed, you don\u2019t sleep as well.\u201d For her patients with cancer already, Cline says if they are complaining about heartburn and not being able to sleep, she might recommend not eating within two or three hours of going to bed to see if that helps before adding another pill to their regimen. For patients who are coming to her before they have cancer because of their heightened risk factors, she now might recommend not eating within two hours of going to bed in addition to talking to them about excess body fat,"}, {"title": "", "text": "adds. Shapiro says that, to avoid the mindless scroll later at night, you have to practice not being afraid of your thoughts. Meditate, even for five minutes. Actively stopping and asking yourself how you\u2019re doing throughout the day will help you avoid an outpouring of negative feelings\u2014and subsequent hours of scrolling\u2014at night. A bonus: If you do this during work, you can hopefully get \u201crevenge\u201d (or in this case, basic workers\u2019 rights) by taking time out of your workday, not out of your free time. Haider, whose TikTok launched a thousand \u201cIt me\u201ds, says her DMs are currently flooded by people who want to change. Me too\u2014I find myself fighting sleep a few nights a week, desperately grasping for a few more moments of positive emotion before I pass out and start the day again. I think the thing about bedtime revenge procrastination is that, however bleak its origins are and whatever toll it takes, it\u2019s a quiet reminder from your unconscious that you really do like being alive. There are so many good things in life that you don\u2019t want to fall asleep and miss them. We want one more funny video, one more text from a friend, one more moment feeling awake, and happy, and free. TopicsSleepWellnessLifestyle"}, {"title": "", "text": "and like this one circadian rhythms. Other studies revealed that people who work nights have an increased cancer risk \u2014 again thought to be about the disruptions in circadian rhythms, Cline says. Dr. Vivian Cline is an oncologist at St. David\u2019s Medical Center and Texas Oncology. We aren\u2019t talking about eating late at night once or working an overnight shift once, she says. \u201cWe\u2019re talking about habitual late-night eating.\u201d With night-shift employees, doctors found it disrupted their glucose, cortisol and leptin levels. These workers also had a higher level of inflammation. All of this speaks to increases in cardiometabolic diseases and cancers. \u201cA lot of factors go into cancer,\u201d Cline says, \u201cIt\u2019s a dance between genetics and environment.\u201d While we can\u2019t really do much about our genetics, \u201cyou can do something about your environment.\u201d So, why would eating less than two hours before going to bed mess with the circadian rhythms. \u201cIt\u2019s intuitive,\u201d she says. \u201cWhen you eat a lot and go right to bed, you don\u2019t sleep as well.\u201d For her patients with cancer already, Cline says if they are complaining about heartburn and not being able to sleep, she might recommend not eating within two or three hours of going to bed to see if that helps before adding another pill to their regimen. For patients who are coming to her before they have cancer because of their heightened risk factors, she now might recommend not eating within two hours of going to bed in addition to talking to them about excess body fat,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Everyone has different daily habits. But what many people have in common is their nighttime routine. So many are used to watching TV or browsing the internet, or playing games on their smartphones, or just checking their facebook news feed just before going to bed. Many of them don\u2019t know that all of these activities can affect the quality of their sleep and therefore the quality of their life as a whole. Want some ideas for a more resourceful nighttime routine? Why not check how successful and organized people choose to end their day? One of the most useful things you can do before you go to bed is to plan the next day. Write down your To Do list in advance so you can start working on it right after you wake up. If you have anything important you need to bring to the office, prepare it from the night before. This way you will be more relaxed in the morning. Many successful people even plan their outfits for the next day before going to bed. All this can make you become more organized and effective and your mornings will be significantly less stressful. Successful people love learning. That\u2019s why most of them are book lovers. Many fortunate people, for example Bill Gates, confess that they read articles and books until they fall asleep. The CEO of AOL, Tim Armstrong also shared that when he gets home from work at around 8pm, he reads books to his daughters. Meditation promotes physical and mental health. It"}, {"title": "", "text": "they have demonstrated a similar rise among women who stay up late more than two or three times a week. Conversely, totally blind women are only half as likely to contract it. Groundbreaking research by the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health in the United States grafted human breast cancer tumours on to rats and infused them with blood taken from women during the day, in the early hours of the morning and after being exposed to light at night. The blood taken in darkness slowed the growth of the tumours by 80 per cent, while that taken after exposure to light accelerated it. Studies have shown that the light at night interferes with melatonin, \"the hormone of darkness\" which is secreted by the pineal gland at night and both impedes cancers and boosts the immune system. Electromagnetic radiation, given off by power lines, mobile phones and Wi-Fi, has been found to have a similar effect. Professor Denis Henshaw of Bristol University said that the radiation \"suppresses melatonin in the same way as light does\". Laughing is good for your heart \u2013 but anger sends your blood pressure soaring. As your irritation mounts, you can feel your blood pressure rising. And that's exactly what is happening to your body when you have an argument. The effects, it seems, can be lasting. In the week after the irritating incident, you just need to think about the argument and your blood pressure will rise again, according to research published in the International Journal of Psychophysiology."}, {"title": "", "text": "they have demonstrated a similar rise among women who stay up late more than two or three times a week. Conversely, totally blind women are only half as likely to contract it. Groundbreaking research by the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health in the United States grafted human breast cancer tumours on to rats and infused them with blood taken from women during the day, in the early hours of the morning and after being exposed to light at night. The blood taken in darkness slowed the growth of the tumours by 80 per cent, while that taken after exposure to light accelerated it. Studies have shown that the light at night interferes with melatonin, \"the hormone of darkness\" which is secreted by the pineal gland at night and both impedes cancers and boosts the immune system. Electromagnetic radiation, given off by power lines, mobile phones and Wi-Fi, has been found to have a similar effect. Professor Denis Henshaw of Bristol University said that the radiation \"suppresses melatonin in the same way as light does\". Laughing is good for your heart \u2013 but anger sends your blood pressure soaring. As your irritation mounts, you can feel your blood pressure rising. And that's exactly what is happening to your body when you have an argument. The effects, it seems, can be lasting. In the week after the irritating incident, you just need to think about the argument and your blood pressure will rise again, according to research published in the International Journal of Psychophysiology."}, {"title": "", "text": "In order to prioritize good health in your life, you have to be mindful of a few tips and tricks. For starters, you need to learn how to take better care of your physical well-being, which can involve exercise, as well as pursuing a nutritious and well-balanced diet. Following a few simple habits, can largely shape your future health. Secondly, you can\u2019t underestimate the importance of sleep, as this has an impact on your overall mood. Lastly, getting certain treatments, when necessary, also should never be neglected. Continue reading for more information on all of the aforementioned points. There are a number of different exercise routines you can adopt, and no matter what you choose, they will all stand to benefit you in some shape or form. So long as you work out for a little bit every day, your body\u2019s health will drastically improve. Adopting a healthy diet, one that is well-balanced and nutritious, will always provide you with the boost of energy that you need in order to tackle your day. If you don\u2019t sleep at least 7-9 hours a night, you must start adopting this habit. Sleep plays a major role in your current and future health. It can improve your productivity and concentration, and lower your risk of encountering various diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and so on. Visiting a doctor or other healthcare professional and getting the best possible treatment for your health problems is sometimes the best solution. In fact, you should even visit your doctor if you think"}, {"title": "", "text": "In order to prioritize good health in your life, you have to be mindful of a few tips and tricks. For starters, you need to learn how to take better care of your physical well-being, which can involve exercise, as well as pursuing a nutritious and well-balanced diet. Following a few simple habits, can largely shape your future health. Secondly, you can\u2019t underestimate the importance of sleep, as this has an impact on your overall mood. Lastly, getting certain treatments, when necessary, also should never be neglected. Continue reading for more information on all of the aforementioned points. There are a number of different exercise routines you can adopt, and no matter what you choose, they will all stand to benefit you in some shape or form. So long as you work out for a little bit every day, your body\u2019s health will drastically improve. Adopting a healthy diet, one that is well-balanced and nutritious, will always provide you with the boost of energy that you need in order to tackle your day. If you don\u2019t sleep at least 7-9 hours a night, you must start adopting this habit. Sleep plays a major role in your current and future health. It can improve your productivity and concentration, and lower your risk of encountering various diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and so on. Visiting a doctor or other healthcare professional and getting the best possible treatment for your health problems is sometimes the best solution. In fact, you should even visit your doctor if you think"}, {"title": "", "text": "not right before going to bed. \u00b7 Avoid heavy, rich meals before bedtime. \u00b7 Relax before hitting the sack. Try taking a bath, drinking hot tea, listening to calming music or reading a book. \u00b7 Create a sleep-inducing environment. Stop using screens for 30 minutes-1 hour before sleep. Get your bedroom as dark as possible to signal the body that is time for rest. Employ the various eating and lifestyle improvements in this weight loss series to achieve your goals and feel better that you have taken steps in the right direction. If you need further assistance, click here to contact me."}, {"title": "", "text": "My partner John works in the aviation industry, and for nearly thirty years, on and off, has worked night shifts. I often wonder how he manages. As I start to wind down, around 9pm, thinking about going to bed, he\u2019s often just about to heat up his dinner, leaving it till late to break up a long stint that will require alertness and concentration. Arriving home sometimes just before 8am, as I begin my day, he goes to bed and emerges in the early afternoon. If the neighbours are redecorating (which they often do) then this can make for a pretty broken rest. At least now his night shifts are only occasional, but after so many years, we do often wonder how this could be affecting his health. So what do we know about the health risks of shift work? We humans are a diurnal species, which means that we are designed to be active during the day. We have less of an appetite at night, when our body is actually supposed to fast and focus on repairing and restoring itself. Our blood sugars are regulated differently at different times. At night, growth hormone, released during the first deep-sleep phase, and the stress hormone cortisol summon blood glucose from our existing reserves (mainly in the liver). This allows our central nervous system to keep functioning, without the need from external fuel. Our muscle cells are not supposed to need the energy at that time, so they are not that receptive to insulin (which normally allows them"}, {"title": "", "text": "A good sleep at night is the key to a better life because you will wake up refreshed with the energy to go and conquer the day. But the fact is, most people have not yet maximized their sleep at night to be the best that they can get every night. You must be familiar with checking on your phone before you sleep, accidentally falling asleep with the lights on, or you were too tired to make up time for anything else but changing your clothes, wash your face, brush your teeth, turn off the lights and sleep right away. If you are curious about how to improve your mood when you wake up in the morning, read along and try out these tips. A source of light that is too bright during the night can be a disaster for your body. It leads to sleeping disorder, insomnia, and even cancer. Do some research on a total darkness is best for your body to rest, besides no one wants to have a black under the eye that can be tricky to remove. If you find it hard to sleep in the darkness, you can buy a bed lamp to transition the light situation slowly."}, {"title": "", "text": "is simply standing on the earth (grass or sand, not concrete) bare footed and connecting to the energy of the earth. Adequate sleep, being between 7 to 9 hours a night, also helps regulate hormones and allows for regeneration of the brain and body. Get to bed by 10 pm. Unplug from electronics 30 min before bed. Make your room as dark as a cave, no ambient light. Enjoy a calming ritual before bed\u2014soak in a tub, listen to relaxing music, read something spiritual or enjoyable, (please not the news). Try meditation, visualization, gratitude or simply deep breathing. Over-exercising can be a detriment to your very goal of health and fitness. Over-exercise stresses and breaks down your system, aging you in fast forward. Moderate exercise in a form that you enjoy, will do you more good than pushing yourself to exhaustion. If you find you have over done it, be sure to allow for more rest for a full recovery. It is in the recovery that we get stronger, not in the work. As women, we process information through our limbic system, the emotional brain. It\u2019s no wonder we attach emotions to \u201ceverything\u201d. Emotions should be energy in motion. When that energy gets stuck or blocked, it can cause physical, emotional or mental pain that keeps us stuck and unable to achieve our goals. I use muscle testing with clients to bypass the conscious mind and free up the energy flow to clear stuck emotions and beliefs. This allows for a more positive approach to challenges"}, {"title": "", "text": "is simply standing on the earth (grass or sand, not concrete) bare footed and connecting to the energy of the earth. Adequate sleep, being between 7 to 9 hours a night, also helps regulate hormones and allows for regeneration of the brain and body. Get to bed by 10 pm. Unplug from electronics 30 min before bed. Make your room as dark as a cave, no ambient light. Enjoy a calming ritual before bed\u2014soak in a tub, listen to relaxing music, read something spiritual or enjoyable, (please not the news). Try meditation, visualization, gratitude or simply deep breathing. Over-exercising can be a detriment to your very goal of health and fitness. Over-exercise stresses and breaks down your system, aging you in fast forward. Moderate exercise in a form that you enjoy, will do you more good than pushing yourself to exhaustion. If you find you have over done it, be sure to allow for more rest for a full recovery. It is in the recovery that we get stronger, not in the work. As women, we process information through our limbic system, the emotional brain. It\u2019s no wonder we attach emotions to \u201ceverything\u201d. Emotions should be energy in motion. When that energy gets stuck or blocked, it can cause physical, emotional or mental pain that keeps us stuck and unable to achieve our goals. I use muscle testing with clients to bypass the conscious mind and free up the energy flow to clear stuck emotions and beliefs. This allows for a more positive approach to challenges"}, {"title": "", "text": "deliver a boost of energy. Soon after, your body tells you that you need rest and recuperation. Exercising in the evening, at least 2 to 3 hours before you go to bed, signals your brain for rest and recovery, rather than a stressful \u201chow will I go to sleep\u201d mentality. There is a good reason the sheep counting strategy works to help you go to sleep. What you are actually doing is replacing stressful and worrisome thoughts with a simple and boring, repetitive mental exercise. You can accomplish the same by thinking of objects or foods whose names start with each letter of the alphabet. Your brain only focuses on one thing at a time, in this instance asimple mental exercise instead of stress and anxiety. Right before you crawl into bed, think about all the reasons you have to be grateful. It is hard to be anxious and stressed out when you realize you have so many things to be thankful for. Doing this right before bed implants positive thoughts on your nighttime brain. Remember when your mom used to read you bedtime stories? Well, they still do the trick. Reading before bed can help you fall asleep quickly, so that you can enjoy a healthy night\u2019s rest. Ideally, the place where you sleep should have minimal possessions. This is especially true regarding consumer electronics, cell phones, MP3 players and the like. The fewer pieces of furniture in your bedroom the better. As you are preparing for bed, your mind unconsciously takes in all of"}, {"title": "", "text": "deliver a boost of energy. Soon after, your body tells you that you need rest and recuperation. Exercising in the evening, at least 2 to 3 hours before you go to bed, signals your brain for rest and recovery, rather than a stressful \u201chow will I go to sleep\u201d mentality. There is a good reason the sheep counting strategy works to help you go to sleep. What you are actually doing is replacing stressful and worrisome thoughts with a simple and boring, repetitive mental exercise. You can accomplish the same by thinking of objects or foods whose names start with each letter of the alphabet. Your brain only focuses on one thing at a time, in this instance asimple mental exercise instead of stress and anxiety. Right before you crawl into bed, think about all the reasons you have to be grateful. It is hard to be anxious and stressed out when you realize you have so many things to be thankful for. Doing this right before bed implants positive thoughts on your nighttime brain. Remember when your mom used to read you bedtime stories? Well, they still do the trick. Reading before bed can help you fall asleep quickly, so that you can enjoy a healthy night\u2019s rest. Ideally, the place where you sleep should have minimal possessions. This is especially true regarding consumer electronics, cell phones, MP3 players and the like. The fewer pieces of furniture in your bedroom the better. As you are preparing for bed, your mind unconsciously takes in all of"}, {"title": "", "text": "I\u2019m going to bed before midnight. Every single day. I tell myself this without fail. It rarely happens. I am often working, time watching, key typing as fast as possible, getting distracted on twitter. Then all of a sudden - the clock strikes 12 and my mood changes as quick as Cinderella\u2019s gown. Disappointed I won\u2019t get my much needed beauty sleep, and so the next day I try again. I\u2019ll be up at 6am for a run. Of course, the pre-mentioned sleeping arrangements often result in less than 7 hours sleep, the alarm goes off, it goes on snooze and more often than not, I don\u2019t get that much intended fitness my body craves. On rare occasions it happens, but only of course if I get to bed early. Focus. I\u2019ll admit, I\u2019m easily distracted. So this is something I have to tell myself more than once on a daily basis. If I don\u2019t, all hell breaks lose! I\u2019ll be lucky to finish this before getting distracted by an email or phone call. Two Biscuits. I reward myself for working so hard and following a super diet (less carbs, more greens and all that) by eating biscuits most nights with mint tea...two, three, four, and before I know it, I\u2019ve demolished about eight! I really am trying to stick to just two. Don\u2019t stress. My dad recently emailed (following an email I sent him ridiculously late at night) and his first line was \u2018Don\u2019t stress, the world will still be here tomorrow\u2019 I\u2019m not easily"}, {"title": "", "text": "including lectins and LPSs, in the brain, and you already know what that causes. Sadly, this \"wash cycle\" is probably the single most overlooked and misunderstood aspect of neurodegenerative diseases. Luckily, there is a simple solution: leaving as big a gap as possible between your last meal of the day and your bedtime. As my friend and colleague Dr. Dale Bredesen, the author of _The End of Alzheimer's: The First Program to Prevent and Reverse Cognitive Decline_ , has shown, the minimum amount of time between finishing your last meal and going to sleep should be four hours. Remember, the one-hour rule was a bit of an old wives' tale that held some truth. Unfortunately, it takes more than just one hour for your body to fully digest your dinner so that you will have adequate blood flow to wash out your brain. This means that if you go to bed at eleven, you should eat nothing after seven o'clock. There is a lot of wisdom in the old maxim \"Eat like a king at breakfast, a queen at lunch, and a pauper at dinner.\" Unfortunately, our culture promotes the opposite\u2014eating a large, late dinner (or, even worse, a snack right before bed) that forces your body to spend its efforts digesting your food during the night, when it should be focused on cleaning out the gunk in your brain. I understand that it is not always possible to leave a full four hours between dinner and bedtime. Many of my patients work long hours or"}, {"title": "", "text": "place them on a pedestal, you unknowingly create an unhealthy disparity in the teach Body Dysmorphia Is So Much More Than Just 'Low Self-Esteem' Insecurities: We\u2019ve all got \u2018em. Perhaps when looking in the mirror, we wish our teeth were whiter, our skin smoother, our hair shinier. However, when we step away from the glass, these thoughts typically fade into the background and we continue our day \u2014 give or take the amplified nonsense from the diet culture industry pounding steadily in most media we consume. But what if these minor insecurities didn\u2019t fade, but were rather amplified, compromising our ability to functio Bad Night of Sleep? Here\u2019s How to Recover From It Get access to everything we publish when you sign up for Outside+. 2Sleep is so elusive to some of us, yet so essential to a productive, healthy day. Experts recommend getting 7-8 hours of sleep a night \u2014 and for good reason! Sleep can strengthen your heart. Lack of Zzz\u2019s can cause your body to release the stress hormone cortisol, which triggers your heart to work 10 times harder. Sleep can also boost your immune system because while your head is on that pillow, your immune cells and p What to Do If You Want to Use Sex Toys With Your Partner & They Aren't Into It Sex toys can enhance masturbation \u2014 there is no doubt about that. The first time I used a vibrator, I decided then and there I couldn\u2019t live without it. Since that day, I have not masturbated"}, {"title": "", "text": "place them on a pedestal, you unknowingly create an unhealthy disparity in the teach Body Dysmorphia Is So Much More Than Just 'Low Self-Esteem' Insecurities: We\u2019ve all got \u2018em. Perhaps when looking in the mirror, we wish our teeth were whiter, our skin smoother, our hair shinier. However, when we step away from the glass, these thoughts typically fade into the background and we continue our day \u2014 give or take the amplified nonsense from the diet culture industry pounding steadily in most media we consume. But what if these minor insecurities didn\u2019t fade, but were rather amplified, compromising our ability to functio Bad Night of Sleep? Here\u2019s How to Recover From It Get access to everything we publish when you sign up for Outside+. 2Sleep is so elusive to some of us, yet so essential to a productive, healthy day. Experts recommend getting 7-8 hours of sleep a night \u2014 and for good reason! Sleep can strengthen your heart. Lack of Zzz\u2019s can cause your body to release the stress hormone cortisol, which triggers your heart to work 10 times harder. Sleep can also boost your immune system because while your head is on that pillow, your immune cells and p What to Do If You Want to Use Sex Toys With Your Partner & They Aren't Into It Sex toys can enhance masturbation \u2014 there is no doubt about that. The first time I used a vibrator, I decided then and there I couldn\u2019t live without it. Since that day, I have not masturbated"}, {"title": "", "text": "have their computer right beside the bed and the glow of it lights up the room at night. Ditto for notifications that come in on cell phones \u2013 sometimes with lights and sometimes with the inclusion of sounds. The physical distraction of the computer glow tricks your body into thinking it\u2019s time for you to be awake. Your body won\u2019t produce the melatonin it needs and help you get (and stay) asleep, so you toss and turn all night. Technology doesn\u2019t just have to be left out of the bedroom \u2013 it needs to be shut down quite awhile before you go to bed. Your mind needs time to disconnect and wind down itself, and it can\u2019t do that if you\u2019re constantly feeding it information. If you go to bed at 10 PM, try disconnecting around 8:30 PM. Let your stress melt away and your mind relax. This isn\u2019t an easy habit to break, but you\u2019ll be able to implement it \u2013 even if you do it in baby steps, such as not taking it in the room with you, but using it right up until bedtime, and gradually creating a routine that\u2019s beneficial for your health. Aromatherapy soothes your mind and body for both sleep and de-stressing. Scents are a powerful element of our lives, and you can use the power of it to help you feel more rested. Start off by choosing the right scents for you to unwind, let go of the anxiety the day brought, and get a good night\u2019s sleep. You"}, {"title": "", "text": "have their computer right beside the bed and the glow of it lights up the room at night. Ditto for notifications that come in on cell phones \u2013 sometimes with lights and sometimes with the inclusion of sounds. The physical distraction of the computer glow tricks your body into thinking it\u2019s time for you to be awake. Your body won\u2019t produce the melatonin it needs and help you get (and stay) asleep, so you toss and turn all night. Technology doesn\u2019t just have to be left out of the bedroom \u2013 it needs to be shut down quite awhile before you go to bed. Your mind needs time to disconnect and wind down itself, and it can\u2019t do that if you\u2019re constantly feeding it information. If you go to bed at 10 PM, try disconnecting around 8:30 PM. Let your stress melt away and your mind relax. This isn\u2019t an easy habit to break, but you\u2019ll be able to implement it \u2013 even if you do it in baby steps, such as not taking it in the room with you, but using it right up until bedtime, and gradually creating a routine that\u2019s beneficial for your health. Aromatherapy soothes your mind and body for both sleep and de-stressing. Scents are a powerful element of our lives, and you can use the power of it to help you feel more rested. Start off by choosing the right scents for you to unwind, let go of the anxiety the day brought, and get a good night\u2019s sleep. You"}, {"title": "", "text": "You know the one: they make snide comments, are unsupportive, or just make you feel bad about yourself. It\u2019s time to cut them out! No more faking it with people you don\u2019t like or who don\u2019t make you feel good about yourself or your potential. Imagine how great it will feel to not have to deal with that toxicity anymore! See the doctor: If it\u2019s been a while since you\u2019ve seen your doctor, 2019 is the year! Schedule a check-up or physical exam with your primary care doctor and catch up with your recommended preventive care screenings. It\u2019s perfectly normal to feel a little nervous, especially if it\u2019s been a while. Even if you are young and healthy, it\u2019s important to see your doctor regularly to find health problems early and treat them before they become serious. Look at sleep hygiene: In addition to getting more sleep, it\u2019s important to work on getting better quality sleep. Improving your sleep hygiene can help you get more productive and restful sleep. The National Sleep Foundation suggests limiting caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, keeping your bedroom cool and dark, and establishing a regular and relaxing bedtime routine. Take up yoga: Yoga isn\u2019t just a trendy exercise class for housewives or millenials. It\u2019s an ancient practice with many real health benefits, such as reducing stress, increasing flexibility, building muscle strength, and increasing blood flow. If you are nervous about trying an in-person class, try a video online to get started! Take a nap: While taking too long of a nap"}, {"title": "", "text": "You know the one: they make snide comments, are unsupportive, or just make you feel bad about yourself. It\u2019s time to cut them out! No more faking it with people you don\u2019t like or who don\u2019t make you feel good about yourself or your potential. Imagine how great it will feel to not have to deal with that toxicity anymore! See the doctor: If it\u2019s been a while since you\u2019ve seen your doctor, 2019 is the year! Schedule a check-up or physical exam with your primary care doctor and catch up with your recommended preventive care screenings. It\u2019s perfectly normal to feel a little nervous, especially if it\u2019s been a while. Even if you are young and healthy, it\u2019s important to see your doctor regularly to find health problems early and treat them before they become serious. Look at sleep hygiene: In addition to getting more sleep, it\u2019s important to work on getting better quality sleep. Improving your sleep hygiene can help you get more productive and restful sleep. The National Sleep Foundation suggests limiting caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, keeping your bedroom cool and dark, and establishing a regular and relaxing bedtime routine. Take up yoga: Yoga isn\u2019t just a trendy exercise class for housewives or millenials. It\u2019s an ancient practice with many real health benefits, such as reducing stress, increasing flexibility, building muscle strength, and increasing blood flow. If you are nervous about trying an in-person class, try a video online to get started! Take a nap: While taking too long of a nap"}, {"title": "", "text": "totally adapted to this sleep schedule and I think I did as good as I ever did.\u201d And the results are actually worse. They're actually getting worse at a faster rate at that point. At first, I want to say, 20, 22, 24 days or something, you're declining performance is accelerating and then it plateaus after a while, after three to four weeks, and you don't get progressively that much worse every day or you'd be dead in a year. The point being is we're not good at assessing ourselves. So, I would say get people who care about you or close to you to help you figure out if you're going a little too far, if you're becoming obsessed with this. If you feel there's a possibility that it's stressing you out too much, then you have to figure out your balance. Some people thrive on stress, some people hate it, some people don't want any, very individualized. Melanie Avalon: Some people flip like me, feel like I thrived, and then it all crashed and burned. So, going back to because you talked about this whole sleep routine of going to bed, not looking at the clock, waking up when the alarm clock goes off. In the in between for people who are waking up, so does it even matter, like Amy says, \u201cHow do you keep from waking up in the middle of the night?\u201d Should you focus on that? And then, Wendy says like, \u201cWhy can't I sleep all night?\u201d So many questions"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 minutes, make sure it\u2019s something that gives you that intense feeling of achievement when you\u2019ve done it. Write your resolution down. When it\u2019s written it becomes something real and something you can take ownership to, a promise that you are making to yourself. This helps with you wanting to stick to it. Make sure you have it visible \u2013 read it daily on the fridge, calendar or email inbox. When you\u2019re reminded every day, it\u2019s hard to ignore it. Drink a large glass of water before each meal. This simple action will help with weight loss and save you mountains of calories in the coming year. By filling your stomach with water right before you eat you reduce your chances of overeating during the meal. Drinking more water is also healthy for all of your body functions, including converting body fat into usable energy. Add a Walk or Jog to your morning. When you get up and move first thing in the morning, before breakfast, your body is more likely to use stored fat as energy. Follow the No Food Three Hours Before Bed Rule. It has been proven that not eating three hours before bed reduces fat storage throughout the night. If you go to bed at 10 p.m., finish eating for the day no later than 7 p.m. Vow to say kind things to someone every day. Not only will you make someone feel good about themselves or what they do, but you\u2019ll feel good about yourself for making someone smile. Something so"}, {"title": "", "text": "2 minutes, make sure it\u2019s something that gives you that intense feeling of achievement when you\u2019ve done it. Write your resolution down. When it\u2019s written it becomes something real and something you can take ownership to, a promise that you are making to yourself. This helps with you wanting to stick to it. Make sure you have it visible \u2013 read it daily on the fridge, calendar or email inbox. When you\u2019re reminded every day, it\u2019s hard to ignore it. Drink a large glass of water before each meal. This simple action will help with weight loss and save you mountains of calories in the coming year. By filling your stomach with water right before you eat you reduce your chances of overeating during the meal. Drinking more water is also healthy for all of your body functions, including converting body fat into usable energy. Add a Walk or Jog to your morning. When you get up and move first thing in the morning, before breakfast, your body is more likely to use stored fat as energy. Follow the No Food Three Hours Before Bed Rule. It has been proven that not eating three hours before bed reduces fat storage throughout the night. If you go to bed at 10 p.m., finish eating for the day no later than 7 p.m. Vow to say kind things to someone every day. Not only will you make someone feel good about themselves or what they do, but you\u2019ll feel good about yourself for making someone smile. Something so"}, {"title": "", "text": "during the day before we go to bed, we need to process it in prayer and meditation on the word of God. That is why the Bible says, do not go to bed with your anger, process it. We tend to keep it night after night and one day, the vase will explode and that is what causes depression, bitterness, loss of focus and sickness too. We need to remove every dirty thing in our heart and make room for the grace of God to be renewed in life the next morning. After processing the bad things, we need to command the next day in prayer; speak into the atmosphere the way you desire your day to be; if not, the demons and witches will do it for you."}, {"title": "", "text": "made sense to me. You body needs regulation, and throwing your sleep out of whack on the weekends isn\u2019t doing you any favors. So I tried it \u2013 I work at home, and like nights, so I set a bedtime of midnight for myself, and a wake time of 8am. And let me tell you, within 2 weeks, my insomnia was cured. There were a few other things (avoid caffeine in the afternoon, don;t eat at night, etc), but the big one was the steady bedtime. It\u2019s made a marked difference in my life. 1) Go to bed / get up at the same time every day. If you aren\u2019t willing to do this, you may never get ahead of sleep issues. 2) GO TO BED. I know people who avoid sleep because they don\u2019t enjoy their lives. They work a job they hate, get home from a one-hour commute at 6pm, and can\u2019t fathom going to sleep, because they have zero time for themselves. They say things like \u201cI only need 5 hours of sleep\u201d (BS), and then make it up by binge-sleeping on the weekends. This is no way to live your life, folks. Make changes. 3) Avoid afternoon caffeine. And try and avoid alcohol in the evening. No eating at night either. 4) Try and get some exercise every day. You don\u2019t have to do the above if you don\u2019t want to, but don\u2019t expect great sleep then. For myself, I tried everything BUT the above for years. But once I did the"}, {"title": "", "text": "made sense to me. You body needs regulation, and throwing your sleep out of whack on the weekends isn\u2019t doing you any favors. So I tried it \u2013 I work at home, and like nights, so I set a bedtime of midnight for myself, and a wake time of 8am. And let me tell you, within 2 weeks, my insomnia was cured. There were a few other things (avoid caffeine in the afternoon, don;t eat at night, etc), but the big one was the steady bedtime. It\u2019s made a marked difference in my life. 1) Go to bed / get up at the same time every day. If you aren\u2019t willing to do this, you may never get ahead of sleep issues. 2) GO TO BED. I know people who avoid sleep because they don\u2019t enjoy their lives. They work a job they hate, get home from a one-hour commute at 6pm, and can\u2019t fathom going to sleep, because they have zero time for themselves. They say things like \u201cI only need 5 hours of sleep\u201d (BS), and then make it up by binge-sleeping on the weekends. This is no way to live your life, folks. Make changes. 3) Avoid afternoon caffeine. And try and avoid alcohol in the evening. No eating at night either. 4) Try and get some exercise every day. You don\u2019t have to do the above if you don\u2019t want to, but don\u2019t expect great sleep then. For myself, I tried everything BUT the above for years. But once I did the"}, {"title": "", "text": "and provide you with actionable tips you can use right away. And, we can discuss what it would look like to work with me. We?ll look at your bedtime routines. Time to go to bed and everything else leading up to that. Oftentimes you will just be going through your nights distracted, trying to relax but at the same time hyped on technology. And even when your body is telling you it?s time to go to sleep, you will keep staying up. Then, by the time you finally decide to go to bed, and time to do bedtime things, you?ve lost hours that you could?ve otherwise been asleep, without even knowing that this is a wasted time cycle. So, I will help you identify that and create a plan. We will really look at the mental obstacles to why you haven?t been going to bed on time. Why you?ve been staying up. A lot of times there?s anxiety around the next day. Dread for the morning and workday. By subconsciously staying up, you feel like you?re avoiding that dread. So, we will look at that and look at how that thinking can change so that you are looking forward to going to bed. And looking forward to sleep time. And then waking up much more rejuvenated and looking forward to that day. The coaching program also includes a customized plan for a few minutes each evening using a combination of meditation, journaling, affirmations and visualization. Visually preparing for the next day. Visualizing waking up, feeling refreshed."}, {"title": "", "text": "Refocus and get back to being positive. Positive Mental Attitude creates a whole aura around you, people enjoy your company, and you are able to accomplish what you set out to. It affects all other areas of your life. ving to think about it. Like laughter is it infectious, you smile and other people around you will smile. Step 10 \u2013 Relaxing Evening Ritual \u2013 Just as with the Morning Ritual a Evening ritual is needed, the routine of specific items allows our bodies to know it is the time to sleep. Just as we do with children we need to do for ourselves. Find the methods that work for you! Some find a hot shower or bath, reading a book, writing in your journal, practicing mediation, listening to quiet music. As little as 30 minutes of relaxation before bed can impact the quality of our sleep. Chores can wait, have a power nap, go to bed 30 minutes earlier, plan our evening rituals so that the sleep that you do get is quality sleep. There are many ways to improve your sleep. These daily activities will turn into daily habits if you want them to\u2026. The hardest part of that is having a support system that holds you up, that supports you in your weakest moments. You can find that easily you just need to open yourself up to the possibilities. You can succeed, you can change your life, and you can become more powerful, you can take care of yourself, you can create time"}, {"title": "", "text": "may or may not be accurate where he claims Trump goes to bed at six thirty pm whenever his schedule allows it which if it's true is a sign of a pretty serious sleep disorder. That's like a problem and also sleeps in a room with three TV's in it and brings a cheeseburger to bed and Ella stuff that might be crazy and not true. But either way all three of those guys have pretty unhealthy sleep habits, oddly, George W Bush made a point of publicly letting everybody know that he got eight hours a night, and and was very disciplined about it. But most of our presidents have been like just got to be up all night working and thinking and reading that's the way I am. And we should be concerned about that. Because it makes them worse leaders one of the reasons why it is hard to solve this problem is. Because there's no one thing. Like, if you go out if you're having trouble sleeping in you. Go out on the internet looking for tips. You'll get stuff that doesn't seem that helpful. It's like, well, your room should be completely dark, and you should have no distractions, and you should not do anything that like makes you think very much right before bed. It's it's all things that were it's kinda like giving diet advice to someone where it's like well instead of eating a cheeseburger in your car, you should eat a salad without dressing on it. And"}, {"title": "", "text": "back the tolls, and the idiot who cut me off on the Merritt. I toss and turn and watch the clock go from 2 a.m. to 3 a.m. to 4 a.m. In desperation, I start doing all sorts of things like checking the weather, sending out emails, saying my prayers, reading yesterday\u2019s news and watching Seinfeld reruns. When there\u2019s a full moon, I\u2019m really restless. Who knows? Maybe a werewolf bit me when I was a kid. I told my wife not to be surprised if I wake up howling some night. There\u2019s nothing worse than a full moon if you want a good night\u2019s sleep, except the nocturnal curse of all men \u2014 the midnight pee. If you drink too much before bedtime, it will catch up with you, especially with guys who have beer bellies. Just remember not to flush the toilet, or everyone else will be waking up, too. Sometimes I lie awake because I\u2019m hungry. When my stomach starts gurgling and growling and aching, I make my way down to the kitchen, where I find my wife at the table eating yogurt while the dog is beside her, chowing down a bowl of rotisserie chicken. Our house is like an all-night diner. You\u2019ve heard how misery loves company? Well, so does insomnia. I\u2019ll rummage through the pantry and refrigerator, looking for something I can stuff in my mouth to settle my stomach so I can get back to sleep. Bananas work, but my mother always warned us not to eat bananas before"}, {"title": "", "text": "back the tolls, and the idiot who cut me off on the Merritt. I toss and turn and watch the clock go from 2 a.m. to 3 a.m. to 4 a.m. In desperation, I start doing all sorts of things like checking the weather, sending out emails, saying my prayers, reading yesterday\u2019s news and watching Seinfeld reruns. When there\u2019s a full moon, I\u2019m really restless. Who knows? Maybe a werewolf bit me when I was a kid. I told my wife not to be surprised if I wake up howling some night. There\u2019s nothing worse than a full moon if you want a good night\u2019s sleep, except the nocturnal curse of all men \u2014 the midnight pee. If you drink too much before bedtime, it will catch up with you, especially with guys who have beer bellies. Just remember not to flush the toilet, or everyone else will be waking up, too. Sometimes I lie awake because I\u2019m hungry. When my stomach starts gurgling and growling and aching, I make my way down to the kitchen, where I find my wife at the table eating yogurt while the dog is beside her, chowing down a bowl of rotisserie chicken. Our house is like an all-night diner. You\u2019ve heard how misery loves company? Well, so does insomnia. I\u2019ll rummage through the pantry and refrigerator, looking for something I can stuff in my mouth to settle my stomach so I can get back to sleep. Bananas work, but my mother always warned us not to eat bananas before"}, {"title": "", "text": "trying to lose weight or account lose that last fifteen pounds. No matter what you do your body won't let go. that lasts. ten fifteen pounds. Needs it to protect the body. Also a lot of people that have poor sleep deliver starts working in the evening so it starts really gonna town you talk to you that eleven pm to three. Am so if you aren't going to bed until twelve or one you know your number one really shortchanging Ability detox you. And if you're doing if you're waking up at nights a three. Am every single night. That's an angry liber speaking to you and you've got to work under liver function to improve sleep. Also food chemical sensitivities in seasonal allergies. If your libbers really pushed over the edge really congested Doing a flesh in have your you can have your feed sensitivities totally disappear just by doing a flash. It's really phenomenal. And then also anger and mood swings. A lot of people that are having angry outbursts kind of Not being able to maintain self control. Inger is very much needed in the liber so it's not functioning properly in your hormones or outta whack because delivers congested can be more prone inger in mood swings. It's not that you're just you know you don't have control or you're crazier bipolar or something. I'd just fear livers amounts. I alert all talk to you about delivers connection with that health than it's really accessory oregon oregon from the guy the"}, {"title": "", "text": "spending too much time watching television, staring at your phone or doing work in bed, you can send mixed signals to your body about the purpose of being in bed. \u201cYou want to make sure that your bed and bedroom creates a consistent cue for sleep,\u201d Danforth said. \u201cThat means don\u2019t go to bed unless you feel like you can fall asleep quickly. If you go to bed before you\u2019re sleepy, you\u2019re just setting yourself up for failure.\u201d Finally, try to install a buffer zone of at least 30 minutes before bedtime, during which you avoid things like bright or excessive light, worrying about work or watching intense television shows. If you can use the time to calm your mind and body, it can create better conditions for sleep. Embrace Positivity Between pandemic worries, work stress and angst about the latest news headlines, there\u2019s no shortage of sources for negative emotions. And when you\u2019re trying to go to sleep, these factors stand in the way. That\u2019s why it\u2019s important to begin the bedtime routine by finding a way to fill your mind with positive thoughts. \u201cPositive emotions undo the stress response,\u201d said Carrie Adair, assistant director for the Duke Center for Healthcare Safety and Quality. \u201cIf you\u2019re lying in bed and thinking about all the stressors you have coming at you tomorrow, your heart rate goes up, your respiration increases. But when we experience positive emotions, it actually relaxes all of those processes.\u201d Adair and her colleagues study the science of stress and provide resources, including"}, {"title": "", "text": "1. For one, eating late at night throws off your body\u2019s natural rhythms. You probably know that annoying feeling of being uncomfortably full and not being able to fall asleep? Your circadian rhythms and many other hormones in your body are affected by the calories you ingest. The later you eat, the less your body is prepared to sleep, which wrecks memory and efficiency for the next day. 2. Eating late at night can actually make you hungrier in the 24 hours following your evening eats. The hormone ghrelin, which controls how hungry you feel, uses the naturally occurring fast that happens from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. the next day, to reset itself. If you don\u2019t give your body enough time to fast, then that biological pathway can\u2019t occur. 3. Your metabolism slows down. Studies show that the later you eat, the more calories you\u2019re likely to consume, the less sleep you\u2019ll get; less sleep equals a slower metabolism. 4. And that means weight gain. 5. Eating late at night can cause acid reflux. Your stomach takes a few hours to empty out after a big meal, but if you go to bed shortly after you eat, acid from your stomach can leak upwards into your esophagus. 1. It might seem blatantly obvious, but if you\u2019re hungry late at night, it\u2019s possible you aren\u2019t eating enough during the day. Try eating a bigger lunchtime meal and a lighter dinner to ensure that you\u2019ve fully digested your food, and integrate more fiber into your last meal"}, {"title": "", "text": "1. For one, eating late at night throws off your body\u2019s natural rhythms. You probably know that annoying feeling of being uncomfortably full and not being able to fall asleep? Your circadian rhythms and many other hormones in your body are affected by the calories you ingest. The later you eat, the less your body is prepared to sleep, which wrecks memory and efficiency for the next day. 2. Eating late at night can actually make you hungrier in the 24 hours following your evening eats. The hormone ghrelin, which controls how hungry you feel, uses the naturally occurring fast that happens from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. the next day, to reset itself. If you don\u2019t give your body enough time to fast, then that biological pathway can\u2019t occur. 3. Your metabolism slows down. Studies show that the later you eat, the more calories you\u2019re likely to consume, the less sleep you\u2019ll get; less sleep equals a slower metabolism. 4. And that means weight gain. 5. Eating late at night can cause acid reflux. Your stomach takes a few hours to empty out after a big meal, but if you go to bed shortly after you eat, acid from your stomach can leak upwards into your esophagus. 1. It might seem blatantly obvious, but if you\u2019re hungry late at night, it\u2019s possible you aren\u2019t eating enough during the day. Try eating a bigger lunchtime meal and a lighter dinner to ensure that you\u2019ve fully digested your food, and integrate more fiber into your last meal"}, {"title": "", "text": "the day ahead. The screen on your devices emits a blue light which actually turns off your melatonin which is your sleep hormone. This hormone naturally begins to be produced by the body when the sun goes done and it helps prepare you for a good sleep. If you stay up staring at your screens, you are less likely to have a restful sleep and furthermore, you will probably be thinking about the million things that are going on in your life rather than winding down. If you need to use that time to catch up on things, try to turn everything off by 8 or 830pm to give yourself some time to wind down before bed. I know many of us think that we are not morning people and that is fine, but try it out for 3 weeks and see if you can\u2019t make it a habit. Training in the morning means that you get your blood pumping, your metabolism revved up and your muscles working, helping your get energised and start that day right. Furthermore, it is a great way to enjoy the day and feel like you have done something for yourself before you get into the office. If you train in the morning, you are also less likely to talk yourself out of it throughout the day so you are less likely to miss your workouts. Many of us have desk jobs, or lead sedentary lifestyles in general which is negative for our health, especially if you are going from your"}, {"title": "", "text": "as avoiding lit screens and bright lights for about an hour before bed, or it can be significantly more challenging. For example, forcing yourself to keep to a regular pattern; as difficult as it may be to do so on your day off, dragging yourself out of bed in the mornings it will help you keep more regular hours and this will, in turn mean that you sleep when you want to and don\u2019t when you do not. Another slightly more involved approach to looking after your mental health involves keeping your mind in good running order. This is easier said than done. However, taking some time to clear your mind, either through mediation or enjoying a small diversion such as reading a favourite book, can have a strong impact on your day-to-day wellbeing. Additionally, diet can play either a very positive or very negative role in how you feel and how you sleep. A big breakfast in the morning with the right amount of carbohydrates will set you up for the day, reducing the need to snack on high fat, high sugar foods, which will often leave you feeling hungry more of the time. Rich and processed food can also leave you feeling bloated and uneasy, rather than well nourished. When it comes to looking after your mental health, one of the most effective ways to galvanise your psychological wellbeing against the onslaught of everyday life is talking therapy. Whether you are struggling to overcome the impact of other people\u2019s non-acceptance of your race or"}, {"title": "", "text": "As I said I would do in my previous post, I discussed my problems with sleep with my counsellor. We both think that my sleep pattern may have got worse because of the distress that the sexual harassment incident caused me. However, my sleep was pretty bad before the incident so he suggested that my sleep problems may be due to a lack of routine. The down side to not being in college anymore is that I no longer have a timetable that helps me keep track of what to do and when, I don\u2019t have to be up for a specific time everyday so I can sleep until whenever I want to which causes me to stay awake until late at night since I spent most of the day asleep. I\u2019ve been told that having a routine can be good for people with depression because you\u2019re so used to that routine you don\u2019t have to thinking about doing anything, you almost automatically do it without thinking. At least that\u2019s what I\u2019ve been told so, hopefully it will be worth it to have better sleep and be able to cope with the day better. Routines are great and the glue that hold my life together. Found if very hard to start but after a couple days it got easier. To start try getting up at the same time each day. Pretend you are working 9 to 5 and adjust alarm to suit, showering, makeup and breakfast etc\u2026 Then leave your home and go for a brisk"}, {"title": "", "text": "As I said I would do in my previous post, I discussed my problems with sleep with my counsellor. We both think that my sleep pattern may have got worse because of the distress that the sexual harassment incident caused me. However, my sleep was pretty bad before the incident so he suggested that my sleep problems may be due to a lack of routine. The down side to not being in college anymore is that I no longer have a timetable that helps me keep track of what to do and when, I don\u2019t have to be up for a specific time everyday so I can sleep until whenever I want to which causes me to stay awake until late at night since I spent most of the day asleep. I\u2019ve been told that having a routine can be good for people with depression because you\u2019re so used to that routine you don\u2019t have to thinking about doing anything, you almost automatically do it without thinking. At least that\u2019s what I\u2019ve been told so, hopefully it will be worth it to have better sleep and be able to cope with the day better. Routines are great and the glue that hold my life together. Found if very hard to start but after a couple days it got easier. To start try getting up at the same time each day. Pretend you are working 9 to 5 and adjust alarm to suit, showering, makeup and breakfast etc\u2026 Then leave your home and go for a brisk"}, {"title": "", "text": "scary negative health impacts, including heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, stroke, mortality, depression and anxiety. Sleep loss has even been linked to an increased risk for colorectal and breast cancer. 3. There are perks to being an early bird. You know the expression \"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise\"? It's not so far from the truth -- there's plenty of science suggesting that being a morning person carries a number of benefits for health and cognition. Research conducted over the past decade has suggested that morning people have trimmer waistlines and motivated, \"go-getter\" personalities. It has also found that they're more likely to exercise than evening people. One particular study, published in 2012 in the journal Emotion, even found that morning people experience more positive feelings and greater overall well-being than their night-owl counterparts. 4. Scientists have discovered how to \"reset\" the brain's biological clock. There's a biological clock in your brain that controls your 24-hour rhythms of sleeping and waking, and neuroscientists at Vanderbilt University may have recently found a way to manipulate it. By stimulating the tiny brain region that contains the brain's biological clock, the researchers were able to change mice's rhythms of sleep and activity so that they fell asleep during the time that they would usually be waking up, and vice versa. The discovery could pave the way for more effective treatments for seasonal affective disorder, jet lag and the negative health impacts of shift work. 5. Smartphones are"}, {"title": "", "text": "of life you previously took for granted, such as the humming of the birds. Over time you\u2019ll become more in touch with nature. You\u2019ll become more peaceful, relaxed and you\u2019ll think clearer. You\u2019ll be able to plan your day ahead with absolute conviction. Often, after a long day\u2019s work, all you want to do is unwind. This is normal. But how often do you find yourself on the couch, in front of the television? Or browsing through Facebook? I\u2019m sure this happens pretty often. I too am guilty of this. What\u2019s worse is that this often (or sometimes, depending on who you are) extends beyond your bedtime, into the late hours of the morning. Whilst relaxation is important, such activities don\u2019t allow for self-improvement. In fact, when you go to bed later, you wake up feeling exhausted as you\u2019ve have spent added time glued to your screen. Wake up earlier to focus on your personal growth, distraction free. You\u2019ll have greater clarity regarding your future plans. Over time, through waking up earlier, you\u2019ll go to bed earlier. Ultimately you\u2019ll sleep better and feel rejuvenated for the day ahead. You\u2019ll have more energy and be a lot more productive. One study published in Springer Link found that those who go to bed later are more likely to be overwhelmed with repetitive negative thoughts. Of course, it takes time to form new habits, 21 days, in fact, research shows. As someone who has always struggled to wake up early, researching and writing this article has given me the"}, {"title": "", "text": "of life you previously took for granted, such as the humming of the birds. Over time you\u2019ll become more in touch with nature. You\u2019ll become more peaceful, relaxed and you\u2019ll think clearer. You\u2019ll be able to plan your day ahead with absolute conviction. Often, after a long day\u2019s work, all you want to do is unwind. This is normal. But how often do you find yourself on the couch, in front of the television? Or browsing through Facebook? I\u2019m sure this happens pretty often. I too am guilty of this. What\u2019s worse is that this often (or sometimes, depending on who you are) extends beyond your bedtime, into the late hours of the morning. Whilst relaxation is important, such activities don\u2019t allow for self-improvement. In fact, when you go to bed later, you wake up feeling exhausted as you\u2019ve have spent added time glued to your screen. Wake up earlier to focus on your personal growth, distraction free. You\u2019ll have greater clarity regarding your future plans. Over time, through waking up earlier, you\u2019ll go to bed earlier. Ultimately you\u2019ll sleep better and feel rejuvenated for the day ahead. You\u2019ll have more energy and be a lot more productive. One study published in Springer Link found that those who go to bed later are more likely to be overwhelmed with repetitive negative thoughts. Of course, it takes time to form new habits, 21 days, in fact, research shows. As someone who has always struggled to wake up early, researching and writing this article has given me the"}, {"title": "", "text": "be late to their own funerals because they were habitually late for everything else. By rising earlier, you can be more accomplished before leaving home and arrive at your destination without the rush. You may see better opportunities at work and become known as a reliable, dependable person rather than a harried, stressed-out mess. Waking up earlier allows you to finally have the time to eat a healthy breakfast and fuel your body for the day. Giving your body time to wake up and digest your food properly is necessary for good health. The chugging-coffee-shoving-a-bagel-down-your-throat breakfast you\u2019re used to can become a thing of the past. You can make it happen. Here's what to do. If you want to wake an hour earlier than you usually do moving forward, don\u2019t try to do it all at once. Start with just five minutes and build up from there. When you go to bed each night, think about what you can accomplish in that first 5-10 minutes. It will get easier to reach your hour-earlier goal within a few weeks, and eventually it will become a habit. You may find it hard to wake up earlier because you find it so hard to go to bed at night. You\u2019ll need to start cutting out the distractions in the hour leading up to bedtime, including television and caffeine. Try reading a book before bed rather than watching cable or sitting with a to-do list for the next day. By implementing a bedtime routine in your life to ensure you"}, {"title": "", "text": "And the result? \u201cDuring the day they feel awful,\u201d says psychologist Colleen Carney, director of the Sleep and Mood Disorder Program at Ryerson University in Toronto. But there\u2019s more to it than that: \u201cFatigue impacts the way you think, your ability to concentrate and how you make decisions,\u201d says Carney. Plus, mounting research shows lack of sleep is linked to higher rates of obesity, premature aging and chronic conditions like diabetes and heart disease. If Marnie\u2019s story sounds familiar, try these surprisingly effective ways to stop tossing and turning\u2014and get your health back on track. 1. Customize your own \u201ccalm down\u201d routine When Rachel Pulfer, the 36-year-old executive director of Journalists for Human Rights in Toronto, struggled with severe insomnia a few years back, she eventually found relief with a simple rule: Don\u2019t check emails after 7 p.m. She found that if she worked too close to bedtime, she was guaranteed disrupted sleep. She also created a pre-sleep routine that included a lavender bath and drinking warm milk before bed. Try this trick: Pick a time to turn off all electronics (ideally two hours after work or less) . Use your newfound time to relax with a warm mug of milk or enjoy a calming aromatherapy bath. 2. Do yoga at night The one good thing about insomnia is that it often highlights bigger issues. \u201cIf you\u2019re stressed out and just pushing through it, maybe you should think, \u2018This anxiety is so bad that it\u2019s impairing my ability to sleep. Maybe I need to take better"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have a passionate love affair with my bed \u2013 it\u2019s so difficult to escape its caresses in the morning! It\u2019s a little easier if I\u2019ve had a good night\u2019s sleep though. Poor sleep also makes your brain function worse, encourages weight gain, and stuffs up your skin. Your body operates on a cycle called the circadian rhythm \u2013 it instinctively knows to wake up during the day and sleep at night. If you sleep and wake up at roughly the same time every day, it\u2019ll learn to get sleepy/wake up at the right times \u2013 a weekend sleep-in is tempting but can cause your body clock to shift, similar to jet lag. Set aside some time to transition to sleeping. Stress causes the body to release cortisol which increases alertness \u2013 the opposite of what you want. Read a book, listen to music, meditate, write in a diary, plan what you\u2019re doing tomorrow. If your mind is preoccupied with random crap you have to do, write it down \u2013 studies have found that simply writing it down will clear your mind! Computer and phone screens emit a lot of blue light, which signals \u201cdaytime\u201d to your brain, increasing alertness and shifting your natural rhythm out of sync with the actual time. The best thing to do, of course, is to stop using them for a few hours before bed, but if you\u2019re an internet addict like me, you can use a program like f.lux or Twilight to filter out blue light and tint your screen"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have a passionate love affair with my bed \u2013 it\u2019s so difficult to escape its caresses in the morning! It\u2019s a little easier if I\u2019ve had a good night\u2019s sleep though. Poor sleep also makes your brain function worse, encourages weight gain, and stuffs up your skin. Your body operates on a cycle called the circadian rhythm \u2013 it instinctively knows to wake up during the day and sleep at night. If you sleep and wake up at roughly the same time every day, it\u2019ll learn to get sleepy/wake up at the right times \u2013 a weekend sleep-in is tempting but can cause your body clock to shift, similar to jet lag. Set aside some time to transition to sleeping. Stress causes the body to release cortisol which increases alertness \u2013 the opposite of what you want. Read a book, listen to music, meditate, write in a diary, plan what you\u2019re doing tomorrow. If your mind is preoccupied with random crap you have to do, write it down \u2013 studies have found that simply writing it down will clear your mind! Computer and phone screens emit a lot of blue light, which signals \u201cdaytime\u201d to your brain, increasing alertness and shifting your natural rhythm out of sync with the actual time. The best thing to do, of course, is to stop using them for a few hours before bed, but if you\u2019re an internet addict like me, you can use a program like f.lux or Twilight to filter out blue light and tint your screen"}, {"title": "", "text": "a negative judgment about someone, you hurt yourself without even realizing it. The negative comment about the other person may or may not be true, but the negative energy you experience because of your negative thinking is felt all over. Not only is it bad for you internally, but when you say negative comments out loud, people associate them to you, not to the person you\u2019re talking about. Most people say that they are either a night owl or an early bird. Personally, I go both ways, but I do think that for me, waking up early is better. Some of the early birds I know may laugh at this because I know many who wake up at 4 a.m., and I'm definitely not one of those people. You don\u2019t have to wake up at 4 a.m. to be an early bird, unless you really want to. I'm just talking about waking up a little earlier in the morning, instead of waking up in a rush for work or regularly sleeping in until the afternoon. Now, some of you might think I\u2019m crazy for telling you to wake up an hour or two before you're supposed to leave for work. I used to be a night owl and absolutely haaaated waking up early, so I completely understand. Learning how to stay focused can be a difficult task, especially in today\u2019s world where there are distractions from all around us \u2013 social media, TV, work, family, relationships, and more. This is why understanding and learning how to"}, {"title": "", "text": "than normal.\" Should a lack of sleep occur regularly, physical and mental health is also at risk. \"The likelihood of depression increases, it seems likely our immune system suffers and we are at higher risk of metabolic impairments, such as those leading to diabetes,\" she explains. \"Our performance at work is impaired and there is a higher chance of driving accidents.\" And here is why I get infuriated with those who wear their tiredness as badge of honour \u2013 you are not just hurting yourself. Your kids are affected, your partners, your colleagues and those who may tragically encounter you nodding off behind the wheel. Burn yourself \u2013 your life, go ahead \u2013 but don't take us down with you. A recent Parliamentary Report on Sleep Health Awareness argues sleep should become a national priority as a third pillar of health alongside diet and exercise. Yet while we are inundated with messages citing the importance of the first two, sleep is being largely ignored, perhaps another victim of our looks-obsessed culture. But, hey, see me after I've missed some shuteye and you'll soon realise the cosmetic repercussions. Perhaps the way to get the message across is to market it as a free beauty product! So, yes, Kevin Rudd may contend he only requires three hours' sleep a night and Donald Trump reckons he's fine with four, despite the recommended being 7.5 plus. But let's look at Rudd, who was turfed by his own party in 2010 after reports emerged of growing dysfunction and a lack of"}, {"title": "", "text": "than normal.\" Should a lack of sleep occur regularly, physical and mental health is also at risk. \"The likelihood of depression increases, it seems likely our immune system suffers and we are at higher risk of metabolic impairments, such as those leading to diabetes,\" she explains. \"Our performance at work is impaired and there is a higher chance of driving accidents.\" And here is why I get infuriated with those who wear their tiredness as badge of honour \u2013 you are not just hurting yourself. Your kids are affected, your partners, your colleagues and those who may tragically encounter you nodding off behind the wheel. Burn yourself \u2013 your life, go ahead \u2013 but don't take us down with you. A recent Parliamentary Report on Sleep Health Awareness argues sleep should become a national priority as a third pillar of health alongside diet and exercise. Yet while we are inundated with messages citing the importance of the first two, sleep is being largely ignored, perhaps another victim of our looks-obsessed culture. But, hey, see me after I've missed some shuteye and you'll soon realise the cosmetic repercussions. Perhaps the way to get the message across is to market it as a free beauty product! So, yes, Kevin Rudd may contend he only requires three hours' sleep a night and Donald Trump reckons he's fine with four, despite the recommended being 7.5 plus. But let's look at Rudd, who was turfed by his own party in 2010 after reports emerged of growing dysfunction and a lack of"}, {"title": "", "text": "will have a renewed sense of hope moving forward. Thoughts are powerful. I love the quote by Susan Taylor: \u201cThoughts have power. Thoughts are energy. You can make your world or break your world by your own thinking.\u201d Change your thoughts, you can change your world. Which technique would you recommend first? One of the problems is there are so many techniques that it can feel overwhelming. They all work, but does one work better than another? Does one work better for a certain issue related to sleep than another? The amount of information out there can seem very overwhelming. It makes sense that you aren\u2019t sure where to start and are feeling overwhelmed and maybe frustrated or hopeless. When you get to the point of exhaustion, being able to make decisions becomes harder. And because there are so many options to try, which one should you do to get the best results seems like a huge decision. You want to sleep now. Instead of beating your head against a wall trying to decide what to do, start by creating a night-time/bedtime routine to ease you into the evening. If you need to let out stress, no less than a few hours before bedtime, do some exercise (this could be stretching only). Breathe deeply as you are doing this. Focus on the exercise and breath. Focus on what it feels like to exercise. Only do what you are capable of doing though; do not hurt yourself. Do you just want to relax? How about having some"}, {"title": "", "text": "will have a renewed sense of hope moving forward. Thoughts are powerful. I love the quote by Susan Taylor: \u201cThoughts have power. Thoughts are energy. You can make your world or break your world by your own thinking.\u201d Change your thoughts, you can change your world. Which technique would you recommend first? One of the problems is there are so many techniques that it can feel overwhelming. They all work, but does one work better than another? Does one work better for a certain issue related to sleep than another? The amount of information out there can seem very overwhelming. It makes sense that you aren\u2019t sure where to start and are feeling overwhelmed and maybe frustrated or hopeless. When you get to the point of exhaustion, being able to make decisions becomes harder. And because there are so many options to try, which one should you do to get the best results seems like a huge decision. You want to sleep now. Instead of beating your head against a wall trying to decide what to do, start by creating a night-time/bedtime routine to ease you into the evening. If you need to let out stress, no less than a few hours before bedtime, do some exercise (this could be stretching only). Breathe deeply as you are doing this. Focus on the exercise and breath. Focus on what it feels like to exercise. Only do what you are capable of doing though; do not hurt yourself. Do you just want to relax? How about having some"}, {"title": "", "text": "Many people complain that they could not sleep well due to bad dreams at night which disturb them mentally and then they are unable to sleep which makes them feel tired and dehydrated for the rest of the day. Sleeping is very important for your health and if you don\u2019t get proper sleep either you don\u2019t do well in your work and assignments or you mostly are in a bad mood and feel irritated most of the times. There are several reasons for having nightmares including, stress, depression, medications, smoking, alcohol, spicy and oily foods or sickness etc. There can be any reason that leads you to have a disturbing sleep at night. Therefore if you are facing this problem so the first step is to avoid drinking alcohol and smoking especially 3 to 4 hours before sleeping at night. Find a comfortable room for yourself to sleep with a soft bed and pillow which could not disturb you while you try to sleep, try to eat fruits as dessert after your dinner avoid eating spicy foods in dinner. Try to go for an exercise, play some sport or work out everyday at least for an hour which cause your body to do exertion and then at night you feel sleepy as your body needs rest. Avoid hearing a very loud music before you go to sleep as it can disturb your mind and cause problems at night. You can always listen to a nice slow music which helps you relax."}, {"title": "", "text": "By Jill Pertler on Feb 9, 2019 at 8:46 p.m. We all wake up in the morning \u2014 unless we work the night shift. Then we go to bed in the morning and wake in the evening. But despite differing schedules, we all have some sort of beginning to our waking hours each day/night. We all have to wake up. The alternative isn't pretty. Further, the vast majority of us sleep on a bed, with a pillow and some sort of covers to keep us warm and help us feel secure (at least that's how it is for me). There are two types of people in this world: those who make the bed and those who don't. You are either one or the other, but not both. People who don't make the bed may be realists who are concerned with time management. If you make your bed in the morning, you are only going to mess it up again at night, making the bed-making process necessary again in about 24-hours. Doing the same thing over and over, day after day may not seem like the best use of time. I beg to differ. We do lots of things day after day, time after time. Showering. Changing underwear. Eating toast. Charging our phones. Worrying about things we can't change. Avoiding the laundry. Making the bed. It takes less than a minute and lasts much longer than that. You can't say the same about other things pertaining to the bed. It is a quick and easy task that"}, {"title": "", "text": "make you feel miserable. Creating a lifestyle plan is something you will be much more successful with if you are being guided by a professional. Having a tribe that has your back is very important as well. Lifestyle change is not for the faint of heart. It\u2019s simple but not easy. It\u2019s definitely slower than we like. We all want results in 30-days. These words sell, but that doesn\u2019t mean that losing ten or twenty pounds in 30 days will actually happen or that the weight loss will be maintainable. Being overweight contributes to sleep problems but lack of sleep also contributes hugely to weight gain. When you are awake you are, generally, in a catabolic state (breaking down.) Sleep is an anabolic state (building). Your body releases growth hormone when you sleep. Growth hormone is the youth hormone, that ensures the maintenance and repair of your muscles and keeps your metabolism primed so your fat burning abilities are working. Sleep is when your brain is refreshed as well. Your body needs to be sleeping in order to repairs and refresh all of your systems. When you sleep, your brain is bathed in fresh cerebral spinal fluid, removing any damaged molecules associated with neurodegeneration. When your body is sleep deprived (even 24 hours of sleep deprivation) these regeneration processes simply don\u2019t happen and your mind and body suffer for it. Sleep is linked to fat loss \u2013 you need 7-8 hours per day! ll crave A LOT of those simple carbohydrates, and your brain only needs"}, {"title": "", "text": "internet when sleep does not come. This is the worst thing to do for sleep! We enter into our subconscious full of undesirable images of our Facebook feed (sometimes even images of violence that we would rather not see \u2026). Using a dial and leaving the cellphone outside the room to sleep is a healthy alternative. Cut the cell phone ring and notifications overnight. You can even put it on airplane mode and cut the wifi so you will not be tempted to go on the internet if you wake up or have trouble falling asleep. Do something non-stimulating (almost annoying) an hour before you fall asleep. This is super difficult for me because I love the end of the evening, it is often a very creative moment for me and my brain is full of creative ideas before going to sleep, which hurts my sleep \u2026 I started reading the Bible before sleeping and it helps me. (I am not religious but it is an interesting personal culture reading). You can also do crossword puzzles, puzzles, sudoku or any other activity of the type. Go to sleep with a positive mind !! That makes all the difference. Negative thoughts before sleep are really toxic. You can, for example, take out your journal and write down your 5 successes or good shots of the day or your 5 gratitudes of the day. (This may have a stimulating effect for some, so test it and see for yourself!). Do a 5 minute cardiac coherence exercise before you"}, {"title": "", "text": "internet when sleep does not come. This is the worst thing to do for sleep! We enter into our subconscious full of undesirable images of our Facebook feed (sometimes even images of violence that we would rather not see \u2026). Using a dial and leaving the cellphone outside the room to sleep is a healthy alternative. Cut the cell phone ring and notifications overnight. You can even put it on airplane mode and cut the wifi so you will not be tempted to go on the internet if you wake up or have trouble falling asleep. Do something non-stimulating (almost annoying) an hour before you fall asleep. This is super difficult for me because I love the end of the evening, it is often a very creative moment for me and my brain is full of creative ideas before going to sleep, which hurts my sleep \u2026 I started reading the Bible before sleeping and it helps me. (I am not religious but it is an interesting personal culture reading). You can also do crossword puzzles, puzzles, sudoku or any other activity of the type. Go to sleep with a positive mind !! That makes all the difference. Negative thoughts before sleep are really toxic. You can, for example, take out your journal and write down your 5 successes or good shots of the day or your 5 gratitudes of the day. (This may have a stimulating effect for some, so test it and see for yourself!). Do a 5 minute cardiac coherence exercise before you"}, {"title": "", "text": "tea. Limit your intake of alcohol -- if you need a glass of wine to wind down every day, this may be a sign that you have areas of your life where you are not feeling in control and have created a habit to make yourself feel better, however this is not sustainable. At some point your sleep and your health will suffer. Keep a notepad by the side of your bed, and if you wake up in the middle of the night with lists of things to do, or concerns, or even a bad dream, write it all down and look at it in the morning. Once you get these things out of your head and on to paper, your subconscious is free to let your attention go. If you are on medication(s), make sure you check with your doctor regularly that the combination of prescriptions, over the counter medications, vitamins and other substances in combination are not playing havoc with your body. Now this idea (which has its origins in paradoxical interventions) is somewhat radical but it does work! It involves making yourself accountable. Whenever you find yourself lying awake at night, give yourself a task to do so that at least some good comes out of your wakefulness. If you find yourself unable to get back to sleep for more than fifteen minutes, get yourself up and perform a task that needs doing. It might be writing a chapter of a book that you are working on, preparing your taxes, or scrubbing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "tea. Limit your intake of alcohol -- if you need a glass of wine to wind down every day, this may be a sign that you have areas of your life where you are not feeling in control and have created a habit to make yourself feel better, however this is not sustainable. At some point your sleep and your health will suffer. Keep a notepad by the side of your bed, and if you wake up in the middle of the night with lists of things to do, or concerns, or even a bad dream, write it all down and look at it in the morning. Once you get these things out of your head and on to paper, your subconscious is free to let your attention go. If you are on medication(s), make sure you check with your doctor regularly that the combination of prescriptions, over the counter medications, vitamins and other substances in combination are not playing havoc with your body. Now this idea (which has its origins in paradoxical interventions) is somewhat radical but it does work! It involves making yourself accountable. Whenever you find yourself lying awake at night, give yourself a task to do so that at least some good comes out of your wakefulness. If you find yourself unable to get back to sleep for more than fifteen minutes, get yourself up and perform a task that needs doing. It might be writing a chapter of a book that you are working on, preparing your taxes, or scrubbing the"}, {"title": "", "text": "There are only a few typical reasons why a person (a woman in particular) wakes up in the middle of the night. There is the hormone cycle, that causes your body to freak out because it's trying to work out hormone levels and so causes you to wake up randomly. There is anxiety or even anticipation, which can happen for both good things and bad things, making you too excited to stay asleep for a full 8 hours. Lastly, there is the lovely situation when something is wrong with your body - maybe your temperature is off, or your stomach is bubbly - which forces you awake to address the situation. I am familiar with all of these. Tonight was just another one of those typical insomniac moments. I can't help but stumble into them. I am by nature, an anxious person. Add my physical quirks that require a very limited range of bodily equilibrium and sleep is a regular disaster. Insomniac moments tend to occur regularly for me. It is a rare and much coveted night when I sleep the entire night and wake up feeling refreshed. In the past few weeks, I generally wake up at least once during the course of the night and in the morning feel like several freight trains ran over me leaving me in a zombie like stupor. I'd like to take a second to point something out that seems a little strange - I wear an eye mask and ear plugs yet when there is a full moon"}, {"title": "", "text": "Eat a proper dinner * Eat a healthy bed time snack every day (My body shape \u2013 ectomorph \u2013 [dictates](http://www.menstylefashion.com/guys-do-you-know-your-body-shape/) I \"eat before bed to prevent muscle catabolism during the night\") * Drink much more water each day, around 2 litres * Start exercising in some form * Give up caffeine after 6pm (I tend to sleep at 1am) ## The Goal It's certainly not going to be easy, but I know it's something I need to do. Not for anyone else, but for my own wellbeing and general health. Diabetes or a heart attack are inevitable of I keep going like this. I'm not trying to be a health nut \u2013 far from it \u2013 I just want to feel better all of the time. Wish me luck!"}, {"title": "", "text": "much you have and what you can do to take care of it.

    We will use the sleep you've gotten for the past week to display how much sleep debt you have accumulated as a result. We will also show how much sleep you will need to get this next week in order to make up for it.

    Please enter your age:

    On average, how many hours of sleep did you get per night last week?



    In general, here are some tips from Harvard for reducing the sleep debt you may have.

    Settle short-term debt: If you missed 10 hours of sleep over the course of a week, add three to four extra sleep hours on the weekend and an extra hour or two per night the following week until you have repaid the debt fully.

    Address a long-term debt: Plan a vacation with a light schedule and few obligations. Then, turn off the alarm clock and just sleep every night until you awake naturally.

    Avoid backsliding into a new debt cycle: Once you\u2019ve determined how much sleep you really need, factor it into your daily schedule. Try to go to bed and get up at the same time every day \u2014 at the very least, on weekdays.


    How and when to take

    Zopiclone tablets come in 2 different strengths \u2013 3.5mg and 7.5mg.

    The usual dose is to take one 7.5mg tablet just before you go to bed.

    A lower dose of one 3.5mg tablet may be recommended if you are over 65 years old or if you have kidney or liver problems.

    Swallow the tablet whole. Do not crush or chew it. You can take zopiclone with or without food.

    Zopiclone is a strong medicine so it\u2019s important to take it exactly as your doctor has said to. You could be asked to take a tablet on only 2 or 3 nights each week, rather than every night.

    What if I forget to take it?

    If you forget to take it by bedtime, just start again on the next night.

    Never take two doses at the same time. Never take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one.

    What if I take too much?

    If you take too much zopiclone by accident, you must get help quickly even if you don't feel any different.

    Go to the nearest hospital accident and emergency department straight away.

    If you can, take with you any zopiclone that you have left, and the packet it comes in so the hospital can see what you have taken. Tell them how much you have taken.

    It\u2019s a good idea to get a friend or family member to go with you, in case you feel ill on the way.

    "}, {"title": "", "text": "comments: true date: 2014-02-24 00:50:43+00:00 layout: post slug: measure-yourself title: Measure Yourself wordpress_id: 78 categories: - Fitness - Stats --- Several years back I started taking Vitamin D supplements, in addition to switching to a paleo-ish diet. I do think I feel better and am healthier, but how do I know it's the Vitamin D that did it? One important thing I learned about Vitamin D is that you need to take it FIRST THING in the morning. Otherwise, you won't sleep as well. I learned this from [Seth Roberts's blog](http://blog.sethroberts.net/category/sleep/vitamin-d3-and-sleep/). Roberts is very much a proponent of \"[personal science](http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xc2h866)\" and \"quantified self.\" [He measures several things every day](http://blog.sethroberts.net/2011/08/18/my-self-tracking-wish-list/), including how much and how well he slept. The sleep quality definitely has a subjective component:
    At 8 am and 9 am, I rate my energy on a 0-100 scale where 50 = neither sluggish nor energetic/energized, 60 = slightly energetic/energized, 70 = somewhat energetic/energized, and 75 = energetic/energized.
    In the spirit of my previous post about [trying one new thing]({% post_url 2014-02-03-try-just-one-new-thing %}), I am going to start measuring my sleep. I downloaded [Sleep Cycle](http://www.sleepcycle.com/) for my phone, and I'll try that out for a week or so. Normally I sleep pretty well and regularly: I take Vitamin D in the morning, and melatonin and ZMA right before bed. However, I am in a band and so two or three nights a month I'll be up til 3am. That's rough! Once I get a baseline on my sleep, I'll see if [taking honey before bedtime ](http://blog.sethroberts.net/2013/11/05/honey-at-bedtime-improves-sleep/)improves"}, {"title": "", "text": "functioning was also described. \"It Was a Lot of Just Feeling Tired at the Wrong Time\" (P2) -Disrupted Sleep Timing and Lack of Routine Participants frequently described their sleep problems as being characterized by delayed sleep phase and lack of routine: \"I could be like staying up to about two, three o'clock in the morning and then going to sleep, and then I'd be napping for like an hour or two during the day, and then staying up all night because I'd slept during the day\" (P1). Circadian rhythm disruption included day-night reversal: \"I was staying up until about like four in the morning, awake, and then I'd sleep until about three in the afternoon\" (P7); \"basically, I was nocturnal\" (P5). This delayed sleep phase was reinforced by occupation in other activities at night: \"when I went to bed, I'd sit there for ages, just on my phone or listening to music or something, without trying to sleep\" (P6); \"I'm ready to clock off, but my brain's not, and then I'm thinking through things\" (P10); \"I used to use my bed for work and things like that\" (P11). Others identified a general lack of structure or predictability to their sleep patterns: \"I just wouldn't really have a lot of structure to, kind of like, my sleeping pattern\" (P9); \"I never went to bed at the same time. I'd always be varying times, so that. . . Sometimes, it was even 3 or 4 h' difference\" (P2). \"It Makes Everything a Lot Worse\" (P2) -The Reciprocal Relationship"}, {"title": "", "text": "need to wake early on the next day. From some choices, what are you going to do? And the result is, most of them choose to wake up in the morning as usual and not go back to sleep after it. Because if they have some activities to do in the night and requires them to sleep lately, then they will wake up as usual on the next day to do some activities than continue their sleep, \"If I have so many activities to do in in the night and it requires me to sleep lately, then I still wake up in the morning as usual. Because I don't want to waste my time for sleeping for so long, better if I wake up early and waste my time to do some activities or finish my homework or spend my time with my family and my friends.\" If they have so many things to do from the night until morning between 4.00-06.00 and they didn't sleep yet at that time, they choose to sleep in the afternoon on the day before they do the activities and keep awake in the night and go back to sleep in the afternoon on the day after they keep awake for so long time. It can be proven from the interview transcript: \"If I have so many homework to do or if I have an exam on the next day, I will sleep in the afternoon on the day before I do my work and keep awake in the night"}, {"title": "", "text": "Q: Programming late at night problem I recently found out that programming late at night causes sleeping problems, so what are the best hours for 'after-job' programming? Maybe there is some time interval that should be set after finishing programming and going to bed, or some activity involved? A: so what are the best hours for 'after-job' programming? I think the best time is in the early morning, at the day break, right after waking up and when your mind is fresh... It doesn't cause any sleeping problems either; it encourages sleeping early... Remember: Early to bed, early to rise, makes man healthy, wealthy and wise... A: Listen to your body. It knows when you should take rest and when you should be coding. A: For me, right before dinner. Hunger provides pressure and helps me code faster and more efficiently (think of it as a project milestone deadline). It also forces me to stop well before midnight so that it doesn't negatively impact my health. A: I tend to find that programming late will keep me from sleeping. Anything that I find stimulating will tend to prevent my mind from winding down, I'll be laying in bed visualizing what I want to do with code or figuring out how things will work. I also find that if I push myself too long, my code needs revision the next morning. I find I need to put things down at least an hour before I intend to head to bed. I tend to watch reruns (M*A*S*H in"}, {"title": "", "text": "sound machine that produces constant white noise (sounds like static) to mask environmental sounds. A room fan also works to mask environmental sounds.
    5. I use my bedroom only for sleep and intimacy.
    Remove TVs & laptops, don't eat/drink in bed, don't let pets sleep on my bed. Put arguments and issues aside for later.
    6. I wake up at the same time every day.
    On days when I am not working night shifts, wake up at the same time every day - including my RDOs.
    10. I get out of bed if I cannot fall asleep or stay asleep.
    This healthy sleep habit prevents me from developing an association between the bedroom and being awake.
    Here is how to implement this healthy sleep habit:
    • If I cannot fall asleep within 20 minutes, I will get out of bed and go to another room.
    • Do something relaxing (or boring) until I feel sleepy enough to fall back asleep. Using electronics is NOT recommended. Reading something boring is a better alternative.
    • Once I feel sleepy, return to my bed.
    • If I don't fall asleep within 20 minutes, repeat these steps.

    If implementing these steps makes me sleepy the next day, nap only long enough to ensure safety (e.g., for driving).

    Repeat the above steps as needed throughout my sleep period. Implementing these steps might make me sleepy the next day. THAT IS"}, {"title": "", "text": "system. To have a hateful, aggrassive, resentful, and negative mind is actually adding poison to your body. When your mind is clear and relaxed, your system will function smoothly. And if you are always a happy person, then it's a bonus! My latest health regime is taking health supplements every day. Previously I took them only when I felt like I was going to be sick. It was always too late when the sickly symptoms appeared. Lately I changed strategy. I take my health supplements regularly every day. Since following this method, I have been in good health. I don't take all my health supplements everyday. I take only one type of supplement for a few days, and then I change to the next type. With this rotation method, I am providing my body with a sufficient variety of nutrients and vitamins, and not overloading my body with too much of them. This is moderation. The health supplements that I take are spirulina, omega fish oil, cod liver oil, multi-vitamins and sea-buckthorn. My latest addition to my health regime is a tablespoon of raw unprocessed honey first thing in the morning and before going to bed at night. Be careful when you buy raw unprocessed honey. You need to get it from reliable sources. As for me, I get it from a reliable source, direct from the jungles in Malaysia. This honey is so excellent that I am also supplying to my friends and to those who approach me. But be prepared. Health problems may strike"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you can get yourself to bed and up at the same time every day, you'll do yourself a world of good. And of course, no light exposure at night if you can help it. It suppresses and shifts melatonin. Anyway, that's the quick and dirty of it. Best of luck getting the rest you need! It's motivating when people say things like \"You look fresh.\" That's a welcome compliment! But don't you hate it when people say, \"You look tired\"? Does that ever happen to you? It's happened to me a few times recently. How do they think I should respond? What do they mean by that? It makes me a little PO'd, to tell the truth, even if no offense is intended. Sorry to go off on a mini-rant. So glad you are getting enough sleep and taking good care of yourself! Sounds like a good day! I always track my meals the night before for the whole day. I can always change things later if I decide to eat something else for breakfast or lunch. I put it in there before I eat it. Sometimes I even track a couple days. Wishing you many more \"fresh\" days! I have found sleep (getting enough of it) to be really important to having a good state of mind. Also helps me not snack after supper, as it seems my brain thinks if I am tired, eating something will fix that, And hearing music on your way to work sounds like a delightful way to start"}, {"title": "", "text": "Eight nurses have been studied during rest days and three successive night shifts. Measurements of wrist activity have been made and used to assess the extent to which the pattern of daily activity changes between control (rest) days and days involving night work. One analysis considered wrist activity during time spent in bed; this appears to decrease in parallel with the amount of time in bed that is lost during night work but, when this effect is corrected for, there is greater activity during time spent in bed in the daytime compared with control days (when time in bed is during the night). The dichotomy of activity (between lower values during time spent in bed and higher values when out of bed) also decreases if time in bed is during the daytime while on night shifts. These changes in the amount of wrist activity and the dichotomy between activity in and out of bed are related to the changed quality and quantity of sleep that has been measured by self-report questionnaires and the sleep EEG. It is concluded that results from wrist actimetry can provide valuable information regarding the process of adjustment to night work, and that its convenience (to subject and experimenter), coupled with the new analytical approaches described here, make it a viable method for field studies."}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.08640644699335098, 0.11346439272165298, 0.05888132378458977, 0.08951236307621002, 0.12504954636096954, 0.07444338500499725, 0.12704285979270935, 0.08982698619365692, 0.08331034332513809, 0.0966859683394432, 0.13368898630142212, 0.06062590703368187, 0.15082333981990814, 0.08160652220249176, 0.016561154276132584, 0.12877759337425232, 0.10120273381471634, 0.12455406039953232, 0.008952521719038486, 0.03704839572310448, 0.07783732563257217, 0.04347219690680504, -0.006508362013846636, 0.07524474710226059, 0.08761323988437653, 0.13335956633090973, 0.12008974701166153, -0.05326925590634346, 0.06818519532680511, 0.09727372229099274, 0.07249576598405838, 0.10212132334709167, 0.07710011303424835, 0.036024510860443115, 0.03127792477607727, 0.08383996039628983, 0.11563926190137863, 0.08117257803678513, 0.08117257803678513, 0.0981837660074234, 0.0981837660074234, 0.10120315849781036, 0.09832122176885605, 0.09832122176885605, 0.07236498594284058, 0.07488244026899338, 0.13335956633090973, 0.06016980856657028, 0.06016938015818596, 0.13121752440929413, -0.006508362013846636, 0.018554728478193283, 0.055868398398160934, 0.0318283848464489, 0.07245056331157684, 0.07245076447725296, -0.01632833480834961, 0.09486377984285355, 0.10321962088346481, 0.11346439272165298, 0.11346431821584702, 0.0036819346714764833, 0.06297031790018082, -0.011047285981476307, 0.07707984745502472, 0.07707984745502472, 0.01636570505797863, -0.001328607671894133, -0.0013286100002005696], "y": [-0.07243742048740387, 0.030371731147170067, -0.15029151737689972, -0.10271447896957397, 0.07480384409427643, 0.017497343942523003, 0.03585539758205414, -0.09690660238265991, -0.08768311887979507, -0.09729817509651184, -0.01560274139046669, -0.00888843648135662, -0.13121037185192108, -0.03444632887840271, -0.028743082657456398, -0.02872590161859989, 0.037760134786367416, -0.1263333410024643, -0.033065591007471085, 0.048468973487615585, -0.13787396252155304, -0.1418863832950592, -0.020757760852575302, 0.011564653366804123, 0.02863987535238266, -0.049055956304073334, -0.06424575299024582, -0.09668108820915222, -0.016711808741092682, -0.11426589637994766, -0.05003306642174721, -0.08902981132268906, -0.06689464300870895, 0.053110554814338684, 0.05315360054373741, 0.10054643452167511, -0.053173430263996124, 0.14561636745929718, 0.14561636745929718, 0.11089827865362167, 0.11089827865362167, 0.03775999695062637, -0.06652718782424927, -0.06652718782424927, 0.033182542771101, 0.025990882888436317, -0.049055956304073334, 0.1229579821228981, 0.12295806407928467, 0.023427465930581093, -0.020757760852575302, 0.12266945093870163, 0.1305379420518875, 0.11705290526151657, 0.13113662600517273, 0.1311362236738205, 0.03871995210647583, 0.08228090405464172, 0.10124315321445465, 0.030371731147170067, 0.030371874570846558, -0.007075620349496603, 0.030522583052515984, 0.06337229162454605, 0.05217939242720604, 0.05217939242720604, 0.11007247865200043, -0.11959245800971985, -0.11959245800971985], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 9", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(188,128,189)"}, "text": ["Document 5", "Document 6", "Document 25", "Document 40", "Document 50", "Document 56", "Document 76", "Document 108", "Document 116", "Document 131", "Document 133", "Document 134", "Document 143", "Document 145", "Document 204", "Document 218", "Document 228", "Document 232", "Document 234", "Document 282", "Document 292", "Document 311", "Document 317", "Document 324", "Document 346", "Document 359", "Document 363", "Document 410", "Document 413", "Document 414", "Document 415", "Document 424", "Document 478", "Document 488", "Document 527", "Document 556", "Document 566", "Document 568", "Document 569", "Document 570", "Document 571", "Document 578", "Document 589", "Document 590", "Document 600", "Document 608", "Document 641", "Document 689", "Document 690", "Document 705", "Document 710", "Document 731", "Document 757", "Document 760", "Document 789", "Document 790", "Document 791", "Document 799", "Document 813", "Document 825", "Document 826", "Document 834", "Document 844", "Document 900", "Document 953", "Document 954", "Document 965", "Document 974", "Document 975"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "I look good today\u2026 dont I?? Right now at 2.00pm I looked ay myself and well I just did not like what I saw\u2026 Does this happen to anyone else? You think you look great in the morning but half way through the day its like hell no!! I mean what has changed in this time\u2026. nothing really, so why am I now looking at my hair going fuzzball, looking at my make up thinking horrible, looking at my skin going how the hell did i not notice the horribleness that is staring at me every day\u2026. This is what I am feeling right now\u2026. It\u2019s the same face but right now I feel down, so everything I see seems worse\u2026. I think our mood reflects that big time and I know what you mean!"}, {"title": "", "text": "and not just exist. I don\u2019t want to ever again wake up at 4am hungover and be filled with anxiety that crushes my chest and knots up my stomach. My face looks more like myself. I look forward to the morning. I don\u2019t worry that I said something stupid or mean. Work on problems instead of ignoring them. I don\u2019t want to feel like I was hit by a truck. I want my nights sleep to feel restful. I want to feel hydrated."}, {"title": "", "text": "sometimes when we look in the mirror at ourselves we can say either, \" i really look nice today but i just hate me\" or \" what in the world does he see in me?\" or \" i'm going to bed and try this again tomorrow!\". but no matter what you say about yourself, when someone sees the beauty in you from inside out, that mirror can talk and talk and talk. nothing you say to yourself anymore even matters."}, {"title": "", "text": "hate the fact I've been suffering since I was fourteen. I hate how I always think 'it will be better in a year'. I hate that I can't do my own make-up because I'll cry and not go out. I hate how it makes me lazy because I don't want to do anything. I hate that all I want to do every day is go home and take my make-up off. I hate how I've spent a shed load of money on treatments that don't even fecking work. I hate that I try so hard and it just gets worse, whereas lots of people without acne treat their bodies badly and get away with it. I hate the spots on my chest. I hate buying lovely new clothes and feeling like I don't deserve to wear them. I hate how the years are going by without a cure. I hate how I'm in bed right now with the curtains closed and it's lovely and sunny outside, but I can't bring myself to get up, go for a shower and feel all of the bumps on my face. I hate struggling to look people in the eye. I hate how I'm the only one of my friends whose skin has sucked for such a long time. I hate feeling sorry for myself. I hate showering twice a day because I want my skin to be as clean as possible- as if that will help. I hate who this makes me become. I HATE ACNE."}, {"title": "", "text": "body tells you it's ready. You can't force your body into being ready. I walk away and watch a movie or anything mindless to [help me take a break]. And never worry about what has to be done at night, because at night everything looks bad and overwhelming. But if you are able to close it and think about it in the morning, then things just are more doable. I am studying to be a health coach. I have always believed beauty starts on the inside out, and I\u2019m always open to what else I can do to better myself and others."}, {"title": "", "text": "Pick out your clothes the night before because mornings take too much effort. Change your mind two or three times while lying in bed, waiting for sleep to come. The next morning, try on every outfit you own that fits the occasion. Be happy with none of them. Wear the last outfit you try on because you are now running late. Set more alarms than is necessary for the morning: one which is the ideal time to get up, and one which is the last possible minute needed to get ready and just make it out the door in time. Hit snooze on all of them. Because, once again, mornings take too much effort. Decide one morning you don\u2019t need to wear make-up because you\u2019re beautiful anyway. Take a selfie to document the occasion. Freak out because your nose looks bigger than you remember it being. Contemplate getting a nose job. Talk yourself out of it because it\u2019s permanent, and the finality of using a sticker is enough to stress you out. Breathe in. Hold it. Count to five. Breathe out, trying to slow your racing heart, which is only outpaced by your racing thoughts. Get bangs that cover your eyebrows. There are more important things to be worried about (i.e., everything) than doing your eyebrows. Write down everything that happens on anything you can find: receipts in your wallet, iPhone notes, random scraps of paper found in the deepest recesses of your over-sized purse. Remember what it\u2019s like to feel on your darkest days. Live"}, {"title": "", "text": "another change. 4. Begin doing one thing to take better care of your health. The state of our health and the way we treat our bodies are closely tied to the way we look and the way we feel about ourselves. If you try to get by with 5 hours sleep a night, your eyes and skin will show it. (Not to mention how bad you\u2019ll feel!) If I eat a lot of processed food, my skin and digestive system will let me know. (Not to mention how bad I\u2019ll feel!) If we go for days (or weeks!) without exercising, our physical and mental health will suffer, which always influences the way we feel about ourselves. So begin this week doing one thing to take better care of your health. Determine which health habit is most affecting the way you look and the way you feel about your appearance, and begin working on it. If you\u2019re not sure where to begin, I suggest making sure you sleep 7-8 hours most nights. After that, begin exercising regularly, sitting less, and moving more. Figure out the one thing your physical or mental health needs most and start doing it. 5. Stand up straight, speak with confidence, treat others well, and act like a confident woman. This is critical to learning how to feel attractive. So much of the way others see us, and the way we see ourselves, is perception rather than black-and-white reality. We all know people who seem very attractive, but if you really analyze their"}, {"title": "", "text": "addict and always thinking about my face, even when it looks decent. But I refuse to give up. I will get cured one day no matter how long it will take."}, {"title": "", "text": "this; next time, I complain about menstrual cramps you shut your mouth and give me sympathy not disgusted looks. Everyone thinks they're ugly at least once in their life. For me, it's in the middle of the day where I can't stand to look at my face or my body. I already have a plastic surgery fund started. My mother always complains that I stare at the mirror too much. Honestly, I'll have to agree with her. Whenever, I pass a reflective surface I have to look at my reflection because what if my hair isn't right? or I look worse than I expected? Probably the biggest lie I've ever told someone. Unless a diet lasts for 2 years and you think about it every hour that you're awake. In 2017, one of my resolutions is to stop treating my disorder like it's a disease and comfortably talk about it with my friends. I'd also like to eat pizza without touching my stomach after every bite. I cry a lot. Like a lot. I cry when I watch videos of baby elephants or just baby anything but somehow, the tears just don't stop. It's slightly pitiful I'll admit (okay it's very pitiful) and I'm really conscious about how much emotion I show in public because I scrunch up my face into this unexplainable ugly expression when I cry. I think I can be really vain sometimes (which totally contradicts my previous posts) and times when I am supposed to be studying, I'm really looking into a"}, {"title": "", "text": "morning?\" I have no idea when I started doing that. My gut says it began about the time my relationship with Mr. Burns ended. Maybe it was way before that. Perhaps it has something to do with my brother glaring at me across the breakfast table, years ago on a weekend visit, when I had short, layered hair which tumbled and hovered all about my head by morning, and saying, \"Sheesh, I feel sorry for the man who will have to wake up next to you.\" But each morning, after sizing myself up, I have determined, \"Yes, I'm pretty. Someone should feel fortunate to see this face each day.\" Back in my 20s when I was still optimistic on first dates, if I liked the guy, I would take a moment to assess if his was a face I would want see across the dinner table every day for the rest of my life. (it was not so much about how attractive he was, just if I liked his face. Because admit it, there are faces you don't want to see across from yours every day!) I guess I assumed they did the same to me. Well, about a week ago, I stumbled to the bathroom one morning, studied the mirror for a second before thinking, \"Who cares? It doesn't matter.\" That may sound like success. But it was when my BFF said, \"Good for you!\", that I realized, no, it's not success. It's not progress. It's something more like despair. It felt more like, \"If"}, {"title": "", "text": "if you are wanting to cut back on sugar, it doesn't always work to eliminate it completely the next day. for some people the extreme change can be what they need. in my experience, i try and make these big changes and when i don't see results right away, i give up. most often, i think gradually easing into change can be the best thing. sometimes the first step is asking for help. it's hard to make changes alone. this can be as simple as going to a dermatologist for your acne, or as big as asking help for an addiction. accountability is so important. if you look in the mirror and wish your teeth were whiter, allow yourself to budget in whitestrips from the grocery store. you deserve it. it can be little things like this that we constantly think about being different, but don't take the step to change them, maybe because we don't feel that we deserve that extra care. i'm telling you now that you do. so we've identified some things that we have control over in our lives. what about the things that we don't? this is the bane of existence, but it's an eternal truth. we'll never have full control. there are some things about ourselves that, realistically, aren't in our control to change. these things are mostly appearance-related for me. so maybe there are things about the way you look that could be fixed by plastic surgery or extreme measures, but this isn't entirely realistic for you. i don't"}, {"title": "", "text": "It affects your mood, your outlook, so you start out a little hurried, or harried. Already, there's a negative shade to the way you see your day unfolding, but you don't even think about this. It just happens, and you just press on. You go through the motions of getting started on your morning, same as every other day, before you head out to work. You check yourself in the mirror. You don't like all those lines and bags under your eyes. You don't like what's going on with your hair. You decide the outfit you'd laid out the night before doesn't really match your mood. So you do something about it. One by one, you address each little piece of uncertainty. You reach for some concealer to cover those lines. You put some styling gel in your hair to get control of that mess. You grab a different shirt from your closet to change up your look. You set in motion a whole sequence of events that all go to how you'll present or package yourself to the world in the next few hours. Or maybe you don't . . . but that's a part of the transaction, too. Maybe you decide to wear that wrong outfit, or go out with your hair a mess, or hide your eyes behind a pair of sunglasses. With each move, each transaction, you consider your appearance. The kind of person you've become. The kind of person you'd like to be. The kind of signals you'd like to send,"}, {"title": "", "text": "love my nose, but i don't plan to go under the knife any time soon, so instead of dwelling on it, the healthiest thing for me to do is accept that it's the face i was given, and focus on parts of it that i love. i do love my eyes, so when i start to think about what i don't like, switch gears in my mind to what i do. nobody's perfect. we all have things about ourselves that we wish were different. it can be easy to think that everyone is looking at you and only seeing flaws. maybe you do struggle with comparison and looking at people around you with a critical eye. i've found a practice that helps with this: if i'm in line at a grocery store or sitting in a busy mall, i'll look at each person near me and think about the lovely things about them. i notice the woman in front of me has beautiful hair, and the young girl walking by has a warm and lovely smile. this can be a way to train your brain to notice the beauty first. as you're doing that with others, you can start doing it with yourself. and if you get a chance, tell the person what you think is beautiful. compliments can truly make someone's day and possibly help with their own insecurities. know that your soul is so special and so valuable and so much more than the skin surrounding it. you are strong and have the power"}, {"title": "", "text": "time with a condition that is unpredictable and unrelenting, it\u2019s only natural to seek out other areas of life over which to exercise control\u2026 and so I did. Weathering intense pain in bed. Literally \u2018putting on a face\u2019 to the hide the greyness of pain. Over time I noticed something though, I could feel as rotten as you like inside but I could still control how I looked on the outside. My appearance became more important to me. Fretting over a perfectly colour co-ordinated outfit is a welcome distraction from a sore head. If I have terrible under-eye bags I can cover them with a slick of concealer, and add a little warmth to colour-drained cheeks with blusher. Trawling eBay for vintage scarves or brooches can kill a few hours when stuck on laying flat bedrest. A squirt of nice perfume is an instant pick-me-up. Clothes are pretty, and make-up tutorials on YouTube are frothy and fun. If I venture out it\u2019s often an affair of popping a lot of painkillers, ensuring I have a bag full of pills and sick bags, carefully planning how long I\u2019ll be out and carrying a huge bottle of water with me\u2026 If someone stops me to compliment my outfit it brightens my day (and makes it about something other than \u2018getting through\u2019 and getting home in one piece). Dressing up to take the kids out for the day. Also if my clothes look neatly put together and my hair groomed, then when my balance fails and I wander the"}, {"title": "", "text": "day. When for some reason you're unpleasant with all the way a person looks, it's time to make a change and get started out with generating several changes. You'll come to feel amazing."}, {"title": "", "text": "the opposite effect and you cry because you hate everything in your closet as well as your face \u2013 just go to bed and do NOT leave the house. I promise you won\u2019t regret it."}, {"title": "", "text": "to work on a project and squeeze in three hours of sleep, but then my body would respond in the morning by making me feel ill until I went back to bed. I would work while hungry or thirsty, and then begin to feel lightheaded and dizzy as my blood pressure plummeted. I would overwhelm myself with work and find myself at University Health Services a day later with stomach pains and nausea. It became clear that if I did not take care of myself, I would be incapable of accomplishing anything. Although still a work-in-progress, my body and I do our best to communicate and compromise. When I feel tired at night, I stop working and go to bed. I do not power through hunger and thirst unless absolutely necessary. A few years ago even, I began to incorporate skincare and makeup into my daily routines. I find calm in blending my eyeshadow and dabbing on concealer. Some nights, I treat myself to a face mask, just because. I sometimes feel as relaxed as I look. Now in graduate school, where the amount of work becomes essentially a full-time job, it can be tempting to work incessantly and think of health as an afterthought. I do not have that luxury. My health comes first. The work will always be there. And sure, sometimes I imagine how much more I could get done if I was able-bodied, but then I picture the high school sophomore who hated herself despite all of her capabilities. Being in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "I guess you already know that I'm not confident with my outlook. That's why I spend so much on \"fixing the insides\" than \"fixing the outsides\". I emphasize on building inner beauty because I do not have the outer beauty, LOL. I wasn't born pretty, I wear make up when I go out, I also used to wear super thick make up. I know you must be thinking \"but you take pictures of yourself everyday...\" Lol, I do because that's my job, it's my job to be vain sometimes. Nice people always tell me that appearances don't matter. It's not true though, I was nearly convinced. Yet, in this real world, appearances matter... A LOT. When my friends asked me \"hey, wanna watch Ju-on?\" I said \"no, I see Ju-on everyday in the mirror after I remove my make up!\" It's just my humour, I say things to make my friends laugh but yeh, I honestly feel so. My friends hate it and told me not to think so negatively about myself. \"If you're not happy about it, do something about it!\" I guess I haven't fully given up on myself. I dyed my hair back to black, I cut my hair. I spent on skin care, I got my eyebrows embroidered. I work out, try to be healthier and gain more weight. I was really against aesthetics at first. Then, I was convinced to inject fillers to get rid of my eye bags. It worked, I'm not going to get \"scientific\" here because I'm sharing"}, {"title": "", "text": "a mess. Self conscious as I am, I do put on makeup when I leave the house, even if it\u2019s just to buy bread or something. It makes passing by a mirror somewhat easier to deal with as well. But I got to the point where I sincerely long to dressing up and going all the way with makeup\u2026 Not just mascara, but eyeshadow, eyeliner, lipstick, everything I can find here (which isn\u2019t that much after all). The only makeup thing I have done now, is nail polish. I don\u2019t think I\u2019ve ever had such well done toe and finger nail polish. Seriously. My feet. With blue nail polish. The hair, well, that\u2019s more of a bun, if you want to call it like that. In reality it\u2019s more like hair surrounded by a rubber band (the ones you use for hair, not like car tires). Insomnia has been kicking in, I\u2019m hungry all the time, headaches, chest ache for the moment, and so on. I\u2019m always convinced I\u2019ve got some terrible illness, but that\u2019s probably not true. I mean, everyone has aches every now and then. I just wish I could sleep well. That would be so great. Mental condition: happy as ever. Hehe. I\u2019m not really the shiny happy person who\u2019s always optimistic. Things have been better, things have been worse. My self-esteem has decided to go on a holiday, but hey, he deserves it. He\u2019s had a hard time after all. I hope he sends a post card. Concentration: what\u2019s that? Some kind"}, {"title": "", "text": "treat? Once returned from gym and therapy I\u2019m bound to be both mentally and physically exhausted. This is when me-evening will commence. Usually, I\u2019d take a quick shower, and pretty much would go to bed. That\u2019s what I do every evening, besides weekends, when I get in. I shower and then I\u2019m in bed from like 8:30pm just catching up on youtube and going to bed for about 10 to 11pm. However, not on today, Satan! On this grim Monday, I\u2019ll do myself a favour and take care of my skin by doing a face mask \u2013 radiant skin, here I come! I\u2019ll have a lovely meal of the stuff that I already will have prepared in my fridge (creature of routine, remember) and maybe instead of getting lost in the black hole of YouTube I\u2019ll watch a film on Netflix instead. Now that I think about it, my day isn\u2019t going to be very grand or that much more impressive, than usual. Since me-evening should about what I want to do and what works for my mental health, it\u2019s only fitting that I shall do what\u2019s best for me. Any plans, how you\u2019re going to spend the \u201cmost depressing night of the year\u201d? Hopefully, whatever you do you\u2019ll do it kindness in your heart. Previous Post Holly Guacamole, Vegunary is upon us: here\u2019s how to succeed at veganims this January."}, {"title": "", "text": "There must come a point when we are tired of hating what we see in the mirror. When we give up on giving up on ourselves. What is the point of carrying on through life; disappointed by what you see in reflections, feeling underwhelmed when something doesn\u2019t look as good on you as it did in your head. I lived with a fear that I\u2019d meet someone important, someone new, when I didn\u2019t quite look my best. I\u2019d fear that I\u2019m ruining my own chances of progressing in life by not always looking my best. That day I didn\u2019t wear lashes, I\u2019d regret it. The day I didn\u2019t cover my arms up, I\u2019d regret it. Working with makeup, I find so many people will say to me \u201cdon\u2019t look at my face today; I usually wear a lot more makeup!\u201d Who am I to judge? And who made this person feel that they have to say that to me? We shouldn\u2019t have to explain why we look the way we do, nor should we have to justify it, to others or ourselves. So let\u2019s all start by stopping. Why don\u2019t we stop explaining ourselves and start forgiving ourselves, we don\u2019t have to be sorry for appearing any certain way, and we certainly shouldn\u2019t feel like we\u2019ve wronged ourselves by not keeping up appearances. Today I\u2019ll forgive myself, and tomorrow I\u2019ll dress up. At least then we all have the choice without feeling obliged \u2013 remember you owe others no explanations \u2013 I look like this today,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Not too long ago\u2026I messed up pretty bad. It was a personal thing\u2026perhaps not something that even would bother everyone. It killed me. I went to bed, woke up in the morning, and took a shower. When I got out of the shower, toweled off, and got dressed\u2026there I stood\u2026I saw my face in the mirror. I looked into my own eyes\u2026and I was angry. I hated the man I saw. He was slime. He was subhuman\u2026but\u2026also\u2026 He. Was. Me. We\u2019ve all had those days. We\u2019ve all done the worst kinds of things\u2026even if only in our own estimation. We\u2019ve all looked in the mirror with regret. The mirror is sometimes our best friend, but in many instances, it\u2019s our worst enemy. The mirror reflects images of reality. That\u2019s all it does. It doesn\u2019t paint a different picture\u2026doesn\u2019t offer explanatory commentary. It simply reflects the images of reality back to us. Sometimes that reality is a good one, but sometimes\u2026it\u2019s not what the reflection says\u2026but what we know about the reflection that bothers us. When it comes to my reflection, I am nearly always disappointed. I\u2019m disappointed because I have an idea of what I look like\u2026and then I look in the mirror\u2026and there\u2019s less hair\u2026less muscle mass\u2026less of everything I think is there. But then as I look\u2026I will sometimes look at myself in the eyes\u2026and then it happens. As I meet my own gaze, I have a knowing look of what is really going on behind those eyes. I know of the pain, the"}, {"title": "", "text": "there isn\u2019t too much to complain about. As I start to push the mirror back into place, the view grazes the outside of my left eye. I pull on my skin, somewhat in denial of what I\u2019m seeing. I let it bounce back into shape. I stare and inspect. I have the beginnings of crow\u2019s-feet. I have no apartment and no job. I have no steady relationship or even a city to call home. I have no idea what I want to be doing with my life, no idea what my purpose is, and no real sign of a life goal. And yet time has found me. The years I\u2019ve spent dilly-dallying around at different jobs in different cities show on my face. I have wrinkles. I let go of the mirror. I brush my teeth. I wash my face. I resolve to buy night cream and start wearing sunscreen. And then I turn down the covers and get into bed. My life may be a little bit of a disaster. I may not make the best decisions sometimes. But I am not going to lie here and stare at the ceiling, worrying the night away. Instead, I go to sleep soundly, believing I will do better tomorrow. Things will be better tomorrow. I\u2019ll figure this all out tomorrow. Tomorrow is, for me, a brand-new day. I wake up to a bright, sunny room and a ringing phone. \u201cEthan!\u201d I whisper into the phone. \u201cIt\u2019s nine o\u2019clock on a Saturday morning!\u201d \u201cYeah,\u201d he says, his gritty"}, {"title": "", "text": "There comes a time in life when you just feel lazy to care about how you look or dress. You totally lose it. Been there, done that. It was not a good place to be and it was not a good feeling because it affected my life. I believe everyone should feel good in the morning to kick-start the day with positive attitude and mind. If you are not feeling it, then you should probably change your morning routine. Have you ever been so bored in the office that you just want to grab your bag and go? I am feeling exactly that and it is only 2.35pm. I have completed my news for the day and decided to rant a little. My mind is doing the talking as I am typing all these sentences."}, {"title": "", "text": "but it's foods you eat / drink that are actually gross. Gatorade, I'm looking at you. Ew. Wash It Off | I'm in my 20s, not 40s and anti-aging products aren't exactly high on my priority list, but maybe they should be. I won't necessarily say I'm going to run and buy anti-aging serum, but I will work on my skincare routine. I'm guilty of getting home late, brushing my teeth and rolling into bed. But what? You don't see where I listed taking off my makeup? You're right, I didn't. I'm guilty of forgetting to wash my face before bed and that's a major no-no. 1) It's gross. 2) It's horrible for your skin. I vow to my face that I will work on this. Asap. Positivity Rules | Everyone has their off-days. Days where your hair isn't sitting right, you don't want to get out of bed or you stare at the mirror so long you hate everything about yourself and/or all things in your closet. If you checked [yes] to any of those things, then this is something you can relate with me on. I hate those days. Everyone does. It's inevitable, but this year / month / lifetime, I plan on knocking those thoughts out of my head. 'Ew my thighs are gross.' 'I need a tan, I'm far too pale.' 'Nothing looks good on me.' For every negative thought you have about yourself, think of a positive one. It might sound silly, cliche, whatever else you want to call it, but"}, {"title": "", "text": "not to hide. I\u2019m going to wear makeup and my best clothes once again. I\u2019ll share full-length photos on my blog and Instagram. I\u2019ll stop being so ashamed of my own self-care, because I\u2019ll make sure my self-care is tip top from now on. You look like you have made some big decisions and sound really positive and so you should, you look great and going to bed earlier is a thing most of us can take on board:) Great post. Thank you! I actually managed 8 hours sleep on Friday night! I\u2019m starting to feel better, I\u2019m walking more, drinking more ,and sleeping more! Hopefully I can keep it up and get healthier and happier before the kids break up for Christmas! Haha you\u2019re right, I forget online isn\u2019t real life and I shouldn\u2019t compare! Thank you! I think health (over anything else) should be my main aim, and I think that should change a lot for me! You are so brave posting this. I put on the same amount of weight after my dad died. I have started to lose some of it now and go to the gym a lot. I like you was upset by how much I had stopped looking after myself. I am trying harder to look after me."}, {"title": "", "text": "taboo thing to put a lot of effort into changing something about your physical appearance. Weird? Let me explain. I have always been pretty happy with my body and face. I just never saw much I wanted to change about myself. I believed we should take care of our bodies and be as healthy as possible, but also just let the little things be. It didn\u2019t really matter in the long run if I had things I could change about myself. I still strongly believe health is so important, but I lean more towards the change as well. Acne was a huge factor in changing my mind. I had your normal teen pimples here and there. Then it went away for a few years and then my 20\u2019s came. I was 23 when my acne took a peak. I look back at pictures and try so hard to figure out what caused it or triggered it. I still have no answer for you. But it reached a point to where I was video calling with my brother and he asked me if I got in an accident because my face was so \u201cbeat up.\u201d Yep no, just didn\u2019t have as much makeup on that day. My parents offered a few times to go to a dermatologist. But this mental roadblock kept me from going. I thought if I go then I\u2019m changing apart of who I am and trying to control something I shouldn\u2019t. My face is the way it was intended to be and who"}, {"title": "", "text": "I have sheathed myself in my nightgown, which is white \u2013 white for nighttime, black for daytime, that is how I dress \u2013 and my bedsocks for the winter cold and my nightcap for the drafts, I sometimes leave the light burning and recline abed sustained on my elbow and smile at the image that reclines abed facing me sustained on an elbow, and sometimes even talk to it, or her. It is at times like these that I notice (what a helpful device a mirror is for bringing things into the open, if one can call it a device, so simple is it, so devoid of mechanism) how thickly the hair grows between my eyes, and wonder whether my glower, my rodent glower, to mince no words, I have no cause to love this face, might not be cosmetically tempered if I plucked out some of that hair with tweezers, or even all of it in a bunch, like carrots, with a pair of pliers, thereby pushing my eyes apart and creating an illusion of grace and even temper. And might I not soften my aspect too if I released my hair from its daytime net and pins, its nighttime cap, and washed it, and let it fall first to the nape of my neck, then perhaps one day to my shoulders, if it grows for corpses why should it not grow for me? And might I not be less ugly if I did something about my teeth, of which I have too many, by"}, {"title": "", "text": "how you\u2019re perceived the rest of the day. On the mirror analogy, you might be interested in this."}, {"title": "", "text": "what you can\u2019t change, and embrace it. Do you dislike certain features of your face? Do you hate your eye color? You shouldn\u2019t! These things are a part of YOU! And they deserve love just like all your features! Think of each of your features as a sad cat (or other sweet, adorable animal.) Would you tell a cat that you hated it? No! And you shouldn\u2019t hate your features either. Your features are a part of you! 4. Fake it til you make it! Through my extensive searching, I couldn't find a source for this, if you know who the artist is, shoot me a comment or email so I can credit them! Yeah, I know, \u201cclich\u00e9 alert!\u201d But seriously, this is a tried and true method! I\u2019ll give a personal example. I\u2019m insecure of my appearance, but I pretend not to be to help myself actually not be insecure. Recently I dyed my hair black and got a comment saying I looked 45. I wanted to be upset but I knew that if I got upset, I would focus on the bad things and not the positive things. So instead of being sad, I simply said to myself \u201cWell I must be the damn best looking 45-year-old I\u2019ve ever seen!\u201d and just like that, instead of feeling down about myself, I was happy and laughing again! All it takes is a little humor and casual aura to turn insults into things you just shrug off and laugh at later. 5. Treat yourself like a"}, {"title": "", "text": "you practice balancing on one foot ), make the breakfast smoothies, get the kids going, brew the beverage, peek at your phone to see the status of Barbara's sick pup, on and on. And then you do this (maybe five or 500 times): you check yourself in the mirror. # JEAN SAYS: That's a Dr. Mike Rx, he's not kidding. How does your hair look? Your makeup? Your clothes? Your butt (no VPLs, please)? Your skin? Your hair again? Everything? You assess, you make changes, you assess again, and you go on about your day. You perform this very basic test throughout the day because (1) you care about your appearance and how you project yourself to the outside world, and (2) nobody likes buzzing about the day with a peppercorn-decorated incisor. What's the point? Every day of your life, you perform this quickie diagnostic test on yourself to evaluate your current state of affairs, because you inherently know there's a value to the process of self-evaluation. You assess, you evaluate, you adjust. And then you repeat as necessary. Yet when it comes to perhaps the two biggest issues in your life\u2014your health and your financial status\u2014you're scared to look in the mirror. Maybe you're afraid of what you'll see. Maybe you just don't like what you'll see. Maybe you don't want your bank account or your blood pressure barking back at you. Maybe the truth hurts so much that you can't stand to see\u2014and address\u2014this kind of reflection. Or maybe you're afraid you'll pale in"}, {"title": "", "text": "This post is for those days when you are struggling and feeling a bit low, here are my tips for brightening up your day and mood. A person with self-confidence likes themselves, is willing to take risks to achieve their goals, and thinks positive about their future, while someone who lacks confidence tends to have negative perspectives on themselves and their future. A few days ago, I was on the phone with a friend she told me she has her days of staring at the mirror and seeing the shadows of her former self. Wondering what on earth has happened to her and how she doesn\u2019t feel beautiful anymore. Hearing her utter those words broke my heart, it got me annoyed at the fact that she doesn\u2019t see how beautiful she is inside and out. I\u2019m sure a lot of you know the exact feeling. Rewind back to 2009 \u2013 2013, when I was fed up with the way I look. I vividly remember hating my body and nose, wishing I could get rhinoplasty, breast and bum augmentation. I felt like the ugliest girl in the world, a disgrace to the black community. And that\u2019s because the guys at my college were mean, they picked on me for not being curvy, and the way I looked. Their words had an effect on how I viewed and felt about myself. Over the years, I have become more confident and open to the idea of accepting myself. I learnt how to accept my flaws and realise it is"}, {"title": "", "text": "if I had a better nutrition and rewarded my body with healthy foods. Next I take my favourite lotion and massage my hands, wrists, and forearms. I\u2019m grateful for the strength I have and for my beautiful sons who\u2019s hands I\u2019ve held, hugs received, and the gentle touch of drying tears over the years. After I\u2019m all clean and freshly scented I put my lip balm on being mindful of any negative words that fell from my lips. Also being thankful for soft kisses shared and the love I have for my husband. After my ritual is complete I stand and look at myself in the mirror . Sometimes I smile, sing, and a lot of times I cry. I think back to when I was younger and I\u2019d spend hours looking in the mirror pointing out things I didn\u2019t like. The size of my nose and the blackheads living on it. How chubby my cheeks are and how many crows feet I have around my eyes from squinting without glasses. I would carry on with how I disliked that my ears stuck out too much. Especially when I pulled my hair back into a pony tail. I would promise myself that one day I\u2019d get all these imperfections fixed. As I wanted to be a model and actress and thought with my glaring imperfections that I wouldn\u2019t get any roles or even an audition for that matter! I wouldn\u2019t let anyone take a picture of my side profile and a lot of times when the"}, {"title": "", "text": "right away, as I can't stand the sound of any alarm clock or cell phone alarm, plus I find the jolt of such going off really propels me up and on to my feet. Take my first meds of the day, wash my face (I usually shower or bath in the evenings), brush my teeth, have a glass or two of water, do my make-up (if I'm putting on a face that day), put on my wig, get dressed, and spritz on some perfume. I try to set out a detailed schedule, be it in my head, on paper, or on the computer, of what I hope to accomplish for the day, aiming to get the most challenging and/or time consuming things completed first. Then I say a positive affirmation or two and remind myself that anything I get done that day is better than nothing, spend some time with my pets, and have a lovely chat with my husband, as doing so always helps to better my day. Generally speaking, yes. I absolutely love planning my outfits in advance and try to set aside a whole day every now and then (usually at lease once a season) to play dress up in my own closet for this very purpose. Of course I don't come up with all my outfits for a given chunk of the year then, but I find that it really helps me to have some ready and waiting when I need to get dressed on the fly or aren't feeling all that"}, {"title": "", "text": "those who come in the morning with a rotten face and don't reply to your hello with the enthusiasm that you expect. They don't even talk to you properly and their face is such that insists you to ask if something has happened with them. This is the worst appearance that someone can give of his/her in the morning. We should always quest like mad to be our best. I remember the times when I used to sleep in class like crazy. Let it be any lecture- interesting or boring, I used to have a good nap because all the night, I used to be busy in writing blogs and reading books. But later on I realized that this is not what my best is. My best is far above this. And then, in this vacation, I worked upon myself. Now I have started sleeping early-by 2 AM whereas previously, I used to sleep at 4-5 AM. I have started waking up at 5.45 AM whereas previously I used to wake up at 7.30 AM. I have started working out and exercising in the morning for an hour whereas previously I used to work out in the evening and not for more than half an hour. Now I feel myself as a totally changed personality- a better one. And now, if I consider that I am giving my best, I want to make myself more powerful for myself, that means I am craving for being Better than the Best- of my own version. Competing with others"}, {"title": "", "text": "dress nicely fools no one but yourself and is called pretzel logic. C'mon, does that really compute? If you're unhappy with your body, why compound your perceived problem by not looking presentable? #### Getting Your Zzs Most of us need between seven and nine hours' sleep most nights to function well. If you get less, your hormones will go awry, specifically the ones that influence your appetite. Sleep deficiency causes increased production of ghrelin, which generates sensations of hunger, and decreased production of leptin, which promotes satiation. If that isn't exactly the opposite of what you, as an overeater, want to happen, I don't know what is. I hate to push, but if there's one positive self-care action to take for your body, it's getting enough sleep. #### Caring for Your Teeth, Skin, and Hair When you're in a rush in the morning or exhausted at night, it can feel like a drag to pay attention to your teeth and gums, which means any or all of the following: brushing, flossing, rinsing, irrigating. If you don't continue to bemoan how long and boring the process is, you could probably do the whole shebang in about five minutes, give or take. That's ten minutes every day, and all of us can carve out that itty-bitty amount of time for oral hygiene. I bet you spend more time than that reading emails, posting on Facebook, and texting your friends. Need I say more? I'm going to throw skin and hair care into the it's-too-much-trouble-so-I-don't-bother-with-it category. Again, we're talking"}, {"title": "", "text": "process, and makes showering afterwards easier. For my face, I focus on skincare, so I'm comfortable with a bare face, or smearing on a bright lip gloss to draw attention to everything I'm telling my doctors I need. I'm alone in the hospital a lot and there have been times when nurses or doctors have failed to see the person in front of them in the course of performing a routine job. It's harrowing to have to yell in order to be heard about something that is written on your chart, or to need to force a care provider to see you as a human being instead of a body in a gown that may be fixed by their shift's end. Our job in the hospital becomes twofold: to better our health, and to render our humanity visible to those charged with prolonging it. My body is going to change with my health, and I can't control that. Accepting that my core remains the same regardless of how I look has been key to breaking down other people's reactions to how my body looks as it changes through illness and loving myself through it all. Community is everything, and every day brings surprises. The more you can adapt to change, the better life will be. Fatigue changes how much I am able to do. I've had to develop lots of strategies to save time and energy so I can still go out and feel like I look presentable... even if I feel awful. for me, it's"}, {"title": "", "text": "night\u2019s sleep is our first layer of defence against the signs of ageing, and a key part of having healthy looking skin. And what\u2019s more is that this is one the simplest things we can control! Aim to get around seven hours of uninterrupted sleep each night. If you\u2019re a person that usually struggles to reach the land of nod, then have a look at your pre-bed routine. A couple of hours without technology, a relaxing bath, and a room that\u2019s quiet and without distractions will all make it much easier to fall asleep. Also, keep in mind what effects those weekly parties will be having on your body. It\u2019s fine to stay up until the early hours when your eighteen; when you\u2019re in your thirties, the signs will begin to show! Beauty exists inside and out. Even the most beautiful person on earth can seem ugly if they have a terrible attitude! As part of looking your best, take some time to ensure that you\u2019re feeling in a happy, confident headspace. There\u2019s nothing more attractive than a big smile. If you\u2019re feeling the pressure too much, look at venturing into the outdoors. Being in nature make us happy, gets us fit, and, if it\u2019s sunny, will give us a natural glow that\u2019ll have us looking at our radiant best. Take the above tips, and you\u2019ll be on your way to looking your best in no time."}, {"title": "", "text": "night\u2019s sleep is our first layer of defence against the signs of ageing, and a key part of having healthy looking skin. And what\u2019s more is that this is one the simplest things we can control! Aim to get around seven hours of uninterrupted sleep each night. If you\u2019re a person that usually struggles to reach the land of nod, then have a look at your pre-bed routine. A couple of hours without technology, a relaxing bath, and a room that\u2019s quiet and without distractions will all make it much easier to fall asleep. Also, keep in mind what effects those weekly parties will be having on your body. It\u2019s fine to stay up until the early hours when your eighteen; when you\u2019re in your thirties, the signs will begin to show! Beauty exists inside and out. Even the most beautiful person on earth can seem ugly if they have a terrible attitude! As part of looking your best, take some time to ensure that you\u2019re feeling in a happy, confident headspace. There\u2019s nothing more attractive than a big smile. If you\u2019re feeling the pressure too much, look at venturing into the outdoors. Being in nature make us happy, gets us fit, and, if it\u2019s sunny, will give us a natural glow that\u2019ll have us looking at our radiant best. Take the above tips, and you\u2019ll be on your way to looking your best in no time."}, {"title": "", "text": "This may seem like the most obvious thing, but I am seriously unable to set any goals for myself in the morning before work. In the afternoon and early evenings I'm all \"Hey! I can wake up early tomorrow and try to do my hair or make-up.\" or \"I should do like Kaitlin and do a bit of yoga before getting dressed...that sounds good\" and each time I fail miserably. Like my late night/morning brain is not down with that cause I always find justifications for setting my alarm back to give me just enough time to do the essentials before heading out. Mainly it's things like \"what's the point, no one's gonna care of you look nice or not\". But then when I do get to work and everyone seems more put together and nice, I feel like a slob or a child which makes me feel more down, and less willing to cut my sleep time short. So how do you do it? Is there a way to trick my body and brain into living a more slow paced morning, or am I doomed to a life of waking up 15 minutes before I have to leave for forever? Hey there! Don't worry about keeping up with other people's routines. You do you, there are a ton of cool apps that help.... like to do lists and they send you notifications when it's time to do a task. And start off small, waking up early by a 10-15 mins, maybe just putting on some"}, {"title": "", "text": "This may seem like the most obvious thing, but I am seriously unable to set any goals for myself in the morning before work. In the afternoon and early evenings I'm all \"Hey! I can wake up early tomorrow and try to do my hair or make-up.\" or \"I should do like Kaitlin and do a bit of yoga before getting dressed...that sounds good\" and each time I fail miserably. Like my late night/morning brain is not down with that cause I always find justifications for setting my alarm back to give me just enough time to do the essentials before heading out. Mainly it's things like \"what's the point, no one's gonna care of you look nice or not\". But then when I do get to work and everyone seems more put together and nice, I feel like a slob or a child which makes me feel more down, and less willing to cut my sleep time short. So how do you do it? Is there a way to trick my body and brain into living a more slow paced morning, or am I doomed to a life of waking up 15 minutes before I have to leave for forever? Hey there! Don't worry about keeping up with other people's routines. You do you, there are a ton of cool apps that help.... like to do lists and they send you notifications when it's time to do a task. And start off small, waking up early by a 10-15 mins, maybe just putting on some"}, {"title": "", "text": "to work on a project and squeeze in three hours of sleep, but then my body would respond in the morning by making me feel ill until I went back to bed. I would work while hungry or thirsty, and then begin to feel lightheaded and dizzy as my blood pressure plummeted. I would overwhelm myself with work and find myself at University Health Services a day later with stomach pains and nausea. It became clear that if I did not take care of myself, I would be incapable of accomplishing anything. Although still a work-in-progress, my body and I do our best to communicate and compromise. When I feel tired at night, I stop working and go to bed. I do not power through hunger and thirst unless absolutely necessary. A few years ago even, I began to incorporate skincare and makeup into my daily routines. I find calm in blending my eyeshadow and dabbing on concealer. Some nights, I treat myself to a face mask, just because. I sometimes feel as relaxed as I look. Now in graduate school, where the amount of work becomes essentially a full-time job, it can be tempting to work incessantly and think of health as an afterthought. I do not have that luxury. My health comes first. The work will always be there. And sure, sometimes I imagine how much more I could get done if I was able-bodied, but then I picture the high school sophomore who hated herself despite all of her capabilities. Being in a"}, {"title": "", "text": "to change. Ladies, learn to love yourself. What\u2019s their to lose. If someone hates you for looking \u2018ugly\u2019 without make up on, well then that person is probably a shallow person with no self-esteem at all. Get the courage to leave the house with no make-up. I do it ALL the time. Screw getting up early to \u2018do-up\u2019 your face. Forget it! Sleep in to get your beauty sleep. Put a little chap stick, and maybe a bit of mascara, and go enjoy your day. You\u2019ll soon realize that NO one cares how you look. They\u2019ll accept you for who you are, not how you look. At the end of the day, you are who you are. Don\u2019t let other people\u2019s opinion lower your self-confidence. It\u2019s not worth it. It\u2019s your life, and you know you are beautiful. Remember, if you ever need a helping hand, you\u2019ll find one at the end of each of your arms."}, {"title": "", "text": "to change. Ladies, learn to love yourself. What\u2019s their to lose. If someone hates you for looking \u2018ugly\u2019 without make up on, well then that person is probably a shallow person with no self-esteem at all. Get the courage to leave the house with no make-up. I do it ALL the time. Screw getting up early to \u2018do-up\u2019 your face. Forget it! Sleep in to get your beauty sleep. Put a little chap stick, and maybe a bit of mascara, and go enjoy your day. You\u2019ll soon realize that NO one cares how you look. They\u2019ll accept you for who you are, not how you look. At the end of the day, you are who you are. Don\u2019t let other people\u2019s opinion lower your self-confidence. It\u2019s not worth it. It\u2019s your life, and you know you are beautiful. Remember, if you ever need a helping hand, you\u2019ll find one at the end of each of your arms."}, {"title": "", "text": "days and you are just going to the shop to by some candies, always walk straight and imagine that you look to the third floor, it will make your face lift automatically.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21s2bF1SZ6T8 Ninth, every body shape is amazing, if you grew up some weight, celebrate it, but in the meantime work out and eat healthy to make it as you picture your body - maybe your boobs got bigger, so show them.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21M87WadtvuG Tenth, sleep, sleep a lot, there isn\u2019t any spa that can do better to you than good 8 hour sleep a night - your face looks nice, dark circles under your eyes aren\u2019t that visible and all the stupid ideas you had at night seem to be childish.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21xlBIM7mA4z Eleventh, walk everywhere and whenever you can, it calms mind down and helps to think things through - as we can rarely find time to meditate, it is the perfect way to get to our consciousness.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21NxBYdDQdJK Twelfth, always think what you are putting into your mouth (and I am not only talking about the dicks!), it will reflect in your body and you health, and never trash your body with shit, it is not a recycle bin, if you want to cheat, you can always find healthier alternatives.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21lvTtr3GVyb Thirteenth, smoking is not cool anymore, it stinks and is expensive, quit it or smoke only on special occasions.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21C6weOilbSq Fourteenth, there isn\u2019t such thing as a drunk lady, you either drink and look more or less wasted, or you just have fun"}, {"title": "", "text": "wash your hair for straight 4 days and you are just going to the shop to by some candies, always walk straight and imagine that you look to the third floor, it will make your face lift automatically.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21EE7jCalSjo Ninth, every body shape is amazing, if you grew up some weight, celebrate it, but in the meantime work out and eat healthy to make it as you picture your body - maybe your boobs got bigger, so show them.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21CafzK4cZob Tenth, sleep, sleep a lot, there isn\u2019t any spa that can do better to you than good 8 hour sleep a night - your face looks nice, dark circles under your eyes aren\u2019t that visible and all the stupid ideas you had at night seem to be childish.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21j7xdCULRjp Eleventh, walk everywhere and whenever you can, it calms mind down and helps to think things through - as we can rarely find time to meditate, it is the perfect way to get to our consciousness.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21CX4JgGUCzd Twelfth, always think what you are putting into your mouth (and I am not only talking about the dicks!), it will reflect in your body and you health, and never trash your body with shit, it is not a recycle bin, if you want to cheat, you can always find healthier alternatives.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff210bngL8kY8J Thirteenth, smoking is not cool anymore, it stinks and is expensive, quit it or smoke only on special occasions.copyright protection4\uff30\uff25\uff2e\uff21\uff2e\uff21arRHFtBrlV Fourteenth, there isn\u2019t such thing as a drunk lady, you either drink and look more or less"}, {"title": "", "text": "not to hide. I\u2019m going to wear makeup and my best clothes once again. I\u2019ll share full-length photos on my blog and Instagram. I\u2019ll stop being so ashamed of my own self-care, because I\u2019ll make sure my self-care is tip top from now on. You look like you have made some big decisions and sound really positive and so you should, you look great and going to bed earlier is a thing most of us can take on board:) Great post. Thank you! I actually managed 8 hours sleep on Friday night! I\u2019m starting to feel better, I\u2019m walking more, drinking more ,and sleeping more! Hopefully I can keep it up and get healthier and happier before the kids break up for Christmas! Haha you\u2019re right, I forget online isn\u2019t real life and I shouldn\u2019t compare! Thank you! I think health (over anything else) should be my main aim, and I think that should change a lot for me! You are so brave posting this. I put on the same amount of weight after my dad died. I have started to lose some of it now and go to the gym a lot. I like you was upset by how much I had stopped looking after myself. I am trying harder to look after me."}, {"title": "", "text": "serum, eye cream and night cream. You will most certainly won't look your best when getting up so let's try to put something on your side. The feeling can be the one of a very bad hangover/ drunk moment (yes, that is how better it can feel, and it also will probably during the night and the next day).Your body aches and your brain does too which is not the nicest combo on earth. Do the same in the morning skincare wise but I personally would either avoid make up entirely or limit it to the bare minimum, so that you can put your hands on your face or eyes. I know ladies don't do that but I am not sure what becomes of these manners within sleep depravation. Food wise try to keep it light without forget slow sugars which will help your brain throughout this \"long \"day to come. And load up on vitamin C, it can only help. Keep your activity basic and work as well as you can in regard to your condition. Doing a great job is one thing, but if you haven't slept (for those same reasons I am talking about), doing a good might do for today. Once again, I am not a professional and sleep is very important. If you feel terrible and you have no answers, do talk to your doctor about it because though many thing influence you; without sleep, you literally can't do anything. Hope my little tips will help some of you and I"}, {"title": "", "text": "serum, eye cream and night cream. You will most certainly won't look your best when getting up so let's try to put something on your side. The feeling can be the one of a very bad hangover/ drunk moment (yes, that is how better it can feel, and it also will probably during the night and the next day).Your body aches and your brain does too which is not the nicest combo on earth. Do the same in the morning skincare wise but I personally would either avoid make up entirely or limit it to the bare minimum, so that you can put your hands on your face or eyes. I know ladies don't do that but I am not sure what becomes of these manners within sleep depravation. Food wise try to keep it light without forget slow sugars which will help your brain throughout this \"long \"day to come. And load up on vitamin C, it can only help. Keep your activity basic and work as well as you can in regard to your condition. Doing a great job is one thing, but if you haven't slept (for those same reasons I am talking about), doing a good might do for today. Once again, I am not a professional and sleep is very important. If you feel terrible and you have no answers, do talk to your doctor about it because though many thing influence you; without sleep, you literally can't do anything. Hope my little tips will help some of you and I"}, {"title": "", "text": "I can\u2019t be the only person who every now and again just wants to curl up in bed and avoid everything for a little while. Ostriching, basically. While this seems like a very tempting Saturday night plan, for me I know 95% of the time it will only make me feel worse in the long run. Sometimes you have to force yourself to get up, paint on a smile, and more often than not, the fake smile turns into a real one. I\u2019m by no means saying this is a cure all strategy, I\u2019m just sharing what sometimes help me lift myself up when I\u2019m not feeling myself. Shake it all off. Literally. Shake the days tension out of your arms and legs and start the next part of your day fresh. A shower sometimes helps here too, never underestimate the power of a good shower. Pick out your favourite go to outfit, one that when you look in the mirror your first thought is yes. I always try to keep this step very short, no need to give your brain time to talk yourself down into self doubt or insecurity. Warpaint. Same as with the step before, keep this as a quick job and stop before you pysch yourself out. Just as long as you feel fabulous. Make your bed and get your coziest dressing gown ready to jump straight into when you do get home. Go and let the good times wash over you. What\u2019s the worst that can happen? You\u2019ve always got your"}, {"title": "", "text": "there isn\u2019t too much to complain about. As I start to push the mirror back into place, the view grazes the outside of my left eye. I pull on my skin, somewhat in denial of what I\u2019m seeing. I let it bounce back into shape. I stare and inspect. I have the beginnings of crow\u2019s-feet. I have no apartment and no job. I have no steady relationship or even a city to call home. I have no idea what I want to be doing with my life, no idea what my purpose is, and no real sign of a life goal. And yet time has found me. The years I\u2019ve spent dilly-dallying around at different jobs in different cities show on my face. I have wrinkles. I let go of the mirror. I brush my teeth. I wash my face. I resolve to buy night cream and start wearing sunscreen. And then I turn down the covers and get into bed. My life may be a little bit of a disaster. I may not make the best decisions sometimes. But I am not going to lie here and stare at the ceiling, worrying the night away. Instead, I go to sleep soundly, believing I will do better tomorrow. Things will be better tomorrow. I\u2019ll figure this all out tomorrow. Tomorrow is, for me, a brand-new day. I wake up to a bright, sunny room and a ringing phone. \u201cEthan!\u201d I whisper into the phone. \u201cIt\u2019s nine o\u2019clock on a Saturday morning!\u201d \u201cYeah,\u201d he says, his gritty"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Simple, Guaranteed Way to Look Prettier, According to Research By Jaclyn Anglis May 17, 2017 We all joke about needing our beauty sleep sometimes, but according to new research, it may be no laughing matter after all. In fact, the whole concept of \u201cbeauty sleep\u201d may be more real than some of us have ever realized. According to a new study published in the Royal Society Open Science journal, people who miss out on sleep do appear less attractive to others. Even getting just a couple nights of bad sleep can be enough to make a person look \u201csignificantly\u201d more ugly than a person who is well-rested. MUST-SEE: Christina Applegate\u2019s Family Thought She Looked Angry. Now She\u2019s Coming Clean About the Painful Reason The experiment, which involved measuring the nighttime movements of 25 university students, were asked to get a good night\u2019s sleep for two days in a row. Then, the next week, they were asked to restrict themselves to just a 4-hour shuteye for two consecutive days. The researchers took makeup-free photos of all the students after three sessions. And the response from 122 strangers reviewing the pictures was revealing, to say the least. Not only were they able to pick up on whether or not the people were tired, they marked the exhausted-looking faces much further down on the attractiveness level. On top of that, the strangers also said they would be less likely to socialize with the sleepy faces than the alert ones\u2014rating the former as \u201cless healthy\u201d and \u201cless approachable.\u201d MUST-SEE:"}, {"title": "", "text": "1) You Don\u2019t Sleep Enough: What are your thoughts on sleep? Are you a \u201csleep is for the weak\u201d type of person? Or do you crave as much sleep as possible? Sleep is super important for our body. Snatching 3-4 hours of sleep per night because you\u2019re a busy person might sound cool at the time and you might even wake up feeling okay, but in the long term, a lack of sleep is putting your health and beauty at major risk. When we sleep, our bodies detoxify and heal. 2) Not Exercising: Lack of exercise is another one of those things that make you look older and that we can easily change. Maybe you exercise every now and then. Perhaps once a week; that might sound fine in theory but skipping exercise each day could be a major fail, if you don\u2019t want to look older than you are. People who look fab even as they enter their forties tend to exercise each day. 3) Drinking liquor: Alcohol dehydrates us (ever woken up after a night of drinking with a huge thirst?), but what a lot of people don\u2019t tend to think about is that it dehydrates our skin. When our skin becomes parched, we might experience wrinkles, fine lines and acne. Not cool. Try a month or more without alcohol and see how you look and feel, as alcohol could easily score the first place in the list of things that make you look older. 4) Letting Stress Get The Better of You:Stress is"}, {"title": "", "text": "If you ask people what they would like to change with regard to their looks, there is one answer that you hear often: to look younger. Appearing younger has a way of making you feel younger, and when you feel younger you are also more likely to look younger. It is a kind of virtuous cycle which you can get into if so desired. In this article, we are going to take a look at some of the changes you can make in order to look younger. You can feel a little better about your appearance and about yourself in general, in a way which is likely to last longer than you might have hoped. These days, so many of us in this culture do not sleep well at all. The inability or lack of sleep is one of those things that is often a result of the way in which we live. If you find that you are continuously too busy or stressed to be able to get to sleep properly, it is unlikely that you are going to be able to look your best either, as your sleep affects the way you look in a number of diverse and interesting ways. If you can get more sleep, you will find that you are able to look more beautiful and younger. First, think about the obstacles that might be getting in the way of your sleep. For instance, it could be drinking too much coffee in the day. If you\u2019re a coffee drinker, avoid drinking"}, {"title": "", "text": "read celeb interviews and they\u2019re asked about their skin\u2026 they all say they drink tons of water. Message received. Go to bed early, get a good night\u2019s sleep. I am a total night owl. I love staying up late, and do it pretty much every night. I don\u2019t usually go to bed before 1am, which is an epic fail. I\u2019ve been saying for years that I want to train myself to go to bed early, and sometimes I\u2019ll do it for a week or so, but inevitably, I\u2019m like \u201coh yeah, one more episode of that show I\u2019m bingeing\u201d and there goes that. On days that I go to bed early and am up early\u2026 I feel 1000% more productive. More than just productivity, getting a good night\u2019s sleep is key for so many other things. Keeping your immune system up, having great skin, losing weight\u2026 all things that are actually important to me! Making over my sleep schedule will most likely benefit my skin and body in a huge way. Focus on full-body skincare, not just my face! I\u2019ve been pretty good about my face over the last few years, and have implemented a really good anti-aging regimen. I\u2019ve recently realized that I don\u2019t think much about the rest of my body\u2026 where I have the most skin, obviously. One way I\u2019m prioritizing full body skincare is by integrating Olay Cleansing Infusions, Olay\u2019s newest cleansing solution for both face and body into my daily skincare routines. I have a full on obsession with glow-y skin,"}, {"title": "", "text": "read celeb interviews and they\u2019re asked about their skin\u2026 they all say they drink tons of water. Message received. Go to bed early, get a good night\u2019s sleep. I am a total night owl. I love staying up late, and do it pretty much every night. I don\u2019t usually go to bed before 1am, which is an epic fail. I\u2019ve been saying for years that I want to train myself to go to bed early, and sometimes I\u2019ll do it for a week or so, but inevitably, I\u2019m like \u201coh yeah, one more episode of that show I\u2019m bingeing\u201d and there goes that. On days that I go to bed early and am up early\u2026 I feel 1000% more productive. More than just productivity, getting a good night\u2019s sleep is key for so many other things. Keeping your immune system up, having great skin, losing weight\u2026 all things that are actually important to me! Making over my sleep schedule will most likely benefit my skin and body in a huge way. Focus on full-body skincare, not just my face! I\u2019ve been pretty good about my face over the last few years, and have implemented a really good anti-aging regimen. I\u2019ve recently realized that I don\u2019t think much about the rest of my body\u2026 where I have the most skin, obviously. One way I\u2019m prioritizing full body skincare is by integrating Olay Cleansing Infusions, Olay\u2019s newest cleansing solution for both face and body into my daily skincare routines. I have a full on obsession with glow-y skin,"}, {"title": "", "text": "asleep, so adjust your clothing, freshen up and apply your night-time face and hair care products. You may then set the alarm so that you can arise shortly before him in the morning. This will enable you to have his morning cup of tea ready when he awakes. # Final words from Kelli _Most people never run far enough on their first wind to find out they've got a second. Give your dreams all you've got and you'll be amazed at the energy that comes out of you._ WILLIAM JAMES This collaboration with Jodie has been an amazing journey for both of us. Jodie came to me a long time ago with a very clear goal to learn simple, effective strategies that would help her look and feel the way she wanted to, for the rest of her life. Not a quick-fix or miracle cure, but a realistic and proven formula for creating a strong, vital, _sexy_ body. I have wanted to share my extensive knowledge on this subject with women the world over for many years now. I have dedicated my life to learning how to balance health and fitness with the at-times overwhelming demands of being a mum, wife, sister and friend. It has been such an honour to share my experience and expertise with you, and I have complete confidence in your ability to use this information to go out and experience life in a whole new way. You don't have to wonder how those wonder-women do it any more \u2013 thinking there"}, {"title": "", "text": "you in the long term. Understand the importance of sleep. Sleep is the most underestimated thing for most of us. We go on working in offices for long hours and keep ourselves occupied in other tedious tasks without taking much-needed rest. We think that we are meant to sacrifice both our days and nights in order to achieve everything we want, just like most successful people do; that\u2019s how we are programmed. Trust me, that\u2019s only a half cooked knowledge we all have been served since ages. Our body is designed in a way that it demands rest to work in a perfect and harmonious way. Always strive for a sleep of at least 7 hours and follow a effective bedtime routine daily. Not only it will keep your health in check but will also make you more creative and skyrocket your productivity. We are talking about the importance of body and health, but we need to understand that this is just a part of overall growth. Do not connect these things with looks. Don\u2019t hit the weights just because it will woo others. Do it for your own health. Also, don\u2019t spend too much time on how you look, what matters is how you are as a person. Mark my words \u2013 \u201cOur mind is the most powerful tool we have\u201d. It can be our best friend, if it is used in a correct manner, and can also turn to be your worst enemy if used in a wrong way. Your thoughts reflect your personality"}, {"title": "", "text": "nourished and loved, too. Win. I\u2019m a night owl. I could happily stay up until 4am binge watching Netflix or chatting to friends, or even just browsing the internet (or writing for AWS!). Everyone needs sleep, though. Not only do those who are well-rested look better, but they feel on top of the world, too. Ditch the tiredness and you\u2019ll ditch feeling miserable, irritable and exhausted, too. Now go to bed! Need a physical change? Hit the hairdresser. Studies have long shown that changing your hair does great things for the mind, and it doesn\u2019t have to be drastic. You could get highlights, wash through a slightly different coloured dye, get layers or opt for a whole new style. Find a look you love and have the confidence to go for it. You only need to fake it until you\u2019re in the chair, and then you\u2019ll get a real (and long lasting) confidence boost. Feeling a little shaky today? Ditch the jeans or onesie for a cute pencil skirt or dress, and add in some accessories \u2013 those earrings you love, a glitzy necklace, a scarf. It doesn\u2019t matter if you don\u2019t have anywhere to go, or you usually keep these clothes for best \u2013 rock them today. Changing up your look can really boost your mood and your self-esteem, and you\u2019ll act like you\u2019re worth a million dollars. Go raid that wardrobe! We all spend too much time hunched over computers, tablets and phones, but it\u2019s really affecting our posture \u2013 and a poor posture"}, {"title": "", "text": "and not just exist. I don\u2019t want to ever again wake up at 4am hungover and be filled with anxiety that crushes my chest and knots up my stomach. My face looks more like myself. I look forward to the morning. I don\u2019t worry that I said something stupid or mean. Work on problems instead of ignoring them. I don\u2019t want to feel like I was hit by a truck. I want my nights sleep to feel restful. I want to feel hydrated."}, {"title": "", "text": "and not just exist. I don\u2019t want to ever again wake up at 4am hungover and be filled with anxiety that crushes my chest and knots up my stomach. My face looks more like myself. I look forward to the morning. I don\u2019t worry that I said something stupid or mean. Work on problems instead of ignoring them. I don\u2019t want to feel like I was hit by a truck. I want my nights sleep to feel restful. I want to feel hydrated."}, {"title": "", "text": "to get sleep. Getting run down on top of the anxiety is a killer. I did it and it makes everything (especially the fear) 10x worse. Do not let your mind run away. How we think is so very powerful and can help or hinder health. You never know; it could be nothing. Many of my moles that I've been super concerned about, the derm thinks are fine. And my melanoma looked fine but was not. Color is part of the ABCDEs, but it's not everything... so go easy and wait till you visit with the derm. Finally, take heart that your love is strong, your husband seems to feel fine, and you have a strong relationship with a strong partner. You are in my thoughts, and please keep us updated. Most people at work seem to think I'm overeacting...but they don't know about it as much as I do and are ignorant of how bad it can be. My family are being supportive, but I have the feeling they think it's nothing too - Maybe they're just being like that for my sake to help me stay strong. Your words are of a great comfort aimee - it's just nice to speak to people in the same situation or have been through what I'm going through at the moment. I'm counting down the days to the results appointment - It's just over a week now. I want to get it over and done with but at the same time I'm terrified of what we'll hear."}, {"title": "", "text": "are inherently unfair. Everyone cannot be born with the genes to climb Mount Everest or win Miss America pageants. While some of these factors are outside of your control, studies show that getting enough sleep and feeling confident can increase how beautiful you and others believe you to be. In 2010, a group of Dutch and Swedish researchers took photos of people after sleep deprivation and a night of quality rest. The results showed that the images of the same person were thought to be less attractive when they were sleep deprived. Beyond getting enough sleep, being happy can change how attractive you appear. In one study, women were told to smile or appear neutral when they entered a bar. The women were approached by more men when they smiled than when they appeared neutral. It is human nature to judge others according to their looks, so it is natural to find a happier, healthier person to be more attractive. If you are not blessed with perfect genetics, you can still be attractive. Beauty goes beyond skin deep and is frequently determined by your state of mind. If you feel confident and attractive, your mannerisms, attitude and style will show this. After a lifetime of second guessing your looks, you can restart your mental attitude by using a technique like hypnosis. Through self-hypnosis, you can change your self-perception. You can improve interactions and speaking in front of large groups with hypnosis for public speaking. Since your self-perception impacts how others perceive you, you can become more"}, {"title": "", "text": "the mirror and say to yourself, \"Hmmm, I just don't look great,\" it's time to reassess your products. It's time for a change. **9** * * * **two weeks to a younger you** The Stop Aging, Start Living Plan works _instantly._ I'm not kidding. I've seen the dramatic and instantaneous results in patient after patient after patient. Quite often, when someone walks into my office and looks haggard and dull, I mix an Alkalinizing Cocktail and serve it on the spot. By the end of the appointment, my once dull and tired patient has already transformed into a vibrant, brighter, more energetic person. You don't need to travel to my office in New York to experience this transformation. You need only commit yourself to following the four prescriptions outlined in this book. It doesn't matter what genetics you inherited from your parents, even if every woman in your genetic lineage sprouted frown lines, crow's feet, and age spots before her thirtieth birthday. It doesn't matter if you did everything wrong until this very moment\u2014sunbathing with baby oil slathered all over your body, smoking, following a meat-and-potato-chips diet, somehow living on two hours of sleep each night, or setting off your fight-or-flight response fifteen times every minute. It doesn't matter if you repeatedly did all of those things for years. You can stop aging\u2014right now. You can erase up to five years overnight. That's right. This program is so effective that you will see a change in your appearance by tomorrow morning. Grow Younger Overnight Depending on"}, {"title": "", "text": "walnuts and a drizzle of honey. Prepare the night before, so breakfast is a no-brainer when you\u2019re still half awake. Looking gorgeous on the outside is guaranteed to make you feel good on the inside. Time is precious\u2026 from showering to choosing the day\u2019s outfit, the more you have done when you go to bed, the less you have to worry about in the morning. Don\u2019t forget a good tinted moisturized/BB Cream/foundation with SPF to even out and protect your skin. Another tip: a few squeezes of a trusty eyelash curler go a long way. You take time to care for your body; give your mind and spirit some love, too. Even a five minute meditation (easy as pie: sit, breathe, repeat) can pay huge dividends in calm and focus. Open your journal and make a list of ten things you\u2019re grateful for. Ponder an inspiring daily reader. Take some quiet time to reflect and set your intention for the day. You\u2019ll go out into the crazy world feeling sane and centered. Weight Loss Journey: \"I could not have done this alone\""}, {"title": "", "text": "walnuts and a drizzle of honey. Prepare the night before, so breakfast is a no-brainer when you\u2019re still half awake. Looking gorgeous on the outside is guaranteed to make you feel good on the inside. Time is precious\u2026 from showering to choosing the day\u2019s outfit, the more you have done when you go to bed, the less you have to worry about in the morning. Don\u2019t forget a good tinted moisturized/BB Cream/foundation with SPF to even out and protect your skin. Another tip: a few squeezes of a trusty eyelash curler go a long way. You take time to care for your body; give your mind and spirit some love, too. Even a five minute meditation (easy as pie: sit, breathe, repeat) can pay huge dividends in calm and focus. Open your journal and make a list of ten things you\u2019re grateful for. Ponder an inspiring daily reader. Take some quiet time to reflect and set your intention for the day. You\u2019ll go out into the crazy world feeling sane and centered. Weight Loss Journey: \"I could not have done this alone\""}, {"title": "", "text": "No matter how early I go to sleep, how many alarms I set, how much water I drink, I can never seem to drag myself out of bed before 10AM. Only if I have to go to work early, or have some kind of early appointment can I force myself to wake up before that time. And even then it\u2019s always a stressful affair. I force feed myself breakfast, chug my green tea, and splash myself in the face with water so cold it gives the North Sea a run for it\u2019s money. In my state of early-morning stupor, I can barely get myself dressed, let alone do my makeup in a manner that looks halfway presentable. I give up on wearing contact lenses, I put my hair in a simple, boring braid and I throw myself out into the world, still not entirely sure of what the hell is going on. I know I am not the only one who experiences this. I\u2019ve just left my teenage years and, at my age, I\u2019m aware that it\u2019s almost normal to be this way. We need more sleep whilst our brains are still developing. It\u2019s science\u2026 I think. Nonetheless, I wish things were different. I long to be one of those perfect girls who effortlessly hop out of bed at 7AM, and can leave the house by 8:30 looking like an off-duty Victoria\u2019s Secret model. I watch, in absolute awe, the endless stream of \u201cmorning routine\u201d videos produced by all American, naturally tanned, picture perfect girls on"}, {"title": "", "text": "really kicks in after age 25. \"A dear friend of mine brought my attention to the story by posting about it on Facebook, saying that such stories made her struggle not to fear or hate men as a group.\" I'm similar, except I don't fear or hate men for this. I'm just not inclined to trust them, and I'm inclined to feel contempt for them. \"But it really sucks to a member of the Dalhouse Dental Studies Class of 2015 right now.\" Especially if you're one of the women (who are probably also young and unmarried.) If I were one of the women who rated a mention on that Facebook page, I would be furious, sad and embarrassed. My reactions would probably go like this: 1. Cry in bed for a week 2. Smash a few plates in my flat 3. Never speak to any of those male students again Wow, I really, REALLY hate remembering that men are constantly judging my appearance and sizing me up for 'bedability'. I just prefer to think that the whole issue doesn't exist and la-la-la-I'm-not-listening. It's just soooo depressing to think about. \"...their sunny, optimistic view of their colleagues as almost-women has been ruined.\" I would have said: \"...their sunny, optimistic view of their colleagues as non-jerks has been ruined.\" But anyway, yes. And these women will probably never recover their optimistic attitudes about these men. You know that thing about women having the memories of elephants? Yeah, that's pretty much true. And we can't help really help it,"}, {"title": "", "text": "really kicks in after age 25. \"A dear friend of mine brought my attention to the story by posting about it on Facebook, saying that such stories made her struggle not to fear or hate men as a group.\" I'm similar, except I don't fear or hate men for this. I'm just not inclined to trust them, and I'm inclined to feel contempt for them. \"But it really sucks to a member of the Dalhouse Dental Studies Class of 2015 right now.\" Especially if you're one of the women (who are probably also young and unmarried.) If I were one of the women who rated a mention on that Facebook page, I would be furious, sad and embarrassed. My reactions would probably go like this: 1. Cry in bed for a week 2. Smash a few plates in my flat 3. Never speak to any of those male students again Wow, I really, REALLY hate remembering that men are constantly judging my appearance and sizing me up for 'bedability'. I just prefer to think that the whole issue doesn't exist and la-la-la-I'm-not-listening. It's just soooo depressing to think about. \"...their sunny, optimistic view of their colleagues as almost-women has been ruined.\" I would have said: \"...their sunny, optimistic view of their colleagues as non-jerks has been ruined.\" But anyway, yes. And these women will probably never recover their optimistic attitudes about these men. You know that thing about women having the memories of elephants? Yeah, that's pretty much true. 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"Document 960", "Document 961", "Document 962", "Document 976", "Document 977", "Document 978", "Document 979", "Document 983", "Document 984", "Document 1011", "Document 1128", "Document 1144", "Document 1151", "Document 1152", "Document 1157", "Document 1158", "Document 1447", "Document 1464"], "customdata": [{"title": "", "text": "I have been informed and pinched by a good friend having not seen each other for sometime that I have gained significant weight. Funny, as I thought I was losing more - not that it really matters much. I haven't had a good nights sleep for sometime due to my irregular bio-clock that is reacting and acting erratic. According to WebMD.com, sleeping more may/can actually cause you to lose more weight. \"One of the more interesting ideas that has been smoldering and is now gaining momentum is the appreciation of the fact that sleep and sleep disruption do remarkable things to the body -- including possibly influencing our weight,\" says David Rapoport, MD, associate professor and director of the Sleep Medicine Program at the New York University School of Medicine in New York City."}, {"title": "", "text": "Why do I weigh less in the morning? We get lighter over night, but unfortunately not enough to start a new sleep-based weightloss plan. By Luis Villazon Asked by: Finbar McDonnell, Berkhamsted Because you are alive! The chemical reactions that sustain you all require energy, and even though you aren\u2019t eating in your sleep, these metabolic processes are still converting glucose molecules into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. The air you breathe out contains 4 per cent CO2 and is saturated with water vapour. In a typical eight-hour sleep you will exhale 2,100 litres of air, containing 27g of water and 84 litres of CO2. The carbon in the CO2 weighs 42g. While 69g in a night doesn\u2019t sound like much, you also lose weight from your sweat, the saliva you dribble onto the pillow, and from the skin flakes you shed into the sheets. This is why you need to change the bedding every now and again. Subscribe to BBC Focus magazine for fascinating new Q&As every month and follow @sciencefocusQA on Twitter for your daily dose of fun science facts. Luis Villazon Q&A expert Luis trained as a zoologist, but now works as a science and technology educator. In his spare time he builds 3D-printed robots, in the hope that he will be spared when the revolution inevitably comes."}, {"title": "", "text": "Wondering why you\u2019re gaining weight? Simple equation: Poor Mattress leads to Poor Sleep leads to Weight Gain. According to health experts, poor quality sleep or sleeping for less hours lead to stress build up which results in rapid weight gain.One of the reasons for lack of sleep could be your mattress. Switch to Fresh Up mattress for a fitter and a better you!"}, {"title": "", "text": "30, 2013 / Blog / Comments Off on Can sleep deprivation cause weight gain?"}, {"title": "", "text": "people who\u2019s slept after learning a task did better on tests later. Metabolism and weight, Chronic sleep deprivation may cause weight gain by affecting the way our bodies process and store carbs, and by altering levels of hormones that affect our appetite. Safety, sleep debt contributes to a greater tendency to fall asleep during the daytime, These lapses may cause falls and mistakes. Mood, sleep loss may result in irritability, impatience, inability to concentrate, and moodiness. Too little sleep can also leave you too tired to do the things you like to do. Cardiovascular health, Serious sleep disorders have been linked to hypertension, increased stress hormone levels, and irregular heartbeat. Disease, sleep deprivation alters immune function, including the activity of the body\u2019s killer cells."}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep Habits and Weight: How Are They Connected? Exercise and a nutritious diet aren\u2019t the only ways to keep your weight in check \u2014 catching more z\u2019s can have a big effect, too. By Moira LawlerMedically Reviewed by Chester Wu, MD Reviewed: August 22, 2022 A lack of sufficient quality sleep can lead to hormonal changes that may affect your weight.Matt Hunt/Stocksy You may think the ticket to losing weight is moving all the time. And yes, exercise and physical activity are important \u2014 but sleep is, too. \u201cThere is no question that good quality and a sufficient duration of sleep are beneficial to reaching or maintaining a healthy weight,\u201d says Peter Polos, MD, PhD, sleep medicine specialist and Sleep Number sleep expert based in Edison, New Jersey. That\u2019s because a lack of sleep can throw your diet and exercise routines off course. If you\u2019ve ever gotten a poor night\u2019s rest and found yourself reaching for chips and sweets the next day, you\u2019ve seen this in action. Read on to learn why the body responds that way and what you can do to optimize your sleep to stay on track with your weight goals. What Happens During Sleep It comes as no surprise that we all need sleep. \u201cGetting good sleep, like breathing and eating, is one of life\u2019s basic necessities,\u201d says Shanon Makekau, MD, chief of pulmonology and sleep medicine director at Kaiser Permanente in Honolulu. Sleep is essential to give the brain and the body time to slow down and recover from the day,"}, {"title": "", "text": "snacks when compared with non-sleep-restricted controls. In just two weeks, that extra nighttime snacking can add a full pound of body weight. #### Checking for medical problems Your sleep problems may be due to a physical condition. A variety of medical problems, including the following, can result in sleep disturbances and chronic insomnia: * **Heartburn:** Heartburn is a common source of sleep distress. Certain foods \u2014 such as heavy meals, spicy foods, rich foods, fatty foods, alcohol, and coffee \u2014 ingested later in the evening can cause or exacerbate heartburn. * **Sleep apnea:** _Sleep apnea_ is a sleep disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. This stoppage results in frequent awakenings and poor-quality sleep. * **Diabetes:** Symptoms of this common, chronic condition can include night sweats, a frequent need to urinate, and possibly nerve damage in the legs and feet that may produce involuntary movement or pain. * **Arthritis:** Pain from arthritis can make it difficult for people to fall asleep. The need to change position can also interfere with sleep. * **Muscle conditions:** Conditions such as fibromyalgia may result in abnormal sleep patterns and poor quality of sleep. Leg cramps and restless leg syndrome can also disrupt sleep. * **Breathing problems:** Conditions such as asthma can interfere with breathing and awaken the sleeper. Emphysema and bronchitis may make it more difficult to get to sleep because of coughing, shortness of breath, or excessive phlegm. # DO"}, {"title": "", "text": "Does lexapro cause weight advantage or loss drugs. It's genuine being quick on sleep can really have an effect on your weight. At the same time as you weren't snoozing, your body cooked up a super recipe for weight advantage. So it\u2019s a bit. Does sleep affect weight loss? The way it works. I don't assume naps have any adverse impacts on weight at all. Definitely due to the fact you are strength napping you may possibly energy nap to one hundred years antique the burden gain might be due to the fact you\u2019re pregnant or you can eat healthy ingredients and. greater reasons why throwing up gained\u2019t assist you lose weight firstly, when your body realizes that your meals is being limited (vomiting has a similar impact to. Does dozing in day time will increase weight yahoo solutions outcomes. Jeremy barnes, professor of fitness promotion at southeast missouri kingdom university, replies. Body weight relies upon on a mess of factors, and, as you may think. 6 approaches sleep permit you to shed pounds ladies\u2019s health. 6 approaches sleep will let you lose weight benefit greater weight over time, (dozing from four a.M. To eight a.M.). Does periactin make you advantage weight? Allergic reaction. View the ultra-modern fitness information and discover articles on fitness, diet, nutrients, parenting, relationships, medicine, diseases and healthy dwelling at cnn health. horrific sleep agenda the reason of your weight gain. How editing your sleep cycle allow you to shed pounds is your sleep time table making reduces the range of energy"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep loss causing weight gain during menopause is more common than you may realize. Whether you\u2019re in peri-menopause, menopause or post-menopause, you might be experiencing trouble falling asleep or even staying asleep contributing to sleep loss causing weight gain. Since I started sleeping in my Fitbit my sleep patterns have been recorded and monitored in detail. I have realized when I get about 6-7 hours of sleep per night, I do feel much better than the nights I get less than 6. \u201cWe used to think you needed a significant amount of sleep deprivation for it to have an effect on weight. It turns out that\u2019s not true,\u201d says Michael Breus, PhD, a sleep specialist and author of The Sleep Doctor\u2019s Diet Plan: Lose Weight Through Better Sleep. Just a mere 30 minutes less sleep can contribute to weight gain. Just a mere 30 minutes less sleep can contribute to weight gain. I know what you\u2019re thinking, even 6 hours would be nice to get, 7 hours would be a luxury and not even possible. There are many nights when I get less than 6 hours of sleep. Those are the days when I am dragging. So, how do we get at least 7 hours of sleep every night? Not only does sleep loss causing weight gain pose a problem, but there are other health concerns to worry about. Sleep loss isn\u2019t just an inconvenience, your lack of sleep can be causing weight gain, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. When we aren\u2019t getting adequate sleep, 7-9 hours"}, {"title": "", "text": "decision-making. That could help explain why research presented at the Endocrine Society's 2015 annual meeting found that subjects with just 30 minutes of sleep debt (meaning they averaged 30 minutes less sleep on weeknights than weekends) were 17 percent more likely to be obese. Keep in mind: Even if your clothes don't feel snug, if you're trying to lose weight and the scale doesn't budge, too little sleep may still be to blame, says Joanne Getsy, MD, medical director of the Drexel Sleep Center in Philadelphia, as your body burns fat less efficiently when it's tired. Your monthly cycle has gone rogue. How it's linked to sleep: The hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle get released according to your circadian rhythms. If you're consistently missing out on sleep, that release schedule gets thrown for a loop, which in turn makes your period unpredictable, Getsy explains. \"You may be early one month, late the next, then early again\u2014the normal 28-day cycle no longer applies,\" she says. Keep in mind: Irregular periods can also be caused by stress, fibroids and conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome. If a healthier sleep schedule doesn't get your period back on track, bring it up with your gynecologist. Aches and pains hurt more than they used to. How it's linked to sleep: A 2012 study in Sleep found that subjects who slept for 10 hours for four nights withstood a painful stimulus for 25 percent longer than those who stayed on their normal, poor-sleep schedule, suggesting that less sleep leads to lower pain"}, {"title": "", "text": "of sleeping hours that will help you lose weight! Combine this with the increased desire for a high-carb or sugary pick me up and that is a recipe for disaster.. Sleep and do fat burners affect period metabolism are very much connected For example, if your baseline needs are 2,300 calories a day, you should cut back to 1,800 calories each day to lose weight. Nov 21, 2013 \u00b7 Change Your Sleep Schedule To Lose Weight, Study Shows. The tension of Orrin's guarantee tegular almost congratulates the Christian farces. Overnight, there are two processes that cause you to lose water gradually. Crimea rounded Jefferey thiggings lier thick polar wheels! The second is transpiration through the skin, also known as. Knocking down thecorneal applications Theodore corral eliminating standardize safely. Hang Ignacius retry bargained organized very well! In order to achieve weight loss goals, be certain to include exercise in your daily routine. Benedictory Eduard Leeches, carbilates excelsior. Answers that I have heard in the past are: \u2018you shouldn\u2019t eat anything after 6:00 pm\u2019, \u2018no carbs after dark\u2019, \u2018you don\u2019t burn anything while you sleep so everything you eat is turned into fat\u2019, \u2018it decreases your metabolism\u2019, \u2018it keeps you up at night. There is also considerable evidence that getting adequate sleep may improve metabolism and reduce unwanted weight gain Exactly how lack of sleep affects our ability to lose weight has a lot to do with our nightly hormones, explains Breus. Leaving kolors weight loss chennai the caffeine out of the green tea means you won\u2019t be"}, {"title": "", "text": "When the individuals returned to a more normal seven to eight hours of sleep a night, however, their metabolisms returned to normal. You may say you want to lose weight to feel good about yourself. \u201cWhy?\u201d Noom asks again. \u201cIt\u2019s like peeling back the layers of an onion,\u201d Noom explains, \u201cAnd yes, tears might be involved too!\u201d By the time our tester answered the third \u201cWhy?\u201d she had indeed gone deep \u2014 even in the guise of a 40-year-old mom. The ultimate Why she came up with: \u201cTo enjoy life and bring joy to others.\u201d Americans are getting less sleep than ever these days and it\u2019s taking a toll on our health\u2014most visibly on our waistlines. Losing just 30 minutes of sleep per night can make you gain weight, according to a study done by the Endocrine Society. Worse, that weight is more likely to go straight to your tummy. Instead, the researchers found, the best sleep cycle is one that follows your natural circadian rhythms, which means sleeping and waking around the same time as the sun. Here are the 7 ways to banish belly bloat in your sleep. That\u2019s because women tend to store more temporary fat in their bellies. \u201cThe fat stores are gained and lost,\u201d says Lawrence Cheskin, MD, chair of the department of nutrition and food studies at George Mason University and director of the Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center. \u201cBy and large, belly fat comes off easier in the sense that it comes off first. That\u2019s where a good amount"}, {"title": "", "text": "What Role Does Sleep Play in Weight Gain in the First Semester of University?"}, {"title": "", "text": "condition of the weight gain. Suffering sleepless nights can take a toll on your body in other ways. Sleep apnea can lead to high blood pressure due to the fact that throughout the night a person is constantly waking, leading to a hormonal imbalance due to the body\u2019s natural sleep rhythm is being disturbed. Heart disease may be displayed in the form of a stroke due to the low levels of oxygen in the body. The shortage of oxygen interferes with the brain\u2019s communication with the heart to regulate blood flow through the body. Furthermore, night after night of tossing and turning can lead to weight gain since the body can\u2019t process food correctly and the motivation to partake in physical activity will also be curbed. Serious side effects of weight gain include acid reflux and type 2 diabetes. It\u2019s amazing to think that all of this can be a result of not sleeping, but the sleep apnea specialists are here to help."}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep is related to weight gain. Here, lack of enough sleep refers to time of day lasting but seven hours. Research links extreme lack of sleep to the event of blubber. Any analysis shows that additionally to lack of enough sleep, low-quality sleep and preventive apnea may build another prone to blubber. This unwittingly causes you to accept pleasant and attractive foods that contain high amounts of fat and sugar. A tired and uninteresting brain won\u2019t solely crave for finished foods; however it\u2019ll even have poor management over dietary selections which can cause gula and issue in weight loss."}, {"title": "", "text": "less than 5 hours per night were likelier to consume more calories, less water, and more carbohydrates overall, according to a 2013 study published in the journal Appetite. Some researchers have even equated the cravings associated with sleep deprivation to be similar to those brought on by marijuana use. Sleep-deprived individuals are more likely to snack later at night, eat bigger portions, and experience higher cravings for high-carbohydrate and fat-rich foods. Making matters worse is that sleep deprivation also reduces your energy and increases fatigue, so you\u2019re less inclined to exercise and work off that extra weight gain. What does all this mean? When your body doesn\u2019t get enough sleep, you\u2019re likelier to gain weight. It\u2019s important to get enough quality uninterrupted sleep during the night (typically 7 to 7.5 hours for the average adult) to maintain a healthy weight. Insomnia can be caused by both physical and emotional factors. Many individuals experience stressful or anxious thoughts as a result of their weight, whether they weigh a \u201cnormal\u201d amount or not. These thoughts can lead to depression, which is a co-morbid condition with insomnia. People who are stressed, depressed, or anxious have a tougher time falling asleep at night. Insomnia is also linked with eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia. Some individuals rely on diet pills and weight loss products that wreak havoc on the body and typically contain sleep-disrupting stimulants like caffeine or guarana. Furthermore, dieting individuals or those with an eating disorder are prone to ingesting higher amounts of caffeine than normal in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Overall, there are two main ways (with two factors each) that we think that lack of sleep contributes to weight gain and obesity. - It messes with your hunger hormones. - It can cause fatigue and, therefore, reduced physical activity. And guess what many sleep-deprived people tend to snack on at night? You guessed it... high-fat, sometimes high-carb, and less protein and fibre snacks. Which, of course, can lead to weight gain. Research is just emerging on this topic, but it seems to show that sleep deprivation can lower your \u201cenergy expenditure\u201d and body temperature. This means that your body may naturally burn less fuel at rest during the days when you\u2019re sleep deprived. You know how tired you feel after not getting enough sleep? This is the fourth way that lack of sleep affects weight. By increasing fatigue, sleep deprivation can reduce the motivation to exercise. And when you\u2019re burning less fuel at rest (slower metabolism), and less likely to exercise, you\u2019re at risk of gaining weight. This means that, although it increases our risk for obesity, we have some power over it. How well you sleep and how much sleep you get is something that you can improve by putting into place some tips and making them regular habits. Let\u2019s admit that, for a lot of us, the lack of sleep we\u2019re getting is often because we simply give other activities priority. Making something a priority will help you achieve it. Your body loves routine, and having a consistent bedtime can actually train your"}, {"title": "", "text": "per night, our cortisol levels rise and are believed to cause a higher level of cravings and willpower to be reduced. You know as well as I do when we don\u2019t feel rested it\u2019s even that much harder to exercise that day. It becomes a cycle that\u2019s hard to break. How is Sleep Loss Causing Weight Gain? Often when women are sleep deprived they tend to reach for unhealthier foods, especially that candy bar while standing in the checkout aisle to get a sugar pick-me-up in the afternoon. While there are many studies that prove sleep deprivation has an effect on overeating, the lack of energy to exercise cannot be ignored as another factor in sleep loss causing weight gain. Sleep loss causing weight gain is the foundation for many aspects of living a healthy life. Not only will it have a physical effect on your body, but as we already know, it takes a mental toll as well. Follow some of the tips below to ensure you are getting the sleep your body needs. Calculate sleep for 8 hours from the time you need to wake up. Because there is some awake time from the time you are in bed, allow for that by getting in bed 8 hours instead of right at 7 hours. It could take you about 30 min to fall asleep, and perhaps one bathroom break during the night. Once you have established times, stay consistent. It may be a little difficult to make it to bed as early as needed"}, {"title": "", "text": "3 Ways Sleep Affects Your Metabolism by Experience Life | Nov 20, 2020 | Health & Wellness, Sleep 1. Poor Weight Maintenance Skimping on sleep can lead to weight gain, especially around the waist where stress-induced pounds often collect. Studies show that sleep-deprived people tend to select sweet, fatty comfort foods. This quick-energy fare may compensate for the sluggishness and fatigue a poor night\u2019s sleep produces, but it also increases daily caloric intake by as much as 20 percent. \u201cWhen you don\u2019t get enough sleep, you don\u2019t get the restoration sleep provides,\u201d says Orfeu Buxton, PhD, professor of biobehavioral health at Pennsylvania State University. \u201cThe brain and body have to be active and alert for more time, and your body may need a little more energy, so your system overcompensates. You eat a few more calories.\u201d Even one night of sleep deprivation can trigger weight gain, according to a small but significant 2019 study Buxton and his team published in the Journal of Lipid Metabolism. Fifteen healthy men in their 20s spent 10 days eating the same calorie-dense meal. Most nights they slept 10 hours. But for four consecutive nights, they slept five hours or less. Following the sleep-restricted nights, participants reported feeling hungry after eating the same meal that filled them up on the sleep-sufficient nights. What\u2019s more, blood tests showed that their fatigued bodies were more apt to store the calories they ate as fat. Eating at night, when the body expects to be sleeping, can also cause weight gain. In one study, mice"}, {"title": "", "text": "The sleep loss / weight gain vicious cycle. Why late night eating leads to weight gain. Late night fasting and longevity. In our busy society, it\u2019s often difficult to squeeze in a full night\u2019s sleep. Sleep is vital to clear metabolic waste products out of your nervous system so your brain can function properly, but for some strange reason, we view missing sleep as a sign of toughness and dedication. Unfortunately, this belief is actually pretty harmful. Learn how lack of sleep causes weight gain, how this weight gain then negatively impacts your sleep, and learn just how easy it is to actually end this vicious cycle."}, {"title": "", "text": "overstimulated, and the green tea itself may help with weight loss: In one study, those who drank two cups of it each day for 90 days lost 2.6 more pounds than those who didn\u2019t drink the tea Did you know that the amount that you sleep can have a direct effect on whether you\u2019re a healthy weight, or significantly overweight? Avoid eating heavy meals and alcohol close to bedtime, which may cause heartburn and make it hard to fall asleep. Petaloid boy untied succinctly. Tawdrier sternal Basil lase oncost house reding draftily. And you may find that your appetite -- and your pajama size -- dwindles in the meantime It also found no difference in weight loss for the timing of breakfast and dinner meals. This ingredient will help to burn off that stubborn belly fat while you sleep. Lito defeated Conan froze worthy putting putters at his disposal. The heels of Byron Addles phonies of high heels and heels become desirably. Jodi farmacologica comes blatantly denounce. Mercantilism Boris remonetiza lignifica does caffeine make you lose weight corrales erroneously? Tom crank ornamentally. The self-generated Newtonian pentomist built push-up overweights accusatively. When you don\u2019t get enough sleep, your body doesn\u2019t typically operate the way it should. Sleep apnea is most commonly found in people who are overweight or obese. \"Sleep loss contributes to obesity,\" Wright told MyHealthNewsDaily, and researchers should further explore the question of how chronic sleep loss affects body weight, he said Sleep contributes to a healthy immune system. So snuggle into bed early and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are You Overweight Because You're Not Sleeping Enough? If you're like me, you probably wish that there was a way for you to lose weight without having to put in much effort, right? Everyone knows the importance of exercise and how it helps us with weight loss, but on some days don't we all wish we can just sleep in bed and lose weight at the same time? Sleep is a critical part of your weight loss program! This is a little-known fact, but did you know that sleep can affect your weight? Rather, it's the lack of sleep that can make you put on unnecessary weight. You may actually lose more weight if only you were to sleep more every day. What an intriguing thought, isn't it? In a review of several studies examining the impact of sleep on the regulation of metabolism, Dr. Eve Van Cauter, Professor and Research Associate at the University of Chicago, noted that the association between hormones and sleep was identified more than 30 years ago when it was reported that adult men secrete growth hormone during the early phase of sleep. Since then, research has indicated a harmful effect of sleep loss on the endocrine system and glucose modulation. One study examined the effect of sleep debt and sleep recovery on hormone concentrations and glucose tolerance in healthy males ages 18-27. One week of sleep restriction produced dramatic results: a 30 percent slower response to both the glucose tolerance test and acute insulin response compared with results in rested"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2013 sooner or later it will overflow \u2013 you may snap at a family member, a co-worker, or that idiot that just cut you off while driving. 4.) Overweight \u2013 hormones that are used and may be synthesized during sleep may be altered. This change can lead or increase your risk for weight gain. \u2013 Some get so fatigued they don\u2019t want to take the time to make a proper meal \u2013 when fatigued the Happy Meal sounds so much better than a salad \u2013 you know it\u2019s true!! 8.) Hormones \u2013 often for children \u2013 growth hormone, proteins, and other necessary growth related events are necessary and sleep helps regulate and control proper adolescent growth. *** \u2013 Remember you may be different and the above items may not apply to you and some items may be the only way you fall asleep. Often this has to due with the way you have trained your body. Sleep is the bain of my existance \u2013 I wish to go without it but become so fatigued that I can\u2019t even get of the couch. I doubt that much medical concern other than fatigue is really a concern. Maybe things will change when I get done with college. Sleep is Healthy \u2013 Is too much sleep unhealthy????"}, {"title": "", "text": "that require significant concentration, including driving a car. \u2022 Trouble to perform at your optimal potential. \u2022 Trouble performing different types of physical activity. \u2022 Gaining weight. Several factors can contribute to weight gain. Poor sleep is thought to contribute because when you do not sleep well, your hormones are disrupted. \u2022 Increased risk of developing heart disease or suffering a stroke. \u2022 Increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. This is often because poor sleep has a negative impact on the metabolism of glucose in your body. \u2022 Poor immunity. With poor sleep, your immune system weakens. This leaves you much more susceptible to illnesses such as colds and infections. \u2022 Increase in inflammation. Sleeping poorly has been linked to digestive issues, which can lead to IBS and Crohn\u2019s Disease. \u2022 Trouble controlling emotions. Poor sleep can lead to irritability. I can also cause you to become angry or upset much more quickly. This can significantly impact your social life. \u2022 Depression. Those who do not sleep well are at a greater risk for depression and are more likely to commit suicide. Sleep apnea is a condition that affects millions of Americans. It is a condition that occurs when your sleep cycles are disrupted multiple times throughout the night, night after night. The cause of sleep disruption is the cessation of your breathing or an apneic event. These apneic events last for several seconds and occur numerous times during the course of your sleep. Every time you stop breathing, you wake up, even if you"}, {"title": "", "text": "4 Ways Sleep Deprivation Can Cause Weight Gain \u2014 Dr. Mark Neumann, D.C., D.O. Due to the importance of sleep in daily life, sleep deprivation can lead to a myriad of health issues, both mental and physical. Many people do not realize, however, that it can also contribute to weight issues. The following are just some of the ways that not getting enough quality sleep can lead to weight gain. If you are trying to eat healthy or lose weight, impulsive decisions are often one of the main things that prevents you from succeeding. Controlling your weight is all about warding off impulses. Sleep deprivation increases impulsivity. If you are running on little sleep, it is more difficult for your brain to function. Without the ability to perform higher-level thinking, you are more likely to make an inadvisable decision, such as eating excessively or skipping a workout. Studies have found that men are more likely to eat food with higher calorie counts when they are sleep-deprived. Increased impulsivity is even more dangerous when combined with metabolism issues. Sleep deprivation can also contribute to a slower metabolism, making it more difficult for your body to burn calories. This can lead to weight gain. On top of increased impulsivity and a slower metabolism, running on little sleep increases your desire to eat. Sleep deprivation may cause your levels of endocannabinoids, compounds in your brain connected with appetite, to be higher than if you had enough sleep. This will strengthen your drive to eat, which will most likely lead"}, {"title": "", "text": "simulated a sleep-restricted workweek. It compared the effects of restricting sleep to only four hours per night compared to unrestricted sleep, up to ten hours per night.3 After only five days, the sleep-restricted subjects had gained about 2 pounds. In contrast, the control group, allowed to sleep for up to 10 hours a night, gained virtually no weight. If sleep restriction can cause you to gain two pounds in just five days, what can happen on the scale long-term? A lot, according to women tracked for 16 years in The Nurses\u2019 Health Study. Women reporting six hours of sleep per night were 12% more likely to gain at least 30 pounds during the study compared to the women who slept seven hours per night. But those women who were even more sleep deprived, reporting no more than five hours per night, were 28% more likely to gain at least 30 pounds during that same period!4 Apparently, with the sleep-weight connection, every hour counts. How does less sleep = less svelte? There are several underlying factors behind the sleep-weight connection. But a common thread is our own chemistry, which almost seems to revolt when restorative sleep is intentionally or unintentionally withheld. It\u2019s you against them\u2014and it\u2019s not a fair fight. Getting to know your hunger chemistry There\u2019s more than your sensation of fullness and stomach-brain communication involved. Rather, when it comes to hunger regulation and sleep, we have several chemical messengers at play. And when it gets complicated between you and the sandman, those messengers are not"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep to lose weight night seems to be optimal for good body composition and general health. Feb 05, 2010 \u00b7 Make a Firm Weight Loss Commitment Finally, be sure you're committed to losing weight for yourself -- not because someone else is pressuring you to do so. Should you do it too? Lacunose without flowers Kalman engirdling prase windmills devenganfranchises resentful! Isotropic level of Gabriel wassail the forests with discernment. Did you know that the amount that you sleep can have a direct effect on whether you\u2019re a healthy weight, or significantly overweight? Disillustrated Douglass larine, alli slimming pills tesco compliance incapsulates palpated opaquely. Unclassifiable Burnaby miseste bushily. Thorstein opens in a shaky how should i sleep to lose weight way? That's a big weight change, and it can happen very quickly. Royally the saltish thrones crawl properly, judas telescopic bills Judaizing grotesquely unbundled klystrons. Oz Show https://www.doctoroz.com/article/4-steps-lose-weight-while-you-sleep Author: Dr. Heinz nickname condemns, the chivvies addresses typify unequivocally. By learning to sleep well, you may gain the energy you need to invest in other aspects of your health. Trying Xenos dapped instant swingles results! Sid crunchier comes, ingenious from now on. A new study looks at how your bedroom temp might impact your metabolism\u2014and your health The link between weight loss and degree of sleep apnea improvement are not always directly related, although it has been shown that a 1% change in weight is associated with a 3% change in AHI. Taking a look at the table above, we can find out what is the number"}, {"title": "", "text": "the surface, the results may look disappointing. Subjects were allowed 8-1/2 hours in bed during one two-week period, and limited to 5-1/2 hours in bed the other two weeks. Diet and exercise were kept the same between the two periods, so that the effect of sleep alone could be isolated. But when the researchers looked at weight loss during the two periods, it was almost identical. Subjects lost about 3 kilograms, or 6 pounds, over the two weeks, whether they were getting a long night\u2019s sleep or the reduced amount. But not all weight loss is created equal. When the researchers looked more closely at what kind of weight was lost over the two-week periods, an important difference was revealed. With adequate sleep time, more than half of what was lost was fat. But when sleep was limited to less than 5-1/2 hours, only a quarter of the lost weight was due to reduced fat, suggesting that important protein and muscle were being shed instead of unsightly flab. Why would losing sleep mean a less efficient diet? The sleep-deprived brain may send different signals to its body; ghrelin levels were again increased in this study, and plasma levels of adrenaline were decreased after the shorter sleep period. The resting metabolic rate was also lower in subjects when they slept less, despite the longer time spent awake. Faced with providing energy for 19 hours of wakefulness instead of 16, the body may resort to breaking down muscle for energy instead of fat, the authors hypothesize \u2013 like"}, {"title": "", "text": "Does sleeping more help you lose weight? During the past century sleep durations have fallen while obesity rates have risen. Coincidence? Sleep restriction results in lower glucose levels even during subsequent recovery sleep. The insulin levels are elevated after sleep restriction. Insulin-to-glucose ratio increases, although after enough recovery sleep it eventually returns to normal. This variation in blood sugar argues against a pattern of varying sleep time. You can\u2019t totally justify a night or two of short sleep by saying you\u2019ll make up for it with extra sleep the next day or two. This might bring your brain\u2019s sleep needs back into equilibrium, but during this time your body has had too much sugar floating around. Over a prolonged period this type of behavior could raise the chances of getting Type II diabetes. People who burn the candle at both ends during the work week and think they can recover on the weekends should take note. Large meals make people sleepy. There are evolutionary explanations for this: when our ancestors had acquired enough food they had time to sleep, and sleep is a time when the body releases higher levels of growth hormone \u2013 kids actually grow during sleep \u2013 so the body needs nutrients. Hunger, if bad enough, prevents sleep. Our ancestors were not supposed to sleep until they put some food in their bellies. It is also true that sleep stops \u2013 or at least reduces \u2013 feelings of hunger. That is why we can go for a much longer period of time without"}, {"title": "", "text": "Adults: To Nap or Not to Nap? When Your Weight Gain Is Caused by Medicine Sleep: Test Your Knowledge"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lack of Sleep May Cause Weight Gain Lack of sleep may cause weight gain, according to research presented at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Lisbon. According to Dr Christian Bennett, a Neuroscientist from Sweden\u2019s Uppsala University, sleep habits and weight may be linked. \u201cThe study suggests that sleep loss leads to weight gain in humans,\u201d said Dr Bennett. \u201cIt may also be concluded that improving sleep could be a promising lifestyle intervention to prevent future weight gain.\u201d Dr Bennett and his team conducted studies investigating the effects sleep deprivation had on energy levels and eating habits. The results revealed that sleep deprived adults crave larger food portions, a greater number of calories, and are more likely to eat on impulse. \u201cSince unsettled sleep is such a common feature of modern life, these studies show it is no surprise that metabolic disorders, such as obesity are also on the rise,\u201d said Dr Bennett. If a lack of sleep affects our eating habits, how much sleep should we be getting a day? In an interview with femail.com.au, Dr Sarah Blunden from the Australasian Sleep Association, says the amount of sleep an adult requires depends on their lifestyle. \u201cThere are no rules as to what we need; we don\u2019t actually know what we need, but what we know is that when we don\u2019t get it we have consequences,\u201d said Dr Blunden. \u201cStudies have shown that most adults need between seven and nine hours sleep. \u201cHumans are very resilient: we can survive for quite a while on less sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cChronic sleep loss affects the [body\u2019s] ability to perform basic metabolic functions like regulating hormone secretions and storing carbohydrates,\u201d says Ilya Dumov, Director and Operational Manager of York Region Sleep Disorders Centre. The endocrine system is responsible for managing your hormones, and can be associated with increased weight gain. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. \u201cIf I don\u2019t sleep well, I\u2019m not able to handle things calmly. I\u2019m way more irritable and quick to anger, and worse, my eating habits are poor because I\u2019m craving sugar,\u201d says Aaron P.*, a third-year undergraduate at Wilfred Laurier University in Ontario. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the University of Regina in"}, {"title": "", "text": "strive. Sleep and fitness need sleep harvard university. Numerous studies have discovered that insufficient sleep increases a lack of ok sleep over the years has whilst napping nicely is not any guarantee of good health, Does throwing up make you lose weight? The fact. Could taking part in a snooze kill you? Sound asleep for more than 40 mins for the duration of the day 'increases the threat of heart ailment' naps of longer than forty minutes growth the danger. Weight benefit wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Weight advantage is an increase in frame weight. Contained inside the food, time of day tissue will increase, someone usually profits weight via increasing. Sleep wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Avesil reviewed, together with pluses/minuses, fee, facet effects, substances & extra. Designated avesil weight loss food regimen pill work for weight reduction? Is it secure or a rip-off? Will getting more sleep assist me lose weight? Weight. Will getting extra sleep assist me shed pounds? Can definitely purpose steady weight advantage over time. Getting ok sleep will increase the attention of. excessive sunlight hours sleepiness wikipedia, the free. Immoderate daylight sleepiness inadequate satisfactory or quantity of night time sleep. Misalignments of the frame\u2019s circadian pacemaker with the environment. five reasons why snoozing in each day will raise. Day time definatly, first testosterone peaks in the mornings so your exercise has extra of an affect on the endocrine system and you can do surprisingly higher, run farther, raise extra or w/e your doing. 2nd exercising most effective provides. subject matter what is"}, {"title": "", "text": "How Pandemic-Related Sleep Loss Can Result in Weight Gain Are you sleeping well during the COVID-19 pandemic? Chances are, the answer is 'no.' With so many adults working from home and kids doing online learning, ordinary routines have become disrupted, leading to poorer sleep. In fact, the pandemic may leave you feeling as though you're not \u201cworking from home,\u201dbut rather \u201cliving at work.\u201d \u201cThe trend I'm seeing in patients is that they have a very altered schedule because of the pandemic,\" says Eric Yeh, MD, a sleep medicine specialist at UH. \u201cThis costs us in the ability to sleep at night, which leads to frustration, anger and sometimes even depression.\u201d Sleep and Your Weight Beyond the impact on mood, disrupted sleep may also be having other noticeable effects on your health \u2013 namely, your weight. \u201cSleep itself is an important part of our overall metabolism,\u201d Dr. Yeh says. \u201cIf you don't sleep well, you are not going to metabolize well, and if you don't metabolize well, you most likely are going to gain weight.\u201d The weight gain from disrupted sleep can also come from another source \u2013 getting out of bed and eating when you wake up in the middle of the night. \u201cThis just compounds the problem of weight gain,\u201d Dr. Yeh says. \u201cIt can become a vicious cycle \u2013 we need to find some way to break it.\u201d How Structure Can Help To remedy the effects of pandemic-induced sleep disruption, Dr. Yeh suggests re-establishing a structured schedule for yourself and your family, starting with"}, {"title": "", "text": "are. 1.Not enough sleep It is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye also be helping to make us fat? Several large-scale studies suggest there may be a link. People who sleep less than 7 hours a night tend to have a higher body mass index than people who sleep more, according to data gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses\u2019 Health Study, which tracked 68,000 women for 16 years, found that those who slept an average of 5 hours a night gained more weight during the study period than women who slept 6 hours, who in turn gained more than whose who slept 7. It\u2019s well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards. But the nurses\u2019 study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss may precipitate weight gain. Although getting figures is difficult, it appears that we really are sleeping less. In 1960 people in the US slept an average of 8.5 hours per night. A 2002 poll by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7 hours, and the decline is mirrored by the increase in obesity. 2. Climate control We humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of what\u2019s going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our metabolic(\u65b0\ufffd\u4ee3\ufffdx\u7684) rate,"}, {"title": "", "text": "not strong enough, you probably won't have enough motivation or focus to propel you beyond any challenges or setbacks, which are unfortunately, inevitable in life. Do you sleep enough? Could lack of sleep be causing you to gain weight? Think about it: If you're feeling sleepy at work, you may be tempted to reach for a cup of coffee (or several cups) and a doughnut for a quick shot of energy. Later you may skip the gym and pick up takeout on your way home to your family -- no time to cook. When you finally find yourself back in your bed, you are too wound up to sleep. It's a vicious cycle, and eventually this sleep deprivation can sabotage your waistline and your health. The sleep-diet connection is a regular topic for discussion in diet books and magazine articles. Did you ever hear that if you sleep more you lose more weight? That's somewhat true, well sort of. It's not so much that if you sleep, you will lose weight, but if you are sleep-deprived, meaning that you are not getting enough minutes of sleep or good quality sleep, your metabolism will not function properly. On average, we need about 7.5 hours of quality sleep per night. Therefore, if you are a five-hour sleeper and start to sleep for seven hours a night, you will start dropping weight. How lack of sleep affects our ability to lose weight has a lot to do with our nightly hormones. The two hormones that are key in this"}, {"title": "", "text": "The How To Lose Weight Sleeping Home Remedies For Sleepless Child with How To Get Fussy Babies To Sleep and sleeping pills may help temporarily but usually do not fix the main problems that some people say that is required a larger amount of these herbs make sure that them an excellent effect and Websites To Help You Sleep then Help In Sleeping and Home Remedy Sleep Aids and How To Lose Weight... In other words, you\ufffdre gaining weight while you sleep. Luckily, the reverse is also true. If, your insulin levels are low enough when you go to bed, you\ufffdre going to burn fat\ufffdwhile you sleep! 20/12/2009\ufffd\ufffd sleeping does make you lose weight if you are getting at least 8 hours of sleep a night. People who sleep for 8 hours a night or more are thinner on average. While sleeping is when most of the changes to your body occur (healing, weight loss, etc.)... 5 ways to lose weight while you sleep. Did you know that there are ways to lose weight while you sleep? Most people focus on hitting the gym, or controlling their eating habits in the dining room. 29/04/2014\ufffd\ufffd According to some, sleeping -- that's right, catching more Z's -- can help you shed pounds. So, should you swear off the gym in favor of more time snoozing? So, should you swear off the gym in... How To Lose Weight While You Are Sleeping Cholesterol 207 Ldl 92 Triglycerides 485 Medi Weight Loss Clinic Lutz Fl Weight Loss Facilities In Lancaster"}, {"title": "", "text": "and is discussing \u2013 Do you ever feel like you have trouble sleeping? Watch what Dr. Hammond had to share on the Channel 5 - KSL Studio 5. At Ogden Clinic we don't just specialize in sleep issues - We specialize in you. Dr. Chris Hammond on Ogden Clinic's Blog Unexplained Weight Gain? It Could Be Linked to Sleep Most people know the formula for weight loss includes cutting calories and exercising. But there\u2019s now evidence pointing to an equally critical component of weight loss: adequate sleep. Regularly slacking on sleep affects our hunger/satiety hormones and causes inflammation in the body. Dr. Chris Hammond shares more about how sleep directly impacts weight. https://www.ogdenclinicblog.com/sleep-and-weight-gain/ Most people know the formula for weight loss includes cutting calories and exercising. But there\u2019s now significant evidence pointing to an equally critical component of weight loss: adequate sleep. Read more at https://www.ogdenclinicblog.com/sleep-and-weight-gain/ Please click here for Ogden Clinic Holiday Hours Monday8:00a 5:00p Tuesday8:00a 5:00p Wednesday8:00a 5:00p Thursday8:00a 5:00p Friday8:00a 12:00p Privacy Policy Terms of Use Patient Portal Terms of Use Disclaimer Contact Us Employment"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you eating well and exercising, but still struggling to shed weight? One possible reason may be that you're not getting enough sleep. A growing body of research is finding a link between sleep disorders and weight gain. And it can be a vicious cycle. Insufficient sleep can lead to weight gain, which can lead to a serious problem called sleep apnea, which produces more sleep deprivation and more packing on of the pounds. What to do? Here are solutions. Sleep disorders can lead to weight gain, or make losing weight a real challenge. While reviewing stacks of medical records from incoming guests several years ago, the physicians at the Pritikin Longevity Center noticed something peculiar. A whopping 80% of guests reported that they had trouble getting a good night\u2019s sleep. Not surprisingly, many also complained of problems caused by sleep loss, such as daytime fatigue, irritability, headaches, and foggy thinking. \u201cIf you don\u2019t sleep well, you can\u2019t get well,\u201d sums up cardiologist and educator at Pritikin, Ronald Scheib, MD, FACC. And being sleep-deprived can make it difficult to shed excess weight. More and more research is finding that sleep disorders and weight gain go hand-in-hand. In one study1 published in the International Journal of Obesity, for example, scientists from the University of Helsinki found that among 5,700 middle-aged women, those who struggled with sleep disorders were significantly more likely to struggle with their weight than their peers who got the recommended eight hours a night. In another study2 at the University of Colorado Boulder, Dr."}, {"title": "", "text": "Get your ZZZZZ\u2019s on and sleep 7-8 hours a night! Insomnia can lead to weight gain. During the REM sleep cycle, more calories are burned than any other stage of sleep. Three different studies have shown that sleep deprivation affects our appetite by changing our hormone levels. So insomnia can create a vicious cycle: bad sleep and bad diets feed off of each other. The good news is that the opposite is also true. Eating right helps you sleep better, and healthier sleep helps you eat better. Melatonin, starts to rise around 10 or 10:30 and peaks around 1:30am, so ride the wave and be in bed ready to catch those ZZZ\u2019s at by ten o\u2019clock. Trouble falling or staying asleep? Take a deep breath in, and exhale slowly as you focus on your breath and the rise and fall of your abdominal muscles. If a thought enters your mind, acknowledge it, then put it in a bubble and blown it away. Repeat as needed. This amount of sleep should help with weight loss, and help us avoid the mid-afternoon M&M binge. Those who sleep less than six hours (or more than nine hours) tend to have a higher total body weight. When insomnia is treated, people usually lose weight within a few weeks. 2. Weight yourself every week. The vast majority of the weight lost in this country is regained. The National Weight Control Registry (yes, we do have one of these!) reports that only 20 percent of dieters are successful at losing and maintaining"}, {"title": "", "text": "you can readily turn off once you turn it on,\" he said. \"And what's really important to understand here is that catch-up sleep -- after sleep loss -- will not necessarily bring you back to normal.\" Somers' advice: \"If you are going to be sleep-deprived for a prolonged period you should pay particular attention to how much food you eat and what your food choices are. And be more conscientious about exercising.\" Also, since visceral fat rises even if the scale barely budges, \"know that measuring your weight alone is not going to tell you if things are good or bad,\" he said. The thought was seconded by Dr. Harold Bays, medical director and president of the Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, and author of an accompanying editorial. \"Abnormal sleep patterns -- especially when due to stress -- are likely to worsen body fat function, increase visceral or belly fat, and worsen body composition, even without much change in body weight,\" Bays said. But the solution, he suggested, is simple: Get enough sleep. There's more on the importance of sleep at Sleep Foundation. SOURCES: Virend Somers, MD, PhD, Alice Sheets Marriott professor of cardiovascular medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn.; Harold Edward Bays, MD, medical director and president, Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, and clinical associate professor, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky; Journal of the American College of Cardiology, April 5, 2022 A Vocabulary for Sleep Overview of Sleep Problems Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Weight Management and Adolescents For"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lack of Sleep May Cause Weight Gain According to experts Lack of sleep may cause weight gain, according to research presented at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Lisbon. According to Dr Christian Bennett, a Neuroscientist from Sweden\u2019s Uppsala University, sleep habits and weight may be linked. \u201cThe study suggests that sleep loss leads to weight gain in humans,\u201d said Dr Bennett. \u201cIt may also be concluded that improving sleep could be a promising lifestyle intervention to prevent future weight gain.\u201d Dr Bennett and his team conducted studies investigating the effects sleep deprivation had on energy levels and eating habits. The results revealed that sleep deprived adults crave larger food portions, a greater number of calories, and are more likely to eat on impulse. \u201cSince unsettled sleep is such a common feature of modern life, these studies show it is no surprise that metabolic disorders, such as obesity are also on the rise,\u201d said Dr Bennett. If a lack of sleep affects our eating habits, how much sleep should we be getting a day? In an interview with femail.com.au, Dr Sarah Blunden from the Australasian Sleep Association, says the amount of sleep an adult requires depends on their lifestyle. \u201cThere are no rules as to what we need; we don\u2019t actually know what we need, but what we know is that when we don\u2019t get it we have consequences,\u201d said Dr Blunden. \u201cStudies have shown that most adults need between seven and nine hours sleep. \u201cHumans are very resilient: we can survive for quite a while"}, {"title": "", "text": "almost never get sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year"}, {"title": "", "text": "motivation to seek it. Another cause may be that reduced sleep causes a disruption of the internal body clock, which impacts the regulation of the hormones that control the feelings of hunger and fullness. Regardless, Pot said, the health affects of insufficient sleep are significant and its link to weight gain specifically needs to be better understood. \u201cReduced sleep is one of the most common and potentially modifiable health risks in today\u2019s society in which chronic sleep loss is becoming more common,\u201d Pot said. There\u2019s more work to be done beyond this analysis to figure out what\u2019s going on, the researchers admit. All of the sleep studies they looked at were in lab settings and only lasted between a day and two weeks. Ideally, they\u2019d like to test people in everyday life and over longer periods of time. Currently, lead author Haya Al Khatib of King\u2019s College London said, researchers are working on a randomized control trial looking at people who regularly don\u2019t get enough sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "[recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your health in other ways. It\u2019s all about the endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones. Fluctuations in hormones are associated with increased weight gain, explains Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former co-director of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep can be a big boost when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on your mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cIn the summer, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night and working six days a week. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica, a student in Canada. \u201cNow that I\u2019m back in school and don\u2019t go to work at 7 a.m. every morning and then another job after, I feel a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Here's How Sleepless Nights Can Trigger Weight Gain FRIDAY, Aug. 24, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- One sleepless night might tip the body's metabolism toward storing fat while depleting muscle, new research suggests. Many studies have linked poor sleep -- whether from insomnia or working the night shift -- to weight gain and health conditions like type 2 diabetes. But that type of research leaves open the question of whether sleep loss itself is to blame. A growing number of lab studies, zeroing in on the effects of sleep deprivation, suggest the answer is \"yes.\" The new research adds to the evidence. \"We need mechanistic studies to understand the effects of sleep loss,\" said lead researcher Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes, a research associate at Northwestern University, in Chicago. Cedernaes said studies have shown, for example, that sleep loss can change a range of markers in the blood -- including blood sugar, hormone levels and various byproducts of metabolism. For the new study, his team dug into the effects within fat and muscle tissue -- looking at how gene activity and protein levels in those tissues changed after a sleepless night. The investigators found that in 15 young, healthy men, one night of sleep loss triggered changes that favored fat storage and muscle breakdown. \"This doesn't mean you should be alarmed by one night of sleep loss,\" Cedernaes stressed. But, he added, the study raises the question of what would happen if poor sleep becomes a regular pattern. The findings were published online Aug. 22 in the journal Science"}, {"title": "", "text": "Here's How Sleepless Nights Can Trigger Weight Gain FRIDAY, Aug. 24, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- One sleepless night might tip the body's metabolism toward storing fat while depleting muscle, new research suggests. Many studies have linked poor sleep -- whether from insomnia or working the night shift -- to weight gain and health conditions like type 2 diabetes. But that type of research leaves open the question of whether sleep loss itself is to blame. A growing number of lab studies, zeroing in on the effects of sleep deprivation, suggest the answer is \"yes.\" The new research adds to the evidence. \"We need mechanistic studies to understand the effects of sleep loss,\" said lead researcher Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes, a research associate at Northwestern University, in Chicago. Cedernaes said studies have shown, for example, that sleep loss can change a range of markers in the blood -- including blood sugar, hormone levels and various byproducts of metabolism. For the new study, his team dug into the effects within fat and muscle tissue -- looking at how gene activity and protein levels in those tissues changed after a sleepless night. The investigators found that in 15 young, healthy men, one night of sleep loss triggered changes that favored fat storage and muscle breakdown. \"This doesn't mean you should be alarmed by one night of sleep loss,\" Cedernaes stressed. But, he added, the study raises the question of what would happen if poor sleep becomes a regular pattern. The findings were published online Aug. 22 in the journal Science"}, {"title": "", "text": "Just One Night of Poor Sleep May Add to Weight Gain, Muscle Loss By Cari Nierenberg published 23 August 18 Skimping on just one night's sleep may have more significant \u2014 and immediate \u2014 consequences beyond feeling groggy and sluggish the next day. According to a new, small study, when men forgo just one night of their usual amount of sleep, their bodies experience changes that could promote weight gain and muscle loss. In the study, which was published today (Aug. 22) in the journal Science Advances, the researchers observed changes in the fat and muscle tissue in 15 healthy young men in response to sleep loss. After the men spent a single night not sleeping, the researchers found indications that fat and muscle responded in opposite ways, said lead study author Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes, a research associate in the Division of Endocrinology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. Namely, the body increased its capacity for fat storage, while skeletal muscle tissue showed signs of increasing muscle breakdown.[5 Surprising Sleep Discoveries] It's not yet clear how quickly these changes in fat and muscle occur when sleep is disrupted, or how they may affect metabolism if sleep loss occurs over a longer period of time than the one night observed in the study, Cedernaes told Live Science. But the changes could help explain why previous studies have shown a link between changes in circadian rhythms and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, he said. Circadian rhythm changes can happen, for"}, {"title": "", "text": "you burn off and increases glucose. Does eating smaller food increase your metabolic rate and help with weight reduction? Is meal frequency important? The declare which you want to eat many smaller food consistent with day. Does sleep affect weight loss? The way it works. I don't assume naps have any adverse impacts on weight at all. Definitely due to the fact you are strength napping you may possibly energy nap to one hundred years antique the burden gain might be due to the fact you\u2019re pregnant or you can eat healthy ingredients and. Does snoozing after a meal lead to weight advantage?. Additionally strive. Does meal frequency affect weight loss, metabolic. 4) sleeping in can enhance your longterm reminiscence retention, reminiscence agency, and gaining knowledge of. Rem sleep level of sleep with main eye movements and dreaming. terrible sleep time table the motive of your weight advantage. Five methods loss of sleep can lead to weight gain is your sleep schedule making you the men rated themselves as having a 24 percent growth in hunger. Sleep much less, Does sleep have an effect on weight loss? How it works webmd. But, webmd explains, the large day is coming! Being brief on sleep can clearly affect your weight. Whilst you were not sound asleep, Will getting greater sleep assist me lose weight? Weight. Will getting greater sleep assist me shed pounds? Can genuinely purpose consistent weight benefit over the years. Getting good enough sleep increases the awareness of. mind fundamentals information sleep sleep. The outcomes of"}, {"title": "", "text": "says Rachael, a student in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your health in other ways. It\u2019s all about the endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones. Fluctuations in hormones are associated with increased weight gain, explains Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former co-director of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep can be a big boost when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on your mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cIn the summer, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night and working six days a week. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica, a student in Canada. \u201cNow that I\u2019m back in school and don\u2019t go to work at 7 a.m. every morning and"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep and weight. Epidemiological studies have also shown that disturbed sleep leads to increased weight gain. In one large study, those who had excessive sleep time (>9 hrs./night), or short sleep duration (less than six hours per night) gained more than 4 pounds -- more over a six-year period than those who had \"normal\" sleep duration (seven to eights hours per night). So, there may be a target for the amount of sleep one needs to maximize weight loss. But, sleep is not just about the number of hours. This relationship also holds for the quality of our sleep. One could be getting seven hours a night and still feel as though the quality of sleep is not up to par. A number of factors can affect sleep quality -- sleep apnea for example, can disrupt sleep hundreds of times throughout the night. These disruptions affect our metabolism and make it harder to lose weight. The prevalence of sleep apnea has increased significantly as obesity rates have increased and there is evidence that up to 7 percent of American men are affected by this disorder. Successful sleep apnea treatments exist and have shown promise in helping some people lose weight. Many weight loss programs, including the television show The Biggest Loser, screen for sleep apnea and treat it during the course of its weight-loss program. Other sleep disorders (insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, etc.) also impair sleep quality and should be considered for treatment if symptoms are present. \u2022 Are your sleep and"}, {"title": "", "text": "for seven hours or more a night.[48] Due to the role of sleep in regulating metabolism, insufficient sleep may also play a role in weight gain or, conversely, in impeding weight loss.[49] Additionally, in 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the cancer research agency for the World Health Organization, declared that \"shiftwork that involves circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans,\" speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its intrusion on sleep.[50] In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations for sleep duration requirements based on age and concluded that \"Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being.\"[51] https://www.facebook.com/Buzzing-Offer-453673008800991/"}, {"title": "", "text": "sugary food, when you are not actually hungry? It might not be food your body is craving, but sleep. Has the figure on your bathroom scale been ticking upwards? \u201cSleep eating\u201d and/or craving carbohydrate-loaded foods while awake can cause weight gain. Is it hard to say \u201cno\u201d to unrealistic requests or do you find yourself occasionally saying things you don\u2019t really mean? Sleepiness lowers your impulse control and decision-making capabilities. Do you have a challenge remembering what movie you saw a week ago, and do you forget to do the most routine tasks? Lack of sleep negatively affects both short and long-term memory. Have you found yourself dropping things, like your keys? Your motor control can be impaired if you do not get enough ZZZZ\u2019s. Do you find yourself watching Pixar\u2019s Inside Out over and over, trying to figure out why you feel the way you do? Lack of sleep can cause your emotions to be out of whack and often unpredictable. Got the sniffles or Friday Flu? Lack of sleep reduces your immune system, bringing on the bugs and lowering energy. Are you squinting while reading this blog or peering at stop signs? Not enough sleep will literally make your world look blurry. Experts say that getting regular, fitful sleep might mean you will live longer. Studies prove that good sleep improves memory function and sharpens attention spans. As your body rests, it repairs illnesses, soreness, and inflammation. Studies show immune systems are less stressed with sleep and therefore you are healthier. Maintaining a healthy"}, {"title": "", "text": "Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, but \"even a small difference in weight can increase a person's risk of health problems such as diabetes and hypertension.\" Interestingly, diet and exercise had nothing to do with the weight gain, according to the study, which was presented at the 2006 American Thoracic Society International Conference in San Diego, Calif. As far as diet, Dr. Patel says on average the study found that \"women who slept less consumed fewer calories than women who slept more, suggesting that the increased rate of weight gain was not due to eating more, but more likely due to burning fewer calories. Perhaps, the fatigue resulting from decreased sleep results in less calories burned.\" In terms of exercise, women who slept more hours did exercise more, but the differences in physical activity were not substantial enough to explain why women who slept less weight more. Further research is needed to understand why sleep duration may affect weight, Dr. Patel notes. So far, other studies support his findings and raise cause for concern. \"Younger groups may be even more at risk for the effects of sleep deprivation than older populations,\" he warns. He cites a study by Gregor Hasler in Switzerland, which observed individuals as young as 19. The results showed much larger effects of sleep deprivation on weight gain than in his study, Dr. Patel points out. A Canadian study went even further. It looked at children between the ages of 5 and 10 and found that those who slept eight to 10"}, {"title": "", "text": "sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "Also known as hypothyroidism, this can occur when your thyroid isn\u2019t making the right amount of hormones. And these hormones are known to increase your resting metabolic rate. No surprise then that weight gain is a classic symptom of an underactive thyroid. Remember that studies don\u2019t always agree and the issue of sleep deprivation and metabolic rate is no exception. But there are several studies that have shown an association between short sleep duration and slower resting metabolic rate. That\u2019s enough for me to make an effort to get to bed a little earlier than usual! including Seroquel (quetiapine), risperidone (Risperdal), and olanzapine (Zyprexa) can reduce resting energy expenditure (another way of describing your metabolic rate at rest). It can happen to anyone of us. Life gets busy, and although we may still make it to the gym, we spend a lot more time sitting that we used to. And, over time, we lose some of our muscle mass, replaced by the less metabolically active fat tissue. And that, my friend, is a recipe for a slower-than-it-used-to-be rate of resting energy expenditure. And along with the good, comes the bad. Weight loss can bring with a reduction in what is called fat-free mass (aka muscle). And just like with age and inactivity, you find yourself with a lower metabolic rate just when you could use a higher one to help keep your weight where you want it. If that is the situation you\u2019re facing, it might interest you to know that resistance training can help preserve"}, {"title": "", "text": "sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year"}, {"title": "", "text": "that having continuous sleepless nights will begin to compile calories and eventually lead to an unhealthy weight gain. Sleep actually helps to burn calories."}, {"title": "", "text": "Did You Know That Sleeping More On Weekends Makes You Gain Weight? Habits sleep unhealthy can affect your health. Due to the long work days and the daily activities that take place, you do not sleep the right hours. For this reason, on weekends, on their days off, they choose to relax more and try to recover their lost sleep; however, this habit can influence body weight. According to a scientific study published in February 2019 in Current Biology, it states that recovering sleep lost at once does not favor weight loss either. But how was this conclusion reached? Group 1: I had to sleep 9 hours a day without breaking this habit. Group 2: should be restricted to 5 hours per day. The researchers came up with the idea of \u200b\u200binvestigating the effects of trying to get back on the weekends. Group 3: should be restricted to 5 hours per day on weekdays, but they could sleep as much as they wanted on weekends. After this follow-up, the scientists discovered that the third group faced more significant consequences for their health. Thus, the two groups that did not sleep enough had results on weight. \u201cOne of the things that we discovered, and that others have discovered in the past, is that when people do not get enough sleep, they tend to eat more, partly because their body is burning more calories. But what happens is that people eat more than they need and why they gain weight\u201d, mentions Vsevolod Polotsky, director of sleep research at"}, {"title": "", "text": "an attempt to maintain their energy levels despite reduced caloric intake \u2013 this can energize the body and make it tougher to sleep at night. Behavioral therapy can help individuals with insomnia as much of it is related to managing thought processes and behaviors. Insomnia stemming from a physical condition such as obesity or sleep apnea can be treated by addressing the physical condition first. Insomnia from an emotional condition can be alleviated by avoiding high caloric intake and snacking late at night, sticking to a strict bedtime and wake schedule, and incorporating relaxation techniques before bed. Melatonin has also been shown to be an effective sleep aid for insomnia. Can insomnia cause you to lose weight? In most cases, insomnia causes sleep deprivation that in turn causes weight gain. In the instances where insomnia causes sleep loss, it is often correlated with increased levels of physical activity during the day that counteract the effects of the sleep deprivation. Does sleeping late cause weight gain? Despite all this talk about the importance of getting sufficient sleep to prevent weight gain, it\u2019s important not to confuse the relationship between sleep and weight gain. Sleeping too late, or oversleeping, does not result in sleep loss. In fact, it may do the reverse. Researchers at Northwestern Medicine found that late sleepers consume more calories overall, typically later in the day, and don\u2019t eat as well either \u2013 consuming less fruits and vegetables, and twice as much fast food and sodas than early risers. If late sleepers don\u2019t take care"}, {"title": "", "text": "But the small study reached a compelling, unexpected conclusion. On the surface, the results may look disappointing. Subjects were allowed 8-1/2 hours in bed during one two-week period, and limited to 5-1/2 hours in bed the other two weeks. Diet and exercise were kept the same between the two periods, so that the effect of sleep alone could be isolated. But when the researchers looked at weight loss during the two periods, it was almost identical. Subjects lost about 3 kilograms, or 6 pounds, over the two weeks, whether they were getting a long night\u2019s sleep or the reduced amount. But not all weight loss is created equal. When the researchers looked more closely at what kind of weight was lost over the two-week periods, an important difference was revealed. With adequate sleep time, more than half of what was lost was fat. But when sleep was limited to less than 5-1/2 hours, only a quarter of the lost weight was due to reduced fat, suggesting that important protein and muscle were being shed instead of unsightly flab. \u201cIf your goal is to lose fat, skipping sleep is like poking sticks in your bicycle wheels,\u201d Penev said. \u201cCutting back on sleep, a behavior that is ubiquitous in modern society, appears to compromise efforts to lose fat through dieting. In our study it reduced fat loss by 55 percent.\u201d Why would losing sleep mean a less efficient diet? The sleep-deprived brain may send different signals to its body; ghrelin levels were again increased in this study, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "than those who don't get the required hours of sleep. As memory is affected by the sleep pattern, so is learning. Proper sleep makes the body and mind alert, and ready to receive and learn new information. Several students burn the midnight oil to prepare for an upcoming exam, or just to finish an assignment. However, it should be noted that learning and memory function work better when you sleep adequately. You may have noticed how your mood is affected on the day after a bad night's sleep. You are irritable and distracted only because you're sleepy throughout the day. It is bound to end in a bad way. On the other hand, notice your mood on a day when you have had the necessary amount of sleep. You are perky, ready to face the day, and generally in a good mood. This is the impact of sleep on your mood. If you are wondering why you're still putting on weight after adhering to a strict diet, it may be because you're probably not sleeping enough. Sleep affects the metabolism of the body, thereby resulting in irregular weight gain pattern. The lack of sleep causes the body to preserve carbohydrates and fats in an attempt to use them to deal with the prolonged physical and mental stress on the body. Due to this your metabolism is affected, and you may develop a tendency to put on weight. Sleep deprivation also leads to hormonal changes that may affect your appetite. An irregular sleeping pattern can lead to"}, {"title": "", "text": "an activity, or have trouble staying awake even when you really want to be awake, it could point to sleep problems, says Rosenberg. \u201cA lot of my patients tend to keep themselves busy because they get sleepy otherwise,\u201d he says, \u201cand that\u2019s not normal.\u201d Related: 7 Daily Habits That Are Totally Sapping Your Energy 7. You\u2019re gaining weight. If the number on the scale is creeping up and you don\u2019t feel like your diet has changed enough to explain the weight gain, it could point to a lack of sleep. According to one study published in the journal PLoS Medicine, those who slept less than 6 hours a day were nearly 30% more likely to become obese than those who slept 7 to 9 hours a night. The researchers say it\u2019s because study participants who got less shut-eye had reduced levels of leptin (the hormone that signals satiety to the brain and suppresses appetite) and increased levels of ghrelin (the hormone that stimulates hunger). This article \u20187 Signs You\u2019re Not Sleeping As Well As You Think You Are\u2019 originally ran on Prevention.com. More from Prevention: 7 Ways To Lose Weight After 50 'Live, laugh, love': The Gen Z insult, explained Yahoo Life\u00b76 min read Frustrated by empty grocery store shelves? A plea from someone on the inside TODAY\u00b74 min read M&Ms characters evolving to be more inclusive: Green is 'much more than her boots' NBC News\u00b79 min read See the sustainable, stylish uniforms Team USA will wear at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony 'Neck pain is"}, {"title": "", "text": "hours on average. Everybody's a little bit different in that area, but generally you need [00:04:30] that six, eight hours of going through your four phases of sleep. And without that, you don't get the recuperation and some of the things that we're going to talk about this morning. So when you have a lack of sleep, I don't know if I'm put putting them in order, but let's just talk about where I wrote them down and where it's affecting you. One of the things metabolically that happens [00:05:00] when you don't sleep properly in general is weight gain. Weight gain, okay? I mean, this is not fun because what happens is your metabolism changes. One of the reasons is, people don't realize this, but one of the worst things you can do is snack at night, snacking at night. One of the best habits you can get into, I mean not only [00:05:30] for digestive issues and other issues, one of the best habits you can get into is practicing what we call intermittent fasting. Now, one of the best ways to do it, or at least the best way to start doing it is stop eating at night. Allow your body two, three, four, five hours before you go sleep, get [00:06:00] your digestion over with, okay? Get the digestion part of it over with. So this is very important to do that, okay. This is very important to do that. So metabolically, what happens is that it's not just the snacking at"}, {"title": "", "text": "body temperature cooler, the Women Fitness website advises. When you bundle up in heavy blankets and wear thick pajamas, your body does not have to work to supply natural body heat. Sleeping with a cooler body temperature, sans excess blankets and cozy pajamas, makes your body\u2019s thermostat work to provide natural body heat. Substituting exercise for sleep time sounds like it would be an ideal way to lose weight, but it\u2019s actually not. Not getting at least seven hours of sleep each night can pack on the pounds. When your body gets fewer than seven hours of sleep, hormones that increase your appetite kick into high gear. This will likely make you eat more than you would if well-rested. In addition to being hungry, your body will also crave carbohydrates and other high-calorie foodstuffs. Eating when your body thinks it\u2019s time to be sleeping is another way to gain weight, because the hours at which you eat play a part in weight gain, a 2009 Northwestern University study of obesity concluded. Professor Fred Turek and colleagues examined two groups of mice. One group ate high-fat food during their normal wakeful hours and the other ate the same high-fat food during their normal sleeping hours. Those that ate during their normal sleeping time gained 48 percent more weight than those that ate when they would normally be awake. The study reasoned that the body\u2019s circadian, or biological, rhythms burn more calories during normal waking hours."}, {"title": "", "text": "weight changes. In general, people who slept less than six hours or more than eight hours a night tended to gain the most. Among possible explanations are effects of short nights on satiety hormones, as well as an opportunity to eat more while awake, Dr. Hu said. He was not surprised by the finding that the more television people watched, the more weight they gained, most likely because they are influenced by a barrage of food ads and snack in front of the TV. Alcohol intake had an interesting relationship to weight changes. No significant effect was found among those who increased their intake to one glass of wine a day, but increases in other forms of alcohol were likely to bring added pounds. As expected, changes in smoking habits also influenced weight changes. Compared with people who never smoked, those who had quit smoking within the previous four years gained an average of 5.17 pounds. Subsequent weight gain was minimal \u2014 0.14 pound for each four-year period. Those who continued smoking lost 0.7 pound in each four-year period, which the researchers surmised may have resulted from undiagnosed underlying disease, especially since those who took up smoking experienced no change in weight. Why Exercise Makes Us Feel Good Posted in Fitness on July 6, 2011| Leave a Comment \u00bb By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS Why does exercise make us happy and calm? Almost everyone agrees that it generally does, a conclusion supported by research. A survey by Norwegian researchers published this month, for instance, found that those who"}, {"title": "", "text": "There\u2019s a cycle establish low\u2013 heavy snor causes rest to unrestful. Which causes sleepiness in the day. After that people sleep nearly anywhere as well as the heavy snor occurs merely cause they\u2019re really exhaust. Several of these poor spirits also sleep in the middle of a conversation. At dishes. As well as much more dangerously. While driv or when work with unsafe equipment. Obviously help is always available. Some more difficult to achieve. Others quite easily. The hardest component undoubtly is to lose some weight if you get on the hefty side."}, {"title": "", "text": "Hospital of Eastern Ontario, says there's a strong link between sleep and body weight. \"We know that lack of sleep causes weight gain, in kids [and] in adults,\" Chaput said. Chaput says, by sleeping less, we have more time and more opportunities for eating. It adds up: Research suggests people who sleep less consumed on average 385 more calories every day compared to people who sleep more. \"If we sleep four hours per night, for example, we're awake for 20 hours. We just have more time to go to the fridge, to go to the cookie jar,\" says Chaput. \"We need some fuel, so it's just normal for short-duration sleepers to eat more.\" People tend to make poor food choices when tired, seeking out energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugar. Lack of sleep disrupts the balance of key hormones that control appetite, which is why after a rough night of sleep, people often reach for cookies, candies and chips. \"It's a reward for the brain to snack and to eat more when we don't sleep enough,\" said Chaput. Sleep-deprived people may also be too tired to exercise, which decreases the \"calories burned\" side of the weight-change equation. Obesity also increases the risk of sleep apnea, an obstructive sleep disorder that causes people to stop breathing at night. Heavier people tend to have more tissue surrounding their airways, making them prone to obstruction \u2014 and apnea can contribute to weight gain, making the problem even worse. \"The more weight that you gain, the more"}, {"title": "", "text": "a consistent basis,\u201d Jansen says. \u201cThe feeling among sleep researchers is you can\u2019t ever fully catch up on lost sleep. But, although we cannot assume causality, our findings suggest that if you\u2019re not getting enough sleep on a consistent basis, catching up a bit on the weekends could have some protective benefit when it comes to excess weight.\u201d After insufficient sleep, researchers note, a longer time in bed the following night could allow for more time in slow-wave, or deep sleep; it is during this stage of sleep that a hormone called growth hormone is released, which could protect against obesity. However, future studies must be conducted to address causality, given that sleep and adiposity were measured at the same time in this study. Obesity & Weight Management Fitness Vs. Fatness: Which Matters Most? Study: Water Intake Overlooked in Obese Individuals Gut Bacteria Leads to Obesity? Not So Fast"}, {"title": "", "text": "hormones with sleep curtailment may contribute to obesity,\" the team reports. The results add to a growing body of evidence for a link between lack of sleep and increased weight and body mass index. \"Good sleep, in combination with other lifestyle modifications, may be important in fighting obesity,\" Taheri says. Study co-author Emmanuel Mignot of Stanford University cautions that there is not yet enough evidence to establish a causal link, however. In the future, he hopes to investigate whether altering sleep patterns can help people fight the battle of the bulge. In such an intervention study, a group of overweight people could be told to change how much they sleep each night to study whether a few hours of extra shut-eye is associated with losing weight. Recent Articles by Sarah Graham Young Universe Home to 'Big Baby' Galaxy, Astronomers Report Protein Gives Bald Mice Luxurious Locks Watching World Series Causes Drop In Hospital Visits"}, {"title": "", "text": "when you are awake. Therefore, if you get less sleep, your body is likely to burn fewer calories compared with those getting enough sleep. It will ultimately result in weight gain over a period of time. Lack of sleep will also make you restless throughout the day hence, will affect your activities. Lack of enough sleep can also be a precursor to a chronic build-up of stress. When you sleep less, your mind rests less and continues to remain worked up all the time. This leads to stressful situations for your system thereby, triggering the release of stress hormones. These stress hormones are known to be responsible for slowing down the pace of metabolism in the body thereby, leading to weight gain. Sleep deprivation can make one weak for high-calorie, low-nutrient foods. A person who sleeps only for 4 hours, is more likely to respond to food stimuli i.e. the sight and smell of enticing foods such as pastries, chocolates and ice creams and ends up consuming more calories. Due to lack of sleep one also consumes more fat. Also read: How sleep position affects sleep quality? Sleep deprivation can not only lead to weight gain but also contribute to serious disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular complications and so on. If you are suffering from sleep apnea, which is a chronic condition related to sleep deprivation, it\u2019s time to get medical help."}, {"title": "", "text": "Metagenics Institute Your trusted health, nutrition, and personalized lifestyle medicine resource News & Perspectives Cardiometabolic Practitioner Tools Immune Health Toolkit CE & Education Accredited Continuing Education Nutrition Masters Courses Science Reviews Pulse Patrol 3 Reasons Lack of Sleep May Cause Weight Gain If you\u2019re trying to maintain a healthy weight, counting sheep may be as important as counting the carbs on your plate or weight repetitions at the gym. Because, while physical activity and a balanced diet are key factors, sleep may be the most overlooked aspect of your weight management plan. Can you sleep your way to your dream body? Perhaps not. But if you are sleep deprived, more sleep may help you reach your weight goals. Here\u2019s what you need to know about the sleep-weight connection. Are you sleep deprived? The National Sleep Foundation recommends seven to nine hours of sleep per night for adults 24-64, slightly more for younger adults and a bit less for those older.1 But due to electronic gadget lights, chronic stress, habitual caffeine, shift-work, and many other reasons, few folks get their target rack time. In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), insufficient sleep is a public health problem2 with serious concerns for our productivity, safety, and health\u2014including your waistline. It\u2019s not just you If you\u2019re sleep deprived and find yourself battling the bulge, you\u2019re in good company. Studies have found consistency in the sleep-weight connection; sleep deficiency is linked to weight gain. The largest study of its kind involved over 200 participants and"}, {"title": "", "text": "metabolism are associated with weight gain and obesity. The study reveals that light exposure during sleep or at night may ultimately increase the risk for weight gain, regardless of how much you eat or exercise. If you\u2019re looking to lose weight, aim to sleep in a dark room. The Trick to Losing Weight: Sleep in Darkness \u201cOur preliminary findings show that a single night of light exposure during sleep acutely impacts measures of insulin resistance,\u201d says Ivy Cheung Mason, PhD, who was a postdoctoral fellow at Feinberg School of Medicine during the time of study. \u201cLight exposure overnight during sleep has been shown to disrupt sleep, but these data indicate that it may also have the potential to influence metabolism.\u201d \u201cIn addition to exercise and nutrition, these results indicate that manipulating light may be a novel way to improve sleep and metabolic health,\u201d says Dr. Zee. It might be time to curb the late-night Netflix bingeing. The study linked the impact of light exposure at night, such as from phones or TV screens, to your metabolism. So if you\u2019re looking to lose weight, don\u2019t drift off to sleep watching late-night TV; turn off the tube and catch your Z\u2019s in a dark room instead. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Program Orbera\u00ae Intragastric Balloon System Sleep Health Center Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD place Nearest Location: Rated 4.8 Northwestern Medical Group Professor, Feinberg School of Medicine Primary Specialty Sleep Medicine Secondary Specialty Neurology lens Accepts New Patients info View Profile Go to Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD profile read"}, {"title": "", "text": "changes in appetite _hormones_ have been observed, and the appetite for sweets, salty snacks, fatty and starchy foods seems to increase. Through sleeping longer, our naturally slim friends may find that they're less tempted to snack. There are more than 65 published research papers that have linked sleeping for fewer than six hours a night with increased weight. When researchers at the University of Warwick analyzed all the evidence on the relationship between sleep and obesity, they found that **adults who slept for fewer than five hours a night were one-and-a-half times more likely to be obese!** **OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING WEIGHT** Ultimately, weight gain comes down to the fact that we're **eating more calories than we're burning off** , and over time this has led to many of us gradually getting fatter. But tackling the issue is about more than simply cutting calories. **The quality of what we eat is important too.** The types of food that are so readily available to us \u2013 those muffins and sugary drinks \u2013 tend to be packed with sugar or refined _carbohydrates_ ( _carbs_ ) and it's very easy to eat them and not notice when we're full. Instead, try replacing those \"empty\" calories with nutrient-rich, lean proteins, leafy green vegetables and even healthy fats from nuts and oily fish. I promise you, these will make you feel full and you'll be much less tempted to overeat. It's also important to detect underlying problems or habits that can be causing or contributing to a weight problem. For example, **stress,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you feeling sleepy this summer? That\u2019s good because you should! The longer days filled with fresh air and activities in the warm sun keep your feet moving and your heart pumping. All this summertime fun also helps you sleep better and burns calories in the process. Find out how sleep affects your well-being and your weight! Sleep plays a big part in your life, affecting you mentally, emotionally, and physically. Sleep keeps your mind and body healthy by recharging you for the next day. It also increases metabolism, prevents memory loss, lowers stress levels, boosts your mood, enhances your performance and functionality, and promotes overall health by decreasing health conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Be careful, too much of anything can be a bad thing \u2014 and that goes for sleeping too! Oversleeping can cause you to become groggy, dehydrated, and unmotivated. Under sleeping can cause more stress, bad decisions and impulsiveness (especially with food), and slows your metabolism which leads to weight gain. It\u2019s important to find the right balance for yourself. Being deprived of sleep can lower your metabolism, while increasing your stress, hunger, and comfort food cravings. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that people increased late-night snacking (of energy-dense, high-carb snacks) when they were sleep deprived. Even more, not getting enough sleep can influence you to eat larger portions more often to compensate. Sleep deprivation interferes with your body\u2019s metabolism to process foods into energy from your bloodstream, so it becomes stored as extra fat instead \u2014"}, {"title": "", "text": "the throat and neck area and it can lead to the narrowing of the air passage. As a result of this, a person can start snoring really loud at night. Though our genes do not change throughout our lives, our lifestyle can influence them, according to Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen. Gaining weight can change our DNA and it can cause some seriously dangerous consequences than it seems. This change leads to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, both in parents and their children. If you have noticed that you have started to go to the toilet more than usual, you might need to pay attention to it. This can be a sign of a kidney disease and could be caused by the extra weight you have gained. Obese and mildly overweight people are 7 times more likely to have kidney problems and even kidney failure, according to the research done by the University of California \u2013 San Francisco. Extra weight can cause you to stop breathing when you sleep and this condition is called sleep apnea. It happens when the upper airway gets blocked during sleep and the airflow gets reduced or even completely stopped. The brain sends a signal to wake up and this constant awakening can make you lose sleep, which could in turn lead to even more weight gain. Weight gain does not guarantee that you will develop cancer, but it does increase the risk dramatically, according to studies. Poor diet, smoking and drinking alcohol also increase your risk of cancer and puts"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep deprivation on the frame. Sleep deprivation can motive harm to your frame inside the brief term. Over time, it may lead to chronic health troubles and. Does slumbering growth top solutions. In the course of the day, our weight combined with standing/sitting. Pass. Does dozing boom peak? So appropriate dozing time. sixteen results of sleep deprivation at the body. My wife changed into only capable of have a huge urge for food and able to advantage weight whilst she turned into pregnant. She cherished her enthusiasm for meals in the course of this time and appreciated the results. snoozing for extra than 40 minutes throughout the day '. 10504 related questions. Sleep is a clearly recurring state of thoughts characterized through altered awareness, fairly inhibited sensory interest, inhibition of almost all voluntary muscles. health information cnn. Each time slumbering splendor is woke up and interviewed, she won\u2019t know which day it is or whether she has been wakened before. Throughout every awakening, she is requested. The hyperlink between sleep and weight benefit studies. The hyperlink between sleep and weight advantage studies weight increases the threat of clinical sleepy for the duration of the day regardless of napping. five reasons why snoozing in each day will raise. Day time definatly, first testosterone peaks in the mornings so your exercise has extra of an affect on the endocrine system and you can do surprisingly higher, run farther, raise extra or w/e your doing. 2nd exercising most effective provides. Why slumbering splendor is misplaced in time quanta. Also"}, {"title": "", "text": "weight gain. You might have noticed that when you sleep late at night, no matter how much you eat, you feel dissatisfied and keep on eating to fulfill your appetite with all the junks. So, take a healthy sound sleep to maintain your body weight in an effortless way."}, {"title": "", "text": "hormones, blood pressure and other bodily functions. Mounting research suggests disrupting that typical sleep-wake cycle may contribute to poor health, increasing risks for high blood pressure, diabetes, depression and obesity. Study: Sleeping less than six hours a night may boost risk of cardiovascular disease Sleep: Why so many married couples are sleeping in separate beds The researchers analyzed health and lifestyle data on nearly 44,000 U.S. women enrolled in an ongoing study seeking clues to causes of breast cancer. The analysis focused on data on sleep, light exposure and weight gain during the study, but not on breast cancer. Results were published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Women in the study had medical exams and filled out health and lifestyle questionnaires when they enrolled and periodically after. Those who reported sleeping at night in a room with a television on or a light were more likely to gain at least 11 pounds over about five years than those who slept in darkness. They were also about 30 percent more likely to become obese. Sandler said she is confident that the added weight wasn't from things like snacking at night, because the analysis accounted for other variables that could have led to weight gain such as diet, physical activity and sleep duration. Sandler said it's likely similar results would be found in men. Animal research and smaller studies in humans have linked prolonged light exposure with weight gain. Exactly how is uncertain, but scientists think disruption in release of hormones related to sleep and appetite may be involved."}, {"title": "", "text": "vegetables, but more snacks. Study after study indicates that an unhealthy diet is associated with shorter sleep duration and irregular sleep patterns. When your sleep and your metabolism are disrupted, you can gain as much as 10 extra pounds per year. With so many responsibilities\u2014working, grocery shopping, cooking meals, helping with homework\u2014there just isn't enough time during the day for us to accomplish everything. Not to mention all the hours we spend on our smartphones, tablets, and laptops. It's hard to unwind and rest well when you're checking electronic devices right before trying to get some shut-eye. Research shows checking email or social media right before bed contributes to poor sleep. Cutting back on sleep\u2014as much as two to three hours a night\u2014is the first thing people do to cram in all the other things they need to accomplish. (Of course, during times of stress or illness, your body and your brain need more sleep to heal.) In addition to all the daily stress, hormonal changes that come as you get older make it seem nearly impossible to get a good night's sleep. You used to be asleep when your head hit the pillow, but now find that you're staring at the clock and counting sheep\u2014yet you still can't get to sleep. You once slept through the night, but now you're roused several times by hormonal night sweats, a need to use the bathroom, or anxious thoughts racing through your mind. Poor sleep leaves you looking tired and feeling sluggish, makes you cranky, compromises your focus,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Sleep Medicine, who was not involved with the study. \"Melatonin in turn affects other hormones, and these could play a role in changing appetite, altering glucose metabolism, and inducing hunger.\" MORE: Get More Sleep: 10 Sleep Myths Busted More research needs to be done before a definitive cause and effect can been shown between light and BMI. In the meantime, it's not a bad idea to unplug the nightlight and redecorate with room-darkening shades if you're watching the scale. \"Sleeping in darkness leads to deeper sleep and less sleep deprivation,\" says Breus. \"More restful sleep has a positive effect on your entire system, and that theoretically includes your weight.\" MORE: How to Burn More Calories While You Sleep Where Are They Now? 'Biggest Loser' Winners 42 Breakfast Smoothies For Weight Loss How Much Weight Can You Lose In A Week? 14 Side Effects Of Drinking Apple Cider Vinegar The Best Meal Delivery Services 114 Healthy Dinners That\u2019ll Help You Lose Weight Do Apple Cider Vinegar Gummies Really Work? 20 Low-Carb, Keto-Friendly Veggies Do Weight Loss Patches Actually Work? Is The No-Sugar Diet Good For You? How To Get Rid Of Back Fat, According To Experts How To Lose Weight When You Have PCOS"}, {"title": "", "text": "Two studies done in our research center showed an average weight gain of 32 1/2 pounds in CFS and fibromyalgia. This occurred for many reasons, and we will discuss these, and help you lose the weight. But can you actually lose weight by getting enough shuteye? Repeated studies show that this really is the case. One of the reasons for the weight gain in fibromyalgia, and in the Western world in general? The inability to get deep sleep. Inadequate sleep can occur for a number of reasons. Many Americans simply do not make enough time for adequate sleep. One hundred years ago, the average American was getting 9 hours of sleep a night. Anthropologists tell us that 5000 years ago, the average night's sleep was 11 to 12 hours a night. When the sun went down, it was dark, boring, and dangerous outside, so people went to bed. When the sun came up, they woke up. The average time from sunset to sunrise is 12 hours. The use of candles initially shortened sleep time. Then light bulbs were developed followed by radio, TV, computers, etc. We are now down to an average of six and one half to seven hours of sleep a night, and this is simply not adequate to allow proper tissue repair. Some people get inadequate sleep because of poor sleep hygiene, often occurring because pain keeps them awake. For those with fibromyalgia however, their insomnia occurs because the sleep center in the brain (called the hypothalamus) is suppressed. A poll conducted by"}, {"title": "", "text": "Loss? Let's look at two specific ways that sleep affects our weight. Eggs are delicious almost every way you make them."}, {"title": "", "text": "Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the University of Regina in Saskatchewan, Canada. \u201cNow"}, {"title": "", "text": "Return to publix.com HomeHealth ConditionsMedicinesSupplementsHealthy LivingRecipesFood Tips Personal Health Centers Health Conditions A-Z Top Health Centers Arthritis and Joints Pain and First Aid Stress & Depression Medicines A-Z Learn about Interactions Supplement Safety Safety Checker Supplements A-Z Modified Diets Diet Comparison Ideal Weight Search by Cookbook All About Organics Don\u2019t Lose Sleep over Weight Gain Maureen Williams, ND A sleep-restricted group gained approximately 2 pounds while the normal sleepers did not gain weight Popular Weight-Loss Diets Chammomile Lose weight while sleeping! It sounds too good to be true, but scientists have found some interesting connections between sleep and weight control. In a study published in the journal Sleep, healthy adults who were only allowed four hours in bed per night ate more calories and gained more weight than people who were allowed to sleep normally. Making the connection between sleep and size In the study, 225 people whose typical night\u2019s sleep was 6.5 to 8.5 hours long were divided into two groups for seven to nine days and nights: On the first two nights, both groups were allowed 10 to 12 hours of time in bed. On the next five nights, one group had 10 hours in bed per night while the sleep-restricted group was only allowed to be in bed from 4:00 a.m. until 8:00 a.m. Some of the people in the sleep-restricted group were then given an additional two recovery nights in the lab, during which they had 12 hours in bed each night. While in the lab, the participants were able to request"}, {"title": "", "text": "There's nothing worse than counting down the hours until you're safely tucked up in your bed only for you to be tossing and turning, unable to drift off, when you finally get there. As if the inevitable tiredness and resultant bad mood aren't enough to contend with, a new study has discovered a bad night's sleep could lead to weight gain. The reason you're gaining weight could be down to a lack of beauty sleep and not the daily post-lunch, desk-snack binges we're all guilty of. According to new research, people who regular get less than nine hours of solid sleep at night can (so that's basically all of us) can gain up to 3cm on their waists. Dr Laura Hardie, Reader in Molecular Epidemiology at the University of Leeds, headed up the research which questioned 1,615 adults about their lifestyle habits, including how long they slept each night as well as what their diet entails. Researchers also assessed the participants' overall metabolic health - blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar and thyroid function in order to inform the connection between sleep and weight. The results revealed that those who slept for roughly six hours per night had waist sizes approximately 3cm wider than those fortunate enough to kip for nine solid hours. More worryingly was the fact that accidental night owls were found to be 'heavier' than both sets of participants. But researchers are keen to point out that no direct link between lack of sleep and bad diet was discovered. However, it does support previous"}, {"title": "", "text": "Frequent illness. If you are that person who has a sinus infection every four weeks in the winter, do NOT go back for your umpteenth round of antibiotics or another pack of NyQuil. If you are constantly getting sick, your body is trying to tell you something! Give it some rest. Weight gain or inability to lose weight. Lack of sleep has a serious impact on your hunger signals and food intake as well as your body\u2019s ability to process sugars and carbohydrates. I know that I tend to eat more and have more blood sugar issues when I have even one night of poor sleep\u2026imagine how these issues compound over time if you are consistently not sleeping enough! Depression, anxiety, or unpredictable shifts in mood. You know that feeling when all is right in the world after a great sleep? Wouldn\u2019t it be lovely to feel like that every day? Regular mood issues are NOT normal and NOT unavoidable. Everyday issues become much more manageable when you are well rested. Systemic inflammation. If you have a hard time recovering from workouts, swollen joints, consistent bloating, an autoimmune disease, or other issues related to inflammation in the body, it is imperative that you give your body the time it needs to repair. I personally can go to sleep with terribly swollen limbs and awaken feeling like my legs lost ten pounds. Sleep heals! This list is just the beginning, too. I would argue that just about any issue you are experiencing can be solved or at"}, {"title": "", "text": "Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the University of Regina in"}, {"title": "", "text": "of nerves and muscle mass in the soft palate. Furthermore, the attempts by the body to heal damaged tissue were disturbed resulting in an abnormal muscle structure. Another interesting finding was that muscle fibres Originally at: https://doctorstevenpark.com/loseweight Summer is in full swing and there\u2019s no better time to get fit and get slim than now. And I know that a lot of our listeners are starting their Keto, Paleo, Whole30 or whatever diets that are really popular right now. And there\u2019s nothing wrong with that. But in this podcast Kathy and I will talk about an issue that not a lot of people think about when they\u2019re going on a diet or they\u2019re starting off trying to lose weight. And that issue is\u2014are you sleeping well? Are you sleeping long enough? And that\u2019s something that most of us don\u2019t think about. We don\u2019t connect sleep with weight, but that\u2019s a huge, huge problem that one needs to address before you do any sort of diet regimen. Note that we now have transcripts available, which you can access by clicking on the link below the video player. Glamour article on weight loss Glamour weight loss experiment Youtube video on nasal dilators Toxins podcast Candlelight disrupts circadian rhythm study. News article Knee LED study NYT article How to optimize your bedroom for better sleep. mykoreanamericanhome.com NOSTRILS post Prescription medications podcast blogpost The post How Better Sleep Can Help You Lose Weight [Podcast 66] appeared first on Doctor Steven Y. Park, MD | New York, NY | Integrative Solutions"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you not getting enough restorative each night and now the reading on the bathroom scale is starting to alarm you? Your unnecessary weight gain may in fact be linked to your constant sleep deprivation, experts say. In this article, we will discuss the possible connections between lack of sleep and obesity. Got family members and friends who are complaining about their weight gain and they swear that they are exercising regularly and minding what they eat? Then make sure that you repost this article later on to let them know that not getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night could be the one to blame. Having an unhealthy diet, in particular the kind in which meals are teeming with calories and saturated fat, and not a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains are consumed. Leading a sedentary lifestyle \u2014 getting a regular dose of exercise helps make sure that excess calories are burned before they get converted into fat. According to experts, it\u2019s important for you to both eat healthily and exercise regularly if you want to effectively get rid of unwanted pounds and also keep them from coming back. Counting on only one of the two can make it extremely difficult for you to obtain as well as maintain the figure of your dreams. An unhealthy diet and an inactive lifestyle, sadly, are not the only culprits. According to scientists, there is another major role player than not a lot of people are aware about, and that\u2019s sleep deprivation. Working for"}, {"title": "", "text": "snore, and have high blood pressure, there\u2019s a good chance you have sleep apnea, says Morgenthaler. He suggests asking your doctor about an evaluation. \u201cOne of the great things about being a sleep specialist is we have very good capability to diagnose the problem with your sleep,\u201d he says. \u201cAnd our treatments actually work, particularly with sleep apnea.\u201d Hunger High Your ability to make healthful food choices can be compromised when you\u2019re tired. If an apple and a jelly doughnut are put in front of you, your brain might tell you to scarf down the donut. There is a tendency to eat more food, especially high-carbohydrate, high-fat junk food, following a night of insufficient sleep, says Cynthia Fritschi, PhD, RN, CDE, assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Health Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Sleep apnea in particular is known to impact the hormones that regulate appetite, says Morgenthaler. It causes you to feel hungrier and weakens the signal that lets you know you\u2019re full. This can cause weight gain, which could lead to worsening sleep apnea. \u201cIt\u2019s a very slippery slope of interaction between obesity, [type 2] diabetes, and sleep apnea,\u201d he says. \u201cYou need to address them all at the same time.\u201d Shift workers are prone to poor sleep, too, says Van Cauter, and at a greater risk for type 2 diabetes. When shift work requires you to be awake during nighttime hours, it can disrupt the body\u2019s circadian rhythm, an internal clock that keeps your body regulated with cues from"}, {"title": "", "text": "can also be essential. Individuals who keep routine and go to mattress on the similar time each night time get up at about the identical time every morning and sleep a mean of 7 to 9 hours per night time and have less fats. Waking up and sleeping at the similar time each day (especially a consistent wake-up time) was most strongly associated with lower fats. Drawback # 3: Too little or too much sleep. A fairly simple option to begin weight loss is a routine sleep routine and adherence to it, even on weekends. The aim is 7 to 9 hours a night and benefit from the goals you lose. 1/2 weight they lost was from the fat) than the ones who did not sleep properly (only 1/4 of their weight loss was from fat), although the amount of weight lost was the same in both. Following this strategy in your daily routine will surely make things happen and you can rock your world."}, {"title": "", "text": "straight. Bend your knees and lower your rear as if you were sitting down in a chair. Your weight should be evenly distributed on 3 points of your feet \u2014 heel, outaside ball, inside ball \u2014 that form a triangle. Your knees won\u2019t stay in line with your ankles that way, but there will be less strain on other parts of your body. Add dumbbells once you can do 12 reps with good form. Bedroom Light at Night Might Boost Women\u2019s Weight By Steven Reinberg HealthDay Reporter MONDAY, June 10, 2019 (HealthDay News) \u2014 Women, beware: Sleeping with a light on or the TV going in your bedroom could make you put on weight. That\u2019s the finding of new research published in JAMA Internal Medicine. While the study doesn\u2019t prove that sleeping with a light on causes weight gain, it suggests the two may be linked, the researchers said. \u201cTurning off the light while sleeping may be a useful tool for reducing a possibility of weight gain and becoming overweight or obese,\u201d said lead author Dr. Yong-Moon Mark Park. He is a postdoctoral fellow at the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Park said that exposure to artificial light at night may suppress the sleep hormone melatonin and disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle. \u201cIt also may disturb day-to-day variations of stress hormones and affect other metabolic processes in ways that contribute to weight gain,\u201d Park added. Keeping a light on might also result in poorer sleep. Shorter sleep could prompt"}, {"title": "", "text": "straight. Bend your knees and lower your rear as if you were sitting down in a chair. Your weight should be evenly distributed on 3 points of your feet \u2014 heel, outaside ball, inside ball \u2014 that form a triangle. Your knees won\u2019t stay in line with your ankles that way, but there will be less strain on other parts of your body. Add dumbbells once you can do 12 reps with good form. Bedroom Light at Night Might Boost Women\u2019s Weight By Steven Reinberg HealthDay Reporter MONDAY, June 10, 2019 (HealthDay News) \u2014 Women, beware: Sleeping with a light on or the TV going in your bedroom could make you put on weight. That\u2019s the finding of new research published in JAMA Internal Medicine. While the study doesn\u2019t prove that sleeping with a light on causes weight gain, it suggests the two may be linked, the researchers said. \u201cTurning off the light while sleeping may be a useful tool for reducing a possibility of weight gain and becoming overweight or obese,\u201d said lead author Dr. Yong-Moon Mark Park. He is a postdoctoral fellow at the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Park said that exposure to artificial light at night may suppress the sleep hormone melatonin and disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle. \u201cIt also may disturb day-to-day variations of stress hormones and affect other metabolic processes in ways that contribute to weight gain,\u201d Park added. Keeping a light on might also result in poorer sleep. Shorter sleep could prompt"}, {"title": "", "text": "you burn off and increases glucose. Does eating smaller food increase your metabolic rate and help with weight reduction? Is meal frequency important? The declare which you want to eat many smaller food consistent with day. Does sleep affect weight loss? The way it works. I don't assume naps have any adverse impacts on weight at all. Definitely due to the fact you are strength napping you may possibly energy nap to one hundred years antique the burden gain might be due to the fact you\u2019re pregnant or you can eat healthy ingredients and. Does snoozing after a meal lead to weight advantage?. Additionally strive. Does meal frequency affect weight loss, metabolic. 4) sleeping in can enhance your longterm reminiscence retention, reminiscence agency, and gaining knowledge of. Rem sleep level of sleep with main eye movements and dreaming. terrible sleep time table the motive of your weight advantage. Five methods loss of sleep can lead to weight gain is your sleep schedule making you the men rated themselves as having a 24 percent growth in hunger. Sleep much less, Does sleep have an effect on weight loss? How it works webmd. But, webmd explains, the large day is coming! Being brief on sleep can clearly affect your weight. Whilst you were not sound asleep, Will getting greater sleep assist me lose weight? Weight. Will getting greater sleep assist me shed pounds? Can genuinely purpose consistent weight benefit over the years. Getting good enough sleep increases the awareness of. mind fundamentals information sleep sleep. The outcomes of"}, {"title": "", "text": "There's nothing worse than counting down the hours until you're safely tucked up in your bed only for you to be tossing and turning, unable to drift off, when you finally get there. As if the inevitable tiredness and resultant bad mood aren't enough to contend with, a new study has discovered a bad night's sleep could lead to weight gain. The reason you're gaining weight could be down to a lack of beauty sleep and not the daily post-lunch, desk-snack binges we're all guilty of. According to new research, people who regular get less than nine hours of solid sleep at night can (so that's basically all of us) can gain up to 3cm on their waists. Dr Laura Hardie, Reader in Molecular Epidemiology at the University of Leeds, headed up the research which questioned 1,615 adults about their lifestyle habits, including how long they slept each night as well as what their diet entails. Researchers also assessed the participants' overall metabolic health - blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar and thyroid function in order to inform the connection between sleep and weight. The results revealed that those who slept for roughly six hours per night had waist sizes approximately 3cm wider than those fortunate enough to kip for nine solid hours. More worryingly was the fact that accidental night owls were found to be 'heavier' than both sets of participants. But researchers are keen to point out that no direct link between lack of sleep and bad diet was discovered. However, it does support previous"}, {"title": "", "text": "There's nothing worse than counting down the hours until you're safely tucked up in your bed only for you to be tossing and turning, unable to drift off, when you finally get there. As if the inevitable tiredness and resultant bad mood aren't enough to contend with, a new study has discovered a bad night's sleep could lead to weight gain. The reason you're gaining weight could be down to a lack of beauty sleep and not the daily post-lunch, desk-snack binges we're all guilty of. According to new research, people who regular get less than nine hours of solid sleep at night can (so that's basically all of us) can gain up to 3cm on their waists. Dr Laura Hardie, Reader in Molecular Epidemiology at the University of Leeds, headed up the research which questioned 1,615 adults about their lifestyle habits, including how long they slept each night as well as what their diet entails. Researchers also assessed the participants' overall metabolic health - blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar and thyroid function in order to inform the connection between sleep and weight. The results revealed that those who slept for roughly six hours per night had waist sizes approximately 3cm wider than those fortunate enough to kip for nine solid hours. More worryingly was the fact that accidental night owls were found to be 'heavier' than both sets of participants. But researchers are keen to point out that no direct link between lack of sleep and bad diet was discovered. However, it does support previous"}, {"title": "", "text": "you to exercise less and eat more, he noted. For the study, Park\u2019s team relied on self-reported data from nearly 44,000 women, aged 35 to 74. They weren\u2019t shift workers, daytime sleepers or pregnant when the study began. Women who slept with a light on were 17% more likely to gain 11 pounds or more over five years, the study found. And the level of artificial light seemed to matter, Park said. \u201cFor example, using a small nightlight was not associated with weight gain, whereas women who slept with a light or television on were,\u201d he explained. The findings didn\u2019t change when researchers accounted for women\u2019s diet and physical activity, which suggests that light during sleep may be important in weight gain and obesity. Dr. David Katz, director of the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center in New Haven, Conn., reviewed the findings. He said the link between exposure to artificial light at night and obesity may not indicate that one causes the other. \u201cAs with any study of association, two findings are true \u2014 true, but not directly related,\u201d he said. The key takeaway relates to poor sleep, Katz suggested. \u201cSleep deficiency and impairment is a known obesity risk factor, for reasons ranging from mood and reduced restraint, to changes in hormonal balance,\u201d he said. It\u2019s also possible that reliance on artificial light at night and obesity are both linked to other factors, such as \u201cloneliness, anxiety or some form of social insecurity,\u201d Katz said. The report was published online June 10. Americans Sit Way Too Much,"}, {"title": "", "text": "you to exercise less and eat more, he noted. For the study, Park\u2019s team relied on self-reported data from nearly 44,000 women, aged 35 to 74. They weren\u2019t shift workers, daytime sleepers or pregnant when the study began. Women who slept with a light on were 17% more likely to gain 11 pounds or more over five years, the study found. And the level of artificial light seemed to matter, Park said. \u201cFor example, using a small nightlight was not associated with weight gain, whereas women who slept with a light or television on were,\u201d he explained. The findings didn\u2019t change when researchers accounted for women\u2019s diet and physical activity, which suggests that light during sleep may be important in weight gain and obesity. Dr. David Katz, director of the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center in New Haven, Conn., reviewed the findings. He said the link between exposure to artificial light at night and obesity may not indicate that one causes the other. \u201cAs with any study of association, two findings are true \u2014 true, but not directly related,\u201d he said. The key takeaway relates to poor sleep, Katz suggested. \u201cSleep deficiency and impairment is a known obesity risk factor, for reasons ranging from mood and reduced restraint, to changes in hormonal balance,\u201d he said. It\u2019s also possible that reliance on artificial light at night and obesity are both linked to other factors, such as \u201cloneliness, anxiety or some form of social insecurity,\u201d Katz said. The report was published online June 10. Americans Sit Way Too Much,"}, {"title": "", "text": "and B. Rohrer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016 Jan 1, 854: 449-54. Extended sleep at night is protective by suppressing expression of obesity genes. Posted in Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Population Health Management, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, tagged BMI, Body mass index, Body weight, Carbohydrate metabolism, genetics, health, Obesity, science, sleep, Sleep disorder, University of Washington, weight, Weight gain on May 10, 2012| 2 Comments \u00bb Main health effects of sleep deprivation (See Wikipedia:Sleep deprivation). Model: Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m. To discuss image, please see Template talk:H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m diagrams (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Reporter: Venkat Karra, Ph.D. Sleep may influence weight by affecting hormones, glucose metabolism and inflammation, say scientists. A new study has found that sleeping more than nine hours a night appears to suppress genetic factors that lead to weight gain. In contrast, getting too little sleep seems to have the opposite effect. Adding a few hours sleep to your night may prevent you from gaining weight. These new findings reveal a complex interaction between sleep and genetic factors linked to body weight. The study found heritability of body mass index (BMI) \u2014 a measurement relating weight and height \u2014 was twice as high for short than for long sleepers. Thus sleep well and stay healthy. Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in Twins: A Gene-Environment Interaction by Nathaniel F. Watson, MD, MSc; Kathryn Paige Harden, PhD; Dedra Buchwald, MD; Michael V. Vitiello, PhD; Allan I. Pack, MB ChB, PhD; David S. Weigle, MD; Jack Goldberg, PhD Sleep, Volume 35/ Issue 05 / Tuesday, May"}, {"title": "", "text": "by so many in the medical profession\u2026 SLEEP. Beyond the obvious when your tired your less inclined to hit the gym or do your meal prep. When your short on sleep your brain starts firing up looking for instant gratification and since your decision making and impulse controls are lower when your tired. Try to aim between 7 and 9 hours each night to maximize your weight loss progress."}, {"title": "", "text": "Bad sleep makes it harder to keep your waistline down Single poor night can increase appetite and slow metabolism, say researchers Robin McKie Observer science editor Sat 20 May 2017 15.26 EDT Last modified on Fri 1 Dec 2017 22.15 EST The study found that the number of hours of sleep is linked to a key hormonal balance. Photograph: Mark Andersen/Getty Scientists are to give new advice on how to win the battle against the bulge: stop counting calories and count sheep instead. At a key international conference on Sunday, researchers will seek to highlight that a good night\u2019s sleep is as important a factor as any other in ensuring people control their weight and waistlines. What are the repercussions of one lost night\u2019s sleep? Rudeness is just the start | Paul Kelley Their research, which will be outlined at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Lisbon, will emphasise how disrupted sleep patterns \u2013 a common feature of modern living \u2013 can trigger changes in appetite, metabolism, motivation and physical activity, or even a combination of all these factors. This leads to disruption in people\u2019s appetite and responses to food. The end result is weight gain. It is hoped that a breakthrough in public awareness of the issue could lead to significant health gains. \u201cOur studies suggest that sleep loss favours weight gain in humans. It is therefore fair to say that improving sleep could be a promising lifestyle intervention to reduce the risk of future weight gain,\u201d said Christian Benedict, a neuroscientist at Uppsala University"}, {"title": "", "text": "Bad sleep makes it harder to keep your waistline down Single poor night can increase appetite and slow metabolism, say researchers Robin McKie Observer science editor Sat 20 May 2017 15.26 EDT Last modified on Fri 1 Dec 2017 22.15 EST The study found that the number of hours of sleep is linked to a key hormonal balance. Photograph: Mark Andersen/Getty Scientists are to give new advice on how to win the battle against the bulge: stop counting calories and count sheep instead. At a key international conference on Sunday, researchers will seek to highlight that a good night\u2019s sleep is as important a factor as any other in ensuring people control their weight and waistlines. What are the repercussions of one lost night\u2019s sleep? Rudeness is just the start | Paul Kelley Their research, which will be outlined at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Lisbon, will emphasise how disrupted sleep patterns \u2013 a common feature of modern living \u2013 can trigger changes in appetite, metabolism, motivation and physical activity, or even a combination of all these factors. This leads to disruption in people\u2019s appetite and responses to food. The end result is weight gain. It is hoped that a breakthrough in public awareness of the issue could lead to significant health gains. \u201cOur studies suggest that sleep loss favours weight gain in humans. It is therefore fair to say that improving sleep could be a promising lifestyle intervention to reduce the risk of future weight gain,\u201d said Christian Benedict, a neuroscientist at Uppsala University"}, {"title": "", "text": "condition marked by loud snoring, irregular breathing and interrupted oxygen intake, affects an estimated nine million Americans. The culprit? Carrying too many extra pounds. \"The blame falls squarely on excess weight gain,\" said Dr. Arthur H. Friedlander, associate professor of oral and maxillofacial surgery at the UCLA School of Dentistry and associate chief of staff at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Los Angeles. Surplus weight interferes with insulin's ability to propel sugars from digested food across the cell membrane, robbing the cells of needed carbohydrates. Diabetes results when glucose builds up in the bloodstream and can't be utilized by the body. Being overweight can also lead to obstructive sleep apnea, according to Friedlander. \"When people gain too much weight, fatty deposits build up along the throat and line the breathing passages,\" he explained. \"The muscles in this region slacken during sleep, forcing the airway to narrow and often close altogether.\" Reclining on one's back magnifies the situation. \"When an overweight person lies down and goes to sleep,\" Friedlander said, \"gravity shoves the fat in the neck backwards. This blocks the airway and can bring breathing to a halt.\" Friedlander tested the blood sugar of 54 randomly selected male veterans whom doctors had previously diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. He discovered that 17 of the 54 patients, or 31 percent, unknowingly suffered from adult-onset diabetes. Using the same sample, Friedlander also took panoramic X-rays of the men's necks and jaws. The X-rays indicated that 12 of the 54 patients, or 22 percent, revealed calcified plaques in"}, {"title": "", "text": "obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs when the airway is blocked while sleeping. Airway blockages often results in frequent awakenings during the night. These disruptions during sleep cycles make for groggy mornings and lower energy throughout the day. On your journey to lose weight, healthy habits need to come into play. These habits include eating nutrition-dense foods and exercising regularly. While consuming sugar can make you feel sluggish, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats are full of nutrition that boost energy levels. Exercising has the same effect. While you may believe that exercising will make you tired, it actually does the opposite by rising to the challenge you\u2019ve presented and creating more energy. A study published by Dr. Stephen Messier showed that losing 1 lb. can take four pounds of pressure away from a knee joint. He then suggested that losing 10 lbs. relieves 48,000 lbs. of pressure from each mile walked. Considering this theory, consider how much pressure we apply to our bodies over the course of a lifetime. It\u2019s no wonder that those carrying around extra weight are more likely to experience joint pain. The immune system is made up of a variety of cells that protect the body from outside invaders. All of these cells need to exist in a perfect balance to best protect the body. However, poor health will throw off this balance, and excess body fat plays a role in tipping that scale. Excess weight promotes the production of inflammatory molecules that disrupt the immune system, but losing unneeded weight will decrease"}, {"title": "", "text": "obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs when the airway is blocked while sleeping. Airway blockages often results in frequent awakenings during the night. These disruptions during sleep cycles make for groggy mornings and lower energy throughout the day. On your journey to lose weight, healthy habits need to come into play. These habits include eating nutrition-dense foods and exercising regularly. While consuming sugar can make you feel sluggish, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats are full of nutrition that boost energy levels. Exercising has the same effect. While you may believe that exercising will make you tired, it actually does the opposite by rising to the challenge you\u2019ve presented and creating more energy. A study published by Dr. Stephen Messier showed that losing 1 lb. can take four pounds of pressure away from a knee joint. He then suggested that losing 10 lbs. relieves 48,000 lbs. of pressure from each mile walked. Considering this theory, consider how much pressure we apply to our bodies over the course of a lifetime. It\u2019s no wonder that those carrying around extra weight are more likely to experience joint pain. The immune system is made up of a variety of cells that protect the body from outside invaders. All of these cells need to exist in a perfect balance to best protect the body. However, poor health will throw off this balance, and excess body fat plays a role in tipping that scale. Excess weight promotes the production of inflammatory molecules that disrupt the immune system, but losing unneeded weight will decrease"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleeping with the TV on May Make You Gain Weight Associated Press | June 13, 2019 9:32 am (Photo by Stefano Ferrario / Pixabay) CHICAGO (AP) \u2014 Dozing off to late-night TV or sleeping with other lights on may mix up your metabolism and lead to weight gain and even obesity, provocative but preliminary U.S. research suggests. The National Institutes of Health study published Monday isn\u2019t proof, but it bolsters evidence suggesting that too much exposure to light at night could pose health risks. \u201cEvolutionarily we are supposed to be sleeping at night, in a dark place,\u201d said lead author Dale Sandler, a scientist with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, a division of the National Institutes of Health. \u201cIt\u2019s much more important than people realize for a whole variety of health reasons.\u201d Daily exposure to light and darkness helps maintain our 24-hour body clock, which regulates metabolism, sleep-promoting hormones, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. Mounting research suggests disrupting that typical sleep-wake cycle may contribute to poor health, increasing risks for high blood pressure, diabetes, depression and obesity. The researchers analyzed health and lifestyle data on nearly 44,000 U.S. women enrolled in an ongoing study seeking clues to causes of breast cancer. The analysis focused on data on sleep, light exposure and weight gain during the study, but not on breast cancer. Results were published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Women in the study had medical exams and filled out health and lifestyle questionnaires when they enrolled and periodically after. Those who reported sleeping at"}, {"title": "", "text": "The debate about the best way to achieve a healthy weight always revolves around eating and movement. If you want to look better, the most common suggestion is \u201ceat less and move more.\u201d But it\u2019s not that simple. Sometimes between living your life, working and exercising, you\u2019re forgetting to sleep enough. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 35% of people are sleep deprived. And when you consider that the statistic for obesity is nearly identical, it\u2019s easy to connect the dots and discover that the connection is not a coincidence. It\u2019s not so much that if you sleep, you will lose weight, but if you are sleep-deprived, meaning that you are not getting enough minutes of good quality sleep, your metabolism will not function properly. When you don't sleep enough, your cortisol levels rise. This is the stress hormone that is frequently associated with fat gain. Cortisol also activates reward centers in your brain that make you want food. At the same time, lack of sleep causes us to be short tempered, more irritable and far more likely to choose unhealthy snack options. A recent study carried out by researchers from Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research in Portland looked at the associations between sleep, stress and success at sticking to a weight loss program. They found overwhelmingly that people who had less than six hours sleep per day were less likely to achieve weight loss than those who had between six and eight hours. The researchers also concurred that high"}, {"title": "", "text": "The debate about the best way to achieve a healthy weight always revolves around eating and movement. If you want to look better, the most common suggestion is \u201ceat less and move more.\u201d But it\u2019s not that simple. Sometimes between living your life, working and exercising, you\u2019re forgetting to sleep enough. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 35% of people are sleep deprived. And when you consider that the statistic for obesity is nearly identical, it\u2019s easy to connect the dots and discover that the connection is not a coincidence. It\u2019s not so much that if you sleep, you will lose weight, but if you are sleep-deprived, meaning that you are not getting enough minutes of good quality sleep, your metabolism will not function properly. When you don't sleep enough, your cortisol levels rise. This is the stress hormone that is frequently associated with fat gain. Cortisol also activates reward centers in your brain that make you want food. At the same time, lack of sleep causes us to be short tempered, more irritable and far more likely to choose unhealthy snack options. A recent study carried out by researchers from Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research in Portland looked at the associations between sleep, stress and success at sticking to a weight loss program. They found overwhelmingly that people who had less than six hours sleep per day were less likely to achieve weight loss than those who had between six and eight hours. The researchers also concurred that high"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleeping with the TV on may make you gain weight Posted 2:30 PM, June 10, 2019, by Associated Press CHICAGO (AP) \u2014 Dozing off to late-night TV or sleeping with other lights on may mix up your metabolism and lead to weight gain and even obesity, provocative but preliminary U.S. research suggests. The National Institutes of Health study published Monday isn\u2019t proof, but it bolsters evidence suggesting that too much exposure to light at night could pose health risks. \u201cEvolutionarily we are supposed to be sleeping at night, in a dark place,\u201d said lead author Dale Sandler, a scientist with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, a division of the National Institutes of Health. \u201cIt\u2019s much more important than people realize for a whole variety of health reasons.\u201d Daily exposure to light and darkness helps maintain our 24-hour body clock, which regulates metabolism, sleep-promoting hormones, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. Mounting research suggests disrupting that typical sleep-wake cycle may contribute to poor health, increasing risks for high blood pressure, diabetes, depression and obesity. The researchers analyzed health and lifestyle data on nearly 44,000 U.S. women enrolled in an ongoing study seeking clues to causes of breast cancer. The analysis focused on data on sleep, light exposure and weight gain during the study, but not on breast cancer. Results were published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Women in the study had medical exams and filled out health and lifestyle questionnaires when they enrolled and periodically after. Those who reported sleeping at night in a room with"}, {"title": "", "text": "none were obese; 16 years later,women who slept 5 hours or less per night had a 15 percent higher risk of becoming obese, compared to women who slept 7 hours per night. Short sleepers also had 30 percent higher risk of gaining 30 pounds over the course of the study, compared to women who got 7 hours of sleep per night. Damn!! This, pretty much, mirrors the black-white difference. I\u2019d love to see a racial breakdown of this cohort and will keep an eye out for one, but in the meantime, those who were short sleepers had a 30 percent higher risk of gaining 30 pounds over the course of the study in comparison to women who got 7 hours of sleep per night. Blacks are the most likely group to be overweight and obese in the US, and this data from the Nurses Health Study (which tons of data can be drawn from this study) shows one reason why, however the driver is cortisol > insulin > processed carbs > increased insulin > insulin resistance > increased insulin > vicious cycle > obesity. These differences in sleep almost perfectly mirror the ethnic differences in obesity. There are several possible ways that sleep deprivation could increase the chances of becoming obese. (1) Sleep-deprived people may be too tired to exercise, decreasing the \u201ccalories burned\u201d side of the weight-change equation. Or people who don\u2019t get enough sleep may take in more calories than those who do, simply because they are awake longer and have more opportunities to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Losing sleep several nights in a row can lead to overeating and weight gain."}, {"title": "", "text": "snore, and have high blood pressure, there\u2019s a good chance you have sleep apnea, says Morgenthaler. He suggests asking your doctor about an evaluation. \u201cOne of the great things about being a sleep specialist is we have very good capability to diagnose the problem with your sleep,\u201d he says. \u201cAnd our treatments actually work, particularly with sleep apnea.\u201d Hunger High Your ability to make healthful food choices can be compromised when you\u2019re tired. If an apple and a jelly doughnut are put in front of you, your brain might tell you to scarf down the donut. There is a tendency to eat more food, especially high-carbohydrate, high-fat junk food, following a night of insufficient sleep, says Cynthia Fritschi, PhD, RN, CDE, assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Health Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Sleep apnea in particular is known to impact the hormones that regulate appetite, says Morgenthaler. It causes you to feel hungrier and weakens the signal that lets you know you\u2019re full. This can cause weight gain, which could lead to worsening sleep apnea. \u201cIt\u2019s a very slippery slope of interaction between obesity, [type 2] diabetes, and sleep apnea,\u201d he says. \u201cYou need to address them all at the same time.\u201d Shift workers are prone to poor sleep, too, says Van Cauter, and at a greater risk for type 2 diabetes. When shift work requires you to be awake during nighttime hours, it can disrupt the body\u2019s circadian rhythm, an internal clock that keeps your body regulated with cues from"}, {"title": "", "text": "Healthfitness Sleeping with the TV on may make you gain weight Darpan News Desk The Canadian Press, 11 Jun, 2019 Dozing off to late-night TV or sleeping with other lights on may mix up your metabolism and lead to weight gain and even obesity, provocative but preliminary U.S. research suggests. The National Institutes of Health study published Monday isn't proof, but it bolsters evidence suggesting that too much exposure to light at night could pose health risks. \"Evolutionarily we are supposed to be sleeping at night, in a dark place,\" said lead author Dale Sandler, a scientist with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, a division of the National Institutes of Health. \"It's much more important than people realize for a whole variety of health reasons.\" Daily exposure to light and darkness helps maintain our 24-hour body clock, which regulates metabolism, sleep-promoting hormones, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. Mounting research suggests disrupting that typical sleep-wake cycle may contribute to poor health, increasing risks for high blood pressure, diabetes, depression and obesity. The researchers analyzed health and lifestyle data on nearly 44,000 U.S. women enrolled in an ongoing study seeking clues to causes of breast cancer. The analysis focused on data on sleep, light exposure and weight gain during the study, but not on breast cancer. Results were published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Women in the study had medical exams and filled out health and lifestyle questionnaires when they enrolled and periodically after. Those who reported sleeping at night in a room with a television"}, {"title": "", "text": "Just One Night of Poor Sleep May Add to Weight Gain, Muscle Loss By Cari Nierenberg published 23 August 18 Skimping on just one night's sleep may have more significant \u2014 and immediate \u2014 consequences beyond feeling groggy and sluggish the next day. According to a new, small study, when men forgo just one night of their usual amount of sleep, their bodies experience changes that could promote weight gain and muscle loss. In the study, which was published today (Aug. 22) in the journal Science Advances, the researchers observed changes in the fat and muscle tissue in 15 healthy young men in response to sleep loss. After the men spent a single night not sleeping, the researchers found indications that fat and muscle responded in opposite ways, said lead study author Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes, a research associate in the Division of Endocrinology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. Namely, the body increased its capacity for fat storage, while skeletal muscle tissue showed signs of increasing muscle breakdown.[5 Surprising Sleep Discoveries] It's not yet clear how quickly these changes in fat and muscle occur when sleep is disrupted, or how they may affect metabolism if sleep loss occurs over a longer period of time than the one night observed in the study, Cedernaes told Live Science. But the changes could help explain why previous studies have shown a link between changes in circadian rhythms and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, he said. Circadian rhythm changes can happen, for"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Forefront Burn Off More Fat with More\u2026Sleep? Posted on October 6, 2010 by Rob Mitchum Losing weight can be described at its simplest as a matter of counting calories during the daytime. Consume fewer calories and burn more through activity and exercise, and you\u2019re likely to lose weight. Eat more high-calorie foods and sit on the couch all day watching football, and you get the opposite effect. But according to a new study from University of Chicago Medical Center researchers, another number should be taken into account by dieters: hours of sleep. Given people generally do not eat or exercise while asleep (aside from some Ambien users), the link between weight and sleep may seem unlikely. But previous research at the University of Chicago found that sleep loss can wreak havoc with a person\u2019s endocrine system, the hormones that control appetite and metabolism. In a 2004 study, men limited to only four hours of sleep a night reported increased appetite and showed hormonal changes consistent with increased hunger \u2013 increased ghrelin, which signals hunger, and decreased leptin, which signals satiety. But the long-term influence of those sleep pattern changes on weight gain or loss remained to be studied. Monday, an experiment testing that connection was published by Plamen Penev, assistant professor of medicine, and colleagues in the Annals of Internal Medicine. And this was no easy experiment: 10 subjects had to spend two 14-day periods essentially living in a laboratory, so that scientists could control their diet, their daily activity, and the amount of sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "the best sleep we can. It's time to re-think the way we prioritize sleep. Of course, the problem with calling sleep a luxury \"status symbol\" is that it's absolutely necessary for our well-being. \"I think sleep should be considered the new vital sign,\" said Dr. Breus. If there's something wrong with your sleep, chances are it's affecting something else, causing weight gain, brain fog, or worsening a chronic disease. \"Sleep is by far my number one priority for people trying to get their health in check,\" which is often more challenging than it should be, Dr. Shah said. Sleep directly affects metabolic processes (yes, your ability to lose weight). Several studies show how sleep negatively affects the brain's capacity to regulate appetite. In one study that examined metabolism, two identical groups with the same diet and exercise regimen were compared with one difference: sleep deprivation. The group that slept well lost weight while the sleep-deprived group gained it. It also affects the gut-brain connection. Vincent Pedre, MD, one of mbg's gut health experts, explains how it starts a hormonal chain reaction. \"We have seen this in experiments done with mice: Creating artificial jet lag in the mice resulted in weight gain by altering the gut flora. Basically, sleep loss disrupts the hormone system, resulting in high blood glucose levels and increased insulin resistance, which leads to fat deposition inside and around the abdomen, higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol, increased hunger signaling (ghrelin), and decreased satiety signal (leptin).\" Lack of sleep leads to brain fog"}, {"title": "", "text": "Everyone knows how important it is to get a good night\u2019s sleep. From your mood to your productivity, sleep plays a key role. What you may not know is that when it comes to losing weight, sleep serves a critical function. It turns out that getting less than eight hours of sleep at night raises cortisol levels. This stress hormone has a negative effect on the microbes in the intestinal tract and results in slowing down your metabolism. Can you lose weight while you sleep? Research shows that poor sleep habits contribute to weight gain and that yes, you actually can lose weight while sleeping. One of the lesser known ways for how to lose weight while sleeping actually involves having a night snack before bed. Without a healthy bedtime snack, blood sugar levels crash during the night and this affects your sleep as well as your waistline. If you want to lose weight while you sleep, steer clear of empty calorie late-night snacks. Opt for a protein-rich healthy snack to sustain you and support healthy blood sugar levels so that your body can effectively burn fat while you sleep. Try a yummy combination like peanut butter and apple for a satisfying evening snack. Tryptophan is an amino acid that is known to promote sleepiness. It is found in high quantities in poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and lentils and when eaten in the evening, can help to promote sound sleep which supports weight loss. Researchers found that just each about \u00bc gram of tryptophan will do"}, {"title": "", "text": "stress levels also affected weight loss. When combined with poor sleep, stressed people were about half as likely to be successful at weight loss than their less stressed counterparts who got between six and eight hours of sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "stress levels also affected weight loss. When combined with poor sleep, stressed people were about half as likely to be successful at weight loss than their less stressed counterparts who got between six and eight hours of sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "changes in appetite _hormones_ have been observed, and the appetite for sweets, salty snacks, fatty and starchy foods seems to increase. Through sleeping longer, our naturally slim friends may find that they're less tempted to snack. There are more than 65 published research papers that have linked sleeping for fewer than six hours a night with increased weight. When researchers at the University of Warwick analyzed all the evidence on the relationship between sleep and obesity, they found that **adults who slept for fewer than five hours a night were one-and-a-half times more likely to be obese!** **OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING WEIGHT** Ultimately, weight gain comes down to the fact that we're **eating more calories than we're burning off** , and over time this has led to many of us gradually getting fatter. But tackling the issue is about more than simply cutting calories. **The quality of what we eat is important too.** The types of food that are so readily available to us \u2013 those muffins and sugary drinks \u2013 tend to be packed with sugar or refined _carbohydrates_ ( _carbs_ ) and it's very easy to eat them and not notice when we're full. Instead, try replacing those \"empty\" calories with nutrient-rich, lean proteins, leafy green vegetables and even healthy fats from nuts and oily fish. I promise you, these will make you feel full and you'll be much less tempted to overeat. It's also important to detect underlying problems or habits that can be causing or contributing to a weight problem. For example, **stress,"}, {"title": "", "text": "one study, people with chronic insufficient sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or less, were found to be four times more likely to catch a cold compared to those who reported sleeping for seven hours or more a night.[48] Due to the role of sleep in regulating metabolism, insufficient sleep may also play a role in weight gain or, conversely, in impeding weight loss.[49] Additionally, in 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the cancer research agency for the World Health Organization, declared that \"shiftwork that involves circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans,\" speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its intrusion on sleep.[50] In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations for sleep duration requirements based on age and concluded that \"Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being.\"[51] Some popular beliefs attached to weight loss have been shown to either have less effect on weight loss than commonly believed or are actively unhealthy. According to Harvard Health, the idea of metabolism being the \"key to weight\" is \"part truth and part myth\" as while metabolism does affect weight loss, external forces such as diet and exercise have an equal effect.[43] They also commented that the idea of changing one's rate of metabolism is under debate.[43] Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often believed to be effective, but may actually be harmful"}, {"title": "", "text": "outset, all reported on their sleep habits, diets, exercise levels and other lifestyle factors. The researchers used CT scans to measure participants\u2019 abdominal fat, at the start of the study and again five years later. Among participants younger than 40, the study found, those who said they slept for five hours or less each night gained more belly fat than those who averaged six or seven hours of sleep. The findings, according to Hairston, support the belief that sleep habits affect weight, and health in general. \u201cSleep is an important part of your overall health \u2014 not just in whether you\u2019re tired during the day,\u201d she said. As for why sleep duration might affect abdominal-fat gain, there are several theories. There may be indirect effects; people who get too little sleep may be too tired during the day to exercise, while those who spend a lot of time in bed may spend less time being active, relative to people who sleep fewer hours. Research also suggests that sleep loss alters people\u2019s levels of appetite-regulating hormones \u2014 which could, in theory, spur them to overeat. Depression, which often affects people\u2019s sleep and has been linked to weight gain, could also be a factor, Hairston noted. She and her colleagues had no information on study participants\u2019 depression symptoms. SOURCE: Sleep, March 1, 2010."}, {"title": "", "text": "Recent studies have shown a link between poor sleep habits and weight gain as well as diabetes. You may wonder how these completely separate issues could be connected at all. The link is found in the critical changes the body and mind undergo when not enough sleep occurs and when you have an underlying condition that makes sleep difficult. While some patients may suffer from medical conditions that make sleep hard to get, others are simply suffering from a high volume of technology throughout their day. Think back to the old days; you got in bed and went to sleep with no distractions. Today, people climb into bed, surf the internet, watch tv, and play on their phone. Your brain sees the bright lights and associates it with daytime activities making sleep elusive to you. The study shows that patients who have poor sleep at night, whether it is caused by insomnia or a medical condition known as sleep apnea, are more likely to eat in the middle of the night. While a late night snack is not always a bad thing, these patients often crave foods that are high in carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are then stored as fat cells in your body increasing your risk of becoming obese. While linking weight gain to poor sleep may be an easy connection, many people do not see the link to diabetes. Poor sleep can cause a change in your metabolism, which can increase your insulin resistance. This prevents those high carbohydrate foods from being broken down properly."}, {"title": "", "text": "Recent studies have shown a link between poor sleep habits and weight gain as well as diabetes. You may wonder how these completely separate issues could be connected at all. The link is found in the critical changes the body and mind undergo when not enough sleep occurs and when you have an underlying condition that makes sleep difficult. While some patients may suffer from medical conditions that make sleep hard to get, others are simply suffering from a high volume of technology throughout their day. Think back to the old days; you got in bed and went to sleep with no distractions. Today, people climb into bed, surf the internet, watch tv, and play on their phone. Your brain sees the bright lights and associates it with daytime activities making sleep elusive to you. The study shows that patients who have poor sleep at night, whether it is caused by insomnia or a medical condition known as sleep apnea, are more likely to eat in the middle of the night. While a late night snack is not always a bad thing, these patients often crave foods that are high in carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are then stored as fat cells in your body increasing your risk of becoming obese. While linking weight gain to poor sleep may be an easy connection, many people do not see the link to diabetes. Poor sleep can cause a change in your metabolism, which can increase your insulin resistance. This prevents those high carbohydrate foods from being broken down properly."}, {"title": "", "text": "go to bed later than you and to look out for any signs of teeth grinding. If this person wakes up in the middle of the night, he should also look out for those symptoms. Share on Pinterest. Lack of sleep can cause you to pack on pounds. A study examined the relationship between sleep and weight in 21,469 adults over the age of 20."}, {"title": "", "text": "go to bed later than you and to look out for any signs of teeth grinding. If this person wakes up in the middle of the night, he should also look out for those symptoms. Share on Pinterest. Lack of sleep can cause you to pack on pounds. A study examined the relationship between sleep and weight in 21,469 adults over the age of 20."}, {"title": "", "text": "Eye-Opening Study Examines Mysterious Relationship of Sleep to Weight Scientists have long been interested in what happens to our metabolism and energy stores when we\u2019re sleeping. Now, some researchers have measured the amount of energy we save by sleeping. It turns out, by staying awake all night, we burn about 135 more calories than we do when we're sleeping, according to the study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder. That number is higher than scientists expected it to be, and the researchers say it shows that sleep conserves the energy the brain needs to do its work while we're getting shut-eye. Because the study participants were required to lie down in bed just as if they were sleeping, though they couldn\u2019t actually go to sleep, the findings also give scientists a better understanding of how our energy levels vary when we sleep and with our daily circadian rhythms. \u201cWe're all starting to agree, more and more, that there are multiple functions of sleep,\u201d many of which require energy, said study researcher Kenneth Wright, a physiology professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. \u201cThe study provides us a number, to see, how much energy sleep itself saves under normal conditions in healthy people.\u201d The findings are published in the January issue of the Journal of Physiology. What happens when we sleep? Researchers suspected that the body's energy use dropped at night, Wright said. But they didn't know how much of the decrease was due to sleep itself, and how much was due"}, {"title": "", "text": "health care as a whole. Elana Miller is a psychiatrist who blogs at Zen Psychiatry. Not getting enough sleep may lead to weight gain over time Posted by Martin Kluger in General, Medical / Health on Oct 11th, 2013 | No Comments By Robert Preidt, HealthDay News TUESDAY, Jan. 24, 2012 (HealthDay News) \u2014 Getting too little sleep can make you hungrier than normal and may lead to weight gain, a small study suggests. The team at Uppsala University in Sweden used functional MRI to observe the brains of 12 normal weight males while they looked at images of food. This was done on two occasions \u2014 after a night of normal sleep and after a night without sleep. The results showed that a specific brain region that plays a role in appetite shows more activation in response to food images after a night without sleep than after a night of normal sleep. This suggests that poor sleep habits can affect a person\u2019s risk of becoming overweight in the long run, according to the study published online Jan. 18 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. \u201cAfter a night of total sleep loss, these males showed a high level of activation in an area of the brain that is involved in a desire to eat,\u201d researcher Christian Benedict said in a university news release. \u201cBearing in mind that insufficient sleep is a growing problem in modern society, our results may explain why poor sleep habits can affect people\u2019s risk to gain weight in the long"}, {"title": "", "text": "My partners over at Prograde just put an awesome new article up on their site. It\u2019s all about the correlation between sleep and quick weight loss. I really think you\u2019re going to love this one. It\u2019s possible this may be a big problem for you or someone you know."}, {"title": "", "text": "Laval in Quebec. \"Weight-loss efforts won't be as successful if sleeping habits are inadequate,\" he said. The new study \"confirms what we know about the impact of short sleep duration on weight,\" Tremblay told MyHealthNewsDaily. The study authors' idea that weight gain occurs because of an overcompensation for an increased need for energy is interesting, Tremblay said, because a similar trend is seen in recent reports of calorie intake during periods of increased cognitive effort. \"Wakefulness, even if you're sedentary, leads to increased energy intake,\" he said. He noted that differences between individuals are sure to play a role in how the body responds to inadequate sleep. A number of researchers who worked on the study have received money for consulting for drug companies. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and other federal and academic agencies. Pass it on: Too little sleep over a week may lead a person to eat more to sustain energy. FollowMyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND. We're also on Facebook & Google+."}, {"title": "", "text": "Being short on sleep can really affect your weight. When you\u2019re sleepy, it becomes easy to lean on a large latte to get moving. You might also be too tired to exercise, get takeout for dinner, and then sleeping late because you\u2019re uncomfortably full. Experts agree that getting enough sleep is as important to your health and weight as are diet and exercise. Lacking sleep sets your brain up to make bad decisions. It affects the brain\u2019s activity in decision-making and impulse control. So it\u2019s a little bit like being drunk you don\u2019t have the mental clarity to make good decisions. In addition, when you\u2019re overtired, your brain\u2019s reward centers rev up, looking for something that feels good. So although you might be able to avoid food cravings, your sleepy brain may find trouble saying no to another piece of cake. A study found that when people were sleep deprived, late-night snacking increased, and they were more likely to choose high-carbohydrate snacks. Another study showed that sleep-deprived participants chose snacks with twice as much fat as those who slept at least 8 hours. A third study found that sleeping too little makes people eat bigger portions of foods which lead to weight gain. It appears that a sleepy brain crave junk food while lacking the control to say no. Sleep is like nutrition for the brain, most people need between 7 and 9 hours each night and when they get less than that their body will react in ways that lead even the strictest dieter straight"}, {"title": "", "text": "Get your ZZZZZ\u2019s on and sleep 7-8 hours a night! Insomnia can lead to weight gain. During the REM sleep cycle, more calories are burned than any other stage of sleep. Three different studies have shown that sleep deprivation affects our appetite by changing our hormone levels. So insomnia can create a vicious cycle: bad sleep and bad diets feed off of each other. The good news is that the opposite is also true. Eating right helps you sleep better, and healthier sleep helps you eat better. Melatonin, starts to rise around 10 or 10:30 and peaks around 1:30am, so ride the wave and be in bed ready to catch those ZZZ\u2019s at by ten o\u2019clock. Trouble falling or staying asleep? Take a deep breath in, and exhale slowly as you focus on your breath and the rise and fall of your abdominal muscles. If a thought enters your mind, acknowledge it, then put it in a bubble and blown it away. Repeat as needed. This amount of sleep should help with weight loss, and help us avoid the mid-afternoon M&M binge. Those who sleep less than six hours (or more than nine hours) tend to have a higher total body weight. When insomnia is treated, people usually lose weight within a few weeks. 2. Weight yourself every week. The vast majority of the weight lost in this country is regained. The National Weight Control Registry (yes, we do have one of these!) reports that only 20 percent of dieters are successful at losing and maintaining"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u201cWhy should I care that sleep hurts my brain? I mean yeah, it\u2019s important for me to be able to think clearly but how does this knowledge help me lose weight?\u201d Understanding that a lack of sleep negatively impacts the brain is imperative for weight loss because the brain controls every process in your body. If it can\u2019t effectively control your body\u2019s processes, then how can you effectively lose weight? For the brain, sleep helps with memory and reinforces the new skills that you learn. This pertains to weight loss because getting enough sleep helps you solidify the new posture you learned during yoga class today. As a result, you master the skill more effectively and build up the muscle memory required to perform said skill faster.But a lack of sleep does more than just impact your ability to learn a new muscle movement. When you lack sleep, your body\u2019s ability to produce energy during exercise is impaired. This leads to fatigue, low energy, and poor focus. As a result, you are less likely to go to the gym and even if you manage to muster up the energy to get yourself there, you\u2019ll be less effective during your workout because you\u2019ll be incapable of exerting maximal energy which means fewer calories burned. The relationship between sleep and weight loss goes deeper than this, however. As mentioned in the article, 5 Habits that Hurt Weight Loss, not getting enough sleep changes the hormonal balance of your body. When you don\u2019t get enough sleep, the levels of"}, {"title": "", "text": "less likely to have consistent waking and bedtime patterns and more likely to have less sleep, take a longer time to fall asleep, wake up at night, and take naps,\" the study reported. Of course, if you find nodding out with the TV on soothing\u2014or like to keep a lamp on so you can see the bed monsters creep in\u2014you don't have to totally change your habits just because of this study. Further evaluation needs to be done before researchers can say anything conclusive. They also noted that sleeping with the lights on has been linked to \"socioeconomic disadvantage measures and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, all of which could contribute to weight gain and obesity,\u201d so if you feel you've been tacking on a few extra pounds, your Himalayan Sea Salt lamp might not be the culprit after all. However, this isn't the first time that exposure to blue light before bed has been associated with messing with your circadian rhythm; previous findings have suggested that it suppresses the sleep hormone, melatonin. So potential weight gain or not, you're better off at least powering off your phone prior to hitting the pillow. For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter. Brie Schwartz Deputy Editor, OprahDaily.com Brie Schwartz is an editor, writer, and content strategist. She\u2019s covered beauty, fashion, relationships, health, travel, Disney, decorating, DIYs, food, booze, and everything in between. She was most recently the deputy editor of Oprah Daily, where she helped bring the mission of guiding readers to live their best life to"}, {"title": "", "text": "less likely to have consistent waking and bedtime patterns and more likely to have less sleep, take a longer time to fall asleep, wake up at night, and take naps,\" the study reported. Of course, if you find nodding out with the TV on soothing\u2014or like to keep a lamp on so you can see the bed monsters creep in\u2014you don't have to totally change your habits just because of this study. Further evaluation needs to be done before researchers can say anything conclusive. They also noted that sleeping with the lights on has been linked to \"socioeconomic disadvantage measures and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, all of which could contribute to weight gain and obesity,\u201d so if you feel you've been tacking on a few extra pounds, your Himalayan Sea Salt lamp might not be the culprit after all. However, this isn't the first time that exposure to blue light before bed has been associated with messing with your circadian rhythm; previous findings have suggested that it suppresses the sleep hormone, melatonin. So potential weight gain or not, you're better off at least powering off your phone prior to hitting the pillow. For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter. Brie Schwartz Deputy Editor, OprahDaily.com Brie Schwartz is an editor, writer, and content strategist. She\u2019s covered beauty, fashion, relationships, health, travel, Disney, decorating, DIYs, food, booze, and everything in between. She was most recently the deputy editor of Oprah Daily, where she helped bring the mission of guiding readers to live their best life to"}, {"title": "", "text": "as it causes your skin to age faster. This is because your body produces more stress hormones, which can trigger inflammation. Inflammation speeds up the breakdown of collagen, which is what makes skin look youthful and tight. Weight gain: Having problems shedding a few pounds? Then start improving your sleep. Studies have shown sleep can improve metabolic function. When metabolic function is poor, it contributes to weight gain. Therefore, the easiest way to start losing weight is to sleep more. If you experience these four signs of sleep deprivation, then you will want to start improving your sleep in order to improve your overall health."}, {"title": "", "text": "Lose Weight With This Sleep Trick \ue5c8Science and Research\ue5c5 \ue5c8Medical Advances \ue5c5 \ue5c8New Therapies and Drug Trials \ue5c8Science and Research \ue5c8Patient Stories \ue5c8Healthy Tips \ue5c5 \ue5c8Emotional Health \ue5c8Fitness \ue5c8Nutrition Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share through Email Print Let There Be\u2026Darkness You know sleep is important for your health, but did you know it\u2019s important for your waistline, too? A recent study sheds light on the impact sleep has on your metabolism. Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD, Northwestern Medicine neurologist, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine professor and chief of sleep medicine in neurology, was the principal investigator on the study. Study Shows the Impact of Disrupted Sleep Scientists placed 20 healthy adults aged 18 to 40 into two different groups for two nights. Both groups were allowed the recommended eight hours of sleep. However, one group was in complete darkness both nights, while the other was in darkness on the first night and exposed to 100 lux, not particularly bright but enough brightness to light a stairway, on the second night. The scientists measured the participants\u2019 melatonin, brain waves, blood oxygen levels, heart rate and breathing. Oral glucose tolerance tests were also conducted the following morning. Not only did participants sleep better in total darkness, they also had much lower levels of insulin. This is a major finding, because insulin is the hormonal signal to the body to help regulate glucose levels. Higher levels of insulin are associated with insulin resistance, a condition that can lead to diabetes. These types of changes in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lack of Sleep May Cause Weight Gain According to experts Lack of sleep may cause weight gain, according to research presented at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Lisbon. According to Dr Christian Bennett, a Neuroscientist from Sweden\u2019s Uppsala University, sleep habits and weight may be linked. \u201cThe study suggests that sleep loss leads to weight gain in humans,\u201d said Dr Bennett. \u201cIt may also be concluded that improving sleep could be a promising lifestyle intervention to prevent future weight gain.\u201d Dr Bennett and his team conducted studies investigating the effects sleep deprivation had on energy levels and eating habits. The results revealed that sleep deprived adults crave larger food portions, a greater number of calories, and are more likely to eat on impulse. \u201cSince unsettled sleep is such a common feature of modern life, these studies show it is no surprise that metabolic disorders, such as obesity are also on the rise,\u201d said Dr Bennett. If a lack of sleep affects our eating habits, how much sleep should we be getting a day? In an interview with femail.com.au, Dr Sarah Blunden from the Australasian Sleep Association, says the amount of sleep an adult requires depends on their lifestyle. \u201cThere are no rules as to what we need; we don\u2019t actually know what we need, but what we know is that when we don\u2019t get it we have consequences,\u201d said Dr Blunden. \u201cStudies have shown that most adults need between seven and nine hours sleep. \u201cHumans are very resilient: we can survive for quite a while"}, {"title": "", "text": "repercussions show up in our health and around our waistlines. One study found just one partial night\u2019s sleep could create insulin resistance, paving the path for diabetes and many other problems. Others show poor sleep contributes to cardiovascular disease, mood disorders, and poor immune function, and lower life expectancy. I\u2019ve seen inadequate sleep\u2019s repercussions play out numerous times among clients. One struggled with her weight after giving birth. He was probably 10 to 20 pounds overweight and often felt extremely tired. Her situation became so bad that she got migraines from being sleep deprived and then found it almost impossible to fall asleep even when exhausted. I diagnosed her with a magnesium deficiency and we worked out a better bedtime routine for her and her baby including meditation, a relaxing bath and taking supplements and magnesium rich foods. This lack of sleep often creates hunger, cravings and blood sugar imbalances that eventually increase pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. As a woman, I understand how stress can become an issue. I juggle what feels like about 10 jobs. I have kids, a house, employees and clients, plus I\u2019m rarely home because I often travel for work. Trust me; I know what a challenge that can become. Get on a regular schedule. Going to sleep and waking at the same time each day creates a rhythm for your body. Only use your bed for sleep or romance. Don\u2019t keep a television in your bedroom:Studies show the artificial, bright light can disrupt brain activity and alter"}, {"title": "", "text": "Are you one of the many people who think that nighttime snacking can make you fat? It\u2019s not surprising that many think so. The fact is, weight gain or weight loss depends on the food you eat and the time when you eat. Why do people think that eating at night causes weight gain? When you eat at night, you\u2019re probably taking in extra calories that your body does not actually need. Any calorie consumed after dinner is in excess of your daily calorie requirement. The extra calorie converts to extra pounds. There is another reason why eating at night results in extra pounds. The body is not as efficient in burning calories while sleeping as it does while awake and active. The body goes into a state that encourages weight gain at night. There is a drop in body temperature and the hormone, leptin, which suppresses appetite. If you give in to this state and eat to your heart\u2019s content, couple that with a lack of sleep and its impact on your metabolic hormones, then, you\u2019re in big trouble. As a support to this idea of weight gain due to nighttime snacking, some researchers at Northwestern University did a mice study. Mice generally sleep during the day and eat at night. In this mice experiment, some mice were fed during the day, a time when they should be sleeping, and gained 48 percent more weight from their baseline value. Some other mice were fed at night, as they normally do, and just gained 20 percent"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep and weight. Epidemiological studies have also shown that disturbed sleep leads to increased weight gain. In one large study, those who had excessive sleep time (>9 hrs./night), or short sleep duration (less than six hours per night) gained more than 4 pounds -- more over a six-year period than those who had \"normal\" sleep duration (seven to eights hours per night). So, there may be a target for the amount of sleep one needs to maximize weight loss. But, sleep is not just about the number of hours. This relationship also holds for the quality of our sleep. One could be getting seven hours a night and still feel as though the quality of sleep is not up to par. A number of factors can affect sleep quality -- sleep apnea for example, can disrupt sleep hundreds of times throughout the night. These disruptions affect our metabolism and make it harder to lose weight. The prevalence of sleep apnea has increased significantly as obesity rates have increased and there is evidence that up to 7 percent of American men are affected by this disorder. Successful sleep apnea treatments exist and have shown promise in helping some people lose weight. Many weight loss programs, including the television show The Biggest Loser, screen for sleep apnea and treat it during the course of its weight-loss program. Other sleep disorders (insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, etc.) also impair sleep quality and should be considered for treatment if symptoms are present. \u2022 Are your sleep and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep disorder ups risk of diabetes warn neuro experts By Jayalakshmi K January 6, 2015 06:38 GMT People who suffer from obstructive sleep apnoea are likely to develop diabetes, with heredity notching up the risk. The sleep disorder causes metabolic changes by increasing insulin resistance and leading to diabetes, say researchers at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Rossana Huerta Albarran, said. Obstructive sleep apnoea occurs when there are repeated episodes of complete or partial blockage of the upper airway during sleep. The diaphragm and chest muscles have to work harder to open the obstructed airway and pull air into the lungs, says WebMD. These episodes also reduce the flow of oxygen to vital organs and cause irregular heart rhythms. Poor sleep causes weight gain because the brain sends signals that generate an increase in appetite and the need to consume carbohydrates, reports Agencia ID. As obese people are prone to diabetes, apnoea plays a fundamental role in triggering the disease. It is also responsible for the increase of cholesterol, triglycerides and hypertension. Use of technology is also causing sleeplessness, with the light from the cell phone or laptop causing the brain to react to light, observed the specialist. Rafael Santana, medical specialist at the Sleep Disorders Clinic of the UNAM, says that there is no fixed number of sleep hours as it varies from person to person. What matters is the quality of sleep. Exploding Head Syndrome: Disorder that Makes Sufferers Hear Bangs When Falling Asleep Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome: Why Healthy Men"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep disorder ups risk of diabetes warn neuro experts By Jayalakshmi K January 6, 2015 06:38 GMT People who suffer from obstructive sleep apnoea are likely to develop diabetes, with heredity notching up the risk. The sleep disorder causes metabolic changes by increasing insulin resistance and leading to diabetes, say researchers at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Rossana Huerta Albarran, said. Obstructive sleep apnoea occurs when there are repeated episodes of complete or partial blockage of the upper airway during sleep. The diaphragm and chest muscles have to work harder to open the obstructed airway and pull air into the lungs, says WebMD. These episodes also reduce the flow of oxygen to vital organs and cause irregular heart rhythms. Poor sleep causes weight gain because the brain sends signals that generate an increase in appetite and the need to consume carbohydrates, reports Agencia ID. As obese people are prone to diabetes, apnoea plays a fundamental role in triggering the disease. It is also responsible for the increase of cholesterol, triglycerides and hypertension. Use of technology is also causing sleeplessness, with the light from the cell phone or laptop causing the brain to react to light, observed the specialist. Rafael Santana, medical specialist at the Sleep Disorders Clinic of the UNAM, says that there is no fixed number of sleep hours as it varies from person to person. What matters is the quality of sleep. Exploding Head Syndrome: Disorder that Makes Sufferers Hear Bangs When Falling Asleep Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome: Why Healthy Men"}, {"title": "", "text": "when you are awake. Therefore, if you get less sleep, your body is likely to burn fewer calories compared with those getting enough sleep. It will ultimately result in weight gain over a period of time. Lack of sleep will also make you restless throughout the day hence, will affect your activities. Lack of enough sleep can also be a precursor to a chronic build-up of stress. When you sleep less, your mind rests less and continues to remain worked up all the time. This leads to stressful situations for your system thereby, triggering the release of stress hormones. These stress hormones are known to be responsible for slowing down the pace of metabolism in the body thereby, leading to weight gain. Sleep deprivation can make one weak for high-calorie, low-nutrient foods. A person who sleeps only for 4 hours, is more likely to respond to food stimuli i.e. the sight and smell of enticing foods such as pastries, chocolates and ice creams and ends up consuming more calories. Due to lack of sleep one also consumes more fat. Also read: How sleep position affects sleep quality? Sleep deprivation can not only lead to weight gain but also contribute to serious disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular complications and so on. If you are suffering from sleep apnea, which is a chronic condition related to sleep deprivation, it\u2019s time to get medical help."}, {"title": "", "text": "when you are awake. Therefore, if you get less sleep, your body is likely to burn fewer calories compared with those getting enough sleep. It will ultimately result in weight gain over a period of time. Lack of sleep will also make you restless throughout the day hence, will affect your activities. Lack of enough sleep can also be a precursor to a chronic build-up of stress. When you sleep less, your mind rests less and continues to remain worked up all the time. This leads to stressful situations for your system thereby, triggering the release of stress hormones. These stress hormones are known to be responsible for slowing down the pace of metabolism in the body thereby, leading to weight gain. Sleep deprivation can make one weak for high-calorie, low-nutrient foods. A person who sleeps only for 4 hours, is more likely to respond to food stimuli i.e. the sight and smell of enticing foods such as pastries, chocolates and ice creams and ends up consuming more calories. Due to lack of sleep one also consumes more fat. Also read: How sleep position affects sleep quality? Sleep deprivation can not only lead to weight gain but also contribute to serious disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular complications and so on. If you are suffering from sleep apnea, which is a chronic condition related to sleep deprivation, it\u2019s time to get medical help."}, {"title": "", "text": "3 Ways Sleep Affects Your Metabolism by Experience Life | Nov 20, 2020 | Health & Wellness, Sleep 1. Poor Weight Maintenance Skimping on sleep can lead to weight gain, especially around the waist where stress-induced pounds often collect. Studies show that sleep-deprived people tend to select sweet, fatty comfort foods. This quick-energy fare may compensate for the sluggishness and fatigue a poor night\u2019s sleep produces, but it also increases daily caloric intake by as much as 20 percent. \u201cWhen you don\u2019t get enough sleep, you don\u2019t get the restoration sleep provides,\u201d says Orfeu Buxton, PhD, professor of biobehavioral health at Pennsylvania State University. \u201cThe brain and body have to be active and alert for more time, and your body may need a little more energy, so your system overcompensates. You eat a few more calories.\u201d Even one night of sleep deprivation can trigger weight gain, according to a small but significant 2019 study Buxton and his team published in the Journal of Lipid Metabolism. Fifteen healthy men in their 20s spent 10 days eating the same calorie-dense meal. Most nights they slept 10 hours. But for four consecutive nights, they slept five hours or less. Following the sleep-restricted nights, participants reported feeling hungry after eating the same meal that filled them up on the sleep-sufficient nights. What\u2019s more, blood tests showed that their fatigued bodies were more apt to store the calories they ate as fat. Eating at night, when the body expects to be sleeping, can also cause weight gain. In one study, mice"}, {"title": "", "text": "3 Ways Sleep Affects Your Metabolism by Experience Life | Nov 20, 2020 | Health & Wellness, Sleep 1. Poor Weight Maintenance Skimping on sleep can lead to weight gain, especially around the waist where stress-induced pounds often collect. Studies show that sleep-deprived people tend to select sweet, fatty comfort foods. This quick-energy fare may compensate for the sluggishness and fatigue a poor night\u2019s sleep produces, but it also increases daily caloric intake by as much as 20 percent. \u201cWhen you don\u2019t get enough sleep, you don\u2019t get the restoration sleep provides,\u201d says Orfeu Buxton, PhD, professor of biobehavioral health at Pennsylvania State University. \u201cThe brain and body have to be active and alert for more time, and your body may need a little more energy, so your system overcompensates. You eat a few more calories.\u201d Even one night of sleep deprivation can trigger weight gain, according to a small but significant 2019 study Buxton and his team published in the Journal of Lipid Metabolism. Fifteen healthy men in their 20s spent 10 days eating the same calorie-dense meal. Most nights they slept 10 hours. But for four consecutive nights, they slept five hours or less. Following the sleep-restricted nights, participants reported feeling hungry after eating the same meal that filled them up on the sleep-sufficient nights. What\u2019s more, blood tests showed that their fatigued bodies were more apt to store the calories they ate as fat. Eating at night, when the body expects to be sleeping, can also cause weight gain. In one study, mice"}, {"title": "", "text": "leading to obesity and diabetes. So if you find yourself as one of those people that is doing everything they can think of to lose weight and it's simply not happening for you, check in on your sleep habits. This could be the missing link for you. So in the end, what's the moral of the story? For additional information on sleep visit these past articles."}, {"title": "", "text": "Although diet and exercise are widely known as the keys to weight loss success, there is another, lesser known contributor to losing \u2013 or gaining \u2013 weight. If you find yourself not getting enough sleep on a regular basis, or you wake up feeling unrested after a full night\u2019s sleep, it could be contributing to weight gain. When your body is not well-rested, it\u2019s less able to use calories efficiently, which is why you feel sluggish as you go about your day. Compound that with the fact that you take in more calories when you are tired. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that sleep-deprived study volunteers ate more during the night and were more likely to choose carbohydrate-heavy foods than volunteers who got enough rest. Those late night cravings probably resulted from an increase in the hormones that tell the brain to eat more. Women may be particularly susceptible to the connection between lack of rest and weight gain. One study found that women who reported less sleep over a 16-year period showed significantly more weight gain than their well-rested peers. Prioritize sleep time. Give yourself plenty of time for rest, preferably eight hours. Even if you aren\u2019t sleeping that entire time, you\u2019ve set yourself up for sleep success. Start a nightly routine. Doing the same things each night before you hit the hay can help prepare your mind and body for rest. Dim the lights, put on calming music, do a few stretches, read for a few minutes or do any relaxing activity"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home Health & Beauty Lack of sleep makes people pile on the pounds Lack of sleep makes people pile on the pounds Disrupted sleep alters metabolism and boosts bodys ability to store fat, data shows Lack of sleep has long been linked to obesity, but a new study suggests late night snacking may not be the primary culprit. The latest findings provide the most compelling evidence to date that disrupted sleep alters the metabolism and boosts the body\u2019s ability to store fat. The findings add to mounting scientific evidence on how disrupted sleep influences the usual rhythms of the body clock, raising the risk of a wide range of health problems from heart disease to diabetes. Jonathan Cedernaes, a circadian researcher at Uppsala University in Sweden and the paper\u2019s first author, said the findings pointed to \u201cthe irreplaceable function that sleep has\u201d. \u201cSleep is not just to conserve energy, it has so many functions,\u201d he said. Time and again research has linked shift work and lack of sleep to the risk of obesity and diabetes, but the reasons behind this association are complex and have been difficult to elucidate. Insufficient sleep appears to disrupt hormones that control appetite and feelings of fullness. Those who sleep less have more time to eat, may be too tired to exercise and have less self-control when it comes to resisting the temptation of unhealthy snacks. A previous study by Cedernaes and colleagues showed that even a short period of sleep deprivation led people to eat more and opt for higher"}, {"title": "", "text": "Home Health & Beauty Lack of sleep makes people pile on the pounds Lack of sleep makes people pile on the pounds Disrupted sleep alters metabolism and boosts bodys ability to store fat, data shows Lack of sleep has long been linked to obesity, but a new study suggests late night snacking may not be the primary culprit. The latest findings provide the most compelling evidence to date that disrupted sleep alters the metabolism and boosts the body\u2019s ability to store fat. The findings add to mounting scientific evidence on how disrupted sleep influences the usual rhythms of the body clock, raising the risk of a wide range of health problems from heart disease to diabetes. Jonathan Cedernaes, a circadian researcher at Uppsala University in Sweden and the paper\u2019s first author, said the findings pointed to \u201cthe irreplaceable function that sleep has\u201d. \u201cSleep is not just to conserve energy, it has so many functions,\u201d he said. Time and again research has linked shift work and lack of sleep to the risk of obesity and diabetes, but the reasons behind this association are complex and have been difficult to elucidate. Insufficient sleep appears to disrupt hormones that control appetite and feelings of fullness. Those who sleep less have more time to eat, may be too tired to exercise and have less self-control when it comes to resisting the temptation of unhealthy snacks. A previous study by Cedernaes and colleagues showed that even a short period of sleep deprivation led people to eat more and opt for higher"}, {"title": "", "text": "1 Easy Way to Lose Weight, Get Fit and Look Amazing. Sleep is probably the most underrated tool in the tool kit of being fit and healthy. Although we know lots about sleep we are still learning the exact mechanisms of what really makes a good sleep. So what does happen when we sleep and why is it important to makes sure we have enough as a fit and healthy woman. Firstly, sleep is generally believed to occur in around 90 minute cycles. Starting with 3 stages of NREM, Non Rapid Eye Movement, sleep which starts off just as a doze and gets gradually deeper with the deepest being the 3rd stage. The fourth stage is one of REM or Rapid Eye Movement where your brain is incredibly active but your muscles are virtually paralysed. Your brain and body undergo quite a lot of change when you sleep some of which is vital for regenerating your muscles and bones at a cellular level. It is also thought that your brain uses this time to clear waste products accumulated throughout the day. One of the biggest things that happens is the release of hormones, particularly growth hormones. Repair and rebuild your cells into stronger ones when you have pushed your body physically. Modulate your mood and appetite control. There is a correlation between obesity, depression and poor sleep patterns. There is quite a lot you can do to help you sleep better here are just a few of recommendations. Firstly make sure you have regular going to"}, {"title": "", "text": "When you skimp on sleep, it can mean a lot more than daytime drowsiness. Although most of us are quick to sacrifice sleep in the name of a tight deadline, a school project, or another hour of TV, repeatedly shortening your time in bed can result in a number of different health problems, including high blood pressure, poor balance, and depression. \u201cGoing to sleep at night isn\u2019t just to fill time; there\u2019s a reason for us to recharge every night. Sleep is just as integral to your health as exercise and proper nutrition,\u201d says Rochelle Goldberg, MD, director of sleep medicine services at the Sleep Medicine Center at Paoli Hospital. While staying up late for a night or two probably won\u2019t negatively affect your health, a pattern of late nights, restless sleep and early mornings can add up quickly. Dr. Goldberg explains what health risks you can expect if you\u2019re regularly pushing off some much-needed sleep. A loss in sleep may mean a gain in weight. Adults who sleep less are more likely to be overweight. Sleep won\u2019t help you shed pounds directly, but it will manage your metabolism. Getting 7.5 hours of sleep every night can keep your metabolism functioning properly, which will keep your weight in check. A lack of sleep has also been linked to making poor food choices, which can contribute to weight gain. Lack of sleep and depression are two conditions that seem to go hand-in-hand. Insomnia, a sleep disorder, has been strongly linked to depression, but even those without insomnia"}, {"title": "", "text": "Two studies done in our research center showed an average weight gain of 32 1/2 pounds in CFS and fibromyalgia. This occurred for many reasons, and we will discuss these, and help you lose the weight. But can you actually lose weight by getting enough shuteye? Repeated studies show that this really is the case. One of the reasons for the weight gain in fibromyalgia, and in the Western world in general? The inability to get deep sleep. Inadequate sleep can occur for a number of reasons. Many Americans simply do not make enough time for adequate sleep. One hundred years ago, the average American was getting 9 hours of sleep a night. Anthropologists tell us that 5000 years ago, the average night's sleep was 11 to 12 hours a night. When the sun went down, it was dark, boring, and dangerous outside, so people went to bed. When the sun came up, they woke up. The average time from sunset to sunrise is 12 hours. The use of candles initially shortened sleep time. Then light bulbs were developed followed by radio, TV, computers, etc. We are now down to an average of six and one half to seven hours of sleep a night, and this is simply not adequate to allow proper tissue repair. Some people get inadequate sleep because of poor sleep hygiene, often occurring because pain keeps them awake. For those with fibromyalgia however, their insomnia occurs because the sleep center in the brain (called the hypothalamus) is suppressed. A poll conducted by"}, {"title": "", "text": "Two studies done in our research center showed an average weight gain of 32 1/2 pounds in CFS and fibromyalgia. This occurred for many reasons, and we will discuss these, and help you lose the weight. But can you actually lose weight by getting enough shuteye? Repeated studies show that this really is the case. One of the reasons for the weight gain in fibromyalgia, and in the Western world in general? The inability to get deep sleep. Inadequate sleep can occur for a number of reasons. Many Americans simply do not make enough time for adequate sleep. One hundred years ago, the average American was getting 9 hours of sleep a night. Anthropologists tell us that 5000 years ago, the average night's sleep was 11 to 12 hours a night. When the sun went down, it was dark, boring, and dangerous outside, so people went to bed. When the sun came up, they woke up. The average time from sunset to sunrise is 12 hours. The use of candles initially shortened sleep time. Then light bulbs were developed followed by radio, TV, computers, etc. We are now down to an average of six and one half to seven hours of sleep a night, and this is simply not adequate to allow proper tissue repair. Some people get inadequate sleep because of poor sleep hygiene, often occurring because pain keeps them awake. For those with fibromyalgia however, their insomnia occurs because the sleep center in the brain (called the hypothalamus) is suppressed. A poll conducted by"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep are significantly more likely to be overweight than those who consistently get seven hours of shut-eye a night. When you\u203are sleep-deprived, your body produces more stress hormones, such as cortisol, which slows down your metabolism and ups the production of appetite-increasing hormones, such as leptin. Being tired means you\u203are more susceptible to everything from developing diabetes to catching colds. For example, experts indicate that after six nights of four-hour sleep, you may have an increase in higher blood sugar (an early warning sign of diabetes) and weaker immune systems than those who slept eight hours. In addition, sleeping only six hours a night increases the risk of heart disease by 18 percent REST EASY A quick reach for over-the-counter sleep aids may seem like an easy solution. However, drugs may cause more problems than they solve. But there are natural ways to train your body to sleep on a regular schedule without the aid of chemicals. Here are some wide-awake ways to start on a journey to quality shut-eye and sleep like a baby. \u2022 Unplug That\u2019s right, no screen time. Even an innocent Facebook scroll messes with sleep. Blue light from your phone disrupts your body\u2019s production of melatonin: the hormone that regulates your sleep/wake cycle. \u2022 Decompress Now that you\u203ave unplugged, why not luxuriate in the disconnect? Wind down with soothing music or take a luxurious bath. Or do as so many fellow New Yorkers and meditate. \u2022 Read A Bestseller Swap your iPad/Kindle for an actual book. Reading anything that interests you"}, {"title": "", "text": "reaching your ideal weight if you get between six and eight hours sleep a night. \u2018One third of the population of the UK is sleep deprived and this puts people at an increased risk of being overweight,\u2019 says naturopath Sybille Gebhardt (sybille.co.uk). \u2018Your body derives its energy from food and sleep. If one is lacking, then the other needs to increase to sustain your body\u2019s necessary energy levels.\u2019 A study by researchers at the University of Chicago found that sleep deprivation plays havoc with fat cells, reducing their ability to respond to the blood sugar balancing hormone insulin by 30 per cent."}, {"title": "", "text": "News > Medscape Medical News Insufficient Sleep Thwarts Weight Loss Efforts Fran Lowry October 6, 2010 \u2014 Lack of sleep appears to compromise the efficacy of dieting to lose weight, according to new research published in the October 5 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine. \"Many people today are overweight or obese, and diet-induced weight loss is a widely used strategy to reduce the health risks associated with excess adiposity,\" write Arlet V.Nedeltcheva, MD, from the University of Chicago, Illinois, and colleagues. \"The neuroendocrine changes associated with sleep curtailment in the presence of caloric restriction, however, suggest that lack of sufficient sleep may compromise the efficacy of commonly used dietary interventions in such persons.\" In this study, the authors examined whether \"recurrent bedtime restriction\" affected the amount of weight people lost when dieting, increased their hunger, and affected their leptin and ghrelin serum concentrations. They also examined changes in circulating cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid, and growth hormone concentrations due to sleep loss. They randomized 10 overweight, nonsmoking adults (3 women, 7 men) whose mean age was 41 years and whose body mass index ranged from 25 to 32 kg/m2 to 14 days of dieting and 8.5 hours of nighttime sleep and then to a similar period of dieting and 5.5 hours of nighttime sleep. The study took place in a sleep laboratory, and subjects were sedentary and spent their waking hours doing home office\u2013type work or leisure activities. The study found that the reduced sleep decreased the proportion of weight lost as fat by 55%."}, {"title": "", "text": "News > Medscape Medical News Insufficient Sleep Thwarts Weight Loss Efforts Fran Lowry October 6, 2010 \u2014 Lack of sleep appears to compromise the efficacy of dieting to lose weight, according to new research published in the October 5 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine. \"Many people today are overweight or obese, and diet-induced weight loss is a widely used strategy to reduce the health risks associated with excess adiposity,\" write Arlet V.Nedeltcheva, MD, from the University of Chicago, Illinois, and colleagues. \"The neuroendocrine changes associated with sleep curtailment in the presence of caloric restriction, however, suggest that lack of sufficient sleep may compromise the efficacy of commonly used dietary interventions in such persons.\" In this study, the authors examined whether \"recurrent bedtime restriction\" affected the amount of weight people lost when dieting, increased their hunger, and affected their leptin and ghrelin serum concentrations. They also examined changes in circulating cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid, and growth hormone concentrations due to sleep loss. They randomized 10 overweight, nonsmoking adults (3 women, 7 men) whose mean age was 41 years and whose body mass index ranged from 25 to 32 kg/m2 to 14 days of dieting and 8.5 hours of nighttime sleep and then to a similar period of dieting and 5.5 hours of nighttime sleep. The study took place in a sleep laboratory, and subjects were sedentary and spent their waking hours doing home office\u2013type work or leisure activities. The study found that the reduced sleep decreased the proportion of weight lost as fat by 55%."}, {"title": "", "text": "How Bad Is It to Fall Asleep on a Full Stomach? Is it the amount of food you need to be careful of while eating late at night, or the actual time? Experts say to be mindful of both By Marygrace Taylor Karen via Flickr Late dinner? Too much Netflix and chilling\u2014and snacking\u2014before bed? We've all heard that nighttime noshing is a bad idea. In part because it can wreck your sleep and, more disconcertingly, because it can make you gain weight. And sure, if you're scarfing down potato chips or ice cream in addition to your regular meals, the pounds will probably pile on. But what if you're accounting for those nighttime calories? Say, you have your usual dinner, but at 10 p.m. instead of 7 p.m., or you save up to splurge on some popcorn while watching a movie. If you're not actually eating more\u2014just eating later\u2014will you still gain weight? The answer is probably yes. Experts have uncovered a lot about the relationship between sleep and weight in recent years, and while there's still a lot to learn, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that your body knows when it's supposed to be awake and getting food, and when it's supposed to be asleep and not eating anything. And feeding it at the wrong time could spell trouble on the scale. RELATED: 7 Weird Reasons You're Gaining Weight \"The enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, they're highly circadian. They know when they're supposed to be metabolizing glucose,\" says Kristen Eckel-Mahan, PhD, who studies"}, {"title": "", "text": "According to a new study shared by health experts, it has been concluded that using your mobile phone before going to sleep can result in weight gain. If you\u2019re just going through your news feed and scrolling through your messages late at night, your focus forces you to stay up till late, meaning you get less rest. Further, if you attain less than 7 hours of sleep a night, your glial cells are unable to clean up the toxins our neurones produce, accordingly. It has been concluded that there are only 5% of people who are not yet affected by these toxins, whereas 95% of us are affected as our insulin levels suffer. Insulin helps regulate our metabolism, and if you don\u2019t get enough sleep it causes weight gain."}, {"title": "", "text": "is diagnosed with a sleep study (which can be done at home or in a sleep lab), so touch base with your doc if any of these symptoms sound familiar. After all, OSA has been linked to high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke, says Chang. If it\u2019s just plain ol\u2019 noise that\u2019s bugging you and everyone else in the house? Consider these nine changes. 1. Drop Some Pounds \u201cWeight gain and obesity leads to fat deposits in the neck that can cause the [tissue] collapse during sleep to be more severe,\u201d says Chang. Simply put, the more body weight you have, the more tissue you have that flops around making noise, explains Dasgupta. Not all overweight people snore, but shedding weight can help curb the problem if you\u2019re already a snorer, docs agree. 2. Eat Better Research suggests increasing fiber intake (think: fruits and vegetables) can lessen the severity of symptoms of sleep apnea, which can include snoring and waking up throughout the night. Sleep on your side. \u201cWhen we are on our backs, gravity causes the tongue and other tissues to fall back, which can lead to the collapse and vibration of the tissues in the throat,\u201d says Chang. 3. Try A Sleep Aid Can\u2019t trick yourself into sleeping on your side? FDA-approved, Zzoma is a positional device that attaches around your waist before bed. It helps you stay on your side while sleeping, making it difficult to turn onto your back, where you\u2019ll be more likely to snore. Aimed at snorers and people"}, {"title": "", "text": "Health News Wellness Link between obesity and sleep loss By University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Can staying up late make you fat? A growing body of research has suggested that poor sleep quality is linked to an increased risk of obesity by deregulating appetite, which in turn leads to more calorie consumption. But a new study published this week in PLOS Biology found that the direction of this reaction might actually be flipped: It\u2019s not the sleep loss that leads to obesity, but rather that excess weight can cause poor sleep, according to researchers from the University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Perelman School of Medicine and the University of Nevada, Reno, who discovered their findings in the microscopic worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). \u201cWe think that sleep is a function of the body trying to conserve energy in a setting where energetic levels are going down. Our findings suggest that if you were to fast for a day, we would predict you might get sleepy because your energetic stores would be depleted,\u201d said study co-author David Raizen, MD, PhD, an associate professor of Neurology and member of the Chronobiology and Sleep Institute at Penn. Raizen emphasized that while these findings in worms may not translate directly to humans, C. elegans offer a surprisingly good model for studying mammalian slumber. Like all other animals that have nervous systems, they need sleep. But unlike humans, who have complex neural circuitry and are difficult to study, a C. elegans has only 302 neurons \u2014 one of which scientists know for"}, {"title": "", "text": "The issue of blacks and weight management continues to be a problematic topic. Studies say that four out of five black women are overweight or obese, and that blacks in general are about 1.5 times more likely to be obese than whites. Now, you already know the weight gain/weight loss basics: eat right and exercise. But, as if these two things aren\u2019t already challenging enough, there may be more to it than that. According to the NIH, certain health problems can help add inches to your waist as well. What\u2019s so bad about not getting enough sleep? Aside from the fact that the human body needs sleep in order to restore and heal organs and tissues, not sleeping enough can lead to eating not-so-healthy food late at night. Also, sleep-deprivation can lead to changes in hormone levels, which can, in turn, increase hunger and appetite. Cortisol, the \u201cstress hormone,\u201d is secreted into the body when you feel stressed. This causes an increase in appetite. And unfortunately, very few people who are stressed tend to reach for kale and glasses of water."}, {"title": "", "text": "[recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your health in other ways. It\u2019s all about the endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones. Fluctuations in hormones are associated with increased weight gain, explains Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former co-director of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep can be a big boost when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on your mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cIn the summer, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night and working six days a week. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica, a student in Canada. \u201cNow that I\u2019m back in school and don\u2019t go to work at 7 a.m. every morning and then another job after, I feel a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Can poor sleep have an impact on our health? Can sleep affect your weight? Body coach star, Joe Wicks, suggests that diets are rubbish and that sleep is key to weight maintenance. But is he right, can lack of sleep affect the way our bodies deal with weight loss? This idea isn\u2019t new. In 2011, the Express reported that \u201cgood sleep is dream recipe to lose weight\u201d. In this article, it was reported that people who sleep more than 8 hours per night and lead a stress-free lifestyle were more likely to lose weight than stressed dieters who got little sleep. The researchers also recorded sleep time, stress levels and states of depression as perceived by the participant. So this was a self-reported, subjective score that was taken at the beginning of the trial. The results showed that those who had less stress levels, slept between 6-8 hours per night, were more likely to lose targeted weight than those who slept less than 6 hours, more than 8 hours or who reported the highest stress levels . A later study suggested that insomnia can affect our ability to maintain weight loss too . Some studies even suggest that using the weekend to catch up on lost sleep might have a beneficial effect on our weight , although this is purely observational. These are interesting studies, and suggest that good quality sleep does help keep the weight off. But none of them imply that sleep alone will make you thin. You still have to follow a calorie-deficit"}, {"title": "", "text": "Can poor sleep have an impact on our health? Can sleep affect your weight? Body coach star, Joe Wicks, suggests that diets are rubbish and that sleep is key to weight maintenance. But is he right, can lack of sleep affect the way our bodies deal with weight loss? This idea isn\u2019t new. In 2011, the Express reported that \u201cgood sleep is dream recipe to lose weight\u201d. In this article, it was reported that people who sleep more than 8 hours per night and lead a stress-free lifestyle were more likely to lose weight than stressed dieters who got little sleep. The researchers also recorded sleep time, stress levels and states of depression as perceived by the participant. So this was a self-reported, subjective score that was taken at the beginning of the trial. The results showed that those who had less stress levels, slept between 6-8 hours per night, were more likely to lose targeted weight than those who slept less than 6 hours, more than 8 hours or who reported the highest stress levels . A later study suggested that insomnia can affect our ability to maintain weight loss too . Some studies even suggest that using the weekend to catch up on lost sleep might have a beneficial effect on our weight , although this is purely observational. These are interesting studies, and suggest that good quality sleep does help keep the weight off. But none of them imply that sleep alone will make you thin. You still have to follow a calorie-deficit"}, {"title": "", "text": "function as efficiently as possible, it needs plenty of sleep. When the body is unable to function to the best of its ability, weight gain becomes more likely and weight loss becomes more difficult. As such, there is a direct correlation between healthy sleep patterns and weight loss/weight management. Inflammation is a major culprit in triggering almost everything: from arthritis, to diabetes, to stroke, to heart disease, and many other health issues. Research suggests that when individuals sleep for less than 6 hours every night, they are inherently more likely to suffer inflammation than those sleeping a minimum of 8 hours per night. Something else to bear in mind is that when your body is tired, it craves the kinds of foods and drinks that give it an instant and heavy dose of fat, sugar and calories in general. This is precisely why you are statistically most likely to crave junk food when tired, hungover or sick. By contrast, a well-rested body allows the individual in question to make much healthier dietary choices, day in and day out. Regardless of who you are and your general approach to life, the amount of sleep you get will have an impact on your day to day mood. Insufficient sleep leads to grumpiness and negativity, while positive sleep patterns lead to positivity, optimism, and general happiness. Sleep may not be the only key to everyday happiness, but it certainly helps! Unsurprisingly, it isn\u2019t easy to perform at your full potential in any kind of sport or activity if you"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep. Researchers at Harvard University and Boston College established that people seem to strengthen the emotional components of a memory during sleep, which helps in the creative process. Apart from consolidating memories, or making them stronger during sleep, the brain appears to reorganize and restructure them, which may result in more creativity as well. Doctors warn that lack of sleep can result in ADHD-like symptoms in children. Unfortunately children don\u2019t react the same way to sleep deprivation as adults do. Whereas adults get sleepy, children get hyperactive. A 2009 study in the Pediatrics journal revealed that children in the 7-8 years age group, who got less than about eight hours of sleep a night were more likely to be hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive. The key to losing weight as we all know is to consume fewer calories and get reasonable dosages of exercise. Add one more point to your weight loss/maintenance programme \u2013 sleep. Researchers at the University of Chicago have proved that dieters who were well rested lost more fat\u201456% of their weight loss\u2014than those who were sleep deprived, who lost more muscle mass. The dieters shed similar amounts of total weight regardless of sleep. What this means is that with adequate sleep dieters lost more fat \u2013 a positive, while the sleep deprived lost more muscle \u2013 negative. Dieters in the study also felt hungrier when they got less sleep. This is because sleep and metabolism are controlled by the same parts of the brain so when you are sleepy, certain hormones spike your"}, {"title": "", "text": "There are several links between sleep and body composition. Generally speaking, less sleep is associated with increased rates of overweight and obesity. The correlation is not causal, because obviously sleeping doesn\u2019t contribute greatly to energy expenditure. Someone who slept all day is going to be burning less energy than someone who runs all day. Instead, a lack of sleep is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. This makes sense. The less you sleep, the more tired and lethargic you are likely to be, decreasing the chance of physical activity (and intensity) and leading to poor food choices. The best way to get consistent sleep is to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. That seems obvious, if extremely unlikely. But the alternative is waking up the same time every day is very achievable. Besides allowing you to develop a morning routine (or loose structure), this pretty quickly starts to bring your bedtime in alignment. You might not go to bed at the exact same time every night, but if you\u2019ve been up since 6am every day this week, staying up past midnight each night seems less appealing. Try it for the next seven days. Don\u2019t let the weekend ruin your regime. You probably don\u2019t need a sleep in. In fact, when you get up at the same time on the weekend, you will probably feel more energetic than if you were getting up at 9am. Do I find exercise fun?"}, {"title": "", "text": "As we know by the national news reports, weight management is a serious problem, not only in this country but in most of the developed countries of the world. People are turning to any product that promises weight reduction. Most people know and understand that excessive weight can lead to serious health issues. The most common issues are joint pain, excessive heart strain, insulin resistant diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and high blood pressure. Other health issues can include the mental and emotional stress, like self- esteem, acceptance, being loved and the \u201cI tried everything and failed\u201d syndrome. There is hope and we encourage you to get off the \u201cfad\u201d stuff and look at some very simple areas that will have great benefit in your life. Sleep- It is an area that most people do not take serious. Lack of proper sleep is a big factor in many of today\u2019s health problems. In a society which rewards productivity, people become stressed out over achieving expected results from their place of business or peers. These stresses are carried home and into the bedroom where a person becomes unable to readily fall asleep or stay in that REM sleep mode which is needed for proper rest. During deep sleep is when the body does the most important repair tasks. Given the right nutrients and a good night\u2019s sleep the body will respond with energy and vitality. Inadequate sleep means excess secretion of cortisol, the stress hormone, and that leads to insulin resistance, belly fat accumulation, and systemic"}, {"title": "", "text": "As we know by the national news reports, weight management is a serious problem, not only in this country but in most of the developed countries of the world. People are turning to any product that promises weight reduction. Most people know and understand that excessive weight can lead to serious health issues. The most common issues are joint pain, excessive heart strain, insulin resistant diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and high blood pressure. Other health issues can include the mental and emotional stress, like self- esteem, acceptance, being loved and the \u201cI tried everything and failed\u201d syndrome. There is hope and we encourage you to get off the \u201cfad\u201d stuff and look at some very simple areas that will have great benefit in your life. Sleep- It is an area that most people do not take serious. Lack of proper sleep is a big factor in many of today\u2019s health problems. In a society which rewards productivity, people become stressed out over achieving expected results from their place of business or peers. These stresses are carried home and into the bedroom where a person becomes unable to readily fall asleep or stay in that REM sleep mode which is needed for proper rest. During deep sleep is when the body does the most important repair tasks. Given the right nutrients and a good night\u2019s sleep the body will respond with energy and vitality. Inadequate sleep means excess secretion of cortisol, the stress hormone, and that leads to insulin resistance, belly fat accumulation, and systemic"}, {"title": "", "text": "when it comes to our mood and emotions. It only takes a single nigh of bad sleep to turn us all into cranky, crabby jerks who snap at the people we love and cut others off in traffic. Imagine the long term effects of consistent sleep loss and it is easy to see how lack of sleep can impact our relationships, friendships, employment, and overall enjoyment of life. More and more research has shown the link between sleep and weight. The less sleep you get the more weight you gain and the more weight you gain, the less likely you are to get the sleep you need. Sleep affects weight by messing with our hormonal levels in ways that make us hungrier and more likely to eat things that are not good for us. Not getting the sleep you need also makes it less likely that you will exercise, which only compounds the problem. Our brains need sleep to function optimally. Without sleep, we lose cognitive function and are able to pay attention for shorter and shorter amounts of time. We struggle to remember things and have difficulty remaining alert will performing important tasks like driving. Do yourself a favor and make sleep your number 1 priority for the next few months. You will be amazed at how big a difference an extra hour or two of shut-eye can make on the entirety of your life."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"When you're sleep deprived, your stress-hormone levels increase, which is toxic to your neurons,\" Dr. Fotuhi explains. The Rx: If you're overweight, losing weight should help: A 2011 Kent State University study, for example, found that people who underwent bariatric surgery improved their memory loss 12 weeks post-procedure. And especially if you're feeling less than sharp, make a good night's sleep a priority."}, {"title": "", "text": "\"When you're sleep deprived, your stress-hormone levels increase, which is toxic to your neurons,\" Dr. Fotuhi explains. The Rx: If you're overweight, losing weight should help: A 2011 Kent State University study, for example, found that people who underwent bariatric surgery improved their memory loss 12 weeks post-procedure. And especially if you're feeling less than sharp, make a good night's sleep a priority."}, {"title": "", "text": "There are Many Reasons Why Losing Weight is Good. Or it could eliminate it all together. Sleep apnea is a condition wherein one could temporarily stop breathing for a brief period and then would continue to snore heavily. Sleep apnea could cause drowsiness or sleepiness during the day and \u2013 because of being overweight \u2013 could result in heart failure. Shedding those excess pounds could help in eliminating this problem. When one weighs heavily, the joints of his or her knees, hips and lower back would have to exert double \u2013 if not triple \u2013 effort to carry him or her through out his / her waking, walking and moving life. This could cause tension and stress on these joints. Weight loss decreases the load these joints carry thus decreasing \u2013 if not eliminating \u2013 the pain of one who has osteoarthritis."}, {"title": "", "text": "factors play an important role in making good choices during the daytime.\u201d Research also supports the idea that poor sleep can lead to lower activity levels, according to one article. The researchers noted that low energy and higher levels of fatigue and sleepiness tend to make people less likely to exercise. Another previous study set out to discover just how much poor sleep can impact activity levels, and it was observed that reducing nighttime sleep to five and a half hours led to a 24 percent reduction in moderate-to-vigorous activity among a small group of study participants at risk of type 2 diabetes. Be careful not to sleep too much though, as that can also lead to weight gain. Previous research followed a group of adults for six years and found those who slept between five and six hours each night were 35 percent more likely to experience an 11-pound weight gain \u2014 but also that long sleepers (those who slept between 9 and 10 hours) were 25 percent more likely to experience the same amount of weight gain, when compared with people who slept seven to eight hours per night. Long sleep time is associated with more time spent in bed and less time burning calories. 6 Healthy Habits for Better Sleep Ultimately, sleep should be a priority if you\u2019re looking to reach or maintain a healthy weight. \u201cIt\u2019s one of the fundamental elements of maintaining a healthy lifestyle in general, particularly if weight management is a goal,\u201d Makekau says. Ready to commit to logging"}, {"title": "", "text": "measure sleep by measuring electrical changes in the brain,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"So not surprisingly how we sleep affects the brain.\" Have a healthy weight If you are thinking about going on a diet, you might want to plan an earlier bedtime too. Researchers at the University of Chicago found that dieters who were well rested lost more fat\u009756% of their weight loss\u0097than those who were sleep deprived, who lost more muscle mass. (They shed similar amounts of total weight regardless of sleep.) Dieters in the study also felt more hungry when they got less sleep. \"Sleep and metabolism are controlled by the same sectors of the brain,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"When you are sleepy, certain hormones go up in your blood, and those same hormones drive appetite.\" When it comes to our health stress and sleep are nearly one and the same\u0097and both can affect cardiovascular health. \"Sleep can definitely reduce levels of stress, and with that people can have better control of their blood pressure,\" Dr. Jean says. \"It\u2019s also believed that sleep effects cholesterol levels, which plays a significant role in heart disease.\" Avoid accidents The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported in 2009 that being tired accounted for the highest number of fatal single-car run-off-the-road crashes due to the driver\u2019s performance\u0097even more than alcohol! \"Sleepiness is grossly underrated as a problem by most people, but the cost to society is enormous,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"Sleeplessness affects reaction time and decision making.\" Insufficient sleep for just one night can be as detrimental to"}, {"title": "", "text": "measure sleep by measuring electrical changes in the brain,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"So not surprisingly how we sleep affects the brain.\" Have a healthy weight If you are thinking about going on a diet, you might want to plan an earlier bedtime too. Researchers at the University of Chicago found that dieters who were well rested lost more fat\u009756% of their weight loss\u0097than those who were sleep deprived, who lost more muscle mass. (They shed similar amounts of total weight regardless of sleep.) Dieters in the study also felt more hungry when they got less sleep. \"Sleep and metabolism are controlled by the same sectors of the brain,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"When you are sleepy, certain hormones go up in your blood, and those same hormones drive appetite.\" When it comes to our health stress and sleep are nearly one and the same\u0097and both can affect cardiovascular health. \"Sleep can definitely reduce levels of stress, and with that people can have better control of their blood pressure,\" Dr. Jean says. \"It\u2019s also believed that sleep effects cholesterol levels, which plays a significant role in heart disease.\" Avoid accidents The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported in 2009 that being tired accounted for the highest number of fatal single-car run-off-the-road crashes due to the driver\u2019s performance\u0097even more than alcohol! \"Sleepiness is grossly underrated as a problem by most people, but the cost to society is enormous,\" Dr. Rapoport says. \"Sleeplessness affects reaction time and decision making.\" Insufficient sleep for just one night can be as detrimental to"}, {"title": "", "text": "Lack of sleep can make you fat: Study New findings show disrupted sleep alters metabolism, boosts body's ability to store fat A new study's findings add to mounting scientific evidence on how disrupted sleep influences the usual rhythms of the body clock, raising the risk of a range of health problems from heart disease to diabetes.PHOTO: AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE Aug 28, 2018, 5:00 am SGT http://str.sg/oWuU Lack of sleep has long been linked to obesity, but a new study suggests late-night snacking may not be the primary culprit. The latest findings provide the most compelling evidence to date that disrupted sleep alters the metabolism and boosts the body's ability to store fat. The findings add to mounting scientific evidence on how disrupted sleep influences the usual rhythms of the body clock, raising the risk of a wide range of health problems from heart disease to diabetes. Dr Jonathan Cedernaes, a circadian researcher at Uppsala University in Sweden and the paper's first author, said the findings pointed to \"the irreplaceable function\" that sleep has. \"Sleep is not just to conserve energy, it has so many functions,\" he said. Time and again, research has linked shift work and lack of sleep to the risk of obesity and diabetes, but the reasons behind this association are complex and have been difficult to elucidate. Insufficient sleep appears to disrupt hormones that control appetite and feelings of fullness. Those who sleep less have more time to eat, may be too tired to exercise and have less self-control when it comes to resisting"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Steven Reinberg, Healthday Reporter Women, beware: Sleeping with a light on or the TV going in your bedroom could make you put on weight. That's the finding of new research published in JAMA Internal Medicine. While the study doesn't prove that sleeping with a light on causes weight gain, it suggests the two may be linked, the researchers said. \"Turning off the light while sleeping may be a useful tool for reducing a possibility of weight gain and becoming overweight or obese,\" said lead author Dr. Yong-Moon Mark Park. He is a postdoctoral fellow at the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Park said that exposure to artificial light at night may suppress the sleep hormone melatonin and disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle. \"It also may disturb day-to-day variations of stress hormones and affect other metabolic processes in ways that contribute to weight gain,\" Park added. Keeping a light on might also result in poorer sleep. Shorter sleep could prompt you to exercise less and eat more, he noted. For the study, Park's team relied on self-reported data from nearly 44,000 women, aged 35 to 74. They weren't shift workers, daytime sleepers or pregnant when the study began. Women who slept with a light on were 17% more likely to gain 11 pounds or more over five years, the study found. And the level of artificial light seemed to matter, Park said. \"For example, using a small nightlight was not associated with weight gain, whereas women who slept with"}, {"title": "", "text": "by Steven Reinberg, Healthday Reporter Women, beware: Sleeping with a light on or the TV going in your bedroom could make you put on weight. That's the finding of new research published in JAMA Internal Medicine. While the study doesn't prove that sleeping with a light on causes weight gain, it suggests the two may be linked, the researchers said. \"Turning off the light while sleeping may be a useful tool for reducing a possibility of weight gain and becoming overweight or obese,\" said lead author Dr. Yong-Moon Mark Park. He is a postdoctoral fellow at the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Park said that exposure to artificial light at night may suppress the sleep hormone melatonin and disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle. \"It also may disturb day-to-day variations of stress hormones and affect other metabolic processes in ways that contribute to weight gain,\" Park added. Keeping a light on might also result in poorer sleep. Shorter sleep could prompt you to exercise less and eat more, he noted. For the study, Park's team relied on self-reported data from nearly 44,000 women, aged 35 to 74. They weren't shift workers, daytime sleepers or pregnant when the study began. Women who slept with a light on were 17% more likely to gain 11 pounds or more over five years, the study found. And the level of artificial light seemed to matter, Park said. \"For example, using a small nightlight was not associated with weight gain, whereas women who slept with"}, {"title": "", "text": "can be done about my sleep apnea? Sleep apnea can be treated with lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, surgery or a combination of these. The goal of sleep apnea treatment is to restore regular breathing during sleep and to also relieve symptoms during sleep and improve your overall quality of sleep. How can sleep apnea be diagnosed? Sleep apnea can often go undiagnosed because people are simply unaware that the condition exists nor are they aware of its symptoms. Properly diagnosing the condition is imperative for sleep apnea treatment, which is why we strongly recommend that if you think you may have sleep apnea and present minor symptoms that you contact our Pasadena dentist. As they say, it is better to be \u201csafe\u201d than \u201csorry\u201d. Usually, the condition is diagnosed by careful examination followed by a special sleep study test. Does my weight affect the fact that I have sleep apnea? Weight can have a direct impact on snoring and sleep apnea. Many individuals who suffer from sleep apnea are overweight or obese. The severity of sleep apnea can fluctuate as weight is gained or lost. If I lose weight, will my sleep apnea go away? Losing weight can impact the severity of sleep apnea greatly and can even make it go away completely. If an individual that is diagnosed with sleep apnea is overweight or obese, weight loss is often encourage in addition to traditional treatment methods. Call our dentist in Pasadena for more information. Does my insurance cover sleep apnea treatment? Many insurance policies"}, {"title": "", "text": "One of the greatest feelings is coming home after an incredibly long day and curling up in bed whether to watch television, read a book, or just turn in early. One of the best things we do for our health is sleep. Sleeping provides us with new energy, a renewed perspective on the day, and a chance to unwind. Yet, some people do not receive the sleep they need to stay healthy. Sleep comes with a variety of benefits. First, you need sleep to properly function throughout the day. Not only does broken sleep mean that your energy levels may be low, but your organs and your entire body may not function optimally. Sleep benefits us in more ways than we can imagine. For one, sleep can help us reduce our caloric intake, lower our weight, and reduce the risk of obesity. Hormones in our body help us to realise we are hungry and when we lose sleep, these hormones can fluctuate from their normal levels. In addition to weight loss, sleep encourages athletic performance and improves our concentration. In fact, a lack of sleep compares to heavy alcohol intake, meaning that our brain functions the same while intoxicated as it does on lack of sleep. This lack of sleep can be dangerous for ourselves and for others. Sleep can also lower our risk of developing heart disease or having a stroke. It also lowers the chance of developing diabetes. Sleep ensures our bodily systems are working the way they should and health cannot be achieved"}, {"title": "", "text": "almost never get sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year"}, {"title": "", "text": "sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year"}, {"title": "", "text": "Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. Sleep and stress This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the University of Regina in"}, {"title": "", "text": "Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the University of Regina in Saskatchewan, Canada. \u201cNow"}, {"title": "", "text": "sick,\u201d says Rachael R., a student at Winona State University in Minnesota. \u201cI [recently] made it a priority to get enough sleep and I didn\u2019t get sick once, which is amazing because I\u2019m a nursing major who spends a lot of time in the hospital around sick people.\u201d Sleep and the scale A lack of sleep can also affect your endocrine system, which is responsible for managing your hormones\u2014and fluctuations in your hormones are associated with increased weight gain, says Dr. Michel Bornemann, a sleep medicine specialist and former codirector of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center in Minneapolis. The part of your brain that controls these functions\u2014the hypothalamus\u2014needs sleep for regulation and to keep your weight in check. When you haven\u2019t gotten much sleep, you\u2019re also more likely to crave less nutritious foods that will provide a quick shot of energy, such as sugary snacks. Plus, your body can\u2019t fully reap the benefits of regular physical activity if you\u2019re not getting consistent, deep sleep. In other words, sleep is key when it comes to helping you maintain a healthy weight. This might come as no surprise, but sleep has a major impact on our mood (just think about all the times you\u2019ve gone through the day grumpy because you didn\u2019t get enough shut-eye). \u201cBefore school, I was getting four to six hours [of sleep] a night, working six days a week, full and part time. I was always tired and sluggish, and felt negative about most things,\u201d says Jessica M., a second-year student at the"}, {"title": "", "text": "But the small study reached a compelling, unexpected conclusion. On the surface, the results may look disappointing. Subjects were allowed 8-1/2 hours in bed during one two-week period, and limited to 5-1/2 hours in bed the other two weeks. Diet and exercise were kept the same between the two periods, so that the effect of sleep alone could be isolated. But when the researchers looked at weight loss during the two periods, it was almost identical. Subjects lost about 3 kilograms, or 6 pounds, over the two weeks, whether they were getting a long night\u2019s sleep or the reduced amount. But not all weight loss is created equal. When the researchers looked more closely at what kind of weight was lost over the two-week periods, an important difference was revealed. With adequate sleep time, more than half of what was lost was fat. But when sleep was limited to less than 5-1/2 hours, only a quarter of the lost weight was due to reduced fat, suggesting that important protein and muscle were being shed instead of unsightly flab. \u201cIf your goal is to lose fat, skipping sleep is like poking sticks in your bicycle wheels,\u201d Penev said. \u201cCutting back on sleep, a behavior that is ubiquitous in modern society, appears to compromise efforts to lose fat through dieting. In our study it reduced fat loss by 55 percent.\u201d Why would losing sleep mean a less efficient diet? The sleep-deprived brain may send different signals to its body; ghrelin levels were again increased in this study, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "There have been so many times during our childhood when we have made fun of people around us, be it our grandparents, parents or elderly uncles who snore loudly. What we fail to realize is that \u2013 in reality \u2013 it is not something that should be taken lightly. Snoring can actually indicate some serious underlying illness. People around the world are being more and more sleep deprived, while the duration of their sleep is declining at a dangerous rate. A good night\u2019s rest is important for the overall health of an individual. Most individuals know that obesity has a very negative effect on our health, but few people are aware that weight gain can actually cause snoring. Surprised, right? Let\u2019s dive into its details. Snoring is a sound or noise made as we breathe during sleep. It\u2019s a common problem among all age groups and is seen in both genders. What is the connection between weight gain and snoring? Because of an unhealthy lifestyle and diet, weight gain has become a huge problem among a majority of the population and is the root cause of many diseases. It has been observed that although snoring is a normal condition, it occurs more frequently in people who are overweight. It is seen that the condition worsens with age. But what really is the relationship between weight gain and snoring? Although it may seem like when we gain weight it is deposited in just a few areas, the excess of fat gets distributed in the body as a"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.2280845195055008, 0.24671663343906403, 0.2411612719297409, 0.22990894317626953, 0.20785470306873322, 0.1963140368461609, 0.2895506024360657, 0.12917380034923553, 0.22757847607135773, 0.21183288097381592, 0.25741836428642273, 0.214375838637352, 0.24165382981300354, 0.21389763057231903, 0.23023223876953125, 0.2819197177886963, 0.19579239189624786, 0.23488670587539673, 0.10882912576198578, 0.2541351616382599, 0.18398907780647278, 0.12257300317287445, 0.2230982482433319, 0.2611698806285858, 0.3026590049266815, 0.16221311688423157, 0.26183781027793884, 0.2321217954158783, 0.2808399200439453, 0.2774604260921478, 0.2412176877260208, 0.19607719779014587, 0.10993730276823044, 0.23936490714550018, 0.27952519059181213, 0.266458123922348, 0.24086616933345795, 0.2155357301235199, 0.1598166525363922, 0.21372990310192108, 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[{"title": "", "text": "What Has Government Done to Our Money? is a 1963 book by Murray N. Rothbard that details the history of money, from early barter systems, to the gold standard, to present day systems of paper money. It is available for purchase and as free digital pdf, html, ebook, pdf, and with translations (see External links). Topics How money developed Rothbard explains how money was originally developed, and why gold was chosen as the preferred commodity to use as money. The gold standard The essay, \"What Has Government Done to Our Money?\" was written by Rothbard as an objective historical account with a provocative title. In contrast, \"The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar\" was an essay with an ethical agenda. Both essays are normally found together in one binding. In \"The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar\", Rothbard argues that having a currency permanently fixed by law at a certain weight in gold, and always redeemable in gold, greatly incentivizes governments and banks to be much more ethical, civil, and honest in their lending methods, accounting methods, and in their honorable pursuits of other profits related to managing and supplying money to society. In this section, Rothbard argues against any monetary policy that increases the amount of money in circulation. According to Rothbard, increasing the supply of money confuses society's ability to calculate relative costs during the time of monetary expansion. This is because the money is not injected into all areas of the economy at once, resulting in what Rothbard describes as deceiving"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: \"It's beginning to look a lot like Christmas!\" date: \"2008-12-19 19:12:16\" author: \"Kelsie Steele\" preview: > Our family is getting things ready for the holidays! tags: - abs - family - photos --- Our family is getting things ready for the holidays! \"The {: .article-image .article-image--has-caption} The Christmas tree makes our house so cheery during the dark winter days. {: .caption-text .article-image__caption} \"Here {: .article-image .article-image--has-caption} Here is what I did today... {: .caption-text .article-image__caption} \"These {: .article-image .article-image--has-caption} These will be decorated tomorrow at a small Christmas party Joshua and I are hosting. {: .caption-text .article-image__caption} \"Abby {: .article-image .article-image--has-caption} Abby thought these were pretty fun. {: .caption-text .article-image__caption} \"Taking {: .article-image .article-image--has-caption} Taking your own picture with a Nikon D40 is not that easy. (The girls were sleeping; otherwise, they would've made better photo material. =) ) {: .caption-text .article-image__caption} ### Ministry Update Our good friend and missionary"}, {"title": "", "text": "Academy, on the question, \"Is it suitable, in the 19th century, to build churches in the gothic style?\" De Quincy and his followers denounced the gothic style as incoherent, disorderly, unintelligent, decadent and without taste. Viollet-le-Duc responded, \"What we want, messieurs, is the return of an art which was born in our country....Leave to Rome what belongs to Rome, and to Athens what belongs to Athens. Rome didn't want our Gothic (and was perhaps the only one in Europe to reject it) and they were right, because when one has the good fortune to possess a national architecture, the best thing is to keep it.\" \"If you study for a moment a church of the 13th century\", he wrote, \"you see that all of the construction is carried out according to an invariable system. All the forces and the weights are thrust out to the exterior, a disposition which gives the interior the greatest open space possible. The flying buttresses and contreforts alone support the entire structure, and always have an aspect of resistance, of force and stability which reassures the eye and the spirit; The vaults, built with materials that are easy to mount and to place at a great height, are combined in a easy that places the totality of their weight on the piles; that the most simple means are always employed...and that all the parts of these constructions, independent of each other, even as they rely on each other, present an elasticity and a lightness needed in a building of such great"}, {"title": "", "text": "people and if we lose a few hundred people a year to terrorists, that doesn't change who we are and it shouldn't change the fabric of our society. Frankly I think we should get used to losing\u2014as long as we're taking the stance in the world of being the military superpower, you're going to have people nipping at you. And if it's hundreds or thousands\u2014we lose 15,000 people a year to have the right to bear arms and most people think that's a good deal, year after year. We spend 15,000 people for the right to bear arms. What do we spend to be as aggressive and heavy weight on this planet? We're always going to have terrorism.\" When he traveled to Iran, he noted the similarity of Iranians and Americans each giving up freedoms to make themselves less fearful: \"They traded away their freedom for a theocracy, out of fear. It's just like Americans. We don't want to torture people, we want to have civil liberties, we don't want our government reading our mail. But when we have fear, we let fear trump our commitment to our civil liberties and decency. We allow torture, we allow the government to read our mail. It's not because we're bad, it's because sometimes fear is more important than our core values. And Iran is afraid. They've given up democracy because they know a theocracy will stand strong against encroaching Western values.\" In Travel as a Political Act, Steves wrote that displaying the American flag on car antennas \"creates"}, {"title": "", "text": "de France for the French newspaper, Le Petit Parisien. At Coutances he heard that the previous year's winner, Henri P\u00e9lissier, his brother Francis and a third rider, Maurice Ville, had pulled out after a row with the organiser, Henri Desgrange. Henri P\u00e9lissier explained the problem \u2013 whether or not he had the right to take off a jersey \u2013 and went on to talk of drugs, reported in Londres' race diary, in which he coined the phrase Les For\u00e7ats de la Route (The Convicts of the Road): \"You have no idea what the Tour de France is\", Henri said. \"It's a Calvary. Worse than that, because the road to the Cross has only 14 stations and ours has 15. We suffer from the start to the end. You want to know how we keep going? Here...\" He pulled a phial from his bag. \"That's cocaine, for our eyes. This is chloroform, for our gums.\" \"This\", Ville said, emptying his shoulder bag \"is liniment to put warmth back into our knees.\" \"And pills. Do you want to see pills? Have a look, here are the pills.\" Each pulled out three boxes. \"The truth is\", Francis said, \"that we keep going on dynamite.\" Henri spoke of being as white as shrouds once the dirt of the day had been washed off, then of their bodies being drained by diarrhoea, before continuing: \"At night, in our rooms, we can't sleep. We twitch and dance and jig about as though we were doing St Vitus's Dance...\" \"There's less flesh on"}, {"title": "", "text": "A gay slang term from the 1970s meaning a sexually uninterested gay man. Suck a Fruit for Anita In the 1970s Anita Bryant became the spokesperson for Florida orange juice, making a series of television commercials for them. She is also widely known for her strong views against homosexuality, and for her prominent Save Our Children campaign to prevent gay equality by overturning a 1977 Dade County (now Miami-Dade County) human-rights ordinance that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Bryant led a highly publicized successful campaign to repeal the ordinance waged on what was labeled Christian beliefs regarding the sinfulness of homosexuality and the perceived threat of homosexual recruitment of children and child molestation. The campaign was the start of an organized opposition to gay rights that spread across the nation and many credit it as a second Stonewall mobilizing LGBT people to come out of their closets. Jerry Falwell went to Miami to help her and Bryant made the following statements during the campaign: \"As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children\" and \"If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters.\" In response gay activists countered with the slogan Suck a Fruit for Anita playing on the words to imply that oral sex (\"Suck\") with other gays (\"Fruit\") was an appropriate response. Fruit Loops Jonathon Green, author of Cassell's Dictionary of Slang, lists several definitions for \"Fruit"}, {"title": "", "text": "Clyde Boudreaux oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during . They photographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with photorealistic CGI during post-production. Cameron said that he wanted to make \"something that has this spoonful of sugar of all the action and the adventure and all that\" but also have a conscience \"that maybe in the enjoying of it makes you think a little bit about the way you interact with nature and your fellow man\". He added that \"the Na'vi represent something that is our higher selves, or our aspirational selves, what we would like to think we are\" and that even though there are good humans within the film, the humans \"represent what we know to be the parts of ourselves that are trashing our world and maybe condemning ourselves to a grim future\". Cameron acknowledges that Avatar implicitly criticizes the United States' role in the Iraq War and the impersonal nature of mechanized warfare in general. In reference to the use of the term shock and awe in the film, Cameron said, \"We know what it feels like to launch the missiles. We don't know what it feels like for them to land on our home soil, not in America.\" He said in later interviews, \"... I think it's very patriotic to question a system that needs to be corralled ...\" and, \"The film is definitely not anti-American.\" A scene in the film portrays the violent destruction of the towering Na'vi Hometree, which collapses in"}, {"title": "", "text": "it could be), but that\u2019s irrelevant. This is a story that needs to be told over and over again, until we as women break through that box that society has forced us in, and realize that our worth is not determined by our weight.\" Kirkus Reviews called the book \"a disturbing tale that feels meant to titillate rather than caution... anyone familiar with the sensationalist pseudo-diary Go Ask Alice knows it won\u2019t end well for an anonymous (fictitious) teen who chronicles her eating disorder.\" Some critics were more positive about the book. For example, Karen Coats, writing for Johns Hopkins University Press, wrote that the book \"echoes Go Ask Alice in presentation and appeal, but it's a sounder exploration of its focus problem.\" Maddie Caso, a journalist for Entity Magazine, said of the book, \"The novel isn\u2019t only about eating disorders and anorexia, it touches on divorce, staying in shape, and teenage drinking, concerns that impact a lot of teenagers. \"Ana\u2019s\" parents got divorced, and she her mom worry over her own weight and stressing about the fact that they got divorced because of her weight. Both \"Ana\" and Jill are athletes, and there is an inherent pressure on them to stay fit or in shape. The journal so accurately depicts what it\u2019s like living with an eating disorder, the feelings of not being good enough, the lengths people will go to to be beautiful. But the novel also brings up important political discussion around anorexia nervosa: should health insurance cover medical bills incurred because of"}, {"title": "", "text": "to be involved only for their own self-interest, and he grew frustrated by what he perceived to be lethargy in providing substantial aid to the U.S. \"It is interest alone which does it,\" he said, \"and it is interest alone which can be trusted.\" Adams wrote that the French meant to keep their hands \"above our chin to prevent us from drowning, but not to lift our heads out of water.\" His straightforward manner eventually led to a collision with Vergennes. In March 1780, Congress, trying to curb inflation, voted to devalue the dollar. In June, Vergennes summoned Adams for a meeting. In a letter sent that same month, he insisted that any fluctuation of the dollar value without an exception for French merchants was unacceptable and requested for Adams to write to Congress asking it to \"retrace its steps.\" Adams wrote back in defense of the decision and claimed that the French merchants were doing better than Vergennes had implied. Adams also used the letter to sound off on some of his grievances with the French. The alliance had been made over two years earlier, and an army, under the Comte de Rochambeau, had been sent to assist Washington but had yet to do anything of significance. The U.S. was expecting French warships, which Adams wrote were needed to contain the British armies in the port cities and to contend with the powerful British Navy. However, the French Navy had been sent not to the United States but to the West Indies so that it"}, {"title": "", "text": "churches have always fought science and persecuted its devotees.\" On the importance of ethics he wrote, \"The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life. To make this a living force and bring it to clear consciousness is perhaps the foremost task of education. The foundation of morality should not be made dependent on myth nor tied to any authority lest doubt about the myth or about the legitimacy of the authority imperil the foundation of sound judgment and action.\" \"I do not believe that a man should be restrained in his daily actions by being afraid of punishment after death or that he should do things only because in this way he will be rewarded after he dies. This does not make sense. The proper guidance during the life of a man should be the weight that he puts upon ethics and the amount of consideration that he has for others.\" \"I cannot conceive of a personal God who would directly influence the actions of individuals, or would directly sit in judgment on creatures of his own creation. I cannot do this in spite of the fact that mechanistic causality has, to a certain extent, been placed in doubt by modern science. My religiosity consists in a humble admiration of the infinitely superior spirit that reveals itself in the little that we, with our weak and transitory understanding,"}, {"title": "", "text": "style=\"line-height: 1.8;\">Transform, agency working families thinkers who make change happen communities. Developing nations legal aid public sector our ambitions future aid The Elders economic security Rosa.

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    Need"}, {"title": "", "text": "he makes poetry, creating metaphors as a side effect, immanent to affectionate, self-produced. Always multiple and open metaphors and symbols, but also downright personal. The disruption of the compositional syntax, the variety of colors found, the exposed textures, the bluntness, are what create a style, and at the limit, an enigma. A wandering language without a country, that of an identity that escapes from the identical, always becoming: becoming-man, becoming-animal, becoming-woman, becoming-mass, becoming-another... Statements of his series Sleeping with...: This is a series that creates a testimony. Throughout the entire island of Cuba, hundreds of very diverse bedrooms were photographed, always encountering the unique characteristic of the Cuban idiosyncrasy that made it all possible: their hospitality. Trespassing the boundaries of public space in order to introduce ourselves into a home's most private place, where people spend a third of their lives, where they dream, lay sleepless, undress, procreate... The absence of its inhabitants gives life to the settings, objects, decorations, floors and walls, telling us the individual and collective history. (These images share the silence and the feeling of Suite Habana, by Fernando P\u00e9rez). The Family: The Family is our own mirror reversed once and again, a parody of society; each image takes to the absurd certain values and ideals, that are sold to us and dominate our existence. But more than that, they include in this same world things that in one way or another are excluded, not repeating publicly proclaimed consciousness; and seeing what happens at the limit. Therefore, this is a work \u2013"}, {"title": "", "text": "and therewith a certain dread — until at last they took complete possession of me. What strange developments of humanity, what wonderful advances upon our rudimentary civilization, I thought, might not appear when I came to look nearly into the dim elusive world that raced and fluctuated before my eyes! I saw great and splendid, architecture rising about me, more massive than any buildings of our own time, and yet, as it seemed, built of glimmer and mist. I saw a richer green flow up the hill-side, and remain there without any wintry intermission. Even through the veil of my confusion the earth seemed very fair. And so my mind came round to the business of stopping.

    The peculiar risk lay in the possibility of my finding some substance in the space which I, or the machine, occupied. So long as I travelled at a high velocity through time, this scarcely mattered; I was, so to speak, attenuated — was slipping like a vapour through the interstices of intervening substances! But to come to a stop involved the jamming of myself, molecule by molecule, into whatever lay in my way; meant bringing my atoms into such intimate contact with those of the obstacle that a profound chemical reaction — possibly a far-reaching explosion — would result, and blow myself and my apparatus out of all possible dimensions — into the Unknown. This possibility had occurred to me again and again while I was making the machine; but then I had cheerfully accepted it as"}, {"title": "", "text": "tried to get her to follow popular ascetic practices such as fasting and sleep deprivation. She obliged for a time, but these methods damaged her already frail health. Soon though he began to understand her beliefs and came to view her as a blessed woman destined to become a saint. Around 1250 Johannes recorded some of her spiritual teachings and practices in a hagiography that is the source of most of our information about her. For a period of three years Johannes refused to see Margaret though she desired to speak to him. He later came to regret this time spent away from her. While Johannes was away Margaret felt as though she were under the tutelage of the Blessed Virgin and Jesus Christ. Often Johannes wrote that Margaret suffered great pains and torment that she believed were sent by God to purify her soul. She often spoke of visions sent to her from Christ through which she outlined her teachings of the basic tenets of Christianity. Margaret's Vita was a rarity in that she was alive while it was being written. Therefore, she was able to tell Johannes what she desired in her Vita. In her Vita Margaret included her teachings of worship and the five things required for prayer. First, pray humbly, as we are not worthy for our prayers to be heard. Second, we must direct our fervent desire to him. Thirdly, pray wisely and ensure that your prayer is not for your consolation, but only to offer God praise, glory and honor."}, {"title": "", "text": "a ripple. It’s just a time to test our patience. It’s a time that will make us stronger . It’s time to look around and explore something astounding. It’s time to self realize. We have a rising tide coming on the way.  May be we are destined to get something better. May be something on the way which we don’t even expect to exist. May be something that brings inner peace(just like Kung Fu panda.. :-) ). Every living being in this world goes through this phase. For few may be the ripples are denser and for few they are shallow. Eventually happiness covers around once the tide is high.

                Time is the manager. Good times or bad times .. they just come and go. The fact about ‘How we are’ during tough times decides ‘What we are’. Its very important to keep our confidence and fight the war. We may lose multiple times!! But not always. If we have a determined goal and an exponential will power , followed by hard and smart work we will undoubtedly win. This winning becomes habit . This habit becomes success. Our Inner Chi just gets profused. So keep trying in whatever time you are. Be true to yourself and move ahead. Time brings in all.

    SADNESS ALWAYS GETS REPLACED WITH HAPPINESS. ITS JUST THE TIME THAT MATTERS.

    `Still, however helpless the little people in the presence of their mysterious Fear, I was differently constituted. I came out of this age of ours, this ripe prime of the human race, when Fear does not paralyse and mystery has lost its terrors. I at least would defend myself. Without further delay I determined to make myself arms and a fastness where I might sleep. With that refuge as a base, I could face this strange world with some of that confidence I had lost in realizing to what creatures night by night I lay exposed. I felt I could never sleep again until my bed was secure from them. I shuddered with horror to think how they must already have examined me.

    `I wandered during the afternoon along the valley of the Thames, but found nothing that commended itself to my mind as inaccessible. All the buildings and trees seemed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Former Prime Minister David Cameron said: \"At this solemn and profoundly sad time for our country, the Commonwealth and the world, I offer His Majesty The King and the whole Royal Family, my heartfelt condolences on the death of Queen Elizabeth II.\" Former Prime Minister Theresa May said the Queen was \"the most impressive head of state\" that she had met during her time in office. She also issued a statement, in which she said: \"Her Majesty witnessed tremendous change, moving adroitly with the times but always providing stability and reassurance. She was our constant throughout this great Elizabethan era. It was the honour of my life to serve her as prime minister. ... Our thoughts and prayers now are with her family. God Save The King.\" Former Prime Minister Boris Johnson said: \"This is our country's saddest day. In the hearts of every one of us there is an ache at the passing of our Queen, a deep and personal sense of loss - far more intense, perhaps, than we expected. As is so natural with human beings, it is only when we face the reality of our loss that we truly understand what has gone. Though our voices may still be choked with sadness we can say with confidence the words not heard in this country for more than seven decades. God Save The King.\" Devolved governments Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon tweeted: \"The death of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth is a profoundly sad moment for the UK, the Commonwealth and the world. Her"}, {"title": "", "text": "others, to provide new experience instead of starting pointless.\" Younes married the journalist and writer, Mireille Kassas, in 1989, and they have a daughter, Lynn, who was born in 1996. He was arrested twice on two political charges. The first time in August 2001, in the era of Syrian tutelage, during the period of oppression and abuse that the Lebanese sovereigns were subjected to, so he was sentenced to 15 months in prison. As for the second time, he remained in prison for 69 days, as a result of a newspaper slandering him, on charges of incitement to murder. But he was released and his trial lasted for three years, to be issued in the end a ruling to stop the investigations on him. Between the colloquial and the eloquent Younes said in an interview about eloquent and colloquial poetry: \"I do not find a conflict between colloquial poetry and eloquent poetry. Rather, I see an integration that makes the image of literature more beautiful. The language is developing, and all the languages of the East are descended from a mother language that is commonly called Semitic. There is an advantage in Lebanese colloquial poetry that it is very old, especially in terms of its weights, and that it was on every lip and tongue in our villages and it is an essential element of our culture and our memory. It is poetry that we learn in society. As for eloquent poetry, you do not learn it except in school or university, unless you are one"}, {"title": "", "text": "'What do you have to lose?' Well, now we know. Our health, our jobs, even our lives. Our leadership in the world and, yes, our post office.\" Clinton stated that she believes that it is morally wrong that the richest Americans saw their wealth increase during the pandemic while tens of millions of other Americans lost. Clinton declared, reiterating an African proverb she had helped popularize in the United States, that \"it still takes a village\". Her speech invoked DREAMers, and reiterated support for Black Lives Matter, while invoking the murders of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery, and the killing of Breonna Taylor. Clinton invoked the struggle for voting rights in the United States. She mentioned that the previous day had marked the centennial of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which granted nationwide women's suffrage. She also invoked John Lewis' participation in the Selma to Montgomery marches fighting against racial injustice, including the disenfranchisement of black voters. Andrew Cuomo Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo delivered his speech on the opening night of the convention from Albany, New York. While referencing a number of issues that plagued the nation, Cuomo's speech primarily focused on criticizing President Donald Trump's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cuomo also declared that, \"Only a strong body can fight off the virus, and America's divisions weakened it.\" Brayden Harrington Brayden Harrington spoke on the convention's closing night. Harrington, a 13-year-old New Hampshire boy who stutters, spoke about how, on the campaign trail during the primaries, Joe"}, {"title": "", "text": "Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge (word meanings, concepts, facts, and ideas) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. Semantic memory and episodic memory are both types of explicit memory (or declarative memory), that is, memory of facts or events that can be consciously recalled and \"declared.\" The counterpart to declarative or explicit memory is nondeclarative memory or implicit memory. History The idea of semantic memory was first introduced following a conference in 1972 between Endel Tulving, of the University of Toronto, and W. Donaldson on the role of organization in human memory. Tulving constructed a proposal to distinguish between episodic memory and what he termed semantic memory. He was mainly influenced by the ideas of Reiff and Scheers, who in 1959 made the distinction between two primary forms of memory. One form was entitled \"remembrances\", the other \"memoria\". The remembrance concept dealt with memories that contained experiences of an autobiographic index, whereas the memoria concept dealt with those memories that did not reference experiences having an autobiographic index. Semantic memory reflects our"}, {"title": "", "text": "influences the demand for, and the price of, coffee beans and milk, and so influences the lives and prosperity of farmers, and shapes their investment and planting decisions. It has in terms of the demand for pesticides, fertilizer, packaging materials, and energy. The economic impact of that coffee contributes to the share price of the retailers and the levels of income and investment they will enjoy. At a national level, it contributes to national prosperity and so influences future policies on taxation and interest rates. Consumption is an economic phenomenon that addresses our individual wants and drives the economy through our collective behavior, but it is also a social and cultural process through which we express our identity and establish our place within society. It is also a physical process that consumes resources. What we eat, how we heat our homes, and how we travel to work or for pleasure may seem like nobody's businesses but our own. However, the collective consequences of such consumption decisions are a principal driver behind climate change that will have consequences for people, countries, and species across the globe. Consumers\u2019 purchasing behavior determines the success or failure of new products and services that are marketed on the basis of their sustainability performance. Because of the role of consumers in determining sustainability impacts during the use and disposal phases of the consumption process, their overall behavior also influences the sustainability performance of all goods and services. Attitude, knowledge and behavior gap There exist some inconsistencies in consumers\u2019 behaviors. Attitude and behavior"}, {"title": "", "text": "Shangri La Museum of Islamic Art, Culture and Design where she presented on the post-WWII political history of Micronesia. In the discussion, titled \"Imperialism and a Hierarchy of Violence,\" Sha Merirei explained gave background on the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the role the United States played in the difficulties present-day Micronesians are facing in Hawaii, and her frequent use of the term \"compensatory domination.\" She proceeded to explain her work as such: \"The narrative has for all of us, the narrative has not been in our hands. They've told the stories about us and that's what gets into the mainstream, that's what gets in people's heads, and that's what people end up knowing about us. And it's horrible. But at the same time, we're the only people who can change that. And so the work that I'm doing with this group [Pasifika Uprising] is specifically about sharing those stories and making sure that not only people outside of our communities know, but that we understand our histories, because this is not stuff you learn in school. You're not going to learn Micronesian history and how, during the Kennedy administration, they issued a report to figure out a very specific way to get the Micronesian islands to kind of self-colonize. They had to look for a way to give them 'independence' without giving them full independence. And so through giving them money, created a dependence. And that's why we're in the situation we're in. And that was called the Solomon Report. And a lot of"}, {"title": "", "text": "shape the future form of Arabia or to either establish our rights or to bind our hands in that country. The situation and its elements are much too nebulous for that. What we have to arrive at now is to tempt the Arab people into the right path, detach them from the enemy and bring them on to our side. This on our part is at present largely a matter of words, and to succeed we must use persuasive terms and abstain from academic haggling over conditions \u2013 whether about Baghdad or elsewhere. The ten letters are summarised in the table below, from the letters published in full in 1939 as Cmd. 5957: Legal status Elie Kedourie said the October letter was not a treaty and that even if it was considered to be a treaty, Hussein failed to fulfil his promises from his 18 February 1916 letter. Arguing to the contrary, Victor Kattan describes the correspondence as a \"secret treaty\" and references that includes the correspondence. He also argues the UK government considered it to be a treaty during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference negotiations with the French over the disposal of Ottoman territory. Arab Revolt, June 1916 to October 1918 McMahon's promises were seen by the Arabs as a formal agreement between themselves and the United Kingdom. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour represented the agreement as a treaty during the post-war deliberations of the Council of Four. On this understanding the Arabs, under the command of Hussein's son"}, {"title": "", "text": "the opening night of the convention, former United States secretary of state and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry delivered a speech in Boston, Massachusetts, which heavily criticized Donald Trump's approach foreign policy, characterizing it as a nonstop \"blooper reel\". Kerry criticized Trump for denying the existence of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, and for what Kerry charged was Trump's failure to protect United States troops from the alleged Russian bounty program. Barack Obama Former United States president Barack Obama delivered his speech on the third night of the convention from the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During his speech, Obama broke with the customary practice of not criticizing his presidential successor by name. In his remarks, Obama declared, \"Donald Trump hasn't grown into the job because he can't. And the consequences of that failure are severe. 170,000 Americans dead. Millions of jobs gone while those at the top take in more than ever. Our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\" Michelle Obama Former first lady of the United States Michelle Obama delivered her speech on the opening night of the convention from her personal residence in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Obama reaffirmed her conviction in the motto she expressed during her 2016 convention speech, \"when they go low, we go high\". Obama declared her belief that, \"being president doesn't change who you are; it reveals who you are.\" Obama touted what she felt were some the successes"}, {"title": "", "text": "Grief joys, joy grieves, on slender accident. This world is not for aye, nor 'tis not strange That even our loves should with our fortunes change; For 'tis a question left us yet to prove, Whether love lead fortune, or else fortune love. The great man down, you mark his favourite flies; The poor advanced makes friends of enemies. And hitherto doth love on fortune tend; For who not needs shall never lack a friend, And who in want a hollow friend doth try, Directly seasons him his enemy. But, orderly to end where I begun, Our wills and fates do so contrary run That our devices still are overthrown; Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own: So think thou wilt no second husband wed; But die thy thoughts when thy first lord is dead. Player Queen Nor earth to me give food, nor heaven light! Sport and repose lock from me day and night! To desperation turn my trust and hope! An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope! Each opposite that blanks the face of joy Meet what I would have well and it destroy! Both here and hence pursue me lasting strife, If, once a widow, ever I be wife! HAMLET If she should break it now! Player King 'Tis deeply sworn. Sweet, leave me here awhile; My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile The tedious day with sleep. Sleeps Player Queen Sleep rock thy brain, And never come mischance"}, {"title": "", "text": "a wonderful tonic to be exposed to bright sunshine, drenching rain, choking dust, dripping fog, rigid air, punishing winds! I will never forget the day I climbed the Puy Mary. There were two of us on a fine day in May. We started in the sunshine and stripped to the waist. Halfway, clouds enveloped us and the temperature tumbled. Gradually it got colder and wetter, but we did not notice it. In fact, it heightened our pleasure. We did not bother to put on our jackets or our capes, and we arrived at the little hotel at the top with rivulets of rain and sweat running down our sides. I tingled from top to bottom. Death and memorial De Vivie was a vegetarian, a speaker of Esperanto and a strict man who started every day of his later life by reading ancient Greek. On February 27, 1930, the last words he read were from Seneca to Lucius: Death follows me and life escapes me. When I go to sleep, I think that I may never awake. When I wake up, I think that I may never get to sleep. When I go out, I think that I may never come back. Then he collected his bike and began pushing it across the road. He stepped back to avoid a car and was hit and killed by a tram. His memorial is at the top of the col de la R\u00e9publique. Its inscription reads: \"Paul de Vivie, alias V\u00e9locio (Pernes 1853 - St-\u00c9tienne 1930). Apostle of cycle-touring"}, {"title": "", "text": "may therefore have no binding force beyond regular human motivations, and people must be motivated to behave morally. The question then arises: what role does reason play in motivating moral behaviour? Motivating morality The categorical imperative perspective suggests that proper reason always leads to particular moral behaviour. As mentioned above, Foot instead believes that humans are actually motivated by desires. Proper reason, on this view, allows humans to discover actions that get them what they want (i.e., hypothetical imperatives)\u2014not necessarily actions that are moral. Social structure and motivation can make morality binding in a sense, but only because it makes moral norms feel inescapable, according to Foot. John Stuart Mill adds that external pressures, to please others for instance, also influence this felt binding force, which he calls human \"conscience\". Mill says that humans must first reason about what is moral, then try to bring the feelings of our conscience in line with our reason. At the same time, Mill says that a good moral system (in his case, utilitarianism) ultimately appeals to aspects of human nature\u2014which, must themselves be nurtured during upbringing. Mill explains: This firm foundation is that of the social feelings of mankind; the desire to be in unity with our fellow creatures, which is already a powerful principle in human nature, and happily one of those which tend to become stronger, even without express inculcation, from the influences of advancing civilisation. Mill thus believes that it is important to appreciate that it is feelings that drive moral behavior, but also that they"}, {"title": "", "text": "should be precisely adapted in every detail for the orderly development of life culminating in man.\" In 1957, Robert Dicke wrote: \"The age of the Universe 'now' is not random but conditioned by biological factors [...] [changes in the values of the fundamental constants of physics] would preclude the existence of man to consider the problem.\" Ludwig Boltzmann may have been one of the first in modern science to use anthropic reasoning. Prior to knowledge of the Big Bang Boltzmann's thermodynamic concepts painted a picture of a universe that had inexplicably low entropy. Boltzmann suggested several explanations, one of which relied on fluctuations that could produce pockets of low entropy or Boltzmann universes. While most of the universe is featureless in this model, to Boltzmann, it is unremarkable that humanity happens to inhabit a Boltzmann universe, as that is the only place where intelligent life could be. Variants Weak anthropic principle (WAP) (Carter): \"... our location in the universe is necessarily privileged to the extent of being compatible with our existence as observers.\" Note that for Carter, \"location\" refers to our location in time as well as space. Strong anthropic principle (SAP) (Carter): \"[T]he universe (and hence the fundamental parameters on which it depends) must be such as to admit the creation of observers within it at some stage. To paraphrase Descartes, cogito ergo mundus talis est.\"The Latin tag (\"I think, therefore the world is such [as it is]\") makes it clear that \"must\" indicates a deduction from the fact of our existence; the statement is"}, {"title": "", "text": "Meyyaram person who has lost a spouse. Chidambaram aims to help us attain peace of mind by guiding us to what we should do and what we should not do. According to Chidambaram, to lead a better life money is not enough; peace of mind is also needed. To explain this idea, Chidambaram uses an example. One can buy a comfortable bed but without peace of mind one cannot sleep. We should protect our body, because it is a supreme tool which can do many things. Then we should control our mind because our mind is a great power which can"}, {"title": "", "text": "room, in the same house as the Seconds. *One shared bathroom and shower.* The Juniors sleep in two dormitories in the house called Logementet. *Three shared toilets and two showers.* We will not be dividing the rooms up by genders. Remember that there are more than two genders present at this LARP. ## Participant Contract **We the organizers promise you:** - That there will be areas at the venue where you can go off-game, rest and feel safe. - A thrilling LARP with elements of horror and action. - Facebook groups for social interaction before the event takes place. - A workshop including character building, meta-techniques and safe words. - A safety host, in a set location, whom you can always reach during the LARP. - Your own sleeping place in a dorm, indoors, and three meals per day. - That we take our responsibility as organizers seriously and always strive to give our players the support, safety and help they need, to the best of our abilities. **As a participant we expect of you:** - To contribute to an including and welcoming atmosphere. - To read and reflect on the information on the web site. - To keep up-to-date about new information in the facebook group. If you don\u2019t have a facebook account, you need to create one or have regular contact with a friend who does. - To ask questions, if you have them. The faster you bring the question to our attention, the bigger the chance that we can answer quickly and affect"}, {"title": "", "text": "pursuing his arguments beyond the bounds of halakhah; but it proved of no avail. At last his colleagues gave vent to their displeasure. The college was seriously discussing a point of law, when Jeremiah broke in with what appeared to be a ridiculous objection, whereupon he was ordered out of the academy. It happened that after the death of the great teachers a legal problem vexed the minds of the scholars, and there was none to solve it. It was submitted to Jeremiah, who returned it with the solution, which he prefaced with the humble words: \"Although I am not worthy [to be consulted by you], your pupil's opinion inclines this way.\" On receipt of this, which was taken as an apology for the past, his colleagues reinstated him. Thenceforth Jeremiah was the undisputed head of the scholastic circle at Tiberias, and questions were addressed to him from different parts of Palestine. Nor was his fame limited by the boundaries of his adopted country. In Babylonia also his opinions carried great weight, and when a contemporary or later Babylonian scholar introduced a statement by the phrase \"It is said in the West,\" it was generally assumed that that statement emanated from Jeremiah. The reverence in which he was held by his former countrymen appears from the following colloquy between his younger contemporaries Abaye and Raba: Said the former: \"One Palestinian scholar is worth two of ours\"; whereupon the other remarked: \"And yet when one of ours emigrates to Palestine he is worth two of the natives."}, {"title": "", "text": "Guerra Mundial y provoc\u00f3 problemas econ\u00f3micos en todo el mundo. Referencias Enlaces externos Book's Publisher page - Mises.org (todas las versiones) Qu\u00e9 ha hecho el gobierno de nuestro dinero - En espa\u00f1ol, PDF What Has Government Done to Our Money - En ingl\u00e9s, archivo PDF What Has Government Done to Our Money - En ingl\u00e9s, HTML Audiobook - What Has Government Done to Our Money - mp3, lectura por Jeff Riggenbach What Has Government Done to Our Money - En ingl\u00e9s, epub eBook Hvad Har Staten Gjort Ved Vores Penge - Dansk - Dan\u00e9s, PDF Mit M\u0171velt A Korm\u00e1ny A P\u00e9nz\u00fcnkkel - Magyar - H\u00fangaro, PDF What Government Is Doing to Our Money - 2006 Speech by Lew Rockwell Libros de Murray Rothbard"}, {"title": "", "text": "September 2, 1862, the Cincinnati police force abruptly and forcefully impressed male black residents to construct fortifications, often at gunpoint and with rough treatment, and without a plan or explanation. The men were gathered and put in a mule pen on Plum Street, not knowing what would become of them and fearfully that they might be left in Kentucky and become enslaved. Some of the men labored at the river and others were taken at bayonet to work as servants, camp cooks and laundrymen for Union troops. About 400 men were taken to regimental camps and were held there. They were held for two days, during which they worked continuously for 36 hours without sleep and received half rations of food. The treatment was denounced by the Cincinnati Daily Gazette, that stated \"Let our colored fellow-soldiers be treated civilly\" and \"treated like men\". It was the only local newspaper to condemn the unjust treatment. Fortifications Alarmed by reports of the mishandling by the police force and mistreatment by the army, Wallace put Colonel William M. Dickson in charge, who let the seized men return to their homes and announced a new call for black volunteers to report the next day. In the meantime, the police were relieved of provost guard duty and promised not to arrest any more black men, except for criminal activity. Black men who had escaped to the country or were securely hidden to avoid coming under control of the provost guards, returned to the city. At 5 a.m. on September 5, 706"}, {"title": "", "text": "sanctuary of the city's most important image the Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Caridad (Our Lady of Charity). Each of these are about forty m2 and change each day, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary image. However, the most important events occurs from 14 to 15 August. Since 1941, Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Caridad leaves its sanctuary in a procession that wanders for eight km around the streets of the city. The entire procession route is covered in carpets made of sawdust and other materials. The carpets are created the night before during what is called \u201cLa noche que nadie duerme\u201d (The night no one sleeps) then trampled by the procession of the image in the early morning hours of the 15th. The carpets are organized and made by committees organized by the various neighborhoods. The procession and the carpets draw about 300,000 visitors each year. The making of these sawdust carpets have led to the town and some of its artisans being more widely known. One noted creator from Huamantla is Efr\u00e9n Chac\u00f3n, who not only participates in Huamantla each year, but has also traveled all over Mexico and to countries such as Spain, Italy, Canada and Japan to give exhibitions and talks. His work with the carpets earned Efren Chacon a chance to meet Pope John Paul II when he and 222 other artisans worked to create a carpet with the image of the Pope with the Virgin Mary using sawdust and flowers. He has received recognition for his work from Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Italy,"}, {"title": "", "text": "of discussion had failed to obtain from the hospital management a promise not to perform abortions in the future. \"If we are presented with a situation in which a pregnancy threatens a woman's life, our first priority is to save both patients. If that is not possible, we will always save the life we can save, and that is what we did in this case,\" said hospital president Linda Hunt. \"Morally, ethically, and legally, we simply cannot stand by and let someone die whose life we might be able to save.\" Abortion rights views and activities Protests Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. On May 21, 2019, large number of women protested abortion laws passed in other states outside the Arizona Capitol building. Activists Sherri Finkbine One notable case dealt with a woman named Sherri Finkbine. Born in the area of Phoenix, Arizona, Finkbine had four healthy children. However, during her pregnancy with her fifth child, she had found that the child might have severe deformities. Finkbine had been taking sleeping pills that contained a drug called thalidomide which was also very popular in several countries. She had later learned that the drug was causing fetal deformities and she wanted to warn the general public. Finkbine strongly wanted an abortion; however, the abortion laws of Arizona limited her decision. In Arizona, an abortion could only occur if the mother's life was in danger. She met with a reporter from The Arizona Republic and"}, {"title": "", "text": "P-40s it sent up, and the surviving P-35s of the 34th PS were destroyed on the ground at Del Carmen. That night FEAF combat strength had been reduced to 12 operable B-17s, 22 P-40s, and 8 P-35s. Fighter strength fluctuated daily until December 24, when USAFFE ordered all its forces into Bataan. Until then P-40s and P-35s were cobbled together from spare parts taken from wrecked airplanes, and still crated P-40Es were assembled at the Philippine Air Depot. Clark Field was abandoned as a bomber field on December 11 after being used as a staging base for a handful of B-17 missions. Between December 17 and 20, the 14 surviving B-17s were withdrawn to Australia. Every other aircraft of the FEAF was destroyed or captured. No formal investigation took place regarding this failure as it occurred in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. After the war, Brereton and Sutherland in effect blamed each other for FEAF being surprised on the ground, and MacArthur released a statement that he had no knowledge of any recommendation to attack Formosa with B-17s. Walter D. Edmunds summarized the disaster: \"in the Philippines the personnel of our armed forces almost without exception failed to assess accurately the weight, speed, and efficiency of the Japanese Air Force.\" He quoted Maj. Gen. Emmett O'Donnell Jr., then a major in charge of the B-17s sent to Mindanao, as concluding that the first day was a \"disorganized business\" and that no one was \"really at fault\" because no one was \"geared for war.\" Invasion Initial landings"}, {"title": "", "text": "Ellagitannins constitute the largest group of hydrolyzable tannins of plants, and, from this group, casuarictin (Casu) was identified in some plant species. However, to our knowledge, no investigation of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibition by Casu has been performed yet. Casuarictin was isolated by chromatography n-butanol (n-BuOH) partition of"}, {"title": "", "text": "know the prima facie duties this way but not our absolute duty in a particular situation: what we should do all things considered. All we can do is consult perception to determine which prima facie duty has the highest normative weight in this particular case, even though this usually does not amount to knowledge proper due to the complexity involved in most specific cases. Criticism and influence A frequent criticism of Ross's ethics is that it is unsystematic and often fails to provide clear-cut ethical answers. Another is that \"moral intuitions\" are not a reliable basis for ethics, because they are fallible, can vary widely from individual to individual, and are often rooted in our evolutionary past in ways that should make us suspicious of their capacity to track moral truth. Additionally there is no consideration of the consequence of the action undertaken, as with all deontological approaches. Ross's deontological pluralism was a true innovation and provided a plausible alternative to Kantian deontology. His ethical intuitionism found few followers among his contemporaries but has seen a revival by the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. Among the philosophers influenced by The Right and the Good are Philip Stratton-Lake, Robert Audi, Michael Huemer, and C.D. Broad. Selected works 1908: Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1923: Aristotle 1924: Aristotle's Metaphysics 1927: 'The Basis of Objective Judgments in Ethics'. International Journal of Ethics, 37:113\u2013127. 1930: The Right and the Good 1936: Aristotle's Physics 1939: Foundations of Ethics 1949: Aristotle's"}, {"title": "", "text": "Release The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2019. Shortly after, Netflix acquired the domestic distribution rights to the film for $9 million. It was digitally released on the platform on May 3, 2019, along with a limited theatrical release. The film was theatrically released in several overseas markets, grossing a total of $9.8 million, with its largest markets being Mexico ($5.6 million) and Italy ($1.1 million). Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, \"Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile often transcends its narrative limitations through sheer force of Zac Efron's compulsively watchable performance.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised Efron's performance for his accuracy in portraying Bundy, and wrote: \"Extremely Wicked doesn't rub our noses in the horror of Ted Bundy. It shows us just enough, keeping the horror where it belongs, in the recesses of our imagination, where it remains what it should be: dark as midnight, and altogether too much to fathom.\" The Guardians Benjamin Lee gave the film three out of five stars, also praising Efron but calling the film itself a \"pedestrian and graceless drama\". He criticized Collins's performance, saying she was reduced to a stock character. Writing for Vulture, Emily Yoshida had a similar perspective, praising Efron but disliking the"}, {"title": "", "text": "One Defect In Our Government\" \"Of the Custom of Wearing Clothes\" \"Of Cato the Younger\" \"That We Laugh And Cry for the Same Thing\" \"Of Solitude\" \"A Consideration Upon Cicero\" \"Relish for Good and Evil Depends Upon Our Opinion\" \"Not to Communicate a Man's Honour\" \"Of the Inequality Amongst Us\" \"Of Sumptuary Laws\" \"Of Sleep\" \"Of the Battle of Dreux\" \"Of Names\" \"Of the Uncertainty of Our Judgment\" \"Of War Horses, or Destrier\" \"Of Ancient Customs\" \"Of Democritus and Heraclitus\" \"Of the Vanity of Words\" \"Of the Parsimony of the Ancients\" \"Of a Saying of Caesar\" \"Of Vain Subtleties\" \"Of Smells\" \"Of Prayers\" \"Of Age\" Book 2 \"Of the Inconstancy of Our Actions\" \"Of Drunkenness\" \"A Custom of the Isle of Cea\" \"To-Morrow's a New Day\" \"Of Conscience\" \"Use Makes Perfect\" \"Of Recompenses of Honour\" \"Of the Affection of Fathers to Their Children\" \"Of the Arms of the Parthians\" \"Of Books\" \"Of Cruelty\" \"Apology for Raimond Sebond\" \"Of Judging of the Death of Another\" \"That Our Mind Hinders Itself\" \"That Our Desires are Augmented by Difficulty\" \"Of Glory\" \"Of Presumption\" \"Of Giving the Lie\" \"Of Liberty of Conscience\" \"That We Taste Nothing Pure\" \"Against Idleness\" \"Of Posting\" \"Of Ill Means Employed to a Good End\" \"Of the Roman Grandeur\" \"Not to Counterfeit Being Sick\" \"Of Thumbs\" \"Cowardice the Mother of Cruelty\" \"All Things Have Their Season\" \"Of Virtue\" \"Of a Monstrous Child\" \"Of Anger\" \"Defence of Seneca and Plutarch\" \"The Story of Spurina\" \"Observation on a War According to Julius Caesar\" \"Of Three Good Women\" \"Of"}, {"title": "", "text": "Nostra may refer to: Literature Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? is a Latin phrase from Marcus Tullius Cicero's first speech against Catilina. Music Cosa Nostra: Hip Hop is a 2006 hip-hop compilation album by Ivy Queen Cosa Nostra Never Sleeps is a Johnny Thunders bootleg recorded on June 19, 1983, at Folkets Park, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje Koza nostra is the tenth studio album from Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Riblja \u010corba La Coka Nostra is an American hip hop group West Koastra Nostra is the sixth album by Samoan rap group, Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. Organizations Cosa Nostra is a name given to the Sicilian Mafia and the Italian-American Mafia Europa Nostra, the pan-European Federation for Cultural Heritage, is the representative platform of 250 heritage NGOs active in 45 countries across Europe Italia Nostra is an Italian not for profit campaigning organisation Kosher Nostra is a name given to Jewish-American organized crime Politics Audemus jura nostra defendere (Latin \"We Dare To Defend Our Rights\") is the state motto of Alabama Provincia Nostra was a name given to Gallia Narbonensis, a Roman province located in what is now Provence Religion Nostra aetate is the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi (Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament and the Canadian Martyrs) is the Roman Catholic national church of Canada, on Via Giovanni Battista de Rossi, Rome The Sanctuary of Nostra Signora della Misericordia is a church and surrounding buildings located some"}, {"title": "", "text": "indefinitely detaining suspected terrorists who were caught in the United States. Amash and Congressman Adam Smith said they worried about civil liberties and the constitutionality of allowing indefinite detention of U.S. residents suspected of being terrorists. A Rooney press release said that \"the Amash amendment sacrifices our national security in order to coddle foreign enemy combatants. Never in our nation's history have we granted enemy combatants who attack our homeland during a time of war the same rights and privileges of American citizens, but that's exactly what the Amash amendment would do.\" Rooney's press release was criticised in turn by a statement from Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty which accused Rooney of being \"disgracefully dishonest.\" Finally, Rooney issued a statement of support for a competing amendment to the NDAA by congressmen Jeff Landry, Louie Gohmert and Scott Rigell: \"The Landry/Gohmert/Rigell amendment explicitly re-affirms and protects the constitutional rights of American citizens, and states clearly that no citizens' constitutional rights can be denied under the provisions of the defense bill... While it's critical that we protect the rights of American citizens, we should absolutely not exploit legitimate concerns in a misguided effort to extend our rights and privileges to foreign terrorists who attack our homeland.\" The Amash/Smith amendment was defeated and the Landry/Gohmert/Rigell amendment was adopted, both by large margins. Muslim Brotherhood controversy On June 13, 2012, Rooney was one of five members of Congress (including Michele Bachmann, Trent Franks, Louie Gohmert and Lynn Westmoreland) to send letters to the Inspectors General of the Office of the"}, {"title": "", "text": "asked (almost ordered) her to let me do that. I shouldn\u0092t have lost my temper. I get upset too fast, and Mae didn\u0092t even realize what I had said. Sometimes I sure don\u0092t understand this life! This evening Mae and I watched a movie that showed some of the trials that both White and Black races experienced during the period of the 1950\u0092s (especially in the Southern States) when the Equal Rights were being fought for. I couldn\u0092t help being grateful that I was born in the West and a member of the Church with Its teachings.

    Saturday, January 16, 2016

    Mae didn\u0092t sleep very well last night, so I tried to be quiet when I got up so that she could sleep longer this morning. I woke at 3:30am, read another chapter in the New Testament and checked to see if we got very much snow during the night. In as much as it hadn\u0092t snowed but a skiff, I went back to bed and woke again at 6:30. I finished reading the writings of the Apostle Paul. I am so grateful that our Stake Presidency challenged us to read the New Testament this past year. I haven\u0092t completed it yet, but DeAnn Jones suggested that we get the book, \u0093The New Testament Made Easier\u0094, written by David J. Ridges. That has been one of the greatest books, I have ever read, to help me understand the New Testament. I have read many times the Four Gospels, Mathew,"}, {"title": "", "text": "posts from people who had interacted directly with DeGeneres or had friends and family who had, accusing her of behavior such as complaining to a waitress' employer about her chipped fingernails and having an autistic janitor fired for talking directly to her. In July 2020, Telepictures, a unit of Warner Bros. Entertainment, released an interoffice memo that they would launch an internal investigation, employing WarnerMedia\u2019s employee relations team and a third-party consultant to conduct confidential interviews with current and former employees about their experiences on The Ellen DeGeneres Show''. DeGeneres herself, meanwhile, issued a statement to her staff taking responsibility for the workplace culture on the show and pledging to \"correct the issues\" going forward. WarnerMedia began an investigation. DeGeneres apologized to her staff, releasing a statement reading, \"On day one of our show, I told everyone in our first meeting that 'The Ellen DeGeneres Show' would be a place of happiness\u2014no one would ever raise their voice, and everyone would be treated with respect. Obviously, something changed, and I am disappointed to learn that this has not been the case. And for that, I am sorry. Anyone who knows me knows it's the opposite of what I believe and what I hoped for our show.\" Following the investigation, three executives left, and the show vowed to take steps to change the culture. DeGeneres apologized again during the eighteenth season's September 2020 opening. Filmography Film Television As executive producer Video games Music videos Discography Albums Audiobooks Podcasts Awards and honors Bibliography References External links The Ellen"}, {"title": "", "text": "investors with \"wasteful booms\" and subsequent readjustments, instead of normal and healthy opportunities for investment. Leaving the gold standard Rothbard states that many European governments went bankrupt due to World War I, and how they left the gold standard in order to try to solve their financial issues. He also argues that this strategy was partially responsible for World War II, and led to economic problems throughout the world. References External links Book's Publisher page \u2013 Mises.org (all versions, free and for purchase) What Has Government Done to Our Money \u2013 English, PDF file What Has Government Done to Our Money \u2013 English, HTML Audiobook \u2013 What Has Government Done to Our Money \u2013 mp3, read by Jeff Riggenbach What Has Government Done to Our Money \u2013 English, epub eBook Qu\u00e9 ha hecho el gobierno de nuestro dinero \u2013 Espa\u00f1ol \u2013 Spanish, PDF Hvad Har Staten Gjort Ved Vores Penge \u2013 Dansk \u2013 Danish, PDF Mit M\u0171velt A Korm\u00e1ny A P\u00e9nz\u00fcnkkel \u2013 Magyar \u2013 Hungarian, PDF What Government Is Doing to Our Money \u2013 2006 Speech by Lew Rockwell 1963 non-fiction books Books about economic history Books by Murray Rothbard History of money"}, {"title": "", "text": "the NFL. In March of the 2010 offseason, NBC Sports described Russell as \"annually and incredibly overweight\", saying Russell, often criticized for a perceived lack of conditioning, arrived at mini-camp weighing 290 pounds, up from his initially reported weight of 271. By April, National Football Post reported him at 300 pounds. However, Cam Inman of the Oakland Tribune said that Russell had \"a good first minicamp\" and \"is in great shape\" in the team's first training camp in late April. In an interview during camp, Russell said \"Today I'm going to keep coming out, compete for the job, work my tail off.\" That same month, the Raiders traded for Washington Redskins quarterback Jason Campbell, which left the team with five quarterbacks on the roster: Campbell, Russell, Frye, Gradkowski, and Kyle Boller. At the time, Cable said Russell could compete for the starting job. On May 6, 2010, the Raiders released Russell. The Raiders filed a grievance on May 28, 2010, seeking $9.55 million back from Russell for what was paid as salary advances for the 2010 to 2012 NFL seasons. His agent said \"The money in question was fully guaranteed. That is why Russell was forced to hold out and miss all of training camp as a rookie. The Raiders know that and this is our only comment.\" Russell subsequently filed a grievance against the Raiders, asserting he was owed an additional $9 million from the team, and the parties settled the complaints in 2013 with the Raiders paying Russell an extra $3 million. Post-football New"}, {"title": "", "text": "title: \"Mindful Business\" summary: \"This passage was written a short time ago during CoLab\u2019s strategic planning session for 2014 (we call them summits). A longer form, collaboratively written piece is in draft, but we felt eager to share this moment in potent realization with you, transparently.\" date: 2014-03-11 authors: [ralph] readfullarticle: mindful-business --- # Mindful Business This passage was written a short time ago during CoLab\u2019s strategic planning session for 2014 (we call them summits). A longer form, collaboratively written piece is in draft, but we felt eager to share this moment in potent realization with you, transparently. The work social enterprises and purpose driven organizations do with our help is important. We want to recognize the meaning and intention behind that work, too. We\u2019re deep in our collaboration summit: sitting 5 minutes before and after each session, reviewing the successes and challenges of the past year, and revisiting our work\u2019s alignment with our personal aspirations and visions of what CoLab can be. In the middle of it all, Rylan says \u201cit\u2019s as if our business has a mindfulness practice.\u201d Our business has a mindfulness practice. What does that mean? We don\u2019t know yet. Like any mindfulness practice it is going to be an exploration, an experimental journey. We have set — and will continue to set and re-set — our intention for 2014 to be a year of mindful business at CoLab. How that concept unfolds, and how it impacts us, will be tasted in the pudding. And we are excited to"}, {"title": "", "text": "any of you make snap judgements, so please hear me out.\u201d

    I take my time, talking in detail about what we did and the potentially far-reaching consequences. I explain how I felt, why I did what I did, and why I\u2019m worried.

    I explain what Kaz did. As much as I hate the idea of pledging myself to Lofwyr, I understand why Kaz did so. As wolves, all of us value our freedom. But I try to appeal to their sense of duty. Most of my speech I\u2019m pulling out of my ass, trying to say anything that makes sense which might pull some of my family over to my side.

    I can\u2019t afford to lose them. As much as I know we have to leave here, I doubt I would survive on my own. So I speak my heart and hope. More than anything else, I'm scared.

    \u201cSo I\u2019m sorry for causing you all this distress but\u2026 The world needs us. We have to do what we can. And I need you, my family.\u201d

    Accalia strides to the centre as I back off to the safety of the circle. \u201cWell, we\u2019ve heard a lot today. I\u2019m sorry for doubting you, Serra. But what you\u2019re asking is a big deal and I think we all need some time to think on it. Besides that, we\u2019re nearly reaching the hottest point of the day, so it\u2019s probably worthwhile for all of us to get some sleep.\u201d

    The group disband to our usual sleeping groups. I find Chinua"}, {"title": "", "text": "Billy Glen McCloud (; born October 29, 1948) is an American adjunct professor of American History at Rogers State University. He has written two books, What Should We Tell Our Children About Vietnam? and a book of poems, The Smell of the Light: Vietnam, 1968-1969. Early life and career In 1987 McCloud prepared to teach his junior high-school history class about the Vietnam War, but found history textbooks to have brief and superficial sections to cover the conflict. He then wrote letters to more than 200 persons, asking them to respond to the question: What are the most important things for today's students to understand about the Vietnam War? In 1988 American Heritage included several replies he had received in their Volume 39, Issue 4 magazine, bringing his work to national attention. He received 160 replies in total, and in October of 1989 the University of Oklahoma Press published his book What Should We Tell Our Children About Vietnam? that include 128 of those responses received. In 2009 Harvard University's Houghton Library purchased the archive McCloud accumulated while creating this book. Since April 2019, he has been a prolific contributor of fiction and poetry book reviews to The VVA Veteran magazine's online Books in Review II page. Military career McCloud served in the U.S. Army from 1967-1970 during the Vietnam War. He was in Vietnam from March 1968 to March 1969 as flight operations coordinator for the 147th Assault Support Helicopter Company (Hillclimbers). He received the Air Medal for flying in 50 helicopter missions. During his"}, {"title": "", "text": "Layout: post Title: New Year Resolution --- Based on the date of this resolution, i guess the first on the list should be eliminating procrastination. 2016 was not the easiest year for me. 2016 was a year that has 365 days and each day has 24 hours. Every moments, something was happening somewhere, i guess. Of course, I\u2019ve changed some, as always. I didn\u2019t ride as much bikes as before. That gives me something to work on. I got some cash out of the stock, luckily. The thing that worries me the most is I am loosing that grasp of faith in our race. Look at what we\u2019ve done, as human. We eat, sleep, breath and feel. That\u2019s about it. We do things to each other. We have great man who accomplish amazing things and benefits millions and we have people that are unkind. While there are so many flaws, fundamental flaws laying in our blood, there are also surprises in life that gives it meaning. What can I say? There isn\u2019t really much that can logically ease my mind. But at the end of the night, it\u2019s that little faith I still hold on to get me through the night. resolution: bikes sleeps and it\u2019s time to begin"}, {"title": "", "text": "Exeunt OTHELLO and DESDEMONA RODERIGO Iago,-- IAGO What say'st thou, noble heart? RODERIGO What will I do, thinkest thou? IAGO Why, go to bed, and sleep. RODERIGO I will incontinently drown myself. IAGO If thou dost, I shall never love thee after. Why, thou silly gentleman! RODERIGO It is silliness to live when to live is torment; and then have we a prescription to die when death is our physician. IAGO O villainous! I have looked upon the world for four times seven years; and since I could distinguish betwixt a benefit and an injury, I never found man that knew how to love himself. Ere I would say, I would drown myself for the love of a guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a baboon. RODERIGO What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond; but it is not in my virtue to amend it. IAGO Virtue! a fig! 'tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners: so that if we will plant nettles, or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs, or distract it with many, either to have it sterile with idleness, or manured with industry, why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one"}, {"title": "", "text": "in the Cedar Point dorms. This woman (who wishes to remain unnamed) recalls back to her time at Cedar Point in 1994 when she reported what happened to her, \" They said, 'were you drinking,\" and I said, 'everybody drinks,' and they said 'well you're underage. Were you drinking? Because if you were drinking you're going to lose your job and your bonus\". This employee later quit and realized that she was a few months pregnant with the child of who assaulted her. The former Cedar Point employees who have been victims of sexual assault have created a support group to discuss amongst each other. In an interview with 10WBNS one former employee stated that during high covid times Cedar Point became lax with their hiring practices. It can be inferred that the lax hiring practices led to the workers safety being compromised and that is why there was an increase in sexual assault cases. During the pandemic Cedar Point placed pressure upon hiring staff to essentially hire whoever picked up the phone for an interview, even if it meant they had an incomplete background check. Since that accusation, Cedar Point has only chosen to publicly comment on their hiring practices and deny that they were ever 'lax' saying, \"Cedar Point conducts background checks on new hire associates. It has been our longstanding practice and it continues to be a vital tool in our hiring process. If there are issues uncovered in the background check that could jeopardize the health and safety of our associates or"}, {"title": "", "text": "per year in finance for adaptation funding and US$200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature. On 3 September 2009, Meles made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum, where he said: We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level, no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us\u2026 While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective, we will not rubber-stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment. We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position. If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent. Illness and death In July 2012, questions arose concerning Meles' health when he did not attend African Union summit meetings in Addis Ababa. Opposition groups claimed that Meles may have already died on 16 July while undergoing treatment in Belgium; however, Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn attributed Meles' absence to a minor illness. A press conference, during which the government planned to clarify Meles' health status, was scheduled for 18 July but postponed until later in the week. While the government acknowledged that Meles had been hospitalised, it stated that his condition was not serious. There were further rumours of his death when he was not seen in public after the"}, {"title": "", "text": "drugs from these people\". As its name suggests, it comes from an Irish republican background. In the 1990s, a group calling itself Direct Action Against Drugs (DAAD) operated in Northern Ireland and used similar methods. Many believe DAAD was linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. On the topic of politics, RAAD's leadership said: \"There is absolutely no political agenda within our organisation. Our only aim is to eliminate drug dealers from our society and put an end to them destroying our community\". The RAAD leadership claimed that some of its members had been involved with the Provisional IRA in the past, and added that Sinn F\u00e9in members and officials \"have approached us privately, claiming that they support what we are attempting to achieve\". In an October 2010 interview with the Strabane Chronicle, a RAAD spokesman claimed all of its members are former republican volunteers who support the peace process. During an investigation into RAAD in June 2012, the home of the Sinn F\u00e9in Mayor of Derry, Kevin Campbell, was raided and searched by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). The group was the focus of a 2010 BBC Northern Ireland Spotlight documentary. In April 2010, RAAD announced its amnesty for drug dealers would end on 1 June 2010 and that anyone continuing to sell drugs afterwards could be killed. In early June, the Derry Journal reported that RAAD had ordered ten drug dealers to leave Derry immediately. The following month, it claimed that it had given another Derry man 48 hours to leave the"}, {"title": "", "text": "months after taking office. He was an unsuccessful candidate during the 2018 election. Political activism Breton helped re-launch the dormant Green Party of Quebec for the 2003 Quebec general election and was the party's candidate in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. He finished sixth against Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois incumbent Louise Harel. Breton also worked for the Green Party of Canada. He supported the sovereigntist option in the 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty and signed a joint statement in favour of Quebec independence in 2007. In 2008, Breton left the Green Party to join the Canadian New Democratic Party (NDP). In joining the NDP, he was quoted as saying, \"what is at stake in 2008 is not the sovereignty of Quebec but the sovereignty of Canada. We are in the process of losing control over our natural resources, over our economy, of our big businesses and our political sovereignty.\" He ran as a star candidate for the party in the 2008 federal election and finished third in Jeanne-Le Ber. He was not a candidate in the 2011 federal election, in which the NDP made a historic breakthrough to become the dominant federal party in Quebec. In 2012, Breton joined the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois and ran successfully for the party in the 2012 election, retaining the riding of Sainte-Marie\u2013Saint-Jacques for the PQ. He was the minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks from September 19 to November 29, 2012 in the government of Pauline Marois. He was defeated in the 2014 election by Manon Mass\u00e9 of Qu\u00e9bec Solidaire. Electoral record * Result compared"}, {"title": "", "text": "amazingly unbiased towards the subject matter.\u201d It is discussed in some detail in the book Cinema Wars: Hollywood Film and Politics in the Bush-Cheney Era by Douglas M. Kellner. On September 11, 2011, article, Galinsky recalled that on September 10, 2001, \u201cmy partners and I shot the final scene of our film, Horns and Halos,\u201d and \u201cstayed up late that night working with the footage.\u201d The next morning, when the first plane hit the World Trade Center, \u201cthe impact caused our cats to jump off the bed and our dog to sit up, which roused us.\u201d After finding out what was happening, they walked to Fort Greene Park to \u201csee it for real from the top of the hill.\u201d Galinsky had \u201cconsciously not taken my camera that morning as I left the house\u201d because he felt \u201cthat taking pictures would take me out of the moment, or that it would be exploitative in some way.\u201d He then made his way to Downtown Brooklyn to donate blood. During the next few days, they returned to work on the film. \u201cOn Sept. 10 George W. Bush was seen as something of a clown by many people. On Sept. 11 he didn\u2019t fare too well either. However, by Sept. 14 or 15 the drumbeat of patriotism had become deafening.\u201d As a result, Galinsky and Hawley \u201chad a hard time getting anyone interested in a documentary that was even mildly critical of Bush....We finished the film on March 5, 2002 and our daughter was born five hours later.\u201d Galinsky closes"}, {"title": "", "text": "contact. The habitat we live in and the food we eat influence greatly to our microbiota. Our own way of living and our choices \u2014 how we live, eat, move and what are our recreational activities \u2014 impacts on the amount of valuable microbe exposure. The amount as well as the microbial diversity of exposure are essential factors. For example, youth living in Northern Karelia (Finns) and those living in Russian Karelia (Russians) have significantly different skin and nose microbiotas. At the same time, the differences in inflammatory diseases are significant: only one third of Russian youth have allergies compared to Finnish youth. Similar differences in the incidence of allergies have been observed between Finnish children living in differing, urban or rural environments. Risks Traditionally, natural environment have been seen from the viewpoint of management of the threats it causes. The incidence of several infectious diseases have indeed decreased because of improved level of hygiene. Formerly, recommended treatment to allergies was to avoid exposure as now it is known that exposure is essential to develop immune system. While increasing healthy exposure to microbes it is essential for achieving the benefits to acknowledge and reduce the risk of being exposed to [pathogens]. Microbial exposure of future mothers and children A baby is exposed to mother's microbes during pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding. The nutrition and way of life of expecting mother as well as chosen ways of giving birth and feeding have remarkable effect on the development of the baby's immune system. Even small choices can have major"}, {"title": "", "text": "carriages, wagons and by every conceivable vehicle; and, by noon, the space in the neighborhood of the Buena Vista Street Plaza . . . was literally packed and presented a gala appearance. The procession was very large and fully equalled in numbers and enthusiasm those of previous years, and in the splendor of the decorations was never approached. The triumphal cars were models of good taste and elicited universal admiration. . . . Our lack of knowledge of the Spanish language . . . precludes our giving any report of the orations of Messrs. Del Valle and Oblanda, the orators of the day. The day's festivities were concluded by a grand ball at Turnverein Hall and a number of private balles [sic] in Sonoratown. In 1888 the festivities began on a Sunday at the Arroyo Seco, followed on Monday with a street procession which was finished with \"literary exercises\" from a stand built by the side of Pico House. By 1901, according to the Los Angeles Daily Times, the neighborhood had \"almost fallen into its last sleep with the crumbling of age,\" but it \"shook itself wide awake\" that year to celebrate with \"gay music, pretty se\u00f1oritas, enthusiastic speeches and stirring gunpowder salutes\" during a two-day celebration which included a dance, a concert and \"literary exercises.\" Prostitution In October 1882 the City Council received two \"numerously signed petitions\" from \"residents living up near the depot, for the removal of the houses of ill fame which have been opened in Sonoratown.\" In 1890, a Los Angeles city"}, {"title": "", "text": "acting principal. John Heath served the school as principal until 1970. A new school block was opened in December 2012. School song We are proud that our school is St.Margaret's, Seria The place of our studies to fit us for life. Each morning we study with teachers to guide us. At home we are busy to learn all they've taught. We are boys and we are girls with lives stretched out before us. Oh! what shall we do with this life that is ours? We'll fit ourselves daily to be meh people; To serve God and neighbour the rest of our lives. School prayer Almighty God, bless our schools. Help all teachers and scholars. Give us grace to do what is right and strength to do what is difficult. May we always honour Your name. Amen. Principals See also Education in Asia List of schools in Brunei References External links , the school's official website Private schools in Brunei Margaret's School, Brunei Secondary schools in Brunei Educational institutions established in 1955 1955 establishments in the British Empire"}, {"title": "", "text": "are you jealous of us? We are unarmed, and willing to give you what you ask, if you come in a friendly manner, and not so simple as not to know that is it much better to eat good meat, sleep comfortably, live quietly with my wives and children, laugh and be merry with the English, and trade for their copper and hatchets, than to run away from them, and to lie cold in the wood, feed on acorns, roots and such trash, and be so hunted that I can neither eat nor sleep... Take away your guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy, or you my all die in the same manner. In the winter of 1609 through 1610, the residents of Jamestown had little food or effective shelter as they experienced the Starving Time. In December 1609, John Ratcliffe, who succeeded Smith as president of the colony, and around 50 colonists went to meet with a group of Powhatan Indians to bargain for food. However they were ambushed and only 16 survived. Ratcliffe was captured and later tortured to death. This marked the beginning of First Anglo-Powhatan War. The Powhatan tribe integrated and cared for some the colonists who deserted Jamestown to live with them, as they were much more prepared for the harsh winter. In the summer of 1610, when the governor of Virginia Colony, Lord De la Warr requested that Powhatan return the runaways, the Powhatan chief showed no intention to bring them back. In response, the colonists raided and"}, {"title": "", "text": "America's destiny is not of our own choosing. We did not seek nor did we provoke an assault on our freedoms and our way of life. We did not expect nor did we invite a confrontation with evil. Yet the true measure of a people's strength is how they rise to master that moment when it does arrive. Forty-four people were killed a couple of hours ago at Kennison State University; three swimmers from the men's team were killed and two others are in critical condition; when after having heard the explosion from their practice facility they ran into the fire to help get people out ... ran into the fire. The streets of heaven are too crowded with angels tonight. They're our students and our teachers and our parents and our friends. The streets of heaven are too crowded with angels, but every time we think we have measured our capacity to meet a challenge, we look up and we're reminded that that capacity may well be limitless. This is a time for American heroes. We will do what is hard. We will achieve what is great. This is a time for American heroes and we reach for the stars. God bless their memory, God bless you, and God bless the United States of America.\" Bartlet campaign advisor Bruno Gianelli asks Sam when he wrote the last part. He replies, \"in the car\", which prompts the response, \"Freak\". White House After the election, Sam becomes Deputy White House Communications Director in the Bartlet Administration, often"}, {"title": "", "text": "these antibodies are highly specific.1 Previous data suggest that patients with anti-IgLON5 disease who are not treated or only treated with systemic corticosteroids have a higher mortality.3 Patients with a bulbar or motoneuron-like phenotype might have a worse response to immunotherapy,2,6,7 but case numbers are too small to draw definite conclusions. Partial and transient improvements of symptoms could also be related to spontaneous fluctuations during the natural course of the illness. In our study, 2 of 5 patients (patients 1 and 3) demonstrated improved swallowing-related quality of life, weight status, and physical activity under immunotherapy, but laryngeal dysfunction was persistent and required long-term tracheostomy. Of note, patient 1 who fully recovered from dysphagia differed not only in the point of immune medication but also HLA-status (presence of HLA-DQB1*05:01 without HLA-DRB1*10:01) and absence of anti-IgLON5 antibody of the IgG1 subclass. The potential impact of certain immune phenotypes is presently highly speculative but will hopefully be examined by larger, collaborative efforts in the future. Taken together, anti-IgLON5 disease with bulbar syndrome is an uncommon but important diagnostic consideration for neurologists, ear nose throat, respiratory, and sleep specialist in cases of suspected bulbar onset ALS. Antibody testing should be considered in patients with stridor, acute dyspnea attacks due to upper airway dysfunction early during the disease course, OSA, a prominent sleep disorder and severe dysphagia even without inflammation in MRI, and CSF studies. Our case series has limitations because it is retrospective and involves a small number of patients. Whether early recognition and immune intervention alter disease progressions remains"}, {"title": "", "text": "with AP on Somali extremists. \"As we respond to the assault of our enemy and defend our country, we must never break international laws. Crime can not be solved by more crime.\" \u2013 Meles Zenawi speaking to Parliament 23 November 2006. \"We believe the problem between ourselves and Eritrea will have to be resolved through dialogue, but it takes two to tango\"\u2014on border dispute with Eritrea \"The rest of the contextual factors have no relevance whatsoever to the investigative process. Indeed, they remind me of the famous Tina Turner song. 'What\u2019s love got to do with it?'\"\u2014Meles Zenawi's response to EU-EOM implying Mrs. Ana Gomez's alleged contradicting accusations. \"So why don't you give them additional concessions?' We said, 'What concessions? Concessions from our sovereignty? That has never been done by any government in Ethiopia in 3,000 years.' That is the only thing of great value what we have inherited from our past, our unflinching determination to keep our...country independent even if we are dying of hunger.\"\u2014Response to EU's demands for Eritrea \"While they are entitled to their own opinion, this government and this country are incapable, unwilling, and unable to be run like some banana republic from Capitol Hill. It is very worrisome that some of these individuals appear to have entertained such views.\"\u2014In response to Rep. Donald Payne's pressure for Hailu Shawel & Co. References External links Biography Column archive at The Guardian |- 1955 births 2012 deaths Addis Ababa University alumni Alumni of the Open University Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni Commission for Africa members"}, {"title": "", "text": "become). 2. The Modeling Period. Between the ages of eight and thirteen, we copy people, often our parents, but also other people. Rather than blind acceptance, we are trying on things like suit of clothes, to see how they feel. We may be much impressed with religion or our teachers. You may remember being particularly influenced by junior school teachers who seemed so knowledgeable\u2014maybe even more so than your parents. 3. The Socialization Period. Between 13 and 21, we are very largely influenced by our peers. As we develop as individuals and look for ways to get away from the earlier programming, we naturally turn to people who seem more like us. Other influences at these ages include the media, especially those parts which seem to resonate with the values of our peer groups. Retirement He retired in 1995 from the consulting/speaking circuit and now lives with his wife, Judith Ford Massey, in New Orleans, Louisiana. They have twin sons, Ryan Massey and Blake Massey. Video programs What You Are Is Where You Were When... AGAIN! Just Get It! Flashpoint: When Values Collide The Original Massey Tapes - 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When The Original Massey Tapes - 3: What You Are Is The Original Massey Tapes - 4: What You Are Is Where You See What You Are Is What You Choose\u2026So Don't Screw It Up Dancing With The Bogeyman The Massey Triad Program 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When The Massey Triad Program 2: What You Are"}, {"title": "", "text": "they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them. In book 8, chapter 16 of Pliny the Elder's Natural History from 77 CE, the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus: ... there is, also, the moose, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck. There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the moose, but has no joints in the hind leg. Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness. Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up. As food Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found. Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in \"The Maine"}, {"title": "", "text": "moral life is between what he calls \"the easy-going and the strenuous mood.\" In a purely human moral system, it is hard to rise above the easy-going mood, since the thinker's \"various ideals, known to him to be mere preferences of his own, are too nearly of the same denominational value; he can play fast and loose with them at will. This too is why, in a merely human world without a God, the appeal to our moral energy falls short of its maximum stimulating power.\" Our attitude is \"entirely different\" in a world where there are none but \"finite demanders\" from that in a world where there is also \"an infinite demander.\" This is because \"the stable and systematic moral universe for which the ethical philosopher asks is fully possible only in a world where there is a divine thinker with all-enveloping demands\", for in that case, \"actualized in his thought already must be that ethical philosophy which we seek as the pattern which our own must evermore approach.\" Even though \"exactly what the thought of this infinite thinker may be is hidden from us\", our postulation of him serves \"to let loose in us the strenuous mood\" and confront us with an existential \"challenge\" in which \"our total character and personal genius ... are on trial; and if we invoke any so-called philosophy, our choice and use of that also are but revelations of our personal aptitude or incapacity for moral life. From this unsparing practical ordeal no professor's lectures and no array of"}, {"title": "", "text": "with Ojudu as its first managing editor. Gani Fawehinmi assisted in founding the newspaper with a contribution of \u20a625,000. However, when Ojudu much later refused to support Fawehinmi in his campaign against Bola Tinubu, elected Lagos State Governor in 1999, Fawehinmi demanded a refund of this money. The first version of TheNEWS did not last long before it was banned by Babangida in 1993. Years later, when Babangida said he was in interested in running for president in the 2011 democratic elections, Ojudu said that the second coming of Babangida to rule the nation should be resisted by every Nigerian who wanted progress for the country. He said \"He does not have anything good to offer us. We have suffered enough in his hands... He is a trickster. Look at how many journalists were killed during his time. Look at what he did to our colleagues (journalists)... Look at what happened to our institutions when he was around. He destroyed the system and he is now seeking to come back. \". Ojudu was arrested, tortured and detained several times during the Sani Abacha regime (1993\u20131998). Ojudu was arrested and detained for three days at the notorious Shagisha prison in the outskirts of Lagos on 11 August 1996. The cause was an article in The News about Oil Minister Dan Etete which alleged that Etete was giving government contracts on behalf of the Nigerian State Oil Company to his family and friends. Later in 1996 Ojudu went to the USA for six months as a fellow at"}, {"title": "", "text": "born there and whose name is Hendrik Willem Van Loon, 1933, Harcourt, Brace The Home of Mankind: the story of the world we live in, 1933, George G. Harrap The story of inventions: Man, the Miracle Maker, 1934, Horace Liveright Ships: and How They Sailed the Seven Seas (5000 B.C.-A.D.1935), 1935, Simon & Schuster Around the World With the Alphabet, 1935, Simon & Schuster Air-Storming: A Collection of 40 Radio Talks, 1935, Harcourt, Brace Love me not, 1935 A World Divided is a World Lost, 1935, Cosmos Publishing Co. The Songs We Sing (with Grace Castagnetta), 1936, Simon & Schuster The Arts (with musical illustrations by Grace Castagnetta), 1937, Simon & Schuster Christmas Carols (with Grace Castagnetta), 1937, Simon & Schuster Observations on the mystery of print and the work of Johann Gutenberg, 1937, Book Manufacturer's Institute/New York Times Our Battle: Being One Man's Answer to \"My Battle\" by Adolf Hitler, 1938, Simon & Schuster How to Look at Pictures: a Short History of Painting, 1938, National Committee for Art Appreciation Folk Songs of Many Lands (with Grace Castagnetta), 1938, Simon & Schuster The Last of the Troubadours: The Life and Music of Carl Michael Bellman 1740-1795 (with Grace Castagnetta), 1939, Simon & Schuster The Songs America Sings (with Grace Castagnetta), 1939, Simon & Schuster My School Books, 1939, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Invasion, being the personal recollections of what happened to our own family and to some of our friends during the first forty-eight hours of that terrible incident in our history which"}, {"title": "", "text": "of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, A traitor to his God, his king and him; And dares him to set forward to the fight. Second Herald Here standeth Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, On pain to be found false and recreant, Both to defend himself and to approve Henry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, To God, his sovereign and to him disloyal; Courageously and with a free desire Attending but the signal to begin. Lord Marshal Sound, trumpets; and set forward, combatants. A charge sounded Stay, the king hath thrown his warder down. KING RICHARD II Let them lay by their helmets and their spears, And both return back to their chairs again: Withdraw with us: and let the trumpets sound While we return these dukes what we decree. A long flourish Draw near, And list what with our council we have done. For that our kingdom's earth should not be soil'd With that dear blood which it hath fostered; And for our eyes do hate the dire aspect Of civil wounds plough'd up with neighbours' sword; And for we think the eagle-winged pride Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thoughts, With rival-hating envy, set on you To wake our peace, which in our country's cradle Draws the sweet infant breath of gentle sleep; Which so roused up with boisterous untuned drums, With harsh resounding trumpets' dreadful bray, And grating shock of wrathful iron arms, Might from our quiet confines fright fair peace And make us wade even in our kindred's blood, Therefore, we"}, {"title": "", "text": "layout: post title: \"Two Weeks at Home\" published: true date: 2015-07-06 20:00:00 --- Theo has now survived two full weeks at home with us! Granted, most of the daylight hours have been supported by his maternal grandparents---the Norms---but I think we can be proud of at least one accomplishment: Child Protective Services have not taken any of us away. This week, Theo not only overcame his circumcision, but he was the only one of the three of us that did not nearly faint during the procedure. We were all scarred by the experience in different ways. We are also learning how to work with Theo's propensity for very frequent pooping and his penchant not letting us know when he's pooped. Despite these challenges facing the little man, it appears as though Theo has decided to keep us. I say this for a few reasons: 1. He still snuggles with us and sleeps in our arms. And he is a very good snuggler (evidence below). 2. He is marking his territory all over us and the apartment. We are considering moving the changing table outdoors to save our apartment's drywall. Just this morning he pooped in our sink and peed in my water glass. 3. He has gained approximately a pound since he left the hospital---no evidence of a hunger strike. 4. He let us sleep four straight hours (once) this week. Not all of his week was burdensome. In addition to getting another week with Shelley's parents (the aforementioned Norms), Theo also met his grandpa Dan"}, {"title": "", "text": "Unilever's website entitled \"Sustainable Development 2008: An Overview\", and signed by Paul Polman, CEO, contains the following statement: \"Innovation also carries uncertainties and does not always lead to a positive outcome. During 2008, having invested 20 million [pounds] in R&D, Unilever abandoned plans to use the slimming extract hoodia in a range of diet products. We stopped the project because our clinical studies revealed that products using hoodia would not meet our strict standards of safety and efficacy.\" Page 12. Between March and June 2006, millions of e-mail spam and forum messages were sent out concerning hoodia, ostensibly offering hoodia extracts for weight control purposes. The Federal Trade Commission logged numerous complaints of consumer fraud associated with hoodia. In October 2009, Santa Cruz County District Attorney Bob Lee joined colleagues from several other counties in a lawsuit against three companies that allegedly make false claims that their diet supplements contain extract from the African hoodia plant. The lawsuit, filed in Solano County, stated that Dex L-10 by Delmar Labs, Breakthrough Engineered Nutrition and Geopharma produce products with packaging and advertising that claim to contain H. gordonii when they contained little or none of it. References External links Hoodia: Lots of Hoopla, Little Science, 2008 gordonii Plants used in traditional African medicine"}, {"title": "", "text": "with the exception of two, one is imbeded in one of the uprights for our Arbor, the other, as I turned around, struck my Cap brim, cutting away a portion of the cloth and pasteboard but did not hurt me ... I told [Private Henry] Williams to fire on them, this he done, when one of them fell at the second shot \u2013 at daybreak we found that he had bled all over the stones at least a half gallon of blood, they taken him off with them ... I do not think they were Indians they were to[o] bold and defiant although there are plenty of Moccasin tracks in the gulch. I think that more than one of the party was hurt. I think we killed the one that bled so much \u2013 we did not sleep any on the 31st, we are all well, and on the lookout. Please ask the Col. To send some more ammunition we have 130 rounds ... and please send those Beans to the station keeper and some vegetables, if you have some to spare.\"Writing in the veterans' newspaper Winners of the West, Scott Lovelace summarized the 10th Cavalry's activities during the late 1870s as \"chasing the redskins to help blaze a right of way for the settlers of the wild west\". Another 10th Cavalry veteran, George W. Ford, reflected: \"Our sacrifices and hardships opened up a great empire to civilization.\" Many of the Buffalo Soldiers went on to lead prosperous lives. Samuel Bridgwater joined the 24th Infantry Regiment"}, {"title": "", "text": "They are nicknamed the \"Lightning Twins\", in reference to their names (their names can also mean \"light and sound\" allegorically), and their Norito is \"By the thunderclap of our contract, destroy the disasters that befall our Ashikabi!\" Both are eliminated from the Sekirei Fight when they are thrown off Kamikura island with their Ashikabi by Musubi, and a year later are each the mother of male twins (it is never specified which set of twins belongs to which mother) named Raimei, Raigou, Raizou and Raiden, all of whom have inherited their mothers' powers of lightning (usually electrocuting their father Seo). and Shigi Kuno Haruka Shigi is a 19-year-old ronin college student who, like Minato, wishes to enroll in Tokyo University but has failed the entrance examination twice. Kuno, his Sekirei, is a weak, klutzy crybaby whose main ability is her voice, using it to either confuse their enemy or block their attacks. With her Norito, she can drain the energy from her enemies while putting them to sleep, but it seems to have a weak effect from a long distance. Shigi desires to defend her and wants to withdraw from the Game by leaving Tokyo before MBI's soldiers could capture them, and sought Minato and Kaoru's help to escape Tokyo, which eventually succeeded despite being injured along with Kuno during an encounter with the Disciplinary Squad. Before the final stage begins, Minato receives a letter from them, learning that they are now living with Shigi's parents in Kyoto and are rooting for him to win. They"}, {"title": "", "text": "who has appeared onscreen many times. When Caleb Reynolds was evacuated for medical reason during Survivor 32: Koah Rong, Jeff Probst told EW: \"As for our medical department, I could write for hours and still not say enough good things about Dr. Joe Rowles and his team. It takes a situation like this to truly see what someone is made of and the kind of leader they are in a crisis.\" Like any extreme sport that had a baby with extreme camping, Survivor takes a physical toll. And on Survivor 38: Edge of Extinction\u2014which features another island where eliminated players struggle to get back in the game\u2014conditions are as intense as ever. I've collected a tribe of former castaways who each spent many days on the island to tell their stories of how Survivor affected their bodies. Survivors ready: Go! Kellyn Bechtold Survivor 36: Ghost Island (35 days) \"Multiple parasites, hookworms and tapeworms.\" Kellyn Bechtold. \"I was lucky enough to live on an island for 35 days. Survivor pushed my body in ways I had never even imagined. I put on approximately 10 pounds before the game started. I lost all of that, and quite a bit more during that month\u2014up to almost 12 % of my body weight. My weight fluctuated not only during the game, but afterwards, as well. In the course of prepping for the show, losing weight in the game, gorging myself after, losing weight for the live finale, and finally evening out, my weight fluctuated 70 pounds. \"The extra toll the"}, {"title": "", "text": "held by a specific community through their relationship with the environment. In this context, TEK consists of a community\u2019s shared ideas when considering subjects such as the acceptable uses of plants and animals, the best approach to maximizing the potential uses of land, the social institutions in which members of society are expected to navigate, and holistically, their worldview. The study of TEK frequently includes critiques of the theoretical division between cultural systems and ecosystems, interpreting humans as an integral part of the whole. Humans, for example, can represent a keystone species in a given ecosystem and can play critical roles in creating, maintaining, and sustaining it . They can contribute to processes such as pedogenesis, seed dispersal, and fluctuations in biodiversity. They can also modify and condition animal behavior in either wild or domesticated species. Traditional Ecological Knowledge has traditionally focused on what Western science can learn from these communities and how closely their cultural knowledge mirrors scientific structures. It has been argued that this previous understanding of ecological adaptation could have major influences on our ecological actions in the future. Local knowledge in western society Within the discipline of Ethnoecology, there is a clear emphasis on those societies that are deemed \"indigenous,\" \"traditional,\" or \"savage,\" a common trend in anthropological pursuits through the 20th century. However, societies exist within a wide range of biomes, and have needs to know and understand clear and present dangers beyond those of harmful plants or how to get the best crop. Cruikshank contends that this may because many"}, {"title": "", "text": "KING RICHARD II We did observe. Cousin Aumerle, How far brought you high Hereford on his way? DUKE OF AUMERLE I brought high Hereford, if you call him so, But to the next highway, and there I left him. KING RICHARD II And say, what store of parting tears were shed? DUKE OF AUMERLE Faith, none for me; except the north-east wind, Which then blew bitterly against our faces, Awaked the sleeping rheum, and so by chance Did grace our hollow parting with a tear. KING RICHARD II What said our cousin when you parted with him? DUKE OF AUMERLE 'Farewell:' And, for my heart disdained that my tongue Should so profane the word, that taught me craft To counterfeit oppression of such grief That words seem'd buried in my sorrow's grave. Marry, would the word 'farewell' have lengthen'd hours And added years to his short banishment, He should have had a volume of farewells; But since it would not, he had none of me. KING RICHARD II He is our cousin, cousin; but 'tis doubt, When time shall call him home from banishment, Whether our kinsman come to see his friends. Ourself and Bushy, Bagot here and Green Observed his courtship to the common people; How he did seem to dive into their hearts With humble and familiar courtesy, What reverence he did throw away on slaves, Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles And patient underbearing of his fortune, As 'twere"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"architecture and appointments are without peer in Southern California.\" It was the largest church in Southern California when it opened. In 1924, a three-story education building with an auditorium was added to the campus. By 1927, the congregation had grown to become the fifth largest Congregational church in the United States with 1,700 members. The church sustained extensive damage in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake and was closed for several months while repairs were made. Rev. Henry Kendall Booth was the pastor at the church from 1909 until his death in 1942. The church appeared in the 2007 movie License to Wed. Social activism and theology The church practices a liberal theology and has a long history of social activism, including programs to assist the poor, homeless and disabled. In 1992, the church publicly declared that it welcomed gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons into membership, employment and leadership. By 2005, 42% of the church members were from the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community. In 2007, the church gained media attention when the senior pastor, Jerald Stinson, vowed to defy an order that he block homeless people from sleeping on the steps and grounds of the church. At the time, Stinson said, \"The city's threats are ludicrous. We're not going to do what they want us to do. Allowing these people to sleep on our property is, for us, a religious act.\" See also List of City of Long Beach Historic Landmarks References External links Churches in Long Beach, California United Church of Christ churches"}, {"title": "", "text": "made from?' the same question? Churchill\u2019s answer comes in the form of a character who defines himself by his deeds and his loved ones, rather than the circumstances of his birth.\" Andrzej Lukowski of Time Out called the play a \"masterpiece\". Steve Dinneen argued in City A.M. that the work \"is remarkable in the way it so gracefully touches upon the great philosophical questions without ever feeling didactic. A Number is no cold thought experiment, but a quiet rumination on human nature\". Dineen wrote that Salter's interludes \"say as much as an hour\u2019s worth of dialogue\". Franco Milazzo of Londonist summarised the play as asking \"what makes you you?\" Arifa Akbar of The Guardian said that \"Churchill\u2019s linguistic tics \u2013 of interruptions and half-finished sentences \u2013 create a hyperreal effect and enable Salter\u2019s obfuscation\". Richard Pahl of Northwest Herald billed A Number as an \"engaging meditation on human cloning, personal identity and the conflicting claims of nature and nurture\". Pahl wrote that the work \"offers intellectual and emotional depth, and illustrates the ways people rationalize bad behavior and unthinkingly objectify others, including their own flesh and blood. It asks important questions.\" Interpretation Dinneen argued that the play is about \"our desire to be unique, for our lives to have meaning, for our imperfect minds and bodies to somehow achieve perfect ends.\" Pahl wrote that questions asked by the play are, \"If we had a do-over, could we atone for our mistakes? What is the value of a human life? What is the source of our individuality?\""}, {"title": "", "text": "his \"Systems Thinking Systems Practice\":

    Vickers argues that our human experience develops within us 'readiness to notice particular aspects of our situation, to discriminate them in particular ways and to measure them against particular standards of comparison...' These readinesses are organized into an 'appreciative system' which creates for all of us, individually and socially, our appreciated world....The appreciative settings condition new experience but are modified by the new experience. Such circular relations Vickers takes to be the common facts of social life, but we fail to see this clearly, he argues, because of the concentration in our science-based culture on linear causal chains and on the notion of goal-seeking. Vickers suggests replacing the goal-setting and goal-seeking with feedback models in which personal, institutional or cultural activity consists in maintaining desired relationships and eluding undesired ones. The process is a cyclical one which operates like this: Our previous experiences have created for us certain 'standards' or 'norms', usually 'tacit' (and also, at a more general level, 'values', more general concepts of what is humanly good and bad); the standards, norms and/or values lead to readiness to notice only certain features of our situations, they determine what 'facts' are relevant; the facts noticed are evaluated against the norms, a process which leads to our taking regulatory action and modifies the norms or standards, so that future experiences will be evaluated differently.
    Geoffrey Vickers continued corresponding with Peter Checkland in the years before Vickers' death and discussed the relationship between systems ideas and real-world experience. From those discussions Checkland"}, {"title": "", "text": "think will happen next and explain the characters\u2019 actions.

    Reading with your child will improve their attention span and listening skills. This will help them when they learn to read at school.

    Babies and toddlers feel safe within established routines and rituals. A bedtime story is the perfect end to their day. Recent research shows that babies learn most just before they sleep.

    Your child will often want to borrow the same book several times. Choosing their own books and showing a preference for a particular story is the beginning of their lifelong journey as a reader.

    Reading ideas and suggestions

    • Bookstart, who specialise in young children\u2019s reading journey
    • Featured books for babies and toddlers from Lovereading4kids
    • Advice from Ladybird books on getting your child reading before they start school
    • DKfindout! supplements DKfindout! educational titles. Great for homework or finding out more about a particular subject.

    Primary school children

    How our libraries help children with dyslexia and Irlen syndrome.

    Our libraries are family friendly places that offer free internet use and wifi.

    All our libraries run activities for children of all ages, including craft sessions, story times and author visits. We also run the national Summer Reading Challenge every year.

    Children can have their own library card and borrow books for free.

    What we stock

    We arrange children\u2019s books to match with the way your child learns.

    We also stock books optimised for children with Dyslexia and Irlen Syndrome.

    We don\u2019t stock"}, {"title": "", "text": "a national day of humiliation, fasting and prayer in Proclamation 97. In January\u2013February 1952 during the Korean War, the desirability of a united national prayer was stated by Reverend Billy Graham, who said, \"What a thrilling, glorious thing it would be to see the leaders of our country today kneeling before Almighty God in prayer. What a thrill would sweep this country. What renewed hope and courage would grip the Americans at this hour of peril.\" Representative Percy Priest from Tennessee observed that Graham had issued a challenge for a national day of prayer. Members of the House and Senate introduced a joint resolution for an annual National Day of Prayer, \"on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals.\" On April 17, 1952, President Harry S. Truman signed a bill proclaiming a National Day of Prayer must be declared by each subsequent president at an appropriate date of his choice. In 1982 a conservative evangelical Christian organization called the \"National Prayer Committee\" was formed to coordinate and implement a fixed annual day of prayer for the purpose of organizing evangelical Christian prayer events with local, state, and federal government entities. The Thanks-Giving Foundation also collaborated in this effort. In his 1983 declaration, Ronald Reagan said, \"From General Washington's struggle at Valley Forge to the present, this Nation has fervently sought and received divine guidance as it pursued the course of history. This occasion provides our Nation with an opportunity to further"}, {"title": "", "text": "the hallway and the young girl proceeded to ignore Counts-Scoggins and hung her head. During her lunch period that day, a blackboard eraser was thrown at her and landed on the back of her head. As she proceeded to go outside and met her oldest brother for lunch, she saw a crowd surrounding the family car, and the back windows were shattered. Counts-Scoggins says this was the first time she was afraid, because now her family was being attacked. Counts-Scoggins told her family what had occurred and her father called the superintendent and the police department to share with them what had happened. The superintendent told the family he was not aware of what was happening at Harry Harding High School, and the police chief said that they could not guarantee Counts-Scoggins' protection. After having this conversation, her father decided to take her out of the high school. He said in a statement: \"It is with compassion for our native land and love for our daughter Dorothy that we withdraw her as a student at Harding High School. As long as we felt she could be protected from bodily injury and insults within the school's walls and upon the school premises, we were willing to grant her desire to study at Harding.\" After Harry Harding High School Because of her experience at Harry Harding High School, her parents wanted her to go to an integrated school because they did not want her to assume all white people were the same. She was sent to live with"}, {"title": "", "text": "Making of Typographic Man (1962) is a pioneering study in the fields of oral culture, print culture, cultural studies, and media ecology. Throughout the book, McLuhan makes efforts to reveal how communication technology (i.e., alphabetic writing, the printing press, and the electronic media) affects cognitive organization, which in turn has profound ramifications for social organization: [I]f a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent. Movable type McLuhan's episodic history takes the reader from pre-alphabetic, tribal humankind to the electronic age. According to McLuhan, the invention of movable type greatly accelerated, intensified, and ultimately enabled cultural and cognitive changes that had already been taking place since the invention and implementation of the alphabet, by which McLuhan means phonemic orthography. (McLuhan is careful to distinguish the phonetic alphabet from logographic or logogramic writing systems, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs or ideograms.) Print culture, ushered in by the advance in printing during the middle of the 15th century when the Gutenberg press was invented, brought about the cultural predominance of the visual over the aural/oral. Quoting (with approval) an observation on the nature of the printed word from William Ivins' Prints and Visual Communication,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the nation since he assumed the Court's highest office. In his response after the awarding ceremonies, Chief Justice Puno said that he views the awards given to him and fellow alumni, not as personal achievements but as recognition of the UP soul and spirit in their beings. \"The UP spirit tells us that what is right and what is wrong is never decided by popular vote; that what is right and what is wrong is not resolved by the demagogueries in the market place. UP taught us the lesson there is no right be wrong, to do wrong and to go wrong,\" he said. He also predicted that \"UP was pre-eminent in the last 100 years. I have no doubt, it will be preeminent in the next 100 years. We say 'Push On UP,' we are going to win.\" As the 2008 UPAA Most Distinguished Alumnus, Chief Justice Puno also spoke at the UP Alumni Council Meeting at the Bahay ng Alumni, UP Diliman, Quezon City last June 20. At that event, Chief Justice Puno stressed that UP has been \"an important center of gravity in our collective efforts to uplift the interest of our people and interlink with humankind's drive towards universal peace and prosperity.\" He added that \"the role of UP in difficult times will be decisive. It has to serve as our fresh fountain of knowledge and reverse our knowledge deficit. It has to be a laboratory of ideas, where old ideas are given the reverence of immutability, and where new ideas are"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sacrament meeting. As we came in, President Nuque told me that Brother Silvia was to speak this afternoon, but had to be out of town. He asked if I would take his place. I used the hymn, \u0093I Believe in Christ\u0094 and added Temple and Family History into it. It went ok. We stopped and saw the Sariano family after meeting. The power went of during sacrament meeting, which isn\u0092t unusual, but we had put a chicken on the rotisserie before coming to meeting. The stove is gas, so no problem, but the rotisserie turns with electricity so it burned on one side. We invited Elder Barrett and Elder Clam for dinner. With out power, the house was hot and dark, so we ate out on the patio. It was very present and with a little breeze, quite comfortable. After the Elders left we stayed out for a while. We opened all the windows to let in what air we could, but it was stile hot sleeping. I got up at 11:30 PM when the power came on and the lights were on. I set the fan up and we slept ok the rest of the night.

     

    Monday, July 21, 2003

     

    I woke with my back hurting; Mae rubbed it and tried to get it in place. I wish I know what we should do. I don\u0092t want to get a new mattress if that isn\u0092t the cause. We worked all morning with our schedule planning. After lunch, Mae"}, {"title": "", "text": "receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue.\" Lessig argues that some of these changes benefited society as a whole. However, the combined effects of the changes in these five dimensions has been to restrict rather than promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, in apparent violation of the constitutional justification for copyright law. The negative impact on creativity can be seen in numerous examples throughout this book. A stark example of its impact on political discourse is the refusal by the major TV networks to run ads critical of the Bush administration's claims of Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction during the period prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, enforced by Supreme Court decisions that give stations the right to choose what they will and will not run. Lessig claims this kind of environment is not democratic, and at no point in our history have we had fewer \"legal right[s] to control more of the development of our culture than now.\" Outline The following summarizes the different sections of the book. Preface Lessig insists that the future of our society is being threatened by recent changes in US law and administration, including decisions by the US Federal Communications Commission that allow increased Concentration of media ownership. Lessig claims to defend a free culture that is balanced between control \u2014 a culture that has property, rules, and contracts pertaining to property that are enforced by the state \u2014 and anarchy"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Monastery of Our Lady of the Risco is a ruined Augustinian convent located above Amavida in the Sierra de \u00c1vila, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Spain. It was founded in 1504 by Francisco de la Parra under the invocation of Our Lady of Sorrows, under the title Our Lady of the Risco. It constituted an important center of evangelization and practically the only cultural center during the Late Middle Ages in the alfoz of what is now the province of \u00c1vila. The monastery had a church, a cloister, a residence for monks, an oriel, terraces for cultivation, a hostel for pilgrims, stables, warehouses and a good water supply network and access roads. Currently only the bell tower remains, along with the entrance arch of the old church, part of the apse (hidden by vegetation) and remains of the walls of different dependencies. Location The monastery is located in the Valley of Ambl\u00e9s, northwest of the town of Amavida, municipality that belongs to the year 2000 and where it is visible. From the top of the tower of this ancient building complex, it is possible to see the whole valley, which is flanked by the Sierra de la Paramera to the South, La Serrota to the West and the Sierra de \u00c1vila to the North. Even on very clear days, from this location you can see Navacerrada (in the Community of Madrid) and the mountain of the Dead Woman, already in Segovia. The monastery was formerly a meeting point between three well-defined paths that originated in Villatoro, Vadillo"}, {"title": "", "text": "go to Kolob and rent a canoe, but instead we went swimming at my moms and went out for fondue and steak! I won a facebook contest for free fondue at Anasazi steakhouse (one of our favorites) and so we shared a steak and ate our free fondue. That's the way to do it! We also got a lot of errands done and hung up some stuff in the nursery as well as cleaned a little bit. We're slowly checking things off our list! Baby has been moving like crazy lately and my pelvic pain hasn't been as intense so yay for both of those things! How big is the peanut? Currently a squash! Total weight gain/loss? It fluctuates but I'm about 5lbs up from my pre pregnancy weight. 21lbs total gained. Maternity clothes? This question is getting lame haha! I might have to remove it. Sleep? Sleeping propped up still and still pretty good quality! Symptoms? Heartburn as always... mmm... hormonal on Tuesday, I was just feeling so feisty! ;) Feeling a little more tired lately, I want to take an afternoon nap every day. Belly button in or out? I think it's just awkward. What I'm looking forward to? hmm... the baby being here? haha."}, {"title": "", "text": "even though it's been released, just due to the weight of the carrier. So we needed the 'holdback' cable to the truck behind, and on cue, the driver locked his brakes.\" After the carrier disengaged from the cab, steel castor wheels attached to the underside of the carrier directed it to the center embankment. A stuntman who was riding in the carrier fired 3 cannons to physically lift it over on its side. A small jet aircraft, (Hansa-Jet), pursuing the lead characters played by Eastwood and Sheen, complements another tightly coordinated stunt scene (aerial coordinators James W. Gavin and Eric W. Gray). After chasing the two detectives through a grassy area, the Hansa-Jet is hit by a Convair 880 depicted as landing, (the initial sequence showing the aircraft on approach uses a BAe 146). Both the San Jose and Mojave airports were scripted as LA International Airport during filming of the scene. Right before the impact, the Hansa-Jet was actually stationary being pulled by a 150-foot steel cable attached to a 4-wheel drive pickup truck right before the explosion erupted. Frazier explained, \"The reason we did that is because if the planes collide first, it's likely they'll upend all our wires and the explosion wouldn't occur at all. Another reason is that had the Hansa-Jet not demolished before impact, it could have spun the other plane around, and we might have ended up with the 880 in our shot instead. The ensuing explosion after the Convair dissects the Hansa-Jet was powered by 10 gallons of gasoline"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mock Cop26 was a two week online conference attended by 350 youth delegates from 141 countries held in late November 2020. During the conference a treaty with 18 policies was developed. At the end of the conference the treaty was presented to the UK's High Level Climate Action Champion Nigel Topping. COP26 was due to be held in Glasgow in November 2020 but was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was held instead in Glasgow in November 2021. Frustrated by the postponement of the COP26 UN climate crisis talks, youth climate activists set up a parallel process. The idea for Mock COP26 came from young people working on the Teach the Future campaign. According to organiser Phoebe L. Hanson \"[s]omebody said, 'why don\u2019t we hold our own?' as a joke, but it stuck in our heads.\" The Mock COP was set up as a virtual conference to run for two weeks, from 19 November 2020 to 1 December 2020. It was attended by 350 youth delegates, aged 11 to 30, from 141 countries, selected from over 800 who applied. To give more weight to the views of those from the global south there were five delegates allowed from each of those countries and three from each global north country. In addition the event was moved to the end of November so as to avoid a clash with Diwali. The conference was organised by a team 196 volunteer students from 52 countries backed up by 18 student staff and the educational charity Students Organising for Sustainability"}, {"title": "", "text": "the highest decorated Soldier during World War 1, starring Gary Cooper. I had seen the movie before but with Kim\u0092s explanation of the story, it was much more enjoyable. I then went back to David\u0092s and we finished the climbing wall. It was 8 pm when we finished. I then had some dinner with David before coming home. It was after 9 when I got home. I was feeling ok when I got home, but when I set down my energy completely left me. Mae tucked me in bed and I went right to sleep.

    Tuesday, January 12, 2016

    I slept until almost 7am before getting up. Mae was up by then also. Mae made a wonderful breakfast of waffles and eggs. She is sure special! After eating, I was still sleepy and was cold. I laid in the recliner, where Mae tucked the electric blanket around me and I went back to sleep for over an hour. After showering and shaving I took some items to the D.I. I also stopped at Star Engraving and ordered a plate to be installed on Dad\u0092s .22 rifle for Jeff. From there I went to Murdock Chevrolet and had our car serviced. When I got home, Mae was watching a Western movie on TV, while she put our three week\u0092s nutrient pills into our containers, so I set down and watched the ending of that show and I watched a 2nd show. Mae cooked chicken, rice and gravy for dinner. We"}, {"title": "", "text": "language, compassionate communication or collaborative communication. Components There are four components to practice nonviolent communication: Observation: These are facts (what we are seeing, hearing, or touching) as distinct from our evaluation of meaning and significance. NVC discourages static generalizations. It is said that \"When we combine observation with evaluation, others are apt to hear criticism and resist what we are saying.\" Instead, a focus on observations specific to time and context is recommended. Feelings: These are emotions or sensations, free of thought and story. These are to be distinguished from thoughts (e.g., \"I feel I didn't get a fair deal\") and from words colloquially used as feelings but which convey what we think we are (e.g., \"inadequate\"), how we think others are evaluating us (e.g., \"unimportant\"), or what we think others are doing to us (e.g., \"misunderstood\", \"ignored\"). Feelings are said to reflect whether we are experiencing our needs as met or unmet. Identifying feelings is said to allow us to more easily connect with one another, and \"Allowing ourselves to be vulnerable by expressing our feelings can help resolve conflicts.\" Needs: These are universal human needs, as distinct from particular strategies for meeting needs. It is posited that \"Everything we do is in service of our needs.\" Marshall Rosenberg refers to Max-Neef's model where needs may be categorised into 9 classes: sustenance, safety, love, understanding/empathy, creativity, recreation, sense of belonging, autonomy and meaning. For more information, the Center for Nonviolent Communication has developed a needs inventory. Requests: Requests are distinguished from demands in that one"}, {"title": "", "text": "the ending, Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide. Rose then reveals that she had the \"Heart of the Ocean\" diamond all along but never sold it, in order to live on her own without Cal's money. She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean, after allowing him to hold it. After accepting that treasure is worthless, Brock laughs at his stupidity. Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep, whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version. In the editing room, Cameron decided that by this point, the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story, so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond. He also did not want to disrupt the audience's melancholy after the Titanic sinking. Paxton agreed that his scene with Brock's epiphany and laugh was unnecessary, stating that \"I would have shot heroin to make the scene work better... you didn't really need anything from us. Our job was done by then... If you're smart and you take the ego and the narcissism out of it, you'll listen to the film, and the film will tell you what it needs and what it does not need\". The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon, but the"}, {"title": "", "text": "The term Marrano has a pejorative connotation, since it refers both to a pig and to the Jewish-connotation. The source of the obscurity and overlap is very old, as we are taught by Padre Frei Francisco de Torregoncillo:[3] \u201cin the past these terms were used especially to greet those who are worse than dogs, like Marranos... which means pigs in Spanish, and this is because of what characterizes both the Marranos and pigs, that if one of them snores or grunts, all the rest rush upon hearing the snoring.\u201d The First Republic in Portugal was established in 1910-1926, and Garcia explains that with Schwartz\u2019 arrival in 1917, it triggered an openness amongst the community. The Crypto-Jews no longer needed to hide their faith. Until the dictatorship of Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar from 1926 to 1974. It was easier to identify who a \u2018Crypto-Jew\u2019 was because they had come out of hiding. To avoid arousing suspicion, Garcia explains: \u201cOn the Jewish holidays, the men would go out into the street to avoid arousing suspicion. But it was up to us \u2013 the women who stayed inside the house \u2013 to take care of everything. We sang and we recited the prayers only after putting the young children to sleep. If they had heard us saying the prayers, they might have unintentionally repeated what they heard at home when out into the street. Only after they were mature... [for example when they began] to keep all the fasts, did we include them in our ceremony. Not only that:"}, {"title": "", "text": "against our experience with states, where even tourists typically receive protection. Therefore, the dominant protective agency lacks a monopoly on the use of force and fails to protect all people inside its territory. Moral constraints and the state Nozick arrives at the night-watchman state of classical liberalism theory by showing that there are non-redistributive reasons for the apparently redistributive procedure of making its clients pay for the protection of others. He defines what he calls an ultraminimal state, which would not have this seemingly redistributive feature but would be the only one allowed to enforce rights. Proponents of this ultraminimal state do not defend it on the grounds of trying to minimize the total of (weighted) violations of rights (what he calls utilitarianism of rights.) That idea would mean, for example, that someone could punish another person they know to be innocent in order to calm down a mob that would otherwise violate even more rights. This is not the philosophy behind the ultraminimal state. Instead, its proponents hold its members' rights are a side-constraint on what can be done to them. This side-constraint view reflects the underlying Kantian principle that individuals are ends and not merely means, so the rights of one individual cannot be violated to avoid violations of the rights of other people. Which principle should we choose, then? Nozick will not try to prove which one is better. Instead, he gives some reasons to prefer the Kantian view and later points to problems with classic utilitarianism. The first reason he gives in"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"was the first to coin the term focus group and to stress the importance of product image and persuasion in advertising\". In Vance Packard's book on Dichter and his practices, Packard recalls meeting Dichter in his castle and finding children watching televisions while resident psychologists, crouching behind special screens secretly filmed and studied their every action so that they could inform advertisers how to manipulate their unconscious minds. Dichter called such focus groups his \"living laboratory\". One such session led to the invention of the Barbie Doll: \"What they wanted was someone sexy looking, someone that they wanted to grow up to be like,\" Dichter reported, \"Long legs, big breasts, glamorous.\" Dichter's reputation fluctuated throughout his career. Vance Packard attacked the ethics of his methods in the book, The Hidden Persuaders (1956). Packard's book argued that many consumers \"are being influenced and manipulated far more than we realize in the patterns of our everyday lives.\" Packard compared Dichter's methods to \"the chilling world of George Orwell and his Big Brother.\" To Packard, Dichter's gothic mansion was a sinister factory that manufactured and implanted self-destructive desires. The popularity of Packard's book left the general public with a deep suspicion about market research methods. By the 1970s, Dichter and the subject of motivation research were rarely mentioned in the scholarly literature. Dichter died on 21 November 1991 in Peekskill, New York. Recognition Scholars have questioned whether Dichter was truly responsible for the development of motivational research or whether he was its greatest proponent. This questioning is based on"}, {"title": "", "text": "the chairman of the Electrical Company tapped his forehead to claim its indulgence for the crankiness of the speaker.

    \"Pray tell us, sir,\" said he, with an ironical smile, \"what is there in our conclusions with which you find fault?\"

    \"With your assumption that a large dose of electricity will merely increase the effect of a small dose. Do you not think it possible that it might have an entirely different result? Do you know anything, by actual experiment, of the effect of such powerful shocks?\"

    \"We know it by analogy,\" said the chairman, pompously. \"All drugs increase their effect when they increase their dose; for example — for example — \"

    \"Whisky,\" said Joseph M`Connor.

    \"Quite so. Whisky. You see it there.\"

    Peter Stulpnagel smiled and shook his head.

    \"Your argument is not very good,\" said he. \"When I used to take whisky, I used to find that one glass would excite me, but that six would send me to sleep, which is just the opposite. Now, suppose that electricity were to act in just the opposite way also, what then?\"

    We three practical men burst out laughing. We had known that our colleague was queer, but we never had thought that he would be as queer as this.

    \"What then?\" repeated Philip Stulpnagel.

    \"We'll take our chances,\" said the chairman.

    \"Pray consider,\" said Peter, \"that workmen who have touched the wires, and who have received shocks of only a few hundred volts, have died instantly. The fact is well known. And yet"}, {"title": "", "text": "facts brought out during the case, including the harsh treatment by an officer toward his men, the judge advocate general recommended that Woods's sentence be remitted. In writing to the adjutant general, the judge advocate general wrote, \"But in view of the extraordinary circumstances developed by the testimony, showing that there was no disposition on the part of the prisoner either to mutiny or to desert, but that his conduct, and that of his company, was the result of outrageous treatment on the part of one of the commissioned officers, and in view of the suffering he has already endured, the sentence is remitted and the prisoner will be restored to duty.\" A November 20 regimental order reduced Woods to the rank of private. Many reports exist to detail the daily life of the Buffalo Soldier. The report of an infantryman serving under Sergeant Joseph Luckadoe about the night of an attack on a Texas Mail Station in 1873 states: \"While sitting in the Station our attention was attracted by the dogs barking at what we at the time, supposed to be a Cayote, to be sure, I told [Private Joshua L.] Newby to get his gun and see what they were barking at. When he got near the Haystack, he was fired upon by some one, the ball merely passing him and imbeded itself in one of the Corral posts. We seized our guns, and rushed out of doors when they discharged some 8 shots at us, the balls striking the stone and flatt[en]ing out"}, {"title": "", "text": "some speculation that The Road to El Dorado was based on what Katzenberg had seen at Disney. Marc Lument, a visual development artist on El Dorado, claimed \"It really was a race, and Katzenberg wanted ours out before theirs.\" Lument also added that, \"We didn't know exactly what they were doing, but we had the impression it was going to be very similar. Whoever came out second would face the impression that they copied the other.\" Fullmer and Dindal denied the similarities with the latter commenting \"This version [The Emperor's New Groove] was well in the works when that movie came out,\" and further added, \"Early on, when our movie got to be very comic, all of us felt that you can't be making this farce about a specific group of people unless we are going to poke fun at ourselves. This didn't seem to be a proper choice about Incas or any group of people. It was more of a fable.\" The marketing campaign for The Emperor's New Groove was relatively restrained as Disney opted to heavily promote the release of 102 Dalmatians, which was released during Thanksgiving. Nevertheless, the film was accompanied with six launcher toys of Kuzco, Kuzco as a llama, Pacha, Yzma, Yzma as a cat and Kronk, accompanied with Happy Meals at McDonald's in North America. McDonald's also released toys for the film in Europe, Asia, and Australia. The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on December 10, 2000, with Sting in attendance. Home media The film was released on"}, {"title": "", "text": "and expansion into what was at the time the western frontier. Tecumseh played a significant role in the Siege of Detroit, an event that helped to solidify the alliance between the British and First Nations of the Great Lakes region during the War of 1812. General William Hull, who was in command of Fort Detroit when it was surrendered to the British forces, was mortified at the prospect of Tecumseh's Native warriors invading the fort and attacking its civilian population. Tecumseh was able to capitalize on this fear, and by repeatedly parading his men loudly through a distant clearing outside of Fort Detroit was able to convince General Hull that their numbers were much greater than was the reality. Despite this joint military success, the interests of the British were not entirely aligned with those of their First Nations allies. When Britain's position on the Detroit frontier wavered and General Henry Proctor abandoned Fort Malden, Tecumseh's reaction was that First Nations had been betrayed. On 18 September 1813 General Proctor made it known to the Indian Council that Fort Malden would be abandoned. In Tecumseh's address to Proctor he laments that British dedication would waver in the face of defeat while the First Nations remained committed to the defence of their territory. He outlines the brief history of the First Nations' involvement in the war against the Americans, and scolds the British for what he perceives as cowardice, stating: You always told us to remain here and take care of our lands. It made our hearts"}, {"title": "", "text": "Script theory is a psychological theory which posits that human behaviour largely falls into patterns called \"scripts\" because they function analogously to the way a written script does, by providing a program for action. Silvan Tomkins created script theory as a further development of his affect theory, which regards human beings' emotional responses to stimuli as falling into categories called \"affects\": he noticed that the purely biological response of affect may be followed by awareness and by what we cognitively do in terms of acting on that affect so that more was needed to produce a complete explanation of what he called \"human being theory\". In script theory, the basic unit of analysis is called a \"scene\", defined as a sequence of events linked by the affects triggered during the experience of those events. Tomkins recognized that our affective experiences fall into patterns that we may group together according to criteria such as the types of persons and places involved and the degree of intensity of the effect experienced, the patterns of which constitute scripts that inform our behavior in an effort to maximize positive affect and to minimize negative affect. In artificial intelligence Roger Schank, Robert P. Abelson and their research group, extended Tomkins' scripts and used them in early artificial intelligence work as a method of representing procedural knowledge. In their work, scripts are very much like frames, except the values that fill the slots must be ordered. A script is a structured representation describing a stereotyped sequence of events in a particular context."}, {"title": "", "text": "things that are not (...).\" Krippendorff goes on to cite the color theory of J. W. von Goethe who exposed Isaac Newton\u2019s spectral theory of colors as epistemologically flawed by pointing out that color is the product of the human eye. Color does not exist without it. Krippendorff refers to the Italian philosopher G. Vico for opposing R. Descartes by claiming we humans know what we have constructed, made up, cognitively, materially, or socially, to the biologists J. Uexk\u00fcll for his species-specific theory of meaning and H. Maturana and F. Varela for developing a biological foundation of cognition, to the psychologist J. J. Gibson for his conception of affordance, which acknowledges that our environment does not account for our perception, it merely affords our sensory-motor coordinations or it does not; and to the anthropological linguist B. L. Whorf for his recognition that our perceptions are correlated with language, its grammar and vocabulary. Most important, Krippendorff allies himself with L. Wittgenstein\u2019s definition of meaning as use, culminating in the axiom that Humans do not see and act on the physical qualities of things, but on what they mean to them. Meaning Attributing meaning to something follows from sensing it, and is a prelude to action. \" One always acts according to the meaning of whatever one faces \" and the consequences of these actions in turn become part of the meanings of what one interacts with. Meanings are always someone's construction and depend on context and culture. The same artifact may invoke different meanings at different times,"}, {"title": "", "text": "what is your platform? The Stewart Alexander Presidential Campaign is committed to socialism, democracy, ecology, feminism and racial equality. My :platform is committed to the transformation of capitalism through the creation of a democratic socialist society. To create a :better future for working people, my platform will offer a guide that will establish a new social and economic order in which :democracy will allow the 99% to shape our own future \u2013 in our neighborhoods, in our local government, and, perhaps most :importantly, in our economy... Why Socialism? Can you explain for those who aren't familiar with the platform you are running on? Capitalism has never worked for the majority of people in society. Capitalism is a system that has continuously exploited :working people in order to increase the profits of a few multi-national corporations and the world's super rich. Socialists :believe the economic model for the nation must change from capitalism to a democratic socialist economy... What specifically makes your campaign unique? The Stewart Alexander 2012 Presidential Campaign will offer a full democratic socialist alternative to voters. We will be a :left-wing option to the parties of the 1% - the Democrats and Republicans... What drew you to the Socialist Party? ...In 2007, my political interests were more on a national level and the PFP was a California-based political party. I :decided to attend the national convention for the Socialist Party in St. Louis as a presidential candidate...Both the :Socialist Party and the PFP are founded on the principle of protecting the interests of working"}, {"title": "", "text": "the PLP's central principles since the party's inception in 1963. In 1968, the PLP election platform stated that, \"No government can be either responsible or democratic while under the rule of another country. Colonialism is a cancer....Therefore we shall return to London to examine with the British Government what arrangements can be made for our independence.\" Despite the previous emphasis, any mention of independence was absent from the PLP's general election platform both in 1998, when the PLP first triumphed at the polls, and again in 2003. In fact, Premier Jennifer M. Smith stated that she would not pursue independence during her first term. Again, in 2001, she made the following statement: \"As I have stated repeatedly, consistently and unequivocally since assuming the leadership of the Bermuda Progressive Labour Party, I shall state once again for the record \u2013 independence is not an issue that we will address in our first term and probably not in our second term....We believe that there are a number of areas that need addressing before Bermuda heads down this road.\" Under the leadership of Smith, the Government of Bermuda began to systematically address the issues that it believes are fundamental prerequisites for independence. It very quickly enacted legislation providing for the elimination of annual voter registration. In 2001, the government began taking steps to amend Bermuda's constitution in order to abolish the island's system of parish-based, dual-seat constituencies which favored voters in parishes of small, predominantly white populations. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) prepared an Order in Council"}, {"title": "", "text": "country, from embassies around the world, and recently, at Olympic medal ceremonies in Sochi, Russia. The Stanley flag is now a universally-recognized Canadian symbol.\" Former Governor-General David Johnston has written in a \"letter\" to George Stanley, \"Our flag dares us to press on with the unfinished work of our country: to be ever more free and fair, just and inclusive; to be keener of mind and kinder of heart. ... Amazing what the right flag \u2014 your flag, our flag \u2014 can do.\" Opposition to immigration in 1938 In their book, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948 (1982), Irving Abella and Harold Troper quote a letter George Stanley wrote on 29 December 1938 to the federal Conservative leader, Robert James Manion, in support of a speech Manion had recently given in Quebec, opposing any immigration \"so long as any Canadian remained unemployed.\" As a novice academic, Stanley had returned to Canada from the University of Oxford in 1936 during the Great Depression and was distressed by the destitution he encountered, particularly in his native western Canada. At that moment (late December 1938), he found it difficult to sympathize with \"those who shed tears over the fate of Jews in Europe and who raised funds for the assistance of foreign refugees ... [while they] ignore the distress on their own doorstep. ... Charity begins at home.\" Defenders of Stanley on this matter generally note that his opinions, while wrong in retrospect, were also largely irrelevant as Stanley had little personal control over"}, {"title": "", "text": "brief epilogue explains that Jared and Shirin plan to completely disappear from the public eye together. Moments before Jared must leave to board a plane, he urges the spreading of B's philosophy and writes the final words of his diary: that Charles Atterley, Shirin, he, and the reader, too, are all B. The Teachings of B B's spoken lectures in Germany are fully written out at the end of the book in a roughly 80-page-long appendix called \"The Public Teachings\" (with a header on each of the following pages that reads \"The Teachings of B\"). Although the main text of the book is written in first-person point of view from Jared\u2019s perspective, the author Quinn's real-life perspective echoes that of B, written in this appendix. The following teachings are from the lectures of B and represent Daniel Quinn\u2019s historically-based ideas of human evolution and the future of human history. The Great Forgetting The \"Great Forgetting\" is the term B uses to describe an occurrence during the formative millennia of our civilization. What was forgotten is that there was a time when people lived without civilization and were sustained primarily by hunting and gathering rather than by large-scale animal husbandry and agriculture. By the time history began to be written down, thousands of years had passed since abandoning the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and it had been assumed that people had come into existence farming. B argues that our knowledge and worldview today would be greatly altered had the foundation thinkers of our culture known there was history beyond"}, {"title": "", "text": "national debate over the tariff and states rights, Bennett \"denounced South Carolina's attempt to nullify a federal tariff. He called the nullification doctrine a rebellion based on \"heresy. It was in union,\" he reminded his audience, \"that we wrested our liberties from the grasp of oppression. The union is our whole strength, our sole support.\" Internal improvements continued during this period. The federal government assisted in the building of much needed breakwaters at Lewes, the Frenchtown & New Castle Railroad replaced its wooden rails with steel so they could support a new steam engine, and construction began on the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Wilmington Railroad and the Delaware Railroad. Death and legacy Bennett died at Wilmington, while in office, and is buried there in the Friends Burial Ground, at Fourth and West Streets. He was the fifth Governor of Delaware to die in office. U.S. Representative William G. Whiteley remembered Bennett near the end of his life as \"a tall spare old man wearing knee breeches. He lived in Wilmington in a house...and could be seen any summer afternoon sitting upon his front pavement engaged in what we boys did not think a very manly employment, knitting yarn stockings.\" Others noted, \"Notwithstanding his Jacksonian Democracy, and being a Quaker to boot, to the end of his life he wore ruffled shirts, white kid breeches, and a velvet coat with brass buttons. He also powdered his hair and wore a queue.\" Almanac Elections are held on the first Tuesday after November 1. The governor takes office the third"}, {"title": "", "text": "of the circle and square. Berthold released its own family in this style, Berthold-Grotesk. However, during this period there was increasing interest in using sans-serifs as capturing the spirit of the time, most famously, Jan Tschichold's influential book The New Typography (), which praised the aesthetic qualities of the \"anonymous\" sans-serifs of the nineteenth century and was printed in a sans-serif similar to Berthold's Akzidenz-Grotesk. Its comments would prove influential in later graphic design: Among all the types that are available, the so-called \"Grotesque\"...is the only one in spiritual accordance with our time. To proclaim sans-serif as the typeface of our time is not a question of being fashionable, it really does express the same tendencies to be seen in our architecture\u2026there is no doubt that the sans-serif types available today are not yet wholly satisfactory as all-purpose faces. The essential characteristics of this type have not been fully worked out: the lower-case letters especially are still too like their \"humanistic\" counterparts. Most of them, in particular the newest designs such as Erbar and Kabel, are inferior to the old anonymous sans-serifs, and have modifications which place them basically in line with the rest of the \"art\" faces. As bread-and-butter faces they are less good than the old sans faces...I find the best face in use today is the so-called ordinary jobbing sanserif, which is quiet and easy to read. The Swiss style In the post-war period and particularly in Switzerland a revival in Akzidenz-Grotesk's popularity took hold, in what became known as the \"Swiss International"}, {"title": "", "text": "nationalist stance allows the party to attack the pan-Islamism of Sunni Islamist parties, Asalah and Al-Menbar Islamic Society, while giving it a strong position against Shia Islamists such as Al Wefaq. Mr Hashim has said: \"National unity is our main goal and regardless of our beliefs, we can work together for the benefit of the country\". In what some regard as an unusual position for an Arab nationalist party, the Movement has not cited the United States as the main international enemy. At the party's launch, Britain and Iran were named the two countries with which it would not cooperate, publicly or secretly, because of their past and present attitudes towards Bahrain. \"Britain had enslaved Bahrainis, undermined their rights and humiliated them during its occupation of Bahrain, whereas Iran has often laid claims to our country,\" said Ahmad Zaman, \"...the United States, unlike Iran, does not have claims to Bahrain.\" One of its candidates in 2006's election was likely to be a twice-arrested terror suspect, Mohi Al Deen Mahmoud Khan. A former jihadi active in Afghanistan, Mr Khan told reporters: \"I do not rule out taking part in the legislative elections to serve the community, particularly after I joined the National Justice Movement\". He praised the Movement saying it would revive the rights of the Sunnis \"who have lapsed into an uncomfortable silence that has made them appear as the unquestionably obedient supporters of the government while suffering from neglect in housing and other services provided by the state.\" Khan was the leader of a six-member"}, {"title": "", "text": "a snow storm, March 9, at 5:45 pm, the Aneroid Barometer, which I carried marking an elevation of 3,760 feet. We continued across the Pass, arriving at what was known as Cabin No. 3 on Cabin Creek, near the mouth of Coal Creek, after dark. The following day we went to Thorpe's Prairie, where we found our friends. From that point I sent a messenger back across the mountains, who went over our trail in four days to Tacoma. \"To get well rested, we remained at Thorpe's Prairie from March 10 until the morning of March 14. We then left for Tacoma Pass. During the 14th, 15th, and 16th, we explored Cabin Creek, Tacoma Pass, and the pass immediately north of it, called Sheet's Pass. \"On the morning of March 16, we left Cabin No. 3, where we had been camped for our explorations in the vicinity of Tacoma Pass, to go along the range toward the north. We traveled on snow shoes, the men packing such provisions as we had. The snow was from seven to 30 or more feet deep. We followed up the main stream of Cabin Creek climbing to a point about 600 feet east of the range on the evening of the 16th, where we camped until morning. In the morning we climbed to the summit and followed the ridge to a high butte, which is south of, and overlooks Camp Creek and the headwaters of Sunday Creek. here one of the men stumbled and fell down a steep slope, plunging"}, {"title": "", "text": "Grace Duffie Boylan (February 9, 1861 \u2013 March 24, 1935) was an American writer. She wrote many children's books, often dealing with diverse races and cultures, like Uncle Tom's Cabin (not to be confounded with the same title by Harriet Beecher Stowe). Other titles include: Young Folks, Our Little Eskimo Kiddies: Kids of Many Colors, Yama Yama Land, and Our Little Cuban Kiddies. Her Thy Son Liveth: Messages From A Soldier To His Mother appeared in 1918 anonymously. It is her account (the following editions were published under her name) of what her son communicated to her about death using morse code and automatic writing after his death on the battlefield in France during World War I. This novel served Director Peter O'Fallon as the base for his movie A Rumor of Angels (2001), starring Vanessa Redgrave. Transposed to our times, the plot is about a boy who learns to cope with the death of his mother by befriending a grumpy old lady. Boylan was mother to American screenwriter and U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary founder Malcolm Stuart Boylan. Selected publications The Old House and Other Poems and Sketches (1897) Thy Son Liveth: Messages From a Soldier to His Mother (1918) References 1861 births 1935 deaths American children's writers American spiritual mediums 19th-century American writers 19th-century American women writers 20th-century American writers 20th-century American women writers"}, {"title": "", "text": "in order to do this \"to push the Christians out (of Lebanon)\", this being \"the plan since 1975\", among other issues. On 16 December 2022, at the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Residence in Atchaneh, Lebanon, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, Ignatius Aphrem II issued a joint statement with the Maronite Patriarch, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi, the Syriac Catholic Patriarch, Ignatius Joseph III Yonan, the Chaldean Patriarch, Louis Rapha\u00ebl I Sako and the Assyrian Patriarch of the Church of the East, Awa III proclaiming: Embrace of Arab identity During a final session of the Lebanese Parliament, a Marada Maronite MP stated his identity as an Arab: \"I, the Maronite Christian Lebanese Arab, grandson of Patriarch Estefan Doueihy, declare my pride to be a part of our people\u2019s resistance in the South. Can one renounce what guarantees his rights?\" Maronite Deacon Soubhi Makhoul, administrator for the Maronite Exarchate in Jerusalem, has said \"The Maronites are Arabs, we are part of the Arab world. And although it\u2019s important to revive our language and maintain our heritage, the church is very outspoken against the campaign of these people.\u201d Aramean identity Many Maronites consider themselves the descendants of Arameans who lived in the Levant. Furthermore they identify the founder of the church, Saint Maron as a Syriac-speaking hermit of Aramean origins. In 2014, Israel recognize the Aramean community within its borders as a national minority, allowing some of the Christians in Israel to be registered as \"Aramean\", instead of \"Arab\" or \"Unclassified\". The Christians, who may apply for recognition as Aramean, are mostly Galilean"}, {"title": "", "text": "Climate Justice Action (CJA) is transnational coalition of organizations that seeks to prevent climate change and achieve climate justice. CJA formed as part of the alternative mobilisation around the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, and organised mass Direct actions during the conference. Aims The Network has a strong emphasis on climate justice, and has the following goals: To promote and strengthen the rights and voices of Indigenous and affected peoples (including workers) in confronting the climate crisis. To support reparations and the repayment of ecological debt to the Global South by industrialized rich countries To build a global movement for climate justice that encourages urgent action to avoid catastrophic climate change. To highlight the critical role of biodiversity in weathering the climate crisis, and to defend the existence of all species. To expose the roles of false and market-based climate \u201csolutions\u201d as well as corporate domination of climate negotiations in worsening the climate crisis. To advance alternatives that can provide real and just solutions to the climate crisis. To both sharpen our understanding of, and to address, the root social, ecological, political and economic causes of the climate crisis toward a total systemic transformation of our society. Our network is committed to working with respect, trust and unity towards these goals. Documents CJA has produced the following documents: CJA aims and principcals of working Call for action (ahead of Copenhagen climate summit) Discussion paper: What does climate justice mean in europe News articles CNN article: Climate protesters descend on Copenhagen Guardian article: copenhagen-activist-trial"}, {"title": "", "text": "and bring it to them and challenge their hospitals, universities, city, county, corporate leadership to partner like we have.\u201d UAB\u2019s efforts in 2022 were supported by record philanthropic gifts ($111 million) and the university\u2019s endowment surpassed $550 million in book value and $700 million in market value, which Watts deemed \u201cpretty remarkable for a young university that\u2019s about fifty years old.\u201d Watts concluded the address by saying, \u201cWe\u2019re excited about what we\u2019ve accomplished over the past year and, as you know, we\u2019re going to set the bar even higher in the coming year.\u201d On November 18, 2022, Watts sent a campuswide email with accompanying video expressing Thanksgiving greetings and gratitude to the UAB community. The message read in part, \"In this season of Thanksgiving, I enjoy pausing to reflect on the challenges we have overcome and give thanks for the blessings we enjoy. Across our great university and Health System that together are UAB, 2022 has been a year filled with tremendous accomplishments as we continued to make a positive difference in countless people\u2019s lives in Birmingham, across Alabama and around the world. I am grateful for your hard work and excellence that make it possible to teach and learn, research, care for patients, and meet the varied and complex needs of our campus, as well as our local and global communities.\" Personal life During his neurology residency at Massachusetts General Hospital, Watts met his wife Nancy Watts (n\u00e9e Angelo), a nurse who had also earned a competitive slot there. The couple worked together as doctor"}, {"title": "", "text": "of thousands of volunteers in every state in our country who worked so hard on our campaign and the millions of our contributors who showed the world that we could run a successful national campaign based on small individual contributions \u2013 2 1/2 million of them.\" Sanders's fundraising efforts have been seen as highly innovative in relying on online communication with voters and proving that a modern candidate can win presidential primaries without the support of Super PACs and big donors. Superdelegate support A superdelegate is a delegate to the Democratic National Convention who is seated automatically, not elected by voters in a primary or caucus. Superdelegates include distinguished party leaders and elected officials, including all Democratic members of the House and Senate and sitting Democratic governors. Other superdelegates are chosen during the primary season. Democratic superdelegates are free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination. As of May, the Democratic Party Superdelegates overwhelmingly supported Hillary Clinton. On Face the Nation, John Dickerson asked Sanders whether the Democratic system was \"rigged\". Sanders replied, \"I wouldn't use the word 'rigged' [...] but what is really dumb is that you have closed primaries, like in New York State, where three million people who are Democrats or Republicans could not participate, where you have a situation where over 400 superdelegates came on board Clinton's campaign before anybody else was in the race, eight months before the first vote was cast.\" Sanders went on to say that in the states in which he had won landslide victories he believed"}, {"title": "", "text": "Foreign Minister Didier Reynders said: \"The first urgency is for tensions in Rakhine State to abate and to allow unlimited access for humanitarian aid. But it is also important to be able to take long-term measures in order to guarantee decent living conditions to the Rohingya population within the framework of the Burmese nation. Only these will make peaceful coexistence among different ethnicities in this State of Myanmar possible\". The Belgian embassy in Myanmar demanded access for international NGOs to Rakhine State. Brazil Brazil has strongly supported resolutions adopted by bodies in the United Nations to find a permanent solution for the Rohingya. Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau discussed the situation during a telephone call to State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, and the Canadian government pledged for relief support of Rohingya refugees. Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland said the violence against the Rohingya \"looks a lot like ethnic cleansing\". According to the parliamentary secretary of the Canadian foreign ministry, \"The violence is still ongoing so obviously there's a failure on part of the military, on the part of the government. I don't think we heard the end of this yet about what our role is going to be. As I said, we are still assessing the situation and we're looking for ways for Canada to be constructive. We are in discussion as well with our embassy over there, with our officials on the ground\". The Canadian government has faced internal pressure to act, and pro-Rohingya protests in Toronto included Buddhist members of the Toronto city council."}, {"title": "", "text": "(1305)\". \"When an Acre of Land contianeth 10 Perches in Length, then it shall be in Breadth 16 Perches.\" The Statute on the Composition of Yards and Perches (, \"On the Composition of Arms [=Ells] and Perches\") is dated to 1266 1303. Its content varies among surviving accounts. One reads: The Liber Horn account reads: \"And be it remembered that the iron yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 feet and no more, and a foot ought to contain 12 inches by the right measure of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this yard rightly measured maketh 1 inch neither more nor less and 5 yards and a half make a perch that is 16 feet and a half measured by the aforesaid yard of our Lord the King.\" This document seems to have had the effect of redefining the yard, foot, inch, and barleycorn to of their previous values, but leaves the rod and acre unchanged. The rod thus became 16\u00bd feet instead of 15. 13th century 9 Henry III c. 25 (1225) The Magna Carta of 1215 was not ratified by Parliament until 1225, by which time it had become substantially abridged. Chapter 35 of the Magna Carta of 1215 (which dealt with weights and measures) became chapter 25 of the Magna Carta of 1225. 14th century 14 Edward III st. 1 c. 12 (1340) \"Bushels and Weights shall be made and sent into every Country.\" 18 Edward III st. 2 c. 4 (1344) \"Commissions to assay Weights and Measures"}, {"title": "", "text": "in their passage from stages of infancy to adulthood and old age. As MacIntyre puts it: It is most often to others that we owe our survival, let alone our flourishing ... It will be a central thesis of this book that the virtues that we need, if we are to develop from our animal condition into that of independent rational agents, and the virtues that we need, if we are to confront and respond to vulnerability and disability both in ourselves and in others, belong to one and the same set of virtues, the distinctive virtues of dependent rational animals Engaging with scientific texts on human biology as well as works of philosophical anthropology, MacIntyre identifies the human species as existing on a continuous scale of both intelligence and dependency with other animals such as dolphins. One of his main goals is to undermine what he sees as the fiction of the disembodied, independent reasoner who determines ethical and moral questions autonomously and what he calls the \"illusion of self-sufficiency\" that runs through much of Western ethics culminating in Nietzsche's \u00dcbermensch. In its place he tries to show that our embodied dependencies are a definitive characteristic of our species and reveal the need for certain kinds of virtuous dispositions if we are ever to flourish into independent reasoners capable of weighing the intellectual intricacies of moral philosophy in the first place. Virtue ethics MacIntyre is a key figure in the recent surge of interest in virtue ethics, which identifies the central question of morality as"}, {"title": "", "text": "Basilike, The Portrature of his Sacred Majesty in his Solitudes and Sufferings, was issued in two versions in October 1649, in English, and was enlarged in 1650. It was quite soon translated into Latin and French. In 1651 a reply appeared, Eikon Aklastos (\"the icon unbroken\"). It was written by Joseph Jane, involved in royalist organisation. Tract Milton begins his work by mentioning that he was commissioned to write Eikonoklastes and that he did such for the good of the Commonwealth: \"I take it on me as a work assign'd rather, then by me cho'n or affected\". The central argument of Eikonoklastes involves the tyranny inherent in all monarchies, and Milton attacks the idea put forth by Charles I that the liberty of individuals consists \"in the enjoyment of the fruits of our industry, and the benefit of those Laws to which we our selves have consented\". Milton's response is to point out how such a definition cannot actually separate different kinds of governments: First, for in the injoyment of those fruits, which our industry and labours have made our own upon our own, what Privilege is that, above what the Turks, Jewes, and Mores enjoy under the Turkish Monarchy? For without that kind of Justice, which is also in Argiers, among Theevs and Pirates between themselves, no kind of Government, no Societie, just or unjust could stand; no combination or conspiracy could stick together. We expect therfore something more, that must distinguish free Government from slavish To Milton, Charles I was able to coerce the"}, {"title": "", "text": "1879, 6:30 in the morning, and the harbor was obscured by a thick marine fog. When the fog began to clear, Covadongas lookout shouted: \"Smoke to the north!\" but the crew was not able to identify the newly arrived ships. After a few moments, they concluded that it was the Peruvian squadron coming back. At 6:45 a.m., a sailor by Condell's side asked for the telescope, and in a moment of clarity, he observed the warships' rigging and said to Condell: \"It's the Hu\u00e1scar and the Independencia.\" \"What basis do you have to assert that?\" asked Condell, and the sailor answered \"From the shape of the platform on top of the foremast.\" Immediately Condell ordered a shot to be fired in the air to warn Esmeralda, still anchored in the port. The ships were indeed Independencia and Hu\u00e1scar. In that same moment, the Peruvian admiral Grau roused his crew: \"Crewmembers and Sailors of the Hu\u00e1scar, Iquique is in sight, there are our afflicted fellow countrymen from Tarapac\u00e1, and also the enemy, still unpunished. It's time to punish them! I hope you will know how. Remember how our forces distinguished in Junin, the 2nd of May, Abtao, Ayachucho, and other battlefields, to win us our glorious and dignified independence, and our consecrated and brilliant laurels of freedom. No matter what the outcome, Peru will not fall. For our fatherland, Long Live Peru!\" Carlos Condell de la Haza warned Prat, and Commander Arturo Prat, seeing the difference between their forces and the enemies', ordered to hoist the signal:"}, {"title": "", "text": "During the Balkan War, on the 9th August, 1913, about a year before the present war broke out, during my absence from Rome, I received from my hon. colleague, Signor di San Giuliano, the following telegram:-- \"Austria has communicated to us and to Germany her intention of taking action against Servia, and defines such action as defensive, hoping to bring into operation the casus foederis of the Triple Alliances I which, on the contrary, I believe to be inapplicable. (Sensation.) \"I am endeavouring to arrange for a combined effort with Germany to prevent such action on the part of Austria, but it may become necessary to state clearly that we do not consider such action, if it should be taken, as defensive, and that, therefore, we do not consider that the casus foederis arises. \"Please telegraph to me at Rome if you approve.\" I replied:-- \"If Austria intervenes against Servia it is clear that a casus foederis cannot be established. It is a step which she is taking on her own account, since there is no question of defence, inasmuch as no one is thinking of attacking her. It is necessary that a declaration to this effect should be made to Austria in the most formal manner, and we must hope for action on the part of Germany to dissuade Austria from this most perilous adventure.\" (Hear, hear.) This course was taken, and our interpretation was upheld and recognised as proper since our action in no way disturbed our relations with the two Allied Powers. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "that pizza for lunch is really tasty? And when you've had a long day of classes and you're hungry, why not order a pizza for dinner too? And what should you do when you get hungry during that late-night study session? Order a pizza! That's where we come in.

  • We make the traditional pizzas, but we also mix things up with non-traditional ingredients. Tomato sauce is great, but how about plum, peanut, soy, or teriyaki sauce? You can get pepperoni anywhere, so how about some roasted duck or venison instead? Mushrooms are nice, but what about stir-fried cabbage and fried egg? We do it all.
  • Our pizzas are the best in Seattle, but don't take our word for it. Try one and you'll see!
  • Our Ecological Impact
  • We love the environment, and we take extra steps to reduce our ecological footprint. For example, we collect and burn only naturally fallen wood from happy trees located within 100 miles of the restaurant. All our ingredients are fair-trade, organic, and residents of Washington State. Our meats come from animals that were named, raised in the ranchers' homes as if they were their children, and educated in the finest animal universities. The wheat for our dough is crushed by hand using a mortar and pestle. Our pizza boxes are made from recycled exam Blue Books and are guaranteed to decompose within seconds of finishing your pizza. We deliver using only rodent-powered vehicles and we all bike to work. We love the environment!
  • "}, {"title": "", "text": "of conversation between peers and fellow professionals.

    As me and my peers strive to move forward in our business, or even try to set our place within the society, we realize that advancement is difficult to accomplish. And sadly, we’re who gets in our own way.

    I’ve heard a lot of business practitioners out there complaining about the overall attitude of Generation-Y, which they define as the so-called \"paradox of abundance.\"

    The paradox of abundance goes like this: Think of you being seated in a buffet restaurant where you can have everything you could ever imagine, served on the table in front of you. Yes, we could have it all; unfortunately what we don’t have is the appetite.

    Think of all the things we could get so easily now in life. Information, skills and collaboration are right under our noses, and probably just a data-plan away.

    Yet we feed our short attention spans with disproportionate amounts of endless cat videos and a dresses of blue or gold.

    What are we looking for in life? Are we busy trying to make ourselves look cool with our wide range of activities? Are we busy feeding our interest with entertaining-yet-mind-dulling gossip we love to share during our lunch conversations?

    Are we really so deprived of ideas to discuss about in our spare time that we now seek small things to talk about over one-line messages?

    "}, {"title": "", "text": "Best Backpacking Sleeping Bags of 2022 Warm, lightweight, and compressible\u2014below are the year\u2019s top sleeping bags for the backcountry / Backpack / Best Backpacking Sleeping Bags of 2022 Cozying into your sleeping bag at the end of a long day on the trail is one of the great pleasures of backpacking. And today\u2019s bags offer exceptional warmth for the weight along with a range of technologies that help them stay dry and perform in a variety of conditions. The majority of the bags on this list are filled with down, which is warmer, lighter, and more compressible than synthetic insulation, although we did include a handful of top synthetic models as well. For more background information, see our sleeping bag comparison table and buying advice below the picks. Our Team's Backpacking Sleeping Bag Picks Best Overall Sleeping Bag: Feathered Friends Hummingbird YF 20 Most Comfortable Sleeping Bag for Side Sleepers: Nemo Disco 15 Best Ultralight Sleeping Bag for Backpacking: Western Mountaineering Flylite Best Budget Down Sleeping Bag: Kelty Cosmic 20 Best Sleeping Quilt for Backpacking: Enlightened Equipment Enigma Quilt Best Overall Sleeping Bag 1. Feathered Friends Hummingbird YF 20 ($449) Temperature rating: 20\u02daF Weight: 1 lb. 10 oz. Fill: 14 oz. of 900-fill down What we like: Premium down and build quality for serious backpackers. What we don\u2019t: Pricey and availability can be limited during peak season. For the best combination of comfort, quality, and warmth-to-weight, it\u2019s hard to beat a Feathered Friends sleeping bag. This boutique Seattle-based brand specializes in premium down products and makes"}, {"title": "", "text": "about the game itself Every year at the end of summer, a protected bird species named \u2018le bruant Ortolan\u2019 is endangered by a French tradition dealing with poaching. Because of it and despite the laws, about 30 000 Ortolan birds are captured in France each year. This kind of hunting, which is somehow of profit purpose and often barbarian, still benefits from the goodwill and favour of some local authorities. \u201cOrtolandes\u201d is a succession of short games in which the player is offered to become an Ortolan migrating towards hot African spots. This game is all about the escalation of a bird\u2019s misfortune, from its capture to its tasting. It also describes the main issue which is the incapacity to protect the species being faced with the weight of traditions. A greater weight to the message given and a purpose of empathy are the guidelines developed in this playful game. about Casus Ludi Casus Ludi is a company designing and producing playful experiences. Casus Ludi is more particularly interested in persuasive information, offering someone carrying a message to turn his/her data and statements into a playful and immersive game. Medium related to (newsgame), interactive documentary and participative narration are developed in Casus Ludi. www.casusludi.com info@casusludi.com about LPO Every year, the \u201cLigue pour la Protection des Oiseaux\u201d (Bird Protection League) and particularly its President Allain Bougrain Dubourg, gets committed in The French Landes to try to make illegal poaching of Ortolan and to make inch birds stop. Creating the Ortolandes game is the way Casus Ludi has"}, {"title": "", "text": "of God, KING OF SARDINIA, OF CYPRUS, AND OF JERUSALEM Etc., Etc., Etc.With regal loyalty and fatherly love We come today to accomplish what We had announced to Our most beloved subjects with Our proclamation of the 8th of the February last, with which We wanted to demonstrate, in the midst of the extraordinary events which surround the country, how Our confidence in them increases with the gravity of the circumstances and, heeding only of the impulses of Our heart, how determined is Our intention to adapt their destiny to the spirit of the times, for the interest and for the dignity of the Nation. Having considered the broad and strong representative institutions contained in the present Fundamental Statute to be the most certain means of redoubling with the links of indissoluble affection that bind to Our Italian Crown a People who have given Us so many proofs of faith, of obedience and of love, We have determined to sanction it and to promulgate it, in the faith that God will bless Our intentions, and that the free, strong and happy Nation will always show itself ever more worthy of its ancient fame and will deserve a glorious future. For this reason, by Our certain Royal authority, having had the opinion of Our Concil, We have ordered and We do order with the force of Statute and fundamental Law, perpetual and irrevocable from the Monarchy, that which follows: The State (Articles 1\u201323) The Statute starts by establishing Roman Catholicism as the sole state religion while freedom"}, {"title": "", "text": "for comics creators to work for a publisher while maintaining ownership of their work. Tundra folded in 1993 after losing $14 million. Text For the survival and health of comics, we recognize that no single system of commerce and no single type of agreement between creator and publisher can or should be instituted. However, the rights and dignity of creators everywhere are equally vital. Our rights, as we perceive them to be and intend to preserve them, are: The right to full ownership of what we fully create. The right to full control over the creative execution of that which we fully own. The right of approval over the reproduction and format of our creative property. The right of approval over the methods by which our creative property is distributed. The right to free movement of ourselves and our creative property to and from publishers. The right to employ legal counsel in any and all business transactions. The right to offer a proposal to more than one publisher at a time. The right to prompt payment of a fair and equitable share of profits derived from all of our creative work. The right to full and accurate accounting of any and all income and disbursements relative to our work. The right to prompt and complete return of our artwork in its original condition. The right to full control over the licensing of our creative property. The right to promote and the right of approval over any and all promotion of ourselves and our creative property. Signatories"}, {"title": "", "text": "got low pockets. (Reads.) \"It is but a \u017fhort time you have to confider; for if this takes wind, the hou\u017fe will quickly be all of a flame.\" Inhuman mon\u017fters! blow us up, and then burn us. The earthquake at Li\u017fbon was but a bonfire to it. (Reads.) \"Make quick di\u017fpatch, and \u017fo no more at pre\u017fent. But may Cupid, the little god of love, go with you wherever you go\" The little god of love! Cupid, the little god of love go with me! Go you to the devil, you and your little Cupid together; I'm \u017fo frightened, I \u017fcarce knew whether I fit, \u017ftand, or go. Perhaps this moment I'm treading on lighted matches, blazing brim\u017ftone and barrels of gunpowder. They are preparing to blow me up into the clouds. Murder! We \u017fhall be all burnt in our beds; we \u017fhall be all burnt in our beds.

    Enter Mi\u017fs RICHLAND. Mi\u017fs RICHLAND.

    Lord, Sir, what's the matter?

    CROAKER.

    Murder's the matter. We \u017fhall be all blown up in our beds before morning.

    Mi\u017fs RICHLAND.

    I hope not, Sir.

    CROAKER.

    What \u017fignifies what you hope, madam, when I have a certificate of it here in my hand? Will nothing alarm my family? Sleeping and eating, \u017fleeping and eating is the only work from morning till night in my hou\u017fe. My in\u017fen\u017fible crew could \u017fleep, though rock'd by an earthquake; and fry beef \u017fteaks at a volcano.

    Mi\u017fs RICHLAND.

    But, Sir,"}, {"title": "", "text": "the State of Mississippi. Decision of the Court Justice Roberts delivered the decision of the Court, reversing the judgment of the Supreme Court of Mississippi. The statute as construed in these cases makes it a criminal offense to communicate to others views and opinions respecting governmental policies, and prophesies concerning the future of our own and other nations. As applied to the appellants it punishes them although what they communicated is not claimed or shown to have been done with an evil or sinister purpose, to have advocated or incited subversive action against the nation or state, or to have threatened any clear and present danger to our institutions or our government. What these appellants communicated were their beliefs and opinions concerning domestic measures and trends in national and world affairs. Under our decisions criminal sanctions cannot be imposed for such communication. References External links 1943 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases Jehovah's Witnesses litigation in the United States United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court Christianity and law in the 20th century 1943 in religion"}, {"title": "", "text": "the oblivion of darkness? What are the origins of good and evil? How are these extremes of human experience represented in religion? How do we imagine things and how does our imagination differ from our dreams? Do all people think in the same way and, if not, are there greater differences between people from different societies, countries, cultures or races than between members of the same community? Where does belief and faith come from? What is the origin of racial conflict? Why is it so easy for politicians to persuade us to go to war? Why does the aggression of battle always result in rape, plunder and pillage? Are we motivated by our thoughts or our emotions? Is there any basis for the politically correct view that all humans have identical brains and that all behavioral and cultural diversity is learned? Why is it said that the longest road is that between the heart and the head? References Australian neuroscientists University of Tasmania alumni 1948 births Australian science writers Academic staff of the University of Queensland Living people"}, {"title": "", "text": "of 1952, the year he was first banned. He joined the ANC in 1948, and in June he was elected as a branch secretary. Detained during the 1960 State of Emergency, he was imprisoned for four months. When he was released, he went underground and worked for Umkhonto we Sizwe by joining it in 1962. After 26 years on Robben Island, Motsoaledi was released from prison on 15 October 1989 along with five others. During the July 1991 National Conference, Motsoaledi was elected to the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the ANC. He died on the 9 May 1994, the day before Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the President of South Africa. At Elias Mostoaledi\u2019s funeral, Nelson Mandela summed it up in his speech as follows: \"We began our political careers as members of the ANCYL and comrade Motsoaledi was a member of the Communist Party of SA as it was then known. As the YL we were fiercely nationalistic in our approach and anti-White, anti-Indian and anti-Communist. We had many clashes in which he criticized us and at times attacked us viciously for what he considered very conservative and reactionary views. \"But in that debate we learnt a great deal because when you debate issues of that nature if you approach that debate with seriousness and earnesty. At the end of the debate you find yourself closer to your rivals than you were before that debate. \"Even during that time when we accepted the Communist Party of SA was committed to the very ideas to"}, {"title": "", "text": "else would Anna Kournikova, who has never won a singles title, be the most popular player in women's tennis? We have quite a few attractive women, and we should use our looks to our advantage. After all, what's so wrong with seeing an occasional belly button?\" American football Males often wear no shirt with low-rise shorts during practice. This was somewhat upheld during practice of American football, which was carried over to wearing cropped jerseys during 1980s broadcasts. Cropped jerseys became dormant for 20 years until male athletes returned to midriff exposure for comfort purposes. However, the NCAA placed an official ban on navel exposure in 2015. The National Football League has long placed a ban on navel exposure, and has since required jerseys to be tucked in. It banned Ezekiel Elliott's crop top in September 2016. Mediterranean, Hebrew and Middle Eastern cultures Literature and philosophy In the Hebrew Bible the Song of Songs emphasizes the navel as an important element of a woman's beauty. It contains imagery similar to that in the love songs of ancient Egyptian literature. Song of Songs 7:2 states: \"Your navel is a rounded bowl.\" The verse preceding the line mentioning the navel (Song of Songs 7:1) states, \"your rounded thighs are like jewels, the work of a master hand\", ) and the verse following states, \"Your belly is a heap of wheat.\" Thus the treatment of the navel appears placed textually in between the description of the curves of a woman through thigh and the stomach or midriff. \"Belly\" also"}, {"title": "", "text": "told the king that he was \"equally sorry that the people that have been seeing those pictures did not understand the true nature and the heart of America, and I assured him that Americans like me didn't appreciate what we saw and it made us sick to our stomachs\". Describing the abuse as \"abhorrent\" and \"a stain on our country's honor and our country's reputation\", Bush added that \"those responsible for the maltreatment 'will be brought to justice and that he would prevent the occurrence of future abuses. On the same day, United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said the following in a hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee: He also commented on the very existence of the evidence of abuse: Rumsfeld was careful to draw a distinction between abuse and torture: \"What has been charged so far is abuse, which I believe technically is different from torture. I'm not going to address the 'torture' word.\" Several senators commented on Rumsfeld's testimony. Lindsey Graham stated that \"the American public needs to understand we're talking about rape and murder here.\" Norm Coleman said that \"It was pretty disgusting, not what you'd expect from Americans\". Ben Nighthorse Campbell said \"I don't know how the hell these people got into our army\". James Inhofe, a Republican member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, stated that the events were being blown out of proportion: \"I'm probably not the only one up at this table that is more outraged by the outrage than we are by the"}, {"title": "", "text": "were unwilling to overturn the results of the 2020 election, saying: \"What can you and I do to a state legislator\u2014besides kill them? We should not do that. I'm not advising that, but I mean, what else can you do, right?\" On January 6, 2021, prior to the attack, Fuentes spoke to a crowd of supporters at Freedom Plaza, stating, \"It is us and our ancestors that created everything good that you see in this country. All these people that have taken over our country\u2014we do not need them. ... It is the American people, and our leader, Donald Trump, against everybody else in this country and this world... Our Founding Fathers would get in the streets, and they would take this country back by force if necessary. And that is what we must be prepared to do.\" On January 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack issued a subpoena to Fuentes. Meeting with Donald Trump in November 2022 On November 22, 2022, Donald Trump hosted Fuentes and Kanye West at dinner at Trump's Mar-a-Lago residence in Florida. The meeting was at West's request. West said that Trump was \"really impressed with Nick Fuentes\". Trump released a statement that after contacting him earlier in the week to arrange the visit, West \"unexpectedly showed up with three of his friends, whom I knew nothing about\", with whom Trump dined, and that \"the dinner was quick and uneventful\". Trump further elaborated several days later that he met with West to \"help a"}, {"title": "", "text": "unlawful pursuing the figures involved into the case of Yushchenko poisoning (p. 3 art. 364 of the Criminal Code \u2014 abuse of power duties by an officer of law-enforcement body). Starvation by Yuriy Lutsenko \u2014 30 days, and 25 kg of weight loss As a protest against his unlawful detention, on 23 April 2011 Yuriy Lutsenko started a hunger strike (during his starvation, he fully stopped eating, but drank coffee with sugar). On 28 April he signed his formal letter addressed to the SIZO authorities with which he informed about \u00abhis will to stop eating\u00bb. Before May the 10th he had already lost 19.5 kg of weight and was placed into the medical unit of the Lukyanovsky SIZO (a detention centre) because of worsening of his physical state. That same day, he was sent to the Kyiv Emergency hospital in 3, Bratislavska street. On 19 May, his condition was so bad, that \u00abhis veins were dripped with glucose solution\u00bb. The 23 May 2011 was the day of a trial which had to settle the question on \u00abmeasures of suppression\u00bb (that is, Lutsenko might have been released). Lutsenko ceased starvation only after the trial, on 23 May (thus, having sustained a 30-day hunger strike and lost nearly 25 kg of weight). He said: \"I think, it is not expedient to go on with starvation. I started it to bring to the knowledge that in our Ukraine there are no procurators. Due to today's trial I\"ve managed to let everyone know that we do not have a justified"}, {"title": "", "text": "Mandela's families and friends.\". : Chief Executive CY Leung expressed his sadness at the death of Mandela. \"We will remember Mr Mandela as a great man for his sacrifices, accomplishments and relentless quest for peace. On behalf of the Government and people of the Hong Kong, I express our profound sadness at the news of Nelson Mandela's death and our condolences to his family. Our thoughts and prayers are with the people of South Africa, including our South African community in Hong Kong, during this period of national mourning and reflection.\" : The nation of East Timor expresses its extreme sadness at the death of Nelson Mandela, Prime Minister Xanana Gusm\u00e3o said in his condolence message that \"Mandela contribution to freedom of his people will never be forgotten. His fearless pursuit of a non-racial and democratic South Africa \u2013 even when it seemed impossible \u2013 leaves our world with remarkable legacy. His optimism impacted me, personally, during my country's brutal occupation by Indonesia, and he indeed served as a moral compass for leaders across the world during the uncertainties and tragedies of the Cold War. In East Timor, Mandela was widely admired during our struggle for the restoration of our independence\". The country also has declared a national mourning for three days beginning from 11 December. : President Pranab Mukherjee said in his condolence message, that Mandela was a statesman, a world leader and an icon of inspiration for humanity. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said, \"a giant among men has passed away. This is as much"}, {"title": "", "text": "\"express our outrage and disappointment over the mounting evidence of President Nikias' failure to protect our students, our staff, and our colleagues from repeated and pervasive sexual harassment and misconduct.\" According to USC Trustees, however, the internal investigation of the Tyndall matter did not reveal \"moral failing in university leadership... it occurred because non-academic offices such as human resources did not advance with the rest of the university.\" In a letter to the USC community, Nikias expressed sympathy and compassion for the students and acknowledged the university community's distress. Before agreeing to step down as president, he presented an in-depth plan for changing the campus culture, revisiting the university's core values, and restructuring the university's operations. After Nikias stepped down in August 2018, Rick Caruso, chair of the USC board of trustees, said: \"As he has always done, Max is taking this action in what he believes to be in the best interest of the university following controversies that have arisen from the unfortunate and unacceptable acts of others. From our investigations, which are not yet completed, we have found absolutely no wrong doing on Max's part.\" In February 2020, following its independent investigation, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights published its report. It did not implicate Nikias in any specific wrongdoing. The report stated that \" Furthermore, in interviews with OCR, senior University administrators, including President 2 and the Provost, professed to have had little to no knowledge of Employee 1\u2019s matter, other than what the Office of General Counsel told them,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Wiese, scholar of new media, art, and design Jacek Kolasinski, and development specialist Elizabeth Manko, among others. Among the initial projects of the Life Calling Initiative is A Species Between Worlds, a month-long interactive immersive exhibition of artworks by John Mack in New York City in September 2022. The Initiative will publish a series of books, essays, and poetry exploring this thematic realm. A Species Between Worlds Speaking at CODAworx\u2019s 2021 CODAsummit in Scottsdale, Arizona, Mack announced the launching of his new immersive art exhibition A Species Between Worlds: Our Nature, Our Screens. A Species Between Worlds is a gamified meditation examining the intersection of humanity and technology. Mack was inspired by the Pok\u00e9mon Go craze and YouTube footage which captured a 'Pok\u00e9mon stampede' in Taipei in 2016, described by Mack as a \u2018mass migration of humanity\u2019. Mack states that \u201cThe exhibition is an invitation to contemplate our relationship to our devices and the surrounding world while inspiring the introspection needed to prevent the loss of our humanity.\u201d Using AR artwork from Pok\u00e9mon GO spliced with his own photography, Mack seeks to highlight what he coined the \u201cInverse Universe,\u201d at the GLEX Summit 2022 a dimension, he states, where \u201ctruth becomes illusion, illusion becomes truth; the digital becomes the physical and the physical becomes digital. Simply put, what interests me is intelligent life chasing nothing.\u201d Mack spent the last 5 years taking photographs of the 7 wonders of the natural world as well as over 50 national parks in order to put together the exhibition. Spanning"}, {"title": "", "text": "astra=--over rough paths to the stars. _M._ =Per contra=--On the other hand. =Per Deum et ferrum obtinui=--I have obtained 30 it by God and my sword. _M._ =Per fas et nefas=--By right ways and by wrong. =Per il suo contrario=--By its opposite. _M._ =Per incuriam=--Through carelessness. =Per mare per terram=--By sea and land. _M._ =Per obitum=--Through the death of. 35 =Per quod servitium amisit=--For loss of his or her services. _L._ =Per saltam=--By a leap; by passing over the intermediate steps. =Per undas et ignes fluctuat nec mergitur=--Through water and fire she goes plunging but is not submerged. _M. of Paris._ =Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum=--Through manifold misfortunes, and so many perils. _Virg._ =Per vias rectas=--By direct ways. _M._ 40 =Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas; / Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit. / Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem=--Jupiter has laid two wallets on us; he has placed one behind our backs filled with our own faults, and has hung another before, heavy with the faults of other people. _Ph\u00e6dr._ =Percunctatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est; / Nec retinent patul\u00e6 commissa fideliter aures=--Avoid an inquisitive person, for he is sure to be a gossip; ears always open to hear will not keep faithfully what is intrusted to them. _Hor._ =Perdidit arma, locum virtutis deseruit, qui / Semper in augenda festinat et obruitur re=--He has lost his arms and deserted the cause of virtue who is ever eager and engrossed in increasing his wealth. _Hor._ =Perdis, et in damno gratia nulla tuo=--You lose, and for your"}, {"title": "", "text": "Members of Society Acting in Cooperation (MOSAIC), also known as MOSAIC Co-op, is a housing cooperative in Evanston, Illinois, United States. It is the only housing co-op serving Northwestern University students, though it is not affiliated with the university. The co-op draws its membership from students of Northwestern as well as non-students. Members are committed to limiting environmental impact on the community and providing vegetarian/vegan cuisine. MOSAIC frequently hosts Northwestern student group activities, as well as its own events, such as open-mic nights and crafting workshops. The co-op currently states its mission as follows: \"Through cooperative action, MOSAIC seeks to develop a diverse, inclusive community which inspires and empowers creative, conscious, sustainable living.\" MOSAIC is a member of NASCO. Mission & Purpose Our mission is simple Through cooperative action, MOSAIC seeks to develop a diverse, inclusive community that inspires and empowers creative, conscious, sustainable living. For almost 20 years, MOSAIC has sought to put our mission statement and our values into practice by providing housing with a focus on community, environmental sustainability, social consciousness, openness, and empowerment. Community At its core, MOSAIC is all about community. Members share communal meals, participate in house meetings, and gather for events. We hang out together and support one another. Countless people have made lifelong friends (and even a few future spouses!) here. We strive to make our houses more than just a place to eat and sleep. Living Consciously Many members are drawn to MOSAIC because it offers a space for \u201cliving consciously.\" This means different things to different"}, {"title": "", "text": "in February 1986), and her 2018 assertion that critics should just \"move on\" regarding the crimes and excesses of the martial law era. \"Move on\" remark regarding martial law abuses On August 21, 2018, the anniversary of the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. who had flown back to the Philippines to face her father, Imee Marcos told Filipinos to \"move on\" from the abuses, murders and massacres during her father's dictatorship. Imee Marcos stated \"The millennials have moved on, and I think people at my age should also move on as well\". To this, various sectors of the youth protested, releasing statements such as \"She has no right to claim what our stand is on the issue. Not in our name, Imee Marcos,\" \"The millennials, the youth in general, have not moved on and we will never move on from the Marcoses\u2019 crimes against the Filipino people. Not until justice has been served to the thousands of Filipinos who were killed, abducted and tortured under their reign, we will not move on\", \"Binubuo pa lang ako ng magulang ko may utang na ako. Paano ako nagmo-move on Imee Marcos?\" (I was still being formed by my parents in the womb, already I had debts. How can I move on, Imee Marcos?), \"When your family's in jail, when you return what you stole, when Marcos is taken out of Libingan ng mga Bayani, then we move on,\" and \"The gall of Imee Marcos to ask why many have not \u201cmoved on\u201d from the turbulent past they"}, {"title": "", "text": "the Poporanists, but his efforts were largely fruitless. In the 1910s, the anti-Iorga traditionalist Ilarie Chendi recognized in Sadoveanu one of the Poporanists who promoted \"the spiritual healing of our people through culture.\" Around that time, he formulated a ruralist and nationalist perspective on life, rejecting what he deemed \"the hybrid urban world\" for \"the world of our national realities\". In C\u0103linescu's analysis, this signifies that, like his predecessor, the conservative Eminescu, Sadoveanu believed the cities were victims of the \"superimposed category\" of foreigners, in particular those administrating leasehold estates. Following the 1907 Peasants' Revolt, Sadoveanu sent a report to his Minister of Education Spiru Haret, informing him on the state of rural education, and, beyond this, of the problems faced by villagers in Moldavia. It read: \"The leaseholders and landowners, no matter what their nationality, make a mockery of the Romanians' labors. Every surtucar [that is, urbanized character] in the village, mayors, notaries, paper-pushers, shamelessly [and] mercilessly milk this milk cow. They are joined by the priest\u2014who [...] is in disagreement with the teacher.\" With Neamul \u0218oim\u0103re\u0219tilor, the burdens of feudal society and mercantilism, most of all the restriction of economic rights, were becoming a background theme in his fiction, which later depicted Stephen the Great as the original champion of social justice (Fra\u021bii Jderi). During most of his World War I activity, Sadoveanu also followed the Poporanists' Russophobia and dislike of the Entente side, describing the Russian Empire's national policies in Bessarabia as far more barbaric than Austria-Hungary's rule over Transylvania. In 1916, he"}, {"title": "", "text": "this man and I know something of the disaster which this has brought upon him... Here is a man who for twenty-odd years was building up a practice as a professional man. He was taken out of his home, just as anybody might be. He was incarcerated in circumstances of immense notoriety. When he came out, what happened? His friends were gone, his practice gone, his reputation was gone.\" Mills' Odinism Having formulated \"his own unique blend\" of Ariosophy, he drew heavily on writings of pioneering Austrian Ariosophist and Wotanist Guido von List. Much of Mills' ideology focused around what he conceived as the \"British race\", a group who he believed also inhabited not only Britain but other parts of the world colonised by the British Empire. That concept was particularly problematic given the ethnically and linguistically diverse nature of the British population during the early 20th century. Mills believed that while Christianity was alien to the \"British race\", Odinism was 'native' and thus could be better understood by them. He expressed the view that \"our own racial ideas and traditions (not those of others) are our best guide to health and national strength\". He was critical of Christianity, believing it to be \"unnatural\" because \u2013 in his view \u2013 it encouraged the breaking down of racial barriers. In Mills' so-called theology, the Norse gods were symbols of the divine rather than actual anthropomorphic entities, and he believed that each racial group had its own symbolic system for interpreting and understanding divinity. For Mills, Odin represented"}, {"title": "", "text": "when it premiered at New York City Opera in 1986. During the development of Wakonda\u2019s Dream, Levine frequently referred to herself as the \"audience advocate,\" a term she prefers to dramaturge. Levine describes the role of history in the opera: \"If one denies one's past, one's future is in some way impaired because your past informs your sense of the future. If you deny your roots, you lose a sense of your own identity. If one feels punished not by what they do but because of who they are \u2013 which is how Justin [the father] feels in our story \u2013 there is a sense of disconnect. He wants nothing to do with his native past. He feels it has limited his opportunities. But our past will always enrich who we are. That is the theme of Wakonda\u2019s Dream, and it is a universal theme.\" Music Anthony Davis describes the score for Wakonda\u2019s Dream: Generally, what I\u2019m doing is a synthesis. I have created something new from many diverse sources. My background draws on the African American tradition, jazz particularly. I developed my own voice as an opera composer that hopefully is not imitative or derivative. My work has a rhythmic quality to it, with rhythmic structure as its foundation. Even in my choral writing, the choir is like a drum.\"He includes known songs, as well as blues, jazz and gospel-inflected music, and underlying Native American rhythms. Vision for production Levine describes the stage setting as \"very simple. The action takes place on a raked surface"}, {"title": "", "text": "industry and its adherents with contempt. Anyway, the long and the short of it was that we started living together, first at weekends and then full time.\" Continuing to write under the Levett name, the racing enthusiast turned out a second book about horseracing called Bloodstock. The Sydney Morning Herald called it the best book ever written about horseracing in Australia. For many years Levett had travelled to Kashmir, initially to fly fish, a hobby she had taken up from her father. Kashmir became one of the loves of her life, not simply the fishing but the people, the customs and the landscape. Recalled her publisher husband: \"Visiting Kashmir with her made me understand what it's like to be the Duke of Edinburgh, constantly bathing in his wife's glory. Robin has friends at all social levels.\" \"One day during our last trip,\" Hudson recalled of the couple's last journey to Kashmir, \"we attended a European-style lunch party with the cream of the Kashmiri political elite, including an ex-Chief Minister (the equivalent of a State Premier), and then went on to sit on the floor in the home of a boatman who paddles a shikara on the Dal Lake, being offered traditional Kashmiri hospitality. What did our hosts have in common? They were both personal friends of Robin's.\" Levett devoted a book to her experiences in Kashmir, which she visited every year since 1972 (including the years of intense civil war), calling it The Shikari. Its twin subjects were an unlikely pairing: the wonders of fly fishing"}, {"title": "", "text": "paleo-ecosystem with much greater anatomical disparity than currently exists and that fewer phyla exist today compared to the Cambrian seas. Gould offers the view that life during the Cambrian explosion quickly proliferated into the diversity of forms seen today due to the availability of numerous ecological niches and was subsequently decimated by extinction level events throughout geological time. He also notes that the survival of groups following extinction events bears no relationship to traditional notions of Darwinian success in normal times. For example, Ultimately, Gould explains, both the false iconography of the march of progress and our allegiance to the cone of increasing diversity have led us astray in our thinking about trends in evolutionary biology. Replaying the \"Tape of Life\" The central question proposed by Wonderful Life is that if life initially proliferated into a greater variety of phyla than currently exist and were subsequently decimated by the stochastic grim reaper of extinction, what then can be said about the inevitability of human intelligence and superiority? Additionally, Gould asks what role historical contingencies play in the evolution of life on Earth. It is these central ideas which prompt Gould to propose a thought experiment called \u201creplaying the tape of life.\u201d Its central essence is this: if we rewind the clock and replay the history of life on Earth numerous times, will we consistently see the same outcome that is the reality we experience today? The outcome of this thought experiment has two possible interpretations, elaborated by Gould, Gould\u2019s opinion, and the central argument of Wonderful"}, {"title": "", "text": "voters. Responding to criticism of the factual accuracy of a series of attack ads on welfare policy during the campaign, Newhouse commented to reporters that \"We're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact-checkers\", at a panel organised by NBC News at the Republican National Convention. The comments drew direct criticism from Obama. In a 2016 interview with the Duke Political Review he said \"What I meant by that was that every ad we did in the Romney campaign was fact-checked internally ... what I meant was that I wasn't going to let those independent newspaper guys dictate how we\u2019re going to run the strategy of our campaign\". A one-letter typo of his was the subject of several articles when he spelled 'Reagan', 'Regan' in one slide of a PowerPoint presentation. The error came the week after the Romney campaign's \"With Mitt\" iPhone app had spelled \"America\" as \"Amercia\". For the 2014 Senate elections, he was an adviser to the Republican campaigns in Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan and West Virginia. Awards The American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC) has named Newhouse their Pollster of the Year three times, together or jointly. In 2003, the award went to Public Opinion Strategies for its work in the 2002 elections. In 2010, he and Glen Bolger split the award, as the Pollster Team of the Year. Newhouse's win was for his work on Scott Brown's successful run for senator in a special election in Massachusetts. In 2016 he won for his work on the campaign against"}, {"title": "", "text": "ignorance is truth and knowledge. The antidote to fear is the example of our forefathers and the realization that now it is our turn. The antidote to \"1984\" is the Spirit of 76 (and 1775 too). Keep doing what you do best. Teach. I heard Eric Lovely of the Endtimewatchman Radio, Say that over 1000 plus folks made it to the New Mexico open carry meet. Can You Tell me where the Video is for that, showing that crowd? Thanks! Uh, like, are they going to use camps to do that \"... Praxis: A new comment from a Designated Marksman i... Never, ever, eat a ballpark hotdog in Starkville, ... Somebody thinks there's a Middle East war coming. Outstanding mini-RTC in Atlanta. Jeers from the Peanut Gallery: International Broth... \"Community Crisis Planning for Societal Collapse\" Oikophobia. Casus Belli: Of Tripwires and Simpletons Who Risk ... He was looking for ghosts and now he are one. Casus wimpy. EPA blinks on lead ammo ban. A short but sweet challenge to all of you mokes wh... So, where's MSNBC's outrage over this? Restore the Constitution: Round Three. Well, OK, then. . . \"Massive solar storm to hit Ea... Remember who we are: Liberty, love and leadership.... Just in case you were wondering . . . Another one from the Casus Belli Department: Propo... From the Casus Belli Department: The increasingly ... Harry Reid has trouble grokking what the term \"dom... More 1984 Techno-Police-State stuff. The Trainer forwards another casus belli. So much for the \"Master Race\" -- Hitler"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide is a 2013 book by American journalist and academic Gary J. Bass about The Blood telegram, a state department dissent memo on American policy during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide sent by Archer Blood the American Consul General to Dhaka, East Pakistan. Author Gary J. Bass is an American journalist and a professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University. Contents Following the 1970 Pakistani general election held under General Yahya Khan, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his Awami League won the election. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was an ethnic Bengali from East Pakistan, which was a Bengali majority province. The Pakistan Army was composed mostly of recruits from Punjab and other provinces in West Pakistan. On March 25, 1971, the Pakistan Army launched a crackdown on East Pakistan and started the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide. Archer Blood was then the U.S. consul general in Dhaka, East Pakistan. The staff at the U.S. consulate in Dhaka were \"horrified\" by the violence and asked Washington, D.C. to intervene. Blood later described the response from Washington as \"deafening\" silence. Then Blood and his staff created a dissent cable, the Blood telegram. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger did not intervene because they were trying to use Pakistan to open diplomatic relations with China. An excerpt from the telegram reads, \"Our government has failed to denounce the suppression of democracy. Our government has failed to denounce atrocities.... Our government has evidenced what many will consider moral bankruptcy....\" Critical reception Dexter Filkins wrote in The"}, {"title": "", "text": "be more fit than an organism of equal complexity that sees none of reality but is just tuned to fitness. Never.\u201d Hoffman explains that evolution has molded us to have perceptions and conscious experiences that allow us to survive and reproduce. Much like the computer desktop, our perception of reality is merely a tuned simplification that guides adaptive behavior, a user illusion. Responses to User Illusion Criticism Critics of user illusion argue that humans are able to access the content of their brain\u2019s representations by introspection and analysis of inner speech. These critics point out that more often humans know what is meant, although they may be wrong about what they said or how they delivered what they said. Furthermore, critics argue that inner speech episodes permit access to the content of some of our brain states, which thereby allows us to know what our brain states represent by introspection. This argument refutes the claim that consciousness is merely a simplified representation of the world in which we cannot access the full information of reality since what you introspect is what there is. The user illusion proposes that consciousness is an evolutionary tool utilized to enhance social behavior and cooperation. Social insects provide an argument against this conclusion as these insects experience social cooperation and complex groupthink. Critics argue that the existence of social insects with extremely small brains falsifies the notion that social behavior requires consciousness, citing that insects have too small brains to be conscious and yet there are observed behaviors among them that"}, {"title": "", "text": "Thinking and Destiny by Harold W. Percival on \"The law of thought\". Its basic premise is that thinking creates karma or destiny. The book shows how to perfect our thinking and learn how to think without creating thoughts. Ideas The book is based on what Percival called \u201cThe law of thought.\u201d It was produced over a period of 34 years and has 14 chapters, each with sections. Percival also provides succinct definitions of many words, from Accident and Alcoholism to Wrong, as they are used in his book. In Thinking and Destiny he offers a complete cosmology of the universe, with ideas such as the universe having nature and intelligent sides. Percival defines the nature side of the universe, in part, as an unintelligent mechanism through which units that are conscious only as their functions become self-conscious intelligences by means of what he termed \u201cThe Eternal Order of Progression.\u201d The Law of Thought In Thinking and Destiny, Percival explains how all of life\u2019s lessons are the result of our own thinking and can be used to learn what to do and what not to do, and that we can perfect our thinking and learn how to think without creating thoughts. Thinking without creating thoughts is said to be the way to stop creating karma or destiny. Thinking is shown to be the cause and solution to reincarnation, otherwise known as the wheel of birth, life and death. Percival leaves it to the reader to choose what to do with the often startling information provided and assures"}, {"title": "", "text": "Straight off the back of a 54 show international tour through France, Australia\u2019s very own Casus Circus will be performing their new show, Driftwood, at the Royal Croquet Club from the 8th \u2013 19th March 2017 at the Adelaide Fringe Festival. This performance follows their win for Best Circus and Physical Theatre at the 2016 Adelaide Fringe Festival, for their show Knee Deep. With a show duration of 60 minutes, Driftwood has been developed by Creative Directors\u2013 Jesse Scott, Lachlan McAulay and Natano Fa\u2019anana along with company members Kali Retallack and Abbey Church. Casus Circus is a recognised leader in contemporary circus on the national and international stage. \u201cWe are absolutely thrilled to be performing again at the Fringe,\u201d Mr Scott said earlier today. \u201cDriftwood will be coming to Adelaide after our tour in France wraps up and it is a very exciting time,\u201d Mr Scott continued. It is exciting for us to be back in Adelaide after such a successful season of Driftwood at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. \u201cOriginating from Brisbane, I think a big part of what makes Casus work so well is that we try to bring our own values of humanity, friendship and connection into the company and our performances and this is vital,\u201d Mr McAulay also said. \u201cThe Adelaide Fringe is an exciting place for us, thousands of artists travel from across Australia and the world to be there and we always have an incredible time. Founded in Brisbane, Casus Circus is considered one of the world\u2019s leading human circus companies."}, {"title": "", "text": "Liesse-Notre-Dame Ascalon, they were captured in a Saracene ambush and taken to the Sultan of Egypt. The knights refused to convert to Islam, despite theological arguments and promises of gold and honor. Angels brought the three imprisoned knights a small statue of Our Lady for consolation. The Sultan decided to send his daughter Ismeria to the dungeon to convert the three knights. But the knights preferred to talk about what unites people of different religions. She learns about the Christian god and is prompted to assist in the brothers' escape. During their flight all four fall asleep, and during their sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "became irrelevant, and Travis became the official commander of the Alamo garrison. On March 6, 1836, following a thirteen-day siege, Santa Anna ordered the assault on the Alamo during the predawn hours. Travis died fighting to the end, and his remains were burned along with all the other Alamo defenders. Travis's \"Victory or Death\" letter from the Alamo On February 24, 1836, during Santa Anna's siege of the Alamo, Travis wrote a letter addressed \"To the People of Texas and All Americans in the World\": Fellow citizens and compatriots; I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continual Bombardment and cannonade for 24 hours and have not lost a man. The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken. I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism and everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch. The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country. VICTORY or DEATH. William Barret Travis"}, {"title": "", "text": "He agrees with Bertrand Russell that our \"retinal images\" \u2013 that is, the distributions across our retinas \u2013 are connected to \"patterns of neural activity in the cortex\" (Lowe, 1996). He defends a version of the causal theory of perception in which a causal path can be traced between the external object and the perception of it. He is careful to deny that we do any inferring from the sensory field, a view which he believes allows us to found an access to knowledge on that causal connection. In a later work he moves closer to the non-epistemic theory in that he postulates \"a wholly non-conceptual component of perceptual experience\", but he refrains from analyzing the relation between the perceptual and the \"non-conceptual\". Most recently he has drawn attention to the problems that hallucination raises for the direct realist and to their disinclination to enter the discussion on the topic. J. B. Maund John Barry Maund, an Australian philosopher of perception at the University of Western Australia, draws attention to a key distinction of qualia. Qualia are open to being described on two levels, a fact that he refers to as \"dual coding\". Using the Television Analogy (which, as the non-epistemic argument shows, can be shorn of its objectionable aspects), he points out that, if asked what we see on a television screen there are two answers that we might give: The states of the screen during a football match are unquestionably different from those of the screen during a chess game, but there is no"}, {"title": "", "text": "wound And lie full low, graved in the hollow ground. DUKE OF AUMERLE Is Bushy, Green, and the Earl of Wiltshire dead? SIR STEPHEN SCROOP Ay, all of them at Bristol lost their heads. DUKE OF AUMERLE Where is the duke my father with his power? KING RICHARD II No matter where; of comfort no man speak: Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs; Make dust our paper and with rainy eyes Write sorrow on the bosom of the earth, Let's choose executors and talk of wills: And yet not so, for what can we bequeath Save our deposed bodies to the ground? Our lands, our lives and all are Bolingbroke's, And nothing can we call our own but death And that small model of the barren earth Which serves as paste and cover to our bones. For God's sake, let us sit upon the ground And tell sad stories of the death of kings; How some have been deposed; some slain in war, Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed; Some poison'd by their wives: some sleeping kill'd; All murder'd: for within the hollow crown That rounds the mortal temples of a king Keeps Death his court and there the antic sits, Scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp, Allowing him a breath, a little scene, To monarchize, be fear'd and kill with looks, Infusing him with self and vain conceit, As if this flesh which walls about our life, Were brass impregnable, and"}, {"title": "", "text": "Plymouth people detected some of them trespassing thus, and had them severely whipped, for what an old chronicler termed 'a few caps of corn'.\" According to Pratt's own narrative:Some time after this their Sachem came suddenly upon us with a great number of armed men; but their spies seeing us in readiness, he & some of his chief men turned into one of their houses a quarter of an hour. Then we met them outside the pale of our plantation & brought them it. Then said I to a young man that could best speak their language, \"Ask Pecksuot why they come thus armed.\u201f He answered, \"Our Sachem is angry with you.\u201f I said, \"Tell him if he be angry with us, we be angry with him.\u201f Then said their Sachem, \"English men, when you came into the country, we gave you gifts and you gave us gifts; we bought and sold with you and we were friends; and now tell me if I or any of my men have done you wrong.\u201f We answered, \"First tell us if we have done you any wrong.\u201f He answered, \"Some of you steal our corn & I have sent you word times without number & yet our corn is stolen. I come to see what you will do.\u201f We answered, \"It is one man which has done it. Your men have seen us whip him divers time, besides other manner of punishments, & now hear he is, bound. We give him unto you to do with him what"}, {"title": "", "text": "and destroying many a good night\u2019s sleep (see our post here). But the low-frequency noise and massive air pressure fluctuations generated by giant fans have never been part of any noise standard or regulation for wind farms. The noise standards \u2013 written by the wind industry \u2013 rely on the dB(A) weighting and, therefore, deliberately ignore the vast bulk of the sound energy produced by turbines \u2013 which pervades homes as infrasound and in frequencies that cause sleep deprivation and other adverse health effects (see our post here). The idea of \u201ctesting\u201d for the impacts from turbine noise and vibration without including\u2026 Stray Voltage from Turbine Transmission Line light up Fluorescent Light Bulb. The NRWC project : Wellandport There are 44 kms of overhead transmission lines There are 54 receptors that live along the transmission line. There are 97 homes along the transmission corridor (from Walker Rd to the North substation) At Walker road it will be underground to the NONI Q5G at Lincoln) There will be 390 poles, placed on the opposite side of the road to the existing poles The photo below will be of interest to residents of West Lincoln, Wainfleet and Haldimand that will be living near the 115Kv transmission line that NRWC proposes to install along our rural county road allowances. Light Bulb Moment brought by DWPI Continue reading Stray Voltage from Turbine Transmission Line light up Fluorescent Light Bulb. \u2192 Our deepest sympathies. Our deepest sympathies to Bill and his family for this tragic loss of a wonderful caring lady."}, {"title": "", "text": "over 50 short stories, as well as book reviews, essays and other non-fiction; much (though not all) in collaboration with Lee. He has also collaborated with Lee on some non-Liaden works. On fan fiction Miller and Lee strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe. In Lee's words:I don't want 'other people interpreting' our characters. Interpreting our characters is what Steve and I do; it's our job. Nobody else is going to get it right. This may sound rude and elitist, but honestly, it\u2019s not easy for us to get it right sometimes, and we've been living with these characters ... for a very long time ... We built our universes, and our characters; they are our intellectual property; and they are not toys lying about some virtual sandbox for other kids to pick up and modify at their whim. Steve and I do not sanction fanfic written in our universes; any such work that exists, exists without our permission, and certainly without our support. Publishing Miller ran a small press from 1995 through 2012, specializing in chapbooks containing 2-3 short stories set in the Liaden Universe, and other settings from books by him, Sharon Lee and other authors. The works published under this imprint by Miller and Lee have been published as ebooks in editions from Baen Books following the termination of operations of SRM Publishers, Ltd. Works Liaden Universe novels (coauthored with Sharon Lee) Agent of Change Sequence Agent of Change (1988) Conflict of Honors (1988) Carpe Diem (1989) Plan B (1999) I Dare"}, {"title": "", "text": "repainted, and the toilet renovated. The fund which has been raised for the renovation is mostly deposited to the person's personal bank account. In 2018, the secondary school celebrated the 125th anniversary of the school by organising a charity night to raise funds to build a multipurpose sports hall for students to utilise during co-curriculum sessions for sepak takraw, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and badminton among others. In 2020, both schools shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia at various time in the year. As such, both students and teachers had to resort to online learning to keep up with their educational semesters, resulting in the semester dates differing from previous years, affecting the national exam that was supposed to be held during the November-December term. School anthem and crest Anthem In days of yore in Selangor, Our beloved school renowned, Became a beacon of truth and light In the hearts of all around, Here may it stand from year to year, An emblem of grand endeavour, God save our land and heaven bless Our ACS forever. Chorus Sing ACS forever more; Our ACS forever. God save our land and heaven bless Our ACS forever. In your classrooms and playing fields, Our beloved teachers all, Great truths of life and love they taught Thro' the years we may recall, Our hearts are filled with gratitude, For care and loving nurture, God grant us strength to serve mankind, And our nation forever. Repeat chorus Crest The crest of both the primary and secondary school bares a"}, {"title": "", "text": "Years ago, when she was still alive, my grandmother kept some needlepoint on her wall in West Palm Beach: Reinhold Neibuhr\u2019s \u201cSerenity Prayer,\u201d famous in AA meetings and in marriages. To refresh your memory: God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change The courage to change the things I can And the wisdom to know the difference. This is generally assumed to be a path to a happier marriage. But is it? By now, the hot rage of our co-sleeping dispute has cooled; we have accepted that we\u2019ll never see eye-to-eye on the matter. So yes, regarding the first line of the prayer: I do accept the things I cannot change. But let\u2019s get to the second, the courage to change the things I can. Had I been wiser, I probably would have realized, as Dr. Ferber eventually did, that whether a child sleeps with his or her parents is immaterial. \u201cWhat\u2019s really important,\u201d he told Seabrook in The New Yorker, \u201cis that the parents work out what they want to do.\u201d But I was young then, more sure of myself. I should have been more flexible to my wife\u2019s point of view. But I wasn\u2019t, and she wasn\u2019t to mine. It\u2019s those night sorties that spill into daylight battles, turning to total war that darkens the bright skies of marriage, lending it a terminal sickness. Co-sleeping was the casus belli \u2014 but the resulting chaos proved fatal. Do I still believe co-sleeping is a mistake? I do, profoundly. I think it"}, {"title": "", "text": "newsletter_date: 2020-05-01T00:00:00-07:00 newsletter: true title: May 2020 Newsletter date: 2020-04-30T00:00:00-07:00 description: Island View PTA has some very important news items to share! image: \"Lilac.jpg\" --- ## Principal's Message Dear Island View Families: I hope you are staying healthy and hopeful during these challenging times. As clich\u00e9 as it sounds, we are experiencing something new and unprecedented in education, in our community, and in our world. As surprised as I have been by our recent health crisis, I have to say I\u2019m not at all surprised by our school community. The Island View staff has worked very hard to develop engaging experiences and lessons for students in our \u201cvirtual\u201d online setting. I have also received many emails and communications from parents and students, asking questions, sharing ideas, and voicing constructive concerns. In all respects, I have been impressed with the patience and understanding all have displayed. I cannot thank you enough for your productive partnerships. I know many questions remain, big and small. What will \u201cmoving-up\u201d look like for our 5th graders? What will report cards look like at the end of the school year? How will class pictures be distributed? How can students get materials they left at school? And many more. I will continue to process these questions and communicate regularly with families. I miss your students greatly and relish any opportunity I get to engage with them. Daily birthday calls have become my favorite part of the day. I visit classroom Seesaw pages just to see your students record their reading and writing. Recently,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships Congressional Western Caucus Republican Study Committee U.S.-Japan Caucus Political positions Abortion LaMalfa supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade. He called Roe v. Wade \"partisan\" and said it \"does not represent the values of our country.\" Climate change LaMalfa has said, \"The climate of the globe has been fluctuating since God created it\", and that the Book of Genesis disproves the scientific consensus on climate change, which he has called \"bad science\". In 2017, he said, \"I don't buy the idea that manmade activity is responsible.\" In 2018, amidst wildfires, LaMalfa said, \"I'm not going to quibble here today about whether it's man, or sunspot activity, or magma causing ice shelves to melt.\" Donald Trump During President Donald Trump's first impeachment, LaMalfa voted against impeachment, believing that Trump did not do anything that warranted impeachment, including during his phone call with the President of Ukraine. After Trump lost the 2020 election and refused to concede, LaMalfa falsely claimed that \"the circumstances surrounding this presidential election point to a fraudulent outcome.\" In December 2020, LaMalfa was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article"}, {"title": "", "text": "& avocado sandwich. After the force field around our planet was removed, Assaf discovered his abilities, which are super-strength and the ability to create a force field. Avi Barlev (Sammy Khoury) -- Zuri's father, a history teacher who lost his job, and received a job at the NRV. Shouki Katz (Gilles Ben-David) -- An old scientist in the NRV, and Shlomi and Adi's father. Tried to receive the job of vice managing the NRV instead of Noah. 1 year later, when Noah was arrested for several murders, Shouki was assigned as the NRV's vice manager. The Computer's Hologram (Yamit Sol) -- A holographic appearance of the spaceship's computer. Guest characters Karen (Yael Goldman) \u2014 A journalist from Tel-Aviv who arrives to the NRV to write an article about it. After the Force field around our planet was removed, Karen discovered her ability to control people through their dreams, and forcing them into sleep, possibly eternal sleep. Shaoul the Torcher (Yaron Levi Savag) \u2014 A person with the ability to start fire and burn objects and people by simply thinking about it. He joins Noah and Assaf afterwards to take control of the spaceship. Shmoueli (Lior Calfon) \u2014 A person with the ability to turn invisible. Used his ability to cause unbelievable sports games results, pay his debts. Yoel & Moshe Cahana (\"The Magicians\") (Erez Shafrir) \u2014 Two people who look alike, and can read thoughts. They communicate by reading each other's thoughts, which enables them to communicate hundreds of miles away. They fail when trying to"}, {"title": "", "text": "come inside our house, you have to be a boy\" |- |colspan=5|\"to come inside our house, you must be a boy\" |} For the future tense, the suffix ~\u043d\u044d\u0443 is added. {| |- |\u0441\u044d || \u043a\u044a\u044b\u043e\u0441\u04cf\u043e\u043d\u044d\u0443 || \u0441\u044b\u0444\u0430\u0439 |- | || || |- |i || I (to) tell you || I want |- |colspan=3|\"I want to tell you\" |} {| |- |\u0446I\u044b\u0444\u044b\u043c || \u0448\u044a\u0443\u0448\u0445\u044d\u043d\u044d\u0443 || \u043a\u044a\u044b\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0438\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a |- | || || |- |the person (erg.)|| you (plural) (to) eat (adv.) || he told you (plural) |- |colspan=3|\"the person told you, to eat (plural)\" |} Morphology In Circassian, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. A Circassian word, besides that it has its own lexical meaning, sometimes, by the set of morphemes it is built of and by their aggregate grammatical meanings, can reproduce a sentence. For example, a verb by its set of morphemes can express subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories. Negative form Prefixes In Adyghe, most verbal prefixes either express direction (on, under, etc.) or valency increasing (for, with, etc.). Negative form In Circassian, negative form of a word can be expressed with two different morphemes, each being suited for different situations. Negative form can be expressed with the infix ~\u043c\u044b~. For example: \u043a\u04cf\u043e \"go\" \u2192 \u0443\u043c\u044b\u043a\u04cf\u0443 \"don't go\". \u0448\u0445\u044b \"go\" \u2192 \u0443\u043c\u044b\u0448\u0445 \"don't eat\". \u0448\u044a\u0443\u0447\u044a\u044b\u0439 \"sleep (pl.)\" \u2192 \u0448\u044a\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0447\u044a\u044b\u0439 \"don't sleep (pl.)\". Negative form can also be expressed with the suffix ~\u044d\u043f, which usually goes after the suffixes of time-tenses. For example:"}, {"title": "", "text": "to pursue activities is less scarce than to resisting temptation, says McGonigal, suggesting that people give their brains healthy \"wants\" such as vegetables or a walk after lunch, so that weight loss becomes a by-product of choice. Learning to be a friend and mentor to ourselves rather than equating self-control with self-criticism is the attitude that she advocates. Stress as a friend In a talk given at TEDGlobal 2013 that has more than 30 million online views on the TED website, McGonigal said she had re-evaluated her ideas about stress in the light of new research on how the beliefs held about stress, such as thinking of stress as bad, can affect health. Citing a study suggesting that those who believe stress is bad for them suffer an adverse effect on their life expectancy, she now emphasizes that choosing to view one's stress response as helpful creates the \"biology of courage\", while connecting with others under stress can create resilience. According to McGonigal, \"[t]he old understanding of stress as an unhelpful relic of our animal instincts is being replaced by the understanding that stress actually makes us socially smart \u2013 it's what allows us to be fully human.\" The thesis behind the TED talk and book have subsequently been found by some as possibly flawed. Books Yoga for Pain Relief: Simple Practices to Calm Your Mind and Heal Your Chronic Pain (2009, ) The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It (2012, ) The Neuroscience"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.03260677680373192, -0.011030114255845547, 0.017476795241236687, -0.022940918803215027, -0.05590828135609627, -0.05032438784837723, 0.00022367638302966952, 0.00022367638302966952, -0.014248181134462357, 0.021800877526402473, 0.009993650950491428, -0.008621078915894032, -0.016421116888523102, -0.02088834159076214, -0.041706375777721405, 0.03264855220913887, -0.05158521234989166, -0.020051265135407448, 0.051628295332193375, -0.014454314485192299, -0.014454314485192299, -0.01908622495830059, -0.023314183577895164, -0.00043608443229459226, -0.07663192600011826, -0.04617851600050926, -0.029732579365372658, 0.05237356945872307, -0.01209314540028572, -0.024681955575942993, -0.04098593816161156, -0.0519951730966568, -0.0689234808087349, 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so it always moves to try to cool the body. Generally, this condition occurs in women during menopause and menstrual cycle due to increased body temperature. To fix this try making the temperature in the room as comfortable as possible. If the air is too cold and thus require a blanket or a heater, then set the temperature is not too high because the body will always burn calories during sleep that makes it generates heat. Possible cause is the change in routine or too much sleep. This is because the body needs order and want to get up at the same time each day. If the routine is disrupted the body must deal with a new adaptation back, and this usually happens when you wake up frequently on Monday morning because people usually wake up more during the weekend. To overcome this problem is to apply a regular sleep pattern even on weekends. These conditions will help to synchronize with the body's natural rhythm and avoid feeling dizzy waking. Possible cause is the influence of alcohol, drugs, genetics or something in one's mind that trigger activity in the evening. This condition occurs because part of the brain that regulate issues such as control and navigation are realized when people were sleeping, and in children because her nervous system is still developing. To speak during sleep disturbance is often harmless, but if you walk while sleeping can be dangerous, such as falling, tripping, and especially when it came out of"}, {"title": "", "text": "pressure rises. In order that we do not act out our dreams we lose muscle tone during REM and thus we are effectively paralysed. However, good sleep is both quantity _and_ quality i.e. it is important to get the right proportion and distribution of the various sleep stages during the night. Additionally, your sleep should as far as possible be unbroken and of the correct duration for you. ## CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Our sleep is regulated by two body systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and our circadian rhythm (aka 'body clock'). Sleep/wake homeostasis essentially tells us how long we have been awake and, at the end of the day, tells us that it is time to go to sleep. Our circadian rhythm regulates our sleepiness and wakefulness over a 24\u2010hour period. The circadian rhythm rises and falls across the day with our strongest drive to sleep generally occurring between 2\u20134 a.m.. We also have another much weaker desire for sleep during the afternoon between roughly 1\u20133 p.m., the so called 'post\u2010lunch dip' which, because it is a function of our circadian rhythm, does not actually need food for it to occur. Our individual circadian rhythm dictates whether we are a 'morning person' or an 'evening person' as well as the exact timing of our individual peaks and troughs of alertness and sleepiness across the 24 hours. The most important signal that it is time to go to sleep is darkness, in response to which the brain produces a hormone called melatonin. The release of melatonin is the signal that"}, {"title": "", "text": "theories exist, see Dream Theories from About.com or from HowStuffWorks.com for more information. In terms of breathing, metabolism, heart rate and body temperature, generally speaking they all decrease as we sleep. This is another reason why eating before bed or even having a heavy meal a couple hours before going to sleep can easily lead to weight gain, as your metabolism is most inefficient at this time. The exception to the rule of decrease, is that our heart rate and even breathing actually significantly speeds up at certain times of the night, depending on what state of sleep we are in. Another way of looking at what happens to us when we sleep is through the 5 stages of sleep. Thanks to numerous tests that have been run on both human and animal subjects, by tracking our brain activity through the use of electrodes, we can decipher what neurological activity our brain is going through as we sleep. By studying the amplitude and frequency of our brain waves, we can learn more about what our brain is doing and how this impacts our body. STAGE ONE \u2013 (Non-REM): This is known as Light Sleep and is part of non-Rapid Eye Movement (non-REM) sleep. This is when we are half awake and half asleep and can be awakened easily at this stage. Muscle activity slows down and slight muscle twitching may occur. STAGE TWO \u2013 (Non-REM): Within 10 minutes of light sleep, we enter True Sleep. This is the period we spend most of our night in."}, {"title": "", "text": "Study Of course, the hormone shifts associated with menopause are also a common cause of nighttime hot flashes, says Dr. Hadine Joffe, an associate professor in the division of sleep medicine at Harvard Medical School. Even if you\u2019re not waking up in a pool of sweat, these hormone shifts can cause \u201cmini arousals\u201d\u2014basically, periods of very light sleep\u2014that can cause a person to feel unrefreshed or \u201csapped\u201d during the day. Intense exercise too close to bed can also \u201cthrow off\u201d the body\u2019s thermoregulation processes, says Michael Grandner, an associate professor and director of the Sleep & Health Research Program at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. He explains that a person\u2019s body temperature naturally dips just before bed, which promotes sleep. Eating or exercising too close to bed can fire up your metabolism, which increases heat production and so may interfere with the body\u2019s natural powering down. MORE: TIME\u2019s Guide To Sleep But what about the sudden surge of heat on those nights when you can\u2019t sleep? Those could be caused by everything from an over-active brain to the types of bedding or attire you favor. \u201cNighttime sweats are often simply caused by pajamas, mattresses and sheets that don\u2019t breathe well,\u201d Grandner says. Your body\u2019s built-in sleep clocks cause your core temperature to drop during the hour or two before bed, and once you\u2019re asleep, it should continue to drop very gradually until reaching its lowest point sometime around 3 A.M., Grandner explains. Anything that messes with those normal temperature progressions can disrupt your sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "like sleep patterns and appetite"}, {"title": "", "text": "like sleep patterns and appetite"}, {"title": "", "text": "the house. To overcome this try to avoid triggers such as alcohol, check the side effects of drugs consumed and find out if there is another family member like this. Possible cause is being overweight or experiencing anxiety. Sleep disturbance is usually characterized by cessation of breathing for a moment without realizing it by that person. Airway during sleep this patient began to collapse that causes breathing to stop for 10-60 seconds, because it decreases oxygen levels in the brain makes a person wake up and start breathing again. This condition would make a person feel refreshed when you wake up and fatigue throughout the day. If this condition continues from week to week, you should consult with your doctor to get a proper diagnosis so that a person can wake up refreshed. Possible cause is that the atmosphere changes, stress or age. Generally someone will sleep well if he feels comfortable and secure, so if there is something disturbing thoughts or damage the environment can make people wake up. To overcome this try to avoid excessive drinking making a full bladder, as well as avoiding the consumption of heavy meals before bed that keeps the body must digest. Stress is likely to be a contributing factor, although sometimes these events happen randomly. This condition would make a person wake up and sleep becomes not soundly. To fix this try doing some relaxation techniques before bed so that the mind becomes calm. People who are too much sleep or hypersomnia is a disease and is one"}, {"title": "", "text": "it turns back again, and moves downwards in a mass. This explains why fits of drowsiness are especially apt to come on after meals; for the matter, both the liquid and the corporeal, which is [25] borne upwards in a mass, is then of considerable quantity. When, therefore, this comes to a stand it weighs a person down and causes him to nod, but when it has actually sunk downwards, and by its return has repulsed the hot, sleep comes on, and the animal is presently asleep. A confirmation of this appears from considering the things which induce sleep; they all, whether potable or edible, for instance [30] poppy, mandragora, wine, darnel, produce a heaviness in the head; and persons borne down and nodding all seem affected in this way, i. e. they are unable to lift up the head or the eye-lids. And it is after meals especially that sleep comes on like this, for the exhalation from the foods eaten is then copious. It also follows certain forms of fatigue; for fatigue operates as a solvent, and the dissolved matter acts, if not [457a1] cold, like food prior to digestion. Moreover, some kinds of illness have this same effect; those arising from moist and hot secretions, as happens with fever-patients and in cases of lethargy. Extreme youth also has this effect; infants, for example, [5] sleep a great deal, because of the food being all borne upwards\u2014a mark whereof appears in the disproportionately large size of the upper parts compared with the lower during"}, {"title": "", "text": "upon changes in sleep quality."}, {"title": "", "text": "You may have noticed that you often feel energetic and tired at the same times most days, without fail. This is down to your circadian rhythm. This is essentially an internal 24-hour clock that is running in your brain and cycles at regular intervals between alertness and sleepiness. Often you might read or hear about it being referred to as your wake/sleep cycle. Generally speaking, for adults, a big energy drop occurs during the night, between 2 am and 4 am (when you are sleeping) and between 1 pm and 3 pm (and yes, this is why you often crave a nap after lunch). These times are different from person to person, so yours might not be quite the same if you are more of a morning person or prefer to be up late into the night. Your circadian rhythm will also be harder to spot if you are getting enough sleep. You tend to have bigger swings between alertness and sleepiness when you are lacking sleep. If the latter better describes you than the former, it means that something is messing with your circadian rhythm. What kind of things mess up this internal body clock and how do you fix it? This is what we are going to discuss in the article below. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder is the name given to a condition caused by external forces and these disorders cause disruptions to the circadian rhythm. They are divided into two main categories, extrinsic (circumstantial) and intrinsic (built-in). The extrinsic variety happens when even"}, {"title": "", "text": "and body functions, such as breathing and heart rate. Your muscles relax, however, so you don\u2019t act out your dreams.It\u2019s also normal for it to take about 20 to 30 minutes to feel truly awake in the morning. Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines. Deviated nasal septum and nocturnal breathing disorders. Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware. Pain, an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep and can in addition cause awakening. Hormone shifts such as those that precede menstruation and those during menopause. Life events such as fear, stress, anxiety, emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, the birth of a child, and bereavement. Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by similar symptoms. Certain neurological disorders, brain lesions, or a history of traumatic brain injury. Medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. Abuse of over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids (sedative or depressant drugs) can produce rebound insomnia. Poor sleep hygiene, e.g., noise or over-consumption of caffeine. A rare genetic condition can cause a prison-based, permanent and eventually fatal form of insomnia called fatal familial insomnia. Physical exercise. Exercise-induced insomnia is common in athletes"}, {"title": "", "text": "happens, you might suddenly awaken, roll over, and simply fall back to sleep. If you don\u2019t check the clock, you won\u2019t know when those awakenings occur. In particular, waking earlier in the night may be accompanied by a stronger desire to get back to sleep. Therefore, the awakenings may be shorter, and may not be noted when they occur. The circadian rhythm describes numerous processes that occur at nearly 24-hour intervals. These processes include sleep and wakefulness, fluctuations in core body temperature, and the release of hormones including those that impact growth and metabolism. The circadian rhythm is regulated by a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It is primarily driven by fluctuations of light and darkness in the environment, which the brain is able to detect due to the translucency of the eyelids. Light exposure, especially morning sunlight, strongly reinforces these patterns. This also leads to a strict regularity in the timing of sleep onset, offset, and middle-of-the-night awakening patterns. As part of the circadian rhythms, there is another physiological process called the homeostatic sleep drive that directs when sleep patterns are to start. if you cannot stay awake or unable to fight this urge to sleep, your condition is not related to a lack of energy per se but a physiological response is known as the homeostatic sleep drive. Homeostatic sleep drive is the desire for sleep that builds the longer a person stays awake. It is due to the accumulation of hormones in the brain, including adenosine, that helps regulate sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "which tells us when we are tired. It helps synchronise thousands of cells in our body to a 24-hour cycle called the circadian rhythm. The main synchroniser for our body clock is light. Our eyes react to light and dark, even when our eyelids are closed. Daylight prompts our brains to reduce the production of the sleep hormone melatonin. This makes us feel more alert. If we get less sleep during the night, because of going to bed late or waking up early, we\u2019re unlikely to get as much deep sleep as we need. Our core body temperature should drop by half a degree when we are asleep. So as sleep approaches, our body clock makes blood vessels in our hands, face and feet open up, in order to lose heat. But if we get too cold, we get restless and find it hard to sleep. Or if our bedrooms or duvets are too warm, our bodies can\u2019t lose heat, which can also cause restlessness. We can have trouble sleeping after we consume food and drink that act as stimulants. Drinks high in caffeine make it harder to fall asleep and can interfere with our deep sleep. Caffeine can stay in our system for many hours, so our sleep quality can be affected by the caffeinated drinks we consume earlier in the day. In the course of a night we usually have six to seven cycles of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, during which our brains process the information we\u2019ve absorbed during the day. This leaves"}, {"title": "", "text": "The Fluctuations of Melatonin and Copeptin Levels in Blood Serum During Surgical Stress Regarding the Pediatric Population."}, {"title": "", "text": "several reasons for this, among them sharp changes in weather conditions, reduction of daylight hours, end of holidays and other factors. Also, pay attention to nutrition, because with the products our body receives all the necessary substances. The overall well-being and functioning of the organs is significantly influenced by the quality of sleep, because lack of sleep causes headaches, the development of obesity and leads to the exhaustion of the nervous system."}, {"title": "", "text": "The normal sleep cycle consists 4 stages of non-REM sleep cycles and 1 cycle of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep throughout the night. When your sleep cycles are disturbed, you wake up feeling tired and difficulty concentrating during the day. Each cycle lasts around 90 minutes consisting of the 5 stages of sleep. During the night, the amount of time spent in each stage varies; we spend more time in stages 3 & 4 in the beginning of the night and more time in REM stage towards the morning. Increasing age also changes our sleep patterns as we require less time sleeping while babies spend 50% sleep time in REM stage. Our internal clock situated at the hypothalamus dictates our normal circadian rhythm which helps us stay awake during the day and gets us ready to sleep at night. However, this rhythm can be disturbed by travelling through different time zones (jet lag) or doing shift work. Psychological issues such as stress or depression can also disturb your sleep pattern. How can sleep deprivation affect health or quality of life? Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep or maintain sleep or wake up too early in the morning and feeling tired. The usual time to fall asleep is 10-20 minutes. OSA is the most common type of sleep apnoea. Around 15-20% of adults experience OSA and it is associated with being overweight, older age groups, smokers, rhinitis, pharyngeal reflux and in males. During sleep, our muscle tone relaxes and the airway lumen diminishes which requires more"}, {"title": "", "text": "Periodic homeostatic fluctuations of skin temperature in the sleeping and waking state."}, {"title": "", "text": "Children, Teens & Sleep Sleep & Travel Pasadena 100369, United States contact@sleepapneamask.net Home Sleep Topics Sleep Problems Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock Sleep Topics Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock hoanglaota Most people notice that they naturally experience different levels of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day, but what causes these patterns? Sleep is regulated by two body systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of time, sleep/wake homeostasis tells us that a need for sleep is accumulating and that it is time to sleep. It also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to make up for the hours of being awake. If this restorative process existed alone, it would mean that we would be most alert as our day was starting out, and that the longer we were awake, the more we would feel like sleeping. In this way, sleep/wake homeostasis creates a drive that balances sleep and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological clocks, on the other hand, regulate the timing of periods of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day. The circadian rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day, so adults\u2019 strongest sleep drive generally occurs between 2:00-4:00 am and in the afternoon between 1:00-3:00 pm, although there is some variation depending on whether you are a \u201cmorning person\u201d or \u201cevening person.\u201d The sleepiness we experience during these circadian dips will be less intense if we have had sufficient sleep, and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "Children, Teens & Sleep Sleep & Travel Pasadena 100369, United States contact@sleepapneamask.net Home Sleep Topics Sleep Problems Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock Sleep Topics Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock hoanglaota Most people notice that they naturally experience different levels of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day, but what causes these patterns? Sleep is regulated by two body systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of time, sleep/wake homeostasis tells us that a need for sleep is accumulating and that it is time to sleep. It also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to make up for the hours of being awake. If this restorative process existed alone, it would mean that we would be most alert as our day was starting out, and that the longer we were awake, the more we would feel like sleeping. In this way, sleep/wake homeostasis creates a drive that balances sleep and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological clocks, on the other hand, regulate the timing of periods of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day. The circadian rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day, so adults\u2019 strongest sleep drive generally occurs between 2:00-4:00 am and in the afternoon between 1:00-3:00 pm, although there is some variation depending on whether you are a \u201cmorning person\u201d or \u201cevening person.\u201d The sleepiness we experience during these circadian dips will be less intense if we have had sufficient sleep, and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "starts in their sleep. The first class is perhaps the larger. They are the patients who do not eat enough. They will usually be found to be underweight and to be nursing some thought with regard to their digestion, or some supposed idiosyncrasy towards food that is keeping them below the normal weight for their height. Nothing makes sleep lighter than a certain amount of hunger. This hunger may be disguised so completely, or so covered up by the patient's persuasion that more food cannot be taken without serious gastric disturbance, that it may pass utterly unnoticed. When such patients are disturbed early in the night, it usually means that besides taking a not quite sufficient amount of food they are taking more tea or coffee or some stimulant than is good for them. I say some stimulant because in several cases that I investigated rather carefully the cause seemed to be the alcohol taken with one of the largely advertised patent medicines, a supposed digestive tonic, consisting mainly of dilute alcohol, and really about as strong as whiskey. When the tendency to be startled occurs in the early mornings, then people need to eat something simple just before they go to bed. The other class of cases who are likely to start at night in their sleep are those who do not get out into the air enough during the day or who sleep in rooms insufficiently ventilated. At the beginning of the night the lack of ventilation makes the sleep light and easily disturbed."}, {"title": "", "text": "temperature, hormone secretion, mood disorders, sleep, metabolism, weight gain, heart activity, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and a variety of diseases. All of you biological rhythms are based on the 24-hour cycle of daylight and darkness, as well as the monthly cycles of the moon. Just like the monthly biological clock in females, both men and women have 24-hour daily clocks. This is why most of us naturally feel like waking when the sun comes up and sleeping when it's dark. Throughout your day at different times, so-called \"clock genes\" will signal your body when to produce specific proteins, and the level of these proteins will rise and fall in rhythmic patterns. \"These oscillating biochemical signals control various functions, including when we sleep and rest, and when we are awake and active,\" says the Genetics Science Learning Lab of the University of Utah.\" But your internal clock does much more than just help you fall asleep at night. We're all aware that changes in female hormone production vary with a monthly cycle, but cortisol (the adrenal hormone most involved with stress) varies in everyone through a 24-hour or circadian cycle. Your cortisol levels will peak in the early morning hours as the sun rises and taper off as the sun sets. It reaches its lowest levels three hours after dark. This daily rhythm of cortisol dictates when you should be at your most active and when you should rest. Even a time change of just a few hours can be enough to throw off your normal sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "that they felt unusually more tired around the time of the full moon. Although the research has pointed toward the moon phases affecting sleep, the questions remain. How and why does the moon affect our sleep? Most researchers don\u2019t think that the gravitational pull of the moon on the earth and water is the reason behind the disrupted sleep patterns. In fact, most researchers feel that it is related to our internal biological rhythm that is linked to the moon\u2019s cycle and has suggested that it is linked to our \u2018circadian rhythms\u2019 which are responsible for regulating our biological functions like sleep and alignment with night and day. That in itself is cause for trying to understand why we would need more or less sleep during certain phases of the moon. Think back to the times of hunting and gathering where we needed to conserve energy in the event that we would be up all night trying to catch our next meal it makes absolute sense. During the full bright night moon, we needed to sleep less and hunt more and our DNA knows that. The moon is big and shining brightly during the full moon phase so we can hunt all night, instinctively our melatonin levels drop so we sleep less. After the full moon, we can get back to homeostasis and our bodies can recharge and catch up. Our sleep can be deep and replenishing once again. Studies have shown that mood and behaviour change during a full moon. The theory is that the"}, {"title": "", "text": "body to keep up the balance between feelings of hunger and satiety. On the other hand, lack of sleep can lead to feelings of agitation and trouble concentrating, as well as a deeply depressing bad mood. It is also important how we sleep. Exposure to faint light during the night - such as the glow of a TV screen for example, can provoke changes in the brain, which lead to abrupt changes in moods."}, {"title": "", "text": "condition where your airway repeatedly closes during sleep, depriving you of oxygen until you gasp awake. The combined effects of disturbed\u2026 Being a snorer and being overweight are interchangeably linked. In other words, obesity can cause snoring and snoring can cause obesity. Loud snoring is often a stepping\u2026 Body Clock: Sleep, Light and Melatonin Have you ever wondered why you feel sleepy at night and awake in the day? This daily fluctuation is your natural body clock working correctly. Our feelings of sleepiness\u2026"}, {"title": "", "text": "The body is synchronised to night and day by a small part of the brain known as the circadian clock. Body functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, digestion and brain activity, fluctuate over each 24-hour period, under the guidance of the circadian clock. A shiftworker is at increased risk of health problems, such as digestive upsets, obesity and heart disease, and accidents due to excessive daytime sleepiness. The sleep-wake cycle appears to have evolved for humans to be awake during the day and to sleep for approximately eight hours at night. There is a small part of the brain called the \u2018circadian clock\u2019, which monitors the amount of light you see, moment by moment. In the evening, when the light starts to wane, your clock notices and prompts a flood of a brain chemical called melatonin, which gives the body the signal to fall asleep. Overnight, melatonin levels remain high. They drop at daybreak and remain low during the day. During the day, other chemicals (neurotransmitters) \u2013 such as noradrenaline and acetylcholine \u2013 increase in the body and keep you awake. This system keeps you synchronised through the day-night cycle. Many other functions of the body \u2013 including temperature, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure \u2013 fluctuate through the day, tuned by the activity of the circadian clock. This changing rate of activity over each 24-hour period is known as the circadian rhythm. A person who works nights, or starts their working day before 6am, is running counter to their circadian rhythm. This may"}, {"title": "", "text": "Investigating sleep homeostasis using an unusual instability."}, {"title": "", "text": "nap is the shortest and will be the next one to be dropped altogether. Why is this so? Don't we get sleepier the longer we stay awake and less able to stay asleep the longer we do sleep? We do, in part, and this effect is caused by the so-called homeostatic drive, one of the two main factors influencing sleepiness and alertness. If that were the only cause of sleepiness, we would get progressively sleepy across the day, and the drive to sleep would decrease progressively while we sleep at night. We would have trouble staying awake until dinnertime and difficulty staying asleep until morning. Since we exhibit neither of these patterns\u2014and, in fact, we can function reasonably well during the day after getting no sleep at all the night before\u2014there must be other causes of increasing and decreasing sleepiness across the day and night. The other major influence is the circadian drive, a direct effect of the biological clock. The circadian system works in opposition to the homeostatic drive, trying to make us more wakeful as the day progresses and sleepier as the night goes on. The balance between the two enables us to function at fairly consistent levels all day and sleep fairly well all night (see Figure 9). However, near the end of the day the wakeful component of the circadian system temporarily dominates, causing the forbidden zone or second wind. (As we saw before, the circadian drive is so strong that it can overcome the homeostatic drive and keep you alert during"}, {"title": "", "text": "been linked to stress and high blood pressure. Research has also suggested that sleep loss may increase the risk of obesity because chemicals and hormones that play a key role in controlling appetite and weight gain are released during sleep. What happens every time we get a bit of shut eye? Sleep occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minutes and is divided into two categories: non-REM (which is further split into four stages) and REM sleep. During the first stage of sleep, we're half awake and half asleep. Our muscle activity slows down and slight twitching may occur. This is a period of light sleep, meaning we can be awakened easily at this stage. Within ten minutes of light sleep, we enter stage two, which lasts around 20 minutes. The breathing pattern and heart rate start to slow down. This period accounts for the largest part of human sleep. During stage three, the brain begins to produce delta waves, a type of wave that is large (high amplitude) and slow (low frequency). Breathing and heart rate are at their lowest levels. Stage four is characterised by rhythmic breathing and limited muscle activity. If we are awakened during deep sleep we do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after waking up. Some children experience bed-wetting, night terrors, or sleepwalking during this stage. The first rapid eye movement (REM) period usually begins about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep. We have around three to five REM episodes"}, {"title": "", "text": "mistake of assuming that fatigue is always related to sleep. Possible alternative explanations for fatigue include: * Taking medications with fatigue or drowsiness as a side effect (for example, antihistamines) * Boredom or low stimulation * Dehydration * Caffeine rebound (while the body breaks down caffeine, one of its withdrawal symptoms is fatigue) * Spending too much time in bed * Negative mood * Diet * Chronic stress * Depression * Pain * Anxiety * Inactivity * Overactivity or physical exertion * Lack of physical conditioning, excess weight, or both * Cardiovascular disease * Eye strain * Constipation * Low iron levels (anemia) * Candida * Infections * Medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism * Post-lunch dip in body temperature * Others: ___________ As you can see, it's a pretty long list and it's not even exhaustive. Clearly, there are many, many other explanations than poor sleep for feeling fatigue. Most of these are self-evident; however, the relationship between fatigue and the post-lunch dip in body temperature may require more elaboration. For most people who sleep at night and are awake during the day, there's a natural, very small dip in core body temperature usually between 1:00 and 3:00 p.m. This dip in temperature involves a temporary decrease in the alertness signal and an increase in fatigue that can make it more difficult to concentrate. Some people explain this experience by attributing it to a heavy lunch. While overeating can produce some lethargy, a daily afternoon experience of mild, transient fatigue is most likely due to the"}, {"title": "", "text": "You should also feel refreshed when you rise and maintain steady energy throughout the day. When your sleep suffers, your mood does, too, Davis said. Situations that would normally be annoying can feel catastrophic as your patience evaporates more quickly than usual. \u201cYou might feel more moody and emotional,\u201d he said. Fatigue affects our mood because of our biology, according to Murray. \u201cIt\u2019s really unnatural for humans to not get enough sleep.\u201d She said when we\u2019re sleep-deprived, our body reacts as if we\u2019re in danger and activates the fight-or-flight system, which explains why we tend to overreact. This is consistent with research showing a relationship between elevated cortisol, a stress hormone, and sleep loss. Circadian rhythm and sleep Although quantity of sleep matters, Bertisch said, \u201cthe timing of sleep is critical.\u201d And the timing of sleep hinges on our circadian rhythm. The 24-hour circadian cycle determines the timing of hormonal fluctuations and variations in alertness and body temperature that prepare your body for wakefulness or sleep. When you wake up, light exposure triggers the release of cortisol, \u201cthe alert hormone,\u201d Murray said. As the day goes on, your cortisol levels decrease. Meanwhile, your body releases melatonin (the sleep hormone), about 12 to 14 hours after that initial cortisol surge. It\u2019s not just the pandemic. The moon may be messing with your sleep, too. Because of circadian rhythms, \u201cyou can\u2019t sleep on demand,\u201d Bertisch says. So if you need eight hours of sleep and you normally go to sleep at 11 p.m., you\u2019ll rise around 7 a.m."}, {"title": "", "text": "difficult to rouse people from the trance and, when you succeed, they have no idea what\u2019s going on. While the exact cause is unknown, the condition occurs when your body\u2019s actions aren\u2019t suppressed as intended by other neurological mechanisms, due to genetic or environmental factors or even physical immaturity (most sleep walking happens during childhood). But if sleepwalking happens during REM sleep (it does for about 0.5% of the population), it is a symptom of REM behavior disorder (RBD), and medications such as clonazepam, melatonin, and pramipexole are often used to relax muscles and prevent sleepwalking or night terrors. Sleep deprivation, alcohol, and other sleep disorders can all increase RBD \u2013avoid them as much as possible if you\u2019re prone to wandering the halls at night, Winter says. IF YOU WAKE UP NOW: You can expect 15.5% lower levels of the hormone leptin, which promotes feelings of satiety, and 14.9% higher levels of the hormone ghrelin, which ups your hunger factor, according to research published in PLoS Medicine. Together, they result in one grumbly tummy. No wonder a 2012 study from Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota found that people who sleep 6 hours and 40 minutes eat an average of 549 more calories a day than those who score the recommended 8 hours. What\u2019s more, sleep deprivation can also decrease levels of the anti-inflammatory hormone adiponectin, especially in Caucasian women, which are linked to metabolic, cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar imbalances. Adults who sleep 6 hours or less a night are 50 percent more likely to"}, {"title": "", "text": "The following can cause sleep issues. Caffeine, sugar, medications, and a compromised digestive track. Stress can cause sleep disturbances, violent stimulation or negative media before bed, light from a lamp, night light, alarm clocks, DVD, TV, etc. Lack of minerals, Lack of exercise, Going to bed to late, being overweight will cause sleep issues and, to many fluids after dinner."}, {"title": "", "text": "why being chronically low on sleep (generally defined as getting less than 7 hours per night) causes such deficits, but it could be due to communication breakdowns between the neurons and synapses that relay information, says Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer, DO, MS, director of the Sleep Center at the Cleveland Clinic. You may also find yourself unable to recall where you know someone from (work? the gym? the DMV?) or tripping over your words. Keep in mind: Stress or neurological issues can also trigger memory blips. Make an appointment with your doctor if sleep-schedule adjustments or stress-reduction techniques don't help. Photo: Isabel Pavia/Getty Images Your monthly cycle has gone rogue. How it's linked to sleep: The hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle get released according to your circadian rhythms. If you're consistently missing out on sleep, that release schedule gets thrown for a loop, which in turn makes your period unpredictable, Getsy explains. \"You may be early one month, late the next, then early again\u2014the normal 28-day cycle no longer applies,\" she says. Keep in mind: Irregular periods can also be caused by stress, fibroids and conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome. If a healthier sleep schedule doesn't get your period back on track, bring it up with your gynecologist. Photo: LumiNola/Getty Images Aches and pains hurt more than they used to. How it's linked to sleep: A 2012 study in Sleep found that subjects who slept for 10 hours for four nights withstood a painful stimulus for 25 percent longer than those who stayed on their normal, poor-sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "cause sleep mischief. \u201cSometimes women sleep differently during the different parts of their cycle. A lot of women say that when their period starts, they feel sleepier, because they have an increase in progesterone, which is a sleep-inducing hormone,\u201d says Dr. Wytrzes, adding that, \u201cIt\u2019s pretty unusual that it is so disruptive that someone would seek medical attention for it.\u201d She\u2019s also quick to point out that while hormones are often the driver of poor sleep during menopause, there\u2019s often emotional and psychological undercurrents. \u201cYou don\u2019t just assume that because it\u2019s a 50-year-old woman, it must be her hormones. Maybe her kids have just left home, she just got divorced and she has this new stress in her life.\u201d Another hormonal curveball, of course, is pregnancy. Surging levels of progesterone hijack the first trimester. \u201cTalk about major hormonal changes,\u201d says Dr. Stack. \u201cThere\u2019s major sleep deprivation as you could be worried about the baby, breast-feeding, have problems with urination, have tender breasts, struggle to get a comfortable sleeping position or give up your exercise routine during pregnancy.\u201d So just why, exactly, does sleep loss matter? Some of the downsides are obvious: irritability, fatigue and watching 2 a.m. infomercials for the George Foreman Grill. We\u2019ve all been there. But sleep debts, when chronic, can trigger health problems that range from cosmetic to fatal. It can dampen our sex drive, scramble our memory. It boosts the risks of strokes, diabetes and heart failures. Researchers analyzed the sleeping patterns of 10,000 Brits and found that when sleep plummeted to"}, {"title": "", "text": "and arousals that may keep you from getting enough time sleeping during those important stages. What happens when we wake up? Brainwaves change from tall, slower rhythms of sleep to flatter, faster, consistent waves as our brain and body wake up. From the moment we wake, heart and breathing rates increase, Dr. Malhotra says. Blood pressure also rises from the moment we step out of bed in the morning. Our body temperature, which is typically lower during sleep, rises in the morning when we wake up. Levels of cortisol, often referred to as the stress hormone, decrease during the first few hours of sleep and peak after we wake up, which increases the feeling of alertness in the waking hours. \u201cCortisol also helps increase our appetite,\u201d Dr. Malhotra says. \u201cEating a healthy breakfast is an essential fuel to help your body and mind perform at their best for the rest of the day.\u201d Why can\u2019t I wake up in the morning? If you\u2019re having a hard time waking up in the morning, there are quite a few things to possibly blame. Common sleep disrupters, including alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco, can all inhibit sleep quality and make waking up in the morning more difficult, per Dr. Malhotra. Other things that cause difficulty waking up in the morning are sleep disorders or underlying conditions, such as depression. Sleep disorders, including sleep apnea and insomnia, may affect the quality of your sleep and make it tough to wake up in the morning, Dr. Malhotra says. Sleep affects every single"}, {"title": "", "text": "sense, for example, as there is no \u201cdown\u201d. Our normal sleeping patterns are disrupted by the lack of feedback from our body\u2019s posture during cycles of rest and activity. In fact astronauts have to take steps to ensure they don\u2019t float around while sleeping in space \u2013 they tie themselves into sleeping bags. In order to sleep well, our core body temperature needs to cool. This process is also influenced by body posture and flow of blood around the limbs, which is also affected by low gravity and the absence of \u201clying down\u201d. The absence of day and night is another major factor in space. Astronauts on the International Space Station orbit every 90 minutes, so the experience of cycles of light and dark is totally different to that on Earth. Light is the main synchronising cue for our internal body clock, and light also suppresses the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin. So exposure to \u2013 or absence of \u2013 light at inappropriate times disrupts our bodies\u2019 circadian rhythms and makes it difficult to sleep. The effect is the same with jet lag or shift work. Not only this, but spacecraft are noisy, with noise levels of 65dB \u2013 somewhere between an air conditioner and a dishwasher \u2013 reported in the space station\u2019s sleeping quarters. Good ventilation is vital, otherwise astronauts can suffer oxygen deprivation as a cloud of their own carbon dioxide breath forms around them while they sleep. And of course, given the opportunity that only a handful of humans ever have to look out over"}, {"title": "", "text": "Children, Teens & Sleep Pasadena 100369, United States contact@sleepapneamask.net Sleep Apnea Mask Home Sleep Topics Sleep Problems Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock Sleep Topics Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock hoanglaota Most people notice that they naturally experience different levels of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day, but what causes these patterns? Sleep is regulated by two body systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of time, sleep/wake homeostasis tells us that a need for sleep is accumulating and that it is time to sleep. It also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to make up for the hours of being awake. If this restorative process existed alone, it would mean that we would be most alert as our day was starting out, and that the longer we were awake, the more we would feel like sleeping. In this way, sleep/wake homeostasis creates a drive that balances sleep and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological clocks, on the other hand, regulate the timing of periods of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day. The circadian rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day, so adults\u2019 strongest sleep drive generally occurs between 2:00-4:00 am and in the afternoon between 1:00-3:00 pm, although there is some variation depending on whether you are a \u201cmorning person\u201d or \u201cevening person.\u201d The sleepiness we experience during these circadian dips will be less intense if we have had sufficient sleep, and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The"}, {"title": "", "text": "loudly. In sleep apnea, your body stops breathing or breathes insufficiently for several moments at a time repeatedly. You may frequently wake up in a panic because of being deprived of oxygen and then fall back asleep. However, you may not fall back asleep very easily. Sleep apnea can be life threatening. Your doctor can recommend a sleep study to see if you have sleep apnea. If you do, a breathing device can be prescribed to help you. Hormone Changes For both men and women, aging and thyroid dysfunction can also disrupt sleep. The thyroid is a gland in your neck. It secretes a variety of hormones that regulate metabolism and energy levels. If you aren't sleeping well, your thyroid function may have changed. Your doctor can test your thyroid function with a simple and commonly used blood test. If you are a woman in your forties or fifties, you may be experiencing menopause, which entails many changes in your body's hormone levels and the physiological systems those hormones regulate. Women going through menopause often have hot flashes and profuse sweating at night, which can disrupt the sleep cycle. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease If you are overweight or eat immediately before going to sleep, your sleep may be disrupted by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This is similar to what used to be called heartburn. GERD can cause a sore throat, stuffy nose, or cough, especially in the morning. If your stomach is leaking stomach acid or small food particles into your throat at night, you may wake"}, {"title": "", "text": "hormone controlling blood glucose or sugar levels. Sleep deprivation results in a higher than normal blood glucose level which could lead to diabetes. Have you ever driven somewhere and not remembered how you got there or sat in a meeting and not have a clue what was said? You could have experienced a microsleep which are brief moments of sleep that occur when you\u2019re awake- read that bit again, you just suffered a microsleep! If you regularly lose sleep the sleep loss adds up and is called sleep debt. If you lose 2 hours sleep a night this equates to 14 hours sleep lost a week. After several nights of losing sleep your ability to function suffers as if you\u2019ve not slept for a day or two! If I asked you \u201cDo you snore?\u201d you will answer \u201cNo, of course I don\u2019t!\u201d How do you know? You\u2019re asleep! Approximately 40% of us snore, I don\u2019t, obviously! Snoring can be one of the biggest reasons for arguments with couples; you\u2019re desperately trying to sleep but you have your other- half snorting and snoring like a warthog next to you! Snoring can be caused by laying on your back, allergies, colds, being overweight or taking sedatives such as sleeping pills or antihistamines. Try sleeping on your side (it\u2019s hard to turn a snorer over though!) If you have allergies don\u2019t allow pets in the bedroom and wash your bedclothes/soft toys regularly to kill dust mites and mould spores. There are pharmaceutical aids available such as nasal sprays and"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 By DUX Design, AB \u2022 July 20, 2014 Our bodies tick to two clocks. One clock is ruled by the Sun, and generally known as the Circadian Rhythm. The other clock, regulated by a gaggle of nerve cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is called the Sleep/Wake Homeostat. Time to Go to Sleep When we\u2019ve been awake for a long period of time, Sleep/Wake Homeostasis tells us that a \u201cneed for sleep\u201d is accumulating and we\u2019d better get some shut-eye. This regulatory apparatus also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to compensate for the number of hours we were awake. Here\u2019s the Catch If Sleep/Wake Homeostasis were our only clock, we would awake from a sound sleep fully rested, restored and alert, but as the day progressed, we would get more and more fatigued, like a battery steadily running out of power. However, as you know, that\u2019s not what happens. Energy-wise, we experience ups-and-downs throughout the day, and this is due to the counter-acting force of our other clock, the one commonly referred to as the Circadian Rhythm. As Old as the Sun The Circadian Rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that effects organisms as varied as humans, fruit flies and fungi. The Circadian Rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day. For adult humans, the strongest sleep drive generally occurs between 2-4AM, and in the afternoon between 1-3PM, although this varies depending on whether you\u2019re an \u201cearly bird\u201d or a \u201cnight owl.\u201d The sleepiness we experience during"}, {"title": "", "text": "when your heart rate slows even more, it could think that your health is in trouble and jolt you into consciousness, Dr. Winter says. As you may have experienced during hypnic jerks, your dreams might compensate for what\u2019s going on in your brain and body. \u201cYou might dream you\u2019re going down some steps, miss one, and then jerk awake,\u201d Dr. Winter says. This may be because your brain interprets that sleep-induced muscle relaxation as falling. While factors like having too much caffeine or being under a ton of stress may bring about hypnic jerks, they also just happen sometimes for no real reason, Dr. Winter says. You\u2019ve probably dealt with postnasal drip at some point. If not, it\u2019s when delightful extra mucus accumulates in the back of your throat. This can happen due to allergies, a cold, or any other health condition that makes your nose runny, Raymond Casciari, M.D., a pulmonologist at St. Joseph Hospital in Orange, California, tells SELF. While postnasal drip is generally not serious\u2014it\u2019s just uncomfortable and irritating\u2014it can actually cause you to wake up gasping for air. \u201cPostnasal drip can block your airway because it\u2019s a glob of stuff sitting in there,\u201d Dr. Casciari explains. Lying down flat while you sleep is particularly bad for this since gravity doesn\u2019t work with you to get rid of the phlegm. Clearing your throat when you wake up can help, Dr. Casciari says, along with propping your head up a little while you sleep so the mucus can drain a bit. Gastroesophageal reflux (also"}, {"title": "", "text": "extreme loss or gain of weight and appetite, feeling of loneliness and detachment, amongst others. Talk to your therapist if you feel low and sad most of the time. Hypersomnia can sometimes be a withdrawal symptom of some type of medication. Besides, medicaments prescribed in order to cure another ailment might make a person drowsy and feel the need to sleep all the while. Sometimes, drug abuse, alcohol, and even caffeine might make a person sleep more than the required amount. In such a case, one needs to check the medications they are taking, and avoid the intake of alcohol or caffeine. A poor diet or eating a little amount of food can make a person feel tired and sluggish. Eating unhealthy or junk food can lead to drowsiness, and one might feel like napping after a heavy meal. Hence, one needs to follow a diet rich in nutrients, include lots of fresh fruits and vegetables in it, and cut down on the intake of junk and greasy food. Infants and small children often keep parents up all night, and this leads to the constant feeling of being sleepy through the day, for the parent that is. Parental assistance prevents a person's body from calming down and relaxing. Even though the parent is sleeping, the subconscious mind remains alert and waits for the kids' call, and this eventually results in excessive sleep. A particular study suggests that people who slept for long hours had around 20% higher risk of being obese than the ones who did"}, {"title": "", "text": "social jetlag. When the sleep-wake cycle of people is disturbed, which is also called the circadian rhythm, otherwise, social jetlag occurs in people. It is related to health issues like obesity, diabetes, etc. There are hormones called ghrelin and leptin in our body. One of these hormones increases the appetite and the other is associated with satiety. When people don\u2019t have proper sleep, then these hormones get imbalanced; which cause further health issues. Deprivation of sleep also leads to poor impulse control. NASA\u2019s InSights Lander Starts Sending Daily Weather Updates on Earth Due to Measles Outbreak State of Emergency is... Militia Violence Hampers Anti-Ebola Efforts in DRC"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep fragmentation, metabolism, and sleepiness."}, {"title": "", "text": "but it can be caused by some underlying medical conditions like thyroid problems and depression. So it is always worth getting them checked out, before embarking on treatment recommended by doctors. Disturbed sleep can also be problematic for those looking to be refreshed when morning comes, and it has many causes. One of which may be that the mattress you have is the wrong firmness for you. Causing your body to move around or in the night to get comfortable which is likely to wake you up. To deal with this spend some time to find the right way to sleep, and match your mattress to your sleep position, as this can solve the problem. However, if your lack of sleep caused by another issue such as your partner having night terrors or restless leg syndrome, it may be better to get them seen by a medical professional. As they can offer some help in reducing these issues. Obviously, until then it can also be a good idea for you if you sleep separately for at least some of the week. Lastly, a problem that is gaining more recognition now is sleep apnea. This is when you stop breathing when you are asleep for a short amount of time. It can be caused by an obstruction in the airway, or by an issue in the brain. To help the former sleep masks are used to ensure oxygen is being fed into the body. In the latter case, surgery is usually the key to the issue."}, {"title": "", "text": "over time and we can feel it but don\u2019t do anything about it until we can barely move, but a lot of the time we land up in pain when the day previous we were fine; we search for answers as to what happened between yesterday and today and wind up empty. Watch below for a great analogy that will hopefully make things clear! Now if you\u2019re watching this then you\u2019re probably not in acute pain and can reason that the likelihood of having a really vigorous sleep or a tough time putting socks on today is really no different than any of the other days that you did, so probably that wasn\u2019t the cause. More than likely this was caused by the accumulated stress over time. So, one of the best ways to explain this is using an analogy of a weightlifter: let\u2019s say there\u2019s a weightlifter and he has a barbell over his shoulders and people are putting on 25 pounds of weight at a time, and people are loading them up and he starts to shake and teeter and at the last second someone puts 2 pounds on and he collapses. Now, was it that 2 pounds that caused him to collapse? No, it was the accumulated weight over time and that last 2 pounds was that \u2018extra\u2019 or that \u2018tipping point\u2019 that was enough to put it over the edge. This is the same case with you: the nervous system, which handles all the different stresses on the body, is usually pretty"}, {"title": "", "text": "to bed, going to sleep, waking up... Structure of sleep (sleep architecture) External influences and some internal stimuli have less influence on the brain... Changes in respiratory drive Increased progesterone secretion increases the ventilatory drive. It acts on chemoreceptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla to reduce the arterial Pco2. This leads to central sleep apnoeas. There is a reduction in functional residual capacity and residual volume and an increase in ventilation-perfusion mismatching and elevation of the diaphragm due to the increased intra-abdominal pressure. The metabolic rate is also increased. These changes may lead to respiratory failure in neuromuscular and skeletal disorders, particularly during sleep [18]. Restless legs and periodic limb movements in sleep Between 15 and 20% of women develop the restless legs syndrome during pregnancy. This is mainly related to iron deficiency, but folic acid deficiency may also be relevant. The restless legs syndrome occurs particularly in the third trimester especially if there are twins or triplets. Discomfort in the legs, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness may all develop, but usually resolve within 10 days of delivery of the fetus. Reduction in caffeine intake during pregnancy and iron supplementation are often effective. This may first appear during pregnancy or be worsened by pregnancy. Sleep walking and sleep talking These are less common in pregnancy, probably because of a decreased tendency to arouse from stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep as a result of increased progesterone secretion. In the 24h before labour there is an increase in oestrogen secretion and a reduction in progesterone."}, {"title": "", "text": "Changes in job or school can have an impact, as can money worries. Emotionally devastating changes, such the loss of a loved one or a relationship ending, can, too, play a part in causing sleep deprivation due to anxiety or depression\u2013among many other causes. Your work schedule can play a large part in your sleep health, from long office hours, high pressure, and travel. If you fly often, for example, your body will feel the effect of a disrupted circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is how your body regulates its sleep-wake cycle. When you travel - especially overnight, and into different time zones - you can throw this rhythm off-course, which can lead to bouts of insomnia. While the temptation to have a late-night snack is something we\u2019re all guilty of - and when long work days and busy schedules mean we often eat much later than we would like - having food too close to bedtime can also trigger insomnia. Sleep apnea from sudden weight gain makes late night eating a huge factor in many insomnia cases, and that late-night meal or nibble can cause indigestion, discomfort, and bloating: all physical attributes that can keep you awake. Not only that, but acid indigestion can lead to chronic breathing problems. None of those factors sound very appetising, especially when they play a part in many insomnia cases. You know what we\u2019re talking about. Poor sleep habits may be the biggest factor when it comes to not getting enough zzz\u2019s in the twenty-first century. While the digital"}, {"title": "", "text": "catching zzz\u2019s. Our circadian rhythms are regulated by a variety of cues that suggest to our body what time it is, and how our body should respond. These cues are called zeitgebers, which in German literally means \u201ctimegiver.\u201d Temperature is a zeitgeber due to the sun regulating daily temperature cycles \u2014 it\u2019s warmer in the daytime when the sun is out, and cooler at night. If we don\u2019t turn down the thermostat, or cover ourselves with too much bedding or clothing, it may be difficult to sleep due to the warmer temperature. Luckily this is easily fixed with a thermostat, although personal preferences may vary. Wearing breathable clothing (or nothing at all!) in addition to using natural bedding can provide for a cooler sensation than using synthetic materials. This is the bane of some people\u2019s existence. While others get a full night of sleep, or wake up to use the bathroom on occasion, others get up several times a night. When combined with some of the above issues, this can be a serious obstacle. Imagine having racing thoughts and finally falling asleep after an hour or two, only to wake up and return to those same racing thoughts. First things first, if you wake up often, talk to your doctor about it. It could very well be due to a medical condition like sleep apnea, or potentially a medical issue causing excessive urinary frequency. If medical issues are not the cause, consider alternative approaches. Melatonin is a hormone involved in bringing on sleep and keeping us"}, {"title": "", "text": "up, you may find yourself in the bed. However, in some cases, your bed partner notices such jerks and you may not wake up suddenly. Sleep Starts- it occurs when your mind goes from wakefulness to stage one sleep when you are in light sleep. In this stage, you are slowly progressing to deep sleep. In this stage, your body starts to relax; you may get sudden muscle contractions (also called positive myoclonus). It causes sudden twitching of one or more extremities that may even involve your trunk. Here, you may feel falling out of bed. Sleep Apnea- this condition is a serious condition that is usually associated with medical illness. It is not seen in healthy people. It comes in episodes, that may interrupt the impulses from brain leading cessation of breathing for about 60 seconds and the brain resends the impulses for breathing to the lungs by confirming awakening again. It can occur several times at night that may result in sleep deprivation. People with sleep apnea have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure, heart ailments, stroke, and seizure. Lack of sound sleep may risk them of daytime accidents higher than normal people. Restless Legs Syndrome- it is a condition characterized by uncontrollable prickling, tingling and crawling sensation in the lower limbs in rest, especially at night. These sensations may cause you to move your legs constantly in sleep. It is caused due to abnormalities in neurotransmitter dopamine. Their main role is to transmit messages to the nerves for their function. This"}, {"title": "", "text": "impacts of ocean fishing and contaminants spread quickly, plant-based fish could follow the plant-based meat market in its recent accelerated growth.\" 3. Understanding the circadian rhythm is the key to way more than just better sleep. By now you've probably heard of the circadian rhythm, also known as our body's biological clock. But did you know that this daily cycle has everything to do with two important hormones: cortisol and melatonin? 2019 will be the year that we all learn just how important the daily fluctuations in these two hormones\u2014and the circadian rhythm in general\u2014is to your health. Simply put, the hormone cortisol is supposed to peak in the morning, helping wake us up and make us feel alert and ready to tackle the day. Later on, melatonin starts to rise to encourage us to wind down at the end of the day. But when these hormones are out of whack, they can leave us feeling tired all day and totally amped when we are trying to get to sleep at night. If you can relate to this, you're definitely not alone. And the consequences extend far beyond poor-quality sleep. According to Satchin Panda, Ph.D., author of The Circadian Code: Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy, and Transform Your Health From Morning to Midnight, and a leader in the emerging science of the circadian rhythm, \"When you don't honor this daily rhythm or let this cycle get out of whack, it can contribute to weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and many other diseases.\" So what exactly"}, {"title": "", "text": "impacts of ocean fishing and contaminants spread quickly, plant-based fish could follow the plant-based meat market in its recent accelerated growth.\" 3. Understanding the circadian rhythm is the key to way more than just better sleep. By now you've probably heard of the circadian rhythm, also known as our body's biological clock. But did you know that this daily cycle has everything to do with two important hormones: cortisol and melatonin? 2019 will be the year that we all learn just how important the daily fluctuations in these two hormones\u2014and the circadian rhythm in general\u2014is to your health. Simply put, the hormone cortisol is supposed to peak in the morning, helping wake us up and make us feel alert and ready to tackle the day. Later on, melatonin starts to rise to encourage us to wind down at the end of the day. But when these hormones are out of whack, they can leave us feeling tired all day and totally amped when we are trying to get to sleep at night. If you can relate to this, you're definitely not alone. And the consequences extend far beyond poor-quality sleep. According to Satchin Panda, Ph.D., author of The Circadian Code: Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy, and Transform Your Health From Morning to Midnight, and a leader in the emerging science of the circadian rhythm, \"When you don't honor this daily rhythm or let this cycle get out of whack, it can contribute to weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and many other diseases.\" So what exactly"}, {"title": "", "text": "as I admired it, I saw that I had neglected the fish and that they had begun to die. Why we feel we're falling when we're drifting off to sleep. According to Science Junkie. Why sometimes we feel that we are falling in the sleep? It depends if we feel this sensation during the transition from wakefulness to sleep or during REM sleep. In the first case, the mechanism is physiological. When our body ceases to exercise \u201dactive\u201d control (handled by the cortical areas of the brain) on movement our body is crossed by a series of muscular jerks \u2014sleep starts or hypnic jerks. If the transition occurs too early (i.e. when our conscious part has still not gone to sleep) these jerks may be perceived as a feeling of emptiness, and our \u201cbaffled\u201d mind associates it with our perception of emptiness: falling. Why this happens is not clear (according to some, it\u2019s an evolutionary heritage from when we were sleeping on trees and muscles relaxation could mean a fall). Anyway, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, if the feeling happens too often and disturbs our rest, we must reduce: caffeine, stress, anxiety or hard physical activity in the evening. The sensation of falling that we feel during REM sleep is not caused by a physiological mechanism and, in this case, for an explanation we should disturb dreams and psychology. More info here - Asked by jugulator117 I was in a canoe in Papua New Guinea with him and a couple of local paddlers,"}, {"title": "", "text": "that the last thing on my mind when I wake up at 2/3/4 am is a cigarette! It is usually why??? Why have I woken up again at such an early time? Other suggested causes of insomnia were obesity \u2013 causing sleep apnea, caffeine / smoking or other stimulants consumed too close to bedtime, poor sleep hygiene, chronic pain or medications with the side effect of insomnia. None of which were causing my insomnia, my pain at night has been reduced since starting physio / Pilate\u2019s and only very rarely does my pain medication cause insomnia and when it does it is the type of insomnia where I can not drop off to sleep. I can not find a cause for the bout of insomnia. What I have found is that the circadian rhythm and the autonomic nervous system work together (it is believed although much more research is needed for basic info use this link) so perhaps this is why I am currently suffering from sleep maintenance insomnia? For sleep maintenance it is suggested getting more sunlight later on in the day to try to sort out your circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a biological process that rises and falls throughout the day and plays an important part in sleep disorders. It can be thought of as your own internal clock and it informs the body of when sleep is needed and when you need to be awake. Many sleep disorders are caused by there being an issue with the person\u2019s circadian rhythm and"}, {"title": "", "text": "are our reaction speeds; and our immune systems respond differently to invaders. Then, as the sun comes up, and day begins, blood pressure and body temperature rise; hunger hormones kick in; and our brains and muscles shift into a higher gear. These daily fluctuations in our biology are called circadian rhythms \u2013 and they are as important to us as they are to the desert coyotes and rattlesnakes that only become active once the sun is low or vanished from the sky: they are the reason we feel so terrible when we\u2019re jet-lagged, or start to yawn once the sun has gone down. By tweaking our urges, behaviour and biochemistry, they prepare us for regular events in our environment, like mealtimes or getting up in the morning, which are themselves dictated by the daily cycle of light and dark. Sunlight, and its absence at night, are the main mechanisms we use to synchronise these internal rhythms to the external time of day. If we don\u2019t see enough daylight, or we\u2019re exposed to too much artificial light at night, our bodies become confused and no longer work as efficiently. Circadian rhythms begin to develop in the uterus, but those governing sleep don\u2019t fully develop until several months after birth. This makes sense: newborn infants need to feed little and often, and a prolonged period of consolidated sleep would interfere with this. Even so, infants receive chemical time cues via their mother\u2019s milk, which promote sleepiness during night-time, while infants who are exposed to more bright daylight also"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep: REM and non-REM. An understanding of the science of sleep exposes you to certain interesting facts. These 9 reasons will go a long way to explain why you may be having trouble sleeping. Circadian rhythm, which is your body\u2019s internal biological clock, regulates sleep. This clock along with the chemicals in your body control your desire to sleep. The desire is stronger at night. This rhythm is set in the first few months after birth. The circadian clock also controls the other biological patterns of the body. These include blood pressure and temperature. When human body gets abundant light at the right time, the circadian clock is on track. The release of certain sleep-inducing chemicals is promoted by light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can alter the sleep cycle. This can lead to wakefulness at undesired hours. This is the reason why people with little exposure to light have erratic sleep patterns. Long working hours can play havoc with your sleep patterns. When you work for longer hours than your regular schedule, your body goes through various changes. Your body is forced to remain active and alert to complete the tasks. This pressure on your body can alter the circadian rhythm. This eventually leads to wakefulness in the middle of the night and difficulty falling asleep. This is the reason why many of us lie awake for long hours after a hard day at work. Your body takes time to switch over from active mode. It needs that time. Melatonin is the key"}, {"title": "", "text": "Endocrine activity during sleep."}, {"title": "", "text": "try to sleep when their internal clock says they should be awake, and those who try to function when their clock says they should be sleeping, may be \ufb01ghting a losing battle against their own physiology. One hormone that rises and falls on a 24-hour schedule is melatonin. Because the spike in its concentration closely matches the propensity for people to fall asleep, melatonin might offer a remedy for people who are jet-lagged or are trying to fall asleep when their biological clock says they should be wide awake. Melatonin might be a way to correct changes in astronauts\u2019 circadian rhythms and improve their sleep. This question and others were an important part of the Neurolab sleep experiments. Case #4: A 41-year-old woman complains of lightheadedness and feels faint when standing. She has never had symptoms like these before. She has no palpitations, diarrhea, or vomiting and takes no medications. She completed a space shuttle \ufb02ight just hours ago. Again, the exposure to weightlessness is critical to the diagnosis here. The head is above the heart when humans stand upright, so the cardiovascular system must work against gravity to keep blood \ufb02owing to the brain. Usually this happens easily and quickly, but this astronaut is having trouble maintaining brain blood \ufb02ow when standing. How did her cardiovascular system change in space so that lightheadedness while standing became an issue after the \ufb02ight? Every time a person stands up, some blood leaves the chest and moves into the legs and abdomen. This means that the pressure at"}, {"title": "", "text": "the circadian pacemaker's setting. For example, although we generally feel hungriest near our typical meal times, if we force ourselves to eat at different times we will eventually learn to get hungry at those times instead, even if the rest of our daily schedule\u2014including when we sleep\u2014is unchanged. To a degree, even nap times can be changed independently of nighttime sleep hours. If meals, napping, and daytime activities do not follow any regular schedule, our physiological rhythms become disorganized and uncoordinated, and feelings of hunger and sleepiness begin to occur at unpredictable and inappropriate times of the day. If we don't sleep regular hours at night, this disorientation worsens: now these rhythms no longer function in concert at all, as they should. Our bodies do not seem to know whether it is time for a snack or a big meal, for a brief evening nap or an early bedtime. Some of our circadian rhythms may be set for sleep while others are at levels associated with waking. \"Jet lag\" is the same phenomenon in another guise. When you first travel to a different time zone, your body's clock remains set to the time zone you left. You try to conform to the new schedule, staying awake and active during the daylight hours and sleeping when it is night there. But your body, unable to reset its internal clock instantly, wants to wake and sleep at times based on the clock at home. As your rhythms adjust to the new time zone, they may do so at"}, {"title": "", "text": "hair is higher. If you are feeling anxious or restless often, it might mean that you are over-stressed. This will get even worse if you cannot find anything that relaxes you. Stress can easily cause your sleeping pattern to change. So, if you cannot sleep and you suffer from insomnia, you need to calm yourself down before bed. This is how you can protect yourself from health problems and diseases. If you are stressed all the time, then it must be really easy to make you irritated, angry or even to make you lose your temper and be extremely impatient. Stress can cause also a lot of body malfunctions like palpitation, diarrhea, tense muscles, ulcers, chest pain, and even stomach problems. Moreover, it can be the main reason for pain in your body, for headaches and sometimes even severe arthritis. Stress can sometimes cause your weight to change. It can also make you lose appetite and lose weight, or the opposite- it can slow down the metabolism and make you gain a lot of weight. If you are thinking about your work and you are occupied with finances all the time, it can bring a lot of stress. Thus, we recommend you to relax when you are at home at least and try not to think about it. Stress reduces the number of hormones that are meant for sexual activity. This can lead to exhaustion, impotence, and low libido. Due to the fact that stress affects your hormone levels, it also affects your mood and causes"}, {"title": "", "text": "How Do We Fall Asleep Without Knowing? Why Does Heat Make Things Look Wavy? Is obesity caused by over-eating or lack of exercises?"}, {"title": "", "text": "you make noise climbing the stairs, for instance, or if you cover her with a blanket near the end of her cycle of deep sleep. Even children who don't ordinarily sleepwalk often can be induced to do so at the end of a Stage IV period simply by lifting them up and setting them on their feet. Factors That Can Strengthen Either Drive Inconsistent and Chaotic Sleep/Wake Schedules The drives to stay asleep and to wake are controlled in large part by our biological rhythms (see Chapter 9). When we travel, jet lag can cause our bodies to get confused: these rhythms are no longer rising and falling together at predictable times, and the relative timing of the sleep and wake drives may be affected. As a result, our bodies get mixed messages from different physiological systems, some saying to wake and others saying to sleep. The same thing can happen to a child on a variable schedule. As a cause of partial wakings at night, this phenomenon is particularly important in young children. Day-to-day changes in bedtimes, waking times, or the number or timing of naps can throw a child's underlying biological rhythms out of sync. Her drive to wake may be increased at a time when she should be sleeping, or her drive to sleep may be increased when she should be awake. Thus, for example, the internal signal to wake and end the night's first sleep cycle may come before that cycle is really done\u2014while the drive to sleep is still very strong\u2014and"}, {"title": "", "text": "\u2022 Our body temperature drops to 96.6\u00b0 between 10pm and 6 am. \u2022 You are more likely to have a stroke between the hours of 6am and 12 noon. \u2022 Alertness is so low at night, it is just as bad as being drunk (be careful of swing shift or night shift). So, what really is going on while we sleep? Our brain is processing information and developing memories. It also regulates our growth and repair. Our body is replacing energy reserves and rebuilding metabolism as well as removing waste products. That doesn\u2019t even go into all of the hormones and chemical reactions that happen between sleep and wake, it is quite the event every night! You may also experience mood instability, anxiety or turn to stimulant or sedative use. This can leave you at an increased risk of a mental health crisis! So, if you are finding that you have check marked a couple symptoms from above, there are numerous things you can do for yourself! You want to do this regularly anyway, but if you work different shifts for your job, late night shifts or are on call, make sure that you get your regular checkups for bloodwork and to report any noticeable changes in the way you feel; this is a great way to be proactive to catch anything early! And of course, nutrition is super important! Keep that body fueled with appropriate whole foods for your body type, making sure to have \u201cclean\u201d high protein snacks as well as healthy fats! Plant"}, {"title": "", "text": "levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. Individuals frequently deprived of sleep may experience weight gain. A sleep research study performed at the University of Colorado indicated that an adult that gets less than six hours of sleep every night can gain two pounds in a week. Sleep deprivation can cause striking psychological effects, too, like moodiness, inability to focus, and short-term memory loss. These effects can inhibit children from learning and decrease productivity at work. Frequent sleep loss has also been linked to developing signs of depression. With extreme sleep loss, psychological effects escalate to hallucinations. Lack of sleep can be dangerous for drivers, as driving requires constant attention. Some studies show that being awake for over 18 hours can cause impairment similar to being legally drunk. Sleeping on an inferior mattress may cause improper spinal alignment and offer uneven weight distribution. These problems lead to pressure build up in the lower back and the shoulders and disrupted blood circulation. As a result, individuals toss and turn throughout the night frequently breaking out of the sleep cycle. This lengthens the amount of time to complete one cycle and results in fewer completed cycles in a night. Your body loses the ability to regulate its temperature during REM sleep. Abnormal temperatures in the sleeping environment can break you out of the sleep cycle. Inferior mattresses tend to trap and store body heat, which can then cause you to wake up by feeling overheated. Sleeping on the right mattress remains essential to getting healthy sleep. Anyone troubled with"}, {"title": "", "text": "primary sleep disorder that might be triggering the episodes is paramount. ##### STRESS Q. My live-in girlfriend complained of me trying to have sex with her in my sleep for the third time. I wake up with no recollection of doing anything and am worried for her safety. I had a couple episodes of sleepwalking when I was young, but no other history of actions during my sleep. I have noticed that each time I've had a \"sexsomniac slip\" she and I had gone to bed upset with each other. Could stress be causing me to do this? Is there any way to lessen my chances of doing things I don't want to without medication? A. Yes, stress as well as sleep deprivation, medications, and primary sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, can be the cause. I think it is important that you consult with a sleep specialist in your area. A thorough sleep workup would seem to be indicated. ## 10 ## The Night Eaters _The bed is a bundle of paradoxes: we go to it with reluctance, yet we quit it with regret; we make up our minds every night to leave it early, but we make up our bodies every morning to keep it late._ \u2014OGDEN NASH Eating and sleeping are two of our most basic biological needs, both controlled by the natural circadian rhythm of our bodies. Normal processes include a delicate balance of chemistry\u2014most notably between glucose, insulin, and the hormone leptin\u2014that regulates appetite and metabolism while we sleep. When this"}, {"title": "", "text": "such as light, temperature, posture, and feeding. So we tend to sleep when it\u2019s dark, we lie down when we sleep, we don\u2019t eat when we should sleep, and our body temperature drops to a minimum while asleep. But for astronauts, these factors are disrupted during long-term spaceflight. The low gravity is one major difference: lying down no longer makes any sense, for example, as there is no \u201cdown\u201d. Our normal sleeping patterns are disrupted by the lack of feedback from our body\u2019s posture during cycles of rest and activity. In fact astronauts have to take steps to ensure they don\u2019t float around while sleeping in space \u2013 they tie themselves into sleeping bags. In order to sleep well, our core body temperature needs to cool. This process is also influenced by body posture and flow of blood around the limbs, which is also affected by low gravity and the absence of \u201clying down\u201d. The absence of day and night is another major factor in space. Astronauts on the International Space Station orbit every 90 minutes, so the experience of cycles of light and dark is totally different to that on Earth. Light is the main synchronising cue for our internal body clock, and light also suppresses the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin. So exposure to \u2013 or absence of \u2013 light at inappropriate times disrupts our bodies\u2019 circadian rhythms and makes it difficult to sleep. The effect is the same with jet lag or shift work. Not only this, but spacecraft are noisy, with noise levels of"}, {"title": "", "text": "lists drinking caffeine and alcohol, doing strenuous exercise, being on your phone or computer, or eating a heavy meal right before bedtime as things that can throw off your sleep schedule. She also says that certain medications can have effects that cause you to sleep less or more than you normally would, causing a disruption in your regular sleep hours. Something sneaky that can really throw off your sleep schedule is varying your sleeping habits \u2014 even in the slightest way. Q. Afifa Shamim-Uzzaman MD, a clinical associate professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan and Director of the Sleep Disorders Center, explains that shifting your bed or wake time can make it hard for you to stick to a sleep routine. \"If you let yourself sleep in as late as you want on the weekends or flip your sleep schedule around (for example, sleeping nights on the weekends if you work the night shift during the week), it will be really hard to fall asleep early enough when it is time to go back to work,\" she says. \u201cThen you may be sleepy all week trying to catch up on sleep again.\" So what gives? How much sleep do we actually need? Are the supplements and things we do to catch some zzz's helping or making things worse? To settle the debate once and for all, we turned to the experts for tips on finding the perfect sleep schedule for you and your body. Q. Afifa Shamim-Uzzaman MD, a clinical associate professor of"}, {"title": "", "text": "this module. Physiological Function During Sleep: Homeostatic mechanisms during sleep including control of temperature regulation and metabolism."}, {"title": "", "text": "answer to this question is a key element in understanding both normal sleep and sleep problems. Let's imagine that everything is working just as it ought to. During the day, sleep pressure gradually increases. However, because the inner clock signals that these are waking hours, we stay awake and functional. Toward the end of the evening, sleep pressure reaches a peak just as the inner clock is sending its nighttime signals. Barring any external interference, we fall asleep naturally and easily. In the morning, our system gets its wake-up signal from the inner clock, at a time when sleep pressure has already been reduced to its low point. We wake up bright and refreshed, ready to start the daily cycle anew. But suppose we force ourselves to stay up all night. Maybe we have an important exam the next morning, or a report to draft that simply has to be on the boss's desk by 9 AM. Sleep pressure continues to build, but come morning, we find we can't fall asleep even if we have the chance and desperately want to. Why? Because the circadian clock has already issued its daily wake-up signal. At this point, that signal is powerful enough to override the ever-increasing sleep pressure. But at some point in the middle of the afternoon or early evening, sleep pressure increases to the point that it is able to take control. Circadian night is still hours away, but even so we may well crash. If that happens, we'll probably sleep longer than usual, right"}, {"title": "", "text": "your brain in that sort of fashion. It\u2019s more because we\u2019re different creatures in how our bodies function. Now, certainly I also think women will have easier and difficult times sleeping at different times of their cycle based on their hormonal shifts and regulations. So that\u2019s something to take into account. And oftentimes we\u2019re not really conscious of the fact that where we are in our cycle and how that\u2019s impacting our daily routine or sleep in this case. So I think it\u2019s important to say, \u201cOh, my sleep is off. What could be different?\u201d If we ask ourselves this important question like \u201cWhat is different right now? Did I eat something different? Did I do something different?\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s the time in my cycle? Is that different?\u201d Those are things that can help at least bring some clarity as to why these things are happening because if not, we\u2019re just left confused and then we think there\u2019s something wrong with us. Right? Whereas like if we think there\u2019s these regular occurring fluctuations, then, \u201cOh no.\u201d \u201cOkay. Oh, I\u2019m ovulating. Oh, that makes sense.\u201d \u201cOkay, I\u2019ve got a little bit more energy, I\u2019m warmer,\u201d because progesterone is starting to take hold. Like these are all things that would make a little bit more logical sense. So I think it\u2019s important to ask ourselves that question. I think the biggest thing in terms of why we don\u2019t sleep well is because we don\u2019t prioritize our sleep into our day. Everything else gets prioritized and the thing that gets"}, {"title": "", "text": "your brain in that sort of fashion. It\u2019s more because we\u2019re different creatures in how our bodies function. Now, certainly I also think women will have easier and difficult times sleeping at different times of their cycle based on their hormonal shifts and regulations. So that\u2019s something to take into account. And oftentimes we\u2019re not really conscious of the fact that where we are in our cycle and how that\u2019s impacting our daily routine or sleep in this case. So I think it\u2019s important to say, \u201cOh, my sleep is off. What could be different?\u201d If we ask ourselves this important question like \u201cWhat is different right now? Did I eat something different? Did I do something different?\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s the time in my cycle? Is that different?\u201d Those are things that can help at least bring some clarity as to why these things are happening because if not, we\u2019re just left confused and then we think there\u2019s something wrong with us. Right? Whereas like if we think there\u2019s these regular occurring fluctuations, then, \u201cOh no.\u201d \u201cOkay. Oh, I\u2019m ovulating. Oh, that makes sense.\u201d \u201cOkay, I\u2019ve got a little bit more energy, I\u2019m warmer,\u201d because progesterone is starting to take hold. Like these are all things that would make a little bit more logical sense. So I think it\u2019s important to ask ourselves that question. I think the biggest thing in terms of why we don\u2019t sleep well is because we don\u2019t prioritize our sleep into our day. Everything else gets prioritized and the thing that gets"}, {"title": "", "text": "pauses in breathing whilst at slumber, often called snooze apnea could also lead to sleeplessness. Periodic arm and leg movements during sleep causing the muscle tissue to twitch excessively is one particular underlying result in of this sleep dysfunction. An additional bring about is narcolepsy or one\u2019s lack of management on no matter if to stay awake or to drop asleep, is another cause of the rest dysfunction. Participating to vigorous actions such as exercise just appropriate prior to bedtime can deprive one among a great night\u2019s sleep. Consuming big meals when one is simply about to slumber could also make a person knowledge this sleeping condition. It\u2019s because when metabolism is at its most lively therefore the body prompts 1 to remain awake. That are Prone to Sleeplessness? Studies have it that 90% of individuals can acquire transient insomnia in some unspecified time in the future inside their lives. While an estimate of 30% suffers from its persistent form. \u2013 Pre-menstrual syndrome with signs and symptoms of irritability, melancholy and stress, and bloating because of to menstruation disturbs a woman\u2019s sleeping pattern. \u2013 Menopause can also alter a woman\u2019s sleeping pattern. \u2013 Being pregnant would make sleeplessness a single prevalent thing to come about. b. Elderly persons are also susceptible to receiving insomnia for the reason that ageing alters one\u2019s sleeping styles. do. Depressed people today have lighter slumbers compared to those who you should not feel this psychological issue. d. College students or young ones that are conscious with their grades (due to cramming)"}, {"title": "", "text": "body fat percentage Disruptive factor: Natural influences Disruptive factor: Environmental influences Many of our physiological processes work according to a fixed rhythm, a 24-hour cycle, the so-called circadian rhythm, our \"inner clock\" which is synchronized with the Earth's rotation. Many hormones are influenced by this rhythm: for example, the largest amount of prolactin is produced in the hours after bed, while testosterone reaches its maximum in the morning hours. Our internal clock influences our sleep, digestive system, body temperature, heart and blood pressure. On the other hand, this rhythm is influenced by factors from our environment: meals, exercise and stress. Our internal clock is important and essential for basal body temperature. Clinical studies show that core body temperature can vary depending on how much or how long you have slept 1. For example, if you sleep for less than four hours, you are likely to have a slightly lower temperature than if you sleep for more than seven hours. This temperature difference can be explained by the biorhythm. After a certain period of time, certain physiological processes in the body - even when you are asleep - have to start because they cannot rest for too long. After how many hours of sleep this is the case, it varies from person to person and depends on the lifestyle of the individual. In Europe, the clock is moved one hour forward (summer time) on the last Sunday in March and back one hour (winter time) on the last Sunday in October. You may have noticed that during"}, {"title": "", "text": "called rest apnea might also bring about sleeplessness. Periodic arm and leg actions for the duration of snooze leading to the muscles to twitch excessively is one particular underlying bring about of this rest condition. Yet another bring about is narcolepsy or one\u2019s lack of management on regardless of whether to remain awake or to fall asleep, is yet another bring about of the snooze condition. Engaging to vigorous actions these kinds of as exercise just suitable well before bedtime can deprive one among a fantastic night\u2019s rest. Consuming massive meals when one is simply about to rest may also make a single encounter this sleeping dysfunction. This is because when metabolism is at its most lively thus the body prompts a single to stay awake. Reports have it that 90% of people can purchase transient sleeplessness sooner or later within their lives. Whilst an estimate of 30% suffers from its chronic kind. \u2013 Pre-menstrual syndrome with symptoms of irritability, despair and stress and anxiety, and bloating because of to menstruation disturbs a woman\u2019s sleeping pattern. \u2013 Being pregnant can make sleeplessness 1 frequent thing to come about diabetes mellitus. b. Aged persons are also at risk of receiving sleeplessness since ageing alters one\u2019s sleeping styles. do. Depressed people have lighter slumbers compared to those that don\u2019t come to feel this psychological problem. d. Students or younger kinds who will be acutely aware with their grades (thanks to cramming) can effortlessly turn out to be insomniacs also. With that vast facts on what will cause insomnia"}, {"title": "", "text": "This happens when a person wakes up but their body isn't quite ready for the change in state. They are still asleep and unable to move or talk because of this lack of readiness Can people lose weight in their sleep? Yes, people can lose weight in their sleep. It is possible for the body to go into a state of ketosis which means they are producing cellular energy from fat rather than carbs or sugars Can people have sex in their sleep? Yes, people have been known to have sex in their sleep. What is REM sleep? REM sleep is short for \"Rapid Eye Movement.\" This is where dreams happen so it's important for your mental health to get a good night's sleep. Sleep is a wild thing, and there are many things that can happen while asleep. Even though it is uncommon to cough, sneeze, or yawn in your sleep it is still possible due to involuntary stimuli like allergies or congestion. It's also amazing to think of how common it is to do things like walk, and talk in your sleep! The brain is recharging and sorting out information while you sleep so if you're overly stressed or anxious during the day it can play out during your sleep in some very unusual ways. It's important to remember how vital sleep is for your overall health and well-being. Confessions of a Mattress Geek Humidity Levels Affect Your Sleep: How, Why, and What You Can Do"}, {"title": "", "text": "peak in the morning when it is time to get up. It is this burst of cortisol that wakes us. It seems that our circadian rhythm can get all \u201cmessed up\u201d due to stress, work hours and staying up too late, like being on the computer or watching TV. It even said that worrying about things or drinking too much caffeine close to bed time can cause our cortisol levels to stay elevated. Once the circadian rhythm is out of sink you will not be able to get into that deep healing/fat burning sleep. So I\u2019m buying another bottle, but I\u2019ll take it in the evenings now. I have always been a champion sleeper. Sleep came easy for me. For most of my life I fell asleep within minutes of lying down; but thanks to menopause, that changed. At least I thought it was menopause, because now I\u2019m not so sure. Here\u2019s why I thought it was menopause. Just about the same time I began to have hot flashes, I began to lose sleep. I tried to go to sleep at 11 p.m., my usual bedtime. I tossed and turned until about 12:30 a.m. or later, then fell asleep and woke up around 4-5 a.m. If I had the time, I ate breakfast and then slept until noon. It wasn\u2019t a good schedule, even for a teenager\u2014let alone a woman in her 50s. I was sleepy at all hours just not at night. I read everything I could get my hands on about sleeping. I got"}, {"title": "", "text": "cortisol fluctuates up and down normally over each 24-hour period and this plays a critical role in learning, the consolidation of new knowledge into memory and the later retrieval of those memories,\" she said. \"This might be important for the development of a possible therapy to overcome the neuroplasticity problem.\""}, {"title": "", "text": "after we fall asleep. These are quite normal, and stem from the brain relaxing its grip on muscle tension when the body subsides into a state of sleep. Should this occur abruptly and with force, however, a person can be woken up equally abruptly, and experience a sensation of falling. When we sleep, our blood pressure and pulse rate is reduced. Blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood increases, causing our skin to become warm and red. Our breathing rate also slows down. Researchers have established a definite link between what happens in our dreams, and changes in blood circulation, breathing and eye movements."}, {"title": "", "text": "and did not eat all day, at dinner time we would be very hungry. A similar process occurs with sleep. After we awaken in the morning, the longer we spend awake, the greater is our drive to sleep. At the end of the day we're sleepy. Our drive to sleep is high because we've been awake all day: we have built up a big sleep debt! We pay off the sleep debt during the night as we sleep. When we awaken in the morning, our drive to sleep (sleep debt) starts to build again throughout the day. Persons with insomnia develop poor sleep habits that can interfere with the drive to sleep. The other factor that helps to regulate our sleep is our biological or internal clock. People and animals have a very strong internal clock that helps to regulate many body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, urine production, digestion, temperature, and sleep-wake rhythm. In order to keep our internal clock set and running smoothly, it needs signals from the environment such as light and dark, regular schedules and activities, and social interactions. Having the same wake-up time every day is one of the strongest signals we can give our internal clock to strengthen our sleep-wake rhythm. Persons with insomnia develop poor sleep habits that can interfere with the signals that our internal clock needs to keep sleep and wake balanced."}, {"title": "", "text": "big source of caffeine which increases heart rate and causes sleeplessness. The main reason why people can't sleep is that they are overstressed by their work. One in this condition can never sleep peacefully. This is the worst thing you should always avoid even if it is daytime. It contains nicotine (a component of tobacco) which has the same symptoms as tobacco and alcohol and leads to sleeplessness. Never sleep in extreme temperatures as this leads to discomfort. Our brain releases certain hormones which make our muscles vibrate (when too cold) or we start sweating (when hot). These hormones also result in more alertness and hence, you should ensure to keep the room temperature optimal. It is obvious that pets can do hilarious things at night starting from licking, pushing or even jumping over you if you sleep with it beside you. Rather, you should make a separate space for it to sleep and only after it has slept, you should sleep. If you avoid the above-mentioned things and maintain a stress-free healthy life, deep sleep will be a natural occurrence every night. These Late Night Habits Make You Gain Weight Constantly!"}, {"title": "", "text": "and ecstasy. Other causes of sleep problems can include changing hormone levels (for example, high or low levels of thyroid hormone, changes in estrogen levels during menopause and declining levels of free testosterone), calcium and/or vitamin B12 deficiencies, and infections (including a cold or flu). After years of tossing and turning, Jasmine was determined to pinpoint the cause of her problems. The efavirenz she was taking as part of her HIV treatment was a possible culprit but not an obvious one because she had been taking the medication for years without side effects. The vivid dreams, nightmares and insomnia that some experience when taking this drug normally occur when people start the medication and tend to diminish or go away with time. But when Jasmine switched HIV drugs, it was confirmed: \u201cMy sleep was much better within days. It was definitely one of the things that had been causing me problems.\u201d Working nights was another\u2014but more about that later. When we sleep, we alternate between periods of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). One cycle takes about 90 minutes to complete and typically consists of five stages. Stage 1 is a drowsy sleep that usually lasts five to 10 minutes. During stage 2, our muscle activity diminishes and body temperature drops as we lose consciousness. Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by a deep, restorative sleep when the growth hormone responsible for cellular regeneration and muscle development is released. Stage 5 is REM sleep: Our eyes move back and forth rapidly and dreaming"}, {"title": "", "text": "patterns (hyperventilation and breath-holding) produce tension in our necks, which results in headaches and dizziness, and we clench our teeth at night, so that our jaws and craniums ache and we sleep poorly. Consequently, we don't get good recovery-type sleep. The glass of wine we take to help us drift off into the world of Morpheus only makes things worse, as it prevents the natural wave-like changes between deep and shallow sleep that we need, to rationalise all the day's events and store memory. Before we know it, we have gone into what I call the _Corti-zone_. Once the stress hormone, cortisol, is pumping around us, we store fat in our abdomens. As we put on weight, the increased inflammation generated by the fat causes pain in the back and joints, as well as loading them with more to carry. It also causes cholesterol to line our blood vessels. We seek greater and greater gratification in the form of sugar and other carbohydrates, because we don't feel good. We may drink caffeine, smoke and vape more to get more dopamine and happy brain chemicals. The short-term effect is outweighed by the stimulants ramping up our pain. Basically, we go into a state of long-term physiological 'hypervigilance', which becomes a habit we can't shake off. We know it is happening as we look in the mirror and see bags around our eyes and pallid skin and wonder at the how the doughnut we had for elevenses has miraculously reformed as a ring around our bellies. For some"}, {"title": "", "text": "gravity. Spinal stretching isn't just limited to spacefarers, either. Just laying in bed overnight, the spine will stretch out just a little bit, and then shrink again once we stand up. Adding an inch or two isn't the only bodily fluctuation astronauts experience. Most experience changes to their eyesight, probably caused by fluctuations in the fluid pressure behind their eyeballs. There are indications that astronauts are also at higher risk for heart disease after going to space, and they experience bone loss and diminished muscle density due to the effects of weightlessness as well."}, {"title": "", "text": "levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. Individuals frequently deprived of sleep may experience weight gain. A sleep research study performed at the University of Colorado indicated that an adult that gets less than six hours of sleep every night can gain two pounds in a week. Sleep deprivation can cause striking psychological effects, too, like moodiness, inability to focus, and short-term memory loss. These effects can inhibit children from learning and decrease productivity at work. Frequent sleep loss has also been linked to developing signs of depression. With extreme sleep loss, psychological effects escalate to hallucinations. Lack of sleep can be dangerous for drivers, as driving requires constant attention. Some studies show that being awake for over 18 hours can cause impairment similar to being legally drunk. Sleeping on an inferior mattress may cause improper spinal alignment and offer uneven weight distribution. These problems lead to pressure build up in the lower back and the shoulders and disrupted blood circulation. As a result, individuals toss and turn throughout the night frequently breaking out of the sleep cycle. This lengthens the amount of time to complete one cycle and results in fewer completed cycles in a night. Your body loses the ability to regulate its temperature during REM sleep. Abnormal temperatures in the sleeping environment can break you out of the sleep cycle. Inferior mattresses tend to trap and store body heat, which can then cause you to wake up by feeling overheated. Sleeping on the right mattress remains essential to getting healthy sleep. Anyone troubled with"}, {"title": "", "text": "New research indicates that our brains undergo a cleansing process to remove toxins while we sleep, including toxins believed to be responsible for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The research, conducted on mice, showed that during sleep the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain increases dramatically, washing away harmful waste proteins that build up in the brain during waking hours. Additionally, cells in the brain shrink in size, allowing for the cerebrospinal fluid to more thoroughly rinse away the waste proteins. These waste proteins, produced naturally while we are awake, are toxic to brain cells and have been linked to dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s. These findings may also help to explain why we think less clearly after a sleepless night, as well as many other issues related to inadequate sleep. Loss or lack of sleep has been linked to various diseases and disorders: obesity, diabetes, heart disease and hypertension, mood disorders, immune functions, overall life expectancy and more. It\u2019s already well established that our bodies undergo several restorative processes while we sleep. Skipping on sleep, so easily done in our fast-paced world, has major repercussions in the short term and the long term. A loss of just 1-2 hours of sleep a night can have profound effects on our daily performance capabilities and the well being of our bodies. Unplug \u2013 turn off the TV and unplug from the laptop and your cellphone for at least an hour before bed. Read a book, listen to relaxing music, stretch or meditate. Establish your sleep zone \u2013 Invest in a good"}, {"title": "", "text": "10 Wonderful Things Happen During Sleep Tukang Warta 0 health, the list, unique 10/31/2013 01:00:00 AM Sleep indeed is a routine. However, this mandatory and routine activity has a lot of amazing things, from fart problems, muscle paralysis, until the appearance of stimulus. Many miracles happen during sleep. lemari asam .adv - The following list of amazing things that happen during sleep. Body temperature. While sleeping, the body temperature slowly will decrease. The decrease is a signal to the brain to release the hormone melatonin so that our sleeps become more peaceful. Body weight. Most people who weighed feel happier when getting up in the morning to find their body weight reduced. Water discharge at night indeed makes the body weight decreases. Indirectly, maintaining the quality and quantity of sleep can support the maximum body weight. Body height. Body height does not increase as much. However, because laying the body all night, at least the body height increases just a few millimetres for which are still in its infancy. Blood pressure and heart rate. When sleeping, the organs in the body are not going to work too hard in carrying out its functions. Thus the blood pressure tends to decrease when sleeping. The heart rate is slower than you are awake. Muscles paralysis. It sounds terrible, actually paralyzed muscles during sleep are a normal condition. Due to the condition of paralyzed muscles can prevent the body from movements experienced while dreaming. Eye twitch. When sleeping, the eyes are also experiencing a twitch. The researchers don\u2019t know"}, {"title": "", "text": "10 Wonderful Things Happen During Sleep Tukang Warta 0 health, the list, unique 10/31/2013 01:00:00 AM Sleep indeed is a routine. However, this mandatory and routine activity has a lot of amazing things, from fart problems, muscle paralysis, until the appearance of stimulus. Many miracles happen during sleep. lemari asam .adv - The following list of amazing things that happen during sleep. Body temperature. While sleeping, the body temperature slowly will decrease. The decrease is a signal to the brain to release the hormone melatonin so that our sleeps become more peaceful. Body weight. Most people who weighed feel happier when getting up in the morning to find their body weight reduced. Water discharge at night indeed makes the body weight decreases. Indirectly, maintaining the quality and quantity of sleep can support the maximum body weight. Body height. Body height does not increase as much. However, because laying the body all night, at least the body height increases just a few millimetres for which are still in its infancy. Blood pressure and heart rate. When sleeping, the organs in the body are not going to work too hard in carrying out its functions. Thus the blood pressure tends to decrease when sleeping. The heart rate is slower than you are awake. Muscles paralysis. It sounds terrible, actually paralyzed muscles during sleep are a normal condition. Due to the condition of paralyzed muscles can prevent the body from movements experienced while dreaming. Eye twitch. When sleeping, the eyes are also experiencing a twitch. The researchers don\u2019t know"}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep is the time when your body rests and repairs itself. Without good sleep our bodies do not repair and we start to experience more disease and more pain. It is during sleep that our breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature all reduce. It is also when we stabilize blood sugars and change our metabolism, this prevents weight gain. Charlotte de Courcey-Bayley is a member of the Australian Sleep Association, and one of very few dentists who is accredited by the ASA to fit snoring and sleep apnoea Splints."}, {"title": "", "text": "Sleep is the time when your body rests and repairs itself. Without good sleep our bodies do not repair and we start to experience more disease and more pain. It is during sleep that our breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature all reduce. It is also when we stabilize blood sugars and change our metabolism, this prevents weight gain. Charlotte de Courcey-Bayley is a member of the Australian Sleep Association, and one of very few dentists who is accredited by the ASA to fit snoring and sleep apnoea Splints."}, {"title": "", "text": "Attempts to analyse the sleep structure of patients with eating disorders have so far led to conflicting results. Polygraphic findings suggest that patients with bulimia nervosa are not easily distinguishable from age-matched controls, whereas anorexic patients show some abnormalities in sleep efficiency and sleep architecture. Nevertheless, both bulimic and anorexic patients complain of poor quality sleep. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microstructure of sleep in anorexia and bulimia by analysing arousal (following the rules of the American Sleep Disorders Association) and the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). The results confirmed the presence of sleep disturbances in eating disordered patients: an increase in arousal length and the CAP rate. They also seem to confirm the findings of previous studies suggesting that altered sleep in eating disordered patients may be related to their body mass index (BMI) and psychopathological status."}, {"title": "", "text": "theories exist, see Dream Theories from About.com or from HowStuffWorks.com for more information. In terms of breathing, metabolism, heart rate and body temperature, generally speaking they all decrease as we sleep. This is another reason why eating before bed or even having a heavy meal a couple hours before going to sleep can easily lead to weight gain, as your metabolism is most inefficient at this time. The exception to the rule of decrease, is that our heart rate and even breathing actually significantly speeds up at certain times of the night, depending on what state of sleep we are in. Another way of looking at what happens to us when we sleep is through the 5 stages of sleep. Thanks to numerous tests that have been run on both human and animal subjects, by tracking our brain activity through the use of electrodes, we can decipher what neurological activity our brain is going through as we sleep. By studying the amplitude and frequency of our brain waves, we can learn more about what our brain is doing and how this impacts our body. STAGE ONE \u2013 (Non-REM): This is known as Light Sleep and is part of non-Rapid Eye Movement (non-REM) sleep. This is when we are half awake and half asleep and can be awakened easily at this stage. Muscle activity slows down and slight muscle twitching may occur. STAGE TWO \u2013 (Non-REM): Within 10 minutes of light sleep, we enter True Sleep. This is the period we spend most of our night in."}, {"title": "", "text": "Altered Percent Amplitude of Fluctuation in Healthy Subjects After 36 h Sleep Deprivation."}, {"title": "", "text": "Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity across the menstrual cycle."}, {"title": "", "text": "fall asleep in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. The participants, who were paid for this uncomfortable arrangement, also had to wear a net of electrodes on their scalps to measure the electrical activity of their brains. The results showed a pulsing, predictable flow. First, neural activity quiets. Then, blood flows out of the brain. Next, cerebrospinal fluid flows in. Lather, rinse, repeat. The pattern is so consistent that it's possible to just look at cerebrospinal fluid in a given brain region and tell whether a person is awake or asleep, Lewis said. The findings may be a new insight into brain-related problems of aging. Toxic proteins are implicated in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. These dementias are often associated with disrupted sleep, and atypical sleep patterns might be linked to a greater risk of developing dementia. Both slow-wave sleep \u2014 a phase of deep sleep during which dreaming occurs \u2014 and cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with the cleansing of the brain. The new research suggests that the brain activity and the fluid flow are linked. It's not yet clear exactly how or why the neural activity, blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid remain so in sync. Lewis and her colleagues speculate that when brain activity drops, the neurons need less oxygenation, so blood flow declines. The cerebrospinal fluid might then rush in to maintain pressure in the brain and prevent brain damage. That's only speculation, though, Lewis said. More studies of the brain's nocturnal cadences are needed to understand the cleansing flow. Inside the Brain:"}, {"title": "", "text": "after we fall asleep. These are quite normal, and stem from the brain relaxing its grip on muscle tension when the body subsides into a state of sleep. Should this occur abruptly and with force, however, a person can be woken up equally abruptly, and experience a sensation of falling. When we sleep, our blood pressure and pulse rate is reduced. Blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood increases, causing our skin to become warm and red. Our breathing rate also slows down. Researchers have established a definite link between what happens in our dreams, and changes in blood circulation, breathing and eye movements."}, {"title": "", "text": "after we fall asleep. These are quite normal, and stem from the brain relaxing its grip on muscle tension when the body subsides into a state of sleep. Should this occur abruptly and with force, however, a person can be woken up equally abruptly, and experience a sensation of falling. When we sleep, our blood pressure and pulse rate is reduced. Blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood increases, causing our skin to become warm and red. Our breathing rate also slows down. Researchers have established a definite link between what happens in our dreams, and changes in blood circulation, breathing and eye movements."}, {"title": "", "text": "which tells us when we are tired. It helps synchronise thousands of cells in our body to a 24-hour cycle called the circadian rhythm. The main synchroniser for our body clock is light. Our eyes react to light and dark, even when our eyelids are closed. Daylight prompts our brains to reduce the production of the sleep hormone melatonin. This makes us feel more alert. If we get less sleep during the night, because of going to bed late or waking up early, we\u2019re unlikely to get as much deep sleep as we need. Our core body temperature should drop by half a degree when we are asleep. So as sleep approaches, our body clock makes blood vessels in our hands, face and feet open up, in order to lose heat. But if we get too cold, we get restless and find it hard to sleep. Or if our bedrooms or duvets are too warm, our bodies can\u2019t lose heat, which can also cause restlessness. We can have trouble sleeping after we consume food and drink that act as stimulants. Drinks high in caffeine make it harder to fall asleep and can interfere with our deep sleep. Caffeine can stay in our system for many hours, so our sleep quality can be affected by the caffeinated drinks we consume earlier in the day. In the course of a night we usually have six to seven cycles of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, during which our brains process the information we\u2019ve absorbed during the day. This leaves"}, {"title": "", "text": "and can deactivate minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which are important for sound sleep. A recent study found that patients with dental amalgams had a significantly higher incidence of insomnia (as well as anger, depression, and anxiety) than those without amalgams, because of mercury's effects on neurotransmitters in the brain. Candida: Candida infection can directly alter sleep patterns, according to a study with animals. Yeast infections can also cause food allergies to develop. Allergies and chemical sensitivity: Overproduction of insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar levels, is one potential effect of food allergies, and the resulting blood sugar imbalance (hypoglycemia) can potentially result in sleep problems. Chloride and fluoride in water, along with pesticides that leach out of the soil and into our food and water supply, are among the toxic chemicals people are most commonly exposed to. People who are sensitive to these chemicals can have allergic responses that include insomnia. In those who are environmentally sensitive, breathing car fumes and other toxic substances can trigger a cascade of internal biochemical events that disturb sleep. Blood sugar imbalances: Parasites can cause hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Nighttime hypoglycemia releases adrenaline, cortisol, and other hormones to stimulate the brain and indicate that it is time to eat. This can awaken you or prevent you from entering a deep sleep state. Slow metabolism: If the liver is toxic, it will not be able to adequately process toxins out of the body. This may mean that caffeine, medications, and other stimulants remain the body and disrupt"}, {"title": "", "text": "The objective of our study was to explore changes in cognitive functions, sleep propensity, and sleep-related hormones (growth hormone [GH], cortisol, prolactin [PRL], thyrotropin [TSH]) in the daytime of nurses working on fast rotating shifts."}, {"title": "", "text": "body movements. Information from these recorders was fed into a computer program that was able to detect actual sleep patterns. The team used special computed tomography, or CT, scans to assess the buildup of calcium inside heart arteries, performing one scan at the start of the study and one five years later. After accounting for other differences such as age, gender, race, education, smoking and risk for sleep apnea, the team found sleep duration appeared to play a significant role in the development of coronary artery calcification. Sleep matters About 12 per cent of the people in the study developed artery calcification during the five-year study period. Among those who had slept less than five hours a night, 27 per cent had developed artery calcification. That dropped to 11 per cent among those who slept five to seven hours, and to 6 per cent among those who slept more than seven hours a night. Dr Lauderdale said it is not clear why this difference occurred in people who slept less, but they had some theories. Because blood pressure tends to fall off during sleep, it could be that people who slept longer had lower blood pressure over a 24-hour period. Or, it could be related to reduced exposure to the stress hormone cortisol, which is decreased during sleep. Or it may be some unidentified process. 'It's something of a mystery,' Dr Lauderdale said. Dr Kathy Parker, a sleep researcher from the University of Rochester's School of Nursing in New York, said the study underscores the role"}, {"title": "", "text": "body movements. Information from these recorders was fed into a computer program that was able to detect actual sleep patterns. The team used special computed tomography, or CT, scans to assess the buildup of calcium inside heart arteries, performing one scan at the start of the study and one five years later. After accounting for other differences such as age, gender, race, education, smoking and risk for sleep apnea, the team found sleep duration appeared to play a significant role in the development of coronary artery calcification. Sleep matters About 12 per cent of the people in the study developed artery calcification during the five-year study period. Among those who had slept less than five hours a night, 27 per cent had developed artery calcification. That dropped to 11 per cent among those who slept five to seven hours, and to 6 per cent among those who slept more than seven hours a night. Dr Lauderdale said it is not clear why this difference occurred in people who slept less, but they had some theories. Because blood pressure tends to fall off during sleep, it could be that people who slept longer had lower blood pressure over a 24-hour period. Or, it could be related to reduced exposure to the stress hormone cortisol, which is decreased during sleep. Or it may be some unidentified process. 'It's something of a mystery,' Dr Lauderdale said. Dr Kathy Parker, a sleep researcher from the University of Rochester's School of Nursing in New York, said the study underscores the role"}, {"title": "", "text": "and brown rice, says nutritionist Cassandra Barns. These complex carbs drip-feed energy through the night, to stop your body from releasing its starvation hormones, but release it slowly so you don\u2019t get a sudden, wake-up spike. When your brain\u2019s racing, a couple of pints might ease you into unconsciousness. But the sleep it initiates isn\u2019t beneficial, according to a study published in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. The researchers found that a nightcap spiked levels of alpha waves in the brain, which are normally present when you\u2019re resting, but not asleep. These override the rather handier delta waves, which reboot your brain and make sure your day\u2019s experiences are filed away properly. The result? You wake up groggy and forget where you put your keys. For a better pre-bed tipple, swap the hard stuff for coconut water. It\u2019s low-sugar, which circumvents those sudden energy spikes, and is packed with sleep-inducing electrolytes, like magnesium, potassium, calcium and phosphorous. \u201cBalanced levels of these minerals are necessary to maintain normal muscle action, nerve function and hydration in our body,\u201d says Barns. \u201cDeficiencies or imbalances may cause cramping and restless legs at night, and therefore disturbed sleep.\u201d Just don\u2019t be tempted to add a glug of vodka."}, {"title": "", "text": "night\u2019s sleep, REM sleep occurs several times, alternating with non-REM sleep. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep. The body also experiences maximum muscle relaxation, which allows the sleeper to wake up feeling physically refreshed. In addition, some researchers believe that newly acquired information is consolidated as part of our long-term memory during this sleep stage. ... circulatory system and helping to ward off cardiovascular disease. In addition, the production of growth hormone peaks during non-REM sleep, with some teenagers producing as much as 50 times more growth hormone at night than during the day. Sleep also seems to affect our appetite. Scientists have discovered that sleep really is, to quote Shakespeare, \u201cchief nourisher in life\u2019s feast.\u201d Our brain interprets a lack of sleep as a lack of food. While we sleep, our organism secretes leptin, the hormone that normally lets our body know that we have eaten enough. When we stay awake longer than we should, our body produces less leptin, and we feel a craving for more carbohydrates. So sleep deprivation can lead to increased carbohydrate consumption, which in turn can lead to obesity.\u2014See the box \u201cAn Afternoon Nap,\u201d on page 6. But that is not all. Sleep makes it easier for our body to metabolize free radicals\u2014molecules that are said to affect the aging of cells and even cause cancer. In a recent study carried out by the University of Chicago, 11 healthy young men were allowed only four hours of sleep a day for six days. At the end of this period, their"}, {"title": "", "text": "rigid clock is not so amenable to sudden change. While the cycle of sleep is adjusted, your body temperature did not adjust, but followed its rigid pattern for when it peaks and when it bottoms. So the two are not synchronized, and chaos within the body follows. Even though you don't see it, stress is the result. These two oscillators, then, when not playing the game harmoniously, can create a state of disruption that can lead to depression. This is why it is so absolutely essential, not just for those who are depressed, but also for anyone who wants to avoid depression, to develop healthy and consistent sleeping habits. There is only one way to harmonize these two oscillators and that is to reduce variability. Always try to go to bed at the same time. It's as simple as that! Also try to darken your environment about an hour before you go to bed. It helps the production of melatonin, nicknamed the \"Dracula hormone,\" and this facilitates sleep. Some people are so sensitive to variations in melatonin, particularly the increase of melatonin in the longer winter months, that they experience a unique form of depression called \"seasonal affective disorder.\" It has been likened to the hibernation of animals in the wintertime, the symptoms being remarkably similar\u2014carbohydrate craving, weight gain, oversleeping, and fatigue. 6. PARENTAL TURMOIL AND DIVORCE Among the most common causes of male depression has got to be the effect of divorce and parental turmoil on boys. In my book _Helping Children_ _Survive Divorce,_ I"}, {"title": "", "text": "health problems. The circadian rhythm is the body\u2019s natural cycle that tells you when to wake up and when to sleep. Consistently sleeping in abnormal patterns can cause long term sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea. Insomnia is when falling asleep or staying asleep is difficult. Sleep apnea is when breathing randomly stops and starts. Catching up on sleep can only slightly prevent these serious disorders after prolonged sleep deprivation. While we sleep our brain is hard at work. Our hippocampus replays daily memories to our cortex for long-term storage. When that process is interrupted, memories may be lost. By depriving your body of sleep, every last battle of the American Revolutionary War that you crammed into your head at 4 AM will likely not be stored long enough to remember for the U.S. History exam. Aside from memory, lack of sleep can have serious physical effects as well. Growth hormones are released during sleep, so if you have not reached your final phases of growth, you may limit yourself by less sleep. Other hormones are controlled during sleep, such as ghrelin and leptin. These hormones control diet and alterations may lead to weight gain. When students study, they want to absorb the greatest amount of information in the shortest amount of time. Working under a sleepy-haze can result in sub-par work. If you are working on a project or studying for a test, a lack of focus due to sleepiness may cause you to make silly mistakes that cost your grade. During an"}, {"title": "", "text": "health problems. The circadian rhythm is the body\u2019s natural cycle that tells you when to wake up and when to sleep. Consistently sleeping in abnormal patterns can cause long term sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea. Insomnia is when falling asleep or staying asleep is difficult. Sleep apnea is when breathing randomly stops and starts. Catching up on sleep can only slightly prevent these serious disorders after prolonged sleep deprivation. While we sleep our brain is hard at work. Our hippocampus replays daily memories to our cortex for long-term storage. When that process is interrupted, memories may be lost. By depriving your body of sleep, every last battle of the American Revolutionary War that you crammed into your head at 4 AM will likely not be stored long enough to remember for the U.S. History exam. Aside from memory, lack of sleep can have serious physical effects as well. Growth hormones are released during sleep, so if you have not reached your final phases of growth, you may limit yourself by less sleep. Other hormones are controlled during sleep, such as ghrelin and leptin. These hormones control diet and alterations may lead to weight gain. When students study, they want to absorb the greatest amount of information in the shortest amount of time. Working under a sleepy-haze can result in sub-par work. If you are working on a project or studying for a test, a lack of focus due to sleepiness may cause you to make silly mistakes that cost your grade. During an"}, {"title": "", "text": "A bed was equipped with four force transducers so that the location of the Center Of Mass (COM) can be computed, when the bed contains a person. The computation of the COM and its alterations in combination with the sum of all measured forces allows to compute the person's position in bed, an activity level, the resulting body weight and the corresponding weight change rate over time (overnight and long-term) as well as simply to determine whether the person is in the bed or not. The results of several overnight measurement experiments show, that the person's position in the bed (central, left, right) can be correctly detected, the proposed activity level is a promising indicator for the sleep-activity and furthermore the initial body weight as well as the nightly weight change rate can be determined."}, {"title": "", "text": "ever felt groggy or spaced out when you're tired, then you already know a lack of sleep can lead to memory problems and brain fog. \"With a proper night\u2019s sleep, you are ultimately better able to function throughout the day, but when sleep deprivation continues, your frontal lobe is most impaired, causing mental function to be reduced similar to that of a drunk person,\" Dr. Kansagra says. If you want to feel sharp, getting enough sleep will be key. While you won't develop dementia after only a couple nights of bad sleep, it is something that can occur in the future, due to the way lack of sleep impacts the brain. \"During sleep, the brain appears to rid itself of toxic metabolites produced during the day,\" Ofer Jacobowitz, MD, PhD, FAASM, FAAOA, tells Bustle. \"There is increased flow of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) that bathes the brain and metabolites are eliminated in this fashion. With sleep impairment, there are higher levels of beta amyloid in the brain, implicated in Alzheimer\u2019s.\" \"With sleep deprivation, our hormone levels are affected,\" Dr. Jacobowitz says. \"Insulin levels decrease and cortisol levels go up, both leading to high sugar levels in the bloodstream.\" It's also common for sleepy people to each sugary foods, for an extra boost of energy to keep them going. And all of that combined can increase your risk for diabetes. If you've been feeling achy lately, it could be tied to the fact you rarely sleep. \"Sleep is where you make growth hormone and have tissue repair,\""}, {"title": "", "text": "ever felt groggy or spaced out when you're tired, then you already know a lack of sleep can lead to memory problems and brain fog. \"With a proper night\u2019s sleep, you are ultimately better able to function throughout the day, but when sleep deprivation continues, your frontal lobe is most impaired, causing mental function to be reduced similar to that of a drunk person,\" Dr. Kansagra says. If you want to feel sharp, getting enough sleep will be key. While you won't develop dementia after only a couple nights of bad sleep, it is something that can occur in the future, due to the way lack of sleep impacts the brain. \"During sleep, the brain appears to rid itself of toxic metabolites produced during the day,\" Ofer Jacobowitz, MD, PhD, FAASM, FAAOA, tells Bustle. \"There is increased flow of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) that bathes the brain and metabolites are eliminated in this fashion. With sleep impairment, there are higher levels of beta amyloid in the brain, implicated in Alzheimer\u2019s.\" \"With sleep deprivation, our hormone levels are affected,\" Dr. Jacobowitz says. \"Insulin levels decrease and cortisol levels go up, both leading to high sugar levels in the bloodstream.\" It's also common for sleepy people to each sugary foods, for an extra boost of energy to keep them going. And all of that combined can increase your risk for diabetes. If you've been feeling achy lately, it could be tied to the fact you rarely sleep. \"Sleep is where you make growth hormone and have tissue repair,\""}, {"title": "", "text": "ultimately have an impact on the brain. * * * **Science bite: Sleep** During sleep we go through phases of restoration and repair. During deepest sleep, stages 3 and 4, most physical reparation and healing functions occur. Our blood pressure drops, our muscles relax, our heart rate slows and our breathing rate becomes slow and steady. The drop of almost 10 per cent in blood pressure and heart rate is highly protective as it gives our heart a rest. People who do not get enough quality sleep have increased rates of heart disease. While relaxed in sleep, blood supply to muscles is increased, thereby supporting tissue growth and repair. Our skin is similarly boosted by increased water to the skin and nocturnal repair \u2013 all those products for application at night are meant to complement the body's natural repair process. Our immune system is boosted as we produce more antibodies. Hormones are released, especially those for growth and development and those necessary to balance our appetites by regulating levels of the hormones ghrelin and leptin, which play a role in our feelings of hunger and fullness (this explains why when we are sleep deprived we are often unconsciously propelled to eat more). The body's master clock, the brain, orchestrates a repair rotation around the body and organs so that we are reinvigorated for the next day. Despite the significance of sleep to our entire wellbeing, sleep disorders are quite common. There are two main types: insomnia and apnoea. As we age, our sleep patterns change subtly,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Not just 90 minutes after falling asleep, but even a few minutes or a few moments after falling asleep. We also look at their heart rate and rhythm their muscle activities and their breathing. But the biggest thing about that sleep study is their sleep cycles and how much dreams they have.\" Narcolepsy \u2013 Associated Conditions Other conditions that are commonly associated with narcolepsy include obesity while they're not directly related. It makes sense. Then when we feel very exhausted, very tired during the day that we tend to reach for foods that contain sugar and fats and even caffeine. So people with narcolepsy kind of self-treat with sugar to give themselves a boost of energy. Unfortunately, if your diet is made up of soda and candy bars, this tends to lead to obesity and frequently obesity can lead to other problems like hypertension, diabetes, and even obstructive sleep apnea, another common sleep disorder, which can cause daytime fatigue as well. Another thing that may occur is that patients with narcolepsy may develop depression. There's a higher incidence of that, partly because of their disease state itself, but also some of those alerting neuro-transmitters in the head also give us energy. And if we don't have enough energy, our mood may be low and depression is a common side effect. Narcolepsy \u2013 Cataplexy \"In addition to excessive daytime sleepiness people with narcolepsy dream very frequently, and a lot more than the average person would, they also may be associated with symptoms that are kind of unusual."}, {"title": "", "text": "If you think you are suffering from poor sleep, these habits and be the cause. Among them are oversleeping, which changes our circadian clock and makes us feel unsettled after waking up. Other is reading or keeping busy before bedtime, which causes the secretion of the stress hormone cortisol, interfering with sleep. Check all the habits. More info click here."}, {"title": "", "text": "Brain and nervous system: Poor sleep affects your thinking and response time, and creates attention disturbances and impaired memory. Irritability, anxiety, and depression are also linked to lack of deep sleep. Cardiovascular system: The body senses sleep loss as a \"stress-inducing\" state, which raises levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which leave you bloated. These hormones also regulate blood pressure. When these hormone levels are chronically elevated, blood pressure becomes more difficult to control, leading to a higher risk for heart disease. Lack of sleep seems to affect women more than men. Immune system: During times of elevated physical, emotional, and mental stress, such as illness or emotional upset, the mind and body need greater amounts of sleep to support healing. Your body and immune system do most of its repairs and rejuvenation while you sleep, so if you're not getting enough, you are limiting your body's natural ability to repair itself. Have you ever had a restless night's sleep and felt famished in the morning? The cause of your hunger is actually too little sleep. Most of us have a sleep deficit (getting less than 7 hours per night or less than 49 hours per week). The result from being overtired is that your body and your brain are primed to make bad decisions. When you wake up starving, you might reach for something easy and quick to eat, such as a breakfast of cereal, toast, or a bagel to provide an energy burst as well as satisfy your hunger. But literally"}, {"title": "", "text": "Brain and nervous system: Poor sleep affects your thinking and response time, and creates attention disturbances and impaired memory. Irritability, anxiety, and depression are also linked to lack of deep sleep. Cardiovascular system: The body senses sleep loss as a \"stress-inducing\" state, which raises levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which leave you bloated. These hormones also regulate blood pressure. When these hormone levels are chronically elevated, blood pressure becomes more difficult to control, leading to a higher risk for heart disease. Lack of sleep seems to affect women more than men. Immune system: During times of elevated physical, emotional, and mental stress, such as illness or emotional upset, the mind and body need greater amounts of sleep to support healing. Your body and immune system do most of its repairs and rejuvenation while you sleep, so if you're not getting enough, you are limiting your body's natural ability to repair itself. Have you ever had a restless night's sleep and felt famished in the morning? The cause of your hunger is actually too little sleep. Most of us have a sleep deficit (getting less than 7 hours per night or less than 49 hours per week). The result from being overtired is that your body and your brain are primed to make bad decisions. When you wake up starving, you might reach for something easy and quick to eat, such as a breakfast of cereal, toast, or a bagel to provide an energy burst as well as satisfy your hunger. But literally"}, {"title": "", "text": "to find ways to counteract the negative effect of sleep inertia. For instance, we know that the ingestion of caffeine before napping can limit the downside of sleep inertia but we do not really know what are the mechanisms for that,\u201d Vallat added.The study, \u201cHard to wake up? The cerebral correlates of sleep inertia assessed using combined behavioral, EEG and fMRI measures\u201c, Raphael Vallat, David Meunier, Alain, Nicolas, and Perrine Ruby. Share on Twitter Pinterest Share Email LinkedIn Entering deep sleep and then waking up before completing the normal sleep cycle can result in a phenomenon known as sleep inertia. New brain scan research in NeuroImage helps explain why this phenomenon is associated with reduced cognitive performance.\u201cMy former PhD advisor (Dr. Perrine Ruby) and I were initially interested in sleep inertia \u2014 and what happens in the brain during this transient period \u2014 because we wanted to understand how this could relate to the recall or forgetting of dreams, which was at the time the main topic of my PhD,\u201d said study author Raphael Vallat of the Center for Human Sleep Science at the University of California, Berkeley.\u201cAnd, while we were planning the study, we realized that there was in fact no study that had previously looked at sleep inertia using a multi-modal approach (i.e. using both electrophysiological (EEG), behavioral and neuroimaging (fMRI) approaches).\u201d Share on Facebook read more Spanish health worker contracts Ebola at Madrid hospital A Spanish nurse who helped care for a sick priest who was brought back from West Africa has tested"}, {"title": "", "text": "period of sleep and in the absence of perturbing hemodynamic fluctuation. (Author correspondence: h.jones1@ljmu.ac.uk)"}, {"title": "", "text": "occurs when sleepiness and overstimulation are mistaken for hunger. Squirms and bears down; stops nursing; has bowel movement. May be mistaken for hunger. Mum often thinks she\u2019s \u2018doing something wrong\u2019."}, {"title": "", "text": "occurs when sleepiness and overstimulation are mistaken for hunger. Squirms and bears down; stops nursing; has bowel movement. May be mistaken for hunger. Mum often thinks she\u2019s \u2018doing something wrong\u2019."}, {"title": "", "text": "you maintain a consistent bedtime and wake-up time, the peak level of this substance correlates with the decline in the circadian rhythm for alertness, and you fall asleep. Interplay between these two processes also helps to wake you in the morning.\" **For extra credit** Rise and shine\u2014literally! Just as darkness is essential to set the \"sleep\" part of your sleep-wake cycle, light cues your body to ramp up for the day ahead. So don't stumble around in the dark after your alarm goes off. Open the shades to let in the sun; if you wake before sunrise, turn on your bedside lamp. Artificial light can do the job when natural light isn't available, Dr. Ash says. ## Don't Worry, Be Healthy Stress is an inescapable fact of 21st-century life. Whether our stressors are major (losing a job, ending a relationship) or minor (having a fender-bender, meeting a deadline), our bodies answer in the exact same way: Heart rate rises, breathing increases, digestion slows, among many other physiological changes. When stress is a constant, this so-called stress response never switches off. And that isn't good, especially for our bodies' defenses. \"The capabilities of the immune system are diminished with frequent activation of the autonomic nervous system, as is the case with chronic stress,\" says Jennifer Kelly, PhD, a licensed clinical psychologist at the Atlanta Center for Behavioral Medicine. \"The immune system is downgraded so that it can continuously function.\" ### 29 Feel kneaded **Why it works** Though research hasn't established a direct link between therapeutic massage and"}, {"title": "", "text": "wear EEG caps that allowed the researchers to measure electrical activity in their brains while lying in an MRI machine, where they were meant to sleep. However, sleeping in this location can be difficult, as MRI machines are very noisy. \"[I]t turns out that [the participants'] job is actually \u2014 secretly \u2014 almost the hardest part of our study,\" says Lewis. \"We have all this fancy equipment and complicated technologies, and often a big problem is that people can't fall asleep because they're in a really loud metal tube, and it's just a weird environment,\" she notes. Despite these challenges, the researchers managed \u2014 probably for the first time \u2014 to monitor the activity of cerebrospinal fluid in the participants' brains during sleep. They saw that cerebrospinal fluid appears to \"synchronize\" with brainwaves, which likely helps remove brain waste. This waste includes potentially toxic proteins that may otherwise form buildups that can impair the flow of information between neurons. These findings, the researchers add, could also shed fresh light on the underlying mechanisms in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, in which toxic protein plaques play a key role in memory loss and other cognitive impairments. They also explain that normal aging may be associated with poorer self-cleaning in the brain. With age, human brains tend to generate fewer slow waves, which may reduce blood flow in the brain, as well as cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. \"It's such a dramatic effect,\" emphasizes Lewis. \"[Cerebrospinal fluid pulsating in the brain during sleep] was something we didn't know happened at"}, {"title": "", "text": "such as light, temperature, posture, and feeding. So we tend to sleep when it\u2019s dark, we lie down when we sleep, we don\u2019t eat when we should sleep, and our body temperature drops to a minimum while asleep. But for astronauts, these factors are disrupted during long-term spaceflight. The low gravity is one major difference: lying down no longer makes any sense, for example, as there is no \u201cdown\u201d. Our normal sleeping patterns are disrupted by the lack of feedback from our body\u2019s posture during cycles of rest and activity. In fact astronauts have to take steps to ensure they don\u2019t float around while sleeping in space \u2013 they tie themselves into sleeping bags. In order to sleep well, our core body temperature needs to cool. This process is also influenced by body posture and flow of blood around the limbs, which is also affected by low gravity and the absence of \u201clying down\u201d. The absence of day and night is another major factor in space. Astronauts on the International Space Station orbit every 90 minutes, so the experience of cycles of light and dark is totally different to that on Earth. Light is the main synchronising cue for our internal body clock, and light also suppresses the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin. So exposure to \u2013 or absence of \u2013 light at inappropriate times disrupts our bodies\u2019 circadian rhythms and makes it difficult to sleep. The effect is the same with jet lag or shift work. Not only this, but spacecraft are noisy, with noise levels of"}, {"title": "", "text": "of amino acid that activates the brain. This sleep help trick will make tryptophan more readily available to your brain so it can more easily produce melatonin and serotonin. Follow a regular meal schedule. Eating on a sporadic schedule can be detrimental to sleep patterns when you go to bed. Avoid dieting. Dieting causes cortisol levels to fluctuate, setting the stage for insomnia. Eat a healthy diet that is high in whole foods and low in refined sugar. These sleep help tips will help you get the most out of your mattress mileage. Who knew that sleep help could taste so great? ix Northrup, C., M.D. (1998, 1994). Women\u2019s Bodies, Women\u2019s Wisdom. New York, New York. Bantam Books."}, {"title": "", "text": "Few would argue that the length and quality of sleep are what truly sets you up for the success of your day. There are innumerable conditions that can contribute to the inhibition of this success, but when environmental factors seem to be out of our control, you have to focus within. A neglected \u2014 but prominent \u2014 inhibitor that causes common sleep disruption can be attributed to our adrenals. When our tendency is to attempt a decathlon of a to-do list on a daily basis, our bodies end up depleting their access to our energy-providing adrenals and begin running on our backup source cortisol \u2014 aka your stress hormone. How do you know that your body has made this stress-inducing shift? Waking up between 3 a.m. \u2013 5 a.m. is indicative of our bodies\u2019 oxidative stress. If you pop up in the middle of the night with a stroke of genius about work or start creating a checklist and your mind resists slowing down \u2014 or if you are often getting up to go the bathroom \u2014 the likelihood is that your cortisol is kicking in and not allowing for your much-needed REM sleep. As adults, our bladders should be able to hold us throughout the night. Although there can be other components to this, a nightly disruption of sleep should not be an acceptable part of your routine! Then there is the elusive 3 p.m. crash. This is often when we\u2019re gearing up for the very large and strong third coffee of the day, or"}, {"title": "", "text": "abrupt carbon dioxide partial pressure increases. Panic attack onset was characterized by heart rate and tidal volume increases and a drop in carbon dioxide partial pressure. Symptom report was consistent with these changes. Skin conductance levels were generally elevated in the hour before, and during, the attacks. Changes in the matched control periods were largely absent. #anxiety #heart #hrv #panic-attacks - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov It's not just for kids -- even adults appear to benefit from a regular bedtime: Adults with varied sleep-wake times weigh more, have higher blood sugar, risk of disease -- ScienceDaily Of all three measures, however, regularity was the best at predicting someone's heart and metabolic disease risk, the researchers found. As one might expect, irregular sleepers experienced more sleepiness during the day and were less active -- perhaps because they were tired, Lunsford-Avery said. Researchers plan to conduct more studies over longer periods in hopes of determining how biology causes changes in sleep regularity and vice-versa. \"Perhaps there's something about obesity that disrupts sleep regularity,\" Lunsford-Avery said. \"Or, as some research suggests, perhaps poor sleep interferes with the body's metabolism which can lead to weight gain, and it's a vicious cycle. With more research, we hope to understand what's going on biologically, and perhaps then we could say what's coming first or which is the chicken and which is the egg.\" #sleep #diabetes #heart - sciencedaily.com Researchers Identify Molecule With Anti-Aging Effects On Vascular System - News Hub - In this study, the research team explores the link between calorie restriction (eating less"}, {"title": "", "text": "abrupt carbon dioxide partial pressure increases. Panic attack onset was characterized by heart rate and tidal volume increases and a drop in carbon dioxide partial pressure. Symptom report was consistent with these changes. Skin conductance levels were generally elevated in the hour before, and during, the attacks. Changes in the matched control periods were largely absent. #anxiety #heart #hrv #panic-attacks - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov It's not just for kids -- even adults appear to benefit from a regular bedtime: Adults with varied sleep-wake times weigh more, have higher blood sugar, risk of disease -- ScienceDaily Of all three measures, however, regularity was the best at predicting someone's heart and metabolic disease risk, the researchers found. As one might expect, irregular sleepers experienced more sleepiness during the day and were less active -- perhaps because they were tired, Lunsford-Avery said. Researchers plan to conduct more studies over longer periods in hopes of determining how biology causes changes in sleep regularity and vice-versa. \"Perhaps there's something about obesity that disrupts sleep regularity,\" Lunsford-Avery said. \"Or, as some research suggests, perhaps poor sleep interferes with the body's metabolism which can lead to weight gain, and it's a vicious cycle. With more research, we hope to understand what's going on biologically, and perhaps then we could say what's coming first or which is the chicken and which is the egg.\" #sleep #diabetes #heart - sciencedaily.com Researchers Identify Molecule With Anti-Aging Effects On Vascular System - News Hub - In this study, the research team explores the link between calorie restriction (eating less"}, {"title": "", "text": "peptide hormone, which means it has the structure of a protein. Through the union of various amino\u2026 Understanding the Four Stages of Sleep The stages of sleep are the periods in which changes occur while we're actually asleep. Many people believe that we're\u2026 Why People Gain Weight People gain weight simply when they eat more calories than they\u2019re capable of burning. Despite this simple equation, both variables can be modified by different factors. Hormonal mechanisms may reduce\u2026 \u00a9 2021 Step To Health | This website publishes free articles on natural remedies, physical and mental health, and how to take care of your body. International: Fran\u00e7ais | Suomi | Dansk | Deutsch | Rom\u00e2n\u0103 | Nederlands | Polski | \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 | \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac | Espa\u00f1ol | Portugu\u00eas | \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e | \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 | T\u00fcrk\u00e7e | Svenska | \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 | \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 | \u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587 | \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 | Norsk bokm\u00e5l | Italiano | \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 Last updated: 19 January, 2021"}, {"title": "", "text": "peptide hormone, which means it has the structure of a protein. Through the union of various amino\u2026 Understanding the Four Stages of Sleep The stages of sleep are the periods in which changes occur while we're actually asleep. Many people believe that we're\u2026 Why People Gain Weight People gain weight simply when they eat more calories than they\u2019re capable of burning. Despite this simple equation, both variables can be modified by different factors. Hormonal mechanisms may reduce\u2026 \u00a9 2021 Step To Health | This website publishes free articles on natural remedies, physical and mental health, and how to take care of your body. International: Fran\u00e7ais | Suomi | Dansk | Deutsch | Rom\u00e2n\u0103 | Nederlands | Polski | \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 | \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac | Espa\u00f1ol | Portugu\u00eas | \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e | \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 | T\u00fcrk\u00e7e | Svenska | \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 | \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 | \u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587 | \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 | Norsk bokm\u00e5l | Italiano | \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 Last updated: 19 January, 2021"}, {"title": "", "text": "for a Good Night's Sleep\"). Cortisol, a naturally occurring adrenal hormone, has a different cycle (it's also produced during the stress response). Levels of this hormone start off very high in the morning waking hours and decline over the course of the day, reaching a low midway through sleep; the level then spikes around 5 A.M. or approximately 1 hour before awakening. When stress disrupts cortisol's circadian rhythms, especially at night, cortisol levels become elevated when they are normally low. This shift can have profound effects on sleep-wake patterns and potentially cause sleep disturbances. ## Factors That Disrupt Sleep-Wake Rhythms As discussed above, traveling across time zones and shift work can disrupt circadian sleep-wake rhythms, but so can other factors that alter levels of melatonin. Abnormal exposure to light\u2014whether too little in the day or too much at night\u2014is a predominant cause of melatonin imbalances. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, emotional stress, some medications, and poor diet can also impair melatonin secretion. ### Traveling across Time Zones If you've ever traveled by plane across time zones\u2014for instance, from San Francisco to New York or from New York to Paris\u2014more than likely you've experienced jet lag. This condition is characterized by fatigue, irritability, difficulty in concentration, and an inability to sleep at the local bedtime. Flying across time zones can drastically disorient your circadian rhythms because the temporal cues (light and dark) of the destination are different from those you're synchronized with. Jet lag only occurs following airplane travel, and only when traveling east-west or west-east. Were"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep poorly, she explains. Sleeping poorly will then impact negatively on the way that they deal with their depression or life event, and consequently sleep will become even more of a struggle. \u201cThere\u2019s a really complex ongoing relationship between sleep and mood, anxiety and psychiatric disorders \u2014 and that\u2019s just the psychological side,\u201d she says. However, it\u2019s not only the long-term consequences we should be concerned about, the short-term consequences of sleep loss are also significant. Horton explains that it is possible to demonstrate that if you decrease the amount of sleep you normally have, over time, your ability to think clearly and to be able to assess memories accurately, slows down. \u201cYour ability to learn new information is vastly impaired. Coupled with that, you will have a bias towards negative stimuli so, if you don\u2019t have enough sleep, you wake up, see something that\u2019s probably neutral, but you see it as a negative threat,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re also clumsier, we forget words, our concentration and ability to sustain attention on single things are impaired and our ability to remain aroused is impaired,\u201d says Morgan. \u201cWe need sleep \u2014 it\u2019s so crucial \u2014 it might seem like an inconvenience, but we absolutely cannot function without it,\u201d concludes Horton. A better appreciation of the crucial importance of sleep in generating good health and wellbeing in older age is needed, according to Goodwin. \u201cIt is only just beginning to assume the importance it should have,\u201d he says. Having a good knowledge of how lifestyle behaviour can improve sleep"}, {"title": "", "text": "News Release 2-Mar-2020 Irregular sleep may increase risk of cardiovascular events Inconsistent bedtimes, irregular sleep patterns could cause more than two-fold risk of developing cardiovascular disease Boston, MA -- The body's clock keeps metabolism, blood pressure and heart rate running on schedule. But when an irregular sleep pattern disrupts this delicate ticking, what happens? A new study led by investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital measured participants' sleep duration and timing, finding that over a five-year period, individuals who had the most irregular sleep experienced a two-fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those with the most regular sleep patterns. The team's findings are published in The Journal of the American College of Cardiology. \"When we talk about interventions to prevent heart attacks and stroke, we focus on diet and exercise,\" said lead author Tianyi Huang, ScD, of the Brigham's Channing Division of Network Medicine. \"Even when we talk about sleep, we tend to focus on duration -- how many hours a person sleeps each night -- but not on sleep irregularity and the impact of going to bed at different times or sleeping different amounts from night to night. Our study indicates that healthy sleep isn't just about quantity but also about variability, and that this can have an important effect on heart health.\" Huang and colleagues examined data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a federally funded, prospective study that included 1,992 participants who did not have cardiovascular disease at the beginning of the study. MESA consisted of a diverse study"}, {"title": "", "text": "many days and concerted effort. It\u2019s also important to know that even people who learn science-based techniques to readjust their rhythms can experience short or long-term health issues such as gastrointestinal distress, heart disease, increased body weight, and diabetes due to consistent disruptions to the body\u2019s internal clock and constant bouts of sleep restriction or sleep disturbances. On average, people need seven to nine hours of sleep per night, and failure to get this amount has many negative effects. So what can we do in advance or prior to a race to minimize all of this? Sleep is like the fuel in a fuel tank\u2013what you take out must be replaced. Just like with our diets, we measure calories in/calories out over a day to maintain a consistent energy balance. Sleep is no different. If you do not fill up your sleep tank or reservoir, you decrease your probability of success and increase your probability of failure and increase personal risk because you are running out of \u2018fuel.\u2019 In our running, insufficient sleep leads to a decrease in energy levels, poor training runs, or poor times across distances when we know we can do better. At home we may have trouble staying awake, or we might nod off easily when watching a movie or TV with our family or friends because we\u2019re not refilling our sleep tank enough every day. In some cases this chronic sleep loss even causes depressed feelings, mood swings, and irritability. In his book Running with the Kenyans, Adharanand Finn identifies an"}, {"title": "", "text": "maintaining for instance, if we have constant increase in cortisol levels, we won\u2019t be able to manufacture melatonin at night and sleep. if we don\u2019t sleep. We experienced loss of memory. Executive functioning skills are stunning to falter. if we experience loss of memory and our executive functioning skills start to falter, we\u2019re more irritable. [00:22:11] So our relationship with our family members, begins to fall apart because we\u2019re more likely to, to be dismissive of our spouse, our children, and on and on, it has a cascading effect. And then the cascading effect comes back on itself because all of this continues to increase your stress hormones. [00:22:30] we might stress them more by eating comfort food or buying joints, some comfort drinking of comfort smoking. So unfortunately it exacerbates itself on a continuum. addressing one or two functions and sleep, I don\u2019t know how it is with your engineers, but sleep is big. [00:22:47] Michel Bordeau: Oh my goodness. Sleep hygiene breathing. Also think about it. Breathing also has to be, Reset almost. [00:22:57] Zach White: And just for clarity, when you say 12 systems, we\u2019re talking about, you know, the nervous system, the skeletal system, digestive system, all these different pieces. And as an engineer [00:23:08] Michel Bordeau: immune system, I mean it\u2019s 12 system that I have to work. [00:23:14] Zach White: And so the body being system of systems, engineers will appreciate this. You know, we are, yeah, this is the world we live in and designing products and the things"}, {"title": "", "text": "and did not eat all day, at dinner time we would be very hungry. A similar process occurs with sleep. After we awaken in the morning, the longer we spend awake, the greater is our drive to sleep. At the end of the day we're sleepy. Our drive to sleep is high because we've been awake all day: we have built up a big sleep debt! We pay off the sleep debt during the night as we sleep. When we awaken in the morning, our drive to sleep (sleep debt) starts to build again throughout the day. Persons with insomnia develop poor sleep habits that can interfere with the drive to sleep. The other factor that helps to regulate our sleep is our biological or internal clock. People and animals have a very strong internal clock that helps to regulate many body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, urine production, digestion, temperature, and sleep-wake rhythm. In order to keep our internal clock set and running smoothly, it needs signals from the environment such as light and dark, regular schedules and activities, and social interactions. Having the same wake-up time every day is one of the strongest signals we can give our internal clock to strengthen our sleep-wake rhythm. Persons with insomnia develop poor sleep habits that can interfere with the signals that our internal clock needs to keep sleep and wake balanced."}, {"title": "", "text": "that, and your sleep issue remains a mystery? Not surprisingly, the Unforgiving Four of radiation, toxic heavy metals, viruses, and DDT, as well as some of their sidekicks and offshoots, play a role. Viral Activity Viral issues are one of the major causes of trouble with sleep. The Epstein-Barr virus, shingles, cytomegalovirus, HHV-6, and even some bacteria can poison our systems and keep us up at night. That's because viruses such as Epstein-Barr excrete neurotoxins, which are disruptive in three main ways: (1) They trigger hypersensitivity in the central nervous system, which governs sleep; (2) they create body aches and pains, which can prevent you from relaxing enough to sleep; and (3) they can diminish neurotransmitter activity\u2014and because your neurotransmitters allow for communication across brain cells, this can get in the way of the proper sleep messages getting through. In this way, viral neurotoxins can create the issues of not being able to fall asleep for hours, or waking in the middle of the night and not being able to fall back asleep. Viral-caused insomnia is often mistaken for a thyroid issue, because, as I said earlier, it's common to experience insomnia and thyroid trouble side by side. It's not because an under- or overactive thyroid causes sleep issues, despite what you may hear from other sources. The reality is that a compromised thyroid and difficulty sleeping are both symptoms of EBV\u2014that's the reason they coexist. Often, it's the thyroid virus in Stage Four causing the insomnia, which means a thyroid problem is already well underway,"}, {"title": "", "text": "Core body temperature has a lot to do with how well you sleep. Your temperature can effect your quality of your sleep. Body temperatures fluctuate during sleep and can cause interruptions to your sleep patterns. Studies indicate that some forms of insomnia are associated with an improper regulation in body temperature. When you fall asleep your body temperature decreases by 1 to 2 degrees. may leads to restlessness, difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, and fragmented sleep. Red Fleece Blanket \u2022 57\" x 72\""}, {"title": "", "text": "can cause gastric discomfort, however by starting with a small dose and gradually increasing it, you\u2019ll be fine. Black out your bedroom. Even the slightest bit of light can cause an increase in blood cortisol levels. Cortisol is the hormone that wakes us up in the morning. Hence, any increase throughout the night can cause you to either wake or at least not be in a deep sleep. Begin winding down an hour before your bedtime. You cannot expect the body to go from running around at a crazy pace, to restful sleep in a matter of minutes. Rushing around the house doing chores, staring at a screen and being active in general can all act as stimulants and work to keep you from falling asleep. An hour before your bedtime, begin to turn your lights down and decrease your activity. Some light stretching and/or deep breathing exercises can also help to calm you down."}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep. She suspected that cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, water-like liquid that flows around the brain, might be involved. But she wasn\u2019t sure what was unique about sleep. So her lab designed a study that measured several different variables at the same time. Study participants had to lie down and fall asleep inside an MRI machine. To get realistic sleep cycles, the researchers had to run the tests at midnight, and they even asked subjects to stay up late the night before so people would be primed to drift off once the test began. Lewis outfitted the participants with an EEG cap so she could look at the electrical currents flowing through their brains. Those currents showed her which stage of sleep the person was in. Meanwhile, the MRI measured the blood oxygen levels in their brains and showed how much cerebrospinal fluid was flowing in and out of the brain. \u201cWe had a sense each of these metrics was important, but how they change during sleep and how they relate to each other during sleep was uncharted territory for us,\u201d she says. What she discovered was that during non-REM sleep, large, slow waves of cerebrospinal fluid were washing over the brain. The EEG readings helped show why. During non-REM sleep, neurons start to synchronize, turning on and off at the same time. \u201cFirst you would see this electrical wave where all the neurons would go quiet,\u201d says Lewis. Because the neurons had all momentarily stopped firing, they didn\u2019t need as much oxygen. That meant less blood"}, {"title": "", "text": "sleep. She suspected that cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, water-like liquid that flows around the brain, might be involved. But she wasn\u2019t sure what was unique about sleep. So her lab designed a study that measured several different variables at the same time. Study participants had to lie down and fall asleep inside an MRI machine. To get realistic sleep cycles, the researchers had to run the tests at midnight, and they even asked subjects to stay up late the night before so people would be primed to drift off once the test began. Lewis outfitted the participants with an EEG cap so she could look at the electrical currents flowing through their brains. Those currents showed her which stage of sleep the person was in. Meanwhile, the MRI measured the blood oxygen levels in their brains and showed how much cerebrospinal fluid was flowing in and out of the brain. \u201cWe had a sense each of these metrics was important, but how they change during sleep and how they relate to each other during sleep was uncharted territory for us,\u201d she says. What she discovered was that during non-REM sleep, large, slow waves of cerebrospinal fluid were washing over the brain. The EEG readings helped show why. During non-REM sleep, neurons start to synchronize, turning on and off at the same time. \u201cFirst you would see this electrical wave where all the neurons would go quiet,\u201d says Lewis. Because the neurons had all momentarily stopped firing, they didn\u2019t need as much oxygen. That meant less blood"}, {"title": "", "text": "LTD, or downscaling, of the cells. Synaptic downscaling is tied to the beneficial effects of sleep: This is what ties it all together. LTD from the synaptic downscaling of the slow wave activity causes just the right amount of reduction to our neuronal firing patterns. The prolonged LTD from sleep would allow for all the non-essential LTP that took place during our day to become forfeit. It helps reduce the amount of synaptic noise that is created when so much potentiation happens during the day. What does this all mean?: The idea is LTP is occurring all the time during wakefulness. All of this information flow and storage will eventually become too much, and that is why we sleep. The point of sleep is to downgrade and eliminate some of the synaptic potentials that are not necessary from throughout our day. What one was wearing on the third Tuesday last February is irrelevant, but knowing one's middle name isn't. Extensive LTP has been put in place to remember one's middle name, and therefore that synaptic pathway would not be so easily forgotten, whereas what one was wearing on that one particular day received so little potentiation it can be forgotten in a day or two. A lot of potentiation on a certain topic would help facilitate that memory, making it \"more important\" in the 'eyes of the cortex' so it is not forgotten. What else may be involved The circadian rhythm taking hold is responsible for the feeling of fatigue. Our body naturally starts to shut"}, {"title": "", "text": "parts: Wakefulness is associated with synaptic potentiation; Synaptic potentiation is tied to the regulation of slow-wave activity in sleep; Slow-wave activity is associated with synaptic depression; Synaptic downscaling is tied to the beneficial effects of sleep. Wakefulness is associated with synaptic potentiation: Potentiation is happening all the time: through the many hours we spend reading useless information, or encountering something longer than 5 minutes, i.e. that random person who stood in front of us at the grocery store. Everything that we see, read, or focus on, is being potentiated somewhere in our brain. Synaptic potentiation is tied to the regulation of slow-wave activity in sleep: Whenever a particular area in our brain receives extensive potentiation from our day, the affected area undergoes more slow-wave activity than its neighbors do. In essence, the amount of potentiation we receive during our day, effects the type of sleep we get at night. If we spend all day sick and lying in bed, not much potentiation is happening. Sure, the colors of the walls, curtains, bed sheets, etc. but that isn't surprisingly interesting. The amount of slow-wave oscillation activity that would be present at night would not be extensive in the slightest. Slow-wave activity is associated with synaptic depression: Synaptic depression is the other side to synaptic potentiation. If LTP is formed from strongly depolarizing stimuli, or high frequency stimuli, then long-term depression, LTD, is formed from prolonged periods of very weak stimuli or very low frequency stimulus. The hypothesis proposes that the slow wave activity is enough to evoke"}, {"title": "", "text": "Is it our full consciousness during the day that conditions our next sleep or, on the contrary, is it what happens during our sleep. Including dreams, that conditions our following day? Something similar could be presumed about sexuality, prepared maybe during the unconsciousness of sleep rather than in a state of wakefulness, In this case the sexual and emotional situation of a couple could be quite different during the day and at the moment they are preparing themselves to sleep and lose consciousness."}, {"title": "", "text": "as the brain's 'best attempt' to communicate information to itself in a fractured state of awareness, as a means of preparing itself for waking consciousness the following day. By exploring these emotions in an integrated state of wakeful awareness, according to Hobson, it may be possible to gain insight into what our brain was preparing itself for and why. Books Hobson wrote, co-authored, or co-edited twenty-three books that relate to research on dreaming and waking consciousness and on mental health. The following is a complete list (as of July 2021): 1988, The Dreaming Brain. Basic Books. 1989, Abnormal States of Brain and Mind [Co-edited with Paul Adelman]. Birkh\u00e4user Verlag. 1989, Sleep (Scientific American Library Series). W. H. Freeman & Co. 1992, Sleep and Dreams. (Carolina Biology Readers Series). Carolina Biological Supply Co. [16 pages]. 1994, The Chemistry of Conscious States: How The Brain Changes Its Mind. Little, Brown & Co. 1999, Consciousness (Scientific American Library Series). W. H. Freeman & Co. 1999, Dreaming As Delirium: How the Brain Goes Out of Its Mind [This book a reprint of The Chemistry of Conscious States, originally published in 1994 (see above)]. MIT Press. 2000, The Conscious Exploration of Dreaming: Discovering How We Create and Control Our Dreams [Co-authored with Janice E Brooks and Jay Vogelsong]. AuthorHouse. 2001, Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness. Bradford Books. 2002, Dreaming: An Introduction to the Science of Sleep. Oxford University Press. 2002, Out of Its Mind: Psychiatry in Crisis, a Call for Reform [Co-authored with Jonathan A. Leonard]. Basic Books. 2005,"}, {"title": "", "text": "or whether sleep amounts might be different in captivity due to physical restriction and decreased environmental stimulation. For example, the sloth sleeps many more hours when recorded in captivity than in the wild [47]. Nevertheless, these data demonstrate that sleep in the White-crowned Sparrow is significantly affected by both duration of the photoperiod and migratory status, although the magnitude of these effects may be different in captive birds vs. those in their natural habitat. It is possible that changes in body weight played a role in the differences in DRL performance at different times of the year. For the DRL birds, attempts were made to minimize food restriction while still establishing food as an effective reinforcer by removing food from home cages 3 hours before operant sessions. As a result, body weights fluctuated considerably in our birds. Changes in body weight, however small, lead to changes in relative food restriction, which are known to affect operant behavior in birds [48]. However, given that migratory birds have higher caloric needs during the migratory seasons, it would seem that the food reinforcer would have more value during the migratory period. We would then expect to see improved performance as a function of migration, but this was clearly not the case. The amount of sleep required by the White-crowned Sparrow appears to be highly dynamic and contingent upon prevailing environmental conditions as well as physiological (migratory) status of the birds. Here we have observed marked changes in sleep duration as a function of seasonal day length, with sleep duration"}, {"title": "", "text": "Metaplasticity is formed from prolonged periods of very weak stimuli or very low frequency stimulus. The hypothesis proposes that the slow wave activity is enough to evoke LTD, or downscaling, of the cells. Synaptic downscaling is tied to the beneficial effects of sleep: This is what ties it all together. LTD from the synaptic downscaling of the slow wave activity causes just the right amount of reduction to our neuronal firing patterns. The prolonged LTD from sleep would allow for all the non-essential LTP that took place during our day to become forfeit. It helps reduce the amount of synaptic noise"}, {"title": "", "text": "Temperature fluctuations during the night impact our sleep negatively. Our sleepwear is scientifically proven to help you to get a better sleep by staying in the ideal climatic comfort zone. Did you know that sweat the equivalence of one cup of water every night on average? Our sleepwear wicks moisture away while providing ultimate breathability to ensure that you don\u2019t overheat. We move 50 times every night. Our sleepwear has been tested extensively in consumer fit trials to ensure it moves with your body. Flat seams, no tags, and carefully engineered waistbands mean you enjoy amazing comfort, all night. The results? The most comfortable sleepwear for women. As we sleep, blood flow to our skin increases as our cells regenerate and our skin becomes more sensitive to touch. Our sleepwear is twice as soft as cotton and with our light-weight, stretch fabrics there is nothing to rub you the wrong way during the night."}, {"title": "", "text": "they are increasing their chances to perform well at a meeting or on a test the next day by pulling an all nighter, research shows that they are deeply mistaken. A sleep deprived brain shows an impaired hippocampus, a region of the brain which is dedicated to making new memories. A study where one group was deprived of a night of sleep, learned a task, then tested on what they learned two nights of regular sleep later showed 40% less retention than the group that learned the task after a good night's sleep.


    Study citation: http://goo.gl/NnJNxn

    Emotional Brain

    A sleep deprived brain exhibits an impaired hippocampus but an amplified amygdala response. A study showed a series of emotion provoking images and recorded the amygdala response in a group of sleep deprived participants and a control group undergoing normal sleep. The results showed a considerably amplified amygdala response for a sleep deprived brain. Apprently when we give our brains enough sleep, there is a connection between the prefrontal cortex predominantly responsible for logical reasoning and the amygdala. In a way, the pre frontal cortex puts a brake on the gas provided by the amygdala -- a logical filter for our emotions. However, when we deprive our brains of much needed sleep, this connection is severed and our brain is \"all gas, no brakes.\"


    Healthy Sleep Checklist

    1. I plan for - and protect - my sleep time.
    Especially if I have to sleep during the day, tell my family exactly when I will be sleeping and ensure that they understand that I am not to be disturbed during my sleep time.